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-2633917229646894638	California	California - wikipedia California Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see California ( disambiguation ) . State of California Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Golden State Motto ( s ) : Eureka State song ( s ) : `` I Love You , California '' Official language English Spoken languages Native languages as of 2007 English 57.4 % Spanish 28.5 % Chinese 2.8 % Filipino 2.2 % Demonym Californian Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro Greater Los Angeles Area Area Ranked 3rd Total 163,696 sq mi ( 423,970 km ) Width 250 miles ( 400 km ) Length 770 miles ( 1,240 km ) % water 4.7 Latitude 32 ° 32 ′ N to 42 ° N Longitude 114 ° 8 ′ W to 124 ° 26 ′ W Population Ranked 1st Total 39,250,017 ( 2016 est . ) Density 240 / sq mi ( 92.6 / km ) Ranked 11th Median household income $63,636 ( 13th ) Elevation Highest point Mount Whitney 14,505 ft ( 4,421.0 m ) Mean 2,900 ft ( 880 m ) Lowest point Badwater Basin − 279 ft ( − 85.0 m ) Before statehood California Republic Admission to Union September 9 , 1850 ( 31st ) Governor Jerry Brown ( D ) Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom ( D ) Legislature California State Legislature Upper house California State Senate Lower house California State Assembly U.S. Senators Dianne Feinstein ( D ) Kamala Harris ( D ) U.S. House delegation 39 Democrats 14 Republicans ( list ) Time zones Pacific Time Zone Standard time PST ( UTC − 8 ) Summer time ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ISO 3166 US - CA Abbreviations CA , Calif. , Cal . Website www.ca.gov ( show ) California state symbols The Flag of California The Seal of California Living insignia Amphibian California red - legged frog Bird California quail Fish Fresh water : Golden trout Marine : Garibaldi Flower California poppy Grass Purple needlegrass Insect California dogface butterfly Mammal Land : California grizzly bear ( State animal ) Marine : Gray whale Reptile Desert tortoise Tree California redwood Inanimate insignia Colors Blue & gold Dance West Coast Swing Folk dance Square dance Fossil Sabre - toothed cat Gemstone Benitoite Mineral Native gold Motto Eureka Nickname The Golden State Rock Serpentine Soil San Joaquin Song `` I Love You , California '' Tartan California State Tartan State route marker State quarter Released in 2005 Lists of United States state symbols California ( / ˌkælɪˈfɔːrnjə , - ni. ə / ( listen ) KAL - i - FORN - yə , KAL - i - FOR - nee - ə ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area . Located on the Pacific coast , California shares borders with Oregon to the north , Nevada and Arizona to the east , and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south . The state capital is Sacramento . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second largest after New York City . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second - and fifth-most populous urban regions , respectively . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . California 's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east ; and from the redwood -- Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast . The Central Valley , a major agricultural area , dominates the state 's center . Though California is well - known for its warm Mediterranean climate , the large size of the state results in climates that vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north , to arid desert in the interior , as well as snowy alpine in the mountains . What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries . The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony . The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence , but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican -- American War . The western portion of Alta California then was organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9 , 1850 . The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes , with large - scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom . If it were a country , California would be the 6th largest economy in the world and the 35th most populous . It is regarded as a global trendsetter in both popular culture and politics , and is the origin of the film industry , the hippie counterculture , the Internet , and the personal computer , among others . Fifty - eight percent of the state 's economy is centered on finance , government , real estate services , technology , and professional , scientific and technical business services . The San Francisco Bay Area has the nation 's highest median household income by metropolitan area , and is the headquarters of three of the world 's largest 40 firms by revenue , Chevron , Apple , and McKesson . Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the state 's economy , California 's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-contact 2.2 Colonial and Spanish periods 2.3 California under Mexican rule 2.4 California Republic and American invasion 2.5 Early American statehood period 2.5. 1 Indigenous peoples under early American administration 2.6 20th century 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Ecology 3.3 Flora and fauna 3.4 Rivers 3.5 Regions 4 Demography 4.1 Population 4.1. 1 Population centers 4.1. 2 Migration 4.2 National origins 4.3 Languages 5 Culture 5.1 Religion 5.2 Sports 5.3 Education 5.4 Twin region 6 Economy 6.1 State finances 7 Infrastructure 7.1 Energy 7.2 Transportation 7.3 Water 8 Government and politics 8.1 State government 8.1. 1 Local government 8.1. 1.1 Counties 8.1. 1.2 City and town governments 8.1. 1.3 School districts and special districts 8.2 Federal representation 8.3 Armed forces 8.4 Ideology 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology Main articles : Etymology of California and Island of California The word California originally referred to the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico ; it was later extended to the entire region composed of the current United States states of California , Nevada , and Utah , and parts of Arizona , New Mexico , Texas and Wyoming . The name California is surmised by some writers to have derived from the fictional paradise peopled by Black Amazons and ruled by Queen Calafia , who fought alongside Muslims and whose name was chosen to echo the title of a Muslim leader , the Caliph , fictionally implying that California was the Caliphate . The story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián , written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo . The kingdom of Queen Calafia , according to Montalvo , was said to be a remote land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts , and rich in gold . Know ye that at the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California , very close to that part of the Terrestrial Paradise , which was inhabited by black women without a single man among them , and they lived in the manner of Amazons . They were robust of body with strong passionate hearts and great virtue . The island itself is one of the wildest in the world on account of the bold and craggy rocks . -- Chapter CLVII of The Adventures of Esplandián When Spanish explorer Francisco de Ulloa was exploring the western coast of North America , his initial surveys of the Baja California Peninsula led him to believe that it was an island rather than part of the larger continent , so he dubbed the `` island '' after the mythical island in Montalvo 's writing . This conventional wisdom that California was an island , with maps drawn to reflect this belief , lasted as late as the 18th century . Shortened forms of the state 's name include CA , Cal. , Calif. and US - CA . History Main article : History of California A map of California tribal groups and languages at the time of European contact . Pre-contact Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years ( although increasing numbers of pre-Clovis finds around the Americas indicates humans may have arrived up to 40,000 years earlier ) , California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America . Various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000 . The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans , ranging from large , settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior . Most of these peoples were parts of larger ethno - linguistic groups spread across the modern Mexican - USA border and California 's borders with other states , including speakers of Uto - Aztecan , Athabaskan , and Salishan languages . California groups also were diverse in their political organization with bands , tribes , villages , and on the resource - rich coasts , large chiefdoms , such as the Chumash , Pomo and Salinan . Trade , intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups . Colonial and Spanish periods Mission San Diego de Alcalá drawn as it was in 1848 . Established in 1769 , it was the first of the California Missions . The Russian Empire established their largest settlement in California at Fort Ross in 1812 The first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition , led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo , in 1542 . Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579 . Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their return trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565 . The first Asians to set foot on what would be the United States occurred in 1587 , when Filipino sailors arrived in Spanish ships at Morro Bay . Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain . Despite the on - the - ground explorations of California in the 16th century , Rodríguez 's idea of California as an island persisted . That depiction appeared on many European maps well into the 18th century . After the Portolà expedition of 1769 -- 70 , Spanish missionaries began setting up 21 California Missions on or near the coast of Alta ( Upper ) California , beginning in San Diego . During the same period , Spanish military forces built several forts ( presidios ) and three small towns ( pueblos ) . The San Francisco Mission grew into he city of San Francisco , and two of the pueblos grew into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose . Several other smaller cities and towns also sprang up surrounding the various Spanish missions and pueblos , which remain to this day . Meanwhile , from an indigenous perspective , the Spanish colonization quietly brought the genocide of the indigenous Californian peoples , decimating their numbers through the various plagues and epidemics , for which the indigenous peoples were ill prepared . The establishment of the Spanish systems of government and social structure which the Spanish settlers had brought with them , also technologically and culturally overwhelmed the societies of the earlier indigenous peoples . During this same period , Russian ships also explored along the California coast and in 1812 established a trading post at Fort Ross . Russia 's early 19th - century coastal settlements in California were positioned just north of the northernmost edge of the area of Spanish settlement in San Francisco Bay , and were the southernmost Russian settlements in North America . The Russian settlements associated with Fort Ross were spread over an area stretching from Point Arena to Tomales Bay . California under Mexican rule Map showing Alta California in 1838 when it was a sparsely populated Mexican province . In 1821 , the Mexican War of Independence gave Mexico ( including California ) independence from Spain . For the next 25 years Alta California remained as a remote , sparsely populated , northwestern administrative district of the newly independent country of Mexico . Cattle ranches , or ranchos , emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California . Soon after Mexican independence from Spain , the chain of missions became the property of the Mexican government and were secularized by 1834 . The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios ( Spanish - speaking Californians ) who had received land grants , and traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants . From the 1820s , trappers and settlers from the United States and the future Canada arrived in Northern California . These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail , California Trail , Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts in and surrounding California . The early government of the newly independent Mexico was highly unstable , and in a reflection of this , from 1831 onwards , California also experienced a series of armed disputes , both between regional areas , and also revolts against the central Mexican government . During this tumultuous political period Juan Bautista Alvarado was able to secure the governorship from 1836 - 1842 . The military action which first brought Alvarado to power , had momentarily declared California to be an independent state , and had been aided by American and British residents of California , including Isaac Graham . In 1840 , one hundred of those residents who did not have passports were arrested , leading to the Graham affair . One of the largest ranchers in California was John Marsh . After failing to obtain justice against squatters on his land from the Mexican courts , he determined that California should become part of the United States . Marsh conducted a letter - writing campaign espousing the California climate , soil and other reasons to settle there , as well as the best route to follow , which became known as `` Marsh 's route . '' His letters were read , reread , passed around , and printed in newspapers throughout the country , and started the first wagon trains rolling to California . He invited immigrants to stay on his ranch until they could get settled , and assisted in their obtaining passports . After ushering in the period of organized emigration to California , Marsh helped end the rule of the last Mexican governor of California , thereby paving the way to California 's ultimate acquisition by the United States . California Republic and American invasion The original of Todd 's Bear Flag , photographed in 1890 In 1846 , a group of American settlers in and around Sonoma rebelled against Mexican rule during the Bear Flag Revolt . Afterwards , rebels raised the Bear Flag ( featuring a bear , a star , a red stripe and the words `` California Republic '' ) at Sonoma . The Republic 's only president was William B. Ide , who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt . This revolt by American settlers served as a prelude to the later American military invasion of California , and was closely coordinated with nearby American military commanders . The California Republic was short lived ; the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) . When Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay and began the military occupation of California by the United States , Northern California capitulated in less than a month to the United States forces . After a series of defensive battles in Southern California , the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13 , 1847 , securing American control in California . Early American statehood period Chinese gold miners in California The US Congress admits California to the Union in the Compromise of 1850 Merchant ships fill San Francisco harbor in 1850 or 1851 Guidon of the California 100 Company ( Company A ) during the Civil War Depiction of the 1869 completion of the first trans - continental railway . The Last Spike ( 1881 ) by Thomas Hill . Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the war , the Western-most portion of the old Mexican territory of Alta California , soon became the American state of California , and the remainder of the old territory was then subdivided into the new American Territories of Arizona , Nevada , Colorado and Utah . The lightly populated and arid lower region of old Baja California remained as a part of Mexico . In 1846 , the total settler population of the Western part of the old Alta California had been estimated to be no more than 8,000 , plus about 100,000 Native Americans down from about 300,000 before Hispanic settlement in 1769 . In 1848 , only one week before the official American annexation of the area , gold was discovered in California , this being an event which was to forever alter both the state 's demographics , and its finances . Soon afterwards , a massive influx in immigration into the area resulted , as prospectors and miners arrived by the thousands . The population burgeoned with United States citizens , Europeans , Chinese and other immigrants during the great California Gold Rush . By the time of California 's application to the US Congress for statehood in 1850 , the settler population of California had multiplied to 100,000 . By 1854 over 300,000 settlers had come . Between 1847 and 1870 , the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000 . California was suddenly no longer a sparsely populated backwater , but seemingly overnight it had grown into a major US population center . The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule had been located in Monterey from 1777 until 1845 . Pio Pico , last Mexican governor of Alta California , had briefly moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845 . The United States consulate had also been located in Monterey , under consul Thomas O. Larkin . In 1849 , a state Constitutional Convention was first held in Monterey . Among the first tasks of the Convention was a decision on a location for the new state capital . The first full legislative sessions were held in San Jose ( 1850 -- 1851 ) . Subsequent locations included Vallejo ( 1852 -- 1853 ) , and nearby Benicia ( 1853 -- 1854 ) ; these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well . The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854 with only a short break in 1862 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento . Once the state 's Constitutional Convention had finalized its state constitution , it applied to the US Congress for admission to statehood . On September 9 , 1850 , as part of the Compromise of 1850 , California was officially admitted into the United States as an undivided free state . Its status as a ' free state ' prevented the expansion of slavery to the Pacific Coast , which question was then a foremost concern for the pre-Civil War US Congress . Within the state of California , Sept. 9th remains as an annually celebrated legal holiday known as California Admission Day . During the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) , California was able to send gold shipments eastwards to Washington in support of the Union cause , however due to the existence of a large contingent of pro-South sympathasizers within the state , the state was not able to muster any full military regiments to send eastwards to officially serve in the Union war effort . Still several smaller military units within the Union army were unofficially associated with the state of California , such as the `` California 100 Company '' , due to a majority of their members being from California . At the time of California 's admission into the Union , travel between California and the rest of the continental United States had been a time consuming and dangerous feat . Nineteen years afterwards , and shortly after the conclusion of the Civil War , ( in 1869 ) a more direct connection was developed with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad at Promontory Summit , Utah . Once completed , hundreds of thousands of United States citizens were enabled to easily migrate Westwards into the state . Upon their arrival in California , the new Californians were able to discover that if irrigated during the dry summer months , that much of California was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general . Vast expanses of wheat , other cereal crops , vegetable crops , cotton , and nut and fruit trees were grown ( including oranges in Southern California ) , and the foundation was laid for the state 's prodigious agricultural production in the Central Valley and elsewhere . Indigenous peoples under early American administration Group of California indigenous people . Under earlier Spanish and Mexican rule , California 's original native population had precipitously declined , above all , from Eurasian diseases to which the indigenous people of California had not yet developed a natural immunity . Under its new American administration , California 's harsh governmental policies towards its own indigenous people did not improve . As in other American states , many of the native inhabitants were soon forcibly removed from their lands by incoming American settlers such as miners , ranchers , and farmers . Although California had entered the American union as a free state , the `` loitering or orphaned Indians '' were de facto enslaved by their new Anglo - American masters under the 1853 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians . There were also massacres in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed . Between 1850 and 1860 , the California state government paid around 1.5 million dollars ( some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government ) to hire militias whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations . In later decades , the native population was placed in reservations and rancherias , which were often small and isolated and without enough natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them . As a result , the rise of California was a calamity for the native inhabitants . Several scholars and Native American activists , including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo , have described the actions of the California government as a genocide . 20th century Hollywood film studios , 1922 The `` Birthplace of Silicon Valley '' garage , where Stanford University graduates William Hewlett and David Packard developed their first product in the 1930s Migration to California accelerated during the early 20th century with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66 . In the period from 1900 to 1965 , the population grew from fewer than one million to become the most populous state in the Union . In 1940 , the Census Bureau reported California 's population as 6.0 % Hispanic , 2.4 % Asian , and 89.5 % non-Hispanic white . To meet the population 's needs , major engineering feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts ; the Oroville and Shasta Dams ; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built across the state . The state government also adopted the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop a highly efficient system of public education . Meanwhile , attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate , cheap land , and the state 's wide variety of geography , filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s . California manufactured 8.7 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II , ranking third ( behind New York and Michigan ) among the 48 states . California however easily ranked 1st , in production of Military Ships during the war ( transport , cargo , ( Merchant Ships ) such as Liberty ships , Victory ships , and Warships ) at drydock facilities in San Diego , Los Angeles , and the San Francisco Bay Area . After World War II , California 's economy greatly expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries , whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War . Stanford University and its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay in California instead of leaving the state , and develop a high - tech region in the area now known as Silicon Valley . As a result of these efforts , California is regarded as a world center of the entertainment and music industries , of technology , engineering , and the aerospace industry , and as the United States center of agricultural production . Just before the `` Dot Com Bust '' California had the 5th largest economy in the world among nations . Yet since 1991 , and starting in the late 1980s in Southern California , California has seen a net loss of domestic migrants most years . This is often referred to by the media as the California exodus . During the 20th century , two great disasters happened in California . The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remain the deadliest in U.S history . Geography Main article : Geography of California A topographic map of California A forest of redwood trees in Redwood National Park Köppen climate types in California Mount Shasta Aerial view of the California Central Valley Big Sur coast , south of Monterey at Bixby Bridge Yosemite National Park Snow on the Sierra Nevada in eastern California Death Valley , in the Mojave Desert Potato Harbor , named for its distinctive ovular and bumpy shape , on Santa Cruz Island The coastline along Laguna Beach in Southern California Cylindropuntia bigelovii in the Joshua Tree National Park Mojave National Preserve The Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta viewed from above , with the Sacramento River above and San Joaquin River below California is the 3rd largest state in the United States in area , after Alaska and Texas . California is often geographically bisected into two regions , Southern California , comprising the 10 southernmost counties , and Northern California , comprising the 48 northernmost counties . It is bordered by Oregon to the north , Nevada to the east and northeast , Arizona to the southeast , the Pacific Ocean to the west and it shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California to the south . In the middle of the state lies the California Central Valley , bounded by the Sierra Nevada in the east , the coastal mountain ranges in the west , the Cascade Range to the north and by the Tehachapi Mountains in the south . The Central Valley is California 's productive agricultural heartland . Divided in two by the Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta , the northern portion , the Sacramento Valley serves as the watershed of the Sacramento River , while the southern portion , the San Joaquin Valley is the watershed for the San Joaquin River . Both valleys derive their names from the rivers that flow through them . With dredging , the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Rivers have remained deep enough for several inland cities to be seaports . The Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta is a critical water supply hub for the state . Water is diverted from the delta and through an extensive network of pumps and canals that traverse nearly the length of the state , to the Central Valley and the State Water Projects and other needs . Water from the Delta provides drinking water for nearly 23 million people , almost two - thirds of the state 's population as well as water for farmers on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley . Suisun Bay lies at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers . The water is drained by the Carquinez Strait , which flows into San Pablo Bay , a northern extension of San Francisco Bay , which then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait . The Channel Islands are located off the Southern coast , while the Farallon Islands lie west of San Francisco . The Sierra Nevada ( Spanish for `` snowy range '' ) includes the highest peak in the contiguous 48 states , Mount Whitney , at 14,505 feet ( 4,421 m ) . The range embraces Yosemite Valley , famous for its glacially carved domes , and Sequoia National Park , home to the giant sequoia trees , the largest living organisms on Earth , and the deep freshwater lake , Lake Tahoe , the largest lake in the state by volume . To the east of the Sierra Nevada are Owens Valley and Mono Lake , an essential migratory bird habitat . In the western part of the state is Clear Lake , the largest freshwater lake by area entirely in California . Though Lake Tahoe is larger , it is divided by the California / Nevada border . The Sierra Nevada falls to Arctic temperatures in winter and has several dozen small glaciers , including Palisade Glacier , the southernmost glacier in the United States . About 45 percent of the state 's total surface area is covered by forests , and California 's diversity of pine species is unmatched by any other state . California contains more forestland than any other state except Alaska . Many of the trees in the California White Mountains are the oldest in the world ; an individual bristlecone pine is over 5,000 years old . In the south is a large inland salt lake , the Salton Sea . The south - central desert is called the Mojave ; to the northeast of the Mojave lies Death Valley , which contains the lowest and hottest place in North America , the Badwater Basin at − 279 feet ( − 85 m ) . The horizontal distance from the bottom of Death Valley to the top of Mount Whitney is less than 90 miles ( 140 km ) . Indeed , almost all of southeastern California is arid , hot desert , with routine extreme high temperatures during the summer . The southeastern border of California with Arizona is entirely formed by the Colorado River , from which the southern part of the state gets about half of its water . A majority of California 's cities are located in either the San Francisco Bay Area or the Sacramento metropolitan area in Northern California ; or the Los Angeles area , the Riverside - San Bernardino - Inland Empire , or the San Diego metropolitan area in Southern California . The Los Angeles Area , the Bay Area , and the San Diego metropolitan area are among several major metropolitan areas along the California coast . As part of the Ring of Fire , California is subject to tsunamis , floods , droughts , Santa Ana winds , wildfires , landslides on steep terrain , and has several volcanoes . It has many earthquakes due to several faults running through the state , in particular the San Andreas Fault . About 37,000 earthquakes are recorded each year , but most are too small to be felt . Climate Main article : Climate of California Although most of the state has a Mediterranean climate , due to the state 's large size , the climate ranges from subarctic to subtropical . The cool California Current offshore often creates summer fog near the coast . Farther inland , there are colder winters and hotter summers . The maritime moderation results in the shoreline summertime temperatures of Los Angeles and San Francisco being the coolest of all major metropolitan areas of the United States and uniquely cool compared to areas on the same latitude in the interior and on the east coast of the North American continent . Even the San Diego shoreline bordering Mexico is cooler in summer than most areas in the contiguous United States . Just a few miles inland , summer temperature extremes are significantly higher , with downtown Los Angeles being several degrees warmer than at the coast . The same microclimate phenomenon is seen in the climate of the Bay Area , where areas sheltered from the sea experience significantly hotter summers than nearby areas that are close to the ocean . Northern parts of the state have more rain than the south . California 's mountain ranges also influence the climate : some of the rainiest parts of the state are west - facing mountain slopes . Northwestern California has a temperate climate , and the Central Valley has a Mediterranean climate but with greater temperature extremes than the coast . The high mountains , including the Sierra Nevada , have an alpine climate with snow in winter and mild to moderate heat in summer . California 's mountains produce rain shadows on the eastern side , creating extensive deserts . The higher elevation deserts of eastern California have hot summers and cold winters , while the low deserts east of the Southern California mountains have hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters . Death Valley , a desert with large expanses below sea level , is considered the hottest location in the world ; the highest temperature in the world , 134 ° F ( 56.7 ° C ) , was recorded there on July 10 , 1913 . The lowest temperature in California was − 45 ° F ( − 43 ° C ) in 1937 in Boca . The table below lists average temperatures for August and December in a selection of places throughout the state ; some highly populated and some not . This includes the relatively cool summers of the Humboldt Bay region around Eureka , the extreme heat of Death Valley , and the mountain climate of Mammoth in the Sierra Nevadas . Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in California Location August ( ° F ) August ( ° C ) December ( ° F ) December ( ° C ) Annual Precipitation ( mm / in ) Downtown Los Angeles 84 / 64 29 / 18 67 / 47 20 / 8 377 / 15 LAX / LA Beaches 75 / 65 23 / 18 64 / 48 18 / 9 326 / 13 San Jose 82 / 58 27 / 14 58 / 42 14 / 5 401 / 16 San Francisco 68 / 55 20 / 12 57 / 46 14 / 8 538 / 21 San Diego 76 / 66 24 / 19 64 / 48 18 / 9 262 / 10 Oakland 73 / 57 23 / 14 58 / 44 14 / 7 588 / 23 Sacramento 91 / 58 33 / 14 54 / 38 12 / 3 469 / 18 Fresno 97 / 66 36 / 19 55 / 38 12 / 3 292 / 11 Riverside 96 / 64 35 / 18 68 / 41 21 / 5 260 / 10 Eureka 62 / 53 16 / 11 55 / 42 12 / 5 960 / 38 Ecology Main article : Ecology of California See also : Environment of California Mount Whitney ( top ) is less than 90 miles ( 140 km ) away from Badwater Basin in Death Valley ( bottom ) California is one of the richest and most diverse parts of the world , and includes some of the most endangered ecological communities . California is part of the Nearctic ecozone and spans a number of terrestrial ecoregions . California 's large number of endemic species includes relict species , which have died out elsewhere , such as the Catalina ironwood ( Lyonothamnus floribundus ) . Many other endemics originated through differentiation or adaptive radiation , whereby multiple species develop from a common ancestor to take advantage of diverse ecological conditions such as the California lilac ( Ceanothus ) . Many California endemics have become endangered , as urbanization , logging , overgrazing , and the introduction of exotic species have encroached on their habitat . Flora and fauna Main articles : Fauna of California and California Floristic Province See also : List of California native plants California boasts several superlatives in its collection of flora : the largest trees , the tallest trees , and the oldest trees . California 's native grasses are perennial plants . After European contact , these were generally replaced by invasive species of European annual grasses ; and , in modern times , California 's hills turn a characteristic golden - brown in summer . Because California has the greatest diversity of climate and terrain , the state has six life zones which are the lower Sonoran ( desert ) ; upper Sonoran ( foothill regions and some coastal lands ) , transition ( coastal areas and moist northeastern counties ) ; and the Canadian , Hudsonian , and Arctic Zones , comprising the state 's highest elevations . Plant life in the dry climate of the lower Sonoran zone contains a diversity of native cactus , mesquite , and paloverde . The Joshua tree is found in the Mojave Desert . Flowering plants include the dwarf desert poppy and a variety of asters . Fremont cottonwood and valley oak thrive in the Central Valley . The upper Sonoran zone includes the chaparral belt , characterized by forests of small shrubs , stunted trees , and herbaceous plants . Nemophila , mint , Phacelia , Viola , and the California poppy ( Eschscholzia californica ) -- the state flower -- also flourish in this zone , along with the lupine , more species of which occur here than anywhere else in the world . The transition zone includes most of California 's forests with the redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) and the `` big tree '' or giant sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ) , among the oldest living things on earth ( some are said to have lived at least 4,000 years ) . Tanbark oak , California laurel , sugar pine , madrona , broad - leaved maple , and Douglas - fir also grow here . Forest floors are covered with swordfern , alumnroot , barrenwort , and trillium , and there are thickets of huckleberry , azalea , elder , and wild currant . Characteristic wild flowers include varieties of mariposa , tulip , and tiger and leopard lilies . The high elevations of the Canadian zone allow the Jeffrey pine , red fir , and lodgepole pine to thrive . Brushy areas are abundant with dwarf manzanita and ceanothus ; the unique Sierra puffball is also found here . Right below the timberline , in the Hudsonian zone , the whitebark , foxtail , and silver pines grow . At about 10,500 feet ( 3,200 m ) , begins the Arctic zone , a treeless region whose flora include a number of wildflowers , including Sierra primrose , yellow columbine , alpine buttercup , and alpine shooting star . Common plants that have been introduced to the state include the eucalyptus , acacia , pepper tree , geranium , and Scotch broom . The species that are federally classified as endangered are the Contra Costa wallflower , Antioch Dunes evening primrose , Solano grass , San Clemente Island larkspur , salt marsh bird 's beak , McDonald 's rock - cress , and Santa Barbara Island liveforever . As of December 1997 , 85 plant species were listed as threatened or endangered . In the deserts of the lower Sonoran zone , the mammals include the jackrabbit , kangaroo rat , squirrel , and opossum . Common birds include the owl , roadrunner , cactus wren , and various species of hawk . The area 's reptilian life include the sidewinder viper , desert tortoise , and horned toad . The upper Sonoran zone boasts mammals such as the antelope , brown - footed woodrat , and ring - tailed cat . Birds unique to this zone are the California thrasher , bushtit , and California condor . In the transition zone , there are Colombian black - tailed deer , black bears , gray foxes , cougars , bobcats , and Roosevelt elk . Reptiles such as the garter snakes and rattlesnakes inhabit the zone . In addition , amphibians such as the water puppy and redwood salamander are common too . Birds such as the kingfisher , chickadee , towhee , and hummingbird thrive here as well . The Canadian zone mammals include the mountain weasel , snowshoe hare , and several species of chipmunks . Conspicuous birds include the blue - fronted jay , Sierra chickadee . Sierra hermit thrush , water ouzel , and Townsend 's solitaire . As one ascends into the Hudsonian zone , birds become scarcer . While the Sierra rosy finch is the only bird native to the high Arctic region , other bird species such as the hummingbird and Clark 's nutcracker . Principal mammals found in this region include the Sierra coney , white - tailed jackrabbit , and the bighorn sheep . As of April 2003 , the bighorn sheep was listed as endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service . The fauna found throughout several zones are the mule deer , coyote , mountain lion , northern flicker , and several species of hawk and sparrow . Aquatic life in California thrives , from the state 's mountain lakes and streams to the rocky Pacific coastline . Numerous trout species are found , among them rainbow , golden , and cutthroat . Migratory species of salmon are common as well . Deep - sea life forms include sea bass , yellowfin tuna , barracuda , and several types of whale . Native to the cliffs of northern California are seals , sea lions , and many types of shorebirds , including migratory species . As of April 2003 , 118 California animals were on the federal endangered list ; 181 plants were listed as endangered or threatened . Endangered animals include the San Joaquin kitfox , Point Arena mountain beaver , Pacific pocket mouse , salt marsh harvest mouse , Morro Bay kangaroo rat ( and five other species of kangaroo rat ) , Amargosa vole , California least tern , California condor , loggerhead shrike , San Clemente sage sparrow , San Francisco garter snake , five species of salamander , three species of chub , and two species of pupfish . Eleven butterflies are also endangered and two that are threatened are on the federal list . Among threatened animals are the coastal California gnatcatcher , Paiute cutthroat trout , southern sea otter , and northern spotted owl . California has a total of 290,821 acres ( 1,176.91 km ) of National Wildlife Refuges . As of September 2010 , 123 California animals were listed as either endangered or threatened on the federal list provided by the US Fish & Wildlife Service . Also , as of the same year , 178 species of California plants were listed either as endangered or threatened on this federal list . Rivers Main article : List of rivers of California The vast majority of rivers in California are dammed as part of two massive water projects : the Central Valley Project , providing water to the agricultural central valley , and the California State Water Project diverting water from northern to southern California . The state 's coasts , rivers , and other bodies of water are regulated by the California Coastal Commission . The two most prominent rivers within California are the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River , which drain the Central Valley and the west slope of the Sierra Nevada and flow to the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay . Several major tributaries feed into the Sacramento and the San Joaquin , including the Pit River , the Tuolumne River , and the Feather River . The Eel River and Salinas River each drain portions of the California coast , north and south of San Francisco Bay , respectively , and the Eel River is the largest river in the state to remain in its natural un-dammed state . The Mojave River is the primary watercourse in the Mojave Desert , and the Santa Ana River drains much of the Transverse Ranges as it bisects Southern California . Some other important rivers are the Klamath River and the Trinity River in the far north coast , and the Colorado River on the southeast border with Arizona . Regions Further information : List of regions of California and List of places in California Central Valley Coastal California Northern California Central California North Coast ( California ) San Francisco Bay Area Sierra Nevada Eastern California Inland Empire ( Also included in Southern California ) Southern California South Coast Los Angeles metropolitan area San Diego metropolitan area Inland Empire Imperial Valley Demography Main article : Demography of California The population density of California Population Los Angeles is the second most populous city in the U.S. after New York City . Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 92,597 -- 1860 379,994 310.4 % 1870 560,247 47.4 % 1880 864,694 54.3 % 1890 1,213,398 40.3 % 1900 1,485,053 22.4 % 1910 2,377,549 60.1 % 1920 3,426,861 44.1 % 1930 5,677,251 65.7 % 1940 6,907,387 21.7 % 1950 10,586,223 53.3 % 1960 15,717,204 48.5 % 1970 19,953,134 27.0 % 1980 23,667,902 18.6 % 1990 29,760,021 25.7 % 2000 33,871,648 13.8 % 37,253,956 10.0 % Est. 2016 39,250,017 5.4 % Sources : 1790 -- 1990 , 2000 , 2010 , 2016 Chart does not include Indigenous population figures . Studies indicate that the Native American population in California in 1850 was close to 150,000 before declining to 15,000 by 1900 . The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of California was 39,250,017 on July 1 , 2016 , a 5.4 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The population is projected to reach 40 million by 2018 and 50 million by 2055 . Between 2000 and 2009 , there was a natural increase of 3,090,016 ( 5,058,440 births minus 2,179,958 deaths ) . During this time period , international migration produced a net increase of 1,816,633 people while domestic migration produced a net decrease of 1,509,708 , resulting in a net in - migration of 306,925 people . The state of California 's own statistics show a population of 38,292,687 for January 1 , 2009 . However , according to the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research , since 1990 almost 3.4 million Californians have moved to other states , with most leaving to Texas , Nevada , and Arizona . California is the 2nd-most populous subnational entity in the Western Hemisphere and the Americas , with a population second to that of the state of São Paulo in Brazil . California 's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world . The Greater Los Angeles Area is the 2nd - largest metropolitan area in the United States , after the New York metropolitan area , while Los Angeles , with nearly half the population of New York City , is the second - largest city in the United States . Also , Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous United States county for decades , and it alone is more populous than 42 United States states . Including Los Angeles , four of the top 15 most populous cities in the U.S. are in California : Los Angeles ( 2nd ) , San Diego ( 8th ) , San Jose ( 10th ) , and San Francisco ( 13th ) . The center of population of California is located in the town of Buttonwillow , Kern County . Population centers See also : List of cities and towns in California and List of largest California cities by population The state has 482 incorporated cities and towns , of which 460 are cities and 22 are towns . Under California law , the terms `` city '' and `` town '' are explicitly interchangeable ; the name of an incorporated municipality in the state can either be `` City of ( Name ) '' or `` Town of ( Name ) '' . Sacramento became California 's first incorporated city on February 27 , 1850 . San Jose , San Diego and Benicia tied for California 's second incorporated city , each receiving incorporation on March 27 , 1850 . Jurupa Valley became the state 's most recent and 482nd incorporated municipality on July 1 , 2011 . The majority of these cities and towns are within one of five metropolitan areas : the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area , the San Francisco Bay Area , the Riverside - San Bernardino Area , the San Diego metropolitan area , or the Sacramento metropolitan area . Largest cities or towns in California Source : Rank Name County Pop . Los Angeles San Diego Los Angeles Los Angeles 3,976,322 San Jose San Francisco San Diego San Diego 1,406,630 San Jose Santa Clara 1,025,350 San Francisco San Francisco 870,887 5 Fresno Fresno 522,053 6 Sacramento Sacramento 495,234 7 Long Beach Los Angeles 470,130 8 Oakland Alameda 420,005 9 Bakersfield Kern 376,380 10 Anaheim Orange 351,043 Migration Starting in the year 2010 , for the first time since the California Gold Rush , California - born residents make up the majority of the state 's population . Along with the rest of the United States , California 's immigration pattern has also shifted over the course of the late 2000s - early 2010s . Immigration from Latin American countries has dropped significantly with most immigrants now coming from Asia . In total for 2011 , there were 277,304 immigrants . 57 % came from Asian countries vs. 22 % from Latin American countries . Net immigration from Mexico , previously the most common country of origin for new immigrants has dropped to zero / less than zero , since more Mexican nationals are departing for their home country than immigrating . As a result it is projected that Hispanic citizens will constitute 49 % of the population by 2060 , instead of the previously projected 2050 , due primarily to domestic births . The state 's population of undocumented immigrants has been shrinking in recent years , due to increased enforcement and decreased job opportunities for lower - skilled workers . The number of migrants arrested attempting to cross the Mexican border in the Southwest decreased from a high of 1.1 million in 2005 to 367,000 in 2011 . Despite these recent trends , illegal aliens constituted an estimated 7.3 percent of the state 's population , the third highest percentage of any state in the country , totaling nearly 2.6 million . In particular , illegal immigrants tended to be concentrated in Los Angeles , Monterey , San Benito , Imperial , and Napa Counties -- the latter four of which have significant agricultural industries that depend on manual labor . More than half of illegal immigrants originate from Mexico . National origins According to the United States Census Bureau in 2016 the population self - identifies as ( alone or in combination ) : 72.7 % White ( including Non-Hispanic whites / Anglos and Hispanics ) 14.8 % Asian 6.5 % Black or African American 3.8 % Two or More Races 1.7 % Native American and Alaska Native 0.5 % Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander By ethnicity , in 2016 the population was 61.1 % non-Hispanic ( of any race ) and 38.9 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) . Non-Hispanic whites constituted 37.7 % of the state 's population . As of 2011 , 75.1 % of California 's population younger than age 1 were minorities , meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white ( white Hispanics are counted as minorities ) . In terms of total numbers , California has the largest population of White Americans in the United States , an estimated 22,200,000 residents . The state has the 5th largest population of African Americans in the United States , an estimated 2,250,000 residents . California 's Asian American population is estimated at 4.4 million , constituting a third of the nation 's total . California 's Native American population of 285,000 is the most of any state . According to estimates from 2011 , California has the largest minority population in the United States by numbers , making up 60 % of the state population . Over the past 25 years , the population of non-Hispanic whites has declined , while Hispanic and Asian populations have grown . Between 1970 and 2011 , non-Hispanic whites declined from 80 % of the State 's population to 40 % , while Hispanics grew from 32 % in 2000 to 38 % in 2011 . It is currently projected that Hispanics will rise to 49 % of the population by 2060 , primarily due to domestic births rather than immigration . With the decline of immigration from Latin America , Asian Americans now constitute the fastest growing racial / ethnic group in California ; this growth primarily driven by immigration from China , India and the Philippines , respectively . California Racial Breakdown of Population ( show ) Racial composition 1970 1990 2000 White 89.0 % 69.0 % 59.5 % 57.6 % Asian 2.8 % 9.6 % 10.9 % 13.0 % Black 7.0 % 7.4 % 6.7 % 6.2 % Native 0.5 % 0.8 % 1.0 % 1.0 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.3 % 0.4 % Some other race 0.7 % 13.2 % 16.8 % 17.0 % Two or more races -- -- 4.8 % 4.9 % Estimated ancestries of Californians ( show ) Ancestry 2013 population Margin of error ( + / - ) Total 43,071,506 33,741 Afghan 38,136 3,075 Albanian 4,792 681 Alsatian 730 163 American 1,124,070 10,956 Arab : 277,573 6,191 Egyptian 45,540 2,737 Iraqi 20,551 1,969 Jordanian 14,142 1,731 Lebanese 57,008 2,372 Moroccan 8,953 959 Palestinian 16,340 1,571 Syrian 23,298 1,749 Arab 44,851 2,645 Arab other 48,890 2,692 Armenian 258,260 5,292 Assyrian / Chaldean / Syriac 35,690 2,687 Australian 18,803 1,253 Austrian 77,113 2,205 Basque 18,413 1,252 Belgian 25,581 1,354 Brazilian 34,776 1,964 British 146,221 3,425 Bulgarian 13,093 1,304 Cajun 3,752 858 Canadian 88,244 2,687 Carpatho Rusyn 462 151 Celtic 5,910 593 Croatian 48,160 1,859 Cypriot 557 204 Czech 88,563 2,557 Czechoslovakian 23,097 1,164 Danish 182,221 3,432 Dutch 392,589 6,088 Eastern European 66,301 2,688 English 2,330,057 15,509 Estonian 4,210 636 European 542,475 8,588 Finnish 50,937 2,012 French 726,569 8,629 French Canadian 111,298 2,978 German 3,315,493 16,348 German Russian 2,094 328 Greek 131,110 3,050 Guyanese 2,947 468 Hungarian 125,280 3,639 Icelander 6,169 777 Iranian 213,661 6,417 Irish 2,612,782 13,767 Israeli 28,639 1,889 Italian 1,525,214 12,309 Latvian 10,974 916 Lithuanian 48,883 1,811 Luxemburger 3,040 387 Macedonian 3,093 471 Maltese 7,883 1,035 New Zealander 5,047 763 Northern European 46,409 2,030 Norwegian 394,056 5,827 Pennsylvania German 6,217 609 Polish 504,770 7,165 Portuguese 354,823 5,044 Romanian 66,942 2,927 Russian 433,384 6,662 Scandinavian 64,166 2,299 Scotch - Irish 240,268 4,345 Scottish 520,575 7,414 Serbian 17,739 1,434 Slavic 11,335 948 Slovak 24,732 1,564 Slovene 8,628 727 Soviet Union 195 111 Subsaharan African : 269,781 7,329 Cape Verdean 2,549 532 Ethiopian 28,007 2,467 Ghanaian 3,392 647 Kenyan 4,713 970 Liberian 1,069 400 Nigerian 25,498 2,414 Senegalese 585 296 Sierra Leonean 537 223 Somalian 7,066 1,440 South African 10,095 917 Sudanese 2,095 510 Ugandan 1,694 516 Zimbabwean 585 244 African 174,347 6,255 Other Subsaharan African 7,549 1,148 Swedish 425,092 5,332 Swiss 103,574 2,660 Turkish 23,206 1,214 Ukrainian 99,583 4,046 Welsh 168,463 3,482 West Indian 79,125 727 Bahamian 596 215 Barbadian 1,362 308 Belizean 21,331 1,459 Bermudan 370 170 British West Indian 1,858 485 Dutch West Indian 1,960 329 Haitian 7,363 1,046 Jamaican 28,675 1,877 Trinidadian and Tobagonian 5,357 716 U.S. Virgin Islander 756 288 West Indian 9,221 1,247 Other West Indian 276 124 Yugoslavian 33,363 1,830 Other groups 24,394,120 29,987 footnotes = Jump up ^ Underlined entries have sub-ancestries ^ Jump up to : Arab sub-ancestry Jump up ^ except Basque ^ Jump up to : Subsaharan African sub-ancestry Jump up ^ except Hispanic groups ^ Jump up to : West Indian sub-ancestry Ancestry 2010 Population ( show ) Percentage of Total Population White , not Hispanic or Latino 15,763,625 42.3 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 14,013,719 37.6 % Mexican 11,423,146 30.6 % Salvadoran 573,956 1.5 % Guatemalan 332,737 0.8 % Puerto Rican 189,945 0.5 % Colombian 164,416 0.4 % Spaniard 142,194 0.3 % Nicaraguan 100,790 0.2 % Peruvian 91,511 0.2 % Cuban 88,607 0.2 % Honduran 72,795 0.1 % Argentinean 44,410 0.1 % Ecuadorian 35,750 0.09 % Chilean 24,006 0.06 % Costa Rican 22,469 0.06 % Panamanian 17,768 0.04 % Bolivian 13,351 0.03 % Dominican 11,455 0.03 % Venezuelan 11,100 0.02 % Uruguayan 4,110 0.01 % Paraguayan 1,228 0.003 % Asian 5,556,592 14.9 % Filipino 1,474,707 3.9 % Chinese ( except Taiwanese ) 1,349,111 3.6 % Vietnamese 647,589 1.7 % Indian 590,445 1.5 % Korean 505,225 1.3 % Japanese 428,014 1.1 % Okinawan 1,377 0.003 % Taiwanese 109,928 0.2 % Cambodian 102,317 0.2 % Hmong 91,224 0.2 % Laotian 69,303 0.2 % Thai 67,707 0.1 % Pakistani 53,474 0.1 % Indonesian 39,506 0.1 % Sri Lankan 11,929 0.03 % Bangladeshi 10,494 0.02 % Nepalese 6,231 0.01 % Malaysian 5,595 0.01 % Mongolian 4,993 0.01 % Singaporean 1,513 0.004 % Black or African American 2,683,914 7.2 % Multiracial ( two or more races ) 1,815,384 4.8 % American Indian and Alaska Native 723,225 1.9 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 286,145 0.7 % Polynesian 157,104 0.4 % Native Hawaiian 74,932 0.2 % Samoan 60,876 0.1 % Tongan 22,893 0.06 % Micronesian 49,197 0.1 % Guamanian or Chamorro 44,425 0.1 % Melanesian 24,203 0.06 % Fijian 24,059 0.06 % Total 37,253,956 100 % Languages Non-English Languages Spoken in California by more than 100,000 persons ( show ) Language Population ( as of 2016 ) Spanish 10,672,610 speakers Chinese 1,231,425 Tagalog 796,451 Vietnamese 559,932 Korean 367,523 Persian 203,770 Armenian 192,980 Arabic 191,954 Hindi 189,646 Russian 155,746 Punjabi 140,128 Japanese 139,430 French 123,956 English serves as California 's de jure and de facto official language . In 2010 , the Modern Language Association of America estimated that 57.02 % ( 19,429,309 ) of California residents age 5 and older spoke only English at home , while 42.98 % spoke another primary language at home . According to the 2007 American Community Survey , 73 % of people who speak a language other than English at home are able to speak English well or very well , with 9.8 % not speaking English at all . Like most U.S. states ( 32 out of 50 ) , California law enshrines English as its official language , and has done so since the passage of Proposition 63 by California voters . Various government agencies do , and are often required to , furnish documents in the various languages needed to reach their intended audiences . In total , 16 languages other than English were spoken as primary languages at home by more than 100,000 persons , more than any other state in the nation . New York State , in second place , had 9 languages other than English spoken by more than 100,000 persons . The most common language spoken besides English was Spanish , spoken by 28.46 % ( 9,696,638 ) of the population . With Asia contributing most of California 's new immigrants , California had the highest concentration nationwide of Vietnamese and Chinese speakers , the second highest concentration of Korean , and the third highest concentration of Tagalog speakers . California has historically been one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world , with more than 70 indigenous languages derived from 64 root languages in 6 language families . A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous languages of Mexico that are spoken among California farmworkers . All of California 's indigenous languages are endangered , although there are now efforts toward language revitalization . As a result of the state 's increasing diversity and migration from other areas across the country and around the globe , linguists began noticing a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of spoken American English in California since the late 20th century . This variety , known as California English , has a vowel shift and several other phonological processes that are different from varieties of American English used in other regions of the United States . Culture Main article : Culture of California The Hollywood Sign , a symbol of the American film industry The culture of California is a Western culture and most clearly has its modern roots in the culture of the United States , but also , historically , many Hispanic influences . As a border and coastal state , Californian culture has been greatly influenced by several large immigrant populations , especially those from Latin America and Asia . California has long been a subject of interest in the public mind and has often been promoted by its boosters as a kind of paradise . In the early 20th century , fueled by the efforts of state and local boosters , many Americans saw the Golden State as an ideal resort destination , sunny and dry all year round with easy access to the ocean and mountains . In the 1960s , popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the image of Californians as laid - back , tanned beach - goers . The California Gold Rush of the 1850s is still seen as a symbol of California 's economic style , which tends to generate technology , social , entertainment , and economic fads and booms and related busts . Religion Main article : Religion in California Mission San Diego de Alcalá , one of the first Spanish missions in California Religion in California ( 2014 ) religion percent Protestantism 32 % Roman Catholicism 28 % No religion 27 % Judaism 2 % Buddhism 2 % Hinduism 2 % Islam 1 % Mormonism 1 % Other 5 % The largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of California 's population in 2014 were the Catholic Church with 28 percent , Evangelical Protestants with 20 percent , and Mainline Protestants with 10 percent . Together , all kinds of Protestants accounted for 32 percent . Those unaffiliated with any religion represented 27 percent of the population . The breakdown of other religions is 1 % Muslim , 2 % Hindu and 2 % Buddhist . This is a change from 2008 , when the population identified their religion with the Catholic Church with 31 percent ; Evangelical Protestants with 18 percent ; and Mainline Protestants with 14 percent . In 2008 , those unaffiliated with any religion represented 21 percent of the population . The breakdown of other religions in 2008 was 0.5 % Muslim , 1 % Hindu and 2 % Buddhist . The American Jewish Year Book placed the total Jewish population of California at about 1,194,190 in 2006 . According to the Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) the largest denominations by adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 10,233,334 ; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints with 763,818 ; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 489,953 . The first priests to come to California were Roman Catholic missionaries from Spain . Roman Catholics founded 21 missions along the California coast , as well as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco . California continues to have a large Roman Catholic population due to the large numbers of Mexicans and Central Americans living within its borders . California has twelve dioceses and two archdioceses , the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and the Archdiocese of San Francisco , the former being the largest archdiocese in the United States . A Pew Research Center survey revealed that California is somewhat less religious than the rest of the US : 62 percent of Californians say they are `` absolutely certain '' of their belief in God , while in the nation 71 percent say so . The survey also revealed 48 percent of Californians say religion is `` very important '' , compared to 56 percent nationally . Sports Main articles : Sports in California and List of professional sports teams in California California has twenty major professional sports league franchises , far more than any other state . The San Francisco Bay Area has seven major league teams spread in its three major cities : San Francisco , San Jose , and Oakland . While the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to ten major league franchises . San Diego and Sacramento each have one major league team . The NFL Super Bowl has been hosted in California 11 times at four different stadiums : Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the Rose Bowl , Stanford Stadium , and San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium . A twelfth , Super Bowl 50 , was held at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara on February 7 , 2016 . California has long had many respected collegiate sports programs . California is home to the oldest college bowl game , the annual Rose Bowl , among others . California is the only US state to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics were held in Los Angeles . Squaw Valley Ski Resort in the Lake Tahoe region hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics . Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics , marking the fourth time California hosts the Olympic Games . Multiple games during the 1994 FIFA World Cup took place in California , with the Rose Bowl hosting eight matches including the final , while Stanford Stadium hosted six matches . Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum hosted the Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 Below is a list of major league sports teams in California : Team Sport League Los Angeles Rams American football National Football League ( NFL ) Oakland Raiders American football National Football League Los Angeles Chargers American football National Football League San Francisco 49ers American football National Football League Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Baseball Major League Baseball Oakland Athletics Baseball Major League Baseball San Diego Padres Baseball Major League Baseball San Francisco Giants Baseball Major League Baseball Golden State Warriors Basketball National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Los Angeles Clippers Basketball National Basketball Association Los Angeles Lakers Basketball National Basketball Association Sacramento Kings Basketball National Basketball Association Los Angeles Sparks Basketball Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Anaheim Ducks Ice hockey National Hockey League ( NHL ) Los Angeles Kings Ice hockey National Hockey League San Jose Sharks Ice hockey National Hockey League Los Angeles Galaxy Soccer Major League Soccer ( MLS ) San Jose Earthquakes Soccer Major League Soccer Los Angeles Football Club Soccer Major League Soccer Education Torrance High School is one of the oldest high schools in continuous use in California and a popular location for television and motion picture production . Main article : Education in California See also : List of colleges and universities in California Public secondary education consists of high schools that teach elective courses in trades , languages , and liberal arts with tracks for gifted , college - bound and industrial arts students . California 's public educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires a minimum annual funding level for grades K -- 12 and community colleges that grows with the economy and student enrollment figures . California had over 6.2 million school students in the 2005 -- 06 school year . Funding and staffing levels in California schools lag behind other states . In expenditure per pupil , California ranked 29th ( of the 50 states and the District of Columbia ) in 2005 -- 06 . In teaching staff expenditure per pupil , California ranked 49th of 51 . In overall teacher - pupil ratio , California was also 49th , with 21 students per teacher . Only Arizona and Utah were lower . A 2007 study concluded that California 's public school system was `` broken '' in that it suffered from over-regulation . California 's public postsecondary education offers three separate systems : The research university system in the state is the University of California ( UC ) , a public university system . As of fall 2011 , the University of California had a combined student body of 234,464 students . There are ten general UC campuses , and a number of specialized campuses in the UC system , as the UC San Francisco , which is entirely dedicated to graduate education in health care , and is home to the UCSF Medical Center , the highest ranked hospital in California . The system was originally intended to accept the top one - eighth of California high school students , but several of the schools have become even more selective . The UC system was originally given exclusive authority in awarding Ph. Ds , but this has since changed and the CSU is also able to award several Doctoral degrees . The California State University ( CSU ) system has almost 430,000 students . The CSU was originally intended to accept the top one - third of California high school students , but several of the schools have become much more selective . The CSU was originally set up to award only bachelor 's and master 's degrees , but has since been granted the authority to award several Doctoral degrees . The California Community Colleges System provides lower division coursework as well as basic skills and workforce training . It is the largest network of higher education in the US , composed of 112 colleges serving a student population of over 2.6 million . California is also home to such notable private universities as Stanford University , the University of Southern California , the California Institute of Technology , and the Claremont Colleges . California has hundreds of other private colleges and universities , including many religious and special - purpose institutions . Twin region California has a twinning arrangement with the region of Catalonia in Spain Catalonia is made up of four Spanish provinces : Barcelona , Girona , Lleida , and Tarragona . Economy Main article : Economy of California See also : California locations by per capita income The economy of California is large enough to be comparable to that of the largest of countries . As of 2016 , the gross state product ( GSP ) is about $2.514 trillion , the largest in the United States . California is responsible for 13.9 percent of the United States ' approximate $18.1 trillion gross domestic product ( GDP ) . California 's GSP is larger than the GDP of all but 5 countries in dollar terms ( the United States , China , Japan , Germany , and the United Kingdom ) , larger than Brazil , France , Russia , Italy , India , Canada , Australia , Spain and Turkey . In Purchasing Power Parity , it is larger than all but 10 countries ( the United States , China , India , Japan , Germany , Russia , Brazil , France , the United Kingdom , and Indonesia ) , larger than Italy , Mexico , Spain , South Korea , Saudi Arabia , Canada and Turkey . The five largest sectors of employment in California are trade , transportation , and utilities ; government ; professional and business services ; education and health services ; and leisure and hospitality . In output , the five largest sectors are financial services , followed by trade , transportation , and utilities ; education and health services ; government ; and manufacturing . As of September 2016 , California has an unemployment rate of 5.5 % . California 's economy is dependent on trade and international related commerce accounts for about one - quarter of the state 's economy . In 2008 , California exported $144 billion worth of goods , up from $134 billion in 2007 and $127 billion in 2006 . Computers and electronic products are California 's top export , accounting for 42 percent of all the state 's exports in 2008 . Agriculture is an important sector in California 's economy . Farming - related sales more than quadrupled over the past three decades , from $7.3 billion in 1974 to nearly $31 billion in 2004 . This increase has occurred despite a 15 percent decline in acreage devoted to farming during the period , and water supply suffering from chronic instability . Factors contributing to the growth in sales - per - acre include more intensive use of active farmlands and technological improvements in crop production . In 2008 , California 's 81,500 farms and ranches generated $36.2 billion products revenue . In 2011 , that number grew to $43.5 billion products revenue . The Agriculture sector accounts for two percent of the state 's GDP and employs around three percent of its total workforce . According to the USDA in 2011 , the three largest California agricultural products by value were milk and cream , shelled almonds , and grapes . Per capita GDP in 2007 was $38,956 , ranking eleventh in the nation . Per capita income varies widely by geographic region and profession . The Central Valley is the most impoverished , with migrant farm workers making less than minimum wage . According to a 2005 report by the Congressional Research Service , the San Joaquin Valley was characterized as one of the most economically depressed regions in the United States , on par with the region of Appalachia . California has a poverty rate of 23.5 % , the highest of any state in the country . Many coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per - capita areas in the United States . The high - technology sectors in Northern California , specifically Silicon Valley , in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties , have emerged from the economic downturn caused by the dot - com bust . In 2010 , there were more than 663,000 millionaires in the state , more than any other state in the nation . In 2010 , California residents were ranked first among the states with the best average credit score of 754 . California GDP by sector in 2015 . Had California been an independent country in 2008 its gross domestic product would have been ranked between eighth and eleventh in the world . California per capita personal income by county in 2015 . A tree map depicting the distribution of occupations across the state of California State finances Main articles : California state finances and 2008 -- 12 California budget crisis Economic regions of California State spending increased from $56 billion in 1998 to $127 billion in 2011 . California , with 12 % of the United States population , has one - third of the nation 's welfare recipients . California has the third highest per capita spending on welfare among the states , as well as the highest spending on welfare at $6.67 billion . In January 2011 the California 's total debt was at least $265 billion . On June 27 , 2013 , Governor Jerry Brown signed a balanced budget ( no deficit ) for the state , its first in decades ; however the state 's debt remains at $132 billion . With the passage of Proposition 30 in 2012 , California now levies a 13.3 % maximum marginal income tax rate with ten tax brackets , ranging from 1 % at the bottom tax bracket of $0 annual individual income to 13.3 % for annual individual income over $1,000,000 . California has a state sales tax of 7.5 % , though local governments can and do levy additional sales taxes . Many of these taxes are temporary for a seven - year period ( as stipulated in Proposition 30 ) and afterwards will revert to a previous maximum marginal income tax bracket of 10.3 % and state sales tax rate of 7.25 % . All real property is taxable annually ; the tax is based on the property 's fair market value at the time of purchase or new construction . Property tax increases are capped at 2 % per year ( see Proposition 13 ) . Infrastructure Energy Moss Landing Power Plant , the state 's largest power production source ( presently shut down ) Part of the 354 MW SEGS solar complex in northern San Bernardino County , California Main article : Energy use in California Because it is the most populous United States state , California is one of the country 's largest users of energy . However because of its high energy rates , conservation mandates , mild weather in the largest population centers and strong environmental movement , its per capita energy use is one of the smallest of any United States state . Due to the high electricity demand , California imports more electricity than any other state , primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest ( via Path 15 and Path 66 ) and coal - and natural gas - fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46 . As a result of the state 's strong environmental movement , California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States , with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020 . Currently , several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert . California 's wind farms include Altamont Pass , San Gorgonio Pass , and Tehachapi Pass . Several dams across the state provide hydro - electric power . It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100 % renewable energy , including heating , cooling and mobility , by 2050 . The state 's crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in the Central Valley and along the coast , including the large Midway - Sunset Oil Field . Natural gas - fired power plants typically account for more than one - half of state electricity generation . California is also home to two major nuclear power plants : Diablo Canyon and San Onofre , the latter having been shut down in 2013 . Voters banned the approval of new nuclear power plants since the late 1970s because of concerns over radioactive waste disposal . In addition , several cities such as Oakland , Berkeley and Davis have declared themselves as nuclear - free zones . Transportation Main article : Transportation in California The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco , one of California 's most famous landmarks Caltrans builds tall `` stack '' interchanges with soaring ramps that offer impressive views California 's vast terrain is connected by an extensive system of controlled - access highways ( ' freeways ' ) , limited - access roads ( ' expressways ' ) , and highways . California is known for its car culture , giving California 's cities a reputation for severe traffic congestion . Construction and maintenance of state roads and statewide transportation planning are primarily the responsibility of the California Department of Transportation , nicknamed `` Caltrans '' . The rapidly growing population of the state is straining all of its transportation networks , and California has some of the worst roads in the United States . The Reason Foundation 's 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems ranked California 's highways the third - worst of any state , with Alaska second , and Rhode Island first . The state has been a pioneer in road construction . One of the state 's more visible landmarks , the Golden Gate Bridge , was once the longest suspension bridge main span in the world at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) when it opened in 1937 . With its orange paint and panoramic views of the bay , this highway bridge is a popular tourist attraction and also accommodates pedestrians and bicyclists . The San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( often abbreviated the `` Bay Bridge '' ) , completed in 1936 , transports about 280,000 vehicles per day on two - decks . Its two sections meet at Yerba Buena Island through the world 's largest diameter transportation bore tunnel , at 76 feet ( 23 m ) wide by 58 feet ( 18 m ) high . The Arroyo Seco Parkway , connecting Los Angeles and Pasadena , opened in 1940 as the first freeway in the Western United States . It was later extended south to the Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles , regarded as the first stack interchange ever built . Los Angeles International Airport ( LAX ) , the 6th busiest airport in the world , and San Francisco International Airport ( SFO ) , the 23rd busiest airport in the world , are major hubs for trans - Pacific and transcontinental traffic . There are about a dozen important commercial airports and many more general aviation airports throughout the state . California also has several important seaports . The giant seaport complex formed by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in the country and responsible for handling about a fourth of all container cargo traffic in the United States . The Port of Oakland , fourth largest in the nation , also handles trade entering from the Pacific Rim to the rest of the country . The Port of Stockton is the easternmost port on the west coast of the United States . The California Highway Patrol is the largest statewide police agency in the United States in employment with over 10,000 employees . They are responsible for providing any police - sanctioned service to anyone on California 's state maintained highways and on state property . The California Department of Motor Vehicles is by far the largest in North America . By the end of 2009 , the California DMV had 26,555,006 driver 's licenses and ID cards on file . In 2010 , there were 1.17 million new vehicle registrations in force . Inter-city rail travel is provided by Amtrak California ; the three routes , the Capitol Corridor , Pacific Surfliner , and San Joaquin , are funded by Caltrans . These services are the busiest intercity rail lines in the United States outside the Northeast Corridor and ridership is continuing to set records . The routes are becoming increasingly popular over flying , especially on the LAX - SFO route . Integrated subway and light rail networks are found in Los Angeles ( Metro Rail ) and San Francisco ( MUNI Metro ) . Light rail systems are also found in San Jose ( VTA ) , San Diego ( San Diego Trolley ) , Sacramento ( RT Light Rail ) , and Northern San Diego County ( Sprinter ) . Furthermore , commuter rail networks serve the San Francisco Bay Area ( ACE , BART , Caltrain , SMART ) , Greater Los Angeles ( Metrolink ) , and San Diego County ( Coaster ) . The California High - Speed Rail Authority was created in 1996 by the state to implement an extensive 800 - mile ( 1,300 km ) rail system . Construction was approved by the voters during the November 2008 general election , with the first phase of construction estimated to cost $64.2 billion . Nearly all counties operate bus lines , and many cities operate their own city bus lines as well . Intercity bus travel is provided by Greyhound , Megabus , and Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach . Water Main article : Water in California An aerial view of the Delta -- Mendota Canal ( left ) and the California Aqueduct ( right ) , at the Interstate 205 crossing west of Tracy , conveying water from Northern to Southern California California 's interconnected water system is the world 's largest , managing over 40,000,000 acre feet ( 49 km ) of water per year , centered on six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure projects . Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue , as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors , especially in the arid southern portion of the state . The state 's widespread redistribution of water also invites the frequent scorn of environmentalists . The California Water Wars , a conflict between Los Angeles and the Owens Valley over water rights , is one of the most well - known examples of the struggle to secure adequate water supplies . Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said : `` We 've been in crisis for quite some time because we 're now 38 million people and not anymore 18 million people like we were in the late 60s . So it developed into a battle between environmentalists and farmers and between the south and the north and between rural and urban . And everyone has been fighting for the last four decades about water . '' Government and politics This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) State government Main article : Government of California The California State Capitol building in Sacramento The state 's capital is Sacramento . California is organized into three branches of government -- the executive branch consisting of the Governor and the other independently elected constitutional officers ; the legislative branch consisting of the Assembly and Senate ; and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts . The state also allows ballot propositions : direct participation of the electorate by initiative , referendum , recall , and ratification . Before the passage of California Proposition 14 ( 2010 ) , California allowed each political party to choose whether to have a closed primary or a primary where only party members and independents vote . After June 8 , 2010 when Proposition 14 was approved , excepting only the United States President and county central committee offices , all candidates in the primary elections are listed on the ballot with their preferred party affiliation , but they are not the official nominee of that party . At the primary election , the two candidates with the top votes will advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation . If at a special primary election , one candidate receives more than 50 % of all the votes cast , they are elected to fill the vacancy and no special general election will be held . Executive branch The California executive branch consists of the Governor of California and seven other elected constitutional officers : Lieutenant Governor , Attorney General , Secretary of State , State Controller , State Treasurer , Insurance Commissioner , and State Superintendent of Public Instruction . They serve four - year terms and may be re-elected only once . Legislative branch The California State Legislature consists of a 40 - member Senate and 80 - member Assembly . Senators serve four - year terms and Assembly members two . Members of the Assembly are subject to term limits of three terms , and members of the Senate are subject to term limits of two terms . Judicial branch California 's legal system is explicitly based upon English common law ( as is the case with all other states except Louisiana ) but carries a few features from Spanish civil law , such as community property . California 's prison population grew from 25,000 in 1980 to over 170,000 in 2007 . Capital punishment is a legal form of punishment and the state has the largest `` Death Row '' population in the country ( though Oklahoma and Texas are far more active in carrying out executions ) . California 's judiciary system is the largest in the United States ( with a total of 1,600 judges , while the federal system has only about 840 ) . At the apex is the seven Justices of the Supreme Court of California , while the California Courts of Appeal serve as the primary appellate courts and the California Superior Courts serve as the primary trial courts . Justices of the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal are appointed by the Governor , but are subject to retention by the electorate every 12 years . The administration of the state 's court system is controlled by the Judicial Council , composed of the Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court , 14 judicial officers , four representatives from the State Bar of California , and one member from each house of the state legislature . Local government Main article : Local government in California Counties See also : List of counties in California California is divided into 58 counties . Per Article 11 , Section 1 , of the Constitution of California , they are the legal subdivisions of the state . The county government provides countywide services such as law enforcement , jails , elections and voter registration , vital records , property assessment and records , tax collection , public health , health care , social services , libraries , flood control , fire protection , animal control , agricultural regulations , building inspections , ambulance services , and education departments in charge of maintaining statewide standards . In addition , the county serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas . Each county is governed by an elected board of supervisors . City and town governments Incorporated cities and towns in California are either charter or general - law municipalities . General - law municipalities owe their existence to state law and are consequently governed by it ; charter municipalities are governed by their own city or town charters . Municipalities incorporated in the 19th century tend to be charter municipalities . All ten of the state 's most populous cities are charter cities . Most small cities have a council - manager form of government , where the elected city council appoints a city manager to supervise the operations of the city . Some larger cities have a directly - elected mayor who oversees the city government . In many council - manager cities , the city council selects one of its members as a mayor , sometimes rotating through the council membership -- but this type of mayoral position is primarily ceremonial . The Government of San Francisco is the only consolidated city - county in California , where both the city and county governments have been merged into one unified jurisdiction . The San Francisco Board of Supervisors also acts as the city council and the Mayor of San Francisco also serves as the county administrative officer . School districts and special districts See also : List of school districts in California About 1,102 school districts , independent of cities and counties , handle California 's public education . California school districts may be organized as elementary districts , high school districts , unified school districts combining elementary and high school grades , or community college districts . There are about 3,400 special districts in California . A special district , defined by California Government Code § 16271 ( d ) as `` any agency of the state for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries '' , provides a limited range of services within a defined geographic area . The geographic area of a special district can spread across multiple cities or counties , or could consist of only a portion of one . Most of California 's special districts are single - purpose districts , and provide one service . Federal representation See also : California 's congressional districts The state of California sends 53 members to the House of Representatives , the nation 's largest congressional state delegation . Consequently California also has the largest number of electoral votes in national presidential elections , with 55 . California 's U.S. Senators are Dianne Feinstein , a native and former mayor of San Francisco , and Kamala Harris , a native , former District Attorney from San Francisco and former Attorney General of California . In 1992 , California became the first state to have a Senate delegation entirely composed of women . Armed forces United States Armed Forces in California . From left to right : Fort Irwin , Camp Pendleton , NAS North Island , Beale Air Force Base , and Coast Guard Island In California , as of 2009 , the U.S. Department of Defense had a total of 117,806 active duty servicemembers of which 88,370 were Sailors or Marines , 18,339 were Airmen , and 11,097 were Soldiers , with 61,365 Department of Defense civilian employees . Additionally , there were a total of 57,792 Reservists and Guardsman in California . In 2010 , Los Angeles County was the largest origin of military recruits in the United States by county , with 1,437 individuals enlisting in the military . However , as of 2002 , Californians were relatively under - represented in the military as a proportion to its population . In 2000 , California , had 2,569,340 veterans of United States military service : 504,010 served in World War II , 301,034 in the Korean War , 754,682 during the Vietnam War , and 278,003 during 1990 -- 2000 ( including the Persian Gulf War ) . As of 2010 , there were 1,942,775 veterans living in California , of which 1,457,875 served during a period of armed conflict , and just over four thousand served before World War II ( the largest population of this group of any state ) . California 's military forces consist of the Army and Air National Guard , the naval and state military reserve ( militia ) , and the California Cadet Corps . Ideology Main articles : Politics of California and Elections in California California registered voters as of January 5 , 2016 Party Number of Voters Percentage Democratic 7,438,655 43.1 % Republican 4,767,259 27.62 % No Party Preference 4,141,860 24 % American Independent 472,019 2.73 % Libertarian 120,578 0.7 % Green 102,688 0.59 % Peace and Freedom 75,579 0.44 % Other 140,775 0.82 % Total 17,259,413 100 % Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 31.62 % 4,483,810 61.73 % 8,753,788 2012 37.12 % 4,839,958 60.24 % 7,854,285 2008 36.91 % 5,011,781 60.94 % 8,274,473 44.36 % 5,509,826 54.40 % 6,745,485 2000 41.65 % 4,567,429 53.45 % 5,861,203 38.21 % 3,828,380 51.10 % 5,119,835 32.61 % 3,630,574 46.01 % 5,121,325 51.13 % 5,054,917 47.56 % 4,702,233 1984 57.51 % 5,467,009 41.27 % 3,922,519 1980 52.69 % 4,524,858 35.91 % 3,083,661 1976 49.35 % 3,882,244 47.57 % 3,742,284 1972 55.01 % 4,602,096 41.54 % 3,475,847 1968 47.82 % 3,467,664 44.74 % 3,244,318 1964 40.79 % 2,879,108 59.11 % 4,171,877 1960 50.10 % 3,259,722 49.55 % 3,224,099 Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . California has an idiosyncratic political culture compared to the rest of the country , and is sometimes regarded as a trendsetter . In socio - cultural mores and national politics , Californians are perceived as more liberal than other Americans , especially those who live in the inland states . Among the political idiosyncrasies and trendsetting , California was the second state to recall their state governor , the second state to legalize abortion , and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by voters ( including Proposition 8 in 2008 ) . Voters also passed Proposition 71 in 2004 to fund stem cell research , and Proposition 14 in 2010 to completely change the state 's primary election process . California has also experienced disputes over water rights ; and a tax revolt , culminating with the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978 , limiting state property taxes . The state 's trend towards the Democratic Party and away from the Republican Party can be seen in state elections . From 1899 to 1939 , California had Republican governors . Since 1990 , California has generally elected Democratic candidates to federal , state and local offices , including current Governor Jerry Brown ; however , the state has elected Republican Governors , though many of its Republican Governors , such as Arnold Schwarzenegger , tend to be considered moderate Republicans and more centrist than the national party . Governor Jerry Brown is one of the many Democrats currently in office in California . The Democrats also now hold a majority in both houses of the state legislature . There are 56 Democrats and 24 Republicans in the Assembly ; and 26 Democrats and 12 Republicans in the Senate . The trend towards the Democratic Party is most obvious in presidential elections ; Republicans have not won California 's electoral votes since 1988 . In the United States House , the Democrats held a 34 -- 19 edge in the CA delegation of the 110th United States Congress in 2007 . As the result of gerrymandering , the districts in California were usually dominated by one or the other party , and few districts were considered competitive . In 2008 , Californians passed Proposition 20 to empower a 14 - member independent citizen commission to redraw districts for both local politicians and Congress . After the 2012 elections , when the new system took effect , Democrats gained 4 seats and held a 38 -- 15 majority in the delegation . In general , Democratic strength is centered in the populous coastal regions of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and the San Francisco Bay Area . Republican strength is still greatest in eastern parts of the state . Orange County also remains mostly Republican . One study ranked Berkeley , Oakland , Inglewood and San Francisco in the top 20 most liberal American cities ; and Bakersfield , Orange , Escondido , Garden Grove , and Simi Valley in the top 20 most conservative cities . In October 2012 , out of the 23,802,577 people eligible to vote , 18,245,970 people were registered to vote . Of the people registered , the three largest registered groups were Democrats ( 7,966,422 ) , Republicans ( 5,356,608 ) , and Decline to State ( 3,820,545 ) . Los Angeles County had the largest number of registered Democrats ( 2,430,612 ) and Republicans ( 1,037,031 ) of any county in the state . See also Index of California - related articles Outline of California -- organized list of topics about California California portal USA portal Notes Jump up ^ The coordinates of the center of population are at 35 ° 27 ′ 31 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 19 '' W / 35.458606 ° N 119.355165 ° W / 35.458606 ; - 119.355165 . Jump up ^ behind Nevada and Arizona Jump up ^ The following are a list of the indigenous languages : Root languages of California : Athabaskan Family : Hupa , Mattole , Lassik , Wailaki , Sinkyone , Cahto , Tolowa , Nongatl , Wiyot , Chilula ; Hokan Family : Pomo , Shasta , Karok , Chimiriko ; Algonquian Family : Whilkut , Yurok ; Yukian Family : Wappo ; Penutian Family : Modok , Wintu , Nomlaki , Konkow , Maidu , Patwin , Nisenan , Miwok , Coast Miwok , Lake Miwok , Ohlone , Northern Valley Yokuts , Southern Valley Yokuts , Foothill Yokuts ; Hokan Family : Esselen , Salinan , Chumash , Ipai , Tipai , Yuma , Halchichoma , Mohave ; Uto - Aztecan Family : Mono Paiute , Monache , Owens Valley Paiute , Tubatulabal , Panamint Shoshone , Kawaisu , Kitanemuk , Tataviam , Gabrielino , Juaneno , Luiseno , Cuipeno , Cahuilla , Serrano , Chemehuevi Jump up ^ Minnesota also has a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants , which has been in place since 1994 . References ^ Jump up to : `` Government Code Section 420 - 429.8 '' . State of California Legislative Council . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hyon B. Shin ; Robert A. Kominski ( April 2010 ) . `` Language Use in the United States : 2007 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix Table A for Figures 5A - 5H . Percentage Speaking a Language Other Than English at Home by English - Speaking Ability by State : 2007 '' . Language Use in the United States : 2007 ( ACS - 12 ) : Appendix Tables . United States Census Bureau . 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitney '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point in the Contiguous United States . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS National Elevation Dataset ( NED ) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program ( 3DEP ) -- National Geospatial Data Asset ( NGDA ) National Elevation Data Set ( NED ) '' . United States Geological Survey . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coté , John ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Lt. Gov. - elect Gavin Newsom to be sworn in by Jan. 10 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Government Code Section 424 '' . State of California Legislative Council . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alison Vekshin ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` California Overtakes France to Become Sixth - Largest Economy '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jason Hanna ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Report : California slips to world 's 9th largest economy '' . CNN . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Guy Adams ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` California , the ninth largest economy in the world , resorts to austerity '' . Independent . London . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . `` California Economy Slips To Ninth Largest , Behind Brazil '' . The Huffington Post . Associated Press . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . `` 2013 Cal Facts '' . Legislative Analyst 's Office . State of California . January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . California 's Economy Is Ninth - Largest in the World Kasler , Dale ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` California has world 's 8th largest economy , beating Russia , Italy '' . San Francisco Luxury Living . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy 25th anniversary , World Wide Web '' . CalWatchdog.com . ^ Jump up to : `` California Gross domestic product ( GDP ) ( millions of current dollars ) '' . U.S. Department of Commerce , Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fortune 2016 Global 500 '' . Fortune . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fruits and Vegetables , America Eats , from Life in the USA : The Complete Guide for Immigrants and Americans '' . Life in the USA . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : Random House . pp. 11 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Putnam , Ruth ( 1917 ) . `` Appendix A : Etymology of the Word `` California '' : Surmises and Usage `` . In Herbert Ingram Priestley . California : the name . Berkeley : University of California . pp. 356 -- 361 . Jump up ^ Vogeley , Nancy ( April 20 , 2001 ) . `` How Chivalry Formed the Myth of California '' . Modern Language Quarterly . University of Washington . 62 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 188 . doi : 10.1215 / 00267929 - 62 - 2 - 165 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Mark ( 2011 ) . The Etymologicon : A Circular Stroll Through the Hidden Connections of the English Language . New York NY : Penguin Group / Berkley Books . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 26079 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gudde , Erwin G. and William Bright . 2004 . California Place Names : The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names . pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Lavender , David ( 1987 ) . California : Land of New Beginnings . University of Nebraska Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7924 - 8 . OCLC 15315566 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . June 24 , 1957 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Putnam , 1917 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Strange But True , Tooele Transcript - Bulletin , August 11 , 2016 , p . C3 Jump up ^ `` unknown facts '' . Jump up ^ Starr 2007 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Page 1580 of the 1778 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica ( second edition ) '' . Hyzercreek.com . July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Carlson , Jon D. ( 2011 ) . Myths , State Expansion , and the Birth of Globalization : A Comparative Perspective . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 01045 - 2 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Brooke Hoover , Mildred ; Kyle , Douglas E. , eds. ( 1990 ) . Historic Spots in California . Stanford University Press . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1734 - 2 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tillman , Linda C. ; Scheurich , James Joseph ( August 21 , 2013 ) . The Handbook of Research on Educational Leadership for Equity and Diversity . Routledge . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 12843 - 2 . Huping Ling ( April 29 , 2009 ) . Asian America : Forming New Communities , Expanding Boundaries . Rutgers University Press . p. 109 . 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Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 141 -- 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2647 - 5 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker ( Militärhistoriker ) ( 2013 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Mexican - American War : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 853 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Quarterly . Historical Society of Southern California . 1907 . pp. 199 -- 201 . Hunt Janin ; Ursula Carlson ( April 20 , 2015 ) . The California Campaigns of the U.S. - Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 . McFarland . pp. 149 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 2093 - 0 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Thomas J. ( November 29 , 2012 ) . Pacific Eldorado : A History of Greater California . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 29217 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` California Gold Rush , 1848 -- 1864 '' . Learn California.org , a site designed for the California Secretary of State . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1870 Fast Facts '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Wilson , Dotson ; Ebbert , Brian S. ( 2006 ) . California 's Legislature ( PDF ) ( 2006 ed . ) . Sacramento : California State Assembly . OCLC 70700867 . Jump up ^ 10 Facts : California during the Civil War Civil War Trust . Downloaded Sept. 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Destruction of the California Indians '' . California Secretary of State . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` INDIANS of CALIFORNIA -- American Period '' . Cabrillo.edu . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` California Militia and Expeditions Against the Indians , 1850 -- 1859 '' . Militarymuseum.org . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ see also Benjamin Madley , American Genocide : The California Indian Catastrophe , 1846 -- 1873 , Yale University Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` California -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1850 to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peck , Merton J. & Scherer , Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process : An Economic Analysis ( 1962 ) Harvard Business School p. 111 Jump up ^ `` Shipbuilding Essay -- World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary '' . www.nps.gov . Jump up ^ `` Richmond Shipyard Number Three : World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary '' . www.nps.gov . Jump up ^ https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/ca/ca3300/ca3393/data/ca3393data.pdf Jump up ^ KQED ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Saving the Bay - The Greatest Shipbuilding Center in the World '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Bill Watkins ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` How California Lost its Mojo '' . Fox and Hound Daily . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Nancy Kleniewski ; Alexander R. Thomas ( March 1 , 2010 ) . Cities , Change , and Conflict : A Political Economy of Urban Life . Cengage Learning . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 81222 - 7 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosa Maria Moller ( May 2008 ) . `` Aerospace States ' Incentives to Attract The Industry '' ( PDF ) . library.ca.gov . California Research Bureau . pp. 24 -- 25 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Robert A. Kleinhenz ; Kimberly Ritter - Martinez ; Rafael De Anda ; Elizabeth Avila ( August 2012 ) . `` The Aerospace Industry in Southern California '' ( PDF ) . laedc.org . p. 10 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . In 1987 , California accounted for one in four aerospace jobs nationally , and in Los Angeles County , the share was one in ten . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War , the Department of Defense ( DOD ) sharply curtailed procurement spending . In 1995 , DOD spending fell below $50 billion for the first time since 1982 . Nowhere in the country were the changes in Pentagon outlays more apparent than in Southern California . Eric John Heikkila ; Rafael Pizarro ( January 1 , 2002 ) . Southern California and the World . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97112 - 0 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . James Flanigan ( 2009 ) . Smile Southern California , You 're the Center of the Universe : The Economy and People of a Global Region . Stanford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5625 - 9 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( April 17 , 2009 ) . `` Searching for Silicon Valley '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen 2003 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Clark Davis ; David Igler ( August 1 , 2002 ) . The Human Tradition in California . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 4431 - 6 . Treanor , Jill ( July 17 , 2001 ) . `` Pink slip season in Silicon Valley '' . The Guardian . United Kingdom . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . This micro-economy -- the world 's fifth largest economy in its own right -- started to feel the pain of the new technology meltdown first . Jump up ^ Taylor , Lisa ( March 30 , 1997 ) . `` Getting Out : The Great California Exodus : Remember us ? We left Southern California looking for cheaper housing , employment opportunities and a better way of life . Well ... We 're Ba - aack ! '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepard Krech , III ; J.R. McNeill ; Carolyn Merchant ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of world environmental history : O-Z , Index . Taylor & Francis Group . pp. 540 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93734 - 4 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Riedel , Monique ( 2009 ) . Best Easy Day Hikes Ventura . Falcon Guides . Pages 35 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 5121 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . US Census Bureau . April 2004 . p. 29 . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figures Show California 's Motoring Supremacy '' . Touring Topics . Los Angeles , California : Automobile Club of Southern California . 8 ( 2 ) : 38 -- 9 . March 1916 . Jump up ^ Cooley , Timothy J. ( 2014 ) . Surfing about Music . University of California Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 95721 - 3 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Neil ( April 19 , 1963 ) . `` Westward Tilt : Northern California '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . Lodi , California . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John E. Kent , eds. ( 1917 ) . Kent Guide Manual ( Harrison Narcotic Law ) and Professional Registry . San Francisco : The Service Press . p. 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Laaksonen - Craig , Susanna ; Goldman , George ; McKillop , William ( 2003 ) . Forestry , Forest Products , and Forest Products Consumption in California ( PDF ) . Davis , California : University of California -- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60107 - 248 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lanner , RM ( 2007 ) . The Bristlecone Book . Mountain Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 538 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Oldlist '' . Rocky Mountain Tree Ring Research . 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Jump up ^ `` Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the Nearctic Realm '' ( PDF ) . digitalcommons.unl.edu ( University of Nebraska State : Papers in Entomology ) . 2003 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Elstein ( May 2004 ) . `` Restoring California 's Native Grasses '' . Agricultural Research magazine . 52 ( 5 ) : 17 . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The California Invasive Species List '' ( PDF ) . iscc.ca.gov ( California Invasive Species Advisory Committee ) . April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` California : flora and fauna '' . city-data.com. 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sequoia sempervirens ( D. Don ) Endl . '' . fed.us ( U.S. Forest Service ) . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Life Zones of the Central Sierra Nevada '' . sierrahistorical.org . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California Condor '' . The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2009 . 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Americanindiantah.com . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ California , Department of Finance State of . `` Demographic Projections '' . www.dof.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 4 . Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Resident Population Change for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2009 '' . US Census Bureau . December 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` E-4 Population Estimates for Cities , Counties and the State , 2001 -- 2009 , with 2000 Benchmark . '' . Sacramento , California : State of California , Department of Finance . May 2009 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tom ; Scardamalia , Robert ( September 2012 ) . `` The Great California Exodus : A Closer Look '' . Manhattan-institute.org . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Censo 2010 : população do Brasil é de 190.732. 694 pessoas '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Database -- County Rankings '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Table A. 1 . Total Population by Sex in 2009 and Sex Ratio by Country in 2009 '' ( PDF ) . World Population Prospects : The 2008 Edition , Highlights . United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . 2009 . pp. 31 -- 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services '' . Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services . December 2005 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Beth ( September 19 , 2003 ) . `` Baby Slump In L.A. County '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Los Angeles Newspaper Group . pp. N4 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Population Centers by State : 2000 '' . United States Census 2000 . US Census Bureau Geography Division . May 20 , 2002 . Archived from the original ( TXT ) on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` CA Codes ( gov : 34500 - 34504 ) '' . California State Senate . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Instant City : Sacramento '' . California State Library . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` San Jose at a Glance '' . City of San Jose . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A History of San Diego Government '' . City of San Diego . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California State Parks : 1846 to 1854 '' . California State Parks . May 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jurupa Valley Becomes California 's 482nd City '' . League of California Cities . March 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stokley , Sandra ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` JURUPA VALLEY : Rushing to meet a July 1 incorporation '' . The Press - Enterprise . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . US Census . May 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Teresa Watanabe ; Hector Becerra ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Native - born Californians regain majority status '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Net Migration from Mexico Falls to Zero -- and Perhaps Less '' ( PDF ) . Pew Hispanic Center . 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Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell Gibson ; Kay Jung ( September 2002 ) . `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Population Division . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Census 2000 Profile . United States Census Bureau . August 2002 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 '' . 2010 Census Summary File 1 . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Ancestry Reported '' . 2009 -- 2013 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates . United States Census Bureau . 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Total Population '' . 2010 Census , United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What other languages is the written or audio test available in ? / / Driver License and Identification ( ID ) Card Information '' . California Department of Motor Vehicles . Jump up ^ Wesson , Herb ( July 17 , 2001 ) . `` AB 800 Assembly Bill -- Bill Analysis '' . California State Assembly . p. 3 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . In 1986 , California voters amended the state constitution to provide that the : The ( sic ) Legislature and officials of the State of California shall take all steps necessary to insure that the role of English as the common language of the State of California is preserved and enhanced . The Legislature shall make no law which diminishes or ignores the role of English as the common language of California . '' Jump up ^ Hull , Dana ( May 20 , 2006 ) . `` English already is `` official '' in California `` . San Jose Mercury News . San Jose , California . Jump up ^ `` MLA Data Center '' . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Native Tribes , Groups , Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 ( Map ) ( 1966 ed . ) . Coyote Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ California Indians Root Languages and Tribal Groups ( Map ) ( 1994 ed . ) . California State Parks . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indigenous Farmworker Study -- Indigenous Mexicans in California Agriculture . Section V. Language and Culture '' ( PDF ) . 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bucholtz , Mary ; et all ( December 2007 ) . `` Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal ? : The Perceptual Dialectology of California '' . Journal of English Linguistics. 35 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 352 . doi : 10.1177 / 0075424207307780 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Helfand , Duke ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` State has a relaxed view on religion -- Survey finds Californians are less certain about the existence of God than others in the U.S '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Naranjo , Candice . `` The Super Bowl is Coming to Levi 's Stadium in 2016 '' . KRON 4 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NAGOURNEY , Adam ; LONGMAN , JERÉ ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Makes Deal to Host the 2028 Summer Olympics '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Proposition 98 Primer '' . Legislative Analyst 's Office of California . February 2005 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California Comparison '' . Education Data Partnership . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Carolyn ( March 16 , 2007 ) . `` Report Says Public Schools in California Are ' Broken ' -- New York Times '' . The New York Times . California . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the University of California '' . Jump up ^ `` America 's Best Hospitals 2007 '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2007 - 07 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Janet ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 85,000 students seek admission to Berkeley 's 2017 -- 18 freshman class '' . Berkeley News . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kendall , Rebecca . `` UCLA breaks several records with 2017 freshman applications '' . UCLA Newsroom . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Farran . `` California Students Face Competition for College Options . '' U.S. News & World Report . N.p. , February 6 , 2017 . Web . May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rising number of rejections raises fears that Long Beach is becoming ' elite ' university '' . EdSource . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 71 '' . 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Bureau of Economic Analysis . March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Tadlock ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` California 's San Joaquin Valley : A Region in Transition '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service , Library of Congress . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berlinger , Joshua ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` A New Poverty Calculation Yields Some Surprising Results '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Walter ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Personality Parade '' . Parade Magazine . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bukszpan , Daniel ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` States With the Best Credit Scores '' . ^ Jump up to : `` California GDP '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : : GDP ( purchasing power parity ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` California 's current debt load : $132 billion '' . Jump up ^ `` California Proposition 30 , Sales and Income Tax Increase ( 2012 ) '' . Ballotpedia . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mufson , Steven ( February 17 , 2007 ) . `` In Energy Conservation , Calif . Sees Light '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California -- U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) '' . Tonto.eia.doe.gov . October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ California OKs new transmission for renewables Reuters , December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark Z . Jacobson et al. : A roadmap for repowering California for all purposes with wind , water , and sunlight . In : Energy 73 ( 2014 ) , 875 -- 889 , doi : 10.1016 / j. energy. 2014.06. 099 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Jim ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` Nuclear power industry sees opening for revival '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . p . A-1 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brunswick , Mark ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` Minnesota House says no to new nuclear power plants '' . Star Tribune . Minnesota : Chris Harte . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mieszkowski , Katharine ( September 2 , 2010 ) . `` California Is Tops in Worst Roads -- Pulse of the Bay '' . The Bay Citizen . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A bridge too far gone '' . The Economist . August 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems ( 1984 -- 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Facts at a glance '' . California Department of Transportation . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Pasadena Freeway getting a new look and a new name '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. 's Famous Four - Level Freeway Interchange , ' The Stack , ' Turns 58 '' . KCET . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chawkins , Steve ( July 18 , 2005 ) . `` Stockton Seeking to Capture Battleship '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of California -- DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES , STATISTICS FOR PUBLICATION , JANUARY THROUGH DECEMBER 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California new - car sales up 13.1 percent in 2010 '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 8 , 2011 ) . `` Calif . Amtrak ridership rising on state trains '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Plan for high - speed rail system released '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ 2016 Draft Business Plan `` 2016 Draft Business Plan '' Check url = value ( help ) ( PDF ) . www.hsr.ca.gov . California High Speed Rail . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hundley , N. 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Jump up ^ Thompson , Don ( December 8 , 2007 ) . `` Calif . Struggles with sentencing reform '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Death Row Inmates by State and Size of Death Row by Year Death Penalty Information Center '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Execution Rates Death Penalty Information Center '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldassare , Mark ( 1998 ) . When Government Fails : The Orange County Bankruptcy . Public Policy Institute of California / University of California Press . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21486 - 2 . LCCN 97032806 . Jump up ^ Janiskee , Brian P. ; Masugi , Ken ( 2011 ) . Democracy in California : Politics and Government in the Golden State ( 3rd ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0338 - 9 . LCCN 2011007585 . Jump up ^ Baldassare 1998 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Individual State Descriptions : 2007 ( PDF ) , 2007 Census of Governments , United States Census Bureau , November 2012 , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Mizany , Kimia ; Manatt , April . What 's So Special About Special Districts ? A Citizen 's Guide to Special Districts in California ( PDF ) ( 3 ed . ) . California Senate Local Government Committee . Jump up ^ `` Directory of Representatives '' . House.gov . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Table 508 . Military and Civilian Personnel in Installations : 2009 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military recruitment 2010 '' . National Priorities Project . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Segal , David R. ; Segal , Mady Wechsler ( 2004 ) . `` America 's Military Population '' ( PDF ) . Population Bulletin . Population Research Bureau . 59 ( 4 ) : 10 . ISSN 0032 - 468X . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California -- Armed forces '' . city-data.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Table 7L : VETPOP2011 Living Veterans By State , Period Of Service , Gender , 2010 -- 2040 '' . Veteran Population . Department of Veterans Affairs . September 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` pdf Report of Registration as of January 5 , 2016 Registration by County '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` Presidential General Election Results Comparison -- California '' . US Election Atlas . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California Is A Political Trendsetter '' . CBS News . October 30 , 2006 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Study Ranks America 's Most Liberal and Conservative Cities '' . Bay Area Center for Voting Research . August 16 , 2005 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voter Registration by County '' ( PDF ) . Elections . California Secretary of State . October 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Works cited Cohen , Saul Bernard ( 2003 ) . Geopolitics of the World System . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9907 - 0 . Starr , Kevin ( 2007 ) . California : A History . Modern Library Chronicles. 23 . Random House Digital , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7753 - 0 . Further reading Chartkoff , Joseph L. ; Chartkoff , Kerry Kona ( 1984 ) . The archaeology of California . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1157 - 7 . OCLC 11351549 . Fagan , Brian ( 2003 ) . Before California : An archaeologist looks at our earliest inhabitants . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2794 - 8 . OCLC 226025645 . Hart , James D. ( 1978 ) . A Companion to California . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502400 - 1 . Matthews , Glenna . The Golden State in the Civil War : Thomas Starr King , the Republican Party , and the Birth of Modern California . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2012 . Moratto , Michael J. ; Fredrickson , David A. ( 1984 ) . California archaeology . Orlando : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 506182 - X . OCLC 228668979 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did california become a state of the united states	[ "What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence, but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. The western portion of Alta California then was organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom." ]	[ "September 9, 1850" ]
2092794989253908588	Of Mice and Men in popular culture	Of Mice and Men in popular culture - wikipedia Of Mice and Men in popular culture Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Of Mice and Men is a novella by John Steinbeck , which tells the story of George and Lennie , two displaced migrant workers in California during the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ) . The story is set on a ranch a few miles from Soledad in the Salinas Valley . Since its initial publication in 1937 , it has been frequently referenced in popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 In cartoons and animation 2 In films ( live action ) 3 In music 4 In literature 5 In radio and television ( live action ) 6 In video games 7 In webcomics and web series 8 References In cartoons and animation ( edit ) Homages to the characters Lennie and George have been especially popular in American cartoons and animated films . The New York Times reviewed the 1939 film based on the novella thusly : `` Despite being endlessly parodied in Warner Bros. and MGM cartoons ( `` Which way did he go , George ? Which way did he go ? '' ) Of Mice and Men retains its raw dramatic power . '' Theatrical cartoon shorts of the 1940s and 1950s , particularly the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons released by Warner Bros. , are awash with Of Mice and Men parodies . The reference most often appears in the form of one character asking another , à la Lennie , `` Which way did he go , George ; which way did he go ? '' , such as the episodes Hiawatha 's Rabbit Hunt or Falling Hare . The other popular reference draws on Lennie 's love of soft furry animals and his underestimation of his strength . In The Abominable Snow Rabbit ( 1961 ) , the abominable snowman grabs Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck saying , `` I will name him George , and I will hug him , and pet him , and squeeze him '' with Mel Blanc doing an unmistakable imitation of Lon Chaney , Jr. 's Lennie . This material was re-used in Spaced Out Bunny ( 1980 ) , the last Warner Bros. cartoon in which Bugs Bunny was voiced by Mel Blanc . Tex Avery , who worked as a director on Warner - released cartoons during the 1930s and early 1940s , started the Of Mice and Men trend with Of Fox and Hounds ( 1940 ) and Lonesome Lenny ( 1946 ) featuring Screwy Squirrel . The formula was so successful that it was used again and again in subsequent shorts , notably Robert McKimson 's Hoppy Go Lucky ( 1952 ) , Cat - Tails for Two ( 1953 ) and Chuck Jones ' The Abominable Snow Rabbit ( 1961 ) . Avery himself used it again when he went on to direct several cartoons starring the George and Lennie doppelgangers George and Junior for Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer in the late 1940s . Many more serious animated features use George and Lennie - type characters to serve as comic relief . Other examples in animation include : The animated series American Dad ! has an episode ( `` Of Ice and Men '' ) that deals with the subject . The Warner Bros. cartoon duo Pinky and the Brain ( of Animaniacs fame ) are somewhat similar to Lennie and George . There are two references made in Archer . In the season 2 episode `` A Going Concern '' , Sterling brainwashes ODIN head Len Trexler to despise Mallory , but doing so causes Trexler to lose much of his intelligence . He expresses a simpleton 's desire to hold and pet a rabbit nearby , an ode to Slim offering one of his puppies to Lennie , with Sterling asking Cyril , `` Can we give Lennie the rabbit ? '' In the following episode `` Blood Test '' , Trinette tries to get a `` baby - crazy '' Lana ( who is constantly berated for her `` man - like '' hands ) to give back her infant son Seamus , with Gillette interjecting , `` Give her the rabbit , Lennie ! '' and in season 6 Sterling was in the closet with Gort and said Shut Up Lennie ! In the Disney cartoon series Bonkers , the roles of George and Lennie are given to the main antagonists of the episode `` Comeback Kid '' . Here , George is portrayed as a small red toon rooster named Chick ; Lennie is portrayed as a large blue toon longhorned steer named Stu . Two mice play the main characters in `` Of Mice and Men '' , an episode of Cat and Girl . Cat appears to eat one of the mice just after it asks `` Tell me about the rabbits , George '' , but then announces `` he got away '' in an apparent reference to a desired ending for the story . The animated series The Cleveland Show has an episode entitled `` Of Lice and Men '' . In the movie Dragon Hunters , the two main characters , Lian - Chu and Gwizdo , seem to share a similar relationship to that of Lennie and George . Lian - Chu asks Gwizdo to tell him about the farm they would live in with many sheep in a similar way to Lennie . In the Futurama episode `` Love and Rocket '' , Bender plays with the ship 's control panel . The ship then says : `` Stop it ! You 're mussing up my trajectory ! '' , as Curley 's wife does in the novel . The Histeria ! episode `` Writers of the Purple Prose '' featured a sketch based on the fact that the first draft of Of Mice and Men was eaten by Steinbeck 's dog ( played in the sketch by Loud Kiddington 's dog , Fetch ) . In the cover of the book shown in the sketch , Froggo and Lucky Bob are depicted as George and Lennie . In the King of the Hill episode `` Of Mice and Little Green Men , '' Bobby and Hank act in a stage production of Of Mice and Men . In the episode `` serPUNt , '' Bobby 's pet snake goes down a sewer causing a panic . The snake is killed , but Hank tells his son Bobby that they let it loose on a farm . At the end of the episode , Bobby asks Hank to `` tell me about the farm , '' in the same manner that Lennie asked George . In The Loud House , the name and personality of Leni Loud was developed from Lennie `` because of the characteristic that she does n't know her own strength but is super sweet , which was ultimately changed , and ( Chris Savino ) changed the spelling to Leni to match the 4 - letter ( names of the other sisters ) . '' In an episode of Robot Chicken , a Rocky and Bullwinkle spoof has the duo playing George and Lennie respectively , acting out some of the major moments of the story . There is at least one Roger Ramjet episode which features a George / Lennie - based duo , the latter with lines like `` tell me about the rabbits '' . In the The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show episode `` Goof Gas Attack '' , Bullwinkle , whose inherent stupidity gives him immunity from Boris Badenov 's latest weapon , laments that now that every living creature is stupid , there 's nobody left to feed him a straight line anymore . Rocky the Flying Squirrel confirms this by pleading , `` Tell me about the rabbits , George ! '' , thereby confirming Bullwinkle 's concern . In the South Park episode `` A Million Little Fibers '' , Oprah Winfrey 's vagina ( Mingee ) and anus ( Gary ) have a friendship similar to that of George and Lennie - this is most noticeable at the end where , after being shot , Gary asks Mingee to tell him about Paris and much like in the novella , Mingee tells him about it as Gary dies . In The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) , while escaping Galvatron in a spaceship departing Autobot City , Grimlock pleads Kups to , `` Tell Grimlock about petro - rabbits again . '' In films ( Live action ) ( edit ) In the film Straw Dogs ( 1971 ) starring Dustin Hoffman , flirtatious teenager Janice is accidentally strangled by the tall , robustly built but intellectually challenged Henry Niles while they are alone in an outbuilding , with several parallels to the killing of Curley 's wife by Lennie in Of Mice And Men . In the film `` Chinatown '' ( 1974 ) there are two minor characters named `` Curly '' and `` Curly 's Wife . '' In Gremlins 2 : The New Batch ( 1990 ) two of the gremlins are named Lenny and George , after the characters of the book . In the Woody Allen movie Small Time Crooks ( 2000 ) , Frenchy ( Tracey Ullman ) says of one of her husband 's dimwitted friends : `` All that 's missing from this guy is a piece of velvet and a pet mouse . '' In Marley & Me ( 2008 ) , while taking Marley to get neutered and discussing the fact that the dog has no idea what 's coming , John comments to himself , `` It 's like Of Mice and Men '' . In the film Fanboys ( 2009 ) , Hutch says , `` Tell me about the rabbits George . '' When they are trying to get Linus to tell them the story of going to the Skywalker ranch . In the film Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) there are two dogs , a small dog named Georgia and a large dog named Lenny . In music ( edit ) During the fourth verse of `` Suplex '' by Army of the Pharaohs , rapper Vinnie Paz compares his foe 's intellect to that of the novella 's character Lennie Small 's : `` Of mice and men , motherfucker , you tend to the rabbits / Suicidal , I wish the Unabomber sent me a package . '' The Bell X1 single `` The Great Defector '' includes the line , `` Wo n't you tell ( us ) ' bout those rabbits , George ? '' . In the song `` Cleanser '' by Brand New , there are references to Of Mice and Men , including mention of the River in the beginning of the book ( `` the best best best best plans where both mice and men can go terribly wrong / and probably will '' ) , making note of a lady who is vain ( which would refer to Curley 's wife ) , and a line in the chorus : `` Weighing the cost of the love you make / Feeling the weight of the bones you break '' , which would be Curley 's wife 's wandering eye and Lennie killing her . John Leguizamo sings ( or raps ) `` Which way did he go , George ; which way did he go ? '' on his song `` Voodoo Mambo '' , as does Tupac Shakur on `` Ca n't C Me '' ( Ca n't See Me ) . Laura Marling 's song , `` Salinas '' , makes references to Salinas , `` Of Mice and Men '' and Steinbeck 's wife . Megadeth have a song titled `` Of Mice And Men '' from The System Has Failed album . American metalcore band Of Mice & Men name is derived from the novel 's title . Icelandic indie rock band Of Monsters and Men is named after the story , replacing mice with monsters . Katy Perry references the novella in her song `` Pearl '' : This love 's too strong like `` Mice and Men '' / Squeezing out the life that should be let in . `` Of Mice and Ben '' is an orchestral piece on the Lost Season 4 soundtrack . The title is a portmanteau of Of Mice and Men and `` Ben '' . Polish band Myslovitz have a song titled `` Myszy i ludzie '' which means `` Mice and Men '' and the song is based on the novel . The Grateful Dead 's song `` Jack Straw , '' first performed in 1971 , was based in part on Of Mice and Men . In literature ( edit ) One of Colin Bateman 's novels is entitled Of Wee Sweetie Mice and Men ( 1996 ) . In Ian Fleming 's first James Bond novel , Casino Royale ( 1953 ) , one of Le Chiffre 's two guards is described as `` rather like Lennie from Of Mice and Men '' In Stephen King 's novel 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) , the main character , as an English substitute teacher , puts on Of Mice and Men as a school play . In Stephen King 's novel Blaze ( 2007 ) , the story 's protagonist Clayton Blaisdell bears several similarities to Lennie . His deceased best friend , named George , was also a small and quick - witted man . In Stephen King 's novel The Dark Tower V : Wolves of the Calla ( 2004 ) , Father Callahan sizes up the Hitler Brothers as George and Lennie , although the large one was the smart one of the pair . In Stephen King 's serial novel The Green Mile ( 1996 ) , John Coffey ( played by Michael Clarke Duncan in the 1999 film ) is similar to Lennie in that he is large , unintelligent , and innocent at heart . In both stories , mice fall into their care at some point and ultimately , at the time of their deaths , both Lennie and John Coffey were executed in the most compassionate way possible under the circumstances that occur in both novels . Percy Wetmore , one of the guards along the Green Mile and Curley share roles as an antagonist ; Percy ( who is notably a described as a small man , much like Curley ) , is seen constantly antagonizing John Coffey much like Curley 's fight with Lennie . In Stephen King 's novel Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) , Bobby Garfield mentions the `` farm with the rabbits '' as the definition of a happy life . In Stephen King 's novel The Talisman ( 1984 ) , George and Lennie 's relationship seems to be paralleled by Jack and Wolf 's relationship . Wolf also crushes the hand of another character . The story `` My Brother 's Keeper '' , from the EC magazine Shock Illustrated , features a large , slow - witted character named Larry whose brother mercy - kills him when he fears Larry is to be institutionalized . Harry Turtledove 's short fantasy story `` Of Mice and Chicks '' , published in Turn the Other Chick , is a parody about two warrior women named Georgia and Lani , whose adventure broadly parallels Steinbeck 's novel , although the setting and tone are reminiscent of a Monty Python film . In radio and television ( Live action ) ( edit ) In the Cabin Pressure episode `` Fitton '' , Douglas cites Of Mice and Men as an example of a book that sounds more interesting without the final letter of the title . In an episode of Cold Case , a 19 - year - old man kills a mentally challenged 17 - year - old boy out of sympathy , after circumstances rendered him unable to protect the teen from the harsh realities of the world . In a season 3 episode of Criminal Minds , Derek Morgan talks about those who are guilt - laden with crimes they committed and send gifts to the family of their victims . He says they are quite often large with a developmental disability , to which Emily Prentiss replies , `` Like Lennie from Of Mice and Men ? '' In an episode of CSI : NY , a primary suspect ( Tim Guinee ) is auditioning for the part of George in the stage adaptation of Of Mice and Men . Gary Sinise , who stars in CSI : NY , played George in the 1992 film adaptation of the novel . In the Cyberchase episode `` The Borg of the Ring '' , a character wishes for a rabbit to `` love and call George '' . In an episode of Emergency ! , Dr. Joe Early ( Bobby Troup ) says to Dr. Kelly Brackett ( Robert Fuller ) , `` Tell me about the rabbits , George ! '' Dr. Brackett responds , `` You 're too young ! '' To which Dr. Early replies , `` You know , you 're right ! '' In an episode of the game show Family Feud , the host asks a contestant whose team has already won ( this information is withheld from the contestant ) , what the name of Curley 's wife is , which is never mentioned in the novel . In the season 3 episode of the sitcom Friends titled `` The One with a Chick and a Duck '' ( 1997 ) , Joey is playing with a little chicken . Chandler alludes to Of Mice and Men by saying , `` Easy , Lennie '' , to Joey . This was written in the subtitles , `` Easy Lenny '' , by misunderstanding . The opening quote of the Grimm episode titled `` Of Mouse and Men '' is , `` I am impelled , not to squeak like a grateful and frightened mouse , but to roar ... '' The episode features a mouse - like creature similar in may ways to Lennie : both characters are seemingly meek and mild - mannered , but turn out to be capable of horrific violence . In the How I Met Your Mother episode `` Architect of Destruction '' ( 6x05 ) , Marshall imagines Robin comparing his style of love making to Lennie . In the third season premiere of the skit comedy show Key and Peele , a rapper ( Keegan - Michael Key ) kills his hype man ( Jordan Peele ) because he progressively interrupts him during a rap battle . In flashback in the Lost season 3 episode `` Every Man for Himself '' ( 3x04 ) , Sawyer is reading the book in a prison . While on the island , Sawyer quotes the book to Ben , an Other . Later , Ben quotes a different passage to Sawyer . After the references , the character who quoted it asks , `` Do n't you read ? '' , as the other character is staring at them , in confusion and disbelief , respectively . In the Lost season 6 episode `` The Substitute '' ( 6x04 ) , Sawyer confronts the fake John Locke ( the `` Man in Black '' ) , by retelling the story of Of Mice And Men in a nutshell and then pointing a gun at him . Sawyer admits the book is his favorite . In the 2005 show , My Name is Earl , Jason Lee and Ethan Suplee star as brothers : Suplee is a dim - witted gentle giant , and Lee is the cynical yet wiser one who makes all of the decisions and looks after his brother . In an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 , Observer has been deprived of his brain ( which he keeps in a dish ) , and , due to a time warp , is stuck with Pearl Forrester and Professor Bobo in a dungeon in Ancient Rome . When Pearl is attempting to bring Mike Nelson down to the cell they are in to ease their escape , Observer says , among other things , `` Tell me about the rabbits , Pearl ! '' On the radio / television show Our Miss Brooks , dimwitted school athlete `` Stretch '' Snodgrass is often compared to Lennie . In his first appearance , `` Stretch the Basketball Star '' , he has Lennie 's tendency to repeat comments made to him in a confused fashion and even uses Lennie 's `` She 's purty '' to describe series regular Harriet Conklin . His family owns a pet shop , and he is seen to like animals , although he does not kill them accidentally . In `` The Grudge Match '' , Connie Brooks makes a direct comparison , stating that Snodgrass and Walter Denton remind her of Lennie and George from Of Mice and Men . Snodgrass doubts Denton could be Lennie , given his ability to manage the school paper and the basketball team . Brooks replies : `` Walter is n't my candidate for Lennie '' . In an episode of Power Rangers In Space , Cassie is fast - talked into a date with a big guy named Lennie , with help from his smaller , smarter friend George . In the Psych episode `` Sixty - Five Million Years Off '' , the character Shawn Spencer tells his partner Burton Guster about his Lennie impression and how it `` would have brought tears '' . He does his impression when he and Gus go question a suspect in a murder case , after the suspect slams the door in their faces repeatedly . Season 19 , episode 4 , of Saturday Night Live hosted by John Malkovich , includes a sketch about creating a version of the story for a Disney film . The narrator ( as Michael Eisner ) informs the audience that the George character has been eliminated because he tested poorly . That character will be replaced by a second Lennie . The two Lennies are played by Malkovich and Chris Farley . Phil Hartman , Rob Schneider , Jan Hooks , and Lorne Michaels have notable parts in the sketch . The season 34 episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by James Franco includes a sketch about the alternate ending of Of Mice and Men , where Lennie ( played by Bobby Moynihan ) discovers that George ( Franco ) has been sugarcoating reality and lying to him about death ( he also notices George 's weapon and astutely points out , `` I 'm pretty sure that 's a gun ! '' ) , leading Lennie to blame George for killing Curley 's ( Bill Hader ) wife . In season 1 , episode 11 of The Blacklist ( titled `` The Good Samaratin '' ) , Red tells Newton Phillips ( alias `` Coogan '' ) , who had betrayed him , `` Look at the water . Just look at the water '' , before killing him . In season 2 , episode 13 of The L Word , Alice tells Dana that she does not want to be `` like the guy with the mouse '' . Dana replies : `` So , do n't be Lenny '' . In the season 3 , episode 16 of `` The Middle '' , entitled `` The Sit Down '' , Axl did not read `` Of Mice and Men '' for his homework assignment . Brick then reads it and describes the story to Axl from the back seat of the car , while Axl , Sue , and Brick drive around town searching for Sue 's lost jacket . In The Monkees episode `` Monkees in a Ghost Town '' , the hoods ' names are George and Lennie . Lennie is played by Lon Chaney , Jr. , as he was in the earlier film . He even produces a mouse from his pocket . The season 5 episode of The Shield , `` Of Mice and Lem '' , includes foreshadowing events similar to those in the book . In the conclusion of the episode , the main character is hoodwinked and robbed . In a Season 3 comedy sketch of Key and Peele titled Rap Battle Hype Man , there is a direct allusion to Lennie 's death . Key 's character , a rapper named Diller Killer , is disqualified from a rap battle after his hype man , played by Peele , disrupts it and pushes the audience and rappers and yells . They are sitting on a lake while Key 's Character distracts the hype man . He then shoots him after telling him to yell one more time and the sketch ends with `` Steinbeck y'all ! '' referring to the author , John Steinbeck . At the end of The Walking Dead episode , `` The Grove '' ( March 16 , 2014 ) , Carol kills a child named Lizzie , because Lizzie was befriending and feeding walkers , and she had killed her own sister Mika and was planning to also kill baby Judith , thinking the two would `` come back '' . Carol leads Lizzie outside to talk . Lizzie breaks down crying because she thinks Carol is ' mad ' at her and Carol comforts her . She tells Lizzie to ' look at the flowers ' and , as Lizzie 's back is turned , Carol takes out her revolver and shoots her . This scene is reminiscent of the ending of Of Mice and Men , when George kills Lennie while telling him to look away as he tells him about the rabbits . In Episode 2 of the third season of Bates Motel , Chick tells Dylan and Caleb that they remind him of a book , asking if they have rabbits . In season 2 , episode 17 of Scorpion , Happy tells Tobias ' you 're hugging the bunny way too tight Lenny ' . Using this as a metaphor for Tobias ' relationship with her . In video games ( edit ) In the video game Baldur 's Gate , if the player repeatedly clicks on the character Xzar , one of the responses is , `` Duh . Tell me about the rabbits '' . In the video game The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , if the player asks about the NPC Gogron gro - Bolmog , it is said that he had a pet rabbit as a child , and petted it so hard he crushed its skull . In the video game Fallout 2 , if the player is playing a mentally handicapped person , when talking to a woman in a brothel they have the opportunity to tell that woman that `` George sayz we gon na haf a few achers of our own an ' I shud keep away from you or he wo n't lem me play wit the rabbitz so me go now . '' The plot of Justic Scrolls , a video game from 2006 , is extremely similar to that of the book . Both the book and the game have two friends , a clever one and a dull - witted one as well as both being about a dream that the two of them have . As well as this they both end up with one of the main characters shooting the other , and both of them have a character in them who has a fetish for soft things . Of Mice and Men is also referenced in the game , such as when Paul , the clever one of the two , says to dumb - witted Nert that `` he hopes he does n't do a ' Lennie ' on them '' . In Sly Cooper : Thieves in Time , one of the chapters is named `` Of Mice and Mechs . '' In Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception , On chapter 9 , after Cutter goes on a bad drug trip , Sully tells Cutter to go ahead before himself , and Cutter says : `` Yeah , yeah , before I know it , you 'll be putting that gun on the back of my head and telling me about the rabbits . '' In the game , Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask , in the smithy in the snowhead region , the characters running the shop are similar to George and Lennie . The blacksmith , Gabora , is huge and Hulk - like and can only speak in loud grunts , while the smaller man , Zubora , is smart and runs the shop . In webcomics and web series ( edit ) In Scott Kurtz 's PvP webcomic , character Brent Sienna mocks Skull the Troll 's intelligence by exclaiming , `` Duh tell me about the Rabbits George '' . In Alan Tudyk 's Con Man season 2 episode 8 , celebrities Wray Nerely , Leslie Jordan , and Wray 's agent Bobbie perform Lou Ferrigno 's musical adaptation titled `` I 'm with Stupid '' while trapped in the basement of Long Con . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frank S. Nugent . `` Of Mice and Men ( 1939 ) '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artist 's Corner : Interview with artist ' Joe ' '' . Pixar.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ TV.com article on `` Hiawatha 's Rabbit Hunt '' . Accessed June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Love And Rocket Transcript at IMSDb . '' . www.imsdb.com . Jump up ^ Murphy , Jackson ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's The Loud House - An Interview With Chris Savino '' . Animation Scoop . Indiewire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Lucy and Lily were two names my wife and I had picked if we ever had a girl ( we did n't , we had three boys ) , and then Leni was taken , in early develop , from Lennie in Of Mice and Men , because of the characteristic that she does n't know her own strength but is super sweet , which was ultimately changed , and I changed the spelling to Leni to match the 4 - letter thing . Jump up ^ `` Grimlock ( Character ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Kane , Paul ; O'Regan , Marie ( 28 October 2010 ) . `` Voices in the Dark : Interviews with Horror Writers , Directors and Actors '' . McFarland -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Letssingit.com . Accessed June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tupacnet.org web site . Accessed June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Straw '' . 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment : ' The Grove ' : Was The Walking Dead 's Latest Shocker a Mistake ? '' . Daily Beast . March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicole Pesce ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' , Season 4 , Episode 14 Recap : Growing up is hard to do at ' The Grove ' '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Lady Bastard ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Bates Motel Season 3 : Episode 2 `` The Arcanum Club '' Recap `` . horrornewsnetwork.net . Jump up ^ `` '' Of Mice and Men '' reference ! * chapter 9 spoilers * - Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception Message Board for PlayStation 3 - GameFAQs `` . www.gamefaqs.com . ( hide ) John Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men ( 1937 ) Film Of Mice and Men ( 1939 ) Of Mice and Men ( 1992 ) Best Laid Plans ( 2012 ) Stage Of Mice and Men ( 1937 play ) Of Mice and Men ( 1969 opera ) Related Popular culture Hoppy Go Lucky http://comicbook.com/blog/2014/03/16/the-walking-deads-the-grove-is-steinbecks-of-mice-and-men-with-the-undead/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Of_Mice_and_Men_in_popular_culture&oldid=795359060 '' Categories : Novels in popular culture Works set during the Great Depression American popular culture Of Mice and Men Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said i will love him and call him george	[ "Theatrical cartoon shorts of the 1940s and 1950s, particularly the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons released by Warner Bros., are awash with Of Mice and Men parodies. The reference most often appears in the form of one character asking another, à la Lennie, \"Which way did he go, George; which way did he go?\",[2] such as the episodes Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt or Falling Hare.[3] The other popular reference draws on Lennie's love of soft furry animals and his underestimation of his strength. In The Abominable Snow Rabbit (1961), the abominable snowman grabs Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck saying, \"I will name him George, and I will hug him, and pet him, and squeeze him\" with Mel Blanc doing an unmistakable imitation of Lon Chaney, Jr.'s Lennie. This material was re-used in Spaced Out Bunny (1980), the last Warner Bros. cartoon in which Bugs Bunny was voiced by Mel Blanc.[citation needed]" ]	[ "Mel Blanc" ]
8128688074396990447	List of home video game consoles	List of home video game consoles - wikipedia List of home video game consoles Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of video games General ( show ) Early history of video games Early mainframe games Golden age of arcade video games Video game crash of 1983 Consoles ( show ) 1st generation ( 1972 -- 1980 ) 2nd generation ( 1976 -- 1992 ) 3rd generation ( 1983 -- 2003 ) 4th generation ( 1987 -- 2004 ) 5th generation ( 1993 -- 2005 ) 6th generation ( 1998 -- 2013 ) 7th generation ( 2005 -- 2017 ) 8th generation ( 2012 -- ) Genres ( show ) History of Eastern role - playing video games History of Western role - playing video games History of online games History of massively multiplayer online games Lists ( show ) List of video games in development Timeline of arcade video game history This is a list of home video game consoles in chronological order , which includes the very first home video game consoles ever created , such as first generation Pong consoles , from the first ever cartridge console Odyssey , ranging from the major video game companies such as Magnavox , Atari , Nintendo , Sega , NEC , 3DO , SNK , Sony , Microsoft to secondary market consoles . The list is divided into eras which are named based on the dominant console type of the era , though not all consoles of those eras are of the same type . Some eras are referred to based on how many bits a major console could process . The `` 128 - bit era '' ( sixth generation ) was the final era in which this practice was widespread . This list does not include other types of video game consoles such as handheld game consoles , which are usually of lower computational power than home consoles due to their smaller size , microconsoles , which are usually low - cost Android - based devices that rely on downloading , or dedicated consoles which have games built in and do not use any form of physical media . Consoles have been redesigned from time to time to improve their market appeal . Redesigned models are not listed on their own . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of release date in order 1.1 First generation ( 1972 -- 1980 ) 1.2 Second generation ( 1976 -- 1992 ) 1.3 Third generation ( 1983 -- 2003 ) 1.4 Fourth generation ( 1987 -- 2004 ) 1.5 Fifth generation ( 1993 -- 2005 ) 1.6 Sixth generation ( 1998 -- 2013 ) 1.7 Seventh generation ( 2005 -- 2017 ) 1.8 Eighth generation ( 2012 -- present ) 2 See also 3 References List of Release date in order First generation ( 1972 -- 1980 ) Main article : History of video game consoles ( first generation ) Magnavox Odyssey , released in 1972 , was the first home video game console . Ping - O - Tronic ( 1974 ) Color TV - Game ( 1977 ) Name Release date Manufacturer Magnavox Odyssey September 1972 Magnavox Ping - O - Tronic Zanussi Atari PONG Atari PC - 50X Family General Instrument Tele - Spiel Philips Video 2000 Interton Coleco Telstar 1976 Coleco Color TV - Game 1977 Nintendo Champion 2711 1978 Unisonic Consoles of the early 1970s , such as the Pong consoles and the Magnavox Odyssey , were often inaccurately called `` analog '' , but were actually discrete logic circuits . Second generation ( 1976 -- 1992 ) Main article : History of video game consoles ( second generation ) Fairchild Channel F ( 1976 ) Fairchild Channel F II ( 1979 ) RCA Studio II ( 1977 ) Atari 2600 ( 1977 ) Bally Astrocade ( 1977 ) VC 4000 ( 1978 ) Magnavox Odyssey 2 ( 1978 ) Intellivision ( 1980 ) VTech CreatiVision ( 1981 ) Epoch Cassette Vision ( 1981 ) Arcadia 2001 ( 1982 ) Atari 5200 ( 1982 ) ColecoVision ( 1982 ) Vectrex ( 1982 ) Name Release date Manufacturer Fairchild Channel F 1976 Fairchild RCA Studio II 1977 RCA Atari 2600 September 11 , 1977 Atari Inc . Bally Astrocade 1977 Midway APF - MP1000 1978 APF VC 4000 1978 Interton Magnavox Odyssey2 1978 Magnavox / Philips / Channel F II 1979 Fairchild APF Imagination Machine 1979 APF Bandai Super Vision 8000 1979 Bandai Intellivision 1980 Mattel PlayCable 1981 Mattel VTech CreatiVision 1981 VTech Epoch Cassette Vision 1981 Epoch Arcadia 2001 / Leisure Vision 1982 Emerson Radio Atari 5200 November 1982 Atari Inc . ColecoVision 1982 Coleco Entex Adventure Vision 1982 Entex Vectrex 1982 GCE / Milton Bradley Company Third generation ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Main article : History of video game consoles ( third generation ) Nintendo Entertainment System ( 1983 ) Sega Master System ( 1985 ) Atari 7800 ( 1986 ) Super Cassette Vision ( 1984 ) PV - 1000 ( 1983 ) Action Max ( 1987 ) Name Release date Manufacturer Units sold CPU PV - 1000 Casio Z80A clocked at 3.579 MHz Videopac G7400 Philips Commodore 64 Games System 1990 Commodore Amstrad GX4000 1990 Amstrad 15,000 Zilog Z80 @ 4 MHz Atari 7800 May 1986 Atari Corporation 3.77 million Atari SALLY 6502 ( `` 6502C '' ) clocked at 1.19 - 1.79 MHz , Atari XEGS Atari Corporation 2 million MOS Technology 6502C Action Max Worlds of Wonder HD401010 Sega SG - 1000 July 15 , 1983 Sega 2 million Zilog Z80 @ 3.58 MHz Sega Master System October 20 , 1985 Sega , Tec Toy 13 million Zilog Z80 @ 4 MHz NES / Family Computer ( Famicom ) July 15 , 1983 Nintendo 61.91 million Ricoh 2A03 8 - bit processor ( MOS Technology 6502 core ) Family Computer Disk System 1986 Nintendo 4.44 million Ricoh 2A03 8 - bit processor ( MOS Technology 6502 core ) My Vision Nichibutsu Super Cassette Vision 1984 Epoch Zemmix 1985 Daewoo Electronics Bridge Companion 1985 BBC / Heber See also : Nintendo Entertainment System hardware clone Fourth generation ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Main article : History of video game consoles ( fourth generation ) TurboGrafx - 16 ( 1987 ) Sega Genesis ( 1988 ) Neo-Geo ( 1990 ) Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( 1990 ) Turbo Duo ( 1991 ) CD - i ( 1991 ) Sega 32X ( 1994 ) Name Release date Manufacturer Units sold CPU PC Engine / TurboGrafx - 16 000000001987 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 1987 NEC 10,000,000 Hudson Soft HuC6280 PC Engine2 / SuperGrafx 000000001989 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1989 NEC Hudson Soft HuC6280 Sega Genesis / Mega Drive 000000001988 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1988 Sega 30,750,000 Motorola 68000 @ 7.6 MHz Zilog Z80 @ 3.58 MHz Sega CD / Mega CD 000000001991 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1991 Sega 2,240,000 Motorola 68000 @ 12.5 MHz Sega 32X 000000001994 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1994 Sega 665,000 2 × SH - 2 32 - bit RISC @ 23 MHz Konix Multisystem 999999999999 - 99 - 99 - 0000 Cancelled Konix N / A Neo-Geo 000000001990 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1990 SNK 750,000 Motorola 68000 @ 12 MHz , Zilog Z80A @ 4 MHz Super NES / Super Famicom 000000001990 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1990 Nintendo 49,100,000 Ricoh 5A22 @ 3.58 MHz SNES - CD 999999999999 - 99 - 99 - 0000 Cancelled Nintendo N / A Satellaview 000000001995 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1995 Nintendo Atari Panther 999999999999 - 99 - 99 - 0000 Cancelled Atari Corporation N / A Commodore CDTV 000000001991 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1991 Commodore Motorola 68000 @ 7 MHz Turbo Duo / PC Engine Duo 000000001991 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1991 NEC 500,000 Hudson Soft HuC6280 CD - i 000000001991 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1991 Philips 1,500,000 Philips SCC68070 @ 15.5 MHz Memorex VIS 000000001992 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1992 Memorex / Tandy Corp 15,000 Sega Pico 000000001993 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 1993 Sega / Majesco Entertainment Super A'Can 000000001995 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 1995 Funtech Fifth generation ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Main article : History of video game consoles ( fifth generation ) Pioneer LaserActive ( 1993 ) FM Towns Marty ( 1993 ) Atari Jaguar ( 1993 ) Neo-Geo CD ( 1994 ) PlayStation ( 1994 ) Sega Saturn ( 1994 ) 3DO Interactive Multiplayer ( 1993 ) Nintendo 64 ( 1996 ) Amiga CD32 ( 1993 ) PC - FX ( 1994 ) Apple Bandai Pippin ( 1995 ) Name Release date Manufacturer Units sold CPU Pioneer LaserActive 000000001993 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1993 Pioneer Corporation FM Towns Marty 000000001993 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1993 Fujitsu AMD 386SX at 16 MHz Apple Bandai Pippin 000000001995 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1995 Bandai / Apple Inc . 42,000 PowerPC 603 RISC ( 66 MHz ) PC - FX 000000001994 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 1994 NEC > 400,000 NEC V810 Neo-Geo CD 000000001994 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1994 SNK Atari Jaguar 000000001993 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1993 Atari Corporation < 1 million Atari Jaguar CD 000000001995 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1995 Atari Corporation PlayStation 000000001994 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1994 Sony 102.49 million R3000 @ 33.8688 MHz Sega Saturn 000000001994 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 1994 Sega 9.26 million 2 × Hitachi SH - 2 @ 28.6 MHz 3DO Interactive Multiplayer 000000001993 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1993 Panasonic / Sanyo / GoldStar 2 million 32 - bit RISC CPU ARM60 based on ARM architecture @ 12.5 MHz Amiga CD32 000000001993 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1993 Commodore > 100,000 Motorola 68EC020 @ 14.18 MHz ( PAL ) 14.32 MHz ( NTSC ) Casio Loopy 000000001995 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1995 Casio 32 - bit RISC SH - 1 ( SH7021 ) Playdia 000000001994 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1994 Bandai CPS Changer 000000001994 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1994 Capcom Motorola 68000 ( @ 10 MHz ) Nintendo 64 000000001996 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1996 Nintendo 32.93 million 64 - bit NEC VR4300 @ 93.75 MHz Nintendo 64DD 000000001999 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1999 Nintendo Sixth generation ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Main article : History of video game consoles ( sixth generation ) Dreamcast ( 1998 in Japan , 1999 in other areas ) PlayStation 2 ( 2000 ) GameCube ( 2001 ) Xbox ( 2001 ) Name Release date Manufacturer Units sold CPU Dreamcast 1998 Sega 9.13 million Hitachi SH - 4 32 - bit RISC clocked at 200 MHz Nuon 2000 VM Labs > 25 thousand PlayStation 2 2000 Sony 155 million Emotion Engine clocked at 294.912 MHz ( launch ) , 299 MHz ( newer models ) , with 128 - bit SIMD capabilities L600 Cancelled Indrema N / A GameCube 2001 Nintendo 21.74 million IBM PowerPC Gekko @ 486 MHz iQue Player 2003 Nintendo > 0.1 million R - 4300 64Bit CPU , 93.75 MHz Panasonic M2 Cancelled Panasonic N / A Xbox 2001 Microsoft 24 million Custom 733 MHz Intel Pentium III `` Coppermine - based '' processor Seventh generation ( 2005 -- 2017 ) Main article : History of video game consoles ( seventh generation ) Xbox 360 ( 2005 ) PlayStation 3 ( 2006 ) Wii ( 2006 ) Name Release date Manufacturer Units sold CPU Phantom Cancelled Phantom N / A Game Wave 2005 ZAPiT 70 thousand ( as of 2008 ) Xbox 360 2005 Microsoft 83.7 million ( as of March 31 , 2014 ) 3.2 GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon HyperScan 2006 Mattel Wii 2006 Nintendo 101.63 million ( as of December 31 , 2016 ) IBM PowerPC `` Broadway '' PlayStation 3 2006 Sony 80 million 3.2 GHz Cell Broadband Engine with 1 PPE & 7 SPEs Eighth generation ( 2012 -- present ) Main article : History of video game consoles ( eighth generation ) Wii U ( 2012 ) PlayStation 4 ( 2013 ) Xbox One ( 2013 ) Name Release date Manufacturer Units sold CPU Wii U 2012 Nintendo 13.56 million ( as of December 31 , 2016 ) 1.24 GHz Tri-Core IBM PowerPC `` Espresso '' PlayStation 4 2013 Sony 70.6 million ( as of December 7 , 2017 ) Semi-custom 8 - core AMD x86 - 64 Jaguar 1.6 GHz CPU ( integrated into APU ) Xbox One 2013 Microsoft > 10 million ( as of December 31 , 2013 ) Custom 1.75 GHz AMD 8 - core APU ( 2 quad - core Jaguar modules ) The Nintendo Switch was released during this period , on March 3 , 2017 , but has been referred to as a hybrid video game console combining features of home and handheld systems . See also List of best - selling game consoles List of video game console emulators List of video game consoles List of dedicated consoles List of handheld game consoles List of microconsoles List of video games References Jump up ^ Bub , Andrew ( June 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Original GamerDad : Ralph Baer '' . gamerdad.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Matt ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Atari 7800 Sales Figures ( 1986 - 1990 ) '' . Gamasutra . Jump up ^ Add - on to Famicom - Japan only . Jump up ^ `` VP Final - MP4 '' . December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY13 Q4 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY14 Q1 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY14 Q2 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY14 Q3 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IR Information : Sales Data - Hardware and Software Sales Units '' . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 3 Sales Reach 80 Million Units Worldwide '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IR Information : Sales Data - Hardware and Software Sales Units '' . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PS4 sales top 70 million units worldwide '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY14 Q3 '' . Microsoft . April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Microsoft sold in 2.0 million Xbox console units , including 1.2 million Xbox One consoles . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY14 Q4 '' . Microsoft . July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . We sold in 1.1 million consoles in the fourth quarter , as we drew down channel inventory , compared to 1.0 million consoles during the prior year . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` ( Update ) Microsoft Will Focus Primarily On Xbox Live Usership , Not Console Shipments '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Annual Meeting of Shareholders '' . Microsoft . December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Finally , our gaming business is thriving with the Xbox One hitting 10 million units sold . I am thrilled to welcome Mojang and Minecraft community to Microsoft . Jump up ^ Souppouris , Aaron ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sony has sold 50 million PlayStation 4s '' . Engadget . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Starting with Microsoft 's fiscal quarter ending June 2014 ( Q4 ) , the company stopped divulging individual platform sales in their fiscal reports . Microsoft stated it will shift focus to the amount of active users on Xbox Live starting in late 2015 . Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella unveiled at a December 3 , 2014 shareholder presentation that 10 million units were sold . Third - party estimates suggest sales reached approximately 25 - 30 million worldwide by late 2016 . Home video game consoles Atari Atari 2600 Atari 5200 Atari 7800 Atari XEGS Atari Jaguar Atari VCS Bandai Super Vision 8000 Arcadia RX - 78 Playdia Apple Bandai Pippin Casio PV - 1000 Casio Loopy Commodore Commodore 64 Games System Commodore CDTV Amiga CD32 Mattel Intellivision HyperScan Microsoft Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One NEC TurboGrafx - 16 PC - FX Nintendo NES SNES N64 GameCube Wii Wii U Switch Philips Magnavox Odyssey Odyssey2 Videopac + G7400 Philips CD - i Sega SG - 1000 Master System Sega Genesis Sega Saturn Dreamcast SNK Neo Geo Neo Geo CD Sony PlayStation PlayStation 2 PSX PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 VTech VTech CreatiVision Socrates V. Smile V. Flash Others 1970s APF - MP1000 Bally Astrocade Fairchild Channel F RCA Studio II Interton VC 4000 / 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System 1980s Action Max Arcadia 2001 ColecoVision Epoch Cassette Vision Super Cassette Vision RDI Halcyon Vectrex View - Master Interactive Vision 1990s 3DO Interactive Multiplayer Amstrad GX4000 CPS Changer FM Towns Marty LaserActive Super A'Can 2000s DISCover EVO Smart Console Game Wave Nuon XaviXPORT Zeebo List Video game consoles Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- 17 ) Eighth ( 2012 -- present ) Emulator Game History List Manufacturer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_home_video_game_consoles&oldid=842315270 '' Categories : Lists of video game consoles Home video game consoles Technology - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 17 : 20 . About Wikipedia	when was the first gaming console ever made	[ "\n\n\n\n\n\nMagnavox Odyssey, released in 1972, was the first home video game console.\n\n\n" ]	[ "1972" ]
3630994325243827850	In God We Trust	In God We Trust - wikipedia In God We Trust Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see In God We Trust ( disambiguation ) . `` In God We Trust '' on the back of a United States twenty - dollar bill `` In God We Trust '' is the official motto of the United States . It was adopted as the nation 's motto in 1956 as an alternative or replacement to the unofficial motto of E pluribus unum , which was adopted when the Great Seal of the United States was created and adopted in 1782 . `` In God We Trust '' first appeared on the Two - cent piece in 1864 and has appeared on paper currency since 1957 . A law passed in a Joint Resolution by the 84th Congress ( P.L. 84 - 140 ) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30 , 1956 , declared `` In God We Trust '' must appear on American currency . This phrase was first used on paper money in 1957 , when it appeared on the one - dollar silver certificate . The first paper currency bearing the phrase entered circulation on October 1 , 1957 . The 84th Congress later passed legislation ( P.L. 84 - 851 ) , also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30 , 1956 , declaring the phrase to be the national motto . Some groups and people have expressed objections to its use , citing its religious reference that violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property . It is also the motto of the U.S. state of Florida . Its Spanish equivalent , En Dios Confiamos , is the motto of the Republic of Nicaragua . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Society and culture 2.1 Pop culture 2.2 License plates 3 Criticism 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links History ( edit ) Salmon P. Chase , Treasury Secretary , scribes `` In God is our Trust , '' scratches out `` is our '' and overwrites `` We '' to arrive at `` In God We Trust '' in a December 9 , 1863 , letter to James Pollock , Director of the Philadelphia Mint . The phrase appears to have originated in `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 . The fourth stanza includes the phrase , `` And this be our motto : ' In God is our Trust . ' '' This version of the motto made an early appearance on the twenty dollar interest bearing notes issued in 1864 along with the motto `` God and our Right '' . Francis Scott Key 's `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem , which soon became `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , includes the phrase `` And this be our motto : In God is our Trust '' in its fourth stanza The Reverend M.R. Watkinson , in a letter dated November 13 , 1861 , petitioned the Treasury Department to add a statement recognizing `` Almighty God in some form in our coins '' in order to `` relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism '' . At least part of the motivation was to declare that God was on the Union side of the Civil War . Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase acted on this proposal and directed the then - Philadelphia Director of the Mint , James Pollock , to begin drawing up possible designs that would include the religious phrase . Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to Congress for the new designs in late 1863 . As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress , it was found that the Act of Congress dated January 18 , 1837 prescribed the mottoes and devices that should be placed upon the coins of the United States . This meant that the mint could make no changes without the enactment of additional legislation by the Congress . Such legislation was introduced and passed on April 22 , 1864 , allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one - cent and two - cent coins . An Act of Congress passed on March 3 , 1865 , allowed the Mint Director , with the Secretary 's approval , to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that `` shall admit the inscription thereon '' . In 1873 , Congress passed the Coinage Act , granting that the Secretary of the Treasury `` may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto '' . The use of `` In God We Trust '' has been interrupted . The motto disappeared from the five - cent coin in 1883 , and did not reappear until production of the Jefferson nickel began in 1938 . However , at least two other coins minted in every year in the interim still bore the motto , including the Morgan dollar and the Seated Liberty half dollar . In 1908 , Congress made it mandatory that the phrase be printed on all coins upon which it had previously appeared . This decision was motivated after a public outcry following the release of a $20 coin which did not bear the motto . The motto has been in continuous use on the one - cent coin since 1909 , and on the ten - cent coin since 1916 . It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins , half - dollar coins , and quarter - dollar coins struck since July 1 , 1908 . Since 1938 , all US coins have borne the motto . A quarter dollar with the United States ' official motto `` In God We Trust '' on the obverse side During the Cold War era , the government of the United States sought to distinguish itself from the Soviet Union , which promoted state atheism and thus implemented antireligious legislation . The 84th Congress passed a joint resolution `` declaring IN GOD WE TRUST the national motto of the United States '' . The law was signed by President Eisenhower on July 30 , 1956 . The United States Code at 36 U.S.C. § 302 , now states : `` ' In God we trust ' is the national motto . '' The same day , the President signed into law a requirement that `` In God We Trust '' be printed on all U.S. currency and coins . On paper currency , it first appeared on the silver certificate in 1957 , followed by other certificates . Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966 , depending on the denomination . ( Of these , only Federal Reserve Notes are still circulated . ) Representative Charles Edward Bennett of Florida cited the Cold War when he introduced the bill in the House , saying `` In these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom , we should continually look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom '' . A framed poster displaying the national motto of the United States in a New Philadelphia High School classroom In 2006 , on the 50th anniversary of its adoption , the Senate reaffirmed `` In God We Trust '' as the official national motto of the United States of America . In 2011 the House of Representatives passed an additional resolution reaffirming `` In God We Trust '' as the official motto of the United States , in a 396 -- 9 vote . According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today , CNN , and Gallup , 90 % of Americans support the inscription `` In God We Trust '' on U.S. coins . The phrase has been incorporated in many hymns and religio - patriotic songs . During the American Civil War , the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry for the Union Army assumed the motto `` In God we trust '' in early August 1862 . In Judaism and Christianity , the official motto `` In God We Trust '' resounds with several verses from the Bible , including Psalm 118 : 8 , Psalm 40 : 3 , Psalm 73 : 28 , and Proverbs 29 : 25 . In Islam the word for the concept of reliance on God is called Tawakkul ; the phrase `` In God We Trust '' is found in two places of the Koran , in Surah 10 Yunus , as well as Surah 7 Al - A'raf , although several other verses reinforce this concept . Melkote Ramaswamy , a Hindu American scholar , writes that the presence of the phrase `` In God We Trust '' on American currency is a reminder that `` there is God everywhere , whether we are conscious or not . '' After the September 11 attacks in 2001 , many public schools across the United States posted `` In God We Trust '' framed posters in their `` libraries , cafeterias and classrooms '' . The American Family Association supplied several 11 - by - 14 - inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to the displaying of the posters . Society and culture ( edit ) Pop culture ( edit ) An e-mail conspiracy theory is that `` In God We Trust '' was intentionally omitted from new U.S. dollar coins in 2007 . The first coins produced under the Presidential $1 Coin Program did indeed lack the `` In God We Trust '' inscription along their edges ( along with the `` E Pluribus Unum '' inscription , the year of production , and the mint mark ; these coins , unlike normal dollar coins , had completely blank edges ) , but these coins , known as `` godless dollars '' , were the result of a minting error , not a deliberate omission . Marty Feldman 's satirical comedy In God We Tru $ t ( 1980 ) . The film They Live plays on the idea . Special sunglasses allow the wearers to see simple hidden messages instead of the signs they see without them . Advertising is seen as `` OBEY '' , `` CONSUME '' and `` MARRY AND REPRODUCE '' . Dollar bills are all marked `` THIS IS YOUR GOD '' . License plates ( edit ) ' In God We Trust ' optional license plate designed by Troy Wingard for the South Carolina Department of Public Safety in 2002 As of April 1 , 2016 the following U.S. states currently offer an `` In God We Trust '' license plate as a speciality plate for an additional normal vehicle registration processing which vary from state to state : Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , Florida , Indiana , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , Utah , Virginia , West Virginia , and Wisconsin . Florida ( Which also offers a speciality plate ) and Georgia which both display the county of issuance on their License Plate offer the option of `` In God We Trust '' in place of the County Name . Criticism ( edit ) Advocates of separation of church and state have questioned the legality of this motto , asserting that it is a violation of the United States Constitution , prohibiting the government from passing any law respecting the establishment of religion . Religious accommodationists state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty , is not coercive , and does not prefer one religious denomination over another . `` In God We Trust '' as a national motto and on U.S. currency has been the subject of numerous unsuccessful lawsuits . The motto was first challenged in Aronow v. United States in 1970 , but the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled : `` It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency ' In God We Trust ' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion . Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise . '' The decision was cited in Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , a 2004 case on the Pledge of Allegiance . These acts of `` ceremonial deism '' are `` protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they have lost through rote repetition any significant religious content '' . In Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) , the Supreme Court also held that the nation 's `` institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution 's authors intended to prohibit . Aside from constitutional objections , President Theodore Roosevelt took issue with using the motto on coinage as he considered using God 's name on money to be sacrilege . See also ( edit ) God Save the Queen May God have mercy upon your soul So help me God Gott mit uns Deus seja louvado Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Annual report -- American Civil Liberties Union , Volume 5 . American Civil Liberties Union . 1951 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . In 1956 , an official national motto was adopted , `` In God We Trust , '' replacing the unofficial `` E Pluribus Unum . '' Jump up ^ Refiguring Mass Communication : A History . University of Illinois Press . 24 March 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . He held high the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution , and the nation 's unofficial motto , e pluribus unum , even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of the Treasury ( 2011 ) . `` History of ' In God We Trust ' '' . www.treasury.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ 12 Mar 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Atheist in battle to remove ' In God We Trust ' from US currency '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ As shown on the Córdoba ( bank notes and coins ) ; see for example Banco Central de Nicaragua Archived 2012 - 05 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chase , Salmon P ( December 9 , 1863 ) . Letter to James Pollock . Document # RG 104_UD 87 - A_Folder In God We Trust 1861_Part1 . National Archives and Records Administration . p. 11 . Jump up ^ United States ( 1897 ) . Congressional Serial Set . US : Government Printing Office , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of ' In God We Trust ' '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Ann W. ( 2008 ) . Religion , Rhetoric , and Ritual in the U.S. Government , '' Church - state Issues in America Today . Westport CT : Greenwood Publishing Group , pp. 77 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record , 1956 , p. 13917 , via NonBeliever.org Jump up ^ `` 10 Interesting Facts About Theodore Roosevelt '' . Republicanpresidents.net . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Merriman , Scott A. Religion and the Law in America : An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO , 2007 . Print . `` In 1956 , the United States , changed its motto to `` In God We Trust , '' in large part to differentiate itself from the Soviet Union , its Cold War enemy that was widely seen as promoting atheism . '' Jump up ^ Public Law 84 - 851 Jump up ^ Public Law 84 - 140 Jump up ^ Steven B. Epstein , `` Rethinking the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism '' Columbia Law Review , Vol. 96 , No. 8 . ( Dec. , 1996 ) , p. 2083 -- 2174 , quoting the peroration ( abridged here ) of the speech by Charles Edward Bennett , sponsor in the House , the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject . President Eisenhower and W. Randolph Burgess , Deputy to the Treasury for Monetary Affairs , had approved of the legislation ! 101 Congressional Record pp. 4384 ( quoted ) , 7796 . ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ `` The legislation placing `` In God We Trust '' on national currency US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives `` . history.house.gov. 1955 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Felicia Sonmez ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Social issues return to fore with ' In God We Trust ' resolution '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . In 2006 , on the 50th anniversary of its adoption , the Senate reaffirmed ' In God We Trust ' as the official national motto of the United States , '' Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote . `` Tomorrow , the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions , misunderstandings of church and state , rogue court challenges , and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats . Jump up ^ Jennifer Steinhauer ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` In God We Trust , With the House 's Help '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation 's motto , the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution `` reaffirming ' In God We Trust ' as the official motto of the United States . '' Jump up ^ Todd Starnes ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` See Which Congressmen Voted Against ' In God We Trust ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming `` In God We Trust '' as the official motto of the United States . The 396 -- 9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes ( R - VA ) . Jump up ^ `` USA TODAY / CNN / Gallup Poll results '' . USA Today . 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . C. The inscription `` In God We Trust '' on U.S. coins ; 2003 Sep 19 -- 21 ; Approve 90 ; Disapprove 8 ; No opinion 2 Jump up ^ The Regimental Committee , 125th PA Volunteers , 1862 -- 1863 ( 2009 ) . Regimental History . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Library . pp. 150 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 112 - 13570 - 5 . Jump up ^ Alexander , ted ( 2011 ) . The Battle of Antietam . Charleston , SC : The History Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 179 - 6 . Jump up ^ 125th PA Vol . Infantry : IN GOD WE TRUST . YouTube . 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In God We Trust : The Motto '' . All About History . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Verses including the word Putting One 's Trust in Allah ( Tawakkul ) '' . Quran Index . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ramaswamy , Melkote ( 2012 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Faith / Values Indianapolis Star '' . indystar.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com -- ' In God We Trust ' pressed for schools '' . usatoday.com. 19 February 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Change '' , Snopes , http://www.snopes.com/politics/religion/dollarcoin.asp Jump up ^ David S Morgan ( 2007 - 03 - 07 ) . `` '' Godless '' Dollar Coins Slip Through Mint `` . CBS News . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Associated Press : Dollar Coins Missing ' In God We Trust ' , By David S Morgan , ( Mar. 7 , 2007 ) , CBS News Archived March 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Empire of the Sunglasses : How ' They Live ' Took on Republicans and Won '' , by Joshua Rothkopf , Rolling Stone ^ Jump up to : Richard H. Fallon ( 2004 ) . The Dynamic Constitution : an Introduction to Americans Constitutional Law . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60078 - 1 . `` Strict separationists '' believe that the government has no business supporting religious beliefs or institutions in any way -- for example , by providing tax breaks to churches , assisting parochial schools , including prayers or benedictions in public ceremonies , or inscribing `` In God We Trust '' on the currency . Religious accommodationists can well explain why certain entrenched social practices ( such as the inscription of `` In God We Trust '' on the currency ) were not historically perceived as presenting constitutional difficulties : The relevant practices are not coercive and do not prefer one narrow sect over another . Jump up ^ Markoe , Lauren ( 2014 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Atheists Lose Latest Battle To Remove ' In God We Trust ' From U.S. Currency '' . huffingtonpost.com . Religion News Service . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Aronow , 432 F. 2d at 243 . Jump up ^ LYNCH v. DONNELLY , 465 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) U.S. Supreme Court Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962 . Much more recently , in 1952 , speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 313 , the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments , saying : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being . Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case , supra , mentioned many of these evidences of religion , and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... ( P ) rayers in our legislative halls ; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive ; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday ; `` So help me God '' in our courtroom oaths -- these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws , our public rituals , our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session : `` God save the United States and this Honorable Court '' ( 312 -- 313 ) . To this list may be added tax exemption of churches , chaplaincies in the armed forces , the `` Pray for Peace '' postmark , the widespread observance of Christmas holidays , and , in classrooms , singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God , and the words `` in God is our trust '' as found in the National Anthem , and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , modified by an Act of Congress of June 14 , 1954 , to include the words `` under God '' . Jump up ^ `` ROOSEVELT DROPPED ' IN GOD WE TRUST ' ; President Says Such a Motto on Coin Is Irreverence , Close to Sacrilege . NO LAW COMMANDS ITS USE He Trusts Congress Will Not Direct Him to Replace the Exalted Phrase That Invited Constant Levity '' . The New York Times . November 14 , 1907 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to In God We Trust . Final answer ? Not quite as star gets second chance to play for a million -- article in The Guardian about a disputed quiz question about the motto of the United States . Local documentary on origin of phrase United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Numismatics portal Religion portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&oldid=798295948 '' Categories : English phrases National mottos State mottos of the United States Symbols of Florida National symbols of the United States Symbols of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Words coined in the 1810s The Star - Spangled Banner Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 02 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did in god we trust go on money	[ "\"In God We Trust\" first appeared on the Two-cent piece in 1864[3] and has appeared on paper currency since 1957. A law passed in a Joint Resolution by the 84th Congress (P.L. 84-140) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declared \"In God We Trust\" must appear on American currency. This phrase was first used on paper money in 1957, when it appeared on the one-dollar silver certificate. The first paper currency bearing the phrase entered circulation on October 1, 1957.[3] The 84th Congress later passed legislation (P.L. 84-851), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto." ]	[ "1864" ]
2075036871223592795	La La Land (film)	La La Land ( film ) - Wikipedia La La Land ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search La La Land Theatrical release poster Directed by Damien Chazelle Produced by Fred Berger Jordan Horowitz Gary Gilbert Marc Platt Written by Damien Chazelle Starring Ryan Gosling Emma Stone John Legend Rosemarie DeWitt Music by Justin Hurwitz Cinematography Linus Sandgren Edited by Tom Cross Production companies Summit Entertainment Black Label Media TIK Films Impostor Pictures Gilbert Films Marc Platt Productions Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date August 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) ( Venice Film Festival ) December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $445.7 million La La Land is a 2016 American musical romantic comedy - drama film written and directed by Damien Chazelle . It stars Ryan Gosling as a jazz pianist and Emma Stone as an aspiring actress , who meet and fall in love in Los Angeles while pursuing their dreams . The film 's title refers simultaneously to music , the city of Los Angeles , and to the idiom for being out of touch with reality . Chazelle wrote the screenplay in 2010 but did not find a studio willing to finance the production without changes to his design . Following the success of his 2014 film Whiplash , the project was picked up by Summit Entertainment . Filming took place from August to September 2015 in Los Angeles . La La Land premiered at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival on August 31 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on December 9 , 2016 . It grossed $445 million worldwide on a production budget of $30 million . La La Land received largely positive reviews . Critics praised Chazelle 's screenplay and direction , Gosling and Stone 's performances , Justin Hurwitz 's musical score , and the film 's musical numbers . It won in every category for which it was nominated at the 74th Golden Globe Awards , with a record - breaking seven wins , and received 11 nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards , winning five . It received 14 nominations at the 89th Academy Awards , tying the record for the most Oscar nominations with All About Eve ( 1950 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) , and won six Academy Awards for Best Director , Best Actress ( Stone ) , Best Cinematography , Best Original Score , Best Original Song ( `` City of Stars '' ) , and Best Production Design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) While stuck in traffic on a Los Angeles highway ( `` Another Day of Sun '' ) , Mia Dolan , an aspiring actress , has a moment of road rage with Sebastian Wilder , a struggling jazz pianist . After a bad day at work , her subsequent audition goes poorly when the casting director takes a call in the middle of an emotional scene . That night , Mia 's roommates take her to a lavish party in the Hollywood Hills , where Mia hopes for a breakthrough ( `` Someone in the Crowd '' ) . She walks home after her car is towed . During a gig at a restaurant , Sebastian slips into a passionate jazz improvisation despite warnings from the owner to stick to the setlist of traditional Christmas songs . Mia overhears the music as she passes by ( `` Mia and Sebastian 's Theme '' ) . Moved , she enters the restaurant , but Sebastian is fired for his disobedience . As he storms out , Mia attempts to compliment him , but he brushes her off . Months later , Mia runs into Sebastian at a party where he plays in a 1980s pop cover band ; she teases him by requesting `` I Ran ( So Far Away ) '' , a song he considers an insult for `` a serious musician '' . After the gig , the two walk to their cars , lamenting each other 's company despite the chemistry between them ( `` A Lovely Night '' ) . The next day , Sebastian arrives at Mia 's work , and she shows Sebastian around the movie lot , where she works as a barista , while explaining her passion for acting . Sebastian takes Mia to a jazz club , describing his passion for jazz and desire to open his own club . They warm to each other ( `` City of Stars '' ) . Sebastian invites Mia to a screening of Rebel Without a Cause ; Mia accepts , forgetting a commitment with her current boyfriend . Bored with the double date with her boyfriend , she runs to the theater and finds Sebastian as the film begins . When the projector breaks , the two conclude their evening with a romantic dance at the Griffith Observatory ( `` Planetarium '' ) . After more failed auditions , Mia decides , at Sebastian 's suggestion , to write a one - woman play . Sebastian begins to perform regularly at a jazz club ( `` Summer Montage '' ) , and the two move in together . Sebastian 's former classmate Keith invites him to be the keyboardist in his jazz fusion band , where he will be offered a steady income . Although he is dismayed by the band 's pop style , Sebastian signs after overhearing Mia trying to convince her mother that Sebastian is working on his career . The band finds success , but when Mia attends one of their concerts ( `` Start a Fire '' ) she is disturbed , knowing Sebastian does not enjoy their music . During the band 's first tour , Mia and Sebastian get into an argument ; she accuses him of abandoning his dreams , while Sebastian claims she liked him more when he was unsuccessful . Mia leaves , insulted and frustrated . Sebastian misses Mia 's play due to a band photo shoot that he had previously forgotten . The play is a disaster ; few people attend , and Mia overhears dismissive comments . Sebastian attempts to apologize to Mia for missing the play , but she is unwilling to forgive him and ends their relationship . Despondent and unable to pay the theater back , Mia moves back home to Boulder City , Nevada . Sebastian receives a call from a casting director who attended Mia 's play , inviting her to a film audition . Sebastian drives to Boulder City and persuades Mia to attend . The casting directors ask Mia to tell a story ; she sings an ode to her aunt who inspired her to pursue acting ( `` Audition ( The Fools Who Dream ) '' ) . Sebastian , confident the audition was a success , encourages Mia to devote herself to the opportunity . The two profess they will always love each other but are uncertain of their future . Five years later , Mia is a famous actress and happily married to another man , with whom she has a daughter . One night , the couple stumble upon a jazz bar . Noticing the `` Seb 's '' logo she had once designed , Mia realizes Sebastian has opened his club . When Sebastian notices Mia in the crowd , he plays their love theme on the piano , and the two imagine what might have been had their relationship worked perfectly ( `` Epilogue '' ) . Before Mia leaves with her husband , she shares a poignant smile with Sebastian . Cast ( edit ) Ryan Gosling as Sebastian Wilder Emma Stone as Mia Dolan John Legend as Keith Rosemarie DeWitt as Laura Wilder Finn Wittrock as Greg Earnest Jessica Rothe as Alexis Sonoya Mizuno as Caitlin Callie Hernandez as Tracy J.K. Simmons as Bill Tom Everett Scott as David Meagen Fay as Mia 's Mom Damon Gupton as Harry Jason Fuchs as Carlo Josh Pence as Josh Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) Damien Chazelle received many awards and nominations for writing and directing the film . As a drummer , Damien Chazelle has a predilection for musical films . He wrote the screenplay for La La Land in 2010 , when the film industry seemed out of reach for him . His idea was `` to take the old musical but ground it in real life where things do n't always exactly work out , '' and to salute creative people who move to Los Angeles to chase their dreams . He conceived the film when he was a student at Harvard University with his classmate , Justin Hurwitz . The two explored the concept in their senior thesis through a low - budget musical about a Boston jazz musician , Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench . Chazelle was moved by the tradition of 1920s city symphony films , such as Manhattan ( 1921 ) and Man With a Movie Camera ( 1929 ) , that paid tribute to cities . After graduating , both moved to Los Angeles in 2010 and continued writing the script , but made a few modifications , such as altering the location to Los Angeles instead of Boston . L.A. , even more so than any other American city , obscures , sometimes neglects , its own history . But that can also be its own magical thing , because it 's a city that reveals itself bit by bit , like an onion , if you take the time to explore it . Rather than trying to match L.A. to the charms of Paris or San Francisco , he focused on the qualities that make the city distinctive : the traffic , the sprawl , and the skylines . The style and tone of the film were inspired by Jacques Demy 's The Umbrellas of Cherbourg and The Young Girls of Rochefort , especially the latter , which was more dance and jazz - oriented . The film also makes visual allusions to Hollywood classics such as Broadway Melody of 1940 , Singin ' in the Rain , The Band Wagon and An American in Paris . About An American in Paris , Chazelle commented : `` That 's a movie that we just pillaged . It 's an awesome example of how daring some of those old musicals really were . '' It shares some character development and themes with Chazelle 's previous musical work , Whiplash ; Chazelle said : `` They 're both about the struggle of being an artist and reconciling your dreams with the need to be human . La La Land is just much less angry about it . '' Top to bottom : Damien Chazelle directing Emma Stone and Ryan Gosling on the set of La La Land . He said that both films reflect his own experiences as a filmmaker working his way up the Hollywood ladder . La La Land in particular is inspired by his experience of moving from the East Coast with preconceived notions of what L.A. would be like , `` that it was all just strip malls and freeways . '' Chazelle was unable to produce the film for years as no studio was willing to finance an original contemporary musical , with no familiar songs . It was also a jazz musical , which The Hollywood Reporter called an `` extinct genre '' . He believed that since he and Hurwitz were unknown at that time , it might have made financiers dubious about the project 's potential . Chazelle found producers through friends who introduced him to Fred Berger and Jordan Horowitz . With the two producers on board , the script went to Focus Features at a budget of around $1 million . The studio demanded alterations : the male lead was asked to be changed from a jazz pianist to a rock musician , the complicated opening number had to be altered , and the story 's bittersweet ending needed to be dropped . Chazelle scrapped the project and moved on . Chazelle later wrote Whiplash , which was an easier concept to sell and a less risky investment . After Whiplash was well received by critics upon its premiere at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival in January , Chazelle continued his efforts to bring La La Land to the big screen . A year later , when Whiplash earned five Oscar nominations at the 87th Academy Awards including Best Picture , and grossed nearly $50 million worldwide off a $3.3 million production budget , Chazelle and his project began to attract attention from studios . Five years after Chazelle wrote the script , Summit Entertainment and Black Label Media , along with producer Marc Platt , agreed to invest in La La Land and distribute it . They had been impressed by the critical and commercial success of Whiplash . Lionsgate 's Patrick Wachsberger , who had previously worked on the Step Up franchise , pushed Chazelle to increase the film 's budget since he felt high - quality musicals could not be made cheaply . Casting ( edit ) Damien Chazelle on set directing La La Land . Initially , Miles Teller and Emma Watson were both set to star in the leads . Watson dropped out over a commitment to the 2017 musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast , while Teller departed via long contract negotiations . Conversely , Gosling himself turned down a role as the Beast in Beauty and the Beast in favor of La La Land . Chazelle decided to make his characters somewhat older , with experience in struggling to make their dreams , rather than younger newcomers just arriving in Los Angeles . Emma Stone plays Mia , a struggling actress in Los Angeles . Stone has loved musicals since she saw Les Misérables when she was 8 years old , saying that `` bursting into song has always been a real dream of mine '' , and that her favorite film is the 1931 Charlie Chaplin romantic comedy City Lights . She studied pom dancing as a child , with a year of ballet . She moved to Hollywood with her mother at the age of 15 to pursue a career , and struggled constantly to get an audition during her first year . When she did , she was often turned away after singing or saying just one line . Stone drew from her own experiences for her character of Mia , and some were added into the film . Ryan Gosling learned tap dancing and piano for his role . She met Chazelle in 2014 while she was making her Broadway debut in Cabaret . Chazelle and Hurwitz saw her perform on a night when the actress had a cold . She met with Chazelle at Brooklyn Diner in New York City , where the director outlined his vision for the planned film . Stone gained confidence from performing in Cabaret to handle the demands of the film . In preparation for her role , Stone watched some of the musical movies that inspired Chazelle , including The Umbrellas of Cherbourg and Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers collaborations . Stone accepted the offer because Chazelle was so passionate about the project . Singer - songwriter John Legend has a supporting role in the film and also was an executive producer . Ryan Gosling plays Sebastian , a jazz pianist . Like Stone , Gosling drew from his own experiences as an aspiring artist . One incident was used for Mia . Gosling was performing a crying scene in an audition and the casting director took a phone call during it , talking about her lunch plans while he was emoting . Chazelle met with Gosling at a bar near the latter 's home in Hollywood Hills , when Gosling was about to begin filming for The Big Short . Chazelle cast the two immediately after Summit bought the film . He said the two `` feel like the closest thing that we have right now to an old Hollywood couple '' as akin to Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn , Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers , Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall , and Myrna Loy and William Powell . The film marked the third collaboration between Gosling and Stone , following Crazy , Stupid , Love ( 2011 ) and Gangster Squad ( 2013 ) . Chazelle asked the two about their audition disasters when they were both trying to make it . Both learned how to sing and dance for the film 's six original tunes . The rest of the cast -- J.K. Simmons , Sonoya Mizuno , Jessica Rothe , Callie Hernandez , Finn Wittrock , Rosemarie DeWitt , John Legend , Jason Fuchs , Meagen Fay -- were announced between July and August 2015 . Legend plays Keith , a long - time friend of Sebastian . The film was choreographed by Mandy Moore . Rehearsals took place at a production office in Atwater Village , Los Angeles over the span of three to four months , beginning in May 2015 . Gosling practiced piano in one room , Stone worked with Moore in another , and costume designer Mary Zophres had her own corner of the complex . Gosling , with no previous experience , had to learn how to play the piano , as no hand models were used . Moore emphasised working on emotion rather than technique , which Stone said was key when they filmed the Prius car scene . To help his cast and crew get their creative mode flowing , Chazelle held screenings on the soundstages every Friday night of classical films that had inspired him for the film , including The Umbrellas of Cherbourg , Singin ' in the Rain , Top Hat , and Boogie Nights . Filming ( edit ) The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange ( left ) where the opening scene was filmed , and the Griffith Observatory , where Ryan Gosling 's and Emma Stone 's characters float into the stars . From the beginning , Chazelle wanted the film 's musical numbers to be filmed `` head to toe '' and performed in a single take , like those of the 1930s works of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers . He also wanted the film to emulate the widescreen , CinemaScope look of 1950s musicals such as It 's Always Fair Weather . Consequently , the movie was shot on celluloid film ( not digitally ) with Panavision equipment in a widescreen format , but not true CinemaScope as that technology is no longer available . Chazelle wanted Los Angeles to be the primary setting for his film , commenting that `` there is something very poetic about the city I think , about a city that is built by people with these unrealistic dreams and people who kind of just put it all on the line for that . '' Principal photography on the film officially began in the city on August 10 , 2015 , and filming took place in more than 60 locations both in and near Los Angeles , including the Angels Flight trolley in downtown , houses in the Hollywood Hills , the Colorado Street Bridge , the Rialto Theatre in South Pasadena , the Warner Bros. studio lot , the Grand Central Market , Hermosa Beach 's Lighthouse Cafe , Chateau Marmont Hotel , and the Watts Towers , with many scenes shot in one take . It took 40 days to complete shooting , finishing in mid-September 2015 . The opening pre-credits sequence was the first to be shot , and was filmed on a closed - off portion of two carpool direct connector ramps of the Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange , connecting the I - 105 Carpool Lane to the I - 110 Express Lanes , leading to Downtown Los Angeles . It was filmed in a span of two days , and required over 100 dancers . For this particular scene , Chazelle wanted to give a sense of how vast the city is . The scene was originally planned for a stretch of ground - level highway , until Chazelle decided to shoot it in the 105 -- 110 interchange , which arcs 100 feet ( 30 m ) in the air . Production designer David Wasco said , `` I thought somebody was going to fall off and get killed . '' Not every portion of the highway was blocked . Chazelle compared the scene to the yellow brick road leading to the Emerald City in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . The Angels Flight ( pictured ) , which was shut down for about four years , including at the time of the filming , was re-opened for a single day exclusively for the film to shoot a scene . Chazelle scouted for `` old L.A. '' locations that were in ruins , or were perhaps razed . One such example was the use of the Angels Flight trolley , built in 1901 . The funicular had been closed in 2013 after a derailment . Attempts were made to repair and re-open the railway , but to no avail . However , the production team was able to secure permission to use it for a day . Chazelle and his crew then arranged to have it run for shooting ( it was re-opened to the public in 2017 ) . Mia works at a coffee shop on the Warner Bros. studio lot ; Chazelle considered studio lots to be `` monuments '' of Hollywood . Production designer Wasco created numerous fake old film posters . Chazelle occasionally created names for them , deciding to use the title of his first feature , Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench ( 2009 ) for one poster , which reimagines it as a 1930s musical . The six - minute - long Prius car scene had to be completed during the brief `` magic hour '' moment at sunset . It took eight takes and two days to shoot it . When Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone finally nailed it , `` everybody just exploded , '' Stone said . Since Gosling and Stone were not primarily dancers , the two made a number of mistakes , especially during long uninterrupted single - take musical numbers . However , Chazelle was very sympathetic towards them , understanding their lack of experience and not minding their errors . While shooting Sebastian and Mia 's first dance together , Stone stumbled over the back of a bench , but picked right up and kept on going with the scene . The fight scene during the romantic dinner that Gosling 's character Sebastian prepared for Mia ( Emma Stone ) was one of the scenes that was re-written more than any other . Gosling and Stone also helped create the dialogue of the scene to get it to be one of the more realistic scenes in a film filled with fantasy and fantastical elements . Chazelle spent nearly a year editing the film with editor Tom Cross , as the two were primarily concerned with getting the tone just right . Music ( edit ) Main article : La La Land ( soundtrack ) The songs and score for La La Land were composed and orchestrated by Justin Hurwitz , Chazelle 's Harvard University classmate , who also worked on his two prior films . The lyrics were written by Pasek and Paul , except for `` Start a Fire '' , which was written by John Legend , Hurwitz , Marius De Vries and Angelique Cinelu . A soundtrack album was released on December 9 , 2016 , by Interscope Records , featuring selections from Hurwitz 's score and songs performed by the cast . Release ( edit ) La La Land had its world premiere as the Venice Film Festival 's opening night film on August 31 , 2016 . The film also screened at the Telluride Film Festival , the Toronto International Film Festival , beginning September 12 , 2016 , the BFI London Film Festival , the Middleburg Film Festival in late October 2016 , the Virginia Film Festival , held at the University of Virginia on November 6 , 2016 , and the AFI Fest on November 15 , 2016 . The film was originally set for a July 15 , 2016 , release ; however , in March 2016 , it was announced the film would be given a limited release starting December 2 , 2016 , before expanding on December 16 , 2016 . Chazelle stated that the change was because he felt that the release date was not right for the context of the film , and because he wanted to have a slow rollout beginning with the early fall film festivals . The film was later pushed back a week to December 9 , 2016 with the wide release still being planned for December 16 , 2016 . Lionsgate opened the film in five locations on December 9 , 2016 and expanded it to about 200 theaters on December 16 , 2016 before going nationwide on December 25 , 2016 . The film went fully wide on January 6 , 2017 , with a release into select IMAX theaters a week later . La La Land was released in the United Kingdom on January 12 , 2017 . The film was released in the Netherlands on December 22 , 2016 , and in Australia on December 26 , with the rest of the territories planned for a release from mid-January 2017 . Home media ( edit ) Lionsgate released La La Land on Digital HD on April 11 , 2017 , and Blu - ray , Ultra HD Blu - Ray and DVD on April 25 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) La La Land grossed $151.1 million in the United States and Canada and $294.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $445.7 million , against a production budget of $30 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $68.25 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it one of the top 20 most profitable releases of 2016 . La La Land began its theatrical release with a limited release in five theaters in Los Angeles and New York City on December 9 . It made $881,107 in its opening weekend , giving the film a per - theater average of $176,221 , the best average of the year . In its second week of limited release , the film expanded to 200 theaters and grossed $4.1 million , finishing 7th at the box office . It was an increase of 366 % from the previous week and good for a per - theater of $20,510 . The following week , the film had its wide expansion to 734 theaters , grossing $5.8 million for the weekend ( including $4 million on Christmas Day and $9.2 million over the four days ) , and finishing 8th at the box office . On January 6 , 2017 , the weekend of the Golden Globes , the film expanded to 1,515 theaters and grossed $10 million over the weekend , finishing 5th at the box office . In its 6th week of release , the film grossed $14.5 million ( a total of $16.9 million over the four - day MLK weekend ) , finishing 2nd at the box office behind Hidden Figures . After receiving its 14 Oscar nominations , the film expanded to 3,136 theaters on January 27 , 2017 ( an increase of 1,271 from the week before ) and grossed $12.1 million ( up 43 % from its previous week 's $8.4 million ) . During the weekend of February 24 -- 26 ( the weekend of the Academy Awards ) the film grossed $4.6 million , exactly the same amount it grossed the previous weekend . The next week , following its six Oscar wins , the film grossed $3 million . Critical response ( edit ) Emma Stone 's performance garnered widespread acclaim and won her the Academy Award for Best Actress . La La Land was met with critical acclaim upon its release , with critics praising its screenplay , direction , performances , chemistry of Gosling and Stone , musical score and musical numbers . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 92 % based on 373 reviews , with an average rating of 8.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` La La Land breathes new life into a bygone genre with thrillingly assured direction , powerful performances , and an irresistible excess of heart . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating based on reviews , the film has a score of 93 out of 100 , based on 53 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . It was the third - and sixth - highest scoring film released in 2016 on each respective site . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave La La Land four stars out of four , describing it as `` a hot miracle '' and complimenting its musical numbers , particularly the opening scene . He went on to name it his favorite movie of the year . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune similarly lauded the opening sequence , in addition to highlighting Stone 's performance , stating `` she 's reason enough to see La La Land . '' Despite being less enthusiastic about Gosling 's dancing and the film 's middle section , Phillips nevertheless gave the film four out of four stars , declaring it `` the year 's most seriously pleasurable entertainment '' . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film , stating that it `` succeeds both as a fizzy fantasy and a hard - headed fable , a romantic comedy and a showbiz melodrama , a work of sublime artifice and touching authenticity '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded the film five out of five stars , describing it as `` a sun - drenched musical masterpiece . '' Tom Charity of Sight & Sound stated , `` Chazelle has crafted that rare thing , a genuinely romantic comedy , and as well , a rhapsody in blue , red , yellow and green . '' Diana Dabrowska of Cinema Scope wrote , `` La La Land may look like the world that we dream about , but it also understands the cruelty that can come out of ( or undermine ) those dreams ; it 's shot in CinemaScope , and yet it 's still an intimate masterpiece . '' Writing for The Boston Globe in December 2016 , Ty Burr summarized the effectiveness of the film to relate to audiences stating : `` ... the movie traffics in the bittersweet happiness of treasuring things that are vanishing , like the unrealized future imagined in the climatic dance number , or those inky , star - filled dance floors that go on forever in old movies , or Hollywood musicals themselves . Or jazz : Sebastian has an early moment at a nightclub where he passionately sticks up for the music he loves . `` It 's dying on the vine , '' he says . `` And the world says ' Let it die . It had its time . ' Well , not on my watch . '' In that scene , he speaks for the director . By the end of `` La La Land , '' he 's speaking for all of us . '' The film has been criticized for its treatment of race and jazz . Kelly Lawler of USA Today noted that Gosling 's character has been referred to as a `` white savior '' by some critics , due to `` his quest ( and eventual success ) to save the traditionally black musical genre from extinction , seemingly the only person who can accomplish such a goal . '' The sentiment was also expressed by Ruby Lott - Lavigna of Wired , Anna Silman of New York and Ira Madison III of MTV News . Rex Reed of the New York Observer also takes aim at the film 's intention to emulate the MGM musical classics , noting that `` the old - fashioned screenplay , by the ambitious writer - director Damien Chazelle , reeks of mothballs '' , and that `` the movie sags badly in the middle , like a worn - out mattress that needs new springs '' . The South China Morning Post said that the film is a little dull , that the two leads ' singing and dancing are n't exceptional , and that Sebastian is a jazz snob and Mia 's character lacks depth . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by La La Land Hurwitz , Chazelle and Stone at the 2016 Mill Valley Film Festival . At the 89th Academy Awards , La La Land received a leading six awards , including Best Director , Best Actress ( for Stone ) , Best Cinematography , Best Original Score , Best Original Song ( `` City of Stars '' ) and Best Production Design . The film received a total of 14 nominations , tying records for most nominations by a single film with All About Eve ( 1950 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) . Its other nominations included Best Picture , Best Actor ( for Gosling ) , Best Original Screenplay , Best Film Editing , Best Costume Design , a second nomination for Best Original Song ( `` Audition '' ) , Best Sound Editing and Best Sound Mixing . During the ceremony , Faye Dunaway announced that La La Land had won Best Picture , reading it from the incorrect card Warren Beatty held , which was actually for the Best Actress award that Stone had just won . It took the show 's crew more than two minutes and nearly three whole speeches to rectify the mistake ; the actual winner was Moonlight . At the 74th Golden Globe Awards , La La Land received a leading seven nominations . The film won in all seven categories for which it was nominated , setting a historic record for the most Golden Globes won by a single film , namely Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , Best Director , Best Actor -- Comedy or Musical for Gosling , Best Actress -- Comedy or Musical for Stone , Best Screenplay , Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( `` City of Stars '' ) . La La Land received eleven nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards , more than any other film of 2016 . The film won in the categories of Best Film , Best Director , Best Actress in a Leading Role for Stone , Best Cinematography and Best Film Music . See also ( edit ) Second weekend in box office performance § Second - weekend increase References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' La La Land ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Lionsgate Seals $1.5 Billion Deal With China 's Hunan TV '' . 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Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Nigel M ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Damien Chazelle on La La Land : ' Los Angeles is full of people chasing dreams ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` How ' La La Land ' Went From First - Screening Stumbles to Hollywood Ending '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith . `` ' La La Land ' could have been set in Boston '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Mekado ( Nov 4 , 2016 ) . `` L.A. Transcendental : How ' La La Land ' Chases the Sublime '' . The New York Times . Retrieved Nov 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Damien Chazelle 's ' La La Land ' , An Ode to Musicals , Romance & L.A. , Ready to Launch Venice and Oscar Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Gosling sings , dances , reads in margins of Gene Kelly 's annotated script '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Joe ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` How America in Paris Won Best Picture and Changed Hollywood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McGovern , Joe ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` La La Land director on the ' timeless glamour ' of Ryan Gosling & Emma Stone '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Reegan , Rebecca ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` With ' La La Land , ' Emma Stone and director Damien Chazelle aim to show that original musicals are n't all tapped out '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hanks Interrupts His Own ' Sully ' Q&A To Lavishly Praise ' La La Land ' -- Telluride '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Emma Stone on Reteaming With Ryan Gosling in ' La La Land ' and Her New Appreciation of Los Angeles '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` Zurich : Lionsgate 's Patrick Wachsberger on His Journey from Jerry Lewis to ' Twilight , ' ' La La Land ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiest , Brianna . `` Emma WATSON Almost Starred in ' La La Land ' '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Emma ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` La La Land : Gosling and Stone serenade Hollywood '' . BBC . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matthew ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Emma Stone Reveals Unorthodox ' La La Land ' Audition ; Mel Gibson on ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Inspiration -- The Contenders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved Nov 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gay , Jason ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Emma Stone Takes the Biggest Leap of Her Career With La La Land '' . Vogue . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This painful audition scene in ' La La Land ' was based on Ryan Gosling 's real - life experience '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kate Thomas and Jennifer Pearson ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lights , camera , action ! Emma Stone looks every inch the girl next door in a blue shirt and A-line skirt as she joins Ryan Gosling on the set of La La Land '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sonoya Mizuno , Jessica Rothe & Callie Hernandez Move into ' La La Land ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Adding ' American Horror Story ' Actor Finn Wittrock ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Rosemarie DeWitt Chimes in For ' La La Land ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` John Legend in Talks to Join Emma Stone and Ryan Gosling in Musical ' La La Land ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` John Magaro Joins ' War Machine ' ; Jason Fuchs Moves to ' La La Land ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tony Sirico Joins Woody Allen 's Latest ; Meagen Fay Tunes Up for ' La La Land ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lázaro , Margarita ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 27 curiosidades de ' La La Land ' '' . El Huffington Post ( español ) . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shot in CinemaScope , La La Land vibrantly romances the olden days of Hollywood '' . January 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , Richard ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Review : La La Land '' . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars 2017 : Why Cinematographers for Scorsese , Chazelle and More Shot on Film '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dabrowska , Diana ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` La La Land ( Damien Chazelle , US ) -- Special Presentations '' . CinemaScope . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 8 / 14 / 15 : Marlon Wayans Starts Fifty Shades of Black , Bill Condon Wraps Up Beauty and The Beast '' . SSN Insider . August 14 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Gosling sees ' La La Land ' as an opportunity to show off Los Angeles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` How ' La La Land ' Director Damien Chazelle , His Team & Lionsgate Faced The Music & Resurrected The Original Hollywood Musical '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` How Damien Chazelle Pulled Off That L.A. Freeway Musical Number in ' La La Land ' -- Toronto Studio '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` How Emma Stone and Ryan Gosling Helped Write Their ' La La Land ' Fight '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' La La Land ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Damien Chazelle 's ' La La Land ' to Open Venice Film Festival in Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land '' . Venice Film Festival . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Telluride Film Festival Lineup : ' Sully ' , ' La La Land ' , ' Arrival ' , ' Bleed For This ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Toronto Film Festival 2016 : Magnificent Seven , La La Land to screen '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land '' . BFI London Film Festival . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Added As AFI Fest Centerpiece Gala '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers , ' Kristen Stewart 's ' American Ultra ' Land Release Dates '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Gosling , Emma Stone Musical ' La La Land ' Grabs Oscar Season Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Shuffles Back One Weekend in December Rollout '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Dances into Select IMAX ® Theatres '' . IMAX . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LA LA LAND ( 2016 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( Dec 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Conjures $680 M WW ; ' Christmas Party ' & ' Sing ' Swing ; ' Hacksaw ' Wows in China Bow -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved Dec 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' '' . Lionsgate . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` No. 18 ' La La Land ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Office Christmas Party ' Wins Friday ; ' La La Land ' Soars '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Office Christmas Party ' Topped Friday , But ' La La Land ' Nabbed Festive $300 K '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Dances To Year 's Best Box Office Theater Average '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' Flying To $152 M+ Weekend ; ' Collateral Beauty ' A Career B.O. Low For Will Smith : PM Update '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` With ' Fences , ' ' La La Land ' Enter Top 10 As ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Rule Holiday -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' Does n't Want To Fall To ' Hidden Figures ' As Winter Storm Helena Closes Theaters '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures ' Stays Smart , But Why Are So Many Movies Bombing Over MLK Weekend ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Is Controversy Impacting ' A Dog 's Purpose ' At The Box Office ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Universal / Blumhouse 's ' Get Out ' Now Grabbing A $30 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Logan 's $85.3 M Debut Breaks Records For Wolverine Series & Rated R Fare ; Beats ' Fifty Shades ' & ' Passion Of The Christ ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ciras , Heather ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Emma Stone and Ryan Gosling 's ' La La Land ' gets rave reviews in Venice '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Venice audiences enchanted by ' La La Land ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Gosling , Emma Stone , Damien Chazelle 's ' La La Land ' Wow Venice '' . Variety . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` La La Land Stuns at the Venice Film Festival '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 2016 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Forget About Being Oscar Best Pic Rivals , ' La La Land ' & ' Hidden Figures ' Are In A B.O. Battle : Oscar Boost '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Review : Magical Modern - Day Musical Will Sweep You Off Your Feet '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' review : Stone , Gosling light up Damien Chazelle 's romantic reverie '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` Review : Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone Aswirl in Tra La La Land '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` La La Land review : Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone shine in a sun - drenched musical masterpiece '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charity , Tom ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` First - look review : Damien Chazelle 's La La Land ( 2016 ) Sight & Sound '' . BFI . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dabrowska , Diana . `` La La Land ( Damien Chazelle , US ) -- Special Presentations '' . Cinema Scope . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' resurrects the classic movie musical '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Oscar race : The case against ' La La Land ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lott - Lavigna , Ruby ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` La La Land review : an ambitious musical soured by racist undertones '' . Wired . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silman , Anna ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` La La Land : A Musical Ode to Men Who Love Loving Jazz '' . New York . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madison III , Ira ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` La La Land 's White Jazz Narrative '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Rex ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Good - Intentioned But Overrated , ' La La Land ' Reeks of Mothballs '' . New York Observer . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your guide to the La La Land backlash : eight things people hate '' . South China Morning Post . January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 89th Academy Awards ( 2017 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars Nominations 2017 : The Complete List of Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Jim ( February 26 , 2017 ) . `` Moonlight Wins Best Picture After 2017 Oscars Envelope Mishap '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( February 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' wins best picture after ' La La Land ' mistakenly announced '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' La La Land ' Breaks Record for Most Wins by a Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Top Prizes at BAFTA Awards in London '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : La La Land ( film ) Official website Filming Locations La La Land posters La La Land at the TCM Movie Database La La Land at AllMovie La La Land at Metacritic La La Land at Box Office Mojo La La Land at Rotten Tomatoes Interactive map of shooting locations La La Land on IMDb La La Land 's Choreographer Explains the Freeway Dance Scene Damien Chazelle filmography Films directed Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench ( 2009 ) Whiplash ( 2014 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) First Man ( 2018 ) Written only The Last Exorcism Part II ( 2013 ) Grand Piano ( 2013 ) 10 Cloverfield Lane ( 2016 ) Awards for La La Land AACTA International Award for Best Film The Artist ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Best Film from Any Source 1947 -- 1967 The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 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Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! 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Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Being John Malkovich ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) About Schmidt ( 2002 ) Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) United 93 ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) The Wrestler ( 2008 ) A Prophet ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Amour ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Film Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2009 , retired ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Juno ( 2007 ) Happy - Go - Lucky ( 2008 ) Nine ( 2009 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2009 , retired ) Fargo ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) The Insider ( 1999 ) Traffic ( 2000 ) In the Bedroom ( 2001 ) Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) In America ( 2003 ) Hotel Rwanda ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) Motion Picture ( 2010 -- present ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) La La Land / Manchester by the Sea ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Independent Film Killer Joe ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Whiplash ( 2014 ) Room ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_La_Land_(film)&oldid=815860333 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s dance films 2010s musical films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic drama films American films American comedy - drama films American dance films American musical comedy films American musical drama films American romantic comedy films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films Ballroom dancing films Best Film BAFTA Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Films about actors Films about Hollywood Films about media people Films about music and musicians Films about pianos and pianists Films directed by Damien Chazelle Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films produced by Marc E. Platt Films shot in Los Angeles Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Nevada Films set in studio lots Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Historical romance films IMAX films Jazz films Screenplays by Damien Chazelle Summit Entertainment films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego گیلکی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 17 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does mia work in la la land	[ "Chazelle scouted for \"old L.A.\" locations that were in ruins, or were perhaps razed. One such example was the use of the Angels Flight trolley, built in 1901. The funicular had been closed in 2013 after a derailment. Attempts were made to repair and re-open the railway, but to no avail. However, the production team was able to secure permission to use it for a day. Chazelle and his crew then arranged to have it run for shooting (it was re-opened to the public in 2017).[12] Mia works at a coffee shop on the Warner Bros. studio lot; Chazelle considered studio lots to be \"monuments\" of Hollywood. Production designer Wasco created numerous fake old film posters. Chazelle occasionally created names for them, deciding to use the title of his first feature, Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench (2009) for one poster, which reimagines it as a 1930s musical.[12]" ]	[ "a coffee shop on the Warner Bros. studio lot" ]
1691584612071693524	Double Duty	Double Duty - wikipedia Double Duty For other uses , see Double Duty ( disambiguation ) . John Andretti was the first driver to attempt `` Double Duty '' in 1994 . Double Duty also referred to as the Indy - Charlotte Double or Memorial Day Double , refers to an accomplishment in automobile racing in which a driver competes in the Indianapolis 500 and Coca - Cola 600 in the same day . The feat was first attempted by John Andretti on May 29 , 1994 . In 2001 , Tony Stewart became the first and only driver to date to successfully complete all 1,100 miles of both races in the same day . The two races , organized by separate sanctioning bodies -- IndyCar and NASCAR respectively -- are held on Memorial Day weekend , and are considered two of the biggest annual events on the U.S. motorsports calendar . The `` Double Duty '' calls for a driver to compete at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway , Indiana in the early afternoon , then take an airplane to Concord , North Carolina to race at Charlotte Motor Speedway in the evening . The feat is considered difficult on face , as well as physically demanding and mentally draining . It is somewhat similar in concept to the established discipline of endurance racing , however , the driver is expected to drive both races in their entirety without the help of a relief driver . Considerable media attention usually spotlights a driver who attempts the `` Double Duty . '' The concept dates back specifically to 1994 , but as far back as the 1960s , other drivers attempted to compete in both events when they were held on different days of the week , an effort known as `` crossover . '' During the 1960s and 1970s , a handful of drivers raced at the Indianapolis 500 while maintaining a full - time schedule in Formula One . This would require them to travel between Indianapolis and Europe during the month of May , usually between Indy and Monaco , on an equally as demanding schedule . The last driver to do so was Teo Fabi in 1984 , going from the Indy 500 to Monaco . Due to the scheduling of Monaco on the same day as Indy , in 2017 , Fernando Alonso chose to skip Monaco to compete at the Indy 500 . Four drivers ( John Andretti , Robby Gordon , Tony Stewart and Kurt Busch ) have attempted the Indianapolis / Charlotte `` Double Duty '' feat . Of these , Tony Stewart 's 2001 effort stands as the best combined result . He finished 6th at Indianapolis and 3rd at Charlotte , completing all 1,100 miles . Among the handful of drivers in the 1960s and 1970s that attempted `` crossovers , '' Donnie Allison competed in both events in a year in which they were held on successive days . To date , the most recent attempt was made by Busch in 2014 . He finished in 6th place at the Indianapolis 500 , and was the fastest rookie . However , he dropped out of the Coca Cola 600 with a blown engine mid-race . He completed 906 miles . Contents 1 Logistics 1.1 Month of May events 1.2 Itinerary 2 `` Cross-over '' history ( 1960 -- 1993 ) 2.1 1963 2.2 1965 2.3 1966 2.4 1967 2.5 1968 2.6 1969 2.7 1970 2.8 1971 2.9 1972 2.10 1973 2.11 1974 2.12 1975 2.13 1976 2.14 1979 2.15 1980 2.16 1983 3 Double Duty history ( 1994 -- 2015 ) 3.1 1994 3.2 1995 3.3 1996 3.4 1997 3.5 1998 3.6 1999 3.7 2000 3.8 2001 3.9 2002 3.10 2003 3.11 2004 3.12 2005 -- 2012 3.13 2013 3.14 2014 3.15 2015 -- 2018 4 Race results 4.1 Statistics / Records 5 Other uses of the term 5.1 Indianapolis 500 and Grand Prix of Monaco 5.2 Same weekend races 6 Footnotes 6.1 Works cited 6.2 References Logistics ( edit ) Charlotte Motor Speedway , a quad - oval The Indianapolis 500 is part of the Verizon IndyCar Series , and the Coca - Cola 600 is part of the NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series . Both races are held , weather permitting , on the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend . The Indy 500 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is traditionally scheduled in the afternoon , while the Coca - Cola 600 at Charlotte Motor Speedway is held as a night race . Since the events are not scheduled to overlap , this allows a driver a small window to travel between venues . Such an accomplishment can be grueling and physically exhausting . It calls for a driver to race for over seven hours in two entirely different disciplines of racing cars . Along with a 430 - mile airplane flight , and severe time constraints , the driver has time for only a brief rest aboard the aircraft where he normally takes on IV fluids , and is checked out by a physician . Weather plays a significant factor in the logistics of `` Double Duty . '' If weather cooperates and there is no rain at either venue , delays are usually minimal . However , if rain delays one of the races ( particularly Indianapolis ) , it can significantly disrupt or completely cancel the opportunity for the attempt . According to NASCAR rules all drivers are required , without exception , to attend in person the pre-race drivers ' meeting or suffer a grid penalty . If a driver misses the meeting for any reason , he is forced to start from last position on the grid . The meeting normally takes place approximately two hours before the start of the race ( Coca - Cola 600 ) , and under the circumstances of `` Double Duty , '' the driver would have little or no opportunity to attend in - person . Despite attempts over the years to lobby the officials , including garage area petitions , and use of a video - conference device , drivers attempting `` Double Duty '' have all been required to start at the back of the grid for the Coca - Cola 600 . Month of May events ( edit ) When a driver attempts `` Double Duty , '' his complicated schedule is not just limited to race day . Additional flights back - and - forth between the venues are required in the two weeks leading up to the races in order to participate in practice and qualifying for the respective events . Time trials for the Indy 500 are held on Saturday and Sunday one week before the race . This potentially creates conflicts with the Monster Energy NASCAR All - Star Race . Qualifying for the Coca - Cola 600 is held on Thursday night , while Carb Day , the final practice session at Indy , is held on Friday . Typically drivers are also obligated to make appearances for sponsors and event marketing in the days leading up to the races , which can add to the travel burdens . Itinerary ( edit ) Tony Stewart 's 1999 Indy car used in his `` Double Duty '' attempt . Tony Stewart 's 1999 stock car used in his `` Double Duty '' attempt . A driver attempting the `` Double Duty '' has an extremely busy and tight schedule , particularly for race day . The morning begins in Indianapolis , and at the conclusion of the Indy 500 ( or when the drivers drops out of the race ) , he immediately travels from the Speedway ( via helicopter or police escort ) to a nearby airport - Eagle Creek , Indianapolis International , or another in the vicinity . The flight from Indianapolis to Concord Regional Airport aboard a private jet takes approximately 55 minutes . From there , the driver will swiftly board a helicopter to Charlotte Motor Speedway , and land in the infield . Upon arriving at the Coca - Cola 600 , the driver is escorted to his machine , in time for the start , if all goes as planned . The schedule and the logistics are planned well in advance , and even the slightest deviation can cause significant delay and force the driver to miss the second race . Weather can cause unexpected delay , and even force the effort to be aborted . Due to the complex nature of the scheduling , it is standard practice for the driver 's respective teams to have back - up relief drivers standing by at both events , in case the schedule is compromised . Depending upon which of the two events is considered the top priority , a `` drop dead '' departure time may be assigned at Indy . According to NASCAR rules , the driver who starts the race in the car receives full championship points for that entry . If the driver is a full - time competitor on the Cup Series circuit ( and only part - time in IndyCar ) , the team may require the driver to leave Indy before that race is over in order to arrive at Charlotte on - time and receive full points . Conversely , if the Indy 500 is the top priority , and that race is running long , the driver may chose to forgo or delay the trip to Charlotte , and assign the back - up driver to start the 600 instead . In 2001 , Tony Stewart 's `` Double Duty '' effort had the following published itinerary : 9 : 25 a.m. EST ( 10 : 25 a.m. EDT ) : Stewart at Indianapolis Motor Speedway . 9 : 50 a.m. EST ( 10 : 50 a.m. EDT ) : Stewart changes into his fire suit . Driver Richie Hearn standing by to drive relief if necessary . 10 : 15 a.m. EST ( 11 : 15 a.m. EDT ) : Driver introductions at the Indy 500 . 11 : 00 a.m. EST ( 12 : 00 p.m. EDT ) : Start of Indianapolis 500 . 2 : 30 p.m. EST ( 3 : 30 p.m. EDT ) : Indianapolis 500 completed , Stewart finishes 6th . 2 : 35 p.m. EST ( 3 : 35 p.m. EDT ) : Stewart rides a golf cart from pit area to the infield care center . 2 : 45 p.m. EST ( 3 : 45 p.m. EDT ) : Stewart boards a helicopter to Signature / Combs Flight Center . 3 : 08 p.m. EST ( 4 : 08 p.m. EDT ) : Stewart leaves for Concord Regional Airport on a Citation Ten private jet . Stewart is administered two liters of IV fluids . 5 : 03 p.m. EDT : Plane lands at Concord Regional Airport . 5 : 10 p.m. EDT : Stewart changes clothes and boards helicopter to travel to Charlotte Motor Speedway . 5 : 20 p.m. EDT : The helicopter lands in the Charlotte Motor Speedway infield , in front of the start / finish line . Stewart waves to fans and climbs into his machine . ( The team had Mike McLaughlin ready if Stewart did n't arrive in time . ) 5 : 37 p.m. EDT : Starting command for Coca - Cola 600 given , Stewart 's car is moved to 43rd ( last ) starting position as a penalty for missing the pre-race drivers ' meeting . 5 : 45 p.m. EDT : Start of the Coca - Cola 600 . 10 : 00 p.m. EDT : Coca - Cola 600 completed , Stewart finished 3rd . `` Crossover '' history ( 1960 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Indianapolis Motor Speedway The Indianapolis 500 debuted in 1911 , and from its onset , was scheduled in conjunction with Memorial Day . In 1960 , Charlotte Motor Speedway was completed , and the inaugural World 600 was scheduled for Memorial Day weekend as well . However , for 1960 , it was postponed until June 19 in order to ready the facility . Starting in 1961 , both Indy and Charlotte were scheduled around Memorial Day . Through the 1960s , the Indy 500 was normally scheduled for Memorial Day proper ( May 30 ) regardless of the day of the week . When May 30 fell on a Sunday , the Indy 500 was moved to Monday May 31 . At Charlotte , the World 600 was to be scheduled for the Sunday closest to Memorial Day . Thus for more than a decade , the two races were held on different days of the week . This prompted a handful of NASCAR regulars to attempt to race in the Indy 500 . On a few occasions , drivers were able to `` cross-over '' and compete in both events , or skip the race at Charlotte in favor of Indy . The NASCAR points system utilized at the time , as well as the structure of the schedule itself , differed substantially from modern times . The system was much more forgiving of drivers who missed a single race , which is why some drivers chose to skip Charlotte altogether . In 1971 , the Uniform Monday Holiday Act took effect , and began to alter the respective schedules for the races . Starting in 1974 , the Indy 500 was permanently moved to the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend . Thus from 1974 to 1992 , the races were scheduled for the same day , and at roughly the same starting time . Therefore , drivers were not able to compete in both events . Furthermore , in 1975 , the NASCAR points system was overhauled , and became much more unforgiving to drivers missing individual races . Very few NASCAR regulars would choose to skip Charlotte , which was emerging as one of the crown jewels on the Winston Cup calendar . Starting in 1985 , the World 600 secured the sponsorship of The Coca - Cola Company , and henceforth became known as the Coca - Cola 600 . 1963 ( edit ) NASCAR regular Junior Johnson entered at Indy , but did not qualify . Curtis Turner passed a rookie test , but later crashed in practice . 1965 ( edit ) The World 600 is held on Sunday May 23 , and the Indy 500 is held on Monday May 31 . The NASCAR Wood Brothers pit crew were invited to Indy to service the Lotus - Ford entries of Jim Clark and Bobby Johns . Bobby Johns was a NASCAR semi-regular , and he skipped Charlotte to concentrate on Indy . 1966 ( edit ) NASCAR driver Cale Yarborough skips Charlotte and races at Indy . He finishes 28th . 1967 ( edit ) The World 600 is held on Sunday May 28 , and the Indy 500 is scheduled for Tuesday May 30 . NASCAR driver LeeRoy Yarbrough skips Charlotte and races at Indy . He finishes 27th , having been involved in three separate spins . Cale Yarborough becomes the first driver to compete in both races in the same year . He dropped out with broken steering and finished 41st at Charlotte . At Indy he placed 17th , spinning out once , and crashing out late in the race . A rain delay caused the Indy 500 to be held over two days , May 30 -- 31 . 1968 ( edit ) The World 600 is held on Sunday May 26 , and the Indy 500 is held Thursday May 30 . Jerry Grant becomes the second driver to compete in both races in the same year . He finished 12th at Charlotte and 23rd at Indy . 1969 ( edit ) The World 600 is held on Sunday May 25 , and the Indy 500 is held Friday May 30 . NASCAR driver Lee Roy Yarbrough won the race at Charlotte , and at Indy , he finished 23rd . Charlie Glotzbach , a NASCAR regular , entered at Indy , but failed to qualify . 1970 ( edit ) The World 600 is held on Sunday May 24 , and the Indy 500 is held Saturday May 30 . NASCAR driver Donnie Allison won the race at Charlotte , and finished 4th at Indy . To date , it is the best combined performance for both races . Lee Roy Yarbrough also competed in both events . He finished 29th at Charlotte and 19th at Indy . The day after Indy ( Sunday May 31 ) , Yarbrough flew to Martinsville to race in the Virginia 500 . He dropped out and finished 26th . For the second year in a row , Charlie Glotzbach ( who finished 25th at Charlotte ) entered , but failed to qualify at Indy . 1971 ( edit ) Cale Yarborough Memorial Day is moved to Monday , and the Indy 500 is held Saturday May 29 . The World 600 is held the very next day , Sunday May 30 . NASCAR driver Donnie Allison finished 6th at Indy on Saturday , and finished 2nd at the race at Charlotte . Cale Yarborough skipped Charlotte , and managed to finish 16th at Indy . Sunday night , Donnie Allison flew back to Indianapolis in time to attend the 500 Victory Banquet . 1972 ( edit ) The races are held on successive days again , but no drivers attempt to race in both . Cale Yarborough skipped Charlotte once again , and finish 10th at Indy . 1973 ( edit ) Charlotte is held on Sunday May 27 , while Indy is scheduled for Monday May 28 . Due to rain , the Indy 500 is not held until Wednesday May 30 . Bobby Allison skipped Charlotte and raced at Indy for the first time . The two events are held on the same day for the first time , with roughly the same start time . No drivers attempt a `` cross over . '' Bobby Allison skipped Charlotte and raced at Indy . This would be the final time during this era that a noteworthy NASCAR regular did a `` cross over '' to the Indy 500 . 1976 ( edit ) Rookie Janet Guthrie made a highly publicized attempt to qualify at the Indy 500 . However , she was not able to get her car up to speed and did not make a qualifying attempt . After creating a media stir , and with the spotlight still on her , she quickly found herself an alternative . Promoter Humpy Wheeler consummated a deal for Guthrie to acquire a car from NASCAR owner Ralph Moody , and within 48 hours , flew her to Charlotte to qualify instead for the World 600 . Guthrie started 27th and finished 15th . It was her first NASCAR Winston Cup Series start . 1979 ( edit ) NASCAR regular Neil Bonnett entered at Indy looking to qualify . He was up to speed , however , he suffered a blown engine on the morning of pole qualifying . The following weekend , rain complicated his schedule , and he decided to withdraw from Indy . 1980 ( edit ) Future NASCAR star Tim Richmond , who started his professional driving career in Indy cars , won the Rookie of the Year Award at Indianapolis . Future NASCAR driver Ken Schrader entered at Indy . He crashed during practice and failed to qualify . Double Duty history ( 1994 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Night racing was introduced at Charlotte Motor Speedway starting in 1992 . In 1992 , Musco Lighting Company installed lights at Charlotte Motor Speedway , becoming the first `` speedway '' to allow for night racing . For 1992 , The Winston was held under - the - lights , but the Coca - Cola 600 was still held during the afternoon . In 1993 , the start time for the Coca - Cola 600 was moved to 4 : 30 p.m. eastern , which eliminated overlap with the Indy 500 , and the race became an evening / night race . The 4 : 30 p.m. start time did not yet allow adequate time for a competitor to complete both , but the idea was planted , and subsequent years , the start time for the 600 was moved later , and a travel window would open up . 1994 ( edit ) IndyCar veteran John Andretti switched full - time to the NASCAR Winston Cup Series starting in 1994 , but desired to also compete in the Indy 500 . Andretti announced that he would become the first driver ever to attempt to drive in both the Indy 500 and Coca - Cola 600 in the same day . Andretti successfully qualified for both events , and planned a detailed travel itinerary . On race day , Andretti got off to a good start early on . He was running as high as third at Indianapolis during the first half of the race . At the checkered flag , Andretti finished 10th at Indy . He then immediately boarded a helicopter to the airport . He flew to Charlotte , and arrived in just enough time to make the start for the Coca - Cola 600 . Since Andretti missed the pre-race drivers ' meeting , he was forced to start at the back of the field at Charlotte . He dropped out on lap 220 with engine failure , and finished 36th . Later in the year , Andretti raced in the Inaugural Brickyard 400 . Indy 500 veterans Danny Sullivan , A.J. Foyt , and Geoff Brabham also qualified for the event . But Andretti became the first driver to compete in both events in the same season . 1995 ( edit ) IndyCar veteran Davy Jones announced plans to attempt the `` Double Duty . '' He qualified at Indy , but failed to qualify at Charlotte . No drivers or teams expressed interest in attempting the double in 1996 . Meanwhile , the open wheel `` split '' was the focus of the month at Indy . 1997 ( edit ) Robby Gordon has attempted `` Double Duty '' five times . IndyCar veteran Robby Gordon switched full - time to NASCAR for 1997 . Driving for the Felix Sabates SABCO Racing team , he was entered in both races , a highly funded , and highly publicized effort . On race day , however , the Indy 500 was rained out , and the opportunity for the true `` Double Duty '' was eliminated . Gordon departed the grounds , and went directly to Charlotte when the postponement was announced . Gordon finished 41st at Charlotte after a crash . On Monday , Gordon flew back to Indy , and started the race . The race was halted on lap 15 due to rain , and the conclusion was pushed into Tuesday . On Tuesday , Gordon dropped out early with a fire , and finished 29th . 1998 ( edit ) No drivers attempted the `` Double Duty , '' but one crew member worked both races . Dale Earnhardt 's gasman Danny `` Chocolate '' Myers was invited to also serve as the fueler for Billy Boat 's car at A.J. Foyt Racing . 1999 ( edit ) Tony Stewart , an IRL regular from 1996 - 1998 , switched to the NASCAR Winston Cup Series for 1999 . He arranged to attempt `` Double Duty '' for the first time . On pole day , Stewart had to qualify at Indy , then quickly fly to Charlotte in order to participate in the Winston Open . He was forced to take a slow speed in time trials , and ended up qualifying 24th at Indy . That evening , Stewart won the Winston Open , and finished second in main event , The Winston . On race day , Stewart finished 9th at the Indy 500 , and was not a factor . At Charlotte , Stewart led laps , and finished 4th . Robby Gordon and Roberto Moreno became the first two drivers to compete in a CART event and at the Indianapolis 500 on consecutive days . The Motorola 300 at Gateway was held on Saturday May 29 . Moreno finished 4th , and Gordon crashed and finished 27th . Gordon and Moreno both returned to Indy in time for Sunday 's race . 2000 ( edit ) Robby Gordon attempted `` Double Duty '' for the second time . On race day , rain delayed the start of the Indy 500 by three hours . Gordon remained at Indianapolis , and started the race as planned . He finished 6th , and back - up driver P.J. Jones started his car at Charlotte instead . After the Indy 500 was over , Gordon flew to Charlotte , and during a pit stop , took over the car from Jones . He drove the car to a 35th - place finish . Three other drivers competed in multiple events during the weekend . Juan Pablo Montoya and Jimmy Vasser participated in the CART Bosch Spark Plug Grand Prix at Nazareth Speedway on Saturday , the day before the Indy 500 . Montoya finished 4th , and Vasser 7th . Also on Saturday , Jason Leffler traveled to Charlotte to participate in the NASCAR Busch Series Carquest Auto Parts 300 . Leffler finished 21st at Charlotte . All three were back to Indy on Sunday . 2001 ( edit ) Tony Stewart completed all 1,100 miles in 2001 . For the second time , Tony Stewart decided to attempt `` Double Duty . '' Still part of Joe Gibbs Racing in NASCAR , he signed with Chip Ganassi Racing for Indy . On race day , Stewart was a factor all day , leading 13 laps . Despite a brief rain shower , the race did not have a significant delay . Stewart wound up finishing 6th at Indy , on the lead lap . He immediately departed for Charlotte , and made it to the track in just enough time . Starting last due to missing the drivers ' meeting , Stewart spun out on lap 2 , but claimed it was not due to fatigue . As the race continued , Stewart climbed up the standings , and finished third , on the lead lap . He became the first , and to date , only driver to complete all 1,100 miles of both races in the same day . 2002 ( edit ) Robby Gordon attempted `` Double Duty '' for the third time , and for the first time , rain did not interfere with his effort . At Indy , he finished 8th on the lead lap . At Charlotte , he started last ( due to missing the drivers ' meeting ) , but worked his way up to the top five . He started suffering from handling problems , and cramps in his leg , and he fell two laps down . He made up one lap , and finished 16th . At the end of the day , he was one lap short of completing the entire 1,100 miles . 2003 ( edit ) Robby Gordon attempted `` Double Duty '' for the fourth time . He qualified on the front row at Indy , but dropped out with gearbox trouble ( 22nd place ) . Due to his early retirement , and with adequate time , Gordon received a police escort by car to the airport instead of a helicopter ride . At Charlotte , Gordon was running 17th when the race was called for rain on lap 276 of 400 ( 414 miles ) . A week after race day , ESPN aired a one - hour documentary profiling the effort . For the third year in a row and fifth time overall , Robby Gordon attempted `` Double Duty . '' On race day , rain delayed the start of the Indy 500 by two hours . Gordon started the race as planned . On lap 27 , the red flag came out for rain , and the race was halted . It appeared that the rest of the day would likely be a washout , so Gordon departed for Charlotte . After another two hours , the track dried , and the race resumed . Jaques Lazier was standing by , and climbed in Gordon 's car to drive relief . He worked his way up the standings , but dropped out on lap 88 with a broken axle . Meanwhile , at Charlotte , Robby Gordon finished 20th , three laps down . On Bump Day ( May 23 ) , Tony Stewart created a stir when he made an unexpected visit to the Speedway . After finishing third the previous night in the NEXTEL All - Star Challenge , Stewart was seen in the Foyt garages climbing into a car and at one point even donned a driver 's suit . The car was wheeled to the pits and it appeared Stewart was preparing to take practice laps . Members of the media converged , and rumors began buzzing around the track about a possible `` Double Duty '' attempt . Stewart awaited permission from his sponsors to drive the car , but no deal could be arranged . A.J. Foyt and Stewart were given the dubious `` Jigger Award '' for pumping life into an otherwise uneventful day . 2005 -- 2012 ( edit ) In 2005 , the start time for the Indy 500 was moved to 12 p.m. EST ( 1 p.m. EDT ) , which significantly reduced the amount of time available for travel between the events . From 2005 - 2010 , the time frame was deemed insufficient , and despite various rumors of possible attempts over the years , the opportunity to perform `` Double Duty '' was effectively on hiatus . During this period , while no drivers attempted to compete in both races , some drivers and owners attended both races in whole or in part . In 2006 , Penske Racing 's Kurt Busch was in attendance at Indianapolis the morning of the race and watched the start of the 500 as a guest of Team Penske . Shortly after , he flew to Charlotte to arrive in time for the drivers meeting , and raced in the 600 . In 2007 , Richard Petty watched the start of the Indy 500 , along with Robbie Loomis and Dale Inman . They then flew to Charlotte to attend the 600 . Car owner Chip Ganassi was also scheduled to attend both races , but due to a mid-race rain delay , remained at Indy . In 2010 , Ganassi won at Indy with driver Dario Franchitti , then later flew to Charlotte to take in the second half of the 600 . His driver Jamie McMurray finished second in the 600 . For 2011 , the start time for the Indy 500 was moved back to 12 noon EDT , which effectively re-opened the travel window and made it possible to attempt `` Double Duty '' once again . Rumors began to surface that drivers ( namely Robby Gordon ) were interested in making the attempt . NASCAR regulars Jimmie Johnson and Kasey Kahne also reportedly expressed interest , and a rumor of a $ 20 million award for winning both races circulated . No plans ever materialized . A year later , despite some rumors about possibly doing the double in 2012 , Danica Patrick also nixed plans to compete in both races . 2013 ( edit ) Kurt Busch In early May 2013 , 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch tested for Andretti Autosport at Indianapolis , opening up the possibility of a `` Double Duty '' attempt in 2014 . During the private test , Busch reached a top lap of 218 mph . Busch successfully passed his initial rookie test for the Indianapolis 500 . 2014 ( edit ) On March 4 , 2014 , it was announced that Kurt Busch would attempt `` Double Duty '' with Andretti Autosport . The effort was done in - part to help raise awareness for military veterans with PTSD and TBI . Busch took part in a refresher test on April 29 , and a week later participated in the annual Rookie Orientation Program . Busch led the speed chart on Rookie Orientation day , then posted the second - fastest speed on May 13 . On May 17 , the first day of time trials , Busch made two qualifying attempts , and posted the 10th - fastest speed , just missing the Fast Nine Shootout . Just moments after his second attempt , he boarded a helicopter and then flew to Charlotte to compete in the NASCAR Sprint All - Star Race . Busch finished 11th in the All - Star Race , then flew back to Indianapolis for the second day of time trials . On May 18 , Busch qualified for the 12th starting position for the Indy 500 . On Monday , Busch participated in the post-qualifying practice session at Indy . About an hour and a half into the session , he suffered a hard crash in the exit of turn two . He was uninjured but forced to switch to a backup car for Carb Day and race day . On race day at Indianapolis , Busch started 12th , and fell back to as low as 20th . Although he was not a factor for the win , he finished on the lead lap in 6th and was the highest - finishing rookie . He tied with Robby Gordon and Tony Stewart as the three drivers to finish 6th , the best Indianapolis finish for Double Duty drivers . Busch arrived in Charlotte with time to spare , but was still required to start at the rear of the field due to missing the mandatory pre-race driver 's meeting . He ran as high as the top 15 , but ultimately failed to finish with a mid-race engine failure . He completed a total of 906 miles ( 1,458 km ) of racing . Busch was named the Indy 500 Rookie of the Year . Busch 's effort was documented on the NBCSN series 36 . 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) Indiana native Jeff Gordon , during his last NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season , drove the pace car at the start of the 2015 Indianapolis 500 before flying to Charlotte for the Coca Cola 600 . He has never competed in the Indy 500 , although he did win the Brickyard 400 five times . Doug Rice , the anchor of the Performance Racing Network , as well as the anchor for the Brickyard 400 on the IMS Radio Network , joined the broadcast crew as a pit reporter for the Indy 500 . Rice performed broadcasting `` double duty '' , working the pits for the Indy 500 , then flying to Charlotte Motor Speedway to call the Coca - Cola 600 later that evening . He is believed to be the first broadcaster to cover both races in - person on the same day . For 2016 , 2017 and 2018 , despite some very early rumors , no drivers attempted double duty at Indy and Charlotte . In 2017 , however , a highly publicized `` crossover '' type effort saw Formula One champion Fernando Alonso skip the Monaco Grand Prix and compete at Indianapolis . Race results ( edit ) The Indianapolis 500 is scheduled for 200 laps ( 500 miles ) . The Coca - Cola 600 is scheduled for 400 laps ( 600 miles ) . The typical number of starters , respectively , for each race is 33 ( Indianapolis ) and 40 ( Charlotte ) . During this period , the only deviation was in 1997 , when the Indianapolis 500 had 35 starters due to extenuating circumstances following the close of time trials . Year Driver Indianapolis 500 Results Coca - Cola 600 Results Team Laps Finish Report Team Laps Finish Report 1994 John Andretti A.J. Foyt Enterprises 196 10th Report Hagan Racing 220 36th Report 1995 Davy Jones Dick Simon Racing 161 23rd Report D.K. Ulrich -- DNQ Report 1997 Robby Gordon SABCO Racing 19 29th Report SABCO Racing 186 ( of 333 ) 41st Report 1999 Tony Stewart TriStar Motorsports 196 9th Report Joe Gibbs Racing 400 4th Report 2000 Robby Gordon Team Menard 200 6th Report Team Menard 389 35th * Report 2001 Tony Stewart Chip Ganassi Racing 200 6th Report Joe Gibbs Racing 400 3rd Report 2002 Robby Gordon Team Menard / RCR 200 8th Report Richard Childress Racing 399 16th Report 2003 Robby Gordon Andretti Green Racing 169 22nd Report Richard Childress Racing 275 ( of 276 ) 17th Report Robby Gordon Robby Gordon Motorsports 88 ( of 180 ) 29th * Report Richard Childress Racing 397 20th Report 2014 Kurt Busch Andretti Autosport 200 6th Report Stewart - Haas Racing 271 40th Report 2000 : P.J. Jones started the race and was officially credited with the race points 2004 : Jaques Lazier took over during a rain delay and drove the final 61 laps Source : RacingReference.info & IndianapolisMotorSpeedway.com Statistics / Records ( edit ) Best combined results for both races 6th at Indianapolis & 3rd at Charlotte , Tony Stewart ( 2001 ) Most combined laps / miles completed for both races : 600 laps / 1,100 miles ( Tony Stewart , 2001 ) Best individual Indianapolis 500 result 6th : Robby Gordon ( 2000 ) 6th : Tony Stewart ( 2001 ) 6th : Kurt Busch ( 2014 ) Best individual Coca - Cola 600 result 3rd : Tony Stewart ( 2001 ) Other uses of the term ( edit ) Indianapolis 500 and Grand Prix of Monaco ( edit ) During the 1960s and 1970s , a handful of drivers raced at the Indianapolis 500 while maintaining a full - time schedule in Formula One . This would require them to travel between Indianapolis and Europe during the month of May , usually between Indy and the Monaco Grand Prix at Monte Carlo , two of the three components of the Triple Crown of Motorsport . For many years , Indy and Monaco were not held on the same day . Furthermore , prior to 1971 , the Indy 500 was held on May 30 regardless of the day of the week ( unless it fell on a Sunday , in which case it was scheduled for Monday May 31 ) . With the Indy 500 often falling on a weekday , and Monaco usually held on a Sunday a week or two prior , travel burdens were relatively workable . Racing at both Indy and Monaco in the same year became mostly impossible after Indy was moved to race on Sunday starting in 1974 , and Monaco likewise was eventually moved to the last Sunday in May ( same day as Indy ) , ending just a couple hours before the green flag dropped at Indianapolis . Same weekend races ( edit ) There are other lesser , informal uses of the term `` Double Duty '' in context to motorsports . Namely instances where a driver competes in two major races on the same day or on successive days . This occurs in a fairly regular fashion in NASCAR , where a driver ( often numerous drivers ) compete in the Xfinity Series and Sprint Cup Series events , or even Camping World Truck Series races ; this practice is widely known as `` Buschwhacking '' . However , in most cases , the multiple events take place at the same venue , diminishing the complexity of the feat . At times , some drivers even raced the entire Sprint Cup and entire Nationwide schedule , which included some travel between cities for a handful of weekends where the two series were at different venues . On rare occasions , there have been situations in which a Nationwide Series race became rained out , and was rescheduled for the day of the Sprint Cup race . This occurred the weekend of the 2007 Winn - Dixie 250 and Pepsi 400 at Daytona , and the 2010 spring weekend at Talladega , with the Aaron 's 312 happening after the Aaron 's 499 . In the later case , the resulting distance was over 851 miles distance traveled , as both races were extended by green - white - checkered finishes . Similarly , double duty has occurred in instances where a NASCAR driver also takes part in a support race ( namely Grand Am ) , but seldom attempted when the races were at different tracks . This is more prevalent at road courses such as Watkins Glen or Sonoma . Another example of this is at Daytona , where the Paul Revere 250 was held the same day as the Firecracker 400 numerous times , and several drivers competed in both . Another short - lived `` double duty '' occurred between the Indianapolis 500 and IMSA . A few drivers , Geoff Brabham , Kevin Cogan , and Rocky Moran , competed at Indy on Sunday , and at Lime Rock on Monday . Footnotes ( edit ) Works cited ( edit ) Indianapolis 500 History : Race & All - Time Stats - Official Site 1970 Indianapolis 500 Radio Broadcast : Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kurt Busch to try Indy 500 - Coca Cola 600 double duty '' . Sports Illustrated . 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Pennell , Jay ( 2014 - 03 - 087 ) . `` Kurt Busch on Indy - Charlotte double : ' I 'm driving for the military . ' '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` John Andretti -- Indy 's first ' Double Duty . ' '' . Crash.net. 2001 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ SportsCentre. 28 May 2017 . TSN . Jump up ^ The Talk of Gasoline Alley . May 6 , 2014 . WFNI . Jump up ^ `` 1965 World 600 '' . RacingReference.info . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Talk of Gasoline Alley , '' WFNI : May 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ The History of the 500 - WFNI / WIBC : Episode 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ The Talk of Gasoline Alley - 1070 - AM WIBC , August 6 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Leonard Wood has NASCAR Hall of Fame credentials '' . Fox Sports . 2012 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Official Box Score 50th Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race '' . Indy500.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 World 600 '' . RacingReference.info . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Official Box Score 51st Indianapolis 500 - Mile '' . Indy500.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 World 600 '' . RacingReference.info . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Official Box Score 52nd Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race '' . Indy500.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 World 600 '' . RacingReference.info . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Official Box Score 53rd Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race '' . Indy500.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 World 600 '' . RacingReference.info . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Virginia 500 '' . RacingReference.info . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 World 600 '' . RacingReference.info . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ The Talk of Gasoline Alley . July 22 , 2014 . WFNI . Jump up ^ `` 1973 World 600 '' . RacingReference.info . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Aumann , Mark ( 2009 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Guthrie opens NASCAR to a whole new World in 1976 '' . NASCAR.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Fleischman , Bill ( 1998 - 05 - 20 ) . `` He 'll Hit The Gas Crew Member Plans To Pull Double Duty At Indy , Charlotte '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Pulling double duty Gordon prepares for Indy , Coca - Cola 600 '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . 2000 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chasing the checkers NASCAR 's Stewart pulling double duty again '' . CNN / SI. 2001 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Chris ( 2002 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Double duty of 1,098.5 miles ' worth it ' for Gordon '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Doing Double Duty -- by Kay Bell '' . Overdrive. 2009 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis 500 Moves To Noon '' . RTV6. 2011 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Tim ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Smith 's NASCAR / IndyCar idea has potential , but plan must be revised '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 00 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( 2012 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Danica to run Coca - Cola 600 in 2012 '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Busch passes Indy test '' . ESPN.com. 2013 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cavin , Curt ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Indianapolis 500 blog : On Kurt Busch and Marco Andretti '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gluck , Jeff ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Kurt Busch to attempt Indianapolis 500 , Coke 600 ' double ' '' . USA Today . McLean , VA . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kurt Busch Double Official Site Jump up ^ Trackside with Kurt Cavin and Kevin Lee . April 21 , 2014 . WFNI . Jump up ^ Lewandowski , Dave ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Indy 500 rookies breeze through the program '' . IndyCar.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DiZinno , Tony ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` PRN radio reporter Doug Rice to pull Memorial Day broadcast double with Shell support '' . Motor Sports Talk . NBC Sports . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_Duty&oldid=843191672 '' Categories : Indianapolis 500 Motorsport terminology NASCAR races at Charlotte Motor Speedway Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 14 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who raced indy and charlotte in the same day	[ "Double Duty[1] also referred to as the Indy-Charlotte Double[2] or Memorial Day Double,[2] refers to an accomplishment in automobile racing in which a driver competes in the Indianapolis 500 and Coca-Cola 600 in the same day. The feat was first attempted by John Andretti on May 29, 1994.[3] In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first and only driver to date to successfully complete all 1,100 miles of both races in the same day. The two races, organized by separate sanctioning bodies—IndyCar and NASCAR respectively—are held on Memorial Day weekend, and are considered two of the biggest annual events on the U.S. motorsports calendar.\n" ]	[ "Tony Stewart" ]
3941159032520192855	Another Place (sculpture)	Another Place ( sculpture ) - wikipedia Another Place ( sculpture ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A portion of the installation showing the relation between three of the figures Another Place is a piece of modern sculpture by Sir Antony Gormley located at Crosby Beach in Liverpool City Region , England . It consists of 100 cast iron figures facing towards the sea . The figures are modelled on the artist 's own naked body . The work proved controversial due to the `` offensive '' nature of the naked statues but has increased tourism to the beach . After being exhibited at two other locations in Europe a meeting by Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council on 7 March 2007 decided that the sculptures should be permanently installed at the beach . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction and history 2 Public reception 3 Similar works 3.1 Time Horizon 3.2 Event Horizon 3.3 Horizon Field 4 Images 5 References 6 External links Construction and history ( edit ) A view of one of the figures The work consists of cast iron figures which face out to sea , spread over a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) stretch of the beach between Waterloo and Blundellsands . Each figure is 189 cm tall ( nearly 6 feet 21⁄2 inches ) and weighs around 650 kg ( over 1400 lb ) . In common with most of Gormley 's work , the figures are cast replicas of his own body . As the tides ebb and flow , the figures are , respectively , revealed and submerged by the sea . The figures were cast at two foundries : Hargreaves Foundry in Halifax , West Yorkshire and the Joseph and Jesse Siddons Foundry in West Bromwich by foundryman Derek Alexander . Another Place was first exhibited on the beach of Cuxhaven , Germany , in 1997 followed by Stavanger in Norway and De Panne in Belgium . Public reception ( edit ) Another Place at sunset Another Place was the subject of much controversy in Merseyside , despite many people considering the figures to be beautiful pieces of art , which have generated increased revenue from tourism in the local area . Originally , the statues were due to be relocated in November 2007 . Those who use the beach for watersports were among the most vocal in their resistance to the figures remaining , citing safety concerns . The coastguard also expressed safety concerns , fearing that tourists could become stuck in soft sand and get cut off by the tide . Conservationists , meanwhile , complained that bird - feeding areas had been compromised by the increased tourist traffic . Art lovers and local businesses , on the other hand , lobbied for the statues to stay . Gormley himself supported the proposal to keep the statues at Crosby Beach , saying the location was `` ideal '' . Barnacles growing on one of the figures In October 2006 , the local council refused to give permission for the statues to stay , prompting Gormley to criticise what he called Britain 's `` risk - averse culture . '' He stated , `` When I have been down on the beach myself , the majority of people have been intrigued , amused , sometimes very moved . '' The company Another Place Ltd was established to campaign for the figures ' permanent installation and appealed the council 's decision . In March 2007 , permission was granted for Another Place to remain at Crosby Beach permanently . The approved plan provided for 16 statues to be moved from contentious areas and decreased the installation 's area from 232 to 195 hectares . The full cost of such work was estimated at £ 194,000 , to be paid by Another Place Ltd with funding from sources including The Northern Way and Northwest Development Agency . In a press release , the Chief Executive of Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council , Graham Haywood , said , `` Despite some controversy , this internationally renowned artwork has aroused national and international public and media support ... The Iron Men have placed Crosby and Sefton firmly in the spotlight and the knock - on benefits of this should be felt for years to come . '' In 2012 , biologists from the University of Liverpool studied the colonisation of the statues by sessile intertidal organisms , such as invasive species of barnacles . Similar works ( edit ) Gormley has produced other works using similar life - sized iron statues . Time Horizon ( edit ) Visual arts portal Merseyside portal A second set of the same 100 figures were cast in 2006 for a new installation called Time Horizon . These were installed amongst a grove of olive trees at the Archaeological Park of Scolacium near Catanzaro in Calabria , Italy . The figures are set into the ground and face in a variety of directions , creating an effect very different from that of Another Place . Event Horizon ( edit ) Main article : Event Horizon ( sculpture ) Event Horizon consists of 31 statues placed on buildings around London . Horizon Field ( edit ) Main article : Horizon Field Horizon Field comprises 100 statues placed across 150 square kilometres in the Austrian Alps . Images ( edit ) The head of one of the figures One of the cast iron figures One of the figures with Liverpool Docks in the background One of the figures on Crosby Beach All of the figures stare out over the Irish Sea ; most are submerged at high tide Another view of one of the cast iron men References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Another Place by Antony Gormley '' . Sefton Council . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gormley 's statues stay out to sea , BBC News , 7 March 2007 , retrieved 8 March 2007 ^ Jump up to : Iron Men to stay in Crosby , Crosby Herald , 8 March 2007 , retrieved 8 March 2007 Jump up ^ `` J&J Siddons - Foundry - Home '' . jjsiddons.co.uk . Jump up ^ Ward , David ( 20 October 2006 ) , Gormley 's iron men will have to go , planning committee rules , London : The Guardian , retrieved 3 December 2006 Jump up ^ Carter , Helen ( 26 October 2006 ) , Time waits for the cast - iron men , London : The Guardian , retrieved 1 December 2006 Jump up ^ The Risk of Enjoying Art on the Shore , Reuters via The Epoch Times , 28 October 2006 , archived from the original on 6 July 2007 , retrieved 22 July 2007 Jump up ^ Iron Men are on the move , Crosby Herald , 19 July 2007 , retrieved 22 July 2007 Jump up ^ Press release : Green Light For Iron Men , Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council , retrieved 22 July 2007 Jump up ^ Bracewell , S.A. ; Spencer , M. ; Marrs , R.H. ; Iles , M. ; Robinson , L.A. ( 2012 ) . Thrush , Simon , ed . `` Cleft , Crevice , or the Inner Thigh : ' Another Place ' for the Establishment of the Invasive Barnacle Austrominius modestus ( Darwin , 1854 ) '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 11 ) : e48863 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0048863 . PMC 3492251 . PMID 23145000 . Jump up ^ Time Horizon , Archaeological Park of Scolacium , archived from the original on 10 January 2007 , retrieved 22 April 2007 External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Gormley 's Another Place stays in Sefton Wikimedia Commons has media related to Another Place . One of the first photographs on Gormley 's Flash - only web site shows Another Place in Cuxhaven , and it is also included as item 350 in his List of Works . Guardian article on Another Place and Gormley Liverpool Echo report on plans to retain Another Place at Crosby Coordinates : 53 ° 28 ′ 12 '' N 3 ° 02 ′ 46 '' W / 53.470 ° N 3.046 ° W / 53.470 ; - 3.046 ( hide ) Antony Gormley Sculptures Angel of the North Another Place Brick Man Event Horizon Field Havmannen Horizon Field Horizon Field Hamburg Iron : Man One & Other Quantum Cloud Stay Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Another_Place_(sculpture)&oldid=835226002 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in Merseyside Sefton Outdoor sculptures in England 1997 sculptures Sculptures by Antony Gormley Iron sculptures in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano עברית Lietuvių Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 10 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many statues are there on crosby beach	[ "Another Place is a piece of modern sculpture by Sir Antony Gormley located at Crosby Beach in Liverpool City Region, England. It consists of 100 cast iron figures facing towards the sea. The figures are modelled on the artist's own naked body.[1] The work proved controversial due to the \"offensive\" nature of the naked statues but has increased tourism to the beach. After being exhibited at two other locations in Europe a meeting by Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council on 7 March 2007 decided that the sculptures should be permanently installed at the beach. [2][3]" ]	[ "100" ]
-810558888711562362	Next of kin	Next of kin - wikipedia Next of kin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the term . For other uses , see Next of Kin . The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A person 's next of kin ( NOK ) is that person 's closest living blood relative or relatives . Some countries , such as the United States , have a legal definition of `` next of kin '' . In other countries , such as the United Kingdom , `` next of kin '' may have no legal definition and may not necessarily refer to blood relatives at all . In some legal systems , rights regarding inheritance ( which imply a decision - making capacity -- for example , in a medical emergency -- where no clear will or instructions have been given , and where the person has no spouse ) flow to the closest relative ( regardless of the age , with a representative appointed if a minor ) , usually a child , a parent or a sibling . However , there are people without any close adult relatives and , in such a case , decision - making power often flows to a niece or nephew , first cousin , aunt or uncle , or grandparent . For example , if a person dies intestate , the laws of some jurisdictions require distribution of the estate to the deceased 's spouse or children . However , if there are none of these , the estate can often be distributed to the next closest group of living relatives , whether they be parents , grandparents , first cousins , aunts and uncles , or second cousins in extreme cases . If a person dies intestate with no identifiable next of kin , the person 's estate generally escheats ( i.e. , legally reverts ) to the government . In cases of medical emergency , where a person is incapable ( either legally because of age or mental infirmity , or because they are unconscious ) of making decisions for themselves and they have no spouse or children , the next of kin may participate in medical decisions made by medical personnel , subject to the specific laws of the jurisdiction . The inability of persons who are not in a legal marriage to make decisions with respect to the care of a live - in partner has resulted in many jurisdictions giving live - in partners rights equivalent to a spouse in such situations , even though most jurisdictions still do not require non-spouses to be made beneficiaries of estates ( it is improper in most jurisdictions to disinherit a spouse ) . The inability of same - sex partners to have rights with respect to a partner 's medical care or funeral arrangements over and above those of the next - of - kin is one of the main reasons behind litigation to require same - sex marriage or its equivalent . For the purposes of next of kin , adopted children are treated as blood relatives . However , relatives by marriage are never considered next of kin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Order of precedence in the United States 2 United Kingdom 3 Ireland 4 References 5 External links Order of precedence in the United States ( edit ) `` American statutes typically provide that , in absence of issue and subject to the share of a surviving spouse , intestate property passes to the parents or to the surviving parent of the decedent '' . Under the civil law system of computation and its various modified forms that are widely adopted by statute in the United States , `` a claimant 's degree of kinship is the total of ( 1 ) the number of the steps , counting one from each generation , from the decedent up to the nearest common ancestor of the decedent and the claimant , and ( 2 ) the number of steps from the common ancestor down to the claimant . '' `` The claimant having the lowest degree count ( i.e. , the nearest or next of kin ) is entitled to the property . '' `` If there are two or more claimants who stand in equal degree of kinship to the decedent , they share per capita . '' Thus , the following conditions determine the usual order of precedence : In the absence of issue ( i.e. , children , grandchildren , and on down the line ) and in absence of your parents and their issue and grandparents and of their issue ( termed `` inner circle '' and are usually specifically mentioned in a statute ) , relatives who are closer in `` degree '' to the person in question always take precedence . For the purposes of this point , `` To determine any person 's degree of relation to the decedent , begin with the decedent and follow the line that connects the decedent with the other person . Each person that must be passed through before reaching the final person adds one degree to the total , including the final person . '' `` Of multiple relations with the same degree , those connecting through a nearer ancestor are more closely related to the decedent . '' Under these rules , an order of precedence is established . Here are the first few in the order ( specifically , those up to degree 6 ) : Spouse Children ( normally starting with eldest legal offspring ) Parents Siblings Grandchildren Grandparents Nieces / Nephews Aunts / Uncles Great Grandchildren Great Grandparents Great Nieces / Great Nephews First Cousins Great Aunts / Great Uncles Great - Great Grandchildren Great - Great Grandparents Great - Great Nieces / Great - Great Nephews First Cousins Once Removed ( the children of First Cousins and descendants of Grandparents ) First Cousins Once Removed ( the descendants of Great - Grandparents ) Great - Great Aunts / Great - Great Uncles Great - Great - Great Grandchildren Great - Great - Great Grandparents Great - Great - Great Nieces / Great - Great - Great Nephews First Cousins Twice Removed ( the descendants of Grandparents ) Second Cousins First Cousins Twice Removed ( the descendant of Great - Great Grandparents ) Great - Great - Great Aunts / Great - Great - Great Uncles Great - Great - Great - Great Grandchildren Great - Great - Great - Great Grandparents United Kingdom ( edit ) The term has no legal definition in the United Kingdom . An individual can nominate any other individual as their next - of - kin . There is no requirement for the nominated person to be a blood relative or spouse , although it is normally the case . Someone who has no close family ( or who has little or no contact with their surviving family members ) may decide to list someone outside their family as their next of kin , for instance a friend or a neighbour . The nominated person must agree to the nomination , otherwise it is invalid . The status of next - of - kin confers no legal rights and has no special responsibilities , except as referred to below in the specific context of the Mental Health Act . The status of next - of - kin does not in any way imply that they stand to inherit any of the individual 's estate in the event of their death . The intestacy rules stipulate who inherits automatically ( in the absence of a will ) ; an individual can make a will and nominate other persons . If a minor inherits ( children inherit from parents even in the absence of a will ) , then , until the child is 18 years of age , there is a `` trust '' imposed , which means that the executors or trustees of the will remain responsible for the assets until the child is 18 . The term `` next of kin '' should not be confused with parental responsibility . In the context of health care , patients are often asked to nominate a next - of - kin when registering with their general practitioner , or alternatively on admission to hospital . Hospitals will then notify the next - of - kin that the patient has been admitted or if there is any change in their condition . If the patient is unconscious or otherwise unable to state their next - of - kin , hospitals will usually list their nearest blood relative , though there are no specific rules . Doctors attempt to seek the views of the next - of - kin when considering decision making for unconscious patients or those who lack capacity . The next - of - kin has no power to make any decisions regarding medical care , only to advise , and can neither override the previously stated wishes of the patient nor prevent the medical team acting in what they consider to be the best interests of the patient . Traditionally , unmarried partners ( especially same sex ones ) were often excluded by certain institutions , but this has changed in recent years due to the increase in cohabitation in the UK , and in diverse families , such as those formed by unmarried partners with children ( 47.6 % of children were born outside marriage in 2012 ) . As a result of these social changes , the policy in most NHS trusts is to ask a person on their admission to hospital to nominate their next of kin formally . Powers similar to next - of - kin as defined in other jurisdictions can be explicitly delegated to another person using lasting power of attorney , under the provisions of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 ( note that this Act does not relate specifically to mental health and is largely unrelated to the Mental Health Act ) . The Mental Health Act 1983 , Section 26 replaced the traditional term next - of - kin with `` nearest relative '' . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , the term `` next of kin '' does have a meaning with regard to inheritance law . If a person dies intestate , that is without leaving a will , then the rules of the Succession Act 1965 apply . Part VI of the Act -- Distribution on Intestacy ( sections 66 -- 75 ) -- explains the rules of intestacy ; this was amended by Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 . With regard to medical law , `` next of kin '' is a very vague concept which has no legally defined meaning . If a patient is incapable of making a decision ( for instance due to unconsciousness ) , the present medical ethics in Ireland is to consult with the next of kin ( in order : spouse , children , parents , siblings ) . However , the next of kin have no general right to make decisions on behalf of adult patients . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Problems and Materials on Decedents ' Estates and Trusts . Scoles , Halbach , Roberts , Begleiter . Seventh Ed . Aspen Publishers . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 7355 - 4076 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Degrees of Kinship Chart by Civil Law - heirbase '' . mystatewill.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Intestacy - who inherits if someone dies without a will ? '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` In the absence of a will , who inherits and how much ? '' . successions-europe.eu . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Business - Sorting out your child 's inheritance '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Parental rights and responsibilities '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Eurostat - Tables , Graphs and Maps Interface ( TGM ) table '' . europa.eu . Jump up ^ `` Next of Kin - LivingTogether - Advicenow '' . advicenow.org.uk . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Making decisions for someone else , Office of the Public Guardian Jump up ^ Mental Capacity Act 2005 Jump up ^ `` Mental Health Act 1983 '' ( PDF ) . cqc.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 '' . irishstatutebook.ie . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Advance Care Directives '' . citizensinformation.ie . External links ( edit ) American National Next of Kin Registry 1983 Mental Health Act with amendments 2007 Amendments to the 1983 Mental Health Act UK Office of the Public Guardian GND : 4142414 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Next_of_kin&oldid=787375973 '' Categories : American legal terminology Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2017 , at 01 : 14 . About Wikipedia	who is the next of kin when someone dies uk	[ "A person's next of kin (NOK) is that person's closest living blood relative or relatives. Some countries, such as the United States, have a legal definition of \"next of kin\". In other countries, such as the United Kingdom, \"next of kin\" may have no legal definition and may not necessarily refer to blood relatives at all." ]	[ "the United Kingdom, \"next of kin\" may have no legal definition and may not necessarily refer to blood relatives at all" ]
2329539301501125159	Metrication in the United Kingdom	Metrication in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Metrication in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Loose tomatoes for sale in 2013 dual - priced in imperial ( £ 0.99 / lb ) and metric ( £ 2.18 / kg ) units . Common signs like these do not comply with legislation as metric prices must not be less prominent . Metrication in the United Kingdom , the process of introducing the metric system of measurement in place of imperial units , has made steady progress since the mid -- 20th century but today remains equivocal and varies by context . Most of government , industry and commerce use metric units , but imperial units are officially used to specify journey distances , vehicle speeds and the sizes of returnable milk containers , beer and cider glasses ( though fresh milk is often still sold in multiples of pints , with the metric equivalent also marked ) . Imperial units are also often used to describe body measurements and vehicle fuel economy . In schools metric units are taught and used as the norm and imperial units that remain in common usage in the UK must also be taught . Adopting the metric system was discussed in Parliament as early as 1818 and some industries and even some government agencies had metricated , or were in the process of metricating by the mid 1960s . A formal government policy to support metrication was agreed by 1965 . This policy , initiated in response to requests from industry , was to support voluntary metrication , with costs picked up where they fell . In 1969 the government created the Metrication Board as a quango to promote and coordinate metrication . In 1978 , after some carpet retailers reverted to pricing by the square yard rather than the square metre , government policy shifted , and they started issuing orders making metrication mandatory in certain sectors . In 1980 government policy shifted again to prefer voluntary metrication , and the Metrication Board was abolished . By the time the Metrication Board was wound up , all the economic sectors that fell within its remit except road signage and parts of the retail trade sector had metricated . The treaty of accession to the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , which the United Kingdom joined in 1973 , obliged the United Kingdom to incorporate into domestic law all EEC directives , including the use of a prescribed SI - based set of units for many purposes within five years . By 1980 most pre-packaged goods were sold using the prescribed units . Mandatory use of prescribed units for retail sales took effect in 1995 for packaged goods and in 2000 for goods sold loose by weight . The use of `` supplementary indications '' or alternative units ( generally the traditional imperial units formerly used ) was originally to have been permitted for only a limited period . That period being extended a number of times due to public resistance , until in 2009 the requirement to ultimately cease use of traditional units alongside metric units was finally removed . British scientists , philosophers and engineers have been at the forefront of the development of metrication -- in 1668 John Wilkins first proposed a coherent system of units of measure , in 1861 a committee of the British Association for Advancement of Science ( BAAS ) , including William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) , James Clerk Maxwell and Joule among its members , defined various electrical units in terms of metric rather than imperial units , and in the 1870s Johnson , Matthey & Co manufactured the international prototype metre and kilogram . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before 1799 1.2 1799 -- 1965 2 1965 onwards 2.1 The Metrication Board 2.2 Policy review 2.3 Progress 2.4 Engineering - related industries 2.5 Education 2.6 Wholesale , retail and consumer industries 2.7 Other sectors 2.8 Costs 3 Regulatory aspects 3.1 Adoption of European legislation 3.2 Supplementary indicators 3.3 Scope of the EU Directive 3.4 Weighing machines 4 Assessment of the British metrication programme 5 Current usage 5.1 Retail industry 5.2 Government organisations 5.3 Road and rail transport 6 Public opinion 6.1 2013 public survey of understanding and use 6.2 2016 public survey of preference following Brexit referendum 7 Advocacy groups 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography History ( edit ) Before 1799 ( edit ) When James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne in 1603 , England and Scotland had different systems of measure . Superficially the English and the Scots units of measure were similar -- many had the same names -- but there were differences in their sizes : in particular the Scots pint and gallon were more than twice the size of their English counterparts . In 1707 , under the Act of Union , the Parliaments of England and Scotland were merged and the English units of measurement became the standard for the whole new Kingdom of Great Britain . The practical effect of this was that both systems were used in Scotland , and the Scottish measures remained in common use until the Weights and Measures Act 1824 outlawed them . Gunter 's chain -- one of Britain 's earliest decimal - based measuring devices , each link being 0.001 furlongs , greatly simplified the measurement of land area This period marked the Age of Enlightenment , when people started using the power of reason to reform society and advance knowledge . Britons played their role in the realm of measurement , laying down practical and philosophical foundations for a decimal system of measurement which were ultimately to provide the building blocks of the metric system . One of the earliest decimal measuring devices , developed in 1620 by the English clergyman and mathematician Edmund Gunter , introduced two new units of measure -- the chain and the link -- and a new measuring device : Gunter 's chain . Gunter 's chain was one chain ( one tenth of a furlong ) in length and consisted of 100 links , making each link 0.001 furlongs . The decimal nature of these units and of the device made it easy to calculate the area of a rectangle of land in acres and decimal fractions of an acre . A decimal system of measurement was part of Wilkin 's philosophical language published in 1668 In 1670 , John Wilkins , the first president of the Royal Society , published his proposal for a decimal system of measure , in his work An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language . His proposal envisaged a system of units in which the base unit of length was defined by a pendulum that had a period of one second , and the base unit of mass was defined by a cube of rainwater having sides equal to the base unit of length . He recycled the existing names of units of measure , so that there were 10 lines in an inch , 10 inches in a foot , and so on . A century later , his concept of defining unit mass in terms of a cube of water with edges of unit length was one of the fundamental concepts of the metric system . Having difficulties in communicating with German scientists , the Scottish inventor James Watt , in 1783 , called for the creation of a global decimal measurement system . A letter of invitation , in 1790 , from the French National Assembly to the British Parliament to help create such a system using the length of a pendulum as the base unit of length received the support of the British Parliament , championed by John Riggs Miller , but when the French overthrew their monarchy and decided to use the meridional definition of the metre as their base unit , Britain withdrew support . The French continued alone and created the foundations of what is now called the Système International d'Unités and is the measurement system for most of the world . 1799 -- 1965 ( edit ) In 1799 , the French created , and started to use , a new system with the metre and the kilogram as the units of length and mass . As use of this new system , originally called the `` Decimal System '' , spread through Europe , there were some calls in the United Kingdom for decimalisation . The issue of decimalisation of measurement was intertwined in the United Kingdom with decimalisation of currency . The idea was first discussed by a Royal Commission that reported in 1818 , and again in Parliament by Sir John Wrottesley in 1824 . Another Royal Commission was set up 1838 by Chancellor of the Exchequer Thomas Spring Rice and it reported in 1841 that decimal coinage was required first . A third commission in 1853 advocated decimal coinage in the form £ 1 : 10 florins : 100 cents : 1000 mils . The first florins ( one tenth of a pound sterling ) were struck in 1849 as silver coins weighing 11.3 grams ( 0.40 ounces ) and having a diameter of 28 millimetres ( 1.1 inches ) . Queen Victoria opens the Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park , London , in 1851 . Judges in the exhibition were hampered by the variety of units of measure in use . An early supporter of the Decimal Association was the mathematician Augustus de Morgan whose articles supporting the metric system had been published in the Penny Cyclopeadia ( 1833 ) and The Companion to the Almanac ( 1841 ) . A few days later Wrottesley met with Gladstone , then Chancellor of the Exchequer , but was unable to win him over to the idea . The inherent problems associated with handling multiple currencies and systems of units encountered in the Great Exhibition of 1851 triggered calls for a standardisation of units across Europe with the metric system being suggested as the natural choice . In 1854 , de Morgan was influential in setting up the `` Decimal Association '' to lobby for decimalisation of both measurement and coinage . In 1862 , the Select Committee on Weights and Measures favoured the introduction of decimalisation to accompany the introduction of metric weights and measures . A further Royal Commission `` on the question of the introduction of metric system of weights and measures '' also reported in 1869 In 1863 , a bill which would have mandated the use of the metric system throughout the British Empire , and which had passed its first and second readings in the House of Commons , was rejected at its Commons Committee stage as impractical , and so did not pass into law . The following year , after pressure from the astronomers George Airy and Sir John Herschel , the bill was watered down to merely legalise the use of the metric system in contracts . It was presented and passed as a Private Member 's Bill . Ambiguous wording in the 1864 Act meant that traders who possessed metric weights and measures were still liable to arrest under the Weights and Measures Act 1835 5 ° & 6 ° William IV . Cap . 63 . While the politicians were discussing whether or not to adopt the metric system , British scientists were in the forefront in developing the system . In 1845 , a paper by James Prescott Joule proved the equivalence of mechanical and thermal energy , a concept that is vital to the metric system -- in SI , power is measured in watts and energy in joules regardless of whether it is mechanical , electrical or thermal . Joule 's Heat Apparatus , 1845 In 1861 , a committee of the British Association for Advancement of Science ( BAAS ) including William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) , James Clerk Maxwell and Joule among its members was tasked with investigating the `` Standards of Electrical Resistance '' . In their first report ( 1862 ) , they laid the ground rules for their work -- the metric system was to be used and measures of electrical energy must have the same units as measures of mechanical energy . In the second report ( 1863 ) , they introduced the concept of a coherent system of units whereby units of length , mass and time were identified as `` fundamental units '' ( now known as base units ) . All other units of measure could be derived ( hence derived units ) from these base units . In 1873 , another committee of the BAAS that also counted Maxwell and Thomson among its members and was tasked with `` the Selection and Nomenclature of Dynamical and Electrical Units '' . They recommended the CGS ( centimetre - gram - second ) system of units . The committee also recommended the names `` dyne '' and `` erg '' for the CGS units of force and energy . The CGS system became the basis for scientific work for the next seventy years . In 1875 , a British delegation was one of twenty national delegations to a convention in Paris that resulted in seventeen of the nations signing the Metre Convention on 20 May 1875 , and the establishment of three bodies , the CGPM , CIPM and BIPM , that were charged with overseeing weights and measures on behalf of the international community . The United Kingdom was one of the countries that declined to sign the convention . In 1882 the British firm Johnson , Matthey & Co secured an agreement with the French government to supply 30 standard metres and 40 standard kilograms . Two years later the United Kingdom signed the treaty and the following year it was found that the standard yard which had been in use since 1855 had been shrinking at the rate of one part per million every twenty years . In 1889 , one of the standard metres and one of the standard kilograms that had been cast by Johnson , Matthey & Co were selected at random as the reference standard and the other standards , having been cross-correlated with each other , were distributed to the signatory nations of the treaty . In 1896 , Parliament passed the Weights and Measures ( Metric System ) Act , legalising metric units for all purposes but not making them compulsory . The situation was clarified in 1897 following another Select Committee which also recommended that metrication become compulsory by 1899 . In 1902 , an Empire conference decided that metrication should be compulsory across the British Empire . In 1904 , scientist Lord Kelvin led a campaign for metrication and collected 8 million signatures of British subjects . On the opposition side , 1904 saw the establishment of the British Weights and Measures Association for `` the purpose of defending and , where practicable , improving the present system of weights and measures '' . At this time 45 % of British exports were to metricated countries . Parliament voted to set up a Select Committee on the matter . This Select Committee reported in 1907 and a bill was drafted proposing compulsory metrication by 1910 , including decimalisation of coinage . The matter was dropped in the face of wars and depression , and would not be again raised until the White Paper of 1951 , the result of the Hodgson Committee Report of 1949 which unanimously recommended compulsory metrication and currency decimalisation within ten years . The report said `` The real problem facing Great Britain is not whether to adhere either to the Imperial or to the metric system , but whether to maintain two legal systems or to abolish the Imperial . '' The report also recommended that any change should be implemented in concert with the Commonwealth ( former Empire ) and the USA , that the United Kingdom adopt a decimal currency and that the United Kingdom and United States harmonise their respective definitions of the yard using the metre as a reference . The Hodgson Report was originally rejected by British industry , but in 1959 the United Kingdom and United States redefined their respective yards to be 0.9144 m exactly . The introduction of the metric system was a topic at the Fifth Commonwealth Standards Conference that was held in Sydney in 1962 . The following year a poll by the British Standards Institute ( BSI ) revealed that the majority of its members favoured a transition to the metric system and two years later ( 1965 ) , after taking a poll of its members , the Confederation of British Industry informed the government that they favoured the adoption of the metric system , though some sectors emphasised the need for a voluntary system of adoption . In 1966 the Government announced the adoption in 1971 of a decimal currency . 1965 onwards ( edit ) Metrication logo of the Board of Trade Soft metrication : British electric plug designed to BS 1363 . The blade width , originally ⁄ inch as per BS 1363 : 1947 is now 6.35 mm as per BS 1363 : 1995 In 1965 , the then Federation of British Industry informed the British Government that its members favoured the adoption of the metric system . The Board of Trade , on behalf of the Government , agreed to support a ten - year metrication programme . There would be minimal legislation as the programme was to be voluntary and costs were to be borne where they fell . Work on adapting specifications started almost as soon as the government first gave its approval in 1965 . The BSI took the lead in coordinating the efforts of industry , and where appropriate working with the International Organisation for Standardisation ( ISO ) , CEE , CEN and CENELEC while the Royal Society liaised with professional societies , schools and the like . Initially the BSI targeted 1200 basic standards which were converted to metric units by 1970 . Most of the remaining 4000 standards were converted in the ensuing five years . There were three principal ways in which metrication was implemented : Hard metrication which resulted in new products based on round metric quantities -- for example A4 paper replaced both foolscap and quarto paper and in rugby union 5 , 10 and 22 metre lines replaced the 5 , 10 and 25 yard lines respectively . In many cases the new British Standards were based on existing foreign or international standards , for example ISO 216 ( based on the German DIN standard DIN 476 ) which defined the `` A series '' of paper . Soft metrication where existing standards were rewritten using metric units , but the underlying products remained unchanged : one typical example is that the standard rail gauge was changed from 4 ft 8 ⁄ in to 1435 mm , a reduction of 0.1 mm , but well within the allowable tolerance of 5 mm . This approach was used where any radical changes would have been impractical . Revision of measurement techniques were introduced in cases where the concepts behind the existing standard or practice were found to be archaic . One such revision was to define the strength of alcoholic drink as a percentage alcohol by volume rather than , in the case of whisky , in `` degrees proof '' ( described by Lord Brown as being `` based on a test that involves the burning of a given quantity of gunpowder '' ) . The metrication Board ( edit ) Main article : Metrication Board Metric Britain logo , Metrication Board In July 1968 , following the publication of a report from the Standing Joint Committee on Metrication , the government announced that an advisory metrication board would be set up as soon as possible , to oversee the metrication process , with a target completion date of the end of 1975 . The report favoured the board being made up of part - time members drawn from commerce and industry , with government , education and consumer interests also being represented . In December 1968 the government announced the set up of the Metrication Board to coordinate the metrication programme , with Lord Ritchie - Calder being appointed as chairman . By this time much of the groundwork , especially rewriting of many British Standards using metric units , had been done and many of the industries that stood to benefit from metrication had already metricated , or had a metrication programme in progress . Policy Review ( edit ) The general election of 18 June 1970 resulted in a change of government and four months later , on 27 October 1970 , following an anti-metrication motion being tabled calling on the new government not to continue with the previous government 's metrication commitments , the government announced that a White Paper would be produced to examine the cost , savings , advantages and disadvantages of a change to the metric system . During the debate when the announcement was made , Conservative MPs complained that metrication was being introduced by stealth . The White Paper was published in February 1972 , and it set out the case for metrication and refuted the charge of metrication by stealth as metric units had been lawful for most purposes since 1897 . It also reported that metrication would be necessary for the UK to join the European Common Market and that as British industry was exporting to all parts of the world they would benefit . It also reiterated the previous government 's policy that metrication should be voluntary and hoped metrication would be mostly complete within ten years . The expectation was also expressed that with both the imperial and metric systems coexisting for many years , that consumers would gradually become familiar and comfortable with the metric system . Progress ( edit ) Shortly after the publication of the White Paper , the Minister of Transport announced postponement of the metrication of speed limits , which had been scheduled for 1973 . The rest of the metrication programme continued , with the following completion dates : 1970 Electric Cable Makers Confederation , British Aerospace Companies Limited drawing and documentation , London Metal Exchange , flat glass 1971 Paper and board , National Coal Board designs , pharmaceuticals 1972 Paint industry , steel industry , building regulations 1974 Textile and wool transactions , leading clothing manufacturers adopt dual units 1975 Retail trade in fabrics and floor coverings , post office tariffs , medical practice 1976 Bulk sales of petroleum , agriculture and horticulture 1977 Livestock auctions 1978 Solid fuel retailing , cheese wholesaling , bread , London Commodity Market Yet the target of completion by 1975 `` in concert with the Commonwealth '' was not achieved ; Australia , New Zealand and South Africa all completed their metrication processes by 1980 . Engineering - related industries ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Humber Bridge , one of the first major British civil engineering projects to be designed using metric units . There was no single approach to the metrication of the engineering industry : in some areas soft metrication was applied and in others hard metrication . In certain branches metrication was achieved by adopting the equivalent European or international standard , but this was not always possible as certain standards , such as BS 1363 which defined electric plugs were peculiarly British while the petrochemical industry had standardised on API and ANSI standards . An example of a hard metrication changeover was the threaded fastener industry ( nuts and bolts ) where 21 `` first choice '' BSW , BSF and BA series thread in the range 0 BA to 1 inch plus another 20 UNC and UNF fasteners were replaced by just seven metric sizes . This resulted in considerable cost savings , not only due to the reduction in inventories , but also the numbers of taps , dies , tapping and clearance drills that workshops held . An example of soft conversion was within the construction products industry ( metricated 1969 and 1972 ) where certain products continue to be produced to with reference to Imperial trade names but made using metric dimensions in the factory ; for example , a 13 mm thick plasterboard is still often called ' half - inch ' , even though the measurement is rounded to a convenient metric size and so is now only approximately half an inch thick . The construction industry itself ( which included civil engineering projects ) was one of the leaders in the metrication programme , having drawn up a detailed plan in 1967 and completing the phase - over by the end 1972 . The BSI , after consultations with the engineering industry , had set a target of 75 % of the industry being metric by the end of 1975 . This target was not reached , one of the principal reasons being that other sectors , especially the retail sector , were lagging in reaching their targets . Education ( edit ) In England and Wales , unlike Scotland , education was controlled at county council level rather than at national level . In 1967 the Department for Education alerted all local education authorities to the need to adapt to the metric system . In 1968 all bodies that had an interest in the examination system were invited to contribute to the discussion of both metrication and decimalisation in education . In science subjects , this meant a conversion from the cgs system to SI , in geography from the imperial system to SI while in mathematics it meant discarding the teaching of mixed unit arithmetic , a topic that took up a significant part of the time allocated in primary schools to arithmetic / mathematics and 7 % of total time allocated to all subjects . Old - fashioned schoolroom at The Ragged School Museum , with pre-decimal - currency conversions on the blackboard In Scotland , virtually all examinations set from 1973 onwards used SI , especially those connected with science and engineering . In England , each examination board had its own timetable -- the Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations , for example , announced a change to SI in 1968 , with examinations in science and mathematics using SI by 1972 , Geography in 1973 and Home Economics and various craft subjects being converted by the end of 1976 . Pupils were hampered by a revolution in teaching methods that was taking place at the same time and a lack of coordination at the national level . According to a report in 1982 , children were taught the relationship between decimal counting , decimal money and metric measurements , with time being the only quantity whose units were manipulated in a mixed - unit manner . The year 1988 saw the introduction of the National Curriculum , in which SI is the principal system of measurement and calculation . Following devolution , there are now separate but similar curricula for state schools in England , Wales , Northern Ireland , and Scotland . They provide for pupils to be taught to measure , calculate and solve problems using the metric system , but also to be cognisant of the Imperial measurements still in common use and their approximate metric equivalents . Wholesale , retail and consumer industries ( edit ) An example of metrication of United Kingdom consumer products . Two of the four items are in rounded metric amounts . The milk and sausages have supplementary indicators ( `` 2 pints '' and `` 12oz '' ) on their packaging . The retail industry proved difficult for the Metrication Board . The sector saw little benefit in metrication -- competition was fierce and margins low . The opinions of the trade organisations with which the Metrication Board could negotiate were fragmented . Many sectors of the industry did agree to a programme coordinated by the Metrication Board , with metrication of pre-packaged goods being introduced on a commodity by commodity basis . In 1977 when a carpet retailing chain reneged on an industry - wide agreement to use metric units ( carpeting at £ 8.36 per square yard being much more appealing to the customer than carpeting at £ 10.00 per square metre ) , it became necessary for the first time to use legislation to enforce metrication rather than to rely on a voluntary adoption of the system . Much of the retail industry was metricated during 1977 and 1978 by means of statutory orders . By the beginning of 1980 , 95 % of the `` basic shopping basket '' of foods were sold in metric quantities , with only a few products not being sold in prescribed metric quantities . The final report of the Metrication Board catalogues dried vegetables , dried fruit , flour and flour products , oat products , cocoa and chocolate powder , margarine , instant coffee , pasta , biscuits , bread , sugar , corn flakes , salt , white fats , dripping and shredded suet as being sold by prescribed metric quantities while no agreement had been reached with the industry regarding jam , marmalade , honey , jelly preserves , syrup , cereal grain and starches . When the Metrication Board was abolished in 1980 , agreement had been reached with the EEC regarding the use of certain imperial measures until the end of 1989 , a date that was subsequently extended to 1999 . By this date most pre-packaged goods were sold in metric quantities with loose goods and goods weighed in front of the customer continuing to be sold in imperial quantities . In 1999 , when the British Government allowed the derogation for the use of imperial units to lapse , all goods ( apart from beer , cider and milk in returnable containers ) had to be priced in metric units . The changeover to selling of petrol by the litre rather than by the gallon took place after the Board was wound up . It was prompted by a technical shortcoming of petrol pump design : pumps ( which were electro - mechanical ) had been designed to be switchable between metric and imperial units , but had no provisions for prices above £ 1.999 per unit of fuel . Once the price of petrol rose above £ 1 per gallon , the industry requested that they be permitted to sell fuel by the litre rather than the gallon , enabling them to reduce the unit price by a factor of about 4.5 and so to extend the lives of existing pumps . In the United Kingdom , draught beer and cider are the only goods that may not be sold in metric units ; the only legal measures for these are ⁄ pint ( 190 ml ) ( rarely encountered ) , ⁄ pint ( 283 ml ) and multiples of the pint . Other alcoholic drinks for consumption on the premises are sold by metric measure : the ⁄ , ⁄ and ⁄ gill measures for spirits ( whisky , gin , rum and vodka ) were replaced by 25 ml and 35 ml measures on 1 January 1995 and since 1995 wine may only be sold in 125 ml , 175 ml or 250 ml glasses . ( Prior to 1995 , the size of wine glasses was unregulated . ) Other sectors ( edit ) Grid square TF . The map shows The Wash and adjoining areas . The grid square itself has sides of 100 km ; the smaller squares shown on the map each have sides of 10 km . Before the Hodgson Committee , the metrication process was already in operation . One example was the Ordnance Survey , the national mapping agency for Great Britain , which initiated the Retriangulation of Great Britain in 1936 , using metric measures . A metric National Grid was then used as the basis for maps published by the Ordnance Survey from World War II onwards , the War Office maps having had a metric grid since 1920 . The Ordnance Survey decided on full metrication in 1964 . The best - selling 1 inch to the mile range of maps started being replaced with the 1 : 50000 range in 1969 . The metrication of Admiralty Charts began in 1967 as part of a modernisation programme . As of 2013 , road and street maps with primary scales in inches per mile were still being produced by the company Geographers ' A -- Z Street Atlas. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Another example was the Met Office who , in 1962 , started publishing temperatures in both Celsius and Fahrenheit , dropping the use of Fahrenheit from their official reports in 1970 . Many other sectors metricated their operations in the late 1960s or early 1970s , invisibly to the general public , though their use of metric units can be seen in the financial pages of the leading newspapers . Such sectors included the principal London commodity markets ( apart from the oil industry ) the London Metal Exchange , and the various agricultural markets . Costs ( edit ) The basic features of the British metrication programme as announced in 1966 was a voluntary adoption of the metric programme with the costs being absorbed where they fell . As a result , the costs and savings of metrication in the United Kingdom have not been comprehensively determined and studies have tended to focus on specific programmes . The impact of a voluntary programme meant that industry was free to take the most cost - efficient approach , which in many cases has meant installing equipment calibrated in metric units as part of an ongoing maintenance cycle rather than as part of a specific metrication programme . Such an approach was taken by the gas industry where all newly installed meters record usage in cubic metres , but many older installations will measure in cubic feet . A 1970s study by the United Kingdom chemical industry estimated costs at £ 6m over seven years , or 0.25 % of expected capital investment over the change period . Other estimates ranged from 0.04 % of a large company 's turnover spread over seven years to 2 % of a small company 's turnover for a single year . Many companies reported recouping their costs within a year as a result of improved production . Some 90 % of United Kingdom exports go to metric countries ( as only Liberia , Burma and the United States have not adopted the International System of Units ) , and there are costs to business of maintaining two production lines ( one for exports to the US in US customary units , and the other for domestic sales and exports to the rest of the world in metric ) . These have been estimated at 3 % of annual turnover by the Institute of Production Engineers , and at £ 1.1 billion ( 1980 ) per annum by the CBI . Regardless of United Kingdom metrication , goods produced in the United Kingdom for export to the United States would have still been labelled in non-metric units to comply with the US Fair Packaging and Labelling Act . In 1978 the cost of converting road signs from miles to kilometres in the United Kingdom was estimated to be between £ 71⁄2 and £ 81⁄2 million ( 1978 prices ) . A 2005 report pointed to the metrication of the United Kingdom 's two million road signs as the major cost of completing the United Kingdom 's metrication programme . The Department for Transport ( DfT ) costed the replacement of all of the United Kingdom 's road signs in a short period of time at between £ 565 million and £ 644 million . In 2008 -- 09 , before the outcome of the consultations that led to the EU directive 2009 / 3 / EC was known , the DfT had a contingency of £ 746 million for the metrication of roads signs . In contrast , the United Kingdom Metrication Association , in a report published in 2006 , and using a model based on the Irish road sign metrication programme , estimated the cost of converting road signs to be £ 80 million , spread over 5 years ( or about 0.25 % of the annual roads budget ) . Regulatory Aspects ( edit ) Further information : European units of measurement directives Adoption of European legislation ( edit ) A public safety notice with distance quoted in metres . Traditionally , weights and measures legislation in the United Kingdom only applied to trade , but when the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community , it had to align its legislation with EEC directives that were in place . These directives included EEC directive 71 / 354 / EEC which related to weights and measures and which required the United Kingdom to formally define in law a number of units of measure , hitherto formally undefined in law including those for electric current ( ampere ) , electric potential difference ( volt ) , temperature ( degree Celsius and kelvin ) , pressure ( pascal ) , energy ( joule ) and power ( watt ) . Maximum permitted weight on an NHS hospital trolley Due to public opposition to metrication ( a 1979 survey indicated that , of people who knew about the programme , 46 % opposed it and 31 % supported it ) , the programme stalled . In the late 1970s , the United Kingdom government asked the EEC to postpone the deadlines for the introduction of metric units . The result was the repeal of directive 71 / 354 / EEC and the introduction of directive 80 / 181 / EEC . This new directive contained a derogation allowing for the continued use in the United Kingdom , until the end of 1989 ( subsequently extended to 1995 ) , of many imperial units then in use for trade . The directive should have been transposed into United Kingdom law by 30 June 1981 , but this transposition only occurred with the enactment of The Weights and Measures Act 1985 , which also removed from the statute book a large number of imperial units of measure that had fallen into disuse as a result of the completed elements of the metrication programme . At the end of 1988 , the derogation was extended generally to the end of 1994 , and to the end of 1999 for the sale of loose goods . This amendment was transposed into United Kingdom law by the Units of Measurement Regulations 1994 . At the same time , regulations were passed prescribing metric quantities by which the remaining pre-packaged retail commodities not yet defined in metric terms could be sold . From the beginning of 1995 , pre-packed coffee , coffee mixtures and coffee bags had to be sold in the prescribed quantities of 57 grams ( 2 oz ) , 75 grams ( 2.6 oz ) , 113 grams ( 4 oz ) 125 grams ( 4.4 oz ) , 227 grams ( 8 oz ) , 250 grams ( 8.8 oz ) , 340 grams ( 12 oz ) , 454 grams ( 1 lb ) , 500 grams ( 1.1 lb ) , 680 grams ( 1.50 lb ) , 750 grams ( 1.65 lb ) or a multiple of 454 grams ( 1 lb ) or of 500 grams ( 1.1 lb ) ; and honey , jam and marmalade other than diabetic jam or marmalade , jelly preserves and molasses , syrup and treacle in 57 grams ( 2 oz ) , 113 grams ( 4 oz ) , 227 grams ( 8 oz ) , 340 grams ( 12 oz ) , 454 grams ( 1 lb ) , 680 grams ( 1.50 lb ) or a multiple of 454 grams ( 1 lb ) . The number of units of measure to which derogations applied was reduced with effect from 1 October 1995 and reduced further with effect from 1 January 2000 . A direct result of the changes that were effective from 1 January 2000 was the requirement that most loose goods sold by weight , volume or length ( for example , potatoes or tomatoes that were sold loose , or cheese or meat that was cut or weighed in front of the customer ) must be priced and measured using metric units . After 1 January 2000 , the remaining non-metric units , allowed by United Kingdom law without supplementary indicators for economic , public health , public safety or administrative use , are limited to : the mile , yard , foot and inch for road traffic signs , distance and speed measurement , the imperial pint for the dispensing of draught beer and cider , and for the sale of milk in returnable containers , the acre for land registration , the troy ounce for transaction in precious metals . Goods and services sold by a description , as opposed to a price per unit quantity , are not covered by weights and measures legislation ; thus , a fence panel sold as `` 6 foot by 6 foot '' is legal , as is a 6 x 4 inch photograph frame , but a pole sold as `` 50 pence per linear foot '' , with no accompanying metric price , would be illegal . Supplementary indicators ( edit ) In response to the specific requirements of the United Kingdom and of Ireland , both of which were in the process of converting to the metric system Directive 80 / 181 / EEC incorporated a provision that any unit of measure could be followed by a `` supplementary indicator '' , provided that the supplementary indicator was not the dominant unit and that it was `` ... expressed in characters no larger than those of the corresponding indication ... '' . Initially this provision was to have expired in 1989 , but it was extended firstly to 1999 and then to 2009 . During the 2007 consultations on the revision of the directive , strong representations were made to retain this provision as its removal would impede trade with the United States . When the directive was revised in 2009 , the `` sunset clause '' was removed from the text . The EU directive gives no guidance as to what units may or may not be used as supplementary indicators but British legislation has restricted the unit that may be used in this way for purposes of trade to specified imperial units only . Furthermore , in the United Kingdom it is still common to see imperial packaging sizes marked with metric units . For example , most jars of jam , packs of sausages and tins of golden syrup are marked 454 g . There are no restrictions on the units that consumers can use when asking for goods , and the use of supplementary indicators and dual - measure weighing scales ( provided these have been calibrated in metric ) means that it is possible for a consumer to see an imperial price , request an imperial quantity and be supplied with the imperial quantity , provided that the seller legally weighs out and sells the metric equivalent . Scope of the EU directive ( edit ) In its initial form , the scope of directive 80 / 181 / EEC was restricted to `` economic , public health , public safety and administrative '' purposes only . An outcome of the 2007 consultations was a proposal by the EU Commission to extend the scope of the directive to include `` consumer protection '' and `` environmental issues '' . This was implemented by removing the phrase limiting the scope of the directive , thereby extending it to all matters that come under the ambit of the Internal Market Chapter of the EU Treaty . The directive specifically excluded units of measurement used in international treaties relating to rail traffic , aviation and shipping such as expressing aircraft altitude in feet . The United Kingdom 's legislation of 2009 that implemented these changes made no reference to the extension of the directive 's scope . Weighing machines ( edit ) A Class II laboratory scale ( accuracy 1 part in 22,000 ) with a calibrator 's and CE stickers fixed to its side . During the 1990s , a series of statutory instruments relating to weighing devices and to the sale of pre-packaged goods were passed to ensure that United Kingdom law on metrology was harmonised with that of its EEC partners . In line with EEC practice , the meaning of weights displayed on pre-packaged goods was changed in 1980 to show the average weight of each item in the batch rather than the guaranteed minimum weight of each individual item . The EU Measuring Instruments Directive ( Directive 2004 / 22 / EU ) which intends to create a common market for measuring instruments across the 27 countries of the EU came into force on 30 October 2006 with a ten - year transition period . The EU non-automatic weighing instrument directive ( directive 2009 / 23 / EEC ) , which came into force in 2009 codified existing regulations regarding the harmonisation of non-automatic weighing devices used for trade , medical purposes or in the preparation of evidence to be heard in court . The directive identified four classes of weighing device ranging from Class I ( having a minimum accuracy of 1 part in 50,000 ) to class IIII ( having a minimum accuracy of 1 part in 100 ) . Devices that fall within the scope of the directive are required to be recalibrated at regular intervals and to have an output showing SI units , except for those used for weighing precious metals or stones . Secondary indications may be shown , provided that they can not be mistaken for primary indications . The impact of this directive in the United Kingdom is that most traders can not legally use weighing devices calibrated in units other than SI units . In 2000 , after the deadline for the cessation of selling loose produce by imperial units had passed , some traders continued to sell produce from their market stalls using imperial - only scales . They were variously prosecuted for using unlawful scales , giving short measure and failing to display unit price per kilogram . Five traders , who became known as the Metric Martyrs , appealed unsuccessfully to the High Court , were refused appeal to the House of Lords , and appealed unsuccessfully to the European Court of Human Rights ( ECHR ) . A LACORS report published in March 2010 highlighting widescale use of inappropriate scales in hospitals , sometimes of domestic quality , recommended that on safety grounds NHS hospitals should use Class III ( or better ) metric - only scales . A Department of Health alert was subsequently sent to all NHS trusts endorsing these recommendations . Assessment of the British metrication programme ( edit ) Following the publication of the UK government 's White Paper on metrication in February 1972 , the journal New Scientist , reported the lack of urgency in the minister 's handling of the issue and described how the government refused to use its purchasing power to advance the metrication process . It quoted one ( unnamed ) metricationalist as saying `` ( The White Paper ) is not firming things up at all . It will turn us into a dual country '' . Studies of the British metrication programme included two by US government agencies -- NASA in October 1976 and the National Bureau of Standards in April 1979 . Both reports noted that the British metrication programme lacked leadership from government . This manifest itself in many ways including : The failure to appoint the Metrication Board at the start of the metrication programme meant that industry had to take the lead in a programme that affected everybody and did not have the machinery to implement metrication in , especially , the retail sector . The failure of government to provide funding -- much of the initial work was funded by industry itself . The failure to provide a `` champion '' for metrication -- such a role fell outside the remit of the Metrication Board . The belief that the programme could be accomplished purely by voluntary means -- both reports highlighted the need for appropriate legislation to keep the programme on track . These sentiments were echoed in the final report of the Metrication Board . The involvement of the European Commission led metrication to be linked in public debate with Euroscepticism , and traditionally Eurosceptic parts of the British press often exaggerating or inventing the extent of enforced metrication . Example stories include the Daily Star , which on 17 January 2001 claimed that beer would soon have to be sold by the litre in pubs , something not demanded in any EU directive . Reaction to the UK Metric Association report A Very British Mess ( 2004 ) , the executive summary of which was published in Science in Parliament , was mixed -- the Daily Telegraph , put forward the proposition that the UKMA 's assertion of hostility or indifference by the British public to the metric system was due to the lack of cultural empathy rather than it being `` Foreign or European '' while the Economist said that retreat ( to the imperial system ) was impossible and the current impasse costly `` . An Ipsos MORI telephone survey conducted in September 2007 for The Sun newspaper , entitled `` Northern Rock , Metric Measurements And The EU Constitutional Treaty '' found significant opposition to metrication in the sample questioned when asked `` How strongly would you support and oppose Britain switching to use entirely metric measurements , rather than continuing to use traditional units ? '' : The opinion breakdown showed that the greatest variation in opinion was between tabloid and broadsheet readers rather than age , social class or voting intention . Current usage ( edit ) In its final report ( 1980 ) , the Metrication Board wrote `` Today metric units are used in many important areas of British life -- including education ; agriculture ; construction ; industrial materials ; much of manufacturing ; the wholesaling of petrol , milk , cheese and textiles ; fatstock markets and many port fish auctions , nearly all the principal prepacked foods ; posts and telecommunications : most freight and customs tariffs ; all new and revised Ordnance Survey maps ; and athletics . Nevertheless , taken as a whole , Britain is far from being wholly metric . '' The report major identified areas that had not yet been metricated as being the retail petrol trade ( metricated in 1984 ) , retail sale of loose goods ( metricated in 2000 ) and roads signs ( not metricated ) . The report did not address issues related to the media such as news reports and advertising . Retail industry ( edit ) As from 1 January 2000 , loose goods and goods sold from bulk had to be priced using metric units . The use of imperial units is optional . In compliance , these tomatoes are priced at £ 2.65 / kg and £ 1.20 / lb The regulations that came into force on 1 January 2000 regarding the sale of loose goods effectively made it mandatory to use metric units in the retail industry for most products though supplementary indicators using certain imperial units were still permitted under United Kingdom law . Various price - marking orders prescribed the sizes in which products could be marketed . Some of these restrictions , such as wine being sold in 750 ml bottles , were derived from EU directives , while others , such as the production of bread in 400 g or 800 g loaves , were applicable to the United Kingdom only . The principle of the Internal Market , backed up by a judgment of the European Court of Justice , required that any product that was legally produced anywhere in the European Union could , in most cases , be sold anywhere in the EU . Thus a 500 g packet of rye bread , legally manufactured in Germany , could be sold in the United Kingdom even though it was not lawful under British law for a British baker to produce an identical 500 g packet of bread . A consultation by the EU aimed at bypassing this impasse was launched in 2004 . The outcome was Directive 2007 / 45 / EC which deregulated prescribed packaging of most products , leaving only wines and liqueurs subject to prescribed EU - wide pre-packaging legislation . While this effectively undid much of the work done by the Metrication Board by deregulating prescribed sizing for over 40 products , the law relating to labelling of products has remained unchanged . Government Organisations ( edit ) The civil service is bound by law to follow EU directives relating to public administration . Government disseminators of information include the Office for National Statistics and the Ordnance Survey office both of whom , being government departments , use metric units in their work . Road and rail Transport ( edit ) Main article : Metrication of British transport See also : Road signs in the United Kingdom An example of a dual - unit road sign . Imperial units are mandatory on this class of sign ; metric units are also mandatory on new signs after March 2015 . Standards pertaining to transport infrastructure were metricated using soft conversions , as part of the general metrication of the engineering industry -- the standard railway track gauges fixed at 4 ft 81⁄2 in in 1845 was redefined as 1.435 m -- a decrease of 0.1 mm but well within the engineering tolerances . Motorway marker posts used by road maintenance teams and emergency services demarcate locations in multiples of 100 m . Standards relating to the design and building of new road and rail vehicles have been metric since the engineering changeover in the 1970s . Imperial units have been retained for both road and railway signage except on new railways such as the Channel Tunnel Rail Link , and the Tyne and Wear Metro and London Tramlink which along with all other modern British tram systems also operate in metric . The Cambrian Line has also changed to metric units with the change to ERMTS signalling . London Underground has converted to using metric units for distances but not for speeds . Apart from the sale of petrol , which was metricated in the 1980s , motorists have seen little metrication . Speedometers and mandatory information on car advertisements such as fuel consumption are given in both metric and imperial units . The 1994 TSRGD permitted the use of metric units alongside imperial units for width and height warning signs and dual metric / imperial signs became mandatory from March 2015 . Distances and speed restrictions are shown only in imperial units . Public opinion ( edit ) 2013 public survey of understanding and use ( edit ) The UK Metric Association ( UKMA ) commissioned YouGov to carry out a survey to investigate `` public understanding and use of metric and imperial units and of public support for completing the metric changeover '' . The UKMA executive summary of results of the September and November 2013 survey , published in 2014 , presents the following points as the key results : Half of respondents were opposed to completing metrication , with a quarter supportive and a fifth indifferent or non-committal . Younger generations were more supportive than the older but 36 % of the 18 - 24 age group were opposed ( with 33 % supportive and 22 % indifferent or non-committal ) . Where there are specific practical reasons for using metric units , the majority of the population prefer to use them . Where parental , peer and media pressures are strongly in favour of imperial units , all age groups continue to use imperial - including for personal weighing ( 89 % of the over 60s and 64 % of the 18 - 24s ) . There was a definite association between age and acceptance / use of metric units but there was still either a majority or a large minority of younger people who habitually use imperial rather than metric units for various everyday functions . The sample size was 1,978 adults in September and 1,878 in November . The results were weighted and are said by YouGov to be representative of all GB adults ( aged 18 + ) . 2016 public survey of preference following Brexit referendum ( edit ) After the British Weights and Measures Association reported regularly getting communications from shops asking if they could start selling products in pounds and ounces again following the Brexit referendum , YouGov carried out a survey to establish the preferences of the British public . The survey , of 5191 UK adults , comprised just one question : `` The British Weights and Measures Association has reported that , following the result of the EU referendum , shops are regularly getting in touch to see if they can start selling food products in pounds and ounces again . Following Brexit , would you like to see a return to imperial measurements for produce ? '' 45 % answered `` Yes , I would like to see produce sold in imperial measurements ( pounds and ounces ) '' 39 % answered `` No , I would prefer to see produce continue to be sold in metric measurements ( kilograms and grams ) '' 16 % answered `` Do n't know '' The The survey took place on the 30 August 2016 and the results were weighted to be representative of the GB population . Advocacy groups ( edit ) A number of advocacy groups exist to promote either the metric or the imperial system . The groups include : Active Resistance to Metrication , founded by Eurosceptic politician Tony Bennett , is best known for its direct action campaign against metric signs . The British Weights and Measures Association campaigns for the retention of imperial measurements in the United Kingdom . The UK Metric Association campaigns for the complete replacement of the imperial measurement system with the metric system in the United Kingdom . See also ( edit ) Metrication in Australia Metrication in Canada Metrication in New Zealand Metrication in the United States Metrication opposition Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Following devolution there are now separate curricula for England ( the National Curriculum for England ) , Wales ( the National Curriculum for Wales ) , Northern Ireland ( the Northern Ireland Curriculum ) , and Scotland ( the Scottish Curriculum for Excellence ) . The National Curriculum for England , for instance , which is binding for all local authority -- maintained schools in England , requires that pupils are taught to measure , calculate and solve problems using metric units . They must also be taught to `` understand and use approximate equivalences between metric units and common imperial units such as inches , pounds and pints '' , and to `` convert between miles and kilometres '' . The Northern Ireland Curriculum states that pupils should `` ( b ) e aware of the Imperial units ... still used in every day life '' , explicitly mentioning miles , yards , feet and inches , stones , pounds , pints , and gallons . Jump up ^ A sheet of A4 paper has an area of ⁄ m , A3 an area of ⁄ m ... and A0 an area of 1 m ^ Jump up to : The following were removed from the list of allowable units for general use with effect from 1 October 1995 , though their continued use was permitted in specified circumstances : yard , therm , inch , foot , fathom , mile , acre , fluid ounce , gill , pint , quart , gallon , ounce ( troy ) , ounce ( avoirdupois ) , pound . Jump up ^ The units of measure removed from the statute book were the furlong , chain , square mile , rood , cubic yard / foot / inch , bushel , peck , fluid drachm , minim , ( imperial or long ) ton , hundredweight , cental , quintal , stone , dram , grain , pennyweight , apothecaries ounce , drachm , scruple and the phrase `` metric ton '' Jump up ^ The following were removed from the list of allowable units for general use with effect from 1 October 1999 : fathom ( used for marine navigation ) , pint ( used for the sale of waters , lemonades and fruit juices in returnable containers ) , gills ( sale of spirit drinks ) , ounce and pound ( goods sold loose in bulk ) and therm ( gas supply ) . Jump up ^ The acre was removed from the list of units permitted for economic , public health , public safety or administrative purpose from 1 January 2010 as the Land Registry Office had ceased using it some years previously . ^ Jump up to : The units permitted as supplementary indicators under The Weights and Measures ( Packaged Goods ) Regulations 2006 are the gallon , quart , pint , fluid ounce , pound and the ounce . References ( edit ) `` White Paper on Metrication ( 1972 ) -- Summary and Conclusions '' ( PDF ) . London : Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate . `` Final Report of the Metrication Board ( 1980 ) '' ( PDF ) . London : Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate . Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/weights-measures-and-packaging-the-law/units-of-measurement Jump up ^ `` Price Marking Order 2004 ( SI 2004 , No 102 ) '' . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weights & Measures '' . Scotland 's People ( A partnership between General Register Office for Scotland , the National Archives of Scotland and the Court of the Lord Lyon ) . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Scottish Weights and Measures at scan.org.uk . Retrieved 7 April 2012 Jump up ^ Watson , C.M. ( 1910 ) , British Weights and Measures , London : John Murray , pp. 77 -- 81 . Jump up ^ `` An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language ( Reproduction -- 34.7 MB ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language ( Transcription -- 127 kB ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Carnegie , Andrew ( May 1905 ) . James Watt ( PDF ) . Doubleday , Page & Company . pp. 59 -- 60 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Alder , Ken ( 2002 ) . The Measure of all Things -- The Seven - Year - Odyssey that Transformed the World . London : Abacus . pp. 252 -- 253 . ISBN 0 349 11507 9 . Jump up ^ `` List of commissions and officials 1815 -- 1829 ( nos. 1 -- 11 ) '' . British-history.ac.uk. 22 June 2003 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott H Brown ( 2006 ) . `` The life and work of Augustus de Morgan '' ( PDF ) . Applied Probability Trust . Retrieved 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Samuel Brown ( April 1864 ) . `` On the Metric System of Weights and Measures , and its proposed Adoption in this Country '' . The Assurance Magazine , and Journal of the Institute of Actuaries. 11 ( 5 ) : 263 -- 279 . JSTOR 41135030 . Jump up ^ Decimal Association ( formed Jun 12 , 1854 ) - Proceedings with an introduction by Professor de Morgan . London . 1854 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Zupko , Ronald Edward ( 1990 ) . Revolution in Measurement - Western European Weights and Measures SInce the Age of Science . Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society . 186 . pp. 242 -- 245 . ISBN 0 - 87169 - 186 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled ( page 10 ) '' . The Times . 5 May 1864 . Jump up ^ Alder , Ken ( 2002 ) . The Measure of all Things -- The Seven - Year - Odyssey that Transformed the World . London : Abacus . p. 360 . ISBN 0 349 11507 9 . Jump up ^ Great Britain ( 1835 ) . A compendious abstract of the public general acts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . J.W. Paget . pp. 137 -- 145 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Joule , James Prescott ( 1845 ) . `` On the Changes of Temperature Produced by the Rarefaction and Condensation of Air '' . Philosophical Magazine . Series 3 . Harper & brothers . 26 : 369 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786444508645153 . Jump up ^ Thomson , William ; Joule , James Prescott ; Maxwell , James Clerk ; Jenkin , Flemming ( 1873 ) . `` First Report -- Cambridge 3 October 1862 '' . In Jenkin , Flemming . Reports on the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance -- Appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science . London . pp. 1 -- 3 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomson , William ; Joule , James Prescott ; Maxwell , James Clerk ; Jenkin , Flemming ( 1873 ) . `` Second report -- Newcastle - upon - Tyne 26 August 1863 '' . In Jenkin , Flemming . Reports on the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance -- Appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science . London . pp. 39 -- 41 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ JC Maxwell ( 1873 ) . A treatise on electricity and magnetism. 1 . Oxford : Clarenden Press . pp. 1 -- 3 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : JC Maxwell ( 1873 ) . A treatise on electricity and magnetism. 2 . Oxford : Clarenden Press . pp. 242 -- 245 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Professor Everett , ed. ( 1874 ) . `` First Report of the Committee for the Selection and Nomenclature of Dynamical and Electrical Units '' . Report on the Forty - third Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Bradford in September 1873 . British Association for the Advancement of Science : 222 -- 225 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` centimeter - gram - second systems of units '' . Sizes , Inc. 6 August 2001 . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Bureau of Weights and Measures -- The Metre Convention '' . Bipm.org . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ S , F.J. ( 1973 ) . `` Standard Kilogram Weights -- A Story of Precision Fabrication '' ( PDF ) . Platinum Metals Review . London ( 2 ) : 66 -- 68 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Physical Laboratory -- History of Length Measurement '' . Npl.co.uk . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metrication timeline '' . UK Metric Association . 2009 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Frederik Hyttel ( May 2009 ) . Working man 's pint -- An investigation of the implementation of the metric system in Britain 1851 -- 1979 ( BA thesis ) . Bath , United Kingdom : Bath Spa University . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Perspectives on Metrication by Jim Humble ( Last Director of the UK Metrication Board ) '' . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chalupsky , Albert B ; Crawford , Jack J ; Carr , Edwin M ( 1974 ) . Going Metric : An analysis of experiences in five nations and their implications for U.S. Educational Planning ( PDF ) ( Report ) . U.S. Department of Health , Education & Welfare , Department of Health . p. 23 . AIR - 41800 - 2 / 74 - FR . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 years ago today - Introduction of metric system '' . Pakistan : Dawn.com newspaper . 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Metrication Board Final Report : para1. 7 ^ Jump up to : Metrication Board White Paper : para 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Metrication Board White Paper : para 45 ^ Jump up to : Hemenway , David ( April 1979 ) . `` Standards systems in Canada , the U.K. , West Germany and Denmark : An overview '' ( PDF ) . Washington DC : ( United States ) National Bureau of Standards . ^ Jump up to : Feilden , GBR ( July 1975 ) . Liptai , R.G. , ed . Metrication in the United Kingdom -- The Industrial Bonus . Metrication -- Managing the Industrial Transition . American Society for Testing and Materials . pp. 70 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Lighthill , MJ ( 2 December 1968 ) . `` Metrication '' ( PDF ) . Metrication in Medical Journals : A Conference of Editors . London : Royal Society of Medicine . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metrication '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . United Kingdom : House of Lords. 30 November 1970 . col. 326 -- 347 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Rugby Milestones 1970s '' . RugbyFootballHistory.com . Jump up ^ `` 1975 is target date for metric system '' . The Times . 27 July 1968 . Jump up ^ `` Cruickshank 's metrication job '' . The Times . 30 December 1968 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-metrication motion tabled by MPs '' . The Times . 30 October 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Conservative MPs complain of metrication by stealth '' . The Times . London . 28 October 1970 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Forward to metrication '' . The Times . 8 February 1972 . Jump up ^ Metrication Board White Paper : para 107 Jump up ^ `` Roads ( Speed Limit Signs ) '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . 808 . House of Commons . 9 December 1970 . col. 417 -- 418 . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Metrication Board Final Report : Appendix A ^ Jump up to : Final Report of the Metrication Board , Appendix A Jump up ^ Footprints on a global landscape ; 150 years of improving the built environment ( PDF ) . Hyder Consulting . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Units cited in this book are the units used in the original design ( pg 4 ) . The units for the Forth Road Bridge ( opened 1966 ) are given in feet ( pg 48 ) and for the Humber Bridge ( opened 1981 ) in metres ( pg 65 ) Jump up ^ Metrication and the UK Building Industry originally published 1995 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 Jump up ^ Metrication Board White Paper : para 54 Jump up ^ Metrication Board Final Report , para 2.20 / 21 Jump up ^ Metrication White Paper para 84 -- 86 Jump up ^ `` Notes and Comments : The inevitable changes to decimal systems '' . New Scientist ( 223 ) : 456 . 23 February 1961 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Metrication White Paper para 87 Jump up ^ The Cockcroft Report ( 1982 ) : Mathematics counts -- Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Teaching of Mathematics in Schools under the Chairmanship of Dr WH Cockcroft ( Report ) . London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . para 299 -- 301 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mathematics programmes of study : key stages 1 and 2 National curriculum in England '' ( pdf ) . Department of Education . September 2013 . p. 36 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Pupils should be taught to ... understand and use approximate equivalences between metric units and common imperial units such as inches , pounds and pints Jump up ^ `` Mathematics programmes of study : key stages 1 and 2 National curriculum in England '' ( pdf ) . Department of Education . September 2013 . p. 43 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Pupils should be taught to ... `` convert between miles and kilometres Jump up ^ `` Mathematics programmes of study : key stages 1 and 2 National curriculum in England '' ( pdf ) . Department of Education . September 2013 . p. 36 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Pupils should be taught to ... understand and use approximate equivalences between metric units and common imperial units such as inches , pounds and pints Jump up ^ Final Report of the Metrication Board , para 1.15 Jump up ^ Final Report of the Metrication Board , para 1.8 Jump up ^ Metrication Board Final Report : para 2.6 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : `` Units of measurement directive '' . Local Authorities Coordinators of Regulatory Services ( LACORS ) . 16 August 1999 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Final Report of the Metrication Board : para 2.14 / 15 ^ Jump up to : `` Weights and Measures Act 1985 ( c. 72 ) , section 8 ( 2 ) ( d ) '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Measuring Instruments ( Capacity Serving Measures ) Regulations 2006 ( No. 1264 ) '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk. 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Consultation on weights and measures legislation dealing with specified quantities and quantity labelling of foods '' ( PDF ) . National Weights and Measures Laboratory . 23 October 2008 . para 5.20 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the Ordnance Survey '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . See pages 270 -- 272 Jump up ^ Tim Owen ; Elaine Pilbeam ( 1992 ) . Ordnance Survey : Map Makers to Britain since 1791 . Ordnance Survey and HMSO . p. 148 . ISBN 0 - 11 - 701507 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Co-ordinate Converter '' . FieldenMaps.info. 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ordnance Survey : Directorate of Field Survey : National Grid Object Name Books '' . Kew , Richmond : The National Archives . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History '' ( PDF ) . The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hansard -- Lords Sitting -- Weather forecasts and temperature scales '' . 22 November 1971 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final Report of the Metrication Board ( 1980 ) '' . Department of Trade and Industry . Appendix . Jump up ^ `` ft.com/marketsdata '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . The actual units of measure are catalogued in the historic data reports and other daughter pages . Jump up ^ `` Our Contracts '' . London Metal Exchange . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Market Prices and Trends '' . Farmers Weekly . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gas bill calculation '' . National Measurement Office . UK Crown . Jump up ^ White Paper on Metrication ( 1972 ) : Summary and Conclusions ( para 100 ) ( PDF ) ( Report ) . London : Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate. 1972 . § 100 . Jump up ^ The CIA world factbook Jump up ^ William Rodgers ( 13 January 1978 ) . `` Metrication ( Road S270igns ) '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . United Kingdom : House of Commons . col. 844 . Jump up ^ `` Estimating the cost of conversion of road traffic signs to metric units '' . Department for Transport . November 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report and Resource Accounts 2008 -- 09 ( For the year ended 31 March 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . 16 July 2009 . p. 377 Para 31.3 ; Note 2 . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Robin Paice ( 2006 ) . Metric signs ahead . United Kingdom Metrication Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9552351 - 0 - 8 . Jump up ^ Replacing distance signs only when they reach the end of their natural lives ; replacing height , width and length restriction and warning signs over a five - year period and speed restriction signs `` overnight '' . Jump up ^ Metrication Board White Paper , para 21 Jump up ^ Final Report of the Metrication Board -- para 3.15 Jump up ^ `` Council Directive 80 / 181 / EEC : On the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71 / 354 / EEC '' . The Council of the European Communities. 20 December 1979 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weights and Measures Act 1985 '' , Legislation.gov.uk , retrieved 25 September 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Weights and Measures Legislation ( Scotland ) '' . Food Standards Agency . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ UK Parliament . The Weights and Measures ( Metrication ) ( Miscellaneous Goods ) ( Amendment ) Order 1994 as made , from legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Weights and Measures Act 1985 '' . UK Crown . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ UK Parliament . The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 as made , from legislation.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : UK Parliament . The Units of Measurement Regulations 2009 as made , from legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Directive 80 / 181 / EEC '' . 20 December 1979 . on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71 / 354 / EEC Jump up ^ `` Clearing Up the Metric Muddle '' . Trading Standards . Gloucestershire County Council . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Of course a shopper can ask for a pound of apples or half a pound of mince meat , but the retailer must weigh in metric and sell the metric equivalent Jump up ^ `` Directive 2009 / 3 / EC '' . 11 March 2009 . amending Council Directive 80 / 181 / EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement Jump up ^ Statutory Instrument 2009 / 3046 - Weights and Measures - The Units of Measurement Regulations 2009 ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 January 2017 , `` The Secretary of State , being a Minister designated ( a ) for the purposes of section 2 ( 2 ) of the European Communities Act 1972 ( b ) in relation to units of measurement to be used for economic , health , safety , or administrative purposes , in exercise of the powers conferred by that subsection , makes the following Regulations : Jump up ^ Final Report of the Metrication Board : para 2.19 Jump up ^ `` Directive 2004 / 22 / EC '' . 31 March 2004 . on measuring instruments Jump up ^ `` Directive 2009 / 23 / EC '' . 23 April 2009 . on non-automatic weighing instruments Jump up ^ `` Trader fights metric case '' . BBC News . The BBC . 6 September 2000 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Clare ( 19 February 2002 ) . `` Metric martyrs lose court fight '' . theguardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Steve Thoburn v Sunderland City Council ; Colin Hunt v London Borough of Hackney ; Julian Harman and John Dove v Cornwall County Council ; Peter Collins v London Borough of Sutton ( Supreme Court of Judicature , Queens Bench Division , Divisional Court 18 February 2002 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` ' Metric martyr ' loses appeal '' . BBC News . The BBC . 15 July 2002 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One in three hospital scales is inaccurate , LACORS study finds '' . Local Government Regulation ( LACORS ) . 3 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Estates and Facilities Alert : Ref EFA / 2010 / 001 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Health , Department of Health , Social Services and Public Safety , Health Facilities Scotland . 15 March 2010 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Technology Review : World sold on metrication '' . New Scientist. 53 ( 783 ) : 380 . 17 February 1972 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Vlannes , PN ( October 1976 ) . `` U.S. Metric Study Mission to the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic of Germany '' ( PDF ) . Washington DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . NASA - TM - X-74307 . Jump up ^ Final Report of the Metrication Board : para 1.6 -- 1.8 ^ Jump up to : Drewry , Gavin ( 2007 ) . `` The jurisprudence of British Euroscepticism -- A strange banquet of fish and vegetables '' . Utrecht Law Review . 3 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 115 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Paice , Robin ( 2004 ) . `` A very British mess '' ( PDF ) . United Kingdom Metrication Association . ISBN 0 - 7503 - 1014 - 6 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Paice , Robin ( Autumn 2004 ) . `` British Metrication '' ( PDF ) . Science in Parliament . Parliamentary and Scientific Committee . 61 ( 4 ) : 7 . ISSN 0263 - 6271 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Philip Johnston ( 12 July 2004 ) . `` Home front '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Measure for measure '' . The Economist . The Economist Newspaper. 15 July 2004 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rock , Metric Measurements And The EU Constitutional Treaty '' . Ipsos MORI. 24 September 2007 . Q12 . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EU survey for The Sun '' ( PDF ) . Ipsos MORI . September 2007 . Pg 23 . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Metrication Board Final Report para 1.6 & 1.10 Jump up ^ Rewe - Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein , Case 120 / 78 ( European Court of Justice 20 February 1979 ) ( `` Measures heaving an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions '' ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Legal metrology and pre-packaging -- Pre-packaging -- Pack sizes '' . European Commission -- Enterprise and Industry . Archived from the original on 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Government response to the consultation on specified quantities -- Non pre-packages and food information '' ( PDF ) . London : National Measurement Office , Department for Business Innovation and Skills . September 2009 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance note on UK implementation of a European directive deregulating specified quantities ( fixed pack sizes ) '' ( PDF ) . National Weights and Measures Laboratory , an Executive Agency of the Department for Innovation , Universities and Skills . January 2009 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ The Council of the European Communities ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Council Directive 80 / 181 / EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71 / 354 / EEC '' . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` An Act for regulating the Gauge of Railways '' ( PDF ) . 18 October 1846 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance on Gauging '' ( PDF ) . Rail Safety and Standards Board Limited . 3 October 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hansard. `` 21 October 2009 : Column 1446W '' . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Railway Construction and Operation Requirements -- Structural and Electrical Clearances '' ( PDF ) . London : Department of Transport . 1977 . ISBN 0 - 11 - 550443 - 5 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . `` an up - to - date metric guide '' ( para 1.2 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Line facts '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Martyn Brown ( 7 June 2010 ) . `` This U-turn on metric is miles better '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutory Instrument 1994 No. 1519 ; The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 1994 '' . Controller of HMSO. 12 August 1994 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Height and width road signs to display metric and imperial '' . BBC News . 8 November 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Paice , Robin ( 2014 ) . `` Still a mess : The continuing failure of UK measurement policy '' ( PDF ) . UK Metric Association . UK Metric Association . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Colson , Thomas ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` Britons want to see imperial measurements introduced after Brexit '' . Business Insider UK . Business Insider . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Adam ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` After Brexit , some Brits want to ditch the metric system , too '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial vs metric results '' . YouGov . YouGov. 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Summers , Chris ( 2 September 2004 ) . `` Will we ever go completely metric ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Foggo , Daniel ( 3 March 2002 ) . `` Raiders wage secret war on metric signs '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Record Details ( British Weights and Measures Association ( BWMA ) ) '' . DANGO -- Database of Archives of Non-Governmental Organisations . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Record Details ( United Kingdom Metric Association ( UKMA ) ) '' . DANGO -- Database of Archives of Non-Governmental Organisations . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Grierson , Philip ( 1995 ) . English Linear Measures : an essay in origins . ' The Stenton Lecture 1971 ' , University of Reading . McGreevy , Thomas ( 1995 ) . The Basis of Measurement : Historical Aspects . Chippenham , Picton Pub . ISBN 0 - 948251 - 82 - 4 . McGreevy , Thomas ( 1997 ) . The Basis of Measurement : Metrication and Current Practice . Chippenham , Picton Pub . ISBN 0 - 948251 - 84 - 0 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metrication_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=816057764 '' Categories : Metrication in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2015 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2017 Articles that may contain original research from December 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did we go from imperial to metric	[ "Metrication in the United Kingdom, the process of introducing the metric system of measurement in place of imperial units, has made steady progress since the mid–20th century but today remains equivocal and varies by context. Most of government, industry and commerce use metric units, but imperial units are officially used to specify journey distances, vehicle speeds and the sizes of returnable milk containers, beer and cider glasses (though fresh milk is often still sold in multiples of pints, with the metric equivalent also marked). Imperial units are also often used to describe body measurements and vehicle fuel economy. In schools metric units are taught and used as the norm and imperial units that remain in common usage in the UK must also be taught.[a]" ]	[ "the mid–20th century" ]
-7975175493041350982	The Fosters (season 5)	The Fosters ( season 5 ) - wikipedia The Fosters ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Fosters ( season 5 ) Starring Teri Polo Sherri Saum Hayden Byerly David Lambert Maia Mitchell Danny Nucci Cierra Ramirez Noah Centineo Country of origin United States No. of episodes 19 Release Original network Freeform Original release July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of The Fosters episodes The fifth and final season of The Fosters premiered on July 11 , 2017 . The season will consist of 22 episodes and stars Teri Polo and Sherri Saum as Stef Foster and Lena Adams , an interracial lesbian couple , who have adopted a girl ( Maia Mitchell ) and her younger brother ( Hayden Byerly ) while also trying to juggle raising Latino twin teenagers ( Cierra Ramirez and Noah Centineo ) and Stef 's biological son ( David Lambert ) . Danny Nucci also returns as Mike Foster in a semi-series regular role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Guest cast 2 Episodes 3 References Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fosters characters Main cast ( edit ) Teri Polo as Stef Adams Foster Sherri Saum as Lena Adams Foster Hayden Byerly as Jude Adams Foster Noah Centineo as Jesus Adams Foster David Lambert as Brandon Foster Maia Mitchell as Callie Adams Foster Danny Nucci as Mike Foster Cierra Ramirez as Mariana Adams Foster ^ Note 1 : Danny Nucci is only credited as a series regular for the episodes he appears in . Recurring cast ( edit ) Elliot Fletcher as Aaron Baker Kalama Epstein as Noah Amanda Leighton as Emma Annika Marks as Monte Porter Izabela Vidovic as Taylor Shaw Lisseth Chavez as Ximena Sinfuego Nandy Martin as Poppy Sinfuego Meg DeLacy as Grace Mullen Nia Peeples as Susan Mullen Tom Williamson as AJ Hensdale Jordan Rodrigues as Mat Tan Alex Saxon as Wyatt Christopher Meyer as Logan Bayfield Kristen Ariza as Tess Bayfield Reggie Austin as Dean Bayfield Jared Ward as Drew Turner Denyse Tontz as Cortney Strathmore Brandon Quinn as Gabriel Duncroft Alexandra Barreto as Ana Gutierrez Alex Skuby as Joe Gray Tyler Alvarez as Declan Rivers Nick Fink as Shawn Guest cast ( edit ) Annie Potts as Sharon Elkin Lorraine Toussaint as Dana Adams Bruce Davison as Stuart Adams Kerr Smith as Robert Quinn Marlene Forte as Elena Gutierrez Tony Plana as Victor Gutierrez Jamie McShane as Donald Jacob Adam Irigoyen as Kyle Snow Louis Hunter as Nick Stratos Suzanne Cryer as Jenna Paul Madisen Beaty as Talya Banks Daffany Clark as Daphne Keene Chad Todhunter as Patrick Molloy Hope Olaidé Wilson as Diamond Mark Totty as Craig Stratos Jay Ali as Timothy Tom Phelan as Cole Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Fosters episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 83 `` Resist '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 0.87 Still in the motel room , Diamond uses another girl 's phone to text Stef where they are . After chasing the wrong criminal , Stef finally gets Diamond 's message and heads to the motel . Russel gets shot as Callie and Diamond run out of the motel room to see Stef in the parking lot . Stef informs Callie that Troy Johnson confessed to murdering his grandmother , meaning Callie 's hit - and - run case will be tossed out , so Callie must be more conscious of her decisions and value her life . Struggling with his TBI , Jesus unleashes his anger , taking a baseball bat to Brandon 's room , after discovering that he helped Emma get an abortion . Gabe and Ana admit to being clueless about the dynamics of their relationships with Jesus and Marianna , but Gabe decides to stay in town regardless . Ana and Marianna go to therapy and get closure . With Mariana leading the charge , protests continue over Anchor Beach Charter 's privatization . When school security comes to break up the protest , Jude gets pepper sprayed . Since Monte never officially resigned as principal , there 's a good chance in fighting against the privatization . 84 `` Exterminate Her '' Danny Nucci Joanna Johnson July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 0.69 Callie gets control of her life and applies to audit art classes at a local college . Jesus distances himself from Mariana and Brandon so he can build his treehouse with Gabe alone . The Fosters get a new neighbor . 85 `` Contact '' Aprill Winney Anne Meredith July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 0.76 Callie and Aaron go on their first official date . Mariana and Jude spearhead an underground school newspaper . Noah and Jude question their compatibility , while Brandon and Grace take their relationship to the next level . The moms have their new neighbors over for a family dinner party . 86 `` Too Fast , Too Furious '' Tate Donovan Cristian Martinez August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 0.66 Callie and Aaron discuss taking their relationship to the next level . Mariana finds fulfillment training with the Latina derby team . Brandon 's new girlfriend Grace catches him playing hero to his ex-girlfriend Courtney . 87 `` Telling '' Anne Renton Kris Q. Rehl August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 0.69 The Fosters kids attend a party at the Derby warehouse , but things escalate quickly when the cops show up . Lena struggles when Stef starts to become obsessed with an ongoing case at work , meanwhile Brandon 's relationship with Grace is put into jeopardy with Courtney back in his life . 88 6 `` Welcome to the Jungler '' Kelli Williams Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 0.61 Callie is torn with turning over a new leaf or supporting a cause that means a lot to her , while Jude and Taylor begin making gaming videos that earn them unwanted notoriety . Stef makes major headway in her case . 89 7 `` Chasing Waterfalls '' Chandra Wilson Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 0.58 Lena 's parents are back in town for a visit , while Callie and Aaron get closer than ever before . Mariana tries to get closer to Logan , but it backfires when his girlfriend catches wind of it . 90 8 `` Engaged '' Kees Van Oostrum Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) 0.58 Brandon throws a party which turns south when secrets are revealed . Mariana and Jude try to convince the students to vote against their school going private . 91 9 `` Prom '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 0.74 On prom night at Anchor Beach , Grace 's mom has a candid conversation with Brandon , while Ximena faces a life - altering decision when ICE agents show up at prom , meanwhile Mariana meets her crushes girlfriend , and Jesus gets back with Emma . 92 10 `` Sanctuary '' Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 0.52 Ximena and Callie are still in the church seeking sanctuary from ICE . The Adams Fosters ' offer support to the Sinfuego family as they struggle with their immigration status . 93 11 `` Invisible '' Laura Nisbet Peters Story by : Kimberly Ndombe Teleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 0.70 Callie actively helps to make Ximena 's fight visible . Meanwhile , Brandon and Grace struggle to be intimate knowing her diagnosis and Mariana is suddenly courted by multiple suitors . 94 12 `` # IWasMadeinAmerica '' Lee Rose Anne Meredith January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 0.62 Lena fires paraprofessional David and takes his place . She goes to visit Nick , who claims to have something that will help with the privatization . What he gives Lena is his father 's blueprint plans for the Anchor Beach property : he plans to tear down the school and turn it into beach - front housing . Lena shows the evidence to the board , and they vote against privatization . Drew asserts his power as principal by announcing that he will be offering merit - based bonuses for teachers . Timothy tells Lena that all the teachers want her to become principal , leading Lena to go into the board meeting and demand that Drew be fired or else she will leave , along with most of the teachers . Stef is still dealing with anxiety from her birthday party . Callie and her friends are trying to get enough pressure put on immigration so that Ximena can get a special hearing so that she can leave the church without fear of deportation , despite her DACA status still being in question . They go support Ximena in a big way at Shiloh 's conservative anti-immigration rally and get a lot of buzz for Ximena 's plight , leading to Ximena kissing Callie . Noah gets mad at Jude for flirting with Declan on their video game stream . Marianna tells Mat , Wyatt , and Logan that she has n't decided between them , but that she intends on dating all of them . 95 13 `` Line in the Sand '' Cheryl Dunye Dan Richter January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 0.56 Ximena can finally leave the church due to a judge granting her a stay of deportation , but she needs the footage of her speech at the rally to help her chance in court . She needs to prove that she made no threats against the government . Luckily , the Conservative Student Union at UCSD has the footage , but unluckily they wo n't hand it over . However , Callie finds a way around them by realizing that the video technically belongs to UCSD , and they give her the footage . Ximena 's DACA status is still pending , but she can live without fear of being deported . She will be staying with the Fosters . Brandon and Grace plan the ultimate senior prank , turning the hallways of Anchor Beach into a beach , which ends up going a little too far . The prank leads to Lena embracing her fun side as the new principal . Grace meets Talya , and prepares for her T - cell injection . Stef gets the flu from Jude , leading her to miss an awkward dinner with Jenna and Tess . Lena goes in her place , and witnesses flirting between Tess and Jenna . Mariana and Mat make a huge decision about the future of their relationship ; Marianna dumps Mat . After talking to Wyatt , Marianna is inspired to keep moving forward , and leave Mat in the past . 96 14 `` Scars '' Kelli Williams Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 0.57 Callie receives a surprising tip from an unexpected source ; Jude tries to calm Noah 's fears about his budding relationship with fellow gamer Declan . 97 15 `` Mother 's Day '' Bradley Bredeweg Joanna Johnson February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 0.52 Stef 's mother comes to visit and helps Stef cope with a tough time ; Callie and Jude grapple with the memory of their biological mother . 98 16 `` Giving Up the Ghost '' Michael Medico Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 0.54 Stef challenges her monsters as well as lastly confesses all to Lena regarding exactly what is actually been actually distressing her . Mariana as well as Emma discover on their own going go to scalp , placing Poppy as well as Jesus in an unpleasant posture . 99 17 `` Makeover '' Laura Nisbet Peters Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 0.50 Callie speaks on a panel about Ximena 's struggle and realizes she may have a passion for something other than art ; Mariana has two amazing dates and ca n't decide who she likes more . 100 18 `` Just Say Yes '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.53 Brandon and Grace go on a road trip and discover a lot about each other ; Mariana and Emma vie for a competitive internship ; Stef and Lena go on a couples retreat to reconnect . 101 19 `` Many Roads '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 13 , 2018 0.48 It 's graduation day for Callie and Brandon , but after some shocking news , the family wonders whether they will make it to the ceremony . 102 20 `` Meet the Fosters '' TBA TBA June 4 , 2018 TBD 103 21 `` Turks & Caicos '' TBA TBA June 5 , 2018 TBD 104 22 `` Where The Heart Is '' TBA TBA June 6 , 2018 TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` The Fosters , Shadowhunters , Stitchers Return Dates Set at Freeform '' . tvline.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Fosters ' EP Unpacks That Heart - Stopping Finale and Dishes on Season 5 '' . ew.com. April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Freeform Summer Schedule : ' Shadowhunters ' Return and Debut of Cosmo - Inspired Series ' The Bold Type ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bredeweg , Bradley ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Surprise ! We have an extra finale episode this season ! # TheFosters Supersized ! '' . twitter.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fremont , Maggie ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Fosters Season - Premiere Recap : Fight the Power '' . vulture.com . Vulture . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20180525freeform01/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20180525freeform02/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20180525freeform03/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fosters_(season_5)&oldid=843565722 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Episode lists with unformatted air dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the next fosters episode come out	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n83\n1\n\"Resist\"\nPeter Paige\nBradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige\nJuly 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)\n0.87[6]\n\n\nStill in the motel room, Diamond uses another girl's phone to text Stef where they are. After chasing the wrong criminal, Stef finally gets Diamond's message and heads to the motel. Russel gets shot as Callie and Diamond run out of the motel room to see Stef in the parking lot. Stef informs Callie that Troy Johnson confessed to murdering his grandmother, meaning Callie's hit-and-run case will be tossed out, so Callie must be more conscious of her decisions and value her life. Struggling with his TBI, Jesus unleashes his anger, taking a baseball bat to Brandon's room, after discovering that he helped Emma get an abortion. Gabe and Ana admit to being clueless about the dynamics of their relationships with Jesus and Marianna, but Gabe decides to stay in town regardless. Ana and Marianna go to therapy and get closure. With Mariana leading the charge, protests continue over Anchor Beach Charter’s privatization. When school security comes to break up the protest, Jude gets pepper sprayed. Since Monte never officially resigned as principal, there's a good chance in fighting against the privatization.[5]\n\n\n84\n2\n\"Exterminate Her\"\nDanny Nucci\nJoanna Johnson\nJuly 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)\n0.69[7]\n\n\nCallie gets control of her life and applies to audit art classes at a local college. Jesus distances himself from Mariana and Brandon so he can build his treehouse with Gabe alone. The Fosters get a new neighbor.\n\n\n85\n3\n\"Contact\"\nAprill Winney\nAnne Meredith\nJuly 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)\n0.76[8]\n\n\nCallie and Aaron go on their first official date. Mariana and Jude spearhead an underground school newspaper. Noah and Jude question their compatibility, while Brandon and Grace take their relationship to the next level. The moms have their new neighbors over for a family dinner party.\n\n\n86\n4\n\"Too Fast, Too Furious\"\nTate Donovan\nCristian Martinez\nAugust 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)\n0.66[9]\n\n\nCallie and Aaron discuss taking their relationship to the next level. Mariana finds fulfillment training with the Latina derby team. Brandon’s new girlfriend Grace catches him playing hero to his ex-girlfriend Courtney.\n\n\n87\n5\n\"Telling\"\nAnne Renton\nKris Q. Rehl\nAugust 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)\n0.69[10]\n\n\nThe Fosters kids attend a party at the Derby warehouse, but things escalate quickly when the cops show up. Lena struggles when Stef starts to become obsessed with an ongoing case at work, meanwhile Brandon’s relationship with Grace is put into jeopardy with Courtney back in his life.\n\n\n88\n6\n\"Welcome to the Jungler\"\nKelli Williams\nMegan Lynn & Wade Solomon\nAugust 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)\n0.61[11]\n\n\nCallie is torn with turning over a new leaf or supporting a cause that means a lot to her, while Jude and Taylor begin making gaming videos that earn them unwanted notoriety. Stef makes major headway in her case.\n\n\n89\n7\n\"Chasing Waterfalls\"\nChandra Wilson\nBradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige\nAugust 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)\n0.58[12]\n\n\nLena’s parents are back in town for a visit, while Callie and Aaron get closer than ever before. Mariana tries to get closer to Logan, but it backfires when his girlfriend catches wind of it.\n\n\n90\n8\n\"Engaged\"\nKees Van Oostrum\nMegan Lynn & Wade Solomon\nAugust 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)\n0.58[13]\n\n\nBrandon throws a party which turns south when secrets are revealed. Mariana and Jude try to convince the students to vote against their school going private.\n\n\n91\n9\n\"Prom\"\nJoanna Johnson\nJoanna Johnson\nSeptember 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)\n0.74[14]\n\n\nOn prom night at Anchor Beach, Grace's mom has a candid conversation with Brandon, while Ximena faces a life-altering decision when ICE agents show up at prom, meanwhile Mariana meets her crushes girlfriend, and Jesus gets back with Emma.\n\n\n92\n10\n\"Sanctuary\"\nRob Morrow\nBradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige\nJanuary 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)\n0.52[15]\n\n\nXimena and Callie are still in the church seeking sanctuary from ICE. The Adams Fosters' offer support to the Sinfuego family as they struggle with their immigration status.\n\n\n93\n11\n\"Invisible\"\nLaura Nisbet Peters\nStory by : Kimberly Ndombe\nTeleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon\nJanuary 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)\n0.70[16]\n\n\nCallie actively helps to make Ximena's fight visible. Meanwhile, Brandon and Grace struggle to be intimate knowing her diagnosis and Mariana is suddenly courted by multiple suitors.\n\n\n94\n12\n\"#IWasMadeinAmerica\"\nLee Rose\nAnne Meredith\nJanuary 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)\n0.62[17]\n\n\nLena fires paraprofessional David and takes his place. She goes to visit Nick, who claims to have something that will help with the privatization. What he gives Lena is his father's blueprint plans for the Anchor Beach property: he plans to tear down the school and turn it into beach-front housing. Lena shows the evidence to the board, and they vote against privatization. Drew asserts his power as principal by announcing that he will be offering merit-based bonuses for teachers. Timothy tells Lena that all the teachers want her to become principal, leading Lena to go into the board meeting and demand that Drew be fired or else she will leave, along with most of the teachers. Stef is still dealing with anxiety from her birthday party. Callie and her friends are trying to get enough pressure put on immigration so that Ximena can get a special hearing so that she can leave the church without fear of deportation, despite her DACA status still being in question. They go support Ximena in a big way at Shiloh's conservative anti-immigration rally and get a lot of buzz for Ximena's plight, leading to Ximena kissing Callie. Noah gets mad at Jude for flirting with Declan on their video game stream. Marianna tells Mat, Wyatt, and Logan that she hasn't decided between them, but that she intends on dating all of them.\n\n\n95\n13\n\"Line in the Sand\"\nCheryl Dunye\nDan Richter\nJanuary 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)\n0.56[18]\n\n\nXimena can finally leave the church due to a judge granting her a stay of deportation, but she needs the footage of her speech at the rally to help her chance in court. She needs to prove that she made no threats against the government. Luckily, the Conservative Student Union at UCSD has the footage, but unluckily they won't hand it over. However, Callie finds a way around them by realizing that the video technically belongs to UCSD, and they give her the footage. Ximena's DACA status is still pending, but she can live without fear of being deported. She will be staying with the Fosters. Brandon and Grace plan the ultimate senior prank, turning the hallways of Anchor Beach into a beach, which ends up going a little too far. The prank leads to Lena embracing her fun side as the new principal. Grace meets Talya, and prepares for her T-cell injection. Stef gets the flu from Jude, leading her to miss an awkward dinner with Jenna and Tess. Lena goes in her place, and witnesses flirting between Tess and Jenna. Mariana and Mat make a huge decision about the future of their relationship; Marianna dumps Mat. After talking to Wyatt, Marianna is inspired to keep moving forward, and leave Mat in the past.\n\n\n96\n14\n\"Scars\"\nKelli Williams\nCristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl\nFebruary 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)\n0.57[19]\n\n\nCallie receives a surprising tip from an unexpected source; Jude tries to calm Noah's fears about his budding relationship with fellow gamer Declan.\n\n\n97\n15\n\"Mother's Day\"\nBradley Bredeweg\nJoanna Johnson\nFebruary 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)\n0.52[20]\n\n\nStef's mother comes to visit and helps Stef cope with a tough time; Callie and Jude grapple with the memory of their biological mother.\n\n\n98\n16\n\"Giving Up the Ghost\"\nMichael Medico\nMegan Lynn & Wade Solomon\nFebruary 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)\n0.54[21]\n\n\nStef challenges her monsters as well as lastly confesses all to Lena regarding exactly what is actually been actually distressing her. Mariana as well as Emma discover on their own going go to scalp, placing Poppy as well as Jesus in an unpleasant posture.\n\n\n99\n17\n\"Makeover\"\nLaura Nisbet Peters\nCristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl\nMarch 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)\n0.50[22]\n\n\nCallie speaks on a panel about Ximena's struggle and realizes she may have a passion for something other than art; Mariana has two amazing dates and can't decide who she likes more.\n\n\n100\n18\n\"Just Say Yes\"\nJoanna Johnson\nJoanna Johnson\nMarch 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)\n0.53[23]\n\n\nBrandon and Grace go on a road trip and discover a lot about each other; Mariana and Emma vie for a competitive internship; Stef and Lena go on a couples retreat to reconnect.\n\n\n101\n19\n\"Many Roads\"\nPeter Paige\nBradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige\nMarch 13, 2018\n0.48[23]\n\n\nIt's graduation day for Callie and Brandon, but after some shocking news, the family wonders whether they will make it to the ceremony.\n\n\n102\n20\n\"Meet the Fosters\"[24]\nTBA\nTBA\nJune 4, 2018\nTBD\n\n\n103\n21\n\"Turks & Caicos\"[25]\nTBA\nTBA\nJune 5, 2018\nTBD\n\n\n104\n22\n\"Where The Heart Is\"[26]\nTBA\nTBA\nJune 6, 2018\nTBD\n\n" ]	[ "June 4, 2018" ]
-5105784439735434629	Machu Picchu	Machu Picchu - wikipedia Machu Picchu Jump to : navigation , search Machu Picchu Machu Picchu Machu Picchu in the summer of 2009 Shown within Peru Location Cuzco Region , Peru Coordinates 13 ° 09 ′ 48 '' S 72 ° 32 ′ 44 '' W / 13.16333 ° S 72.54556 ° W / - 13.16333 ; - 72.54556 Coordinates : 13 ° 09 ′ 48 '' S 72 ° 32 ′ 44 '' W / 13.16333 ° S 72.54556 ° W / - 13.16333 ; - 72.54556 Height 2,430 metres ( 7,970 ft ) History Founded c. 1450 Abandoned 1572 Cultures Inca civilization UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu Type Mixed Criteria i , iii , vii , ix Designated 1983 ( 7th session ) Reference no . 274 State Party Peru Region Latin America and the Caribbean Machu Picchu ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈmatʃu ˈpitʃu ) ) ( Quechua : Machu Picchu ; ( ˈmɑtʃu ˈpixtʃu ) ) is a 15th - century Inca citadel situated on a mountain ridge 2,430 metres ( 7,970 ft ) above sea level . It is located in the Cusco Region , Urubamba Province , Machupicchu District in Peru , above the Sacred Valley , which is 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) northwest of Cuzco and through which the Urubamba River flows . Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was constructed as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti ( 1438 -- 1472 ) . Often mistakenly referred to as the `` Lost City of the Incas '' ( a title more accurately applied to Vilcabamba ) , it is the most familiar icon of Inca civilization . The Incas built the estate around 1450 but abandoned it a century later at the time of the Spanish Conquest . Although known locally , it was not known to the Spanish during the colonial period and remained unknown to the outside world until American historian Hiram Bingham brought it to international attention in 1911 . Machu Picchu was built in the classical Inca style , with polished dry - stone walls . Its three primary structures are the Intihuatana , the Temple of the Sun , and the Room of the Three Windows . Most of the outlying buildings have been reconstructed in order to give tourists a better idea of how they originally appeared . By 1976 , thirty percent of Machu Picchu had been restored and restoration continues . Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historic Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 . In 2007 , Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a worldwide Internet poll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Daily Life of Machu Picchu as a Royal Estate 2.2 Agriculture 2.3 Encounters 2.4 First American expedition 2.5 Human sacrifice and mysticism 3 Geography 4 Site 4.1 Layout 4.2 Intihuatana stone 4.3 Inti Mach'ay and the Royal Feast of the Sun 4.4 Construction 4.5 Roads and transportation 5 Threats 5.1 Tourism 5.2 January 2010 evacuation 5.3 Entrance restrictions 5.4 Cultural artifacts : Dispute between Peru and Yale University 6 In media 7 Panoramic views 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links 13 Images Etymology In the Quechua language , machu means `` old '' or `` old person '' , while pikchu means `` peak ; mountain or prominence with a broad base that ends in sharp peaks '' , hence the name of the site means `` old peak '' . History View of the city of Machu Picchu in 1912 showing the original ruins after major clearing and before modern reconstruction work began . Machu Picchu was built around 1450 - 1460 . Its construction appears to date to the period of the two great Inca rulers , Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui ( 1438 -- 71 ) and Túpac Inca Yupanqui ( 1472 -- 93 ) . There is a consensus among archaeologists that Pachacutec ordered the construction of the royal estate for himself , most likely after his successful military campaign . Though Machu Picchu is considered to be a `` royal '' estate , surprisingly , the estate would not have been passed down in the line of succession . It was only used for approximately 80 years before being abandoned seemingly due to destruction of the Spanish Conquests in other parts of the Inca Empire . It is possible that most of its inhabitants died from smallpox introduced by travellers before the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the area . Daily Life of Machu Picchu as a royal estate During its use as a royal estate , it is estimated that no more than 750 people lived there at a time , most people being support staff ( yanaconas , yana ) who lived there permanently . Though the estate belonged to Pachacutec , religious specialists and temporary specialized workers ( mayocs ) lived there as well , most likely for the ruler 's well - being and enjoyment . During the harsher season , staff dropped down to around a hundred servants and a few religious specialists focused only on maintenance . Studies show that according to their skeletal remains , most people who lived there were immigrants from diverse backgrounds . They lacked the chemical markers and osteological markers they would have if they had been living there their whole lives . Instead , there was bone damage from various species of water parasites indigenous to different areas of Peru . There were also varying osteological stressors and varying chemical densities suggesting varying long term diets characteristic of specific regions that were spaced apart . These diets are composed of varying levels of maize , potatoes , grains , legumes , and fish , but the overall most recent short - term diet for these people composed of less fish and more corn . This suggests that several of the immigrants were from more coastal areas and moved to Machu Picchu where corn was a larger portion of food intake . The skeletal remains found at Machu Picchu are also unique in their level of natural bone damage from laborious activities . Most people found at the site had lower levels of arthritis and bone fractures found in most sites of the Inca Empire . Inca individuals that have arthritis and bone fractures are typically those who performed heavy physical labor ( such as the Mit'a ) and / or served in the Inca military . Not only people were suspected to have immigrated to Machu Picchu , there were several animal bones found that were not native to the site . Most animal bones found were from llamas and alpacas . These animals naturally live in altitudes of 14000 ft above sea level rather than the mere 8000 ft Machu Picchu rests on . Most likely , these animals were brought in from the Puna region for meat consumption and for their pelts . Guinea pigs were also found at the site in special burial caves , suggesting that they were at least used for funerary rituals as it was common throughout the Inca Empire to use them for sacrifices and meat . Six dogs were also recovered from the site . Due to their placements among the human remains , it is believed that they served as companions of the dead . Agriculture Studies have shown that much of the farming done at Machu Picchu was done on the hundreds of man - made terraces there . These terraces were a work of considerable engineering , built to ensure good drainage and soil fertility while also protecting the mountain itself from erosion and landslides . However , the terraces were not perfect , as studies of the land show that there were landslides that happened during the construction of Machu Picchu . It can still be seen where the terraces were shifted by landslides and then stabilized by the Inca as they continued to build around the area . It is estimated that the area around the site has received more than 72 inches of rain since A.D. 1450 , which was more than needed to support crop growth there . Because of the large amount of rainfall at Machu Picchu , it was found that irrigation was not needed for the terraces . The terraces received so much rain that they were built specifically to allow for ample drainage of the extra water . Excavation and soil analyses done by Kenneth Wright in the 90 's showed that the terraces were built in layers , with a bottom layer of larger stones covered by loose gravel . On top of the gravel was a layer of mixed sand and gravel packed together , with rich topsoil covering all of that . It was proven that the topsoil was probably moved from the valley floor to the terraces because it was much more rich than the soil higher up the mountain . However , it has been found that the terrace farming area makes up only about 12 acres of land , and a study of the soil around the terraces showed that what was grown there was mostly corn and potatoes , which was not enough to support the 750 + people living at Machu Picchu . Therefore , when studies were done on the food that the Incas ate at Machu Picchu , it was found that much of what they ate was imported to the area from the surrounding valleys and farther . Encounters Although it was located only about 80 kilometers ( 50 mi ) from the Inca capital in Cusco , the Spanish never found Machu Picchu and so did not plunder or destroy it , as they did many other sites . The conquistadors had notes of a place called Piccho , although no record of a Spanish visit exists . The types of sacred rocks defaced by the conquistadors in other locations are untouched at Machu Picchu . Over the centuries , the surrounding jungle overgrew the site , and few outside the immediate area knew of its existence . The site may have been discovered and plundered in 1867 by a German businessman , Augusto Berns . Some evidence indicates that German engineer J.M. von Hassel arrived earlier . Maps show references to Machu Picchu as early as 1874 . In 1911 American historian and explorer Hiram Bingham travelled the region looking for the old Inca capital and was led to Machu Picchu by a local farmer . Bingham brought Machu Picchu to international attention and organized another expedition in 1912 to undertake major clearing and excavation . He returned in 1914 and 1915 to continue with excavation . In 1981 , Peru declared an area of 325.92 square kilometres ( 125.84 sq mi ) surrounding Machu Picchu a `` Historic Sanctuary '' . In addition to the ruins , the sanctuary includes a large portion of the adjoining region , rich with the flora and fauna of the Peruvian Yungas and Central Andean wet puna ecoregions . In 1983 , UNESCO designated Machu Picchu a World Heritage Site , describing it as `` an absolute masterpiece of architecture and a unique testimony to the Inca civilization '' . First American expedition This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bingham was a lecturer at Yale University , although not a trained archaeologist . In 1909 , returning from the Pan-American Scientific Congress in Santiago , he traveled through Peru and was invited to explore the Inca ruins at Choqquequirau in the Apurímac Valley . He organized the 1911 Yale Peruvian Expedition in part to search for the Inca capital , which was thought to be the city of Vitcos . He consulted Carlos Romero , a historian in Lima who showed him helpful references and Father Calancha 's Chronicle . Hiram Bingham III at his tent door near Machu Picchu in 1912 Armed with this information the expedition went down the Urubamba River . En route Bingham asked local people to show them Inca ruins . By the time they camped at Mandor Pampa , with Huayna Picchu 2000 feet above them on the opposite bank , they had already examined several ruins , but none fit the descriptions of Vitcos . At Mandor Pampa , Bingham asked farmer and innkeeper Melchor Arteaga if he knew of any nearby ruins . Arteaga said he knew of excellent ruins on the top of Huayna Picchu . The next day , 24 July , Arteaga led Bingham and Sergeant Carrasco across the river on a log bridge and up the Huayna Picchu mountain . At the top of the mountain they came across a small hut occupied by a couple of Quechua , Richarte and Alvarez , who were farming some of the original Machu Picchu agricultural terraces that they had cleared four years earlier . Alvarez 's 11 - year - old son , Pablito , led Bingham along the ridge to the main ruins . The ruins were mostly covered with vegetation except for the cleared agricultural terraces and clearings used by the farmers as vegetable gardens . Because of the vegetation Bingham was not able to observe the full extent of the site . He took preliminary notes , measurements and photographs , noting the fine quality of Inca stonework of several principal buildings . Bingham was unclear about the original purpose of the ruins , but decided that there was no indication that it matched the description of Vitcos . The expedition continued down the Urubamba and up the Vilcabamba Rivers examining all the ruins they could find . Guided by locals Bingham rediscovered and correctly identified the site of the old Inca capital , Vitcos ( then called Rosaspata ) , and the nearby temple of Chuquipalta . He then crossed a pass and into the Pampaconas Valley where he found more ruins heavily buried in the jungle undergrowth at Espíritu Pampa , which he named `` Eromboni Pampa '' . As was the case with Machu Picchu , the site was so heavily overgrown that Bingham could only note a few of the buildings . In 1964 , Gene Savoy further explored the ruins at Espiritu Pampa and revealed the full extent of the site , identifying it as Vilcabamba Viejo where the Incas fled after the Spanish drove them from Vitcos . On the return of the expedition up the Urubamba River , Bingham sent two men to clear and map the site he referred to as Machu Picchu . As Bingham failed to identify the ruins at Espiritu Pampa as Vilcabamba Viejo , he erroneously theorized that Machu Picchu was Vilcabamba Viejo . Machu Picchu features spectacular workmanship and a dramatic site , while Vilcabamba was built while the short - lived remnant Neo-Inca State was being vanquished by the Spanish ; it was built quickly and features crude workmanship . Bingham returned to Machu Picchu in 1912 under the sponsorship of Yale University and National Geographic and with full support of Peruvian President Leguia . The expedition undertook a four - month clearing of the site with local labor , which was expedited with the support of the Prefect of Cuzco . Excavation started in 1912 with further excavation undertaken in 1914 and 1915 . Bingham focused on Machu Picchu because of its fine Inca stonework and well - preserved nature , which had lain undisturbed since the site was abandoned . None of Bingham 's several hypotheses explaining the site held up . During his studies , he carried various artifacts back to Yale . One prominent artifact was a set of 15th - century , ceremonial Incan knives made from bismuth bronze ; they are the earliest known artifact containing this alloy . Although local institutions initially welcomed the exploration , they soon accused Bingham of legal and cultural malpractice . Rumors arose that the team was stealing artifacts and smuggling them out of Peru through Bolivia . ( In fact , Bingham removed many artifacts , but openly and legally ; they were deposited in the Yale University Museum . Bingham was abiding by the 1852 Civil Code , the code stated that `` archaeological finds generally belonged to the discoverer , except when they had been discovered on private land . '' ( Batievsky 100 ) ) Local press perpetuated the accusations , claiming that the excavation harmed the site and deprived local archaeologists of knowledge about their own history . Landowners began to demand rent from the excavators . By the time Bingham and his team left Machu Picchu , locals had formed coalitions to defend their ownership of Machu Picchu and its cultural remains , while Bingham claimed the artifacts ought to be studied by experts in American institutions . Human Sacrifice and mysticism Little information describes human sacrifices at Machu Picchu , though many sacrifices were never given a proper burial , and their skeletal remains succumbed to the elements . However , there is evidence that retainers were sacrificed to accompany a deceased noble in the afterlife . Animal , liquid and dirt sacrifices to the gods were much more common , made at the Altar of the Condor . The tradition is upheld by members of the New Age Andean religion . Geography Map of Machu Picchu Machu Picchu lies in the southern hemisphere , 13.164 degrees south of the equator . It is 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) northwest of Cusco , on the crest of the mountain Machu Picchu , located about 2,430 metres ( 7,970 feet ) above mean sea level , over 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) lower than Cusco , which has an elevation of 3,600 metres ( 11,800 ft ) . As such , it had a milder climate than the Inca capital . It is one of the most important archaeological sites in South America , one of the most visited tourist attractions in Latin America and the most visited in Peru . Machu Picchu has wet and dry seasons , with the majority of annual rain falling from October through to April . Machu Picchu is situated above a bow of the Urubamba River , which surrounds the site on three sides , where cliffs drop vertically for 450 metres ( 1,480 ft ) to the river at their base . The area is subject to morning mists rising from the river . The location of the city was a military secret , and its deep precipices and steep mountains provided natural defenses . The Inca Bridge , an Inca grass rope bridge , across the Urubamba River in the Pongo de Mainique , provided a secret entrance for the Inca army . Another Inca bridge was built to the west of Machu Picchu , the tree - trunk bridge , at a location where a gap occurs in the cliff that measures 6 metres ( 20 ft ) . It could be bridged by two tree trunks , but with the trees removed , there was a 570 metres ( 1,870 ft ) fall to the base of the cliffs . The city sits in a saddle between the two mountains Machu Picchu and Huayna Picchu , with a commanding view down two valleys and a nearly impassable mountain at its back . It has a water supply from springs that can not be blocked easily , and enough land to grow food for about four times as many people as ever lived there . The hillsides leading to it were terraced , to provide more farmland to grow crops , and to steepen the slopes that invaders would have to ascend . The terraces reduced soil erosion and protected against landslides . Two high - altitude routes from Machu Picchu cross the mountains back to Cusco , one through the Sun Gate , and the other across the Inca bridge . Both could be blocked easily , should invaders approach along them . Site Layout Terraced fields in the upper agricultural sector Temple of the Sun or Torreon The site is roughly divided into an urban sector and an agricultural sector , and into an upper town and a lower town . The temples are in the upper town , the warehouses in the lower . The architecture is adapted to the mountains . Approximately 200 buildings are arranged on wide parallel terraces around an east - west central square . The various compounds , called kanchas , are long and narrow in order to exploit the terrain . Sophisticated channeling systems provided irrigation for the fields . Stone stairways set in the walls allowed access to the different levels across the site . The eastern section of the city was probably residential . The western , separated by the square , was for religious and ceremonial purposes . This section contains the Torreón , the massive tower which may have been used as an observatory . Located in the first zone are the primary archaeological treasures : the Intihuatana , the Temple of the Sun and the Room of the Three Windows . These were dedicated to Inti , their sun god and greatest deity . The Popular District , or Residential District , is the place where the lower - class people lived . It includes storage buildings and simple houses . The royalty area , a sector for the nobility , is a group of houses located in rows over a slope ; the residence of the amautas ( wise persons ) was characterized by its reddish walls , and the zone of the ñustas ( princesses ) had trapezoid - shaped rooms . The Monumental Mausoleum is a carved statue with a vaulted interior and carved drawings . It was used for rites or sacrifices . The Guardhouse is a three - sided building , with one of its long sides opening onto the Terrace of the Ceremonial Rock . The three - sided style of Inca architecture is known as the wayrona style . In 2005 and 2009 , the University of Arkansas made detailed laser scans of the entire site and of the ruins at the top of the adjacent Huayna Picchu mountain . The scan data is available online for research purposes . Intihuatana stone Main article : Intihuatana , Urubamba Intihuatana is believed to have been designed as an astronomic clock or calendar by the Incas The sculpture carved from the rock bottom of the sun temple is interpreted as `` Water mirrors for observing the sky '' . The Intihuatana stone is one of many ritual stones in South America . These stones are arranged to point directly at the sun during the winter solstice . The name of the stone ( perhaps coined by Bingham ) derives from Quechua language : inti means `` sun '' , and wata - , `` to tie , hitch ( up ) '' . The suffix - na derives nouns for tools or places . Hence Intihuatana is literally an instrument or place to `` tie up the sun '' , often expressed in English as `` The Hitching Post of the Sun '' . The Inca believed the stone held the sun in its place along its annual path in the sky . The stone is situated at 13 ° 9'48 '' S. At midday on 11 November and 30 January , the sun stands almost exactly above the pillar , casting no shadow . On 21 June , the stone casts the longest shadow on its southern side , and on 21 December a much shorter shadow on its northern side . Inti Mach'ay and the royal Feast of the sun Inti Mach'ay is a special cave used to observe the Royal Feast of the Sun . This festival was celebrated during the Incan month of Qhapaq Raymi . It began earlier in the month and concluded on the December solstice . On this day , noble boys were initiated into manhood by an ear - piercing ritual as they stood inside the cave and watched the sun rise . Architecturally , Inti Mach'ay is the most significant structure at Machu Picchu . Its entrances , walls , steps and windows are some of the finest masonry in the Incan Empire . The cave also includes a tunnel - like window unique among Incan structures , which was constructed to only allow sunlight into the cave during several days around the December solstice . For this reason , the cave was inaccessible for much of the year . Inti Mach'ay is located on the eastern side of Machu Picchu , just north of the `` Condor Stone . '' Many of the caves surrounding this area were prehistorically used as tombs , yet there is no evidence that Mach'ay was a burial ground . Construction Main article : Incan architecture View of the residential section of Machu Picchu Interior of an Inca building , featuring trapezoidal windows Funerary Stone in upper cemetery The central buildings use the classical Inca architectural style of polished dry - stone walls of regular shape . The Incas were masters of this technique , called ashlar , in which blocks of stone are cut to fit together tightly without mortar . The section of the mountain where Machu Picchu was built provided various challenges that the Incas solved with local materials . One issue was the seismic activity due to two fault lines . It made mortar and similar building methods nearly useless . Instead , the Inca mined stones from the quarry at the site , lined them up and shaped them to fit together perfectly , stabilizing the structures . Inca walls have many stabilizing features : doors and windows are trapezoidal , narrowing from bottom to top ; corners usually are rounded ; inside corners often incline slightly into the rooms ; and outside corners were often tied together by `` L '' - shaped blocks ; walls are offset slightly from row to row rather than rising straight from bottom to top . Heavy rainfall required terraces and stone chips to drain rain water and prevent mud slides , landslides , erosion and flooding . Terraces were layered with stone chips , sand , dirt and top soil , to absorb water and prevent it from running down the mountain . Similar layering protected the large city center from flooding . Multiple canals and reserves provide water throughout the city that could be supplied to the terraces for irrigation and to prevent erosion and flooding . The Incas never used wheels in a practical way , although its use in toys shows that they knew the principle . Its use in engineering may have been limited due to the lack of strong draft animals , steep terrain and dense vegetation . The approach to moving and placing the enormous stones remains uncertain , probably involving hundreds of men to push the stones up inclines . A few stones have knobs that could have been used to lever them into position ; after which they were generally sanded away , with a few overlooked . Roads and transportation The Inca road system included a route to the Machu Picchu region . The people of Machu Picchu were connected to long - distance trade , as shown by non-local artifacts found at the site . For example , Bingham found unmodified obsidian nodules at the entrance gateway . In the 1970s , Burger and Asaro determined that these obsidian samples were from the Titicaca or Chivay obsidian source , and that the samples from Machu Picchu showed long - distance transport of this obsidian type in pre-Hispanic Peru . Thousands of tourists walk the Inca Trail to visit Machu Picchu each year . They congregate at Cusco before starting on the one - , two - , four - or five - day journey on foot from Kilometer 82 ( or 77 or 85 , four / five - day trip ) or Kilometer 104 ( one / two - day trip ) near the town of Ollantaytambo in the Urubamba valley , walking up through the Andes to the isolated city . Threats Tourism Machu Picchu is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , both cultural and natural . Since its discovery in 1911 , growing numbers of tourists visit the site yearly , reaching 400,000 in 2000 . As Peru 's most visited tourist attraction and major revenue generator , it is continually exposed to economic and commercial forces . In the late 1990s , the Peruvian government granted concessions to allow the construction of a cable car and a luxury hotel , including a tourist complex with boutiques and restaurants and a bridge to the site . Many people protested the plans , including Peruvians and foreign scientists , saying that more visitors would pose a physical burden on the ruins . A no - fly zone exists above the area . UNESCO is considering putting Machu Picchu on its List of World Heritage in Danger . During the 1980s a large rock from Machu Picchu 's central plaza was moved to a different location to create a helicopter landing zone . In the 1990s , the government prohibited helicopter landings . In 2006 , a Cusco - based company , Helicusco , sought approval for tourist flights over Machu Picchu . The resulting license was soon rescinded . Authorities have struggled to maintain tourist safety . Tourist deaths have been linked to altitude sickness , floods and hiking accidents . UNESCO received criticism for allowing tourists at the location given high risks of landslides , earthquakes and injury due to decaying structures . Nude tourism is a recent trend , to the dismay of Peruvian officials . In several incidents , tourists were detained for posing for nude pictures or streaking across the site . Peru 's Ministry of Culture denounced these acts for threatening Peru 's cultural heritage . Cusco 's Regional Director of Culture increased surveillance to end the practice . January 2010 evacuation See also : El Niño - Southern Oscillation In January 2010 , heavy rain caused flooding that buried or washed away roads and railways to Machu Picchu , trapping more than 2,000 locals and more than 2,000 tourists , later airlifted out . Machu Picchu was temporarily closed , reopening on 1 April 2010 . Entrance restrictions In July 2011 , the Dirección Regional de Cultura Cusco ( DRC ) introduced new entrance rules to the citadel of Machu Picchu . The tougher entrance rules attempted to reduce the effect of tourism . Entrance was limited to 2,500 visitors per day , and the entrance to Huayna Picchu ( within the citadel ) was further restricted to 400 visitors per day , in two time slots , at 7 and 10 AM . In May 2012 , a team of UNESCO conservation experts called upon Peruvian authorities to take `` emergency measures '' to further stabilize the site 's buffer zone and protect it from damage , particularly in the nearby town of Aguas Calientes , which had grown rapidly . Cultural artifacts : dispute between Peru and Yale University In 1912 , 1914 and 1915 , Bingham removed thousands of artifacts from Machu Picchu -- ceramic vessels , silver statues , jewelry and human bones -- and took them to Yale University for further study , supposedly for 18 months . Yale instead kept the artifacts until 2012 , arguing that Peru lacked the infrastructure and systems to care for them . Eliane Karp , an anthropologist and wife of former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo , accused Yale of profiting from Peru 's cultural heritage . Many of the articles were exhibited at Yale 's Peabody Museum . In 2006 , Yale returned some pieces but kept the rest , claiming this was supported by federal case law of Peruvian antiquities . On 19 September 2007 , the Courant reported that Peru and Yale had agreed on the return of the artifacts . The agreement included a joint traveling exhibition and construction of a new museum and research center in Cusco advised by Yale . Yale acknowledged Peru 's title to all the objects , but would share rights with Peru in the research collection , part of which would remain at Yale for continuing study . On 21 November 2010 , Yale agreed to return the disputed artifacts . The third and final batch of artifacts was delivered November 2012 . The artifacts are permanently exhibited at La Casa Concha ( `` The Shell House '' ) close to Cusco 's colonial center . Owned by the National University of San Antonio Abad del Cusco , La Casa Concha also features a study area for local and foreign students . In media The 1955 film Secret of the Incas by Paramount Pictures with Charlton Heston and Ima Sumac was filmed on location at Cusco and Machu Picchu , the first time that a major Hollywood studio filmed on site . Five hundred indigenous people were hired as extras in the film . The opening sequence of the 1972 film Aguirre , the Wrath of God was shot in the Machu Picchu area and on the stone stairway of Huayna Picchu . Machu Picchu was featured prominently in the 2004 film , The Motorcycle Diaries , a biopic based on the 1952 youthful travel memoir of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara . The NOVA television documentary `` Ghosts of Machu Picchu '' presents an elaborate documentary on the mysteries of Machu Picchu . Contemporary multimedia artist Kimsooja used Macchu Picchu as the primary setting for the first episode of her film series Thread Routes , shot in 2010 . The song `` Kilimanjaro '' from the 2010 South Indian Tamil film Enthiran was filmed in Machu Picchu . The sanction for filming was granted only after direct intervention from the Indian government . Panoramic views Panoramic view of Machu Picchu Panoramic view of Machu Picchu from Huayna Picchu Panoramic view of Machu Picchu Up - close view of Incan ruins on Machu Picchu Panoramic view of Machu Picchu from Machu Picchu mountain surrounded by the Urubamba River See also Choquequirao Inca Trail to Machu Picchu Salkantay Trek , Alternative trek to Machu Picchu The Chilean Inca Trail Iperu , tourist information and assistance Kuelap Lares trek , an alternate route to that of the Inca Trail List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of largest monoliths in the world Putucusi , neighboring mountain Tourism in Peru Caral Mysticism Shamanism Religion in the Inca Empire References Jump up ^ Nonato Rufino Chuquimamani Valer , Carmen Gladis Alosilla Morales , Victoria Choque Valer : Qullaw Qichwapa Simi Qullqan . 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ISBN 9780521857642 . ^ Jump up to : Gaither , Catherine ; Jonathan Kent ; Victor Sanchez ; Teresa Tham ( June 2008 ) . `` Mortuary Practices and Human Sacrifice in the Middle Chao Valley of Peru : Their Interpretation in the Context of Andean Mortuary Patterning '' . Latin American Antiquity. 19 ( 2 ) : 107 , 115 , 119 . Jump up ^ Hill , Michael ( 2010 ) . `` Myth , Globalization , and Mestizaje in New Age Andean Religion : The Intic Churincuna ( Children of the Sun ) of Urubamba , Peru '' . Ethnohistory. 57 ( 2 ) : 263 , 273 -- 275 . doi : 10.1215 / 00141801 - 2009 - 063 . ^ Jump up to : Wright & Valencia Zegarra , p. ix . Jump up ^ Davies 1997 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Wright , Valencia Zegarra & Crowley 2000b , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus ( March 2003 ) . `` Winter Palace '' . Smithsonian : 110 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Longhena 2010 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Wright & Valencia Zegarra , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Computer Modeling of Heritage Resources '' . Jump up ^ Doig 2005 . Jump up ^ Dearborn , Schreiber & White 1987 , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Dearborn , Schreiber & White 1987 , p. 349 - 351 . Jump up ^ Dearborn , Schreiber & White 1987 , p. 349 ... Jump up ^ Wright & Valencia Zegarra 2000 . Jump up ^ Burger & Salazar 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Galería de Fotos Camino Inca '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Llegada de visitantes al Santuario Histórico de Machu Picchu '' , Observatorio Turistico Del Peru . 22 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Bridge stirs the waters in Machu Picchu '' . BBC News Online . 2007 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Global Sacred Lands : Machu Picchu Sacredland.org , Sacred Land Film Project . Jump up ^ `` Peru bans flights over Inca ruins '' , BBC News Online , 8 September 2006 Jump up ^ Collyns , Dan ( 8 September 2006 ) . `` Peru bans flights over Inca ruins '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Brooke , Chris . `` British father - of - three , 68 , dies from altitude sickness while on dream holiday to Machu Picchu with wife '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Tourist Dies in Fall While Hiking the Inca Trail Near Machu Picchu '' . Fox News Latino . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Chase , Rachel . `` Peru : German tourist dies while trekking Inca Trail '' . Peru this Week . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bates , Stephen . `` Stranded tourists await rescue from Machu Picchu '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Johanson , Mark . `` World 's Most Controversial Tourist Attractions '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Liu , Evie . `` Peru to Tourists : ' Stop getting naked at Machu Picchu ! ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ BBC , jhayzee27 ( 29 January 2010 ) . `` Machu Picchu Airlift Rescues 1,400 Tourists '' . Disaster Alert Network LLC . UBAlert . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ travel staff , Seattle Times ( 5 February 2010 ) . `` Machu Picchu to reopen earlier than expected after storms '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Machu Picchu New Entrance Rules '' , Peru Guide ( the only ) . 18 December 2011 Jump up ^ `` GHF '' . Global Heritage Fund . 8 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Martineau , Kim ( 14 March 2006 ) . `` Peru Presses Yale On Relics '' . Hartford Courant . Jump up ^ Mahony , Edmund H. ( 16 September 2007 ) . `` Yale To Return Incan Artifacts '' . Hartford Courant . Jump up ^ `` CNN : `` Peru 's president : Yale agrees to return Incan artifacts '' `` . 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Zorthian , Julia . `` Yale returns final Machu Picchu artifacts '' . Yale Daily News - Cross Campus . Yale University . Retrieved 24 Feb 2013 . Jump up ^ Production Notes -- Secret Of The Incas @ TCM Database Jump up ^ Herzog 2002 . Jump up ^ Excerpted Clip of Machu Picchu from the film The Motorcycle Diaries directed by Walter Salles , distributed by Focus Features , 2004 Jump up ^ Ghosts of Machu Picchu on IMDb Jump up ^ Womeninthearts ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Artist Spotlight : Kimsooja 's Threads of Culture '' . Jump up ^ `` Endhiran The Robot : First Indian movie to shoot at Machu Pichu '' . One India . Archived from the original on 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Enthiran beats James Bond '' . Behindwoods . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Lahiri , Tripti ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) . `` WSJ blog : Machu Picchu Welcomes Rajnikanth and India '' . Blogs.wsj.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Bibliography Bingham , Hiram ( 16 December 2010 ) . Lost City of the Incas . Orion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 86533 - 9 . Bingham , Hiram ( 1922 ) . Inca Land : explorations in the highlands of Peru . Boston , Massachusetts , USA : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 248230298 . Bingham , Hiram ( 1979 ) ( 1930 ) . Machu Picchu , a citadel of the Incas . New York , USA : Hacker Art Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87817 - 252 - 8 . OCLC 6579761 . Burger , Richard ; Salazar , Lucy , eds. ( 2004 ) . Machu Picchu : Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas . New Haven , Connecticut , USA : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09763 - 4 . OCLC 52806202 . Davies , Nigel ( 1997 ) . The Ancient Kingdoms of Peru . London , UK and New York , USA : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 023381 - 4 . OCLC 37552622 . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . `` Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 10 Jan 2010 . Wright , Kenneth R. ; Valencia Zegarra , Alfredo ( 1 January 2000 ) . Machu Picchu : A Civil Engineering Marvel . Reston , Virginia : ASCE Press ( American Society of Civil Engineers ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 7052 - 7 . OCLC 43526790 . Wright , Kenneth R. ; Valencia Zegarra , Alfredo & Crowley , Christopher M. ( May 2000a ) . `` Completion Report to Instituto Nacional de Cultura on Archaeological Exploration of the Inca Trail on the East Flank of Machu Picchu and on Palynology of Terraces Part 1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 Jan 2010 . Wright , Kenneth R. ; Valencia Zegarra , Alfredo & Crowley , Christopher M. ( May 2000 ) . `` Completion Report to Instituto Nacional de Cultura on Archaeological Exploration of the Inca Trail on the East Flank of Machu Picchu and on Palynology of Terraces Part 2 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 Jan 2010 . Burger , Richard L. ; Salazar , Lucy C. ( 2004 ) . Machu Picchu : Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09763 - 4 . Wright , Kenneth R. ; Valencia Zegarra , Alfredo & Crowley , Christopher M. ( May 2000c ) . `` Completion Report to Instituto Nacional de Cultura on Archaeological Exploration of the Inca Trail on the East Flank of Machu Picchu and on Palynology of Terraces Part 3 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 Jan 2010 . Wright , Ruth ; Valencia Zegarra , Alfredo ( 2004 ) ( 2001 ) . The Machu Picchu Guidebook : A self - guided tour . Big Earth Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55566 - 327 - 8 . OCLC 53330849 . Nava , Pedro Sueldo ( 2000 ) . A Walking Tour of Machupicchu . Editoral Cumbre . OCLC 2723003 . Davey , Peter ( October 2001 ) . `` Outrage : Rebuilding Machu Picchu , Peru '' . The Architectural Review . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Dearborn , David S.P. ; Schreiber , Katharina J. ; White , Raymond E. ( 1987 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Intimachay : A December Solstice Observatory at Machu Picchu , Peru '' . American Antiquity. 52 ( 2 ) : 346 -- 352 . doi : 10.2307 / 281786 . JSTOR 281786 . McNeill , William ( 27 October 2010 ) . Plagues and Peoples . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 77366 - 1 . Longhena , Maria ( 2007 ) . The Incas and Other Ancient Andean Civilizations . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4351 - 0003 - 9 . Doig , Federico Kauffmann ( 2005 ) . Machu Picchu : tesoro inca . ICPNA , Instituto Cultural Peruano Norteamericano . Further reading Frost , Peter ; Blanco , Daniel ; Rodríguez , Abel & Walker , Barry ( 1995 ) . Machu Picchu Historical Sanctuary . Lima , Peru : Nueves Imágines . OCLC 253680819 . MacQuarrie , Kim ( 2007 ) . The Last Days of the Incas . New York , USA : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6049 - 7 . OCLC 77767591 . Magli , Giulio ( 2009 ) . `` At the other end of the sun 's path : A new interpretation of Machu Picchu '' . arXiv : 0904.4882 ( physics. hist - ph ) . Reinhard , Johan ( 2007 ) . Machu Picchu : Exploring an Ancient Sacred Center . Los Angeles , California , USA : Cotsen Institute of Archaeology , UCLA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931745 - 44 - 4 . OCLC 141852845 . Richardson , Don ( 1981 ) . Eternity in their Hearts . Ventura , California , USA : Regal Books . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 8307 - 0925 - 8 . OCLC 491826338 . Weatherford , J. McIver ( 1988 ) . Indian givers : how the Indians of the Americas transformed the world . New York , USA : Fawcett Columbine . ISBN 0 - 449 - 90496 - 2 . OCLC 474116190 . Kops , Deborah ( 1 September 2008 ) . Machu Picchu . Twenty - First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 7584 - 9 . es : Daniel Eisenberg , `` Machu Picchu and Cuzco '' , Journal of Hispanic Philology , vol. 13 , 1989 , pp. 97 -- 101 . Herzog , Werner ; Cronin , Paul ( 2002 ) . Herzog on Herzog . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 571 - 20708 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Machu Picchu ( category ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Machu Picchu . UNESCO -- Machu Picchu ( World Heritage ) Wright Paleohydrological Institute with reports on water management at Machu Picchu Images Time Photos - Machu Picchu : 100 Years Since Its Rediscovery Peru articles History Timeline Ancient cultures Inca Empire Spanish conquest Neo-Inca State Viceroyalty War of Independence Guano Era War of the Pacific Colombia -- Peru War Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Internal conflict By topic Demographic Economic Geography Cities Climate Earthquakes Flora Mountains Natural regions Protected areas Rivers Wildlife Politics Constitution Elections electoral system Government Foreign relations Human rights LGBT LGBT history Law enforcement Military Nationality law Political parties Alliance for the Future APRA National Unity Possible Peru Peruvian Nationalist Party Popular Action Union for Peru Regions and provinces Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Sol ( currency ) Electricity Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education International rankings Languages List of Peruvians Public holidays Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Llama Literature Machu Picchu Media Music Religion Sport Symbols Outline Index Portal World Heritage Sites in Peru Chan Chan Archaeological Zone Chavín Archaeological Site City of Cuzco Historic Centre of Lima Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu Huascarán National Park Manú National Park Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de Jumana Rio Abiseo National Park Sacred City of Caral - 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Qillqamarka Yaynu Yuraq Mach'ay Protected areas of Peru National Parks Alto Purús Bahuaja - Sonene Cerros de Amotape Cordillera Azul Cutervo Güeppi - Sekime Huascaran Ichigkat muja -- Cordillera del Condor Manú Otishi Rio Abiseo Sierra del Divisor Tingo María Yanachaga - Chemillén National Sanctuaries Ampay Calipuy Cordillera de Colán Huayllay Lagunas de Mejia Manglares de Tumbes Megantoni Pampa Hermosa Tabaconas Namballe Historic Sanctuaries Chacamarca Machu Picchu Pampas de Ayacucho Bosque de Pómac National Reserves Allpahuayo - Mishana Calipuy Junín Lomas de Lachay Matsés Pacaya - Samiria Pampa Galeras -- Barbara D'Achille Paracas Pucacuro Salinas y Aguada Blanca San Fernando System of Islands , Islets and Guano Sites Tambopata Titicaca Tumbes Wildlife Refuges Laquipampa Pantanos de Villa Udima Cloud Forests Landscape Reserves Cotahuasi Nor Yauyos - Cochas Communal Reserves Amarakaeri Asháninka Chayu Nain El Sira Machiguenga Purús Tuntanain Yanesha National Forests Alexander von Humboldt Biabo Cordillera Azul Mariscal Cáceres Pastaza -- Morona -- Marañon Protection Forests Aledaño Bocatoma del Canal Nuevo Imperial Alto Mayo Pagaibamba Pui -- Pui Puquio Santa Rosa San Matías -- San Carlos Game Reserves El Angolo Sunchubamba Reserved Zones Ancón Bosque de Zárate Khapia Chancaybaños Huayhuash Huacachina Humedales de Puerto Viejo Illescas Lomas de Ancón Nieva River Santiago - Comaina Yagua Areas of Regional Conservation Choquequirao Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Puya Raymondi - Titankayocc Huaytapallana Private Conservation Areas Qosqoccahuarina VIAF : 202252375 GND : 4036827 - 0 SUDOC : 130973637 BNF : cb13931586x ( data ) NDL : 01138290 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machu_Picchu&oldid=809518803 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Peru Archaeological sites in Peru 15th - century establishments in the Inca civilization 16th - century disestablishments in the Inca civilization 1911 archaeological discoveries Archaeoastronomy Former populated places in Peru Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Historical sanctuaries of Peru Inca Populated places established in the 1450s Populated places disestablished in the 16th century Protected areas established in 1981 Ruins in Peru Archaeological sites in Cusco Region Tourist attractions in Cusco Region Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Quechua - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is machu picchu located on a world map	[ "Machu Picchu (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmatʃu ˈpitʃu]) (Quechua: Machu Picchu;[1] [ˈmɑtʃu ˈpixtʃu]) is a 15th-century Inca citadel situated on a mountain ridge 2,430 metres (7,970 ft) above sea level.[2][3] It is located in the Cusco Region, Urubamba Province, Machupicchu District in Peru,[4] above the Sacred Valley, which is 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Cuzco and through which the Urubamba River flows." ]	[ "in the Cusco Region, Urubamba Province, Machupicchu District in Peru" ]
3312734051952482981	Washington Nationals	Washington Nationals - wikipedia Washington Nationals Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current Major League Baseball team . For other uses , see Washington Nationals ( disambiguation ) . Washington Nationals 2017 Washington Nationals season Established in 1969 Based in Washington , D.C. since 2005 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1969 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 42 ( as Montreal Expos : 8 10 10 30 ) Colors Red , navy blue , white Name Washington Nationals ( 2005 -- present ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Other nicknames Nats Ballpark Nationals Park ( 2008 -- present ) Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium ( 2005 -- 2007 ) a.k.a. RFK Stadium Olympic Stadium ( 1977 -- 2004 ) Hiram Bithorn Stadium ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Jarry Park Stadium ( 1969 -- 1976 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 0 ) None NL Pennants ( 0 ) None East Division titles ( 5 ) 1981 2012 2014 2016 2017 Front office Owner ( s ) Ted Lerner Manager Dusty Baker General Manager Mike Rizzo President of Baseball Operations Mike Rizzo The Washington Nationals are a professional baseball team based in Washington , D.C. The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . From 2005 to 2007 , the team played in RFK Stadium ; since 2008 their home stadium has been Nationals Park on South Capitol Street in Southeast D.C. , near the Anacostia River . The Nationals are the fourth major league franchise to be based in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1971 . The original Washington Senators , who were often referred to as the Nationals , played in the National League from 1891 to 1899 . They were followed by a second Washington Senators franchise in 1901 , a charter member of the new American League , who were officially named the Washington Nationals from 1905 to 1956 . The second Senators franchise moved to Minnesota in 1961 and became the Minnesota Twins . They were replaced that season by a third Senators franchise , who eventually moved to Arlington , Texas , after the 1971 season and became the Texas Rangers . The current National League club was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos , part of the MLB expansion , which included the Seattle Pilots ( now the Milwaukee Brewers ) , Kansas City Royals , and San Diego Padres . Based in Montreal , the Expos were the first Major League team in Canada . Home games were played at Jarry Park Stadium and later in Olympic Stadium . During the strike - shortened 1981 season , the Expos won a division championship and made their only post-season appearance in Montreal , defeating the Philadelphia Phillies , 3 -- 2 , in the National League Division Series , but losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers , 3 -- 2 , in the National League Championship Series . The franchise had its highest winning percentage in the strike - shortened season of 1994 , when the team had the best record in baseball . The team 's subsequent shedding of players caused fan interest to drop off , and after the 2001 season , MLB considered revoking the team 's franchise , along with either the Minnesota Twins or the Tampa Bay Devil Rays . After being purchased by MLB in 2002 , the team was moved before the 2005 season to Washington , D.C. , and renamed the Nationals , the first franchise relocation in Major League Baseball since the third Washington Senators moved to Texas in 1971 . While the team initially struggled after moving to Washington , the Nationals have experienced considerable success in recent years , winning division titles in 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 , although they have yet to advance out of the first round in the playoffs . Two of the team 's first overall picks in the MLB Draft , Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010 , attracted new levels of attention to the team . At the time of his selection , Strasburg was called the `` most - hyped pick in draft history , '' and Harper later became the youngest position player to be selected to the MLB All - Star Game . Including their time in Montreal , the Nationals are one of two franchises , and the only one in the National League , never to have won a league pennant and played in a World Series , along with the Seattle Mariners of the American League . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Montreal Expos 1.1. 1 2001 contraction 1.2 Creation of the Washington Nationals 1.3 Washington baseball history revived 1.4 Washington Nationals 2 People of note 2.1 Managers 2.2 Broadcasters 2.3 Current roster 2.4 Baseball Hall of Famers 2.5 Ford C. Frick Award 2.6 Retired numbers 2.7 Ring of Honor 2.7. 1 Homestead Grays 2.7. 2 Montreal Expos 2.7. 3 Washington Nationals 2.7. 4 Washington Senators ( original team , 1901 -- 1960 ) 2.7. 5 Washington Senators ( expansion team , 1961 -- 1971 ) 2.8 Attendance and fans 2.8. 1 Attendance 2.8. 2 Prominent fans 3 Season standings 4 Spring training 5 Minor league affiliations 5.1 Former affiliates 6 Nationals Dream Foundation 7 Radio and television 8 Nationals vs. Orioles 8.1 Beltway Series 9 Notes 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Montreal Expos ( edit ) Main article : Montreal Expos The Montreal Expos joined the National League in 1969 , along with the San Diego Padres , with a majority share held by Charles Bronfman , a major shareholder in Seagram . Named after the Expo 67 World 's Fair , the Expos ' initial home was Jarry Park . Managed by Gene Mauch , the team lost 110 games in their first season , coincidentally matching the Padres inaugural win - loss record , and continued to struggle during their first decade with sub -. 500 seasons . Starting in 1977 , the team 's home venue was Montreal 's Olympic Stadium , built for the 1976 Summer Olympics . Two years later , the team won a franchise - high 95 games , finishing second in the National League East . The Expos began the 1980s with a core group of young players , including catcher Gary Carter , outfielders Tim Raines and Andre Dawson , third baseman Tim Wallach , and pitchers Steve Rogers and Bill Gullickson . The team won its only division championship in the strike - shortened split season of 1981 , ending its season with a three games to two loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the National League Championship Series . The team spent most of the 1980s in the middle of the NL East pack , finishing in third or fourth place in eight out of nine seasons from 1982 to 1990 . Buck Rodgers was hired as manager before the 1985 season and guided the Expos to a . 500 or better record five times in six years , with the highlight coming in 1987 , when they won 91 games . They finished third , but were just four games behind the division - winning Cardinals . Bronfman sold the team to a consortium of owners in 1991 , with Claude Brochu as the managing general partner . Rodgers , at that time second only to Gene Mauch in number of Expos games managed , was replaced partway through the 1991 season . In May 1992 , Felipe Alou , a member of the Expos organization since 1976 , was promoted to manager , becoming the first Dominican - born manager in MLB history . Alou would become the leader in Expos games managed , while guiding the team to winning records , including 1994 , when the Expos , led by a talented group of players including Larry Walker , Moisés Alou , Marquis Grissom and Pedro Martínez , had the best record in the major leagues until the 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike forced the cancellation of the remainder of the season . After the disappointment of 1994 , Expos management began shedding its key players , and the team 's fan support dwindled . Brochu sold control of the team to Jeffrey Loria in 1999 , but Loria failed to close on a plan to build a new downtown ballpark , and did not reach an agreement on television and English radio broadcast contracts for the 2000 season , reducing the team 's media coverage . 2001 contraction ( edit ) In November 2001 , Major League Baseball 's owners voted 28 -- 2 to contract the league by two teams -- according to various sources , the Expos and the Minnesota Twins , both of which reportedly voted against contraction . Subsequently , the Boston Red Sox were sold to a partnership led by John W. Henry , owner of the Florida Marlins . In order to clear the way for Henry 's group to assume ownership of the Red Sox , Henry sold the Marlins to Loria , and baseball purchased the Expos from Loria . However , the Metropolitan Sports Facilities Commission , operator of the Metrodome , won an injunction requiring the Twins to play there in 2002 . Because MLB was unable to revoke the Twins franchise , it was compelled to keep both the Twins and Expos as part of the regular season schedule . In the collective bargaining agreement signed with the Major League Baseball Players Association ( MLBPA ) in August 2002 , contraction was prohibited until the end of the contract in 2006 . By that time , the Expos had become the Washington Nationals and the Twins had made sufficient progress towards the eventual building of a new baseball - specific stadium that contraction was no longer on the agenda . Creation of the Washington Nationals ( edit ) With contraction no longer an option for the immediate term , MLB began looking for a relocation site for the Expos . Some of the choices included Oklahoma City ; Washington , D.C. ; San Juan , Puerto Rico ; Monterrey , Mexico ; Portland , Oregon ; somewhere in Northern Virginia such as Arlington or Dulles ; Norfolk , Virginia ; Las Vegas ; and Charlotte , North Carolina . Washington D.C and Virginia emerged as the front runners . In both 2003 and 2004 , the Expos played 22 of their home games in San Juan , Puerto Rico at the Hiram Bithorn Stadium , and the remaining 59 in Montreal . On September 29 , 2004 , MLB announced that the Expos would move to Washington , D.C. in 2005 . The Expos played their final game on October 3 at Shea Stadium , losing by a score of 8 -- 1 against the New York Mets , the same opponent that the Expos first faced at its start , 35 years earlier . On November 15 , a lawsuit by the former team owners against MLB and former majority owner Jeffrey Loria was struck down by arbitrators , bringing to an end all legal actions that would impede a move . The owners of the other MLB teams approved the move to Washington in a 28 -- 1 vote on December 3 ( Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos cast the sole dissenting vote ) . Washington Baseball History revived ( edit ) Main article : History of Washington , D.C. professional baseball Numerous professional baseball teams have called Washington , D.C. home . The Washington Senators , a founding member of the American League ( AL ) , played in the nation 's capital from 1901 to 1960 before moving to Minnesota and becoming the Twins . The original Washington American League Base Ball Club was founded by three local businessmen : Edward J. Walsh , Benjamin Minor , and Harry Rapley . Clark Griffith was hired as manager in 1912 and became a part owner , accumulating majority shares in later years . The stadium , originally known as National Park and then American League Park , later became known as Griffith Stadium . With notable stars including Walter Johnson and Joe Cronin , the Senators won the 1924 World Series and pennants in 1925 and 1933 . The franchise became more successful after moving to Minnesota for the 1961 season to be renamed the Minnesota Twins . A second Washington Senators team ( 1961 -- 1971 ) had a winning record only once in its 11 years , although it featured slugger Frank Howard , who was inducted into the Ring of Fame at the new Nationals Park in 2016 . This team was notable also because Ted Williams was manager in 1971 . The expansion Senators moved to Arlington , Texas for the 1972 season and changed its name to the Texas Rangers . The city of Washington spent the next 33 years without a baseball team . Although there was some sentiment to revive the name Senators when the Montreal Expos franchise moved to Washington in 2005 , legal and political considerations factored into the choice of Nationals , a revival of the first American League franchise 's official name used from 1901 to 1956 . Politicians and others in the District of Columbia objected to the name Senators because the District of Columbia does not have voting representation in Congress . In addition , the Rangers still owned the rights to the Senators name , although the Nationals were able to acquire the rights to the curly `` W '' logo from the Rangers . Washington , D.C. , mayor Anthony A. Williams supported the name `` Washington Grays '' , in honor of the Negro - league team the Homestead Grays ( 1929 -- 1950 ) , which had been based in Pittsburgh , but played many of their home games in Washington . In the end , the team owners chose the name `` Washington Nationals '' . Washington Nationals ( edit ) Main article : History of the Washington Nationals Nationals versus the Cincinnati Reds in 2009 at Nationals Park When Ted Lerner took over the club in mid-2006 , he hired Stan Kasten as team president . Kasten was widely known as the architect of the Atlanta Braves before and during their run of 14 division titles . Kasten was also the general manager or president of many other Atlanta - area sports teams , including the Atlanta Hawks and Atlanta Thrashers . `` The Plan '' , as it became known , was a long - range rebuilding and restructuring of the team from the ground up . This plan included investing in the farm system and the draft , and having a suitable team to go along with their new stadium . In the front office , the Nationals hired the well - respected former Arizona scouting director Mike Rizzo to be the vice president of baseball operations , second in charge under then - general manager Jim Bowden . Thanks to back - to - back No. 1 picks of Stephen Strasburg ( in 2009 ) and Bryce Harper ( in 2010 ) , and other strong moves to their farm system , the Nationals became a contending team by 2012 , winning division titles in 2012 , 2014 , and 2016 . In April 2015 , Commissioner Rob Manfred announced that Nationals Park was selected by Major League Baseball to host the 2018 All Star Game . In 2016 , the Nationals acquired Mets infielder Daniel Murphy , who has made the All Star Game in each of his two years as a National . People of note ( edit ) Managers ( edit ) Manager Time period Regular season Post-season Totals Wins Losses Win % Best finish Wins Losses Win % Post-season Wins Losses Win % Frank Robinson 2005 -- 2006 152 172 7001469000000000000 ♠ 46.9 % 0 0 -- Never made post-season 152 172 7001469000000000000 ♠ 46.9 % Manny Acta 2007 -- 2009 158 252 7001385000000000000 ♠ 38.5 % 0 0 -- Never made post-season 158 252 7001385000000000000 ♠ 38.5 % Jim Riggleman 2009 -- 2011 140 172 7001449000000000000 ♠ 44.9 % 0 0 -- Never made post-season 140 172 7001449000000000000 ♠ 44.9 % John McLaren ( interim ) 2011 7001667000000000000 ♠ 66.7 % 0 0 -- Never made post-season 7001667000000000000 ♠ 66.7 % Davey Johnson 2011 -- 2013 224 183 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % 2012 226 186 7001549000000000000 ♠ 54.9 % Matt Williams 2014 -- 2015 179 145 7001552000000000000 ♠ 55.2 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 % 2014 180 148 7001549000000000000 ♠ 54.9 % Dusty Baker 2016 -- present 95 67 7001586000000000000 ♠ 58.6 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % 2016 97 70 7001581000000000000 ♠ 58.1 % Broadcasters ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Nationals broadcasters Charlie Slowes -- radio ( 2005 -- present ) Dave Shea -- radio ( 2005 ) Dave Jageler -- radio ( 2006 -- present ) Mel Proctor -- TV ( 2005 ) Ron Darling -- TV ( 2005 ) Bob Carpenter -- TV ( 2006 -- present ) Tom Paciorek -- TV ( 2006 ) Don Sutton -- TV ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Rob Dibble -- TV ( 2009 -- 2010 ) F.P. Santangelo -- TV ( 2011 -- present ) Current roster ( edit ) Washington Nationals roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 22 A.J. Cole 47 Gio González 40 Edwin Jackson 57 Tanner Roark 31 Max Scherzer 37 Stephen Strasburg Bullpen 70 Austin Adams 43 Matt Albers 56 Joe Blanton 33 Matt Grace 27 Shawn Kelley 21 Brandon Kintzler 44 Ryan Madson 46 Óliver Pérez 72 Enny Romero 36 Sammy Solis Closer 62 Sean Doolittle Catchers 59 José Lobatón 65 Raudy Read 29 Pedro Severino 32 Matt Wieters Infielders 1 Wilmer Difo 26 Adam Lind 20 Daniel Murphy 6 Anthony Rendon 5 Adrián Sánchez 7 Trea Turner 11 Ryan Zimmerman Outfielders 9 Rafael Bautista 17 Alejandro De Aza 4 Howie Kendrick 14 Víctor Robles 45 Andrew Stevenson 3 Michael Taylor 28 Jayson Werth Pitchers -- Trevor Gott -- Austin Voth Infielders -- José Marmolejos Outfielders 8 Brian Goodwin 34 Bryce Harper Manager 12 Dusty Baker Coaches 54 Dan Firova ( bullpen ) 13 Bob Henley ( third base ) 24 Jacque Jones ( assistant hitting ) 15 Davey Lopes ( first base ) 51 Mike Maddux ( pitching ) 39 Rick Schu ( hitting ) 35 Chris Speier ( bench ) 60 - day disabled list 10 Stephen Drew 2 Adam Eaton 23 Erick Fedde 30 Koda Glover 18 Ryan Raburn 41 Joe Ross 35 active , 5 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated September 8 , 2017 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Baseball Hall of Famers ( edit ) Main article : National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Washington Nationals Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Montreal Expos Gary Carter Andre Dawson Randy Johnson Pedro Martínez Tony Pérez Tim Raines Dick Williams Washington Nationals Frank Robinson Iván Rodríguez Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Expos or Nationals cap insignia . -- inducted as player ; managed Expos / Nationals -- inducted as manager , also played for Expos / Nationals or was manager Ford C. frick award ( edit ) Washington Nationals Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Tom Cheek Dave Van Horne Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Expos or Nationals . Retired numbers ( edit ) Jackie Robinson 2B Retired 1997 See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers During the franchise 's period in Montreal , the Montreal Expos retired three numbers in honor of four players , plus Jackie Robinson 's number 42 which was retired throughout all Major League Baseball in 1997 . Following the move to Washington , D.C. , the numbers ( except 42 ) were returned to circulation and remain in use as of 2016 , although the `` Team History '' section of the Nationals ' website continues to refer to the numbers as `` retired . '' After the Expos ' departure from Montreal , the National Hockey League ′ s Montreal Canadiens hung a banner in Bell Centre honoring the Expos ' retired numbers . Ring of Honor ( edit ) On August 10 , 2010 , the Nationals unveiled a `` Ring of Honor '' at Nationals Park to honor National Baseball Hall of Fame members who had played `` significant years '' for the Washington Nationals , original Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 1960 ) , expansion Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 1971 ) , Homestead Grays , or Montreal Expos . In late August 2016 , the team dropped the criterion that an inductee be a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame , opening membership to `` anyone who has made a significant contribution to the game of baseball in Washington , D.C. '' ; the first inductee under the new criteria was Frank Howard . The ring includes : Homestead Grays ( edit ) No . Inductee Position Tenure Admitted Cool Papa Bell CF 1932 , 1943 -- 1946 August 10 , 2010 -- Ray Brown 1932 -- 1945 , 1947 -- 1948 August 10 , 2010 20 Josh Gibson 1937 -- 1946 August 10 , 2010 32 Buck Leonard 1B 1934 -- 1950 August 10 , 2010 -- Cumberland Posey OF / Manager / Owner Club official 1911 -- 1946 August 10 , 2010 -- Jud Wilson 3B 1931 -- 1932 , 1940 -- 1945 August 10 , 2010 Montreal Expos ( edit ) No . Inductee Position Tenure Admitted 8 Gary Carter 1974 -- 1984 , 1992 August 10 , 2010 10 Andre Dawson CF 1976 -- 1986 August 10 , 2010 30 Tim Raines LF 1979 -- 1990 , 2001 August 28 , 2017 20 Frank Robinson Manager 2002 -- 2004 May 9 , 2015 Washington Nationals ( edit ) No . Inductee Position Tenure Admitted 20 Frank Robinson Manager 2005 -- 2006 May 9 , 2015 7 Iván `` Pudge '' Rodríguez 2010 -- 2011 August 28 , 2017 Washington Senators ( original team , 1901 -- 1960 ) ( edit ) No . Inductee Position Tenure Admitted Joe Cronin 1928 -- 1934 August 10 , 2010 8 , 10 , 37 Rick Ferrell 1937 -- 1941 1944 -- 1945 , 1947 August 10 , 2010 3 , 5 , 20 Goose Goslin LF 1921 -- 1930 1933 , 1938 August 10 , 2010 -- Clark Griffith Owner 1912 -- 1914 1920 -- 1955 August 10 , 2010 28 , 30 , 35 , 50 Bucky Harris 2B Manager 1919 -- 1928 1924 -- 1928 1935 -- 1942 , 1950 -- 1954 August 10 , 2010 -- Walter Johnson 1907 -- 1927 August 10 , 2010 3 , 12 , 25 Harmon Killebrew 1B 1954 -- 1960 August 10 , 2010 2 , 3 Heinie Manush LF 1930 -- 1935 August 10 , 2010 2 , 22 Sam Rice RF 1915 -- 1933 August 10 , 2010 11 , 20 , 26 , 44 Early Wynn 1939 -- 1944 , 1946 -- 1948 August 10 , 2010 Washington Senators ( expansion team , 1961 -- 1971 ) ( edit ) No . Inductee Position Tenure Admitted -- Bucky Harris Scout / Special Assistant 1963 -- 1971 August 10 , 2010 9 , 33 Frank Howard LF / 1B 1965 -- 1971 August 26 , 2016 Attendance and fans ( edit ) Attendance ( edit ) Sources Season Stadium Attendance Rank in National League 2005 RFK Stadium 2,731,993 8th ( of 16 ) 2006 RFK Stadium 2,153,056 11th ( of 16 ) 2007 RFK Stadium 1,943,812 14th ( of 16 ) 2008 Nationals Park 2,320,400 13th ( of 16 ) 2009 Nationals Park 1,817,226 13th ( of 16 ) Nationals Park 1,828,066 14th ( of 16 ) 2011 Nationals Park 1,940,478 14th ( of 16 ) 2012 Nationals Park 2,370,794 9th ( of 16 ) 2013 Nationals Park 2,652,422 6th ( of 15 ) 2014 Nationals Park 2,579,389 7th ( of 15 ) 2015 Nationals Park 2,619,843 5th ( of 15 ) 2016 Nationals Park 2,481,938 7th ( of 15 ) Prominent fans ( edit ) `` Rubber Chicken Man '' Hugh Kaufman cheers on the Washington Nationals with baseball writer Paul Dickson . Kaufman waves a rubber chicken over the Nats ' dugout to ward off bad luck , and sometimes ritually `` sacrifices '' them to improve team performance . One prominent fan is `` Rubber Chicken Man '' Hugh Kaufman , who waves a rubber chicken over the dugout to ward off `` JuJu '' . Local sports writers have noted that his ritual `` sacrifices '' of rubber chickens often precede turnarounds in the Nationals ' performance . Kaufman has built a following at the Stadium and in 2013 started a group called the `` Secret Society of the Rubber Chicken '' that now claims several Nationals players among its members . Season standings ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Nationals seasons Standings updated on October 13 , 2016 MLB season Team season League Division Regular season Postseason Awards Finish Wins Losses Win % GB 2005 2005 NL East 5th 81 81 . 500 9 Chad Cordero -- Rolaids Relief Man 2006 2006 NL East 5th 71 91 . 438 26 Alfonso Soriano -- Silver Slugger 2007 2007 NL East 4th 73 89 . 451 18 Dmitri Young -- `` Players Choice Awards '' NL Comeback Player 2008 2008 NL East 5th 59 102 . 366 321⁄2 2009 2009 NL East 5th 59 103 . 364 34 Ryan Zimmerman -- Gold Glove and Silver Slugger NL East 5th 69 93 . 426 28 Ryan Zimmerman -- Silver Slugger 2011 2011 NL East 3rd 80 81 . 497 211⁄2 2012 2012 NL East 1st 98 64 . 604 -- Won NL East Division by 4 games ; lost NLDS 2 -- 3 Adam LaRoche -- Silver Slugger and Gold Glove Ian Desmond -- Silver Slugger Stephen Strasburg -- Silver Slugger Bryce Harper -- National League Rookie of the Year Davey Johnson -- National League Manager of the Year 2013 2013 NL East 2nd 86 76 . 531 10 Ian Desmond -- Silver Slugger 2014 2014 NL East 1st 96 66 . 593 -- Won NL East Division by 17 games ; lost NLDS 1 -- 3 Ian Desmond -- Silver Slugger Anthony Rendon -- Silver Slugger Wilson Ramos -- Tony Conigliaro Award Matt Williams -- National League Manager of the Year 2015 2015 NL East 2nd 83 79 . 512 7 Bryce Harper -- National League Most Valuable Player , Silver Slugger , Hank Aaron Award , `` Players Choice Awards '' NL Outstanding Player , Esurance MLB Awards for Best Major Leaguer and Best Everyday Player 2016 2016 NL East 1st 95 67 . 586 -- Won NL East Division by 8 games ; Lost NLDS 2 -- 3 Max Scherzer -- Cy Young Award 2017 2017 NL East 1st TBD TBD TBD -- Bold denotes a playoff season , pennant or championship ; italics denote an active season . Spring training ( edit ) Main article : Space Coast Stadium Main article : The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches The Nationals hold spring training in Florida , where they play their annual slate of Grapefruit League games . From 2005 through 2016 , they held spring training at Space Coast Stadium in Viera , Florida , a facility that they inherited from the Expos . In 2017 , the Nationals moved their spring training operations to The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches , a new facility they share with the Houston Astros in West Palm Beach , Florida ; they played their first Grapefruit League game there on February 28 , 2017 . Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Nationals minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Syracuse Chiefs International League Syracuse , New York AA Harrisburg Senators Eastern League Harrisburg , Pennsylvania Advanced A Potomac Nationals Carolina League Woodbridge , Virginia Hagerstown Suns South Atlantic League Hagerstown , Maryland Short Season A Auburn Doubledays New York -- Penn League Auburn , New York Rookie GCL Nationals Gulf Coast League West Palm Beach , Florida DSL Nationals Dominican Summer League Dominican Republic Former affiliates ( edit ) Level League Team ( Seasons ) AAA International League Columbus Clippers ( 2007 -- 08 ) New Orleans Zephyrs ( 2005 -- 06 ) Edmonton Trappers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Ottawa Lynx ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Indianapolis Indians ( 1984 -- 92 ) Wichita Aeros ( 1982 -- 83 ) Denver Bears ( 1976 -- 81 ) Memphis Blues ( 1974 -- 75 ) Peninsula Whips ( 1972 -- 73 ) Winnipeg Whips ( 1971 ) Buffalo Bisons ( 1970 ) Vancouver Mounties ( 1969 ) AA Southern League Jacksonville Suns ( 1984 -- 1990 ) Memphis Chicks ( 1978 -- 83 ) Quebec Metros ( 1976 -- 77 ) Quebec Carnavals ( 1971 -- 75 ) Jacksonville Suns ( 1970 ) California League San Jose Expos ( 1982 ) Carolina League Kinston Expos ( 1974 ) Florida State League Brevard County Manatees ( 2002 -- 04 ) Jupiter Hammerheads ( 1998 -- 2001 ) West Palm Beach Expos ( 1969 -- 1997 ) Midwest League Clinton Lumber Kings ( 2001 -- 02 ) Burlington Expos ( 1993 -- 94 ) Rockford Expos ( 1988 -- 92 ) Burlington Bees ( 1986 -- 87 ) South Atlantic League Savannah Sand Gnats ( 2003 -- 06 ) Cape Fear Crocs ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Delmarva Shorebirds ( 1996 ) Albany Polecats ( 1995 ) Albany Polecats ( 1992 ) Sumter Flyers ( 1991 ) Gastonia Expos ( 1983 -- 84 ) Short Season A New York -- Penn League Vermont Expos / Lake Monsters ( 1977 -- 2010 ) Jamestown Expos ( 1973 ) Northern League Watertown Expos ( 1970 -- 71 ) Nationals Dream foundation ( edit ) The Washington Nationals Dream Foundation is the team 's charity which is `` committed to community partnerships that improve the lives of children and families across the Washington Capital Region . The foundation plans to open a youth baseball academy in partnership with the D.C. government , a pediatric diabetes care center at Children 's National Medical Center in partnership with the Center . The foundation also provides grants to local organizations . On August 1 , 2011 , the foundation , in partnership with several local organizations , formally opened Miracle Field in Germantown , Maryland as part of an effort to encourage athletic activity in children with `` mental and / or physical challenges . '' According to Steven Miller of MLB.com , what sets Miracle Field apart in terms of safety is its unique design , as it `` is made entirely of a cushioned synthetic turf that is five - eighths of an inch thick -- providing a safe surface for children in wheelchairs or with other handicaps . '' Radio and television ( edit ) Mascots dressed as Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln in the stands during a 2010 game against the Baltimore Orioles . They compete in the Presidents Race every mid-fourth inning of a home game . The Nationals ' flagship radio station is WJFK - FM ( 106.7 FM ) `` The Fan '' , which is owned by CBS Radio . Charlie Slowes and Dave Jageler are the play - by - play announcers . Most games are simulcast on WFED ( 1500 AM ) , which had been the flagship station since the 2006 season until a multi-year agreement was reached between the Nationals and WJFK before the 2011 season . WJFK ( 1580 AM ) airs any games that WFED is unable to air due to conflicts . The other former flagship is WWZZ ( 104.1 FM ) , which carried games in the 2005 season . Nationals ' telecasts are predominantly on Mid-Atlantic Sports Network ( MASN ) , with a few games picked up for free TV by Fox by way of WTTG . MASN simulcasts 20 games per season ( the season opener plus 19 weekend games ) on free TV in the Washington area , on WUSA . Bob Carpenter has been the TV play - by - play announcer since 2006 and F.P. Santangelo was hired in January 2011 as color analyst . Mel Proctor was the TV play - by - announcer in 2005 , and former color analysts are Ron Darling ( 2005 ) , Tom Paciorek ( 2006 ) , Don Sutton ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , and Rob Dibble , who took over the job in 2009 and was fired in September 2010 after criticizing Stephen Strasburg for not pitching while injured . Ray Knight filled in as color analyst in September 2010 after Dibble was fired . Johnny Holliday and Knight host the Nats Xtra pregame and postgame shows . TV ratings were among the worst in the league as of July 2008 but increased during the 2010 and 2011 seasons . Nationals vs. Orioles ( edit ) Beltway Series ( edit ) Main article : Beltway Series The Nationals have an interleague rivalry with the nearby Baltimore Orioles nicknamed the Beltway Series . The teams have played two series a season -- one in Baltimore and one in Washington -- since 2006 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Ring of Honor should not be confused with the Washington Hall of Stars . Footnotes ( edit ) RFK Stadium Fast Facts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ladson , Bill ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Nationals unveil new jerseys in fashion show '' . Washington Nationals . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals victorious in stadium debut '' . MLB.com . March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers Timeline '' . Milwaukee Brewers . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Timeline '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gwynn lost chance at . 400 ; Expos denied playoff berth '' . CNN . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Pains -- A guide to Major League Baseball 's contraction issue '' . infoplease.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nats ' crown - clinching win worth the wait '' . MLB.com . September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Harper , Mike Trout lead young All - Star Game rosters '' . USATODAY.COM . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Crasnick : Starting 9 -- Bryce Harper , you 're next '' . ESPN.com. 2010 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ martinstezano ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` 6 Things You May Not Know About the World Series '' . A&E Television Networks , LLC . History Channel . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Club History '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Montreal Expos ( 1996 ) . Expos Media Guide 1996 . Jump up ^ Blair , Jeff ( June 15 , 1991 ) . `` Brochu group goes to bat for baseball survival here ; Expos sale official as Bronfman era ends '' . Montreal Gazette . pp. C. 1 . Jump up ^ Montreal Expos ( 2000 ) . Expos Media Guide 2000 . Jump up ^ Blair , Jeff ( December 10 , 1999 ) . `` Expos to field better team , Loria says Ebullient new chairman vows to increase salary limit , build new ballpark for 2002 season '' . The Globe and Mail . The Globe and Mail . pp. S. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenfield , David ( February 5 , 2002 ) . `` Still 30 teams : Contraction timeline '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mnookin , Seth ( 2006 ) . Feeding the Monster . How Money , Smarts , and Nerve Took a Team to the Top . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8681 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Deal in place , games go on '' ( Press release ) . MLB.com . August 30 , 2002 . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Myles , Stephanie ( September 30 , 2004 ) . `` 31,395 say goodbye '' . Montreal Gazette . pp. C1 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( September 29 , 2004 ) . `` MLB selects D.C. for Expos '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Media Center '' . DCVote.org . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Plotkin , Mark ( October 3 , 2004 ) . `` The District 's Senators Should n't Wear Cleats '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Washington , it 'll be `` Let 's go Nats '' `` . USA Today . November 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Ladson , Bill ( November 22 , 2004 ) . `` D.C. 's team to be the Nationals '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2005 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barry Svrluga ( June 5 , 2007 ) . `` Nationals Counting on Draft - Day Payoff '' . Washington Post . p . E01 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals pick JUCO player first overall '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike . `` Nationals Park to host 2018 All - Star Game '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Murphy Stats Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals Year - By - Year Results '' . Washington Nationals . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Postseason Results '' . Washington Nationals . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Franchise Retired Numbers '' . Washington Nationals . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Nationals Pay Tribute to Hall of Famers with Ring of Honor '' . Washington Nationals . August 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.facebook.com/dan.steinberg.311 . `` Senators legend Frank Howard is humbled and thrilled to enter the Nats ' Ring of Honor '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anonymous , `` ' Bucky ' Harris field no longer a dream '' The Times Leader , October 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Frank Robinson inducted into Nationals Ring of Honor '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Howard says Bryce Harper ' has n't even begun to scratch the surface ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Neil ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Besides the sacrifice of a rubber chicken , what 's behind the Nats hot streak ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Presidents Race Fan . `` Davey Johnson calls for the sacrifice . Chicken Man delivers . '' . LetTeddyWin.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Nationals History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bill Ladson ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` Young honored by Players Association '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals Dream Foundation '' . Washington Nationals . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals Join Civic , Community Organizations to Build Miracle Field '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Steven ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Nationals unveil Miracle League Field '' . Nationals.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nats , Post Radio Nearing Deal To Air Games '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals get new radio partner '' . Washington Business Journal . February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals pick radio partner '' . Baltimore Business Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fantis , Manny . `` Washington Nationals Games on WUSA9 and MASN '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Santangelo set to join Nats ' TV team '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Dibble Fired by Nationals in Wake of Stephen Strasburg Comments '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( July 7 , 2008 ) . `` Nats : Last in the League , Last in TV Ratings '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ OURAND , JOHN ( July 7 , 2008 ) . `` MLB ratings down , but networks look ahead '' . Street and Smith 's Sports Business Journal . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals ' TV Ratings Improve '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` The Ratings Game : Ratings Up For Nationals , Orioles '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington Nationals . Official website Washington Nationals roster FOX Sports -- Washington Nationals team front Sandalow , Marc . `` A Brand - New Ballgame : The New Stadium of the Nationals '' , Washingtonian , March 1 , 2008 . ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by Philadelphia Phillies Philadelphia Phillies Atlanta Braves New York Mets National League Eastern Division Champions 1981 ( as Montreal Expos ) 2012 2014 2016 , 2017 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals Atlanta Braves New York Mets Incumbent Washington Nationals Formerly the Montreal Expos Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise History in Washington , D.C. Seasons Records No - hitters Owners and executives Managers Players Broadcasters First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Nationals Park Spring training : Space Coast Stadium Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Culture and lore Presidential first pitch Presidents Race Screech How Do You Know Rubber Chicken Man Key personnel Owner : Ted Lerner General Manager : Mike Rizzo Manager : Dusty Baker Rivalries Baltimore Orioles Retired numbers 42 Division titles ( 4 ) 2012 2014 2016 2017 Minor league affiliates AAA : Syracuse Chiefs AA : Harrisburg Senators A Adv. : Potomac Nationals A : Hagerstown Suns Short A : Auburn Doubledays Rookie : GCL Nationals DSL Nationals Broadcasting Television Mid-Atlantic Sports Network ( MASN ) Radio 106.7 The Fan Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Bob Carpenter F.P. Santangelo Johnny Holliday Ray Knight Charlie Slowes Dave Jageler Seasons ( 13 ) 2000s 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Links to related articles Montreal Expos Now the Washington Nationals Based in Montreal , Quebec ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Franchise Seasons Expansion Expansion draft Records No - hitters Players Opening Day starting pitchers Player of the Year Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Jarry Park Olympic Stadium Hiram Bithorn Stadium Spring training City Island Ball Park Municipal Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Space Coast Stadium Culture `` The Happy Wanderer '' Youppi ! 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Divas Hockey NHL Washington Capitals Soccer MLS D.C. United NWSL Washington Spirit Roller derby WFTDA DC Rollergirls Rugby league USA Rugby League Washington D.C. Slayers Tennis WTT Washington Kastles Ultimate AUDL DC Breeze College athletics NCAA Div . I American Georgetown George Mason George Washington Howard Maryland Mount St. Mary 's Navy NCAA Div. II UDC NCAA Div . III Catholic Gallaudet Marymount See also : Sports in Washington , D.C. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Nationals&oldid=802539192 '' Categories : Washington Nationals Major League Baseball teams Grapefruit League Privately held companies based in Washington , D.C. Sports clubs established in 2005 2005 establishments in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 20 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the montreal expos become the washington nationals	[ "\n\nWashington Nationals\n\n\n 2017 Washington Nationals season\n\n\nEstablished in 1969\n\n\nBased in Washington, D.C. since 2005\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam logo\nCap insignia\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league affiliations\n\n\n\n\n\nNational League (1969–present)\n\nEast Division (1969–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRetired numbers\n42 (as Montreal Expos: 8 10 10 30)\n\n\nColors\n\n\n\n\n\nRed, navy blue, white[1]\n\n \n\n\n\nName\n\n\n\n\n\nWashington Nationals (2005–present)\nMontreal Expos (1969–2004)\n\n\n\n\n\nOther nicknames\n\n\n\n\n\nNats\n\n\n\n\n\nBallpark\n\n\n\n\n\nNationals Park (2008–present)\nRobert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium (2005–2007)\n\na.k.a. RFK Stadium\n\n\nOlympic Stadium (1977–2004)\n\nHiram Bithorn Stadium (2003–2004)\n\n\nJarry Park Stadium (1969–1976)\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league titles\n\n\nWorld Series titles (0)\nNone\n\n\nNL Pennants (0)\nNone\n\n\nEast Division titles (5)\n\n\n\n1981\n2012\n2014\n2016\n2017\n\n\n\n\n\nFront office\n\n\nOwner(s)\nTed Lerner\n\n\nManager\nDusty Baker\n\n\nGeneral Manager\nMike Rizzo\n\n\nPresident of Baseball Operations\nMike Rizzo\n\n" ]	[ "2005" ]
-3061610091749643989	List of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit characters	List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters - wikipedia List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters It has been suggested that Melinda Warner and Sonya Paxton be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since May 2018 . The cast of seasons 17 -- 19 ( 2015 -- 2018 ) . From left to right : Raúl Esparza , Kelli Giddish , Mariska Hargitay , Ice - T , Peter Scanavino . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , a spin - off of the crime drama Law & Order , follows the detectives who work in the `` Special Victims Unit '' of the 16th Precinct of the New York City Police Department , a unit that focuses on crimes involving rape , sexual assault , and child molestation , as well as any crime loosely connected with any of the three , such as domestic violence , kidnapping , and child abandonment . Since its debut in September 1999 , the series has followed the career of Olivia Benson , as she progresses from the rank of Detective , working with a partner ( initially Elliot Stabler , and later Nick Amaro ) , to Lieutenant , replacing Donald Cragen as commanding officer of SVU . The unit also has a prosecutor assigned from the District Attorney 's office , and frequently interacts with medical examiners and psychiatrists . Three of the regular characters have appeared in three other NBC series : Captain Donald Cragen ( Florek ) , who was on the first three seasons of Law & Order , Sergeant John Munch ( Belzer ) , formerly a Baltimore detective on Homicide : Life on the Street . This character also made appearances on Law & Order , Law & Order : Trial by Jury , Arrested Development , The Beat , The X-Files , and the HBO series The Wire . Alexandra Cabot ( March ) was a lead character in the first and only season of Conviction where she had been promoted to Bureau Chief ADA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and conception 2 Main characters 3 Police 3.1 Olivia Benson 3.2 Fin Tutuola 3.3 Amanda Rollins 3.4 Dominick Carisi , Jr . 3.5 Elliot Stabler 3.6 John Munch 3.7 Donald Cragen 3.8 Brian Cassidy 3.9 Monique Jeffries 3.10 Danielle Beck 3.11 Chester Lake 3.12 Nick Amaro 3.13 Declan G. Murphy 3.14 Mike Dodds 4 Assistant District Attornies 4.1 Abbie Carmichael 4.2 Alexandra Cabot 4.3 Elizabeth Donnelly 4.4 Casey Novak 4.5 Kim Greylek 4.6 Sonya Paxton 4.7 Jo Marlowe 4.8 Sherri West 4.9 Gillian Hardwicke 4.10 Michael Cutter 4.11 David Haden 4.12 Rafael Barba 4.13 Peter Stone 5 Medical experts 5.1 George Huang 5.2 Melinda Warner 5.3 Emil Skoda 5.4 Elizabeth Rodgers 5.5 Rebecca Hendrix 6 Recurring characters 6.1 NYPD Personnel 6.2 Crime Scene Unit Technicians 6.3 Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agents 6.4 Assistant United States Attorneys 6.5 Manhattan District Attorneys 6.6 Chief Assistant District Attorneys 6.7 Bureau Chief Assistant District Attorneys 6.8 Executive Assistant District Attorneys 6.9 Assistant District Attorneys 6.10 Defense Attorneys 6.11 Judges 6.12 Medical Experts 6.13 Hospital Personnel 6.14 The Stabler family 7 Minor characters 7.1 Barry Moredock 7.2 Kathy Stabler 7.3 TARU Tech Ruben Morales 7.4 CSU Tech Ryan O'Halloran 7.5 Ed Tucker 7.6 Sister Peg 7.7 Ken Randall 7.8 Special Agent Dana Lewis 7.9 Special Agent Dean Porter 7.10 Simon Marsden 7.11 Bayard Ellis 7.12 Maria Grazie Amaro 7.13 William Lewis 7.14 Deputy Chief William Dodds 7.15 Various minor characters 8 Crossover characters within the Law & Order universe 9 References Creation and conception ( edit ) The characters of Olivia Benson and Elliot Stabler were named for creator Dick Wolf 's children . Wolf 's third child , daughter Sarina , had a character named for her , Benson 's mother was named Serena , as well as former ADA Serena Southerlyn on the original Law & Order and Det . Serena Stevens on Law & Order : Criminal Intent . Main characters ( edit ) Key Main Recurring Guest No appearances Status Character Portrayer Occupation First episode ( credited ) Final episode ( credited ) Years Seasons No. of episodes ( credited ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 current Olivia Benson Mariska Hargitay Junior Detective ( Seasons 1 -- 12 ) Senior Detective ( Seasons 13 -- 15 ) Sergeant ( Seasons 15 -- 17 ) Lieutenant ( Seasons 17 -- ) `` Payback '' ( 1x01 ) -- 1999 -- 434 former John Munch Richard Belzer Senior Detective ( Seasons 1 -- 8 ) Sergeant ( Seasons 9 -- 15 ) DA Investigator ( Seasons 15 , 17 ) `` Fashionable Crimes '' ( 17x21 ) 1999 -- 2014 , 2016 326 former Donald Cragen Dann Florek Captain ( Seasons 1 -- 15 ) Retired ( Season 16 ) `` Perverted Justice '' ( 16x21 ) 1999 -- 2015 331 former Elliot Stabler Christopher Meloni Senior Detective `` Smoked '' ( 12x24 ) 1999 -- 2011 272 former Monique Jeffries Michelle Hurd Junior Detective `` Runaway '' ( 2x16 ) 1999 -- 2001 25 current Odafin Tutuola Ice - T Junior Detective ( Seasons 2 -- 8 ) Senior Detective ( Seasons 9 -- 19 ) Sergeant ( Seasons 19 -- present ) `` Wrong Is Right '' ( 2x01 ) -- 2000 -- 412 former Alexandra Cabot Stephanie March Assistant District Attorney `` Sunk Cost Fallacy '' ( 19x19 ) 2000 -- 2003 , 2005 , 2009 -- 2012 , 2018 98 former Melinda Warner Tamara Tunie Medical Examiner `` Noncompliance '' ( 2x06 ) `` Pathological '' ( 19x10 ) 2000 -- 2015 ; 2018 222 former George Huang B.D. Wong FBI Special Agent -- Criminal Profiler ( Seasons 2 -- 15 ) Retired ( Season 17 ) `` Pique '' ( 2x20 ) `` Depravity Standard '' ( 17x09 ) 2001 -- 2015 230 former Casey Novak Diane Neal Assistant District Attorney `` Serendipity '' ( 5x05 ) `` Valentine 's Day '' ( 13x18 ) 2003 -- 2008 , 2011 -- 2012 112 former Chester Lake Adam Beach Junior Detective `` Outsider '' ( 8x12 ) `` Cold '' ( 9x19 ) 2007 -- 2008 21 former Kim Greylek Michaela McManus Assistant District Attorney `` Trials '' ( 10x01 ) `` Zebras '' ( 10x22 ) 2008 -- 2009 22 current Amanda Rollins Kelli Giddish Junior Detective `` Scorched Earth '' ( 13x01 ) -- 2011 -- 162 former Nick Amaro Danny Pino Senior Detective `` Surrendering Noah '' ( 16x23 ) 2011 -- 2015 94 former Rafael Barba Raúl Esparza Assistant District Attorney `` Twenty - Five Acts '' ( 14x03 ) `` The Undiscovered Country '' ( 19x13 ) 2012 -- 2018 115 current Dominick Carisi , Jr . Peter Scanavino Junior Detective `` Girls Disappeared '' ( 16x01 ) -- 2014 -- 88 current Peter Stone Philip Winchester Assistant District Attorney `` The Undiscovered Country '' ( 19x13 ) -- 2018 -- 12 Police ( edit ) Olivia Benson ( edit ) Olivia Benson has been portrayed by Mariska Hargitay since 1999 . Main article : Olivia Benson Portrayed by Mariska Hargitay Episodes : `` Payback '' -- present Olivia Benson is a detective in the Manhattan Special Victims Unit , which investigates sex crimes . She is primarily partnered with Elliot Stabler , until he retires after season 12 . She is tough , empathetic , and completely dedicated to her job , to the point that she is sometimes seen as having little personal life . Her dedication sometimes wreaks havoc on her emotional state as she empathizes with victims of sexual assault , having been the child of rape and later the victim of sexual assault while undercover in season 9 . She has allowed her compassion for victims of abuse to sometimes cloud her professional judgment and impede her ability to remain impartial . Hargitay has received both a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award for her portrayal of Benson . In season 13 , Detectives Benson and Tutuola are the senior detectives in the precinct . Throughout the first few episodes of season 13 , she struggles to cope with the retirement of Stabler as she is more harsh and argumentative , as seen when she berates ADA Novak for `` losing her nerve '' after Novak said that Benson was `` off . '' Her primary partner from season 13 to 14 has been Nick Amaro , but is also seen working with Tutuola and Detective Amanda Rollins at times . Upon the retirement of Sergeant Munch at the beginning of season 15 , Captain Cragen recommends to her that she should take the sergeant 's exam , as she was now his second in command . In the episode , `` Rapist Anonymous '' , she makes the announcement that she has passed the exam , officially making her a sergeant . After Cragen 's retirement , she becomes acting commanding officer of SVU until she is subsequently promoted to Lieutenant in season 17 and officially takes command of the unit . At the end of season 15 , she became a foster mother to Noah Porter , formally adopting him at the end of season 16 . She is taken hostage midway through season 17 ( `` Townhouse Incident '' ) , but is rescued unharmed . Shortly thereafter , she begins a relationship with IAB Captain Ed Tucker . Fin Tutuola ( edit ) Fin Tutuola has been portrayed by Ice - T since 2000 . Main article : Fin Tutuola Portrayed by Ice - T Episodes : `` Wrong is Right '' -- present Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola is a sergeant in the Manhattan Special Victims Unit . He was raised in Harlem and he served in the United States Army , where he saw combat in Mogadishu . A former undercover narcotics detective , Tutuola replaced Monique Jeffries after she left the squad in 2000 . He transferred out of narcotics after his partner was shot . He initially has a rocky relationship with his colleagues in SVU , especially his partner John Munch and Olivia Benson . He sees the world in black and white , with all criminals equally deserving of prison regardless of extenuating circumstances . He also keeps a tight rein on his emotions , refusing to talk about his problems or to admit that the grisly nature of his work often affects him . He rarely talks about his personal life , not revealing he has a son to his fellow detectives until the sixth season . As the series progresses , he becomes closer with Munch and even saves Benson from being raped while they were both undercover in season 9 . However , he also begins clashing more frequently with fellow detective Elliot Stabler . As of the season 8 episode `` Screwed '' , he is assigned Chester Lake as his new partner . After Lake kills a suspect , Stabler accuses Tutuola of tipping him off before he is taken into custody and checks his phone records . Tutuola admits he called Lake , but says he did not expect him to run . Stabler quasi-apologizes for not trusting him , but Tutuola dismisses his apology because he believes Stabler will always be the same `` bulldog '' . Afterwards , he requests a transfer from the squad , however the man in charge of transfers is a former colleague of Tutuola 's who holds a grudge against him . Tutuola resolves himself to being `` stuck '' and his captain , Don Cragen , orders him to investigate a case with Stabler , who he calls a `` headcase '' and `` cranky - balls '' . As time has passed , Tutuola has again warmed to Stabler , a point proven in the season 11 episode `` Solitary '' , when a suspect throws Stabler off a roof , Tutuola nearly throttles the suspect for attacking his `` friend '' . After Lake 's departure at the end of season 9 , Tutuola was again partnered with Sergeant Munch from seasons 10 to 12 , sometimes working alone or with Benson and Stabler when Munch was unavailable . Beginning in season 13 , Tutuola 's primary partner is Detective Rollins . Amanda Rollins ( edit ) Amanda Rollins has been portrayed by Kelli Giddish since 2011 . Main article : Amanda Rollins Portrayed by Kelli Giddish Episodes : `` Scorched Earth '' -- present Amanda Rollins is a detective from Atlanta , Georgia , who moves to New York City to join the Special Victims Unit . Rollins appears to be a detective who is very anxious to do her job , often being told not to get ahead of herself by Detectives Benson and Amaro , and Captain Cragen . She appears to have a good rapport with her partner , Detective Tutuola , compared to his last new partner , Chester Lake . Shortly after transferring to NYC , Rollins deals with a serial rapist case that had a familiar twist for her . Rollins tries to prove to Benson and Amaro that the rapist originated in Atlanta and has come to New York for new prey , almost falling victim to him in an attempt to flush him out , since he took a preference to blonde and athletic women . When Rollins becomes distraught over a case where an actress is raped by one of the men in her life , Rollins asks Benson how she can trust any man after working this job . Benson reassures Rollins and tells her that she trusted her partner . As for Rollins ' personal life , little is mentioned of her off - duty life ( although , being from Atlanta , she is a fan of the Braves , whose schedule she keeps on her refrigerator door ) ; Amanda has mentioned that she has a sister , Kim , who has had psychotic and drug issues . Kim has also suffered repeated abuse by her ex-boyfriend . She says that while she was working in Atlanta , there was an accident that occurred that allowed for her to transfer to the SVU . Amanda also was exposed as a heavy gambler in the episode `` Home Invasions '' . When Cragen discovered her problem , he threatened to take her badge , but decided to help instead -- since he is a recovering alcoholic -- by requiring her to attend Gamblers Anonymous meetings . Rollins ' previously mentioned troubled sister , Kim ( Lindsay Pulsipher ) , comes to New York in the season 14 episode , `` Friending Emily '' , causing problems for Amanda while she is trying to work a case . Later in the episode `` Deadly Ambition '' , Kim returns to New York beaten by her ex-boyfriend Jeff and claiming to be pregnant . When Amanda hears screams from inside her apartment , she finds Kim 's ex-boyfriend attempting to rape Kim , and Amanda shoots and kills the man as he pulls a gun on her . The supposed evidence of Amanda shooting Jeff in cold blood leads to Lt. Tucker arresting Amanda in Captain Cragen 's office . The charges against Amanda are later dropped when Amaro tapes Kim confessing to setting Amanda up for a life insurance policy on Jeff . Before Kim can be arrested , however , she steals everything from Amanda 's apartment and disappears . In the episode `` Poisoned Motive '' , Rollins is shot by a sniper in front of the precinct . Her shooting leads back to the daughter of Detective Tutuola 's narcotics partner , who is out for revenge on the NYPD after her father was injured on the job by protecting Tutuola from a bullet . In the season 15 episode , `` Rapist Anonymous '' , Rollins is caught in the middle of a case in which her friend from G.A. claims to have been raped . When the alleged rapist is killed , her friend is put on trial and Rollins ' personal life is revealed on the stand . This proves too much for her to handle and she is seen gambling , smoking , and drinking in the final scene . Later in season 15 , she frequents an illegal casino ( `` Gambler 's Fallacy '' ) and is exposed as a cop by a 15 - year old waitress whom Rollins and Benson had assisted in an earlier episode . The operators of the illegal casino threaten to out Rollins to Benson , and although Rollins comes clean to Fin , Benson is still outraged . Rollins eventually breaks up an art theft ring with the help of Lt. Declan Murphy , who was undercover as one of the casino operators . In the season 16 episode `` Forgiving Rollins '' , it is revealed Rollins was raped by her commanding officer in Atlanta , Deputy Chief Charles Patton ( Harry Hamlin ) in 2010 . This comes to light when Patton is in New York for a conference and is accused of rape by one of his APD detectives , Reese Taymor ( Dreama Walker ) , at a Manhattan hotel . Rollins is revealed to be pregnant in the two - part season 17 opener when she is interviewing serial killer Dr. Gregory Yates ( Dallas Roberts ) . The father is revealed to be Declan Murphy , who came back to New York during Super Bowl weekend 2015 to infiltrate a sex trafficking ring . Rollins undergoes a difficult pregnancy before giving birth to a healthy baby girl , Jesse . Giddish was pregnant in real life and gave birth to a boy in October 2015 . Dominick Carisi , Jr. ( edit ) Main article : Dominick Carisi , Jr . Portrayed by Peter Scanavino Episodes : `` Girls Disappeared '' -- present Detective Dominick `` Sonny '' Carisi , Jr. is introduced in the season 16 premiere , `` Girls Disappeared . '' He originally serves as Detective Amaro 's temporary replacement when Amaro is reassigned to Queens . He has brief SVU experience in other boroughs , including Brooklyn , Queens , and Staten Island . Carisi gets off to a rough start with his new colleagues , coming off as blunt and insensitive during his initial meeting with Sergeant Benson and Detective Rollins . In the fifth episode of season 16 , it is revealed he has permanently joined the Manhattan SVU team and Scanavino is added to the opening credits . In the same episode , Carisi helps turn one suspect against the other suspect during the investigation of a pornstar 's rape , earning him praise from Benson . Carisi is also a military veteran , having enlisted in the Marines 2 weeks after 9 / 11 . Carisi has three sisters , one of whom , Bella , gave birth to a baby girl just before Rollins gives birth to her daughter . He is seen to enjoy time spent with Rollins ' daughter , Jesse , and Benson 's adopted son , Noah . Carisi is a devout Roman Catholic and a graduate of Fordham Law School ; he passed the bar exam at the end of season 17 and considering taking a job with the Brooklyn district attorney 's office , but chose to remain with the NYPD in the wake of the shooting death of Mike Dodds . Elliot Stabler ( edit ) Elliot Stabler was portrayed by Christopher Meloni from 1999 to 2011 . Main article : Elliot Stabler Portrayed by Christopher Meloni Episodes : `` Payback '' -- `` Smoked '' Elliot Stabler was a senior detective in Manhattan 's 16th Precinct , also known as the Special Victims Unit , which investigates sex crimes . He is one of the original members of the squad . A former Marine and a dedicated detective , he has a 97 percent closure rate , but his dedication can turn to obsession and cause him to take cases personally . His dedication to the job also makes him the target for several IAB investigations during the course of his 12 - year career at SVU . At the start of the series , he is married with four children . He separates from his wife Kathy during seasons 7 and 8 , but they reconcile after she becomes pregnant with their fifth child . Elliot is Catholic , which sometimes complicates the cases he works on , but also helps him form a close friendship with ADA Novak . His partner is Olivia Benson , with whom he generally has a good working relationship , but it is not without tension and friction , especially in seasons 7 and 8 when they are separated as partners for some time . Captain Cragen also makes both detectives speak with psychiatrist Rebecca Hendrix in order to decide whether they can continue working as partners . Dr. Hendrix tells Cragen that he should split them up only if he wants to lose his two best detectives . John Munch ( edit ) John Munch was portrayed by Richard Belzer from 1993 to 2014 ( Homicide : Life on the Streets ) . Main article : John Munch Portrayed by Richard Belzer Episodes : `` Payback '' -- `` Wonderland Story '' , `` Spring Awakening '' , `` Fashionable Crimes '' . John Munch was a detective , and later a Sergeant in the Manhattan Special Victims Unit . A conspiracy theorist and dedicated detective , Munch is first partnered with Brian Cassidy ( Dean Winters ) , whom he thinks of as a kind of younger brother , alternately poking fun at him and imparting ( often questionable ) advice on life and women . When Cassidy leaves the precinct in 2000 , Munch is briefly partnered with Monique Jeffries ( Michelle Hurd ) , and then with Odafin Tutuola ( Ice - T ) . He and the gruff , uncompromising Tutuola get off to a rough start , but gradually came to like and respect each other . Since being promoted to Sergeant at the beginning of season 9 , Munch has taken more of a leadership role and does less investigating in the field , partially due to the fact that Tutuola was partnered with Detective Lake in season 9 . After Lake 's departure in the season 9 finale , Munch begins working with Tutuola again , while occasionally acting as squad commander when Cragen was unavailable . In season 13 , Munch is seen mostly in the precinct helping with interrogations and research , as Tutuola is partnered with Detective Rollins . He continues to act as squad commander when Cragen is absent . In season 14 , Munch is temporarily reassigned to the Cold Case Unit , after solving a decade old cold child abduction case in the episode , `` Manhattan Vigil '' . He returns to SVU in the episode , `` Secrets Exhumed '' , in which he brings back a 1980s rape - homicide cold case for the squad to look into . Munch filed his retirement papers after the events in the episode `` American Tragedy '' , formally leaving in `` Wonderland Story '' . He subsequently accepted a position at the District Attorney 's office as an investigator . The character was first created for the NBC police drama Homicide : Life on the Street , where he worked as a homicide detective with the Baltimore Police Department . The character was based on Jay Landsman , a central figure in David Simon 's true crime book Homicide : A Year on the Killing Streets , a documentary account of the homicide unit 's operation over one year . After the series cancellation in 1999 , the character was transferred to Law and Order : Special Victims Unit , having appeared within the original Law & Order in cross-over episodes . Within the series , it is eventually said he left Baltimore after his wife cheated on him with a friend . Munch has been the only fictional character played by a single actor to appear on eight different television shows : Homicide : Life on the Street , Law & Order , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Law & Order : Trial by Jury , The X-Files , Arrested Development , The Beat , and The Wire . He is also mentioned in UK TV series Luther . Donald Cragen ( edit ) Main article : Donald Cragen Portrayed by Dann Florek Episodes : `` Payback '' -- `` Amaro 's One - Eighty '' , `` Perverted Justice '' Donald Cragen is the Captain of the Special Victims Unit . Florek originally portrayed the character from 1990 to 1993 in the original Law & Order series . During his Law & Order tenure , Cragen was investigated by internal affairs for corruption . During the investigation to prove his innocence , he discovered that he was being framed by his former captain and mentor , whom he turns in and is cleared by IAB . He was an alcoholic for much of his early career , but goes sober after pulling his service revolver on a taxi driver in a drunken rage . He has remained sober since , even after the death of his wife in a plane crash . Cragen was written out of Law & Order in 1993 , as he is transferred to Anti-Corruption Task Force , occasionally making guest appearances on the show . The character was brought back full - time in 1999 to be the Captain of the Special Victims Unit . As SVU Commanding Officer , he is portrayed as a somewhat stern but understanding father figure to the detectives who work under him , often giving them a great deal of leniency because he trusts their ability to get results . Cragen departed at the end of `` Amaro 's One - Eighty '' after his girlfriend Eileen got two tickets for a six - month cruise around the world and he decided to use his unused leave time to carry him through until June . Brian Cassidy ( edit ) Brian Cassidy was portrayed by Dean Winters from 1999 to 2000 and 2012 to 2014 . Main article : Brian Cassidy Portrayed by Dean Winters Episodes : `` Payback '' -- `` Disrobed '' , `` Rhodium Nights '' -- `` Above Suspicion '' , `` Undercover Blue '' , `` Her Negotiation '' -- `` Downloaded Child '' , `` Gone Fishin ' '' - `` Chasing Demons '' Brian Cassidy was a detective in the SVU during the series ' first season . The youngest and least experienced member of the precinct , he has a genuine desire to put rapists and child molesters in prison , but lacked the professional detachment necessary to deal with the often grisly sex crimes . He often has trouble concealing his anger and revulsion toward the cases he investigates and this created friction between him and his colleagues , made worse when they poke fun at his relative lack of sophistication . A genuinely talented and driven police detective , he makes a real effort to learn from the other members of the precinct , particularly Munch , whom he thinks of as a sort of older brother / mentor figure . He has a brief affair with Olivia Benson , and has trouble dealing with her after the relationship ends . Cassidy was written out of the show midway through the first season . Cragen sends him to interview a young girl who was repeatedly raped and brutalized , causing Cassidy to realize that he can not emotionally handle the types of crimes that a SVU detective must deal with on a daily basis . Cragen then offers to assist Cassidy with a transfer to another department , narcotics . After a twelve - year absence from the show , Cassidy returned in the season 13 finale , `` Rhodium Nights '' . He is working undercover as security personnel for Bart Ganzel , the owner of an escort service . When Amaro and Rollins go to speak to Ganzel , Cassidy confronts Amaro and punches him in the face . After Cassidy is arrested , he is in the interrogation room with Amaro when Benson walks in and sarcastically greets her old colleague , explaining to Amaro how Cassidy worked SVU in another `` century . '' Cassidy agrees to help them as long as they do n't blow his cover . After Cassidy helps SVU get insight on the war between Ganzel and an opposing escort service , he has to play both sides of the law as he refuses to sacrifice his three years of undercover work . In the season 14 premiere , Bureau Chief ADA Paula Foster reveals to Detective Benson that Cassidy is working undercover for her . Benson , along with Cassidy 's former SVU partner Sergeant Munch , meets with him on two different occasions to get information on the escort war . When Benson goes to Ganzel 's loft to speak with Cassidy again , they walk outside to what appears to be an attempted theft of Ganzel 's car . Benson gives chase to one person , while Cassidy and the car thief pull guns on each other . A patrol car pulls up , and two officers draw their weapons , as Cassidy identifies himself as police . As Benson returns to identify herself as police , the patrol officer shoots Cassidy twice . Benson calls for a bus and rides with him to the hospital , where he survives , as the bullets missed his main arteries . It is discovered that the officer who shot him was contracted by Ganzel to shoot Cassidy after Ganzel finds the bugs that the DA 's office had installed in his loft . Later , Cassidy and Benson share a kiss in his hospital room after Benson tells him she is n't the same person he knew years ago . In the episode , `` Undercover Blue '' , Cassidy is accused of rape by a prostitute while he was undercover almost four years prior . It is revealed that Cassidy was being set up by the woman and her boss to make money off a lawsuit against the NYPD and the charges are dropped . Also in this episode , Munch says that Cassidy paid the price for having a relationship with a prostitute while undercover with Ganzel , as he was demoted from detective to an officer who works nights at a Bronx courthouse . Benson and Cassidy also are forced to reveal their romantic relationship in this episode when Amaro and Munch go to Cassidy 's apartment and find Benson there . Monique Jeffries ( edit ) Main article : Monique Jeffries Portrayed by Michelle Hurd Episodes : `` Payback '' -- `` Runaway '' Monique Jeffries was a police detective with Manhattan 's Special Victims Unit and was one of the initial detectives in the SVU squad . Earlier in the series , she is partnered with various detectives , including Brian Cassidy . Initially , she is only seen at headquarters , doing research and showing up in court for various cases to represent the department . After Cassidy 's departure in the middle of the first season , she partners with Detective Munch and begins going out on investigations . Shortly after this , she is physically and emotionally shaken when a car explodes while she is pursuing a fleeing suspect . Survival of the incident leaves her feeling `` restless '' , and she has a one night stand with a man she recognized as a suspect in a previous sexual assault case the unit had investigated . After she confesses this to a department psychiatrist , who is working for a commission investigating problems in various police units , she is taken off active duty and ordered to receive treatment . Captain Don Cragen , feeling she has become `` reckless '' and `` a danger '' to herself supports the decision . At the end of the season 2 premiere episode , Detective Fin Tutuola shows up at the SVU precinct , and Jeffries asks if she can help him . Upon reading the folder Tutuola gives her , she realizes he is there to take her job . Finding desk duty intolerable , she cleans out her desk and leaves her gun and badge on the desk of Captain Cragen . In the second season , although she is shown in three episodes , it is revealed that she was reinstated and transferred to the Vice Unit . Danielle Beck ( edit ) Portrayed by Connie Nielsen Episodes : `` Clock '' -- `` Cage '' Detective Danielle `` Dani '' Beck is Detective Olivia Benson 's temporary replacement in season 8 , while Benson is on an undercover assignment ( Mariska Hargitay was on maternity leave ) . Dani had a husband , a cop named Mike Dooley , who was shot and killed in the line of duty . She and Stabler get off to a rocky start , but they eventually form a solid partnership . A turning point in their relationship occurs when they share a passionate kiss after celebrating a case at a bar , although post-kiss nothing more than increased sexual chemistry is ever implied . During a case involving child abuse , Beck tries to foster a traumatized adopted girl , who attempts to burn down her apartment and kill them both . Shaken , Beck tells Stabler she could not stand working in the Special Victims Unit anymore unless he asked her to stay . Stabler reluctantly says he can not make that decision for her , so she decides it would be best to return to her old post at the Warrants squad . Hargitay returned to her role as Benson in the following episode . Chester Lake ( edit ) Chester Lake was portrayed by Adam Beach from 2007 to 2008 . Main article : Chester Lake ( Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ) Portrayed by Adam Beach Episodes : `` Outsider '' , `` Screwed '' , `` Alternate '' -- `` Cold '' Detective Chester Lake transferred to the Manhattan SVU from the Brooklyn Special Victims Unit at the end of the eighth season and was partnered with Detective Fin Tutuola . He is of Native American ancestry , specifically Mohawk , and speaks proudly of his ancestors , noting that many of them helped to build the city 's skyscrapers and subway tunnels . He also used to compete as an amateur mixed martial artist under the name `` Naptime '' , but had to quit after tearing his ACL . Lake suffers from insomnia and often takes walks at night when he can not sleep . In the final episode of the ninth season , Lake begins attending meetings of individuals in Philadelphia who share information on `` cold '' murder cases . He later shoots and kills a fellow police officer , who was suspected of raping two illegal immigrant girls ten years ago , killing one . Lake disappears while his fellow detectives investigate . They are able to prove Lake killed the other cop in self defense after he was shot at himself by a second NYPD officer with a history of brutality . Lake is found , wounded , and taken to the hospital . The second officer , however , is released after the jury deadlocks . The officer is killed the same night and Lake is found standing over the body and makes no denial to his fellow SVU detectives . He is arrested and last seen in the series sitting handcuffed in a police car . It was confirmed on April 18 , 2008 that Lake would not be returning to the series to reprise the role in the subsequent season . Nick Amaro ( edit ) Nick Amaro was portrayed by Danny Pino from 2011 to 2015 . Main article : Nick Amaro Portrayed by Danny Pino Episodes : `` Personal Fouls '' -- `` Surrendering Noah '' Nicholas `` Nick '' Amaro is a NYPD detective who has transferred to the Special Victims Unit from Warrants and Narcotics . When Nick was little , Amaro 's father beat his mother . Nick 's father later fled to Miami , Florida ; he attributes his firm belief in divorce to this . He is fluent in Spanish , is married , with a young daughter named Zara , and has a living mother , Cesaria ( Nancy Ticotin ) . His wife , Maria Grazie Amaro ( Laura Benanti ) , is doing overseas reporting in Iraq . Since Maria has been deployed in Iraq , their relationship has been somewhat tense , although they always seem to work through their differences . Initially , Amaro did not see eye to eye with his new partner , Detective Benson , mainly because she was adjusting to having him as a partner instead of Elliot Stabler . After their rocky start , Amaro and Benson begin to have a mutual respect for each other and work well together . During his early days in SVU , Amaro has a tough time adjusting to the cases and tells Benson he has the urge to physically assault a suspect , but she tells him the better solution would be to ensure that the perpetrators never see the light of day . In the episode `` Hunting Ground '' , Amaro saves Detective Benson and a kidnapped victim by shooting and killing a man . He is seen visibly shaken as it happened to be his first kill shot . In the episode `` Valentine 's Day '' , he sees his wife go into an apartment of a man he does not know . In `` Street Revenge '' , while trying to work a case of vigilante justice , he shadows his wife to see where she goes during the day ; he later gets into a heated argument with his wife at the SVU squad room ( after going to Philadelphia and assaulting a military friend of hers ) , and she tells him she is seeing a psychiatrist because she is trying to adapt back into her old life . In the season 14 premiere , Amaro 's wife decides to take a job in Washington , D.C. , citing that they need a break from each other . Amaro is clearly rattled by this and goes as far as to threaten to shoot Detective Brian Cassidy if Cassidy did not tell him for whom he was working undercover . This , along with his erratic behavior , causes the SVU detectives to be very cautious around him with sensitive information regarding Captain Cragen 's case . In `` Twenty - Five Acts '' , Amaro seeks temporary SVU commanding officer , Captain Harris ( Adam Baldwin ) , to let Amaro work their rape case solo , telling Benson that she needed a partner she could trust , Benson working the case with Rollins . In the episode , `` Undercover Blue '' , Detective Cassidy is put on trial for rape while he was undercover . Amaro is called to the stand by ADA Derek Strauss and he is asked questions about his undercover work . When Cassidy 's lawyer questions him , he is forced to reveal that he had a romantic relationship with the sister of a drug lord he was investigating undercover . Munch then informs him that the NYPD brass is requesting he take a paternity test because the woman is claiming he has a son from the relationship . He goes to the woman 's house to confront her , but is denied by her boyfriend . Later , while watching the boyfriend pick his alleged son up from school , he witnesses the man complete a drug deal using the boy . Amaro then meets the boy and tells the woman that her boyfriend is using their son to deal drugs . After Cassidy apologizes to Amaro for what his lawyer did , Cassidy helps Amaro bust the boyfriend for drug dealing . The episode concludes with Amaro knocking on the woman 's door and her reluctantly letting him in . Amaro begins to show great concern when Rollins begins gambling again , and they begin to get close . In the episode `` Reasonable Doubt '' , he comes out of a shower in Rollins ' apartment . Declan G. Murphy ( edit ) Declan G. Murphy has been portrayed by Donal Logue since 2014 . Portrayed by Donal Logue Episodes : `` Gambler 's Fallacy '' , `` Beast 's Obsession '' -- `` Spring Awakening '' , `` Undercover Mother '' , `` Community Policing '' Lieutenant Declan G. Murphy is first introduced working as an undercover cop whom Rollins comes across while she 's on a gambling binge . Shortly after William Lewis escaped from prison , One Police Plaza appointed Murphy commanding officer of Manhattan SVU , deeming it inappropriate for Benson to lead the manhunt to recapture Lewis . Murphy 's reign as commanding officer continued after Lewis ' suicide at the request of One Police Plaza . Murphy was a strict and by - the - book CO , often checking behind the detectives ' backs , ensuring they were apprehending suspects correctly and often using his undercover expertise to lead the direction of investigations . Murphy 's strictness often caused him to bump heads with the detectives , mainly Amaro , who did not trust him . Morally , Murphy has shown to be flexible . When Benson was looking at perjury charges after Lewis ' suicide , he lied under oath and persuaded the grand jury not to pursue them , stating that Benson did what she had to do to save the girl that Lewis had kidnapped , whether what she had said on the stand had merit or not . However , when Amaro is arrested for his assault on a photographer investigated for child pornography and building a torture chamber that he claimed he used regularly , Murphy tells Amaro that he knows Amaro does n't value his advice , but to stand down and keep quiet , regardless of the circumstances . After the charges were dismissed , Murphy told Benson that he would do what he could , but he was not going to pull strings for Amaro , as he was unconvinced that Amaro 's career was worth saving . At the end of `` Spring Awakening '' , Murphy tells Benson that he has been chosen for an undercover assignment and recommended to One Police Plaza that command of the SVU be returned to her . Subsequently , in the episode `` Undercover Mother '' , Murphy 's undercover assignment is revealed after SVU takes down a sex trafficking ring . In the seventeenth - season episode `` Community Policing '' , Murphy returns after finding out about Rollins ' pregnancy while he was `` 4,000 miles away in Serbia trying to take down a sex trafficking ring . '' Rollins reveals to Murphy that he is in fact the father of her child . Upon hearing this , Murphy lets her know that he is now here to stay , albeit temporarily ; however , he gives Rollins a secret cell number , and tells her that should she need him , he would be on a plane within an hour . Mike Dodds ( edit ) Portrayed by Andy Karl Episodes : `` Maternal Instincts '' -- `` Heartfelt Passages '' Sergeant Mike Dodds is introduced in the season 17 episode , `` Maternal Instincts '' , as the son of Deputy Chief William Dodds ( Peter Gallagher ) , who transfers to the 16th Precinct to serve as Lieutenant Ashley 's second - in - command . He is a war veteran , having enlisted after 9 / 11 and served in Special Forces . Immediately prior to his transfer , Dodds worked Anti-Crime , and before that , he worked out of the 71st Precinct . Dodds is a consummate professional and devoted to his work ; as a result , he takes some time to warm up to his new colleagues but he gradually comes to respect and like them . He is shot in the line of duty while pursuing serial killer Dr. Gregory Yates in upstate New York but eventually recovers . Only a few months into his tenure , he is offered a position with the joint terrorism task force by his father but decides to stay with SVU , boldly going against the Deputy Chief 's wishes ( the elder Dodds had meant for his son 's time at SVU to be nothing more than a career step ) . In `` Manhattan Transfer '' , Dodds is made Acting Commander of SVU after Lt. Olivia Benson is relieved of her duties . In the subsequent episode , Dodds leads SVU 's continued investigation into a sex trafficking ring while continuing to consult Benson . He happily returns command of SVU back over to Benson after the case is closed . In `` Heartfelt Passages '' , Dodds is shot in the stomach during a hostage situation . He makes it through surgery , but he later suffers a stroke in the ICU and is put on life support . After its determined that Dodds is brain dead , he is taken off life support and dies . Both Chief Dodds and the entire SVU Squad were devastated by his death and Olivia Benson suffers from survivor 's guilt . It is shown a few months after the tragic event that the Deputy Chief still holds Olivia responsible for what happened to his son . As Olivia herself admits , `` he 's not wrong '' . As seen in `` Heartfelt Passages '' , Sgt . Dodds is a recipient of the US Flag Bar , World Trade Center Breast Bar , NYPD Meritorious Police Duty , NYPD Excellent Police Duty , and NYPD 150th Commemorative Breast Bar . Assistant District attornies ( edit ) Abbie Carmichael ( edit ) Main article : Abbie Carmichael Portrayed by Angie Harmon Episodes : `` Payback '' -- `` Entitled '' In season 1 , ADA Abbie Carmichael , from Law & Order , prosecuted SVU cases for 6 episodes . Alexandra Cabot ( edit ) Main article : Alexandra Cabot Portrayed by Stephanie March Episodes : `` Wrong is Right '' -- `` Loss '' , `` Ghost '' , `` Lead '' -- `` Liberties '' , `` Hardwired '' -- `` Witness '' , `` Scorched Earth '' -- `` Learning Curve '' ADA Alexandra Cabot first appears in the season 2 premiere episode `` Wrong Is Right '' , when she is assigned by the DA and Police Commissioner to work with SVU as their permanent ADA . She serves as SVU 's ADA until the fourth episode of season 5 , in which she survives an assassination attempt by a drug cartel 's hitman and subsequently enters the Witness Protection Program . In the season 6 episode `` Ghost '' , she returned to testify against her assassin , but quickly disappears back into Witness Protection after the trial . She appeared in the 2006 short - lived Law & Order spinoff Conviction as Bureau Chief of the homicide unit . In season 10 , she makes a surprise return to SVU as the temporary ADA , replacing ADA Greylek , for six episodes , starting with the episode `` Lead '' . Although Cabot was absent for the first four episodes of season 11 , she becomes their permanent ADA in the fifth episode ( `` Hardwired '' ) after EADA Sonya Paxton entered court - ordered alcohol rehab . She left SVU in the season 11 episode `` Witness '' to work for the International Criminal Court to seek justice for rape victims in the Congo . She later returned in the season 13 premiere `` Scorched Earth '' , in which Cabot is the lead prosecutor in a rape case against a man who is the favorite to become Italy 's next prime minister . She is the prosecutor in seven episodes , sharing the ADA duties with Casey Novak and Bureau Chief Mike Cutter . Cabot 's last episode of season 13 was `` Learning Curve '' in which she is aiding in the investigation of a school molestation scandal . Elizabeth Donnelly ( edit ) Elizabeth Donnelly was portrayed by Judith Light from 2002 to 2010 . Main article : Elizabeth Donnelly Portrayed by Judith Light Episodes : `` Guilt '' -- `` Cold '' , `` Persona '' , `` Zebras '' , `` Behave '' Elizabeth Donnelly was SVU 's Bureau Chief Assistant District Attorney from seasons 3 to 6 . In the District Attorney 's office , she serves as the supervisor for ADA Cabot and her successor Casey Novak . Donnelly is elevated to judge in season 7 . In the season 10 episode `` Persona '' , Donnelly takes a leave of absence from her role as a judge and resumes her previous role as an Executive ADA to prosecute a cold case she was involved with in 1974 , when a battered woman ( Brenda Blethyn ) murdered her husband . She admits to Benson that she was somewhat responsible for the woman absconding from custody and therefore took on the case due to `` unfinished business . '' Her role in the escape leads to mishaps in the justice system being termed `` doing a Donnelly '' for many years to follow . This episode calls attention to the difficulty Donnelly experiences as a woman working in the justice system . But the revelation that the fugitive had been pregnant at the time of her crime leads Donnelly to what , for her , is an act of leniency . She leaves the office , yet again , and returns to the role of a judge . From season 7 through 12 , the SVU ADAs work without a Bureau Chief supervising their work , and are watched more closely by the District Attorney . In season 13 , Executive ADA Michael Cutter is transferred from homicide to take over Donnelly 's former role as supervisor . Casey Novak ( edit ) Casey Novak was portrayed by Diane Neal from 2003 to 2008 and 2011 to 2012 . Main article : Casey Novak Portrayed by Diane Neal Episodes : `` Serendipity '' -- `` Cold '' , `` Reparations '' , `` Blood Brothers '' -- `` Valentine 's Day '' Casey Novak was SVU 's Assistant District Attorney from seasons 5 to 9 , replacing ADA Alexandra Cabot . Although she quickly loses her innocence when dealing with sex crimes , she still shows uneasiness when dealing with the gray areas of human involvement , preferring the letter of the law to the messiness of each individual reality . Nonetheless , Novak has a 71 percent success rate in the cases she prosecutes , whereas the average for prosecutors is 44 percent . After initial hesitation , she becomes particularly close to Stabler as they bond over being Catholic and a love for sports . It is revealed that in her final year of law school , Novak was engaged to a man , Charlie , who suffered from schizophrenia . She ended the relationship when his symptoms became so severe she felt she could no longer be intimate with him . In 2002 , Charlie attacked her in her home during a psychotic episode . She convinced the police not to press charges , but ended the relationship . He eventually became homeless , and was found dead as a `` John Doe '' in the spring of 2007 . She developed a deep compassion for the mentally ill afterward , but still feels guilty for not being able to help him , as shown in season 9 's `` Blinded . '' She states that she is a big supporter of the U.S military . She says that her father was an M - 60 Door Gunner on a Huey during the Vietnam War . His helicopter crashed three times and he received a Purple Heart . In season 9 , her final year as the SVU ADA , she grew increasingly more reckless and unsure in her prosecution . It is implied that friend and former boss Liz Donnelly aided in her censure , leading to her replacement by ADA Kim Greylek in season 10 . It is revealed that Novak was censured for three years and subsequently re-hired by the DA 's office . This is explained in the season 12 episode `` Reparations '' , where she returns to SVU as their temporary ADA to prosecute a rape case . She is opposed by Law & Order : LA Deputy District Attorney Jonah Dekker who is representing the defendant . Casey not only finds herself at odds with Dekker , but also Judge Petrovsky , to whom she had previously lied in the season 9 finale ( `` Cold '' ) , which ultimately led to her censure . ADA Novak returned as a recurring character , along with ADA Cabot , in season 13 . She was last seen as the lead prosecutor in `` Valentine 's Day '' , in which she goes up against Defense Attorney Marvin Exley , who is defending a woman who seems to have fabricated her own abduction . Kim Greylek ( edit ) Main article : Kim Greylek Portrayed by Michaela McManus Episodes : `` Trials '' -- `` Lead '' Kim Greylek was the SVU 's Assistant District Attorney who replaced Casey Novak at the beginning of season 10 . Greylek previously worked in the U.S. Department of Justice 's Office on Violence Against Women in Washington , D.C. where she had the nickname of `` The Crusader . '' A dogged prosecutor , she pushed the detectives to make cases for the sake of politics in favor of pursuing actual offenders . She can be unrelenting , threatening to charge a defendant with a hate crime for raping two women in the season 10 premiere , and having a teenage boy charged with assaulting a police officer so he can be tested for HIV . In the episode `` Babes '' , Greylek also angers a woman believed to be involved with a young girl 's suicide , but she was found not guilty . After gloating about her innocence , the woman attacks Greylek for correcting her about being `` innocent '' and to wash the blood off her hands before holding her daughter 's baby . When the officers pull the woman off her , Greylek tells Stabler to charge her with assault . But Greylek also has a softer side , as she warns Stabler to get a good defense attorney after his daughter Kathleen ( who was dealing with bipolar disorder issues ) is charged with breaking & entering and theft , because the DA 's office will prosecute her . Greylek also rushes to get justice for three women who were drugged and raped by a man obsessed with pornography in the episode `` Smut '' . Greylek seeks justice when a man is brutally beaten outside a strip club with the man 's ex-wife and 13 - year - old transgender daughter Hailey as the prime suspect . Before the case gets to trial , Benson and Stabler discover that it was Haley 's guidance counselor who committed the crime . During the trial , it is discovered that the guidance counselor is also a transgender woman and that is why she tried to help Haley . After appearing in only 14 episodes , Greylek was written out of the series in the episode `` Lead '' ; in the middle of a trial where Pediatrician Gilbert Keppler ( Lawrence Arancio ) is found guilty of sexually assaulting four of his male patients . She is last seen doing a press conference with Cragen , Benson , and Stabler on the steps of the courthouse while the doctor 's attorney hands the SVU squad a lawsuit for failure to take action against Keppler immediately . Later in the episode , Benson and Stabler discover the doctor murdered in his home . The detectives hold CSU out of the house until Cragen and Greylek arrive . Suddenly , they see ADA Cabot walk up to the scene with Cragen . Cabot tells the detectives that the Justice Department called Greylek back to Washington and DA McCoy let her leave immediately . Sonya Paxton ( edit ) Sonya Paxton was portrayed by Christine Lahti from 2009 to 2011 . Main article : Sonya Paxton Portrayed by Christine Lahti Episodes : `` Unstable '' -- `` Hammered '' , `` Turmoil '' , `` Gray '' , `` Pursuit '' Sonya Paxton was SVUs Executive ADA who temporarily replaced Alexandra Cabot for four episodes in season 11 , starting with the season premiere , `` Unstable '' . Working in the Appeals bureau , she was the first to get a Capital Conviction in New York when the then newly elected Governor Pataki brought back the death penalty in 1995 . Paxton was sent to SVU by DA Jack McCoy to `` clean house '' in the `` he - said , she - said unit '' due to too many convictions being overturned . However , things started out rocky as she butts heads with the SVU team , particularly Detective Stabler . In the second episode `` Sugar '' , she and Stabler get into a heated argument after Paxton calls the suspect 's lawyer after he declines his right to counsel twice . In the fourth episode `` Hammered '' , Paxton is prosecuting a case where a man drank heavily and murders the woman he met at the bar . The defense blames alcoholism for the murder during the trial . Intending to use a computer - generated video mockup of the crime , Paxton accidentally plays a version in which the defendant 's face is superimposed onto the attacker . Paxton is embarrassed and meets Benson and Stabler at a bar where she is seen drinking . The following morning , she arrives 45 minutes late to the mistrial hearing , appearing distraught and blaming a `` fender bender '' . Judge Moredock asked if she needed medical help , but the defendant pointed out that she was drunk . Judge Moredock ordered Benson to come with a breathalyzer , which revealed her blood alcohol level was . 082 , resulting in a mistrial . Moredock ordered Paxton to seek treatment , which prompted her departure . At the end of the episode , she returns to the SVU precinct and apologizes to the team , stating that she intends on making amends to each and every one of them . She later appears in the season 11 episode `` Turmoil '' , meeting ADA Cabot outside the courtroom after Cabot discovers she is being investigated by the state bar . Paxton tells her to watch out for Benson and Stabler , because they are only loyal to each other . In season 12 , Paxton makes a surprise return to SVU and served as the Executive ADA in the ninth episode ( `` Gray '' ) to prove to the DA that she had n't lost her ' winning ways ' . Paxton and Stabler go at it again , with Stabler telling her to `` go have a drink . '' In the seventeenth episode ( `` Pursuit '' ) , she returns again to help out an old friend , Alicia Harding , who starts receiving personal threats from her stalker . Paxton tells the SVU squad that she has been working to find Harding 's missing sister for decades as it was her case . She releases confidential case information to Harding , which puts Harding in danger . Benson and Tutuola go looking for Paxton at an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting to reprimand her for giving out the information . Benson makes a shocking discovery when entering the women 's restroom as Paxton is bleeding out on the floor . As Benson tries to help her , Paxton says `` It 's okay , I got him , '' and she dies in Benson 's arms . M.E. Warner discovers a hair in Paxton 's throat , which she got by biting her attacker - which ultimately helped solve the case . Jo Marlowe ( edit ) Jo Marlowe was portrayed by Sharon Stone in 2010 . Portrayed by Sharon Stone Episodes : `` Torch '' -- `` Shattered '' ADA Jo Marlowe is drafted by DA Jack McCoy in season 11 after ADA Alexandra Cabot takes a leave of absence to help rape victims in the Congo . She is a former police lieutenant and Detective Stabler 's partner approximately four years before he paired with Detective Benson . She first appears in the 21st episode of the season , `` Torch '' , in which McCoy directs her to handle a case in which two young girls were killed in a fire . Stabler and Benson show up at the crime scene and Stabler is shocked to see his old partner and more surprised to know she now works for the DA 's office . Benson believes Marlowe only took the job as SVU 's ADA so that she could work with Stabler again . In the following episode , `` Ace '' , Marlowe and Captain Cragen clash over the way to handle a case in which a baby - trafficking ring is discovered and a young woman and her baby are in danger . Marlowe orders Benson and Stabler to catch the ring 's leader in the act , while Cragen wants ESU to take the perp at his warehouse . Cragen remarks to Marlowe , `` You 're the boss in court counselor , not here . '' Marlowe leaves the precinct only to have Cragen follow her outside , where he reminds her of `` why she really retired '' back in 1995 : when she was a lieutenant she had sent two undercover detectives who later died in an attempt to arrest a drive - by murderer . Marlowe responds it was a `` Command decision . '' Cragen 's detectives do arrest the ringleader , while Cragen saves the young woman in the warehouse . Marlowe is able to convict the leader by using his delivery doctor 's testimony , which he delivered in the judge 's chambers for protection . In the season 11 finale , `` Shattered '' , Marlowe is taken hostage , along with Detective Benson and Dr. Warner , in the morgue by a distraught mother of a dead boy . The mother shoots Dr. Warner and Benson and Marlowe must take action to save her life . In talking the mother down , Marlowe says she knows what it is like to be in pain as she reveals that she was diagnosed with an `` aggressive '' type of cancer and had a bilateral radical mastectomy a year before taking the job at SVU . Marlowe makes the mother drop the gun by picking up the dead boy and saying that he needs his mother and handing him to her . Marlowe is last seen looking increasingly upset . ADA Gillian Hardwicke replaces Marlowe as SVU 's permanent ADA at the beginning of season 12 . Entertainment Weekly reviewed Stone 's performance as a `` great presence '' , and having `` had to revive her best ... tone to sell hokey lines '' in a series it described as `` mawkish and overwrought . '' Sherri West ( edit ) Portrayed by Francie Swift Episodes : `` Bullseye '' , `` Behave '' , `` Delinquent '' , `` Smoked '' , and `` Double Strands '' Sherri West is brought in as a temporary ADA to start season 12 . West first appears in the second episode , where she is the prosecutor on a case where a pedophile hiding in plain sight is believed to have started going after young girls again . When the suspect is brutally beaten in the SVU holding cell by an officer , West assures the judge that violence against the defendant wo n't occur again . West next appeared in the third episode , `` Behave '' , in which Detective Benson goes to the ends of the Earth for a rape victim named Vicki Sayers ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) to ensure that Bill Harris ( James Le Gros ) , her rapist , is put away . West returned in the 23rd episode , `` Delinquent '' . When SVU detectives find Hunter Mazelon ( Sterling Beaumon ) naked and asleep in a young woman 's bed , West tells them that she ca n't charge Hunter with a sex crime but he can be charged with burglary 1 and criminal trespass 2 , among other charges . When Hunter says during his arraignment that Detective Stabler molested him after handcuffing him , West 's case is in shambles since there was also no actual victim . West manages to get Mazelon to allocute , which he did falsely , but Stabler wished for West to call for a recess . Detectives Tutuola and Stabler commented about how they have been burning through ADAs and maybe West cut the deal to cover Stabler so that they would like her . In the season 12 finale `` Smoked '' , a rape victim was murdered days before her trial was set to start . West is called again and pushes Detectives Benson and Stabler to find the victim 's murderer . Benson and Stabler , with West 's help , discover the murder was orchestrated by the rapist , a friend , and a greedy ATF Agent . West did not manage to convict anyone because they were brutally killed by the victim 's daughter in the SVU squad room , before Detective Stabler was forced to shoot her . In the fourth episode of season 13 , `` Double Strands '' , Sherri West appears back in the SVU precinct , except as a defense attorney because they `` offered her a better deal . '' Gillian Hardwicke ( edit ) Portrayed by Melissa Sagemiller Episodes : `` Branded '' -- `` Bombshell '' Gillian `` Gill '' Hardwicke was SVU 's primary ADA in season 12 . She was a Brooklyn ADA who transfers to Manhattan SVU due to her great admiration for detectives Benson and Stabler . She replaced Mikka Von ( Paula Patton ) , who was fired after only one case with the SVU team . Hardwicke has a 92 % conviction rate as she stated in her premiere episode , `` Branded '' . She often gets into conflict over cases with Detectives Benson and Stabler ; with Benson over a case where a woman was raped as a teenager and she began seeking revenge on her attackers , branding them with hot clothes hangers . She and Benson also clash when Vivian Arliss ( Maria Bello ) -- who gave custody of her son Calvin ( Charlie Tahan ) to Olivia -- is a suspect in a string of burglaries . Hardwicke and Stabler get into conflict over a case where presumably , a boy named Nicky Roberts , shot and killed his abusive stepfather ; the case eventually dropped because both Nicky and his mother admit to killing him , evidence not proving one or the other . In `` Penetration '' , Hardwicke convicts a man who raped FBI Agent Dana Lewis while she was undercover , at the request of Brian Ackerman ( J.C. MacKenzie ) , who was angry at Lewis for killing his son Kyle in the season 7 episode `` Raw '' . In her final episode , `` Bombshell '' , Hardwicke attempts to convict twin - siblings Cassandra ( Rose McGowan ) and Doug ( Ryan Hurst ) -- who are actually in a sexual relationship -- for their involvement in a man 's brutal stabbing along with fraud crimes in New York and Miami . They are released on bail due to lack of evidence , which leads to Doug 's murder by the man in love with Cassandra . Hardwicke is mentioned in the episode `` Reparations '' as Detective Tutuola says she is at a convention in Miami , before ADA Casey Novak returns as their temporary prosecutor . Sherri West then assumed the temporary ADA role for the final two episodes in season 12 . It is unknown if Hardwicke ever returned to New York . Melissa Sagemiller had previously been on SVU in season 1 episode `` Russian Love Poem '' , in which Sagemiller played a victim . Sagemiller said about her character 's personality : `` She 's tough ... she has a heart , she just gets what she wants . '' Sagemiller also added , `` She sticks to the letter of the law , sometimes to a fault , but in the end I think she always does the right thing . '' Michael Cutter ( edit ) Main article : Michael Cutter Portrayed by Linus Roache Episodes : `` Scorched Earth '' , `` True Believers '' , `` Lost Traveller '' , `` Father 's Shadow '' Executive ADA Michael Cutter from the final 3 seasons of Law & Order has been promoted to Bureau Chief ADA of the Special Victims unit , where he is supervising ADAs Alexandra Cabot and Casey Novak . Both Cabot and Novak were previously supervised by Bureau Chief ADA Elizabeth Donnelly , before she was elevated to judgeship in season 7 . The season 13 premiere , `` Scorched Earth '' , was Cutter 's first appearance on SVU , in which he aided ADA Cabot in her prosecution of an Italian diplomat . In `` True Believers '' , Cutter takes the lead in a case where a college music student ( Sofia Vassilieva ) is raped at gunpoint by a drug dealer . Powerful defense attorney Bayard Ellis ( Andre Braugher ) played the `` race card '' defense and Cutter fails to get a guilty verdict on the case due to the fact that Detectives Tutuola & Rollins had a faulty identification by the victim by frisking three identical suspects , Detectives Benson & Amaro are not on the same page when Amaro sees the suspect sling a gun under his sofa while they attempt to arrest him in his home , and the victim 's credibility being questioned because she had a one - night stand with her music instructor . In the episode `` Lost Traveller '' , ADA Cabot is forced to call on Cutter after defense attorney Marvin Exley demands her to `` call her boss '' to work out a deal . In `` Father 's Shadow '' , Cutter is the lead prosecutor when a reality show producer named Fred Sandow ( Michael McKean ) is accused of raping young first - time actresses . Cutter 's office did not drop the charges , even when the producer 's son took his girlfriend and her daughter hostage and demanded the charges dropped . David Haden ( edit ) David Haden was portrayed by Harry Connick Jr. from 2011 to 2012 . Portrayed by Harry Connick , Jr . Episodes : `` Official Story '' , `` Father 's Shadow '' , `` Hunting Ground '' , `` Justice Denied '' Executive Assistant District Attorney David Haden joins the show in the season 13 , `` Official Story '' , with a four - episode arc . Referred to as the executive assistant to the District Attorney , or the DA 's `` number two '' , Haden is a dedicated , straight - shooting prosecutor who is assigned a case with Detective Benson and the SVU squad when a powerful CEO of a private military contractor is confronted by Occupy Wall Street protesters and later found drugged and sexually assaulted in a park . There is more to the case than meets the eye and a much larger crime and conspiracy in Iraq is unveiled , with a rape occurring overseas and the rape kit being kept hidden . Haden and the SVU detectives are threatened by the CEO ( portrayed by John Doman ) , but Haden dismisses the threat , telling Detective Benson , `` This is what I live for . '' Although Benson is at first wary of Haden , they are both surprised to find they work well together . As the case develops , so does their relationship , as they share dinner and a kiss at the end of the episode . In the following episode , `` Father 's Shadow '' , Haden offers to take Olivia to dinner but she respectfully declines , citing she was still on duty and joking there would be a possible conflict of interest . Later , Haden shows up at the scene of a hostage situation , in which Benson is trying to talk the teenage boy down . After Benson finally convinces the boy to give her the gun , Haden comforts her and offers to take her home . In `` Hunting Ground '' , Haden and Benson 's relationship furthers as they are shown on a date and later sleeping together . In `` Justice Denied '' , Haden becomes involved in an SVU case in which it appears that Benson had coerced a confession out of a man eight years earlier and the real rapist is attacking women again . After Defense Attorney Bayard Ellis questions their relationship and threatens to expose them , Haden and Benson have to decide how they are going to handle the case without having their judgement clouded . At the end of the episode after the real rapist had been caught and the wrongfully imprisoned man was released , Captain Cragen informs Benson that the District Attorney has decided to form a Conviction Integrity Unit to investigate past cases and ensure no one is wrongfully imprisoned . Cragen says that the DA 's office will be starting with Sex Crimes and that Haden has been appointed as the Bureau Chief of the unit . Benson and Haden meet for drinks and decide that they have to end their relationship and pretend like it never happened . In the 13th - season finale episode , `` Rhodium Nights '' , Defense Attorney Marvin Exley ( Ron Rifkin ) tells Benson that Bureau Chief Haden may not be the person he 's claiming to be , hinting that it 's possible Haden is corrupt or dirty . It is revealed in the season 14 premiere that Haden 's name came up on the wire tap in the investigation of an escort service war . At the end of the episode , after several members of the DA 's office were arrested including Bureau Chief Paula Foster , Amaro tells Benson that Haden resigned from the office with Benson responding that he had nothing to do with it . Rafael Barba ( edit ) Rafael Barba was portrayed by Raúl Esparza from 2012 to 2018 . Main article : Rafael Barba Portrayed by Raúl Esparza Episodes : `` Twenty - Five Acts '' -- `` The Undiscovered Country '' Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba is brought in at the behest of temporary SVU captain , Steven Harris ( Adam Baldwin ) , when Barba requests a transfer from Brooklyn to Manhattan after he prosecutes two johns for raping a prostitute . Barba is a by - the - book headstrong prosecutor , who puts pressure on not only the detectives , but also the victims and witnesses . In his first case , he prosecutes a rape similar to a best selling erotic novel Twenty - Five Acts by Jocelyn Paley ( Anna Chlumsky ) , who is the rape victim . Barba tells the detectives to uncover anything and everything about Paley and her attacker . After rushing to put Paley on the stand to testify , Barba and the detectives discover that Paley did not write the book , which forces Barba to get creative with the trial . When Barba exposes the defendant 's viciousness by taunting him with a belt , the jury finds the defendant guilty . ADA Barba goes head to head with the Suffolk County District Attorney , Pam James ( Jane Kaczmarek ) , in the episode `` Beautiful Frame '' , after a Manhattan rape victim is charged with murder of her ex-boyfriend in Suffolk County . Detective Benson questions the charges against the woman and gathers enough evidence for Barba to put another man on trial for the same murder , as Barba and James race to get a conviction before the other . Barba and the SVU detectives uncover a scandal within the Suffolk County DA 's office , as one of James ' investigators set the young woman up for the murder . Barba offers to spare James ' office of more embarrassment as long as the investigator is convicted for the murder in Suffolk County . In the episode , `` Funny Valentine '' , Barba and the detectives have a tough time convincing pop star Micha Green to testify against her abusive boyfriend , hip - hop artist Caleb Bryant . After a shooting that kills her manager with Bryant as a suspect , Barba and Detective Benson convince Green to testify in the grand jury . But when she finally takes the stand , she tells Barba that her boyfriend was not at the scene and instead says Barba and Benson put those words in her mouth . After not being able to arrest Bryant , the couple flees on a vacation , where Green is ultimately found dead . Towards the end of the fourteenth season , Barba becomes close with the squad , and they rely on his legal advice on many of their assigned cases . In the episode `` Undercover Blue '' , Benson goes to Barba in an attempt to provide evidence that could potentially clear Cassidy 's name . In the season finale `` Her Negotiation '' , Rollins calls Barba in on a weekend for a class - B case , which turns into something more serious , which Barba takes to trial , but ultimately does n't get his conviction . Esparza was added to the opening credits in season 15 , making Barba the squad 's fourth full - time ADA . On February 7 , 2018 , Esparza left the series after six seasons in the episode `` The Undiscovered Country '' . Peter Stone ( edit ) Portrayed by Philip Winchester Episodes : `` The Undiscovered Country '' - present Stone , the son of the late Ben Stone , spent most of his adult life in Chicago , primarily as prosecutor with the State 's Attorney 's office in Cook County . He was appointed by District Attorney Jack McCoy as special counsel prosecuting Rafael Barba in the death of a terminally ill child in the episode `` The Undiscovered Country '' . After Barba resigned , Stone took over as ADA overseeing the Manhattan SVU . Off to a rocky start , he is beginning to grow into the job . Medical experts ( edit ) George Huang ( edit ) George Huang was portrayed by BD Wong from 2001 to 2015 . Main article : George Huang ( Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ) Portrayed by B.D. Wong Episodes : `` Pique '' -- `` Bombshell '' , `` Father Dearest '' , `` Born Psychopath '' , `` Thought Criminal '' , `` Depravity Standard '' Dr. Huang is an FBI forensic psychiatrist and criminal profiler , specializing in studying sexual predators and their victims . He becomes SVU 's resident psychiatrist in season 3 after he was originally on loan to the squad towards the end of season 2 . Though he is liked and respected by the SVU detectives and they generally defer to his professional judgment , his diagnoses sometimes hinder prosecutions , particularly where he finds mental illness , making defendants either not fully responsible for their crimes , or not fit to stand trial . This makes him a constant pain for the ADAs who are trying to prosecute the offenders . He frequently observes interrogations of suspects , advising detectives on how to best interact to obtain a confession . Very little is known about Huang 's personal life , other than that he is gay , which he noted in season 11 's `` Hardwired '' , has a sister ( noted in `` Inheritance '' ) , and that he speaks Cantonese and Mandarin . Dr. Huang was last seen in a main role during the season 12 episode `` Bombshell '' in which he helps Benson and Stabler get information out of a homeless man . The reason for his departure is not revealed until the season 13 episode `` Father Dearest '' in which Dr. Huang returns to the SVU squad temporarily to aid in an investigation and tells them about his new assignment in Oklahoma City . Huang returns to New York in the season 14 episode , `` Born Psychopath '' , and helps the SVU detectives with a case involving a young boy who has become increasingly violent towards those close to him . He diagnoses the boy with Antisocial personality disorder and makes arrangements to get him into a treatment facility . After not appearing in season 16 , the first season he did not appear in since joining the show in season 2 , Huang returns in the season 17 episode , `` Depravity Standard . '' He tells Benson that he took early retirement from the FBI in order to return to New York , where he is now doing private consulting . Melinda Warner ( edit ) Melinda Warner has been portrayed by Tamara Tunie since 2000 . Main article : Melinda Warner Portrayed by Tamara Tunie Episodes : `` Noncompliance '' -- present Dr. Warner is a NYC medical examiner who is one of SVU 's biggest allies . Though originally a recurring character , she became a regular cast member in season 7 through season 12 , reverting to a recurring character in season 13 . In the season 7 episode `` Blast '' , she becomes directly involved in the efforts to rescue an eight - year - old kidnapping victim who has just been diagnosed with leukemia . Warner is held hostage with Detective Stabler at a bank where the hostage taker 's father is the manager . When the taker demands Detective Stabler to come out of the office , he gives Warner his second gun , which she later uses to shoot the taker to prevent him from committing suicide by cop . In the season 11 finale `` Shattered '' , she is held hostage in her own morgue with Detective Benson and ADA Marlowe and is shot by the woman holding them hostage . She talks Benson through life - saving techniques before the woman lets her go to get real medical attention . She is well liked by the SVU squad , though briefly argues with Stabler when he accuses her of botching a DNA test on Benson , expected to absolve her of a homicide , before she discovered the DNA was intentionally doctored to make Benson look guilty . She served as a doctor in the U.S. Air Force during the Gulf War and is married with a daughter . Emil Skoda ( edit ) Emil Skoda was portrayed by J.K. Simmons from 1997 to 2010 ( Law & Order ) . Portrayed by J.K. Simmons Episodes : `` The Third Guy '' -- `` Folly '' Dr. Skoda is a psychiatrist who works with the New York Police Department . In addition to his own private practice , he often testifies for the prosecution as an expert witness on whether a defendant is legally sane to stand trial . He also profiles suspects and offers advice to the district attorneys regarding witnesses ' and suspects ' mental state . Elizabeth Rodgers ( edit ) Portrayed by Leslie Hendrix Episodes : `` Payback '' -- `` Misleader '' Dr. Elizabeth Rodgers was a recurring character in the Law & Order franchise . She was the medical examiner on SVU throughout the first season and has since been replaced by Dr. Melinda Warner . She also had a recurring role on Law & Order and Law & Order : Criminal Intent and appeared in one episode of Law & Order : Trial by Jury and Exiled : A Law & Order Movie . Rebecca Hendrix ( edit ) Rebecca Hendrix was portrayed by Mary Stuart Masterson from 2004 to 2006 . Portrayed by Mary Stuart Masterson Episodes : `` Weak '' , `` Contagious '' , `` Identity '' , `` Ripped '' , `` Philadelphia '' Dr. Rebecca Hendrix is a former police officer who was at the police academy with Detective Benson . She left the force to become a psychiatrist . She initially appears for three episodes in the series ' sixth season , to replace series regular B.D. Wong while he was performing in Broadway 's Pacific Overtures . Within the series , it is said that Wong 's character George Huang is on special assignment with the FBI back in Washington . Neal Baer stated that the character also gave him an opportunity to introduce a conflict between Benson and Stabler and said `` Stabler has n't always felt warmly toward psychiatry , but he does warm up to this character -- who has been both a cop and a shrink . '' Masterson reprises the role in the seventh - season episode , `` Ripped '' , where she helps Detective Stabler come to terms with unresolved issues in what Baer called `` an emotionally devastating scene '' . She makes a final appearance in the eighth season , episode `` Philadelphia '' . Recurring characters ( edit ) NYPD Personnel ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Detective / Officer Monique Jeffries Michelle Hurd 1999 -- 2000 14 Special Victims Unit ; Recurring character from 1999 - 2000 ( Season 1 ) Regular character from 2000 -- 2001 ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Detective / Officer Brian Cassidy Dean Winters 1999 -- 2000 , 2012 -- 2014 33 Special Victims Unit ( Season 1 ) District Attorney 's Office ( Seasons 13 - 14 ) Internal Affairs Bureau ( Season 15 ) Detective Ken Briscoe Chris Orbach 1999 -- 2000 11 Special Victims Unit Detective Lennie Briscoe Jerry Orbach 1999 -- 2000 Crossing over from Law & Order Detective Ed Green Jesse L. Martin 1999 -- 2000 Crossing over from Law & Order Commissioner Lyle Morris John Driver 2000 Lieutenant Ruben Morales Joel de la Fuente 2002 -- 2011 52 Technical Assistance Response Unit Sergeant / Lieutenant / Captain Ed Tucker Robert John Burke 2002 -- 2004 , 2007 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2017 29 Internal Affairs Bureau Officer Robbins William H. Burns 2002 , 2004 -- 2006 6 Officer Ramirez Donnetta Lavinia Grays 2003 -- 2007 7 Chief of Detectives Muldrew John Schuck 2004 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 10 8 Detective Mike Sandoval Nicholas Gonzalez 2004 -- 2005 Narcotics Unit Detective Danielle Beck Connie Nielsen 2006 6 Special Victims Unit Detective Chester Lake Adam Beach 2007 -- 2008 Regular character from 2007 to 2008 ( Season 9 ) ; Brooklyn Special Victims Unit ( Season 8 ) Detective Joe Dumas Scott William Winters 2011 , 2013 , 2015 Brooklyn Narcotics Unit Captain Steven Harris Adam Baldwin 2012 Special Victims Unit Sergeant Cole Draper Michael Potts 2012 , 2014 -- 2016 6 Internal Affairs Bureau Lieutenant Alexandra Eames Kathryn Erbe 2012 -- 2013 Crossing over from Law & Order : Criminal Intent ; Joint Terrorism Task Force Deputy Commissioner Hank Abraham Josh Pais 2013 -- 2016 7 Public Affairs Lieutenant Declan Murphy Donal Logue 2014 -- 2015 8 Special Victims Unit Detective Dominick Carisi , Jr . Peter Scanavino 2014 Special Victims Unit ; Regular character since 2014 ( Season 16 , Ep. 5 - present ) Deputy Chief William Dodds Peter Gallagher 2014 -- present 12 Supervisor of all Special Victims Units in NYPD Sergeant Mike Dodds Andy Karl 2015 -- 2016 14 Special Victims Unit Crime Scene Unit Technicians ( edit ) Full title : New York City Police Department Crime Scene Unit Forensic Technician Officers Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Georgie Welly Yang 1999 -- 2003 13 Harry Martin Lou Carbonneau 2000 -- 2002 12 Burt Trevor Daniel Sunjata 2002 -- 2004 15 David Layton Jordan Gelber 2002 -- 2003 8 Captain Judith Siper Caren Browning 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2011 41 Ryan O'Halloran Mike Doyle 2003 -- 2009 52 Millie Vizcarrondo Paula Garcés 2005 Martin Edelen McWilliams 2008 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2014 -- present 9 Dale Stuckey Noel Fisher 2009 Keegan Simmons Jabari Gray 2009 -- 2010 6 Adrienne Sung James Chen 2011 7 Colin Bennett Max Baker 2012 -- 2015 Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agents ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Special Agent George Huang , M.D B.D. Wong 2001 -- 2002 , 2012 -- 2015 24 Regular character from 2002 to 2011 ( seasons 4 -- 12 ) Special Agent Dana Lewis Marcia Gay Harden 2005 -- 2006 , 2010 , 2013 Special Agent Dean Porter Vincent Spano 2006 -- 2007 , 2009 5 Special Agent Tom Nickerson Frankie Faison 2007 -- 2008 Assistant United States Attorneys ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 AUSA Claudia Williams Pam Grier 2002 -- 2003 AUSA Raul Menedez Robert Montano 2005 AUSA Marion Springer Jayne Atkinson 2007 AUSA Camilla Velez Valerie Cruz AUSA Christine Danielson Gloria Reuben 2010 -- 2011 Previously Bureau Chief ADA AUSA Bree Price Caris Vujcec 2012 AUSA Connie Rubirosa Alana de la Garza 2014 Crossing over from Law & Order , Previously ADA Manhattan District Attorneys ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 DA Adam Schiff Steven Hill 2000 Crossing over from Law & Order DA Nora Lewin Dianne Wiest 2001 -- 2002 Crossing over from Law & Order DA Arthur Branch Fred Dalton Thompson 2003 -- 2006 11 Crossing over from Law & Order DA Jack McCoy Sam Waterston 2007 , 2010 , 2018 Crossing over from Law & Order ; Previously Executive ADA Chief Assistant District Attorneys ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 CADA Charlie Phillips Jeffrey DeMunn 2000 -- 2001 Bureau Chief Assistant District Attorneys ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 BC - ADA Elizabeth Donnelly Judith Light 2002 -- 2004 12 Special Victims Bureau ; Later Judge BC - ADA Tracey Kibre Bebe Neuwirth 2005 Homicide Bureau ; Crossing over from Law & Order : Trial By Jury BC - ADA Christine Danielson Gloria Reuben 2007 Homicide Bureau ; Later Assistant US Attorney BC - ADA Michael Cutter Linus Roache 2011 -- 2012 Special Victims Bureau ; Crossing over from Law & Order BC - ADA Paula Foster Paget Brewster 2012 Public Integrity Bureau Executive Assistant District Attorneys ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 EADA Jack McCoy Sam Waterston 2000 Crossing over from Law & Order ; Later District Attorney EADA Stan Villani Ron Leibman EADA Lydia Ramos Priscilla Lopez 2008 EADA Elizabeth Donnelly Judith Light 2008 Previously Bureau Chief ADA ; Later Judge EADA Sonya Paxton Christine Lahti 2009 -- 2011 7 EADA Garrett Blaine Teddy Sears EADA David Haden Harry Connick , Jr . 2012 Assistant District Attorneys ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ADA Abbie Carmichael Angie Harmon 1999 -- 2000 6 Crossing over from Law & Order ADA Erica Alden Reiko Aylesworth 2000 ADA Kathleen Eastman Jenna Stern 2000 ADA Alexandra Cabot Stephanie March 2000 , 2005 , 2009 2011 -- 2012 , 2018 16 Regular character from 2000 to 2003 , and 2009 to 2010 ( seasons 2 -- 5 , 11 ) ADA Fritz Albert Jones 2007 , 2009 ADA Kristen Torres Lizette Carrion 2008 -- 2009 ADA Kendra Gill Gretchen Egolf 2009 -- 2010 Later Defense Attorney ADA Jo Marlowe Sharon Stone ADA Sherri West Francie Swift 2010 -- 11 Later Defense Attorney ADA Mikka Von Paula Patton ADA Gillian Hardwicke Melissa Sagemiller 2010 -- 2011 10 ADA Casey Novak Diane Neal 2011 -- 2012 5 Regular character from 2003 to 2008 ( seasons 5 -- 9 ) ADA Rose Calliar Tabitha Holbert 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2017 7 ADA Rafael Barba Raúl Esparza 2012 -- 2013 11 Regular character since 2013 ( season 15 -- present ) ADA Pippa Cox Jessica Phillips 2013 -- 2016 7 ADA Derek Strauss Greg Germann 2013 -- 2014 ADA Kenneth O'Dwyer Robert Sean Leonard 2015 -- 2016 Defense Attorneys ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Don Newvine Frank Deal 1999 -- 2001 5 James Woodrow Craig Wroe 2000 -- 2002 , 2004 -- 2005 , 2007 9 Ms. Regal Liz Larsen 2000 -- 2002 Roger Kressler Ned Eisenberg 2001 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2011 , 2013 , 2016 - present 21 Carolyn Maddox CCH Pounder 2001 , 2004 -- 2005 , 2008 , 2010 5 Cleo Conrad Jill Marie Lawrence 2002 -- 2008 17 Trevor Langan Peter Hermann 2002 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present 33 Gina Bernado Illeana Douglas 2002 -- 2003 Morty Berger Michael Lerner 2003 -- 2006 Barry Moredock John Cullum 2003 -- 2005 , 2007 6 Later Judge Donna Emmett Viola Davis 2003 -- 2004 , 2006 , 2008 7 Lorna Scarry Mariette Hartley 2003 -- 2004 2006 , 2009 , 2011 6 Nikki Staines Callie Thorne 2003 -- present Rebecca Balthus Beverly D'Angelo 2003 , 2007 -- 2008 5 Lionel Granger David Thornton 2003 -- 2010 10 Dave Seaver Michael Boatman 2003 -- 2004 , 2006 , 2010 -- 2011 7 Crossing over from Law & Order Lynne Riff Blair Brown Chauncey Zierko Peter Riegert 2004 -- 2007 7 Oliver Gates Barry Bostwick 2004 -- 2007 5 Jason Whitaker Bradley Cooper 2005 Cross-over episode with Law & Order : Trial By Jury Linden Delroy J. Paul Nicholas 2005 -- 2006 2008 -- 2012 12 Sophie Devere Annie Potts 2005 -- 2007 , 2009 Hashi Horowitz Joe Grifasi 2005 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2011 , 2013 - 2018 11 Later Judge Charlie Moss James Naughton 2006 -- 2007 Matthew Braden Steven Weber 2007 Russell Hunter Austin Lysy 2007 -- 2011 7 Miranda Pond Alex Kingston 2009 -- 2010 Patrice Larue Jeri Ryan 2009 -- 2010 Dwight Stannich Robert Klein 2009 -- 2012 John Buchanan Delaney Williams 2010 -- present 14 Jonah Dekker Terrence Howard 2011 Crossing over from Law & Order : LA Marvin Exley Ron Rifkin 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 6 Bayard Ellis Andre Braugher 2011 -- 2013 , 2015 6 Sherri West Francie Swift 2011 Previously ADA Linus Tate David Pittu 2011 -- 2014 6 Crane Jacqueline Hendy 2012 -- 2015 6 Kendra Gill Gretchen Egolf 2012 Previously ADA Barry Querns Reg E. Cathey 2012 -- 2013 Lorenzo Desappio Jason Cerbone 2012 -- present 6 Rita Calhoun Elizabeth Marvel 2012 -- present 12 Martha Marron Renée Elise Goldsberry 2013 -- 2014 Minonna Efron Nia Vardalos 2013 -- 2014 Ben Cohen Jeffrey Tambor 2013 -- 2014 Vanessa Mayer Lauren Ambrose 2013 Judges ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Judge Alan Ridenour Harvey Atkin 2000 -- 2011 18 Judge Susan Valdera Leslie Ayvazian 2000 -- 2002 5 Judge Kevin Beck Peter Francis James 2000 5 Judge Barry Abrams Patrick Tovatt 2000 Crossing over from Law & Order Judge Walter Schreiber John Ramsay 2000 Crossing over from Law & Order Judge Margaret Barry Doris Belack 2000 -- 2001 Crossing over from Law & Order Judge Mark Seligman Tom O'Rourke 2000 -- 2006 19 Judge Lena Petrovsky Joanna Merlin 2000 -- 2011 43 Judge Arthur Cohen David Lipman 2002 -- 2009 13 Judge Danielle Larsen Sheila Tousey 2003 -- 2004 10 Judge Lois Preston Audrie J. Neenan 2003 -- 2011 20 Judge Walter Bradley Peter McRobbie 2003 -- 2008 , 2011 -- 2012 18 Crossing over from Law & Order Judge Mary Clark Marlo Thomas Judge Philip Wyler William Whitehead Judge Rebecca Steinman Susan Blommaert Crossing over from Law & Order Judge Joseph Terhune Philip Bosco 2004 , 2006 6 Judge Karen Taten Patricia Kalember 2004 -- 2008 , 2010 9 Judge Elizabeth Donnelly Judith Light 2005 -- 2010 12 Previously Bureau Chief ADA Judge Peter Harrison Peter Gerety 2007 -- 2008 , 2013 Judge Gregory Trenton John Henry Cox 2007 , 2010 Judge Barry Moredock John Cullum 2008 -- 2011 5 Previously Defense Attorney Judge L. Maskin Tonye Patano 2009 -- 2012 6 Judge D. Andrews Lindsay Crouse 2009 -- 2011 7 Judge Sylvia Quinn Kate Nelligan Judge Sheila Tripler Anita Gillette Judge D. Serani Michael Mastro 2011 -- 2016 12 Judge Elana Barth Jenna Stern 2011 -- 2013 2015 -- present 12 Judge Karyn Blake Ami Brabson 2012 -- 2015 13 Judge Felicia Catano Aida Turturro 2013 -- 2016 7 Judge Delilah Hawkins Victoria Rowell 2013 -- 2014 Judge Hashi Horowitz Joe Grifasi 2015 Previously Defense Attorney Medical Experts ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 M.E. Elizabeth Rodgers Leslie Hendrix 1999 -- 2000 9 Crossing over from Law & Order Dr. Elizabeth Olivet Carolyn McCormick 1999 -- 2001 , 2013 6 Crossing over from Law & Order Dr. Emil Skoda J.K. Simmons 2000 -- 2001 6 Crossing over from Law & Order M.E. Melinda Warner Tamara Tunie 2000 -- 2005 , 2011 -- 2015 88 Regular character from 2005 to 2011 ( seasons 7 -- 12 ) Dr. Emily Sopher Linda Emond 2004 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 7 Dr. Rebecca Hendrix Mary Stuart Masterson 2004 -- 2007 5 Dr. Cap Jackson Jeremy Irons 2011 Dr. Peter Lindstrom Bill Irwin 2013 -- present 12 M.E. Carl Rudnick Jefferson Mays 2014 -- 2016 7 Hospital Personnel ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Paramedic Martinez Joselin Reyes 2003 -- 2007 , 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2015 17 Dr. Anne Morella Julie White 2003 -- 2005 , 2007 5 ER Nurse Carey Hutchins Elizabeth Flax 2003 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 2011 13 Dr. Kyle Beresford Stephen Gregory 2004 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2011 18 Dr. Jane Larom Anne James 2006 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2011 9 Dr. Manning Amir Arison 2009 -- 2011 8 The Stabler family ( edit ) Characters Cast Years Seasons # Eps Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Kathy Stabler Isabel Gillies 1999 -- 2011 30 Maureen Stabler Erin Broderick 1999 -- 2002 , 2005 , 2007 13 Kathleen Stabler Holiday Segal Allison Siko 1999 , 2002 , 2005 -- 2010 19 Holiday Segal is replaced by Allison Siko as Kathleen Stabler in 2005 Richard `` Dickie '' Stabler Jeffrey Scaperrotta 1999 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 2009 17 Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Stabler Patricia Cook 1999 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2005 , 2007 13 Elliot Stabler Jr . Various 2008 -- 2011 5 Bernadette Stabler Ellen Burstyn 2008 Elliot 's mother Minor characters ( edit ) Barry Moredock ( edit ) Portrayed by John Cullum Episodes : `` Appearances '' - `` Possessed '' Barry Moredock , a judge , originally appeared as a defense attorney in the episode `` Appearances '' , on a case in which a child pornography maker is put on trial for giving instructions on how to kill via a story on his company 's website . He works on another case with Cabot in the episode `` Manic '' , where a child kills two high school students and is given medication from his mother due to an illegal marketing campaign by the major pharmaceutical company Tauscher - Leto . In the seventh season , he works as a defense attorney on a case with Casey Novak as ADA in the episode `` Raw '' , where he defends a Neo-Nazi group . In the season 9 episode `` Blinded '' , Moredock and Novak work on a case together in which a violent , schizophrenic artist kidnaps and rapes two girls . Starting in the episode `` Babes '' to present , Moredock is a judge . His first case ( seen ) is the case of a homeless boy burned to death by a high school student . In the episode `` Smut '' , he is blackmailed when SVU is notified about a video he was sent by an acquaintance showing a dolphin humping a woman on his personal file server , which could be classified as pornography . Moredock recuses himself from the case , in which a rapist claims he was driven by pornography to sexually assault women . He reunites with Cabot in the episode `` Lead '' as the judge presiding over the case of a developmentally man who killed the pediatrician who molested him as a child . As the trial goes on , it is discovered that the defendant suffers from lead poisoning caused by Chinese - made products . In the 2009 episode `` Hammered '' Moredock presides over the case of a heavy drinker accused of killing a woman during an alcoholic blackout . When ADA Sonya Paxton shows up to court drunk , he orders her to get alcoholism treatment . In `` Possessed '' , Moredock drops a statutory rape case because the statute of limitations had run out , even as he states that he finds the defendant , an elderly pedophile , repulsive . Kathy Stabler ( edit ) Portrayed by Isabel Gillies Episodes : `` Payback '' -- `` Delinquent '' Kathy Stabler is Detective Elliot Stabler 's wife : they got married when they were both 17 . The two are separated for some time in seasons 6 through 8 , but Kathy shows up in the squad - room in the season 8 finale `` Screwed '' and tells him that she needs him to come home because she is pregnant . In the season 9 episode `` Paternity '' , Kathy and Detective Benson are involved in a car accident while Benson was helping Elliot by bringing Kathy to the doctor for a check - up . Kathy is pinned and unconscious when Benson wakes up and calls for help . Benson is tasked with helping EMS stabilize her as they can not get into the car . Kathy is extracted from the car by firefighters and placed in the ambulance , where she goes into labor and delivers a baby boy before she becomes unconscious again . Elliot , who had been upstate retrieving a perp , arrives at the hospital and embraces Kathy and his new son , Elliot Jr . Kathy and Elliot have five children together : Maureen , Kathleen Louise , twins Richard ( `` Dickie '' ) and Elizabeth ( `` Lizzie '' ) , and Elliot Jr ( `` Eli '' ) . Taru tech ruben Morales ( edit ) Portrayed by Joel de la Fuente Episodes : `` Surveillance '' -- `` Bully '' Ruben Morales is an officer in the NYPD 's Technical Assistance Response Unit who aided the SVU squad with investigations that included computer or video evidence . He appeared in 52 episodes between seasons 3 - 12 . In the Season 7 episode `` Web '' , Morales takes a hands on approach in the investigation of an Internet pornography site . Due to his own guilt about his nephew 's rape by an online predator , Morales beats one of the suspects up in the interrogation room , threatening the detectives ' case . CSU tech Ryan O'Halloran ( edit ) Portrayed by Mike Doyle Episodes : `` Choice '' -- `` Zebras '' Crime Scene Technician Ryan O'Halloran came in frequent contact with the SVU detectives when they investigated crime scenes of their victims . He appeared in 52 episodes between seasons 5 - 10 . He was one of SVU 's biggest allies until his death in the season 10 finale . He was murdered by CSU tech Dale Stuckey , who was trying to prevent O'Halloran from informing the detectives that he was the real killer of a defense attorney and young woman . Ed Tucker ( edit ) Portrayed by Robert John Burke . Episodes : `` Counterfeit '' -- `` Chasing Theo '' Ed Tucker is an officer in the Internal Affairs Bureau of the NYPD who has frequently been assigned to question the SVU squad whenever there is an allegation of misconduct . He has appeared in 21 episodes throughout the duration of the series , starting with the season 3 episode `` Counterfeit . '' He has opened numerous investigations on Detectives Stabler , Benson , Amaro , and Rollins and frequently feuded with Captain Cragen . Tucker was originally introduced as a Sergeant , but was later promoted to Lieutenant . Although he feuded with the squad for many years , Tucker slowly becomes an ally for Benson after she takes over for Cragen as squad commander . In the season 16 finale , `` Surrendering Noah '' , he alerted Benson that 1PP will likely not consider promoting Amaro to Sergeant now that Benson , who looks to become SVU 's Lieutenant , will need a Sergeant by her side . In the season 17 episode , `` Townhouse Incident '' , Tucker , who has now been named the Captain of IAB , acts as the hostage negotiator when Benson is involved in a violent home invasion ; he is selected at Benson 's request and reveals that he was a negotiator prior to transferring to IAB . He and Benson are subsequently revealed to be in a romantic relationship when he tries to help her bust a sex trafficking ring with ties to the Catholic Church and his own cousin , a priest . In `` Heartfelt Passages '' , Capt . Tucker announces his intention to Benson to transfer to the NYPD Emergency Response Unit 's Hostage Negotiation Team . As seen in `` Heartfelt Passages '' , Capt . Tucker is a recipient of the US Flag Bar , World Trade Center Breast Bar , NYPD Meritorious Police Duty , NYPD Excellent Police Duty , and NYPD 150th Commemorative Breast Bar . His relationship with Benson becomes complicated in Season 18 when Tucker wanted Benson to retire with him , to which Benson had mixed feelings about . They eventually broke up . Sister Peg ( edit ) Portrayed by Charlayne Woodard Episodes : `` Silence '' , `` Chameleon '' , `` Loss '' , `` Criminal '' , `` Identity '' , `` Pure '' , `` Underbelly '' , `` Smoked '' Sister Peg is a Catholic nun who lived and worked in New York City . Most of her work involved helping and protecting prostitutes , and as such , she sometimes came into contact with SVU Detectives Elliot Stabler and Olivia Benson . In the season 6 episode `` Pure '' , she was kidnapped by the murderer that the SVU detectives were trying to capture after they came in contact in the SVU squad - room . She was beat up by a pimp named in the season 8 episode `` Underbelly '' , after trying to help one of his girls . She was killed in the season 12 finale `` Smoked '' by the young girl who fired a gun in the SVU squad - room with the intention of killing the men in holding who murdered her mother . Ken Randall ( edit ) Portrayed by Ernest Waddell Episodes : `` Haunted '' , `` Strain '' , `` Venom '' , `` Outsider '' , `` Screwed '' , `` Conned '' , `` Learning Curve '' , `` Intersecting Lives '' Ken Randall is Detective Tutuola 's son and is introduced in the season 6 episode , `` Haunted '' , in which Tutuola is shot after trying to prevent a robbery . Prior to his appearance , Tutuola had mentioned several times that he had a son . Ken reveals to his father that he is openly gay in the season 7 episode , `` Strain '' . In the season 7 episode , `` Venom '' , Ken is arrested after he was found digging in a vacant lot while he was intoxicated . It is discovered that Ken was searching for the woman and baby that his half - brother , Darius , said he had killed . This puts heat on Tutuola within the squad , as he fights to exonerate his son and prove that Darius is a murderer . When Darius cons SVU into getting his confession without his lawyer present , the case continues in the season 8 finale , `` Screwed '' . Ken returns to try to help his father and the rest of the detectives find evidence to convict Darius . While being questioned on the stand , Ken 's mother is forced to reveal that Darius was a product of rape by her own father . In the season 13 episode , `` Learning Curve '' , Ken asks for Sergeant Munch 's help in revealing to his father that he is getting married . But before Ken is able to tell his father , his fiance is brutally attacked . While at the hospital , Munch tells Tutuola that the man is Ken 's fiance , which makes Tutuola determined to find the attackers . Eventually , Alejandro recovers from his injuries and he and Ken are married . As of `` Intersecting Lives '' , Ken and Alejandro are expecting a child , having found a surrogate ; to Ken 's surprise and relief , Fin is excited about becoming a grandfather . Special Agent Dana Lewis ( edit ) Special Agent Dana Lewis was portrayed by Marcia Gay Harden in episodes `` Raw '' , `` Informed '' , `` Penetration '' , & `` Secrets Exhumed '' . Portrayed by Marcia Gay Harden Episodes : `` Raw '' , `` Informed '' , `` Penetration '' , & `` Secrets Exhumed '' FBI Agent Dana Lewis , who first introduced in the season 7 episode `` Raw '' while working undercover to bring down a white supremacist group as `` Star Morrison '' . Lewis ( while undercover as Star ) slaps Munch and calls him `` kike '' as a part of her cover , prompting her arrest for assaulting a police officer . She 's forced to blow her cover and reveal herself as a Federal Agent during the trial against the group 's leader when she shoots and kills the leader 's son before he could kill Stabler . She tries to apologize for her actions after the case is over , but Munch holds no grudge . Agent Lewis specializes in undercover work , often working under assumed identities for weeks or even months at a time . While working undercover , she uses the name Star Morrison and speaks with a Southern accent ( though the actress herself is not from the South ) . In the season 8 premiere `` Informed '' , she shows up in New York again when Detective Benson is hounding her eco-terrorism informant to tell her about her rape . Lewis and Benson must find the informant after she goes missing and stop her from conducting a terrorist bombing . Lewis mentions to Benson that she calls her informant `` Peggy Sue '' because she reminds Lewis of her baby sister , Margaret . In her last appearance , Lewis tells Benson and Stabler that her family ( husband and children ) is currently living in Europe to protect them from criminals who attempt to retaliate against her . One of these criminals , the leader of the aforementioned supremacist group , ordered a fellow inmate to attack and rape her in the season 12 episode `` Penetration '' . Elliot Stabler has been injured each time she has worked with them , by gunshot in season 7 , by explosives in season 8 , and by gunshot again in season 12 which was the only injury she was directly responsible for . Stabler half - jokingly refers to her as a `` jinx '' , saying `` ( he 's ) nearly been killed '' every time Lewis shows up ; she counters his remarks by saying that maybe she is his `` good luck charm '' , as he 's survived every injury during their three episodes together . In the season 14 episode , `` Secrets Exhumed '' , Agent Lewis returns to partner with SVU when she believes that a Manhattan cold case is connected to several rape - homicides across the country . Lewis beats Detectives Benson and Amaro to the Miami correctional facility where the detectives were supposed to rearrest the suspect , a handicapped man , who was being released after completing his stint for another crime . Lewis accompanies Benson and Amaro back to Manhattan , where she observes the interrogation and pleads with Captain Cragen to let her have a shot at the suspect after the detectives could not get the man to admit to killing the fifth victim . When Cragen obliges , Lewis sweats the suspect into admitting he was at the scene when the victim was murdered . Amaro begins to question the confession when the boyfriend of the victim comes to the precinct and Lewis says that he was an old friend from when they date in college at Tulane University . Pieces of the confession begin to fall apart as Munch and Rollins finds evidence missing in the cold case file and the boyfriend of the victim admits to having a romantic relationship with Agent Lewis . Amaro then gets the suspect to recant his confession and Lewis begins to seem increasingly panicked . Cragen gets Lewis to believe that the handicapped suspect had an accident and he will be awhile before her and Benson could re-interview him . As Benson begins to ask Lewis questions , Lewis realizes that Benson 's questioning seemed interrogation - like . Benson and Amaro begin to ask Lewis pressing questions about the nature of Lewis ' relationship with the victim and her boyfriend at the time . They get her to admit they had a several - month - long romantic relationship , which subsequently got Lewis pregnant . After he forced Lewis to get an abortion , she found out that he asked the victim to marry him . Lewis , in tears , admits she went to the victim 's home , and after the victim taunted Lewis with the fact he asked her to marry her , she says she blacked out . She says that when she came to , the girl was dead . She tells Benson , who is clearly shocked and distraught , that she is so sorry . Cragen enters the room with a pair of handcuffs and tells Lewis she is under arrest for the murder . Amaro grabs the handcuffs and takes her into custody . Resigned to her fate , she cooperates , repeatedly saying , `` I understand , '' as tears continue rolling down her cheeks . Special Agent Dean Porter ( edit ) Portrayed by Vincent Spano . Episodes : `` Infiltrated '' , `` Florida '' , `` Screwed '' , `` Savant '' , & `` Spooked '' FBI Agent Dean Porter worked with Detective Benson as her handler during her stint undercover in an Oregon eco-terrorist group during season 8 . When a man is murdered with ties to the group EDGE , it 's discovered he was a pedophile by Benson , working under the name Persephone James , who is investigating the crime as a civilian . After Benson uncovers the pedophile nest and deduces that a girl is missing , Porter blows Benson 's cover after she was arrested by local police . Benson convinces Porter to help her search for the girl even though Porter was aggravated with Benson and her obsession on finding the girl . But when they find the victim and she confesses to why she killed her rapist , Porter understands why Benson is passionate for working sex crimes . Porter returns later in the season 8 episode `` Florida '' after Benson gives Simon Marsden ( Michael Weston ) money , who she had just discovered was her half - brother . Marsden was being looked at by River Park , NJ police on suspicion of rape . Porter wanted to arrest Benson for helping Marsden , so he offered her a deal , no jail time if she helped Porter catch him . Marsden flees after a meet with Olivia when he felt something was wrong and Porter let Olivia go as he had no direct evidence of her helping Simon . After they finally find Marsden holding the River Park Police Captain hostage , it is discovered that the Captain is setting Marsden up , and Porter decides to drop charges the FBI had against Marsden . Porter returns a few episodes later in the episode `` Screwed '' , when the SVU squad is under fire due to Fin 's stepson Darius ( Ludacris ) being on trial for murder . Porter is trying not to be subpoenaed by the defense to avoid having to give dirt on Detective Benson . At the end of the episode as everything is unraveling for the SVU squad , Benson convinces Porter to tell IAB about his involvement with her and her brother . Porter returns in the season 9 episode `` Savant '' when SVU is working on a case where a girl with Williams syndrome heard her mother being beaten and raped . Her father Ben Nicholson ( Aidan Quinn ) is being eyed by the FBI for extortion and other federal crimes and Porter is upset with SVU for running interference with the FBI 's case against Nicholson . Porter returned in season 11 's `` Spooked '' to work a case with SVU where two people were killed , their killer leaving a rape tree . Benson and Stabler believed the case was a drug - deal gone bad with involvement from a Mexican drug cartel . It is revealed Porter knew who the killer was all along as the victim 's roommate Terri Baines ( Paola Mendoza ) was working with the FBI as undercover intelligence agent . Porter tried to take over the investigation several times , going so far as having the Special Victims Unit 's telephones tapped to keep tabs on the case . Porter has not been seen since . Simon Marsden was portrayed by Michael Weston in episodes `` Philadelphia '' , `` Florida '' , `` Screwed '' , `` Child 's Welfare '' . Simon Marsden ( edit ) Portrayed by Michael Weston . Episodes : `` Philadelphia '' , `` Florida '' , `` Screwed '' , `` Child 's Welfare '' Simon Marsden is Detective Benson 's half - brother whom she discovers through a DNA kinship analysis . He caused extensive trouble throughout season 8 for Olivia and the entire squad after Olivia seeks him out at his New Jersey home . She discovers he is being investigated by police for stalking , but in the season 8 episode `` Florida '' , it is revealed he is being set up by the police captain after Simon holds her hostage . Because of Benson 's involvement with a `` fugitive '' , she is suspended for some time , which is made known in the season 9 premiere `` Alternate . '' Simon makes his return in season 13 , when he pleads with Detective Benson to help him after his children are removed by the city ( Benson is visibly shaken when Simon says that their father was a better parent to him , than he was to his own kids ) . Benson enlists attorney Bayard Ellis to act as Simon 's lawyer , but she is shocked when Captain Cragen alerts her that Simon has kidnapped the children from foster care . Bayard Ellis ( edit ) Bayard Ellis was portrayed by Andre Braugher in episodes `` True Believers '' , `` Spiraling Down '' , `` Child 's Welfare '' , `` Justice Denied '' , `` Monster 's Legacy '' & `` Perverted Justice '' . Portrayed by Andre Braugher Episodes : `` True Believers '' , `` Spiraling Down '' , `` Child 's Welfare '' , `` Justice Denied '' , `` Monster 's Legacy '' , `` Perverted Justice '' Defense Attorney Bayard Ellis is introduced in season 13 's `` True Believers . '' He is said to be a high - powered defense attorney who has turned his attention to the underprivileged and minorities , which in turn makes him a civil rights champion . In `` True Believers '' , he defends a black man who is on trial for attacking a girl in her apartment , and cites poor police procedure and the victim 's creditably to get a not guilty verdict . At the close of this episode , he has a discussion with Detective Benson on the steps of the courthouse . After Benson blasts him for shaming the young girl on the stand , he tells her that she needs an escape and gives her his card , telling her to come by one of his daughter 's softball games . In the episode `` Spiraling Down '' , Benson gives Ellis ' card to the defendant 's wife , whose husband is former football star who suffers from diminished capacity . He defends the former football star and receives a not guilty verdict . Benson also calls on Ellis when her half - brother is in need of legal help after his kids have been removed by the city . Benson and Ellis have become close , which creates conflict in the episode `` Justice Denied '' , as Ellis defends a man who Benson coerced a confession out of eight years earlier . Executive ADA David Haden , the prosecutor who is re-investigating the case and Benson 's love interest , is confronted by Ellis about their relationship and threatens to expose them if they did n't do the right thing . Benson asks Ellis to give her some time to find the real rapist , which she does , or she will tell the District Attorney about her relationship with EADA Haden . Ellis returns in the season 14 episode , `` Monster 's Legacy '' , when Detective Benson asks him to look into the case of Reggie Rhodes ( Mike Tyson ) , who is scheduled to be executed after being convicted of murder in Ohio . Benson is able to get Rhodes to admit that he was abused when he was a child by the head of a camp in New York , which allows Ellis to argue that Rhodes ' original defense attorney never presented that during the trial . Ellis uncovers a massive cover up by the lead prosecutor in the original case , who withheld photographic evidence of Rhodes being sexually assaulted by the man he murdered . Ellis subsequently convinces the judge to spare Rhodes from execution . Ellis is next seen in the season 16 episode , `` Perverted Justice '' , when he comes to Benson and SVU asking them to reinvestigate a case he is working for Project Innocence . With the help of the now - retired Captain Cragen , Ellis is able to vacate the original charge against his client for raping his daughter decades earlier . Maria Grazie Amaro ( edit ) Maria Grazie Amaro has been portrayed by Laura Benanti in ten episodes since season 13 . Portrayed by Laura Benanti Episodes : `` Spiraling Down '' -- `` Above Suspicion '' , `` Military Justice '' , `` Thought Criminal '' Detective Amaro 's wife , Maria , is introduced in the season 13 episode `` Spiraling Down '' . She is serving in the armed forces and stationed in Iraq . In `` Spiraling Down '' , Amaro video chats with her about the father of a victim in one of his cases , who served overseas with her . They have somewhat of a tense conversation , as she does not like the tone he is using with her , after he asked why he has never heard of this man . After returning to New York City in the episode `` Official Story '' , she heads back overseas on a new assignment . In the episode `` Valentine 's Day '' , she is once again back in New York and shows up in the squad room after Amaro was late for their Valentine 's Day dinner . At the end of this episode , Amaro watches his wife enter an unknown brownstone , and he has the increased suspicion that she is having an affair . In the following episode , `` Street Revenge '' , Amaro sees her meet for lunch with the same military friend who appeared in `` Spiraling Down '' . Amaro drives to Philadelphia , where her friend lives , punches him , and tells him to stay away from his wife . Maria discovers this and comes into the squad room in a rage , knocking folders off his desk . They begin to argue in front of the squad , until Cragen tells Amaro , `` not here '' , and they go into the bunk room . Amaro reveals his suspicion and she says that she is not having an affair and that the brownstone he saw her enter was her psychiatrist , before she storms out of the room . In the season 14 premiere , after Amaro delays talking to her about their issues , he finally begins to apologize when she tells him that she has taken a job in Washington , D.C. and she is taking their daughter with her . William Lewis ( edit ) Portrayed by Pablo Schreiber Episodes : `` Her Negotiation '' -- `` American Tragedy '' , `` Psycho / Therapist '' , `` Beast 's Obsession '' , `` Post-Mortem Blues '' William Lewis has been portrayed by Pablo Schreiber in eight episodes since season 14 . William Lewis is a serial rapist and murderer who had gotten away with numerous counts of rape and murder because of mistakes in the system made by different police jurisdictions . In the season 14 finale , Benson and ADA Barba pursue justice for Lewis ' victims and attempt to get him locked up for good ; but again , Lewis walks on a technicality . He later breaks into Detective Benson 's apartment and tortures her before later abducting her to torture and rape her at an isolated location , killing a traffic cop and his own defense attorney 's parents in his travel . Eventually the police catch up to Lewis and Benson , after Benson managed to break free of her restraints and incapacitate him . Lewis is shipped off to a hospital and is later charged and brought to trial ( SVU : `` Psycho / Therapist '' ) for his assault and abduction of Benson . Lewis represents himself and maneuvers to force Benson to take the stand and tell everyone what he did to her and what she did to him ; crippling him in one leg , damaging numerous internal organs , and even deafening him in one ear , after she had already handcuffed him to a bed post . Benson lies and denies that she had him restrained , that he had broken free and she had to harm him to subdue him ; this drives Lewis into a rage during his cross testimony with her . Lewis is found not guilty on the rape charge but guilty on the abduction charge , as well as assault on a police officer . He goes away to prison but before the trial ends , he bribes a juror to use drugged baked goods for them to make him sick and have a way to make a jailbreak . Lewis then pursues Benson again , killing and raping people in his path and abducting a little girl , Amelia Cole ( Lily Pilblad ) to make Benson come to him at an abandoned quarry where he abducts her again . He is about to attempt to rape Benson again , but when he sees that Benson is n't going to fight with him like before ( because Olivia would rather have Lewis rape her than Amelia , who was tied up ) , he decides to force her to play a game of Russian roulette with him , involving the SVU and police searching for Benson , letting them listen in on their radios . It winds up where Olivia has to take the last bullet , thinking he is about to kill her ; he stands beside her and quickly shoots himself in the head with his left hand which causes reasonable doubt , making Internal Affairs believe Benson shot and killed Lewis , but the charges against Benson are later dropped . The last thing Lewis tells Benson is that his death will be the last thing she 'd see . At the Kings County morgue , Benson asks if she can take one last look at Lewis ' dead body before he 's rolled back into the cooler . In subsequent seasons , Lewis 's name becomes a kind of code for an intensely dangerous situation and Benson reveals that her trauma and ordeal with him will always be a part of her . During a heated exchange with Amaro , he pointedly asks her whether she can ever forgive Lewis ; she does not answer and he apologizes . Deputy Chief William Dodds ( edit ) Portrayed by Peter Gallagher Episodes : `` Holden 's Manifesto '' , `` Pornstar 's Requiem '' , `` Pattern Seventeen '' , `` Forgiving Rollins '' , `` Institutional Fail '' , `` Maternal Instincts '' Peter Gallagher portrays Deputy Chief William Dodds , the tough - as - nails head of all the Special Victims Units in New York City . The newly appointed Deputy Chief of the Special Victims Units in all five boroughs , Dodds is Sergeant ( later Lieutenant ) Benson 's politically - savvy commanding officer . A former homicide detective , he is often hard on Benson and her squad , most notably during their early interactions , but ultimately respects the work that they do and frequently backs them up to the NYPD brass . He assisted the squad during their investigation into Atlanta PD Deputy Chief Charles Patton ( Harry Hamlin ) , who was accused of assaulting one of his own detectives in a New York City hotel , by personally interviewing Patton in the interrogation room . In season 17 , he names his son , Mike ( Andy Karl ) , Manhattan SVU 's new sergeant , and is devastated by his death in a domestic violence dispute between a corrupt corrections officer ( Brad Garrett ) and his wife . As seen in `` Heartfelt Passages '' , Dep . Chf . Dodds is a recipient of the US Flag Bar . Dodds is currently the first major character in any Law & Order series to portray an NYPD officer holding the rank of Deputy Chief . Almost every prior portrayal of NYPD senior officers above the rank of Captain has been that of three - star Bureau Chiefs , the four - star Chief of Department or First Deputy Commissioner , or the Commissioner of the NYPD . Various minor characters ( edit ) Christine Danielson was portrayed by Gloria Reuben in episodes `` Snitch '' , `` Merchandise '' & `` Dirty '' . Darius Parker was portrayed by Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges in episodes `` Venom '' & `` Screwed '' . Steven Harris was portrayed by Adam Baldwin in episodes `` Lost Reputation '' , `` Above Suspicion '' & `` Twenty - Five Acts '' . Paula Foster was portrayed by Paget Brewster in episodes `` Lost Reputation '' & `` Above Suspicion '' . Detective Kenneth `` Ken '' Briscoe , portrayed by Chris Orbach ( season 1 ) is the nephew of 27th Homicide Precinct detective , Lennie Briscoe ( Jerry Orbach , Chris is his son ) . Ken Briscoe was more of an extra detective in the SVU precinct , consulting on cases with Detectives Benson , Stabler , Munch , and Jefferies . He was in the episode `` Entitled '' with his uncle , Lennie . It 's been unknown what happened to Ken Briscoe as his last on - screen episode was `` Contact '' . The character was set to return after more than twelve years in the season 14 episode `` Manhattan Vigil '' in flashback scenes . However , during final editing of the episode , Dick Wolf reported the character 's scenes had been removed . NYPD Commissioner Lyle Morris , portrayed by John Driver ( episodes : `` Limitations '' & `` Wrong Is Right '' ) was the police commissioner of the NYPD . Captain Cragen 's career gets put on the line as Morris wants a quick close to a cold case for a victim where there is an unknown rapist but his DNA is in the system , logged as `` John Doe 121 '' . Morris also has an assistant district attorney , Alexandra Cabot ( Stephanie March ) , placed with the unit after the results of two SVU detectives ' psych evaluations are called into question . The shrink citing Detective Stabler `` fantasizes '' about killing suspects and that Detective Jefferies was having a consensual sexual relationship with a rape suspect from a previous case . Harper Anderson , portrayed by Tracy Pollan ( episodes : `` Closure '' & `` Closure , Part II '' ) was a rape victim who could only describe her attack in detail , the detectives revisit the case a few months later , they find that Anderson is even less willing to talk about what happened , as she claims she has moved on . Anderson returns , as a `` wilder '' woman when Benson investigates a sexual assault very similar to Harper Anderson 's . Harper `` shadows '' her alleged attacker , Kenneth Cleary ( Neil Maffin ) and reports his activities to the police , Harper initially showing ill - will towards his wife ( Evy O'Rourke ) but it only stems from her anger at him . In the end , either she or Cleary 's wife shoots Kenneth Cleary and tries to clean up the mess , bleach ruining the gunshot residue test . Bureau Chief Muldrew , portrayed by John Schuck ( episodes : `` Outcry '' , `` Haunted '' , `` Storm '' , `` Screwed '' , `` Signature '' , `` Inconceivable '' , `` Anchor '' , `` Shadow '' ) is the NYPD Chief of Detectives who served as Captain Cragen 's commanding officer . NYPD Narcotics Detective Mike Sandoval , portrayed by Nicholas Gonzalez ( episodes : `` Haunted '' & `` Ghost '' ) replaced Detective Tutuola 's partner at his old narcotics precinct . Sandoval is more brains and procedure than brawn and even loose cannon , compared to Tutuola . Sandoval helps Tutuola find the grandson of a woman who he almost had to kill undercover . The child was with a junkie who set his mother up for murder and then stole him to use as a front in her scheme to boost materials for her meth lab . Sandoval later comes back to help a boy confront the man who killed his parents in cold blood , the killer also tried to kill ADA Cabot . Dr. Amy Soleway , portrayed by Marlee Matlin ( episodes : `` Painless '' & `` Parts '' ) is a hearing - impaired embryologist . Her website encouraged a woman ( portrayed by Karen Young ) to kill herself by putting a bag over her head and handcuffing herself to her bed , but failed after being found by two maids . The woman claims she was raped , and later commits suicide by medication overdose . Munch tells Soleway about what his father did when he was a child ; Munch 's father committed suicide after arguing with his son . ( The last words Munch ever said to him were `` I hate your guts ! '' This has haunted Munch his entire life . ) Soleway falls ill and needs a kidney transplant , but a father buys a kidney on the black market for his son Kyle McGovern ( Tyler James Williams ) , versus having him wait on the transplant list . Soleway was next on the list , but she decided to give the kidney to McGovern . Prior to that , Munch almost got Dr. Soleway her kidney transplant by buying a kidney off the black market for her . Darius Parker , portrayed by Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges ( episodes : `` Venom '' & `` Screwed '' ) is Detective Tutuola 's ex-wife , Terry 's ( Lisa Gay Hamilton ) son . Parker murdered and buried a young woman and , also , buried her baby alive several years prior to telling Fin 's son and his cousin ( who it 's later discovered , is actually his brother ) , Ken ( Ernest Waddell ) , about the incident in a local bar called `` The Deuce '' . Ken is almost charged with the crime himself , but later cleared by a DNA test , which led Detectives to discover that it 's actually Darius who is the killer . This stems from Parker learning about his paternity , by his dying grandmother 's death bed confession . Parker bluffed the police by showing them the bodies and signing a confession before telling Captain Cragen and Detective Munch about him having a court date soon . The case is thrown out of court because it violated Darius 's right to counsel ; but eventually Novak gathers enough evidence and witnesses to get the case back in court . Darius admitting that he wanted revenge on Fin and his family , the NYPD , and the district attorney 's office . Parker and his lawyer conspire with other crooked cops in the chief of detective 's office to uncover the personal lives of the SVU detectives and their ways of making issues go away , such as : Stabler 's daughter Kathleen 's DUI , Olivia 's illegally money - wiring to her half - brother Simon Marsden , and Fin 's career in the past with the NYPD and his family . After initially disagreeing to testify , then attempting to flee , and later being found in contempt of court , Tutuola 's ex , Terry , eventually confessed that she did n't want Darius because she was raped by her father ; Darius becomes angry and in denial of the facts Terry finally confessed to . Darius is found not guilty of raping and killing the woman and her baby and the case is dismissed ; Fin tells Darius he wo n't be looking for him . Captain Julia Millfield , portrayed by Kim Delaney ( episodes : `` Philadelphia '' & `` Florida '' ) is the commanding officer of the sex crimes unit in River Park , NJ . She goes after Detective Benson and her biological half - brother Simon , she blamed Simon for her younger sister 's rape , which was really done by Millfield 's father . She set Simon up for some local sexual assaults by taking hair from a hair brush and planting them in a victim 's underwear , she also bought a car that matches Simon 's and tried to run over Benson to make it appear Simon tried to kill her . In a standoff with the police and the FBI , Simon shoots Millfield and the only way the standoff ends is when Millfield finally confessed to what she had done . She placed all the blame on Simon because she was in denial that her father could go to such lengths . Millfield is taken to a hospital after the shooting and her command gets taken away from her . Detective Wesley Meadows portrayed by Robert Turano ( episodes : `` Cold '' & `` Perverted '' ) was Detective Chester Lake 's partner from Brooklyn SVU , Meadows tells Detectives Benson and Stabler about the cold case Lake kept holding on too , where Lake winds up shooting a fellow police officer . Meadows is later seen giving Stabler information about a biker gang that somehow has a connection with Benson , Meadows assures Stabler that Benson is n't dirty . Benson became the prime suspect of a biker 's castration due to a fabricated DNA match , Benson set up by a man she put in prison a few years back for raping numerous women . The actor who portrays Meadows , Robert Turano has had three different roles on SVU prior to playing Detective Meadows ; he portrayed DEA Agent Frayne in `` Ghost '' , Alfonso Corrales in `` Juvenile '' , and a sergeant named Fuller in `` Pique '' . Christine Danielson , portrayed by Gloria Reuben ( episodes : `` Snitch '' , `` Merchandise '' & `` Dirty '' ) is the Homicide Bureau Chief ADA ( a role Cabot had a year prior , in Conviction ) prosecuting a case in which a Nigerian polygamist 's wife is killed , and the husband fears that his testifying in a crime may have led to his wife 's demise . Danielson returns in the twelfth season , this time as an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York . To assist in the first conviction of a child trafficking case in the New York area , she deputizes Benson and Stabler as U.S. marshals . Danielson returns again in the season , to help Benson investigate the murder of a corrupt Brooklyn ADA . Vivian Arliss , portrayed by Maria Bello ( episodes : `` Trophy '' & `` Rescue '' ) is a woman Detective Benson comes across after a woman is raped and dumped in a laundry chute . Her rapist kept trophies and DNA links to Arliss 's mother who was raped by her biological father . Vivian was a recovering alcoholic and junkie until Benson told her about her biological father who was a rapist . In a downward spiral , Arliss turns custody of her son Calvin ( Charlie Tahan ) over to Detective Benson in search of Calvin 's father . Arliss returns a month later , falling in love and living with another junkie named Sarah , she and Arliss taking on a thieving vice in the process . Arliss is initially brought up on charges but in the process she finds Calivn 's biological father , who kills Vivian 's friend Sarah after she gets out of court . Arliss gets custody of Calvin revoked from Benson and he 's placed with Vivian 's parents while Vivian tries to get help getting clean . In the episode `` Missing Pieces '' , Calvin however is still in touch with Benson . Bureau Chief ADA Paula Foster , portrayed by Paget Brewster ( episodes : `` Lost Reputation '' & `` Above Suspicion '' ) is the Bureau Chief ADA of the Public Integrity Unit in the DA 's office . She is in charge of the homicide case against Captain Cragen and installs an interim captain to the Special Victims Unit while Cragen is suspended . After a rocky start , she develops a relationship with Benson and seems committed to not rushing to judgement in the Cragen case . When she makes a shocking decision to drop the murder charge on Cragen , but charge him with several other crimes , Benson and the SVU detectives dig into her finances to see she 's being paid by one of the people involved in the escort service case . Benson subsequently arrests Foster , which allows charges to be dropped against Cragen . Captain Steven Harris , portrayed by Adam Baldwin ( episodes : `` Lost Reputation '' , `` Above Suspicion '' , `` Twenty - Five Acts '' ) is the Special Victims Unit interim captain who is installed by the Public Integrity Bureau Chief ADA Paula Foster for the first three episodes of the 14th season while Cragen is suspended . A by - the - book commanding officer , Harris warns the SVU detectives not to investigate Cragen 's murder case , which they ignore , and criticizes the way Detective Tutuola dresses , citing the business attire dress code . When Detective Cassidy is shot while undercover in a hit arranged by his own boss , Harris backs Olivia during the Internal Affairs investigation . In `` Twenty - Five Acts '' , Harris gives a nod to Amaro 's request to work a case solo , pairing Benson with Rollins . He departs at the end of the episode , as Captain Cragen returns from suspension . Carissa Gibson , portrayed by Pippa Black ( episodes : `` Rhodium Nights '' & `` Lost Reputation '' ) is a prostitute who works for Ganzel and appears mysteriously murdered in the bed of Captain Donald Cragen . NYPD Lab Tech Colin Bennett , portrayed by Max Baker ( episodes : `` Justice Denied , '' `` Brief Interlude , '' `` Criminal Pathology , '' `` Know It All '' ) is an NYPD Crime Lab technician known as Fin 's `` rope guy , '' Bennett specifically specializes in types of rope found at crime scenes . He is first introduced in `` Justice Denied '' where a rapist strikes during Fleet Week and uses an M.O. specific to a perpetrator that Benson had arrested in 2004 . Bennett helped analyze the knots that were tied in the differing crime scenes . In the season eighteen episode `` Know It All '' , Bennett and ADA Barba are blackmailed by a rapist to make his case and the evidence disappear . Bennett makes an attempt to lead the SVU detectives astray with his `` findings '' during the investigation until Detectives Tutuola and Rollins discover the truth , as Bennett attempts suicide due to the guilt of tampering with the case . Kim Rollins , portrayed by Lindsay Pulsipher ( episodes : `` Friending Emily '' , `` Deadly Ambition '' , `` Maternal Instincts '' , `` Heightened Emotions '' ) is Detective Amanda Rollins ' sister , who comes to New York in the season 14 episode , `` Friending Emily '' . She frequently interrupts Amanda while she is working an abduction case , and at the end of the episode , Amanda draws her gun on Kim 's ex-boyfriend , who is in her apartment with Kim , telling him to get out . Later in the episode `` Deadly Ambition '' , Kim returns to New York , beaten and pregnant with her ex-boyfriend's baby . When Amanda hears screams from inside her apartment , she finds Kim 's ex-boyfriend attacking Kim , and Amanda shoots the man as he pulls a gun on her . After her initial interview with IAB Lt. Tucker , Kim changes her story to further implicate Amanda , including revealing a life insurance policy on the ex-boyfriend with Amanda 's name on it . Kim says she did it to make it look like an accident , but it leads to Amanda 's arrest . When Detective Amaro records Kim admitting to him that she set Amanda up , IAB drops the charges against Amanda and pursues Kim for the murder , only to find she has skipped town . Kim returns in season 17 , as a suspect in an assault and robbery of a musician . Her criminal involvement coincides with their mother being in New York to throw Amanda a baby shower . Their mother sides with Kim , as they blame Amanda for her getting arrested and charged . Crossover characters within the Law & Order universe ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Year # Eps Original series Captain Donald Cragen Dann Florek 1999 -- 2015 331 Law & Order Detective / Sergeant John Munch Richard Belzer 1999 -- 2016 324 Homicide : Life on the Street Medical Examiner Elizabeth Rodgers Leslie Hendrix 1999 -- 2000 9 Law & Order Detective Lennie Briscoe Jerry Orbach 1999 -- 2000 Detective Ed Green Jesse L. Martin 1999 -- 2000 Dr. Elizabeth Olivet Carolyn McCormick 1999 -- 2001 , 2013 ADA Abbie Carmichael Angie Harmon 1999 -- 2000 6 District Attorney Adam Schiff Steven Hill 2000 Dr. Emil Skoda J.K. Simmons 2000 -- 2001 6 District Attorney Nora Lewin Dianne Wiest 2000 -- 2002 Executive ADA / District Attorney Jack McCoy Sam Waterston 2000 -- 2010 , 2018 Judge Barry Abrams Patrick Tovatt 2000 Judge Walter Schreiber John Ramsay 2000 Judge Margaret Barry Doris Belack 2000 -- 2001 District Attorney Arthur Branch Fred Dalton Thompson 2003 -- 2006 11 Judge Walter Bradley Peter McRobbie 2003 -- 2012 18 Defense Attorney Dave Seaver Michael Boatman 2003 -- 2011 7 Judge Rebecca Steinman Susan Blommaert Bureau Chief ADA Tracey Kibre Bebe Neuwirth 2005 Law & Order : Trial By Jury District Attorney Investigator Hector Salazar Kirk Acevedo 2005 Gwen Munch Carol Kane 2009 , 2013 Homicide : Life on the Street Detective Rex Winters Skeet Ulrich Law & Order : LA DDA Jonah Dekker Terrence Howard 2011 Bureau Chief ADA Michael Cutter Linus Roache 2011 -- 2012 Law & Order Lieutenant Alexandra Eames Kathryn Erbe 2012 -- 2013 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Father Shea Denis O'Hare 2013 Detective Meldrick Lewis Clark Johnson 2013 Homicide : Life on the Street Billie Lou Hatfield Ellen McElduff 2013 Assistant US Attorney Connie Rubirosa Alana de la Garza 2014 Law & Order Law & Order : LA Detective Erin Lindsay Sophia Bush 2014 -- 2016 Chicago PD Sergeant Hank Voight Jason Beghe 2014 -- 2016 Detective Jay Halstead Jesse Lee Soffer 2014 -- 2015 Officer Kim Burgess Marina Squerciati 2015 Officer Sean Roman Brian Geraghty 2015 Nadia Decotis Stella Maeve 2015 Detective Antonio Dawson Jon Seda 2016 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie . ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU : Richard Belzer returning as Detective Munch '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 23 March 2016 Jump up ^ Lannucci , Rebecca ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` TVLine Items : B.D. Wong 's SVU Return , SNL Head Writer Steps Down and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kukoff , David ( 2006 ) . Vault Guide to Television Writing Careers . Vault , Inc. p. 71 . ISBN 1 - 58131 - 371 - 3 . Jump up ^ Episode E2318 , `` Rooftop '' , October 19 , 2001 Jump up ^ Episode 10007 , `` PTSD '' , December 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Day 2 of shooting Law & Order : SVU season 13 , ep 1 , Munch , Fin , and Rollins watch a media circus '' . Twitter.com . August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scorched Earth '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 1 . September 21 , 2011 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Double Strands '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 4 . October 12 , 2011 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Theatre Tricks '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 11 . January 11 , 2012 . NBC . Jump up ^ Finding Emily ^ Jump up to : `` Educated Guess '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 8 . November 16 , 2011 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Home Invasions '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 14 . February 15 , 2012 . NBC . Jump up ^ Season 8 episode `` Haystack '' Jump up ^ Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episode `` Disrobed '' Jump up ^ Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episode `` Limitations '' Jump up ^ Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episode `` Honor '' Jump up ^ Simon , David ( 2006 ) ( 1991 ) . Homicide , A Year on the Killing Streets . New York : Owl Books . p. hoto insert section . Jump up ^ `` Prescription for Death '' . Law & Order . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 13 , 1990 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` TV.com : More cast departures for crime procedurals '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Blaustein , Michael ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Warm welcome '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Personal Fouls '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 2 . September 28 , 2011 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Blood Brothers '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 3 . October 5 , 2011 . NBC . Jump up ^ Nancy Ticotin Jump up ^ `` Missing Pieces '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 5 . October 19 , 2011 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Hunting Ground '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 15 . February 22 , 2012 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Valentine 's Day '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 18 . April 18 , 2012 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Street Revenge '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 19 . April 25 , 2012 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Lost Reputation '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 14 . Episode 01 . September 26 , 2012 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Above Suspicion '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 14 . Episode 02 . September 26 , 2012 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Five Acts '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 14 . Episode 03 . October 10 , 2012 . NBC . Jump up ^ Chris Harnick . `` ' Law and Order : SVU Reveals the Father of Rollins ' Baby '' . eonline . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Torch '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 11 . April 28 , 2010 . 2 : 45 -- 2 : 50 minutes in . NBC . Jo Marlowe : Elliot frigging Stabler . What 's it been 10 years ? Elliot : Closer to 15 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Sharon Stone on ' Law & Order : SVU ' review : Fire , but no sparks '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` SVU 's New ADA is Tough , But Has Heart , Says Actress '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Raúl Esparza exits Law & Order : SVU after six seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Stuart Masterson Reprises Role as Dr. Rebecca Hendrix on ' SVU ' '' . The Futon Critic. 2005 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( 2004 - 12 - 06 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' stays orderly '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2004 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Online Interview '' . NBC . 2004 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Stuart Masterson Reprises Role as Dr. Rebecca Hendrix on SVU '' . The Futon Critic . October 10 , 2005 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rudolph , Ileane ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Paget Brewster 's Guest Spot on Law & Order : SVU Goes Head - to - Head With Criminal Minds '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Appearances '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 4 . Episode 13 . March 28 , 2003 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Manic '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 5 . Episode 2 . September 30 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Raw '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 7 . Episode 6 . November 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Blinded '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 9 . Episode 7 . November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Babes '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 10 . Episode 6 . November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smut '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 10 . Episode 10 . December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lead '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 10 . Episode 15 . March 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hammered '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 11 . Episode 4 . October 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Possessed '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 12 . Episode 12 . January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Infiltrated '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 8 . Episode 6 . October 31 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Screwed '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 8 . Episode 22 . May 22 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Criminal Minds ' Paget Brewster Lands Guest Spot on SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Law & Order : SVU Casts Adam Baldwin as Cragen 's Replacement ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . hide Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_characters&oldid=846464775 '' Categories : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters Lists of Law & Order characters Lists of American crime television series characters Lists of American drama television series characters Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from May 2018 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 23 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	actresses who played ada on law and order svu	[ "\n\nStatus\nCharacter\nPortrayer\nOccupation\nFirst episode\n(credited)\nFinal episode\n(credited)\nYears\nSeasons\nNo. of\nepisodes (credited)\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n\n\n\ncurrent\nOlivia Benson\nMariska Hargitay\nJunior Detective (Seasons 1–12)\nSenior Detective (Seasons 13–15)\nSergeant (Seasons 15–17)\nLieutenant (Seasons 17–)\n\"Payback\"\n(1x01)\n—\n1999–\n\n434\n\n\nformer\nJohn Munch\nRichard Belzer\nSenior Detective (Seasons 1–8)\nSergeant (Seasons 9–15)\nDA Investigator (Seasons 15, 17)\n\"Fashionable Crimes\"\n(17x21)[1]\n1999–2014,\n2016\n\n\n\n\n326\n\n\nformer\nDonald Cragen\nDann Florek\nCaptain (Seasons 1–15)\nRetired (Season 16)\n\"Perverted Justice\"\n(16x21)\n1999–2015\n\n\n\n331\n\n\nformer\nElliot Stabler\nChristopher Meloni\nSenior Detective\n\"Smoked\"\n(12x24)\n1999–2011\n\n\n272\n\n\nformer\nMonique Jeffries\nMichelle Hurd\nJunior Detective\n\"Runaway\"\n(2x16)\n1999–2001\n\n\n25\n\n\ncurrent\nOdafin Tutuola\nIce-T\nJunior Detective (Seasons 2–8)\nSenior Detective (Seasons 9–19)\nSergeant (Seasons 19–present)\n\"Wrong Is Right\"\n(2x01)\n—\n2000–\n\n\n412\n\n\nformer\nAlexandra Cabot\nStephanie March\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Sunk Cost Fallacy\"\n(19x19)\n2000–2003, 2005,\n2009–2012, 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n98\n\n\nformer\nMelinda Warner\nTamara Tunie\nMedical Examiner\n\"Noncompliance\"\n(2x06)\n\"Pathological\"\n(19x10)\n2000–2015; 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n222\n\n\nformer\nGeorge Huang\nB. D. Wong\nFBI Special Agent – Criminal Profiler (Seasons 2–15)\nRetired (Season 17)\n\"Pique\"\n(2x20)\n\"Depravity Standard\"\n(17x09)[2]\n2001–2015\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n230\n\n\nformer\nCasey Novak\nDiane Neal\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Serendipity\"\n(5x05)\n\"Valentine's Day\"\n(13x18)\n2003–2008,\n2011–2012\n\n\n\n\n\n\n112\n\n\nformer\nChester Lake\nAdam Beach\nJunior Detective\n\"Outsider\"\n(8x12)\n\"Cold\"\n(9x19)\n2007–2008\n\n\n\n\n21\n\n\nformer\nKim Greylek\nMichaela McManus\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Trials\"\n(10x01)\n\"Zebras\"\n(10x22)\n2008–2009\n\n\n\n22\n\n\ncurrent\nAmanda Rollins\nKelli Giddish\nJunior Detective\n\"Scorched Earth\"\n(13x01)\n—\n2011–\n\n\n162\n\n\nformer\nNick Amaro\nDanny Pino\nSenior Detective\n\"Surrendering Noah\"\n(16x23)\n2011–2015\n\n\n\n94\n\n\nformer\nRafael Barba\nRaúl Esparza\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Twenty-Five Acts\"\n(14x03)\n\"The Undiscovered Country\"\n(19x13)\n2012–2018\n\n\n\n115\n\n\ncurrent\nDominick Carisi, Jr.\nPeter Scanavino\nJunior Detective\n\"Girls Disappeared\"\n(16x01)\n—\n2014–\n\n\n88\n\n\ncurrent\nPeter Stone\nPhilip Winchester\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"The Undiscovered Country\"\n(19x13)\n—\n2018–\n\n\n12\n\n", "\n\nStatus\nCharacter\nPortrayer\nOccupation\nFirst episode\n(credited)\nFinal episode\n(credited)\nYears\nSeasons\nNo. of\nepisodes (credited)\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n\n\n\ncurrent\nOlivia Benson\nMariska Hargitay\nJunior Detective (Seasons 1–12)\nSenior Detective (Seasons 13–15)\nSergeant (Seasons 15–17)\nLieutenant (Seasons 17–)\n\"Payback\"\n(1x01)\n—\n1999–\n\n434\n\n\nformer\nJohn Munch\nRichard Belzer\nSenior Detective (Seasons 1–8)\nSergeant (Seasons 9–15)\nDA Investigator (Seasons 15, 17)\n\"Fashionable Crimes\"\n(17x21)[1]\n1999–2014,\n2016\n\n\n\n\n326\n\n\nformer\nDonald Cragen\nDann Florek\nCaptain (Seasons 1–15)\nRetired (Season 16)\n\"Perverted Justice\"\n(16x21)\n1999–2015\n\n\n\n331\n\n\nformer\nElliot Stabler\nChristopher Meloni\nSenior Detective\n\"Smoked\"\n(12x24)\n1999–2011\n\n\n272\n\n\nformer\nMonique Jeffries\nMichelle Hurd\nJunior Detective\n\"Runaway\"\n(2x16)\n1999–2001\n\n\n25\n\n\ncurrent\nOdafin Tutuola\nIce-T\nJunior Detective (Seasons 2–8)\nSenior Detective (Seasons 9–19)\nSergeant (Seasons 19–present)\n\"Wrong Is Right\"\n(2x01)\n—\n2000–\n\n\n412\n\n\nformer\nAlexandra Cabot\nStephanie March\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Sunk Cost Fallacy\"\n(19x19)\n2000–2003, 2005,\n2009–2012, 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n98\n\n\nformer\nMelinda Warner\nTamara Tunie\nMedical Examiner\n\"Noncompliance\"\n(2x06)\n\"Pathological\"\n(19x10)\n2000–2015; 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n222\n\n\nformer\nGeorge Huang\nB. D. Wong\nFBI Special Agent – Criminal Profiler (Seasons 2–15)\nRetired (Season 17)\n\"Pique\"\n(2x20)\n\"Depravity Standard\"\n(17x09)[2]\n2001–2015\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n230\n\n\nformer\nCasey Novak\nDiane Neal\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Serendipity\"\n(5x05)\n\"Valentine's Day\"\n(13x18)\n2003–2008,\n2011–2012\n\n\n\n\n\n\n112\n\n\nformer\nChester Lake\nAdam Beach\nJunior Detective\n\"Outsider\"\n(8x12)\n\"Cold\"\n(9x19)\n2007–2008\n\n\n\n\n21\n\n\nformer\nKim Greylek\nMichaela McManus\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Trials\"\n(10x01)\n\"Zebras\"\n(10x22)\n2008–2009\n\n\n\n22\n\n\ncurrent\nAmanda Rollins\nKelli Giddish\nJunior Detective\n\"Scorched Earth\"\n(13x01)\n—\n2011–\n\n\n162\n\n\nformer\nNick Amaro\nDanny Pino\nSenior Detective\n\"Surrendering Noah\"\n(16x23)\n2011–2015\n\n\n\n94\n\n\nformer\nRafael Barba\nRaúl Esparza\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Twenty-Five Acts\"\n(14x03)\n\"The Undiscovered Country\"\n(19x13)\n2012–2018\n\n\n\n115\n\n\ncurrent\nDominick Carisi, Jr.\nPeter Scanavino\nJunior Detective\n\"Girls Disappeared\"\n(16x01)\n—\n2014–\n\n\n88\n\n\ncurrent\nPeter Stone\nPhilip Winchester\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"The Undiscovered Country\"\n(19x13)\n—\n2018–\n\n\n12\n\n", "\n\nStatus\nCharacter\nPortrayer\nOccupation\nFirst episode\n(credited)\nFinal episode\n(credited)\nYears\nSeasons\nNo. of\nepisodes (credited)\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n\n\n\ncurrent\nOlivia Benson\nMariska Hargitay\nJunior Detective (Seasons 1–12)\nSenior Detective (Seasons 13–15)\nSergeant (Seasons 15–17)\nLieutenant (Seasons 17–)\n\"Payback\"\n(1x01)\n—\n1999–\n\n434\n\n\nformer\nJohn Munch\nRichard Belzer\nSenior Detective (Seasons 1–8)\nSergeant (Seasons 9–15)\nDA Investigator (Seasons 15, 17)\n\"Fashionable Crimes\"\n(17x21)[1]\n1999–2014,\n2016\n\n\n\n\n326\n\n\nformer\nDonald Cragen\nDann Florek\nCaptain (Seasons 1–15)\nRetired (Season 16)\n\"Perverted Justice\"\n(16x21)\n1999–2015\n\n\n\n331\n\n\nformer\nElliot Stabler\nChristopher Meloni\nSenior Detective\n\"Smoked\"\n(12x24)\n1999–2011\n\n\n272\n\n\nformer\nMonique Jeffries\nMichelle Hurd\nJunior Detective\n\"Runaway\"\n(2x16)\n1999–2001\n\n\n25\n\n\ncurrent\nOdafin Tutuola\nIce-T\nJunior Detective (Seasons 2–8)\nSenior Detective (Seasons 9–19)\nSergeant (Seasons 19–present)\n\"Wrong Is Right\"\n(2x01)\n—\n2000–\n\n\n412\n\n\nformer\nAlexandra Cabot\nStephanie March\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Sunk Cost Fallacy\"\n(19x19)\n2000–2003, 2005,\n2009–2012, 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n98\n\n\nformer\nMelinda Warner\nTamara Tunie\nMedical Examiner\n\"Noncompliance\"\n(2x06)\n\"Pathological\"\n(19x10)\n2000–2015; 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n222\n\n\nformer\nGeorge Huang\nB. D. Wong\nFBI Special Agent – Criminal Profiler (Seasons 2–15)\nRetired (Season 17)\n\"Pique\"\n(2x20)\n\"Depravity Standard\"\n(17x09)[2]\n2001–2015\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n230\n\n\nformer\nCasey Novak\nDiane Neal\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Serendipity\"\n(5x05)\n\"Valentine's Day\"\n(13x18)\n2003–2008,\n2011–2012\n\n\n\n\n\n\n112\n\n\nformer\nChester Lake\nAdam Beach\nJunior Detective\n\"Outsider\"\n(8x12)\n\"Cold\"\n(9x19)\n2007–2008\n\n\n\n\n21\n\n\nformer\nKim Greylek\nMichaela McManus\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Trials\"\n(10x01)\n\"Zebras\"\n(10x22)\n2008–2009\n\n\n\n22\n\n\ncurrent\nAmanda Rollins\nKelli Giddish\nJunior Detective\n\"Scorched Earth\"\n(13x01)\n—\n2011–\n\n\n162\n\n\nformer\nNick Amaro\nDanny Pino\nSenior Detective\n\"Surrendering Noah\"\n(16x23)\n2011–2015\n\n\n\n94\n\n\nformer\nRafael Barba\nRaúl Esparza\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"Twenty-Five Acts\"\n(14x03)\n\"The Undiscovered Country\"\n(19x13)\n2012–2018\n\n\n\n115\n\n\ncurrent\nDominick Carisi, Jr.\nPeter Scanavino\nJunior Detective\n\"Girls Disappeared\"\n(16x01)\n—\n2014–\n\n\n88\n\n\ncurrent\nPeter Stone\nPhilip Winchester\nAssistant District Attorney\n\"The Undiscovered Country\"\n(19x13)\n—\n2018–\n\n\n12\n\n" ]	[ "Stephanie March", "Diane Neal", "Michaela McManus" ]
2896571289890968786	Las Vegas Valley	Las Vegas Valley - wikipedia Las Vegas Valley This article is about the metropolitan area . For the landform , see Las Vegas Valley ( landform ) . For other uses , see Las Vegas ( disambiguation ) . Metropolitan area in Nevada , United States Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas metropolitan area Metropolitan area Las Vegas -- Paradise - Henderson , NV MSA Left - right from top : Las Vegas Strip , Stratosphere Tower , Fremont Street Experience , Waldorf Astoria Las Vegas , Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area , The District at Green Valley Ranch Las Vegas Valley Location within Nevada Las Vegas Valley Location within the United States Las Vegas Valley Location within North America Show map of Nevada Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 36 ° 19 ′ N 115 ° 14 ′ W / 36.317 ° N 115.233 ° W / 36.317 ; - 115.233 Coordinates : 36 ° 19 ′ N 115 ° 14 ′ W / 36.317 ° N 115.233 ° W / 36.317 ; - 115.233 Country United States State Nevada Principal city Las Vegas Other major cities - Henderson - North Las Vegas Population ( 2018 estimate ) Total 2,227,053 Time zone UTC − 8 ( PST ) Summer ( DST ) UTC − 7 ( PDT ) Area code ( s ) 702 725 The Las Vegas Valley is a major metropolitan area in the southern part of the U.S. state of Nevada . The state 's largest urban agglomeration , it is the heart of the Las Vegas -- Paradise - Henderson , NV MSA . The Valley is largely defined by the Las Vegas Valley landform , a 600 sq mi ( 1,600 km ) basin area surrounded by mountains to the north , south , east and west of the metropolitan area . The Valley is home to the three largest incorporated cities in Nevada : Las Vegas , Henderson and North Las Vegas . Five unincorporated towns governed by the Clark County government are part of the Las Vegas Township and constitute the largest community in the state of Nevada . The names Las Vegas and Vegas are interchangeably used to indicate the Valley , the Strip , and the city , and as a brand by the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority to denominate the region . The Valley is affectionately known as the `` ninth island '' by Hawaii natives and Las Vegans alike , in part due to the large number of people originally from Hawaii who live in and regularly travel to Las Vegas . Since the 1990s the Las Vegas Valley has seen rapid growth , more than doubling its population of 741,459 in 1990 to 2,227,053 estimated in 2018 . The Las Vegas Valley remains one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United States , and in its relatively short history has established a diverse presence in international business , commerce , urban development and entertainment , as well as one of the most iconic and most visited tourist destinations in the world . In 2014 , a record breaking 41 million visited the Las Vegas area , producing a gross metropolitan product of more than $100 billion . Contents 1 History 2 Boundaries 3 Geography and environment 3.1 Climate 3.2 Fault zones 3.3 Air quality 3.4 Water 3.5 Urbanization 4 Economy 4.1 Construction 4.2 Housing 4.3 Technology companies 4.4 Tourism 4.5 Shopping 4.6 Conventions 4.7 Major shopping attractions 5 Culture and the arts 5.1 Festivals 5.2 Gardens 5.3 Libraries & Bookstores 5.4 Museums 5.5 Parks and Attractions 5.6 Theaters 5.7 Wildlife 6 Communities 6.1 Cities 6.2 Las Vegas neighborhoods 6.3 Census - designated places 6.4 Other communities 7 Media 7.1 Newspapers 7.2 Broadcast 7.3 Magazines 8 Transportation 8.1 Airports 8.2 Rail and bus 8.2. 1 Existing services 8.3 Roads 8.4 Fuel 8.5 Electricity 9 Sports 10 Recreation 11 Education 11.1 Primary and secondary 11.2 Colleges and universities 12 Venues in Las Vegas 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Las Vegas Valley The first reported non-Native American visitor to the Las Vegas Valley was the Mexican scout Rafael Rivera in 1829 . Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party , including Rivera , who used the water in the area while heading north and west along the Old Spanish Trail from Texas . In the 19th century , areas of the valley contained artesian wells that supported extensive green areas , or meadows , hence the name Las Vegas ( vegas being Spanish for `` meadows '' ) . The area was previously settled by Mormon farmers in 1854 and later became the site of a United States Army fort in 1864 , beginning a long relationship between southern Nevada and the U.S. military . Since the 1930s , Las Vegas has generally been identified as a gaming center as well as a resort destination , primarily targeting adults . Nellis Air Force Base is located in the northeast corner of the valley . The ranges that the Nellis pilots use and various other land areas used by various federal agencies , limit growth of the valley in terms of geographic area . Businessman Howard Hughes arrived in the late 1960s and purchased many casino hotels , as well as television and radio stations in the area . Legitimate corporations began to purchase casino hotels as well , and the mob was run out by the federal government over the next several years . The constant stream of tourist dollars from the hotels and casinos was augmented by a new source of federal money from the establishment of what is now Nellis Air Force Base . The influx of military personnel and casino job - hunters helped start a land building boom which is now leveling off . The Las Vegas area remains one of the world 's top entertainment destinations . Boundaries ( edit ) Cities and communities of the Las Vegas valley The valley is contained in the Las Vegas Valley landform . This includes the cities of Las Vegas , North Las Vegas , and Henderson , and the unincorporated towns of Summerlin South , Paradise , Spring Valley , Sunrise Manor , Enterprise , Winchester , and Whitney . The valley is technically located within the larger metropolitan area , as the metropolitan area covers all of Clark County including parts that do not fall within the valley . The government of Clark County has an `` Urban Planning Area '' of Las Vegas . This definition is a roughly rectangular area , about 20 mi ( 32 km ) from east to west and 30 miles ( 48 km ) from north to south . Notable exclusions from the `` Urban Planning Area '' include Red Rock , Blue Diamond , and Mount Charleston . The Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department is the largest police department in the valley and the state and exercises jurisdiction in the entire county . There are approximately 3,000 police officers that cover the city of Las Vegas ; unincorporated areas ; the town of Laughlin , about 90 mi ( 140 km ) from Downtown Las Vegas ; and desert , park , and mountain areas within Clark County . The department does not exercise primary jurisdiction in areas with separate police forces such as North Las Vegas , Henderson , Boulder City , Nellis Air Force Base and the Paiute reservation . Geography and environment ( edit ) Las Vegas Valley viewed in false color , from 438 mi ( 705 km ) by TERRA satellite . Grass - covered land , such as golf courses , appears in red . The picture bottom is just south of Sunset Road and the airport , the Spring Mountains on the west and Sunrise Mountain on the east . Las Vegas at night in 2010 . The Las Vegas Valley lies in the Mojave Desert . The surrounding land is desert with mountains in the distance . Climate ( edit ) The Las Vegas Valley lies in a relatively high - altitude portion of the Mojave Desert , with a subtropical hot - desert climate . The Valley generally averages less than 5 in ( 130 mm ) of rain annually . Daily daytime summer temperatures in July and August typically range from 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) to 110 ° F ( 43 ° C ) , while nights generally range from 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) to 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) . Very low humidity , however , tempers the effect of these temperatures , though dehydration , heat exhaustion , and sun stroke can occur after even a limited time outdoors in the summer . The interiors of automobiles often prove deadly to small children and pets during the summer and surfaces exposed to the sun can cause first - and second - degree burns to unprotected skin . July and August can also be marked by `` monsoon season '' , when moist winds from the Gulf of California soak much of the Southwestern United States . While not only raising humidity levels , these winds develop into dramatic desert thunderstorms that can sometimes cause flash flooding . Winters in the Las Vegas Valley are typically chilly , but sunny . Winter highs in December and January usually range from 52 ° F ( 11 ° C ) to 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , while nighttime lows range from 34 ° F ( 1 ° C ) to 42 ° F ( 6 ° C ) . The mountains surrounding the valley are snow - covered during the winter season , but snow accumulation in the area itself is uncommon . Every few years apart , however , Las Vegas does get a measurable snowfall . Spring and fall are generally warm to hot . Las Vegas Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 0.6 57 37 0.7 63 41 0.6 69 47 0.2 78 54 0.2 88 63 0.1 99 72 0.4 104 78 0.5 102 77 0.3 94 69 0.2 81 57 0.3 66 44 0.4 57 37 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches show Metric conversion J J J O 15 14 18 17 5 15 21 8 5.1 26 12 5.1 31 17 2.5 37 22 10 40 26 13 39 25 7.6 34 21 5.1 27 14 7.6 19 7 10 14 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm hide Climate data for Las Vegas , Nevada Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 80 ( 27 ) 89 ( 32 ) 96 ( 36 ) 102 ( 39 ) 114 ( 46 ) 119 ( 48 ) 118 ( 48 ) 116 ( 47 ) 113 ( 45 ) 103 ( 39 ) 89 ( 32 ) 91 ( 33 ) 118 ( 48 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 57 ( 14 ) 63 ( 17 ) 69 ( 21 ) 78 ( 26 ) 88 ( 31 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 102 ( 39 ) 94 ( 34 ) 81 ( 27 ) 66 ( 19 ) 57 ( 14 ) 80 ( 27 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 37 ( 3 ) 41 ( 5 ) 47 ( 8 ) 54 ( 12 ) 63 ( 17 ) 72 ( 22 ) 78 ( 26 ) 77 ( 25 ) 69 ( 21 ) 57 ( 14 ) 44 ( 7 ) 37 ( 3 ) 56 ( 13 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 8 ( − 13 ) 10 ( − 12 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 33 ( 1 ) 40 ( 4 ) 46 ( 8 ) 38 ( 3 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 8 ( − 13 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.59 ( 15 ) 0.69 ( 17.5 ) 0.59 ( 15 ) 0.15 ( 3.8 ) 0.24 ( 6.1 ) 0.08 ( 2 ) 0.44 ( 11.2 ) 0.45 ( 11.4 ) 0.31 ( 7.9 ) 0.24 ( 6.1 ) 0.31 ( 7.9 ) 0.40 ( 10.2 ) 4.49 ( 114.1 ) Source : Fault zones ( edit ) The valley has seven known earthquake fault zones ; Frenchman Mountain Fault ; Whitney Mesa Fault ; Cashman Fault ; Valley View Fault ; Decatur Fault ; Eglington Fault ; West Charleston Fault . Air quality ( edit ) Having part of the region in a desert basin creates issues with air quality . From the dust the wind picks up , to the smog produced by vehicles , to the pollen in the air , the valley has several bad air days . Pollen can be a major issue several weeks a year , with counts occasionally in the 70,000 - plus range . Local governments are trying to control this by banning plants that produce the most pollen . The dust problems usually happen on very windy days , so they tend to be short and seasonal . Full - fledged dust storms are rare . Smog , on the other hand , gets worse when there is no wind to move the air out of the valley . Also , in winter it is possible for an inversion to form in the valley . Since manufacturing is not a dominant industry of Las Vegas , and with Clark County working to control air quality problems , success has been shown over the years . Water ( edit ) Lake Mead shown behind Hoover Dam on the Colorado River . The native flora does little to help the soil retain water . During the intense rains of monsoon season or ( relatively ) wet months of January and February , a network of dry natural channels , called washes or arroyos , carved into the valley floor allows water to flow down from the mountains and converge in the Las Vegas Wash which runs through the Clark County Wetlands Park . The wash system used to form a large natural wetlands which then flowed into the Colorado River , until the construction of Hoover Dam on the Colorado River led to the creation of Lake Mead . Further development in the 1980s and 1990s made Lake Las Vegas , which required directing the Las Vegas Wash into tunnels which run under Lake Las Vegas and into Lake Mead . Nevada receives an allocation 300,000 acre feet ( 370,000,000 m ) of water each year from Lake Mead , with credits for water it returns to the lake . The allocations were made with the Colorado River Compact when Nevada had a much smaller population and very little agriculture . The allocations were also made during a wet string of years , which overstated the available water in the entire watershed . As a result , precipitation that is below normal for a few years can significantly affect the Colorado River reservoirs . The Las Vegas area uses most of this allocation with Laughlin , Nevada using most of the remaining allocation . In June 2007 , the price of a cubic meter was 57 cents in Las Vegas . Las Vegas gets around 90 percent of its water from Lake Mead . Early Vegas depended on the aquifer which fed the flowing springs supporting the meadows that gave the area its name , but the pumping of water from these caused a large drop in the water levels and ground subsidence over wide areas of the valley . Today , the aquifers are basically used to store water that is pumped from the lake during periods of low demand and pumped out during periods of high demand . Urbanization ( edit ) The population doubling time in the greater metropolitan area was under ten years , since the early 1970s and the Las Vegas metropolitan area now has a population approaching two million people . This rapid population growth led to a significant urbanization of desert lands into industrial and commercial areas ( see suburbia ) . Economy ( edit ) Four - segment panorama of the Cosmopolitan , Bellagio , and Caesars Palace ( left to right ) from the Las Vegas Strip , across from the Bellagio fountains . The driving force in Las Vegas is the tourism industry and the area has about 150,000 hotel rooms , more than any other city in the world . In the past , casinos and celebrity shows were the two major attractions for the area . Now shopping , conventions , fine dining , and outdoor beauty are also major forces in attracting tourist dollars . Las Vegas serves as world headquarters for the world 's two largest Fortune 500 gaming companies , Caesars Entertainment and MGM Resorts International . Several companies involved in the manufacture of electronic gaming machines , such as slot machines , are located in the Las Vegas area . In the first decade of the 21st century , shopping and dining have become attractions of their own . Tourism marketing and promotion are handled by the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority , a county - wide agency . Its annual Visitors Survey provides detailed information on visitor numbers , spending patterns , and resulting revenues . The Las Vegas Strip looking south at night . Exterior of the Palazzo hotel . A major part of the city economy is based on tourism including gambling and ultra-luxury hotels . While Las Vegas has historically attracted high - stake gamblers from around the world , it is now facing tougher competition from the UK , Hong Kong and Macau ( China ) , Eastern Europe and developing areas in the Middle East . Las Vegas has recently enjoyed a boom in population and tourism . The urban area has grown outward so quickly that it borders Bureau of Land Management holdings along its edges . This has led to an increase in land values such that medium - and high - density development is occurring closer to the core . The Chinatown of Las Vegas was constructed in the early 1990s on Spring Mountain Road . Chinatown initially consisted of only one large shopping center complex , but the area was expanded with shopping centers that contain various Asian businesses . Over the past few years , retirees have been moving to the metro area , driving businesses that support them from housing to health care . While the cost of housing spiked up over 40 % in 2004 , the lack of business and income taxes still makes Nevada an attractive place for many companies to relocate to or expand existing operations . Being a true twenty - four - hour city , call centers have always seemed to find Las Vegas a good place to hire workers who are accustomed to working at all hours . The construction industry accounts for a share of the economy in Las Vegas . Hotel casinos planned for the Strip can take years to build and employ thousands of workers . Developers discovered that there was demand for high - end condominiums . By 2005 , more than 100 condominium buildings were in various stages of development , however , in 2008 , the construction industry went into a downturn due to the credit crunch , though the industry has since seen a rebound . In 2000 more than 21,000 new homes and 26,000 resale homes were purchased . In early 2005 there were 20 residential development projects of more than 300 acres ( 120 ha ) each underway . During that same period , Las Vegas was regarded as the fastest - growing community in the United States . Other promising residential and office developments have begun construction around Downtown Las Vegas . New condominium and high - rise hotel projects have changed the Las Vegas skyline dramatically in recent years . Many large high - rise projects are planned for Downtown Las Vegas , as well as the Las Vegas Strip . Construction ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in Las Vegas Construction on The Strip . ( 2009 ) Construction in Las Vegas is a major industry and quickly growing with the population . In March 2011 , construction employed 40,700 people and is expected to grow with the recovering economy . Since the mega resorts that have defined Las Vegas today , began going up in the early 1970s , construction has played a vital role in both commercial and non commercial developments . Cranes are a constant part of the Las Vegas Skyline . At any given time there are 300 new homes being constructed in Las Vegas . Downtown and The Strip always have at least one hospitality project under construction . In addition , in recent years Las Vegas has seen a spike in high - rise housing units . Luxurious condos and penthouse suites are always being built . New suburban master planned communities are also becoming common in Las Vegas ever since The Howard Hughes Corporation began work on Summerlin , an upper - class community on the west side of the valley . The massive project CityCenter broke ground on June 26 , 2006 . Now completed at 3780 Las Vegas Boulevard South , it is the largest privately funded building complex in the world . At a cost of $9.2 billion , CityCenter was one of the largest projects in Vegas history . It put a massive strain on the construction ability and workforce of the area due to number of laborers and amount of materials required . Because of this , prices of almost any construction project in Las Vegas doubled . It is currently held by MGM Resorts International and has three hotels , two condo towers , and a hotel - condo building along with a large shopping and entertainment center . Housing ( edit ) Houses in the affluent Summerlin South area of the valley Traditionally , housing consisted primarily of single - family detached homes . Slab - on - grade foundations are the common base for residential buildings in the valley . Apartments generally were two story buildings . Until the 1990s , there were exceptions , but they were few and far between . In the 1990s , Turnberry Associates constructed the first high rise condominium towers . Prior to this , there were only a handful of mid-rise multi-family buildings . By the mid-2000s , there was a major move into high rise condominiums towers , which affected the region 's skyline around the Strip . The Las Vegas Valley is home to various suburban master planned communities that include extensive recreational amenities such as lakes , golf courses , parks , bike paths and jogging trails . Planned communities in the valley include Aliante , Anthem , Cadence , Centennial Hills , Green Valley , Inspirada , Lake Las Vegas , The Lakes , Mountain 's Edge , Peccole Ranch , Providence , Seven Hills , Skye Canyon , Southern Highlands , and Summerlin . Technology companies ( edit ) A full - scale mockup of Bigelow Aerospace 's Space Station Alpha inside their facility in North Las Vegas . Some technology companies have either relocated to Las Vegas or were created there . For various reasons , Las Vegas has had a high concentration of technology companies in electronic gaming and telecommunications industries . Some current technology companies in southern Nevada include : Bigelow Aerospace , Petroglyph , Switch Communications , US Support LLC , and Zappos . In 2015 , Electric vehicle startup Faraday Future has chosen North Las Vegas 's Apex Industrial Park for its $1 billion car factory . Companies that originally were formed in the Las Vegas region , but have since sold or relocated include Westwood Studios ( sold to Electronic Arts ) , Systems Research & Development ( Sold to IBM ) , Yellowpages.com ( Sold to BellSouth and SBC ) , and MPower Communications . Tourism ( edit ) The iconic Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign The major attractions in the Las Vegas Valley are the hotel / casinos . These hotels generally consist of large gambling areas , theaters for live performances , shopping , bars / clubs , and several restaurants and cafes . There are clusters of large hotel / casinos located in both downtown Las Vegas and on the Las Vegas Strip . The largest hotels are mainly located on the Strip , which is a four - mile section of Las Vegas Boulevard . These hotels provide thousands of rooms of various sizes . Fifteen of the world 's 25 largest hotels by room count are on the Strip , with a total of over 62,000 rooms . There are many hotel / casinos in the city 's downtown area as well , which was the original focal point of the Valley 's gaming industry . Several hotel / casinos ranging from large to small are also located around the city and metro area . Many of the largest hotel , casino , and resort properties in the world are located on the Las Vegas Strip . The valley 's casinos can be grouped into several locations . The largest is the Las Vegas Strip , followed by Downtown Las Vegas , and then the smaller Boulder Strip . There are also several one - off single standing hotel / casinos dotted around the valley and the metro area . Shopping ( edit ) Chanel and Giorgio Armani boutiques at Via Bellagio . Las Vegas has expanded its attractiveness to visitors by offering both affordable and high - end merchandise in many shops and shopping malls . Many hotels on the Las Vegas Strip also have adjacent shopping malls , giving the Las Vegas area the highest concentration of shopping malls in any four mile stretch of road . In addition to the malls on the Strip , there are several outlying malls in the City of Las Vegas , Henderson , and the surrounding area . The monorail , lying somewhat east of the Strip , facilitates north -- south travel , including stations at several casinos and the Las Vegas Convention Center . Conventions ( edit ) CES 2014 Audi TT Display Las Vegas holds many of the world 's largest conventions each year , including CES , SEMA , and Conexpo . The Las Vegas Convention Center is one of the largest in the world with 1,940,631 sq ft ( 180,290.5 m ) of exhibit space . These events bring in an estimated $7.4 billion of revenue to the city each year , and host over 5 million attendees . Major shopping attractions ( edit ) Bonanza Gift Shop The Boulevard Mall The Shops at Crystals Downtown Summerlin Galleria at Sunset Grand Canal Shoppes Fantastic Indoor Swap Meet Fashion Outlets of Las Vegas Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops at Caesars Las Vegas Premium Outlets Meadows Mall Miracle Mile Shops Stratosphere Tower Shops Studio Walk at MGM Grand The Shops at Summerlin Centre The Shoppes at the Palazzo Tivoli Village Town Square Las Vegas Boulevard facing south and Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Fremont East The Bellagio ( left ) and Caesar 's Palace ( right ) MacDonald Highlands , one of many affluent neighborhoods in the valley CityCenter complex Wynn Las Vegas The Fashion Show Mall Fountains of Bellagio Crystals at City Center The High Roller is the tallest observation wheel in the world . The Forum Shops at Caesars Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Las Vegas Arts District Ugo Rondinone 's Seven Magic Mountains Culture and the Arts ( edit ) The Smith Center for the Performing Arts located in Downtown Las Vegas . Reynolds Hall main stage at The Smith Center . The `` First Friday '' celebration , held on the first Friday of each month , exhibits the works of local artists and musicians in an area just south of downtown . The city is home to an extensive Downtown Arts District which hosts numerous galleries , film festivals , and events . The Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park , also known as the Las Vegas Zoo , used to exhibit over 150 species of animals and plants . The Zoo closed its doors in September , 2013 . The Shark Reef Aquarium at Mandalay Bay is the only aquarium that is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in the state of Nevada . It features over 2,000 animals and 1,200 species in 1.6 million gallons of seawater . The $485 million Smith Center for the Performing Arts is located downtown in Symphony Park . The center is appropriate for Broadway shows and other major touring attractions as well as orchestral , opera , choir , jazz , and dance performances . Bellagio Gallery of Fine Art is a facility presenting high - quality art exhibitions from major national and international museums . Past exhibits have included the works of Andy Warhol , Alexander Calder , and Peter Carl Fabergé . A self - guided audio tour is also offered . The Las Vegas Natural History Museum features robot dinosaurs , live fish , and more than 26 species of preserved animals . There are several `` hands - on '' areas where animals can be petted . The Atomic Testing Museum , affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution , houses artifacts from the Nevada Test Site and records the dramatic history of the atomic age through a series of interactive modules , timelines , films , and actual equipment and gadgets from the site . The valley is home to numerous other art galleries , orchestras , ballets , theaters , sculptures , and museums as well . Festivals ( edit ) CineVegas Helldorado Days Electric Daisy Carnival Las Vegas Bike Fest Neon Reverb Music Festival Las Vegas Music Festival Feast of San Gennaro Las Vegas Pride Festival The Dam Short Film Festival Vegoose Las Vegas Annual World Folk Festival Life is Beautiful Scoopfest Route 91 Harvest Gardens ( edit ) The Bellagio Conservatory & Botanical Gardens Alan Bible Botanical Garden Ethel M Botanical Cactus Garden Bellagio Conservatory & Botanical Gardens The Gardens at the Las Vegas Springs Preserve UNLV Arboretum Libraries & Bookstores ( edit ) The Lied Library The Writer 's Block Architecture Studies Library Boulder City Public Library College of Southern Nevada Libraries Henderson District Public Libraries Las Vegas -- Clark County Library District Lied Library North Las Vegas Library District Museums ( edit ) Atomic Testing Museum Brett Wesley Gallery & Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Heritage Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Guinness World of Records Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum The Linq Auto Collection Las Vegas Art Museum Las Vegas Museum of Organized Crime and Law Enforcement Las Vegas Natural History Museum Liberace Museum Lost City Museum Madame Tussauds Marjorie Barrick Museum Neon Museum Nevada State Museum Nevada State Railroad Museum Pinball Hall of Fame Shelby Museum Southern Nevada Museum of Fine Art Thunderbirds Museum Parks and Attractions ( edit ) Wildflowers in Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Mount Charleston waterfall Acacia Demonstration Gardens The Amanda & Stacy Darling Memorial Tennis Center Bettye Wilson Soccer Complex Clark County Shooting Park Clark County Wetlands Park Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs Hoover Dam Lake Mead National Recreation Area Las Vegas Motor Speedway Las Vegas Springs Preserve Mount Charleston Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Sunset Park Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument Valley of Fire State Park Wet'n'Wild Las Vegas Theaters ( edit ) Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater The Smith Center for the Performing Arts Theatre for the Performing Arts Wildlife ( edit ) Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Siegfried & Roy 's Secret Garden and Dolphin Habitat ^ Jump up to : While outside of the Valley , considered to be a Las Vegas destination due to close proximity . Communities ( edit ) The Las Vegas Strip in 2004 , as seen from the top of the Rio . The Strip is largely within Paradise . Cities ( edit ) Henderson Las Vegas North Las Vegas Las Vegas neighborhoods ( edit ) Aliante Anthem / Anthem Country Club Chinatown Downtown Las Vegas Green Valley Lake Las Vegas Las Vegas Country Club MacDonald Highlands Mountain 's Edge Paradise Palms Queensridge & One Queensridge Place Red Rock Country Club Seven Hills Southern Highlands Southern Highlands Golf Club Summerlin Summerlin South The Lakes The Ridges West Las Vegas Census - designated places ( edit ) The entrance to Summerlin , an affluent planned community Blue Diamond Enterprise Paradise Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Other communities ( edit ) Arden Sloan Nellis AFB Media ( edit ) Newspapers ( edit ) Las Vegas Review - Journal , the area 's largest daily newspaper , is published every morning . It was formed in 1909 but has roots back to 1905 . It is the largest newspaper in Nevada and is ranked as one of the top 25 newspapers in the United States by circulation . In 2000 , the Review - Journal installed the largest newspaper printing press in the world . It cost $40 million , weighs 910 tons and consists of 16 towers . The newspaper is owned by casino magnate Sheldon Adelson . He purchased the newspaper for $140 million in December 2015 . In 2018 , the Review - Journal received the Sigma Delta Chi Award from the Society of Professional Journalists for reporting the Oct. 1 mass shooting on the Las Vegas Strip . In 2018 , Editor and Publisher magazine named the Review - Journal as one of 10 newspapers in the United States `` doing it right '' . Las Vegas Sun is a daily 8 - page newspaper distributed as a section of the Review - Journal . It is owned by the Greenspun family and is affiliated with Greenspun Media Group . The Sun was founded in 1950 and in 1989 entered into a Joint Operating Agreement with the Review - Journal , which runs through 2040 . It has been described as `` politically liberal . '' In 2009 , the Sun was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for coverage of the high death rate of construction workers on the Las Vegas Strip amid lax enforcement of regulations . Las Vegas Weekly is a free alternative weekly newspaper based in Henderson , Nevada . It covers Las Vegas arts , entertainment , culture and news . Las Vegas Weekly was founded in 1992 and is published by Greenspun Media Group . Las Vegas Advisor Broadcast ( edit ) Las Vegas is served by 22 television and 46 radio stations . The area is also served by two NOAA Weather Radio transmitters ( 162.55 MHz located in Boulder City and 162.40 MHz located on Mount Potosi ) . Radio stations in Las Vegas Television stations in Las Vegas Magazines ( edit ) Desert Companion Las Vegas Style Las Vegas Weekly Luxury Las Vegas Vegas Seven Transportation ( edit ) The Las Vegas Monorail pulling into the Sahara Station in Paradise . McCarran International Airport Terminal 3 . A JetBlue Airbus A320 taking off from McCarran International Airport . McCarran International Airport ( LAS ) provides commercial flights into the Las Vegas Valley . The airport serves domestic , international , and cargo flights , as well as some private aircraft . General aviation traffic , however , will typically use the much smaller North Las Vegas Airport , or other airfields in the county . Public transportation is provided by RTC Transit . Numerous bus routes cover Las Vegas , Henderson , North Las Vegas , and other suburban areas . The Las Vegas Monorail runs from the MGM Grand Hotel at the south end of the Strip to the SLS Las Vegas at the north end of the Strip . The street numbering system is divided by the following streets : Westcliff Drive , US 95 Expressway , Fremont Street and Charleston Boulevard divide the north -- south block numbers from west to east . Las Vegas Boulevard divides the east -- west streets from the Las Vegas Strip to near the Stratosphere , then Main Street becomes the dividing line from the Stratosphere to the North Las Vegas border , after which the Goldfield Street alignment officially divides east and west . On the east side of Las Vegas , block numbers between Charleston Boulevard and Washington Avenue are different along Nellis Boulevard , which is the eastern border of the city limits . All city street signs begin with a N , S , W , or E designation . Until 1997 , the Amtrak Desert Wind train service ran through Las Vegas using the Union Pacific Railroad ( UP ) rails that run through the city ; Amtrak service to Las Vegas has since been replaced by Amtrak 's Thruway Motorcoach bus service . Plans to restore Los Angeles to Las Vegas Amtrak service using a Talgo train have been discussed but no plan for a replacement has been implemented . The Las Vegas Amtrak station was located in the Plaza Hotel . It had the distinction of being the only train station located in a casino . Two major freeways -- Interstate 15 and Interstate 515 / U.S. Route 95 -- cross in downtown Las Vegas . I - 15 connects Las Vegas to the Southern California coastal urban centers of Los Angeles and San Diego , and heads northeast to and beyond Salt Lake City , Utah . I - 515 goes southeast to Henderson , beyond which US 93 continues south of Hoover Dam over the new Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge towards Phoenix , Arizona and the Arizona Sun Corridor . US 95 connects the city to northwestern Nevada , including Carson City and Reno . US 93 splits from I - 15 northeast of Las Vegas and goes north through the eastern part of the state , serving Ely and Wells , and US 95 heads south from US 93 near Henderson through far eastern California . A three - quarters beltway has been built , consisting of Interstate 215 on the south and Clark County 215 on the west and north . Other radial routes include Blue Diamond Road ( SR 160 ) to Pahrump and Lake Mead Boulevard ( SR 147 ) to Lake Mead . With the notable exceptions of Las Vegas Boulevard , Boulder Highway ( SR 582 ) , and Rancho Drive ( SR 599 ) , the majority of surface streets outside downtown Las Vegas are laid out along Public Land Survey System section lines . Many are maintained by the Nevada Department of Transportation as state highways . Airports ( edit ) McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Ivanpah Valley Airport ( planned ) Rail and bus ( edit ) While the Las Vegas area does not have any passenger rail service , proposals to revive passenger trains to Las Vegas have included the Desert Xpress high - speed train from Victorville , California ; the California - Nevada Interstate Maglev , which would extend to Anaheim , California , with its first segment being to Primm , Nevada . The Las Vegas Railway Express ; and the Z - Train , which would travel six days a week between Los Angeles Union Station and a new Z - Train Station adjacent to the Strip ; and the Desert Lightning to Los Angeles and Phoenix . Las Vegas receives about 30 freight trains per day in 2004 , and serves as a district crew change point , requiring all trains to stop in downtown . Freight traffic was 179,284 cars in 2004 . Existing services ( edit ) Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Roads ( edit ) Las Vegas Boulevard looking south from the Stratosphere Two major freeways -- Interstate 15 and U.S. Route 95 -- cross in downtown Las Vegas . I - 15 connects Las Vegas to Los Angeles and San Diego , and heads northeast to and beyond Salt Lake City . Interstate 515 goes southeast to Henderson , beyond which U.S. Route 93 continues past the Hoover Dam towards Phoenix , Arizona . US 95 connects the city to northwestern Nevada , including Carson City and Reno . US 93 splits from I - 15 northeast of Las Vegas and goes north through the eastern part of the state , serving Ely and Wells , and US 95 heads south from US 93 near Henderson through far eastern California . A three - quarters beltway has been built , consisting of Interstate 215 on the south and Clark County 215 on the west and north . Other radial routes include SR 160 to Pahrump and SR 147 to Lake Mead . With the notable exceptions of Las Vegas Boulevard , Boulder Highway , and Tonopah Highway ( better known as the northern part of Rancho Drive ) , the majority of surface streets outside downtown Las Vegas are laid out along Public Land Survey System section lines . Many are maintained , in part , by the Nevada Department of Transportation as state highways . East - west roads , north to south Las Vegas Beltway ( CC 215 ) Ann Road Craig Road ( SR 573 ) Cheyenne Avenue ( SR 574 ) Carey Avenue Lake Mead Boulevard ( SR 147 ) Washington Avenue ( SR 578 ) Summerlin Parkway Bonanza Road ( SR 579 ) Charleston Boulevard ( SR 159 ) Sahara Avenue ( SR 589 ) Desert Inn Road Spring Mountain Road ( SR 591 ) Flamingo Road ( SR 592 ) Tropicana Avenue ( SR 593 ) Russell Road ( SR 594 ) Sunset Road ( SR 562 ) Warm Springs Road Blue Diamond Road ( SR 160 ) Las Vegas Beltway Lake Mead Parkway ( formerly Lake Mead Drive ) ( SR 564 ) Horizon Ridge Parkway St. Rose Parkway ( formerly Lake Mead Drive ) ( SR 146 ) North - south roads , west to east Las Vegas Beltway ( CC 215 ) Durango Drive Buffalo Drive Rainbow Boulevard ( SR 595 ) Jones Boulevard ( SR 596 ) Decatur Boulevard Valley View Boulevard Dean Martin Drive Las Vegas Boulevard ( SR 604 ) Rancho Drive ( SR 599 ) Paradise Road ( SR 605 ) Maryland Parkway Eastern Avenue ( SR 607 ) Pecos Road Lamb Boulevard ( SR 610 ) Nellis Boulevard ( SR 612 ) Fuel ( edit ) The Las Vegas area is dependent on imported gasoline , diesel , and aviation fuel as is most of Nevada , which has only one refinery . The region is dependent on the Calnev Pipeline and Unev pipeline as its two main sources of supply . Limited diesel is delivered to a dedicated terminal in North Las Vegas by rail . Diversified supply was provided by the completion of construction on the Unev pipeline in 2011 and its full operational status in 2012 . Electricity ( edit ) About 25 % of the electric power from Hoover Dam goes to Nevada , and about 70 % of power to Southern Nevada comes from natural gas fired power stations . Sports ( edit ) The interior court of the Thomas and Mack Center during an exhibition game for the 2012 Olympics . The Wynn Golf Club Main article : Sports in the Las Vegas metropolitan area The T - Mobile Arena as seen from Toshiba Plaza Las Vegas is home to several notable minor league teams , as well as the UNLV Runnin ' Rebels , and one major professional team , the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League . The Oakland Raiders of the National Football League will play in Las Vegas in 2020 . Professional sports teams Club Sport League Venue ( capacity ) Since Titles Las Vegas Raiders Football NFL Las Vegas Stadium ( 65,000 - 72,000 ) 2020 * Vegas Golden Knights Ice hockey NHL T - Mobile Arena ( 17,368 ) 2017 0 Las Vegas Aces Basketball WNBA Mandalay Bay Events Center ( 12,000 ) 2018 0 Las Vegas 51s Baseball PCL ( AAA ) Cashman Field ( 9,300 ) Las Vegas Lights FC Soccer USL Cashman Field ( 9,300 ) 2018 0 * The Raiders currently play in Oakland and will move to Las Vegas for the 2020 NFL Season Recreation ( edit ) Las Vegas has many natural outdoor recreational options . There are several multi-use trail systems within the valley operated by multiple organizations . The River Mountains Loop Trail is a 35 - mile - long ( 56 km ) trail that connects the west side of the valley with Hoover Dam and Lake Mead . Summerlin offers more than 150 miles of award - winning trails within the 22,500 - acre ( 9,100 ha ) community . There are also the 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) Angel Park Trail , Bonanza Trail , and the county 's Flamingo Arroyo Trail , I - 215 West Beltway Trail ( 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) ) , I - 215 East Beltway Trail ( 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) ) , Tropicana / Flamingo Washes Trail and the Western Trails Park Area Equestrian Trails ( 4 miles ) . Sunset Park at dusk The Las Vegas Valley also hosts world class mountain biking including Bootleg Canyon Mountain Bike Park located in Boulder City which boasts itself as one of the International Mountain Biking Association 's `` epic rides '' . Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary ( edit ) The Clark County School District operates all of the public primary and secondary schools in the county with the exception of 37 sponsored public charter schools . Selected private schools Alexander Dawson School Bishop Gorman High School Faith Lutheran Jr / Sr High School Henderson International School The Meadows School St. Viator School Colleges and universities ( edit ) The University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) is in Paradise , about three miles ( 5 km ) south of the city limits and roughly two miles east of the Strip . The University of Nevada Medical School has a campus near downtown Las Vegas . Several national colleges , including the University of Phoenix and Le Cordon Bleu , have campuses in the Las Vegas area . Nevada State College , National University and Touro University Nevada are nearby Henderson . The College of Southern Nevada has campuses in Las Vegas , North Las Vegas and Henderson . Henderson also is home to DeVry University and the Keller Graduate School of Management , as well as the University of Southern Nevada . Other private entities in the Las Vegas Valley include Apollo College and ITT Technical Institute . Public schools University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) is the major higher education institution in Las Vegas University of Nevada , Reno ( UNR ) also has a campus for the School of Medicine in Las Vegas . The school now operates as the UNLV School of Medicine . Nevada State College located in Henderson , Nevada College of Southern Nevada -- formerly known as the Community College of Southern Nevada and Clark County Community College Private schools 4 year+ Touro University Nevada Roseman University of Health Sciences Venues in Las Vegas ( edit ) Music venues in Las Vegas Sports venues in Las Vegas City of Rock ( Las Vegas ) See also ( edit ) Architecture of Las Vegas List of Las Vegas Strip hotels List of people from Las Vegas List of restaurants in the Las Vegas Valley References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Components , December 2005 , with codes '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved March 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Estimates '' . Nevada State Demographer 's Office . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clark County , NV -- FAQs / History '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Spillman , Benjamin ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` LVCVA : What works here , stays here '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Laura ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Cirque characters , comedy acts liven up travel trade show '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : Bright Lights , Big City , Small Town '' . State of the Reunion . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Lake , Richard ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Road Warrior Q&A : Foliage removed for widening '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brief early history review of the Las Vegas Valley '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barbara Land , Myrick Land , `` A short history of Las Vegas '' , University of Nevada Press , 2004 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ David Barboza ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Asian Rival Moves Past Las Vegas '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donald Greenlees ( January 18 , 2008 ) . `` American in Action as Macao Casinos Soar '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas Climate Book '' . Las Vegas : National Weather Service Forecast Office . 2009 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Averages for Las Vegas , NV '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Keith ( April 11 , 1999 ) . `` Valley faults capable of healthy jolt '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Colleen . The Colorado River and Hoover Dam Facts and Figures Archived June 26 , 2012 , at WebCite Bureau of Reclamation , January 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Lippert and Jim Efstathiou Jr . Las Vegas Running Out of Water Means Dimming Los Angeles Lights Bloomberg , February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Quote : `` in June 2007 was $3.01 in Atlanta and 57 cents in Las Vegas '' Jump up ^ Felicity Barringer . Las Vegas 's Worried Water Czar The New York Times , September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` CNNmoney '' . CNN . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . At the time of this article , the company now known as Caesars Entertainment was Harrah 's Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` For Press and Research > Stats & Facts '' . Lvcva.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US Casino Hotels Industry Report '' IBISWorld , November 2008 Jump up ^ Shubinski , Jennifer ( August 27 , 2004 ) . `` Onward and upward '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Hubble ( January 21 , 2005 ) . `` Expert sees upside for high - rise condos '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Downtown Project -- Revitalizing Downtown Las Vegas '' . Downtownproject.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.nv_lasvegas_msa.htm Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Master Planned Communities '' . Great Las Vegas Homes . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Four of Las Vegas ' Largest Trade Shows Return in 2015 / 2016 '' . www.lvcva.com . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Stats and Facts '' . www.lvcva.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` First Friday - Las Vegas '' . First Friday - Las Vegas . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Zoo closing its doors for good '' . KTNV - TV . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wet ' n ' Wild Las Vegas ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` First official rides on four Wet ' n ' Wild Las Vegas slides to be auctioned for Andre Agassi Foundation for Education and Opportunity Village '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` List of newspapers in the United States '' . Wikipedia . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Scheid , Jenny . `` New presses are the worlds 's largest '' . Newsbank . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Newspapers That Do It Right 2018 : Recognizing Success in Pioneering Newsrooms , Advertising Growth and Community Engagement -- Editor & Publisher '' . www.editorandpublisher.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James . `` Sleeping with the enemy newspaper '' . LATimes.com . Los Angeles Times . p . E1 . Retrieved 8 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Las Vegas to Los Angeles Rail Corridor Improvement Feasibility Study p172 Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada , June 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Most arterial roads are shown , as indicated on the Nevada Department of Transportation 's 2004 Roadway Functional Classification map Archived June 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions : Hydropower '' . Bureau of Reclamation . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Where Our Power Comes From NVEnergy . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the River Mountains Trail '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trails Community : Summerlin in Las Vegas , Nevada '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flamingo Arroyo Trail System '' . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Completed Trail Projects '' . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CLARK COUNTY TRAIL SYSTEM LAS VEGAS VALLEY '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bootleg Canyon '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Valley . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Las Vegas . CAC ( Civil Applications Committee ) / USGS Global Fiducials Program web page containing scientific description of the region and interactive map viewer featuring declassified high - resolution time - series imagery City of Las Vegas official website Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Transportation Airports McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Amtrak station ( defunct ) Arts and museums 18b The Las Vegas Arts District Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Symphony Park Smith Center for the Performing Arts Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater Smith Center for the Performing Arts The AXIS Museums in Clark County , Nevada Active Boulder City / Hoover Dam Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum Imperial Palace Auto Collection Las Vegas Gambling Museum Las Vegas Historical Society Las Vegas Natural History Museum Lost City Museum Madame Tussauds Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art Mob Museum National Atomic Testing Museum Neon Museum Nevada State Museum Nevada Southern Railroad Museum Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park Pinball Hall of Fame Shelby Museum Southern Nevada Museum of Fine Art Thunderbirds Museum Previous Elvis - A-Rama Museum Guinness World of Records Guggenheim Hermitage Museum History of the Future Museum Hollywood Movie Museum Las Vegas Art Museum Liberace Museum Star Trek : The Experience Sports T - Mobile Arena Sam Boyd Stadium Cashman Field Thomas & Mack Center Darling Tennis Center Bettye Wilson Soccer Complex Las Vegas Motor Speedway Las Vegas Stadium Las Vegas Ballpark Mandalay Bay Events Center All Net Resort and Arena City National Arena MSG Sphere Las Vegas Government Las Vegas City Hall Clark County Government Center Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Communities Cities Henderson Las Vegas North Las Vegas Census - designated places Blue Diamond Enterprise Paradise Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Neighborhoods Aliante Anthem / Anthem Country Club Chinatown Downtown Las Vegas Green Valley Lake Las Vegas Las Vegas Country Club MacDonald Highlands Mountain 's Edge Paradise Palms Queensridge / One Queensridge Place Seven Hills Southern Highlands Summerlin Summerlin South The Lakes The Ridges West Las Vegas Research and education University of Nevada , Las Vegas University of Nevada Medical School Nevada State College National University Touro University Nevada College of Southern Nevada Roseman University of Health Sciences Parks and public spaces Acacia Demonstration Gardens Clark County Shooting Complex Clark County Wetlands Park Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs Lake Mead National Recreation Area Springs Preserve Mount Charleston Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Sunset Park Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument Valley of Fire State Park Area shopping Bonanza Gift Shop The Boulevard Mall The Shops at Crystals Downtown Summerlin Galleria at Sunset Grand Canal Shoppes Fantastic Indoor Swap Meet Fashion Outlets of Las Vegas Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops at Caesars Las Vegas Premium Outlets North Meadows Mall Miracle Mile Shops Stratosphere Tower Shops Studio Walk at MGM Grand Downtown Summerlin The Shoppes at the Palazzo Tivoli Village Town Square Other Architecture History Timeline Landmarks Skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip WikiProject State of Nevada Carson City ( capital ) Topics Delegations Government History Nevada Territory World War II People Transportation Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Politics Regions Black Rock Desert Eagle Valley Great Basin Lake Mead Lake Tahoe Las Vegas Valley Mojave Desert Pahranagat Valley Sierra Nevada Trout Creek Mountains Truckee Meadows Metro areas Las Vegas -- Paradise Reno -- Sparks Carson City Counties Churchill Clark Douglas Elko Esmeralda Eureka Humboldt Lander Lincoln Lyon Mineral Nye Pershing Storey Washoe White Pine Cities and communities Alamo Amargosa Valley Austin Baker Battle Mountain Beatty Boulder City Caliente Carlin Carson City Elko Ely Enterprise Eureka Fallon Fernley Gardnerville Ranchos Gerlach Goldfield Hawthorne Henderson Incline Village Las Vegas Laughlin Lovelock Mesquite Minden North Las Vegas Panaca Pahrump Paradise Pioche Primm Rachel Reno Spanish Springs Sparks Spring Creek Spring Valley Stateline Summerlin South Sun Valley Sunrise Manor Tonopah Virginia City West Wendover Winnemucca Whitney Winchester Yerington Former counties Bullfrog Ormsby Roop Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Vegas_Valley&oldid=864885219 '' Categories : Las Vegas Valley Metropolitan areas of Nevada Regions of Nevada Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2012 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Čeština Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 04 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	what is the population of greater las vegas	[ "Las Vegas ValleyLas Vegas metropolitan area\nMetropolitan area\nLas Vegas–Paradise-Henderson, NV MSA\n\nLeft-right from top: Las Vegas Strip, Stratosphere Tower, Fremont Street Experience, Waldorf Astoria Las Vegas, Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, The District at Green Valley Ranch\nLas Vegas ValleyLocation within NevadaLas Vegas ValleyLocation within the United StatesLas Vegas ValleyLocation within North AmericaShow map of NevadaShow map of the USShow map of North AmericaShow all\nCoordinates: 36°19′N 115°14′W / 36.317°N 115.233°W / 36.317; -115.233Coordinates: 36°19′N 115°14′W / 36.317°N 115.233°W / 36.317; -115.233Country\n United StatesState\n NevadaPrincipal city\n Las VegasOther major cities\n - Henderson - North Las VegasPopulation (2018 estimate) • Total\n2,227,053Time zone\nUTC−8 (PST) • Summer (DST)\nUTC−7 (PDT)Area code(s)\n702 725" ]	[ "2,227,053" ]
-6155507342037530285	Cattle drives in the United States	Cattle drives in the United states - wikipedia Cattle drives in the United states Jump to : navigation , search A modern small - scale cattle drive in New Mexico . Cattle drives were a major economic activity in the 19th - century American West , particularly between 1866 and 1886 , when 20 million cattle were herded from Texas to railheads in Kansas , for shipments to stockyards in Chicago and points east . The long distances covered , the need for periodic rests by riders and animals , and the establishment of railheads led to the development of `` cow towns '' across the frontier . Due to the extensive treatment of cattle drives in fiction and film , the cowboy has become the worldwide iconic image of the American West . Cattle drives still occur in the American West . Contents ( hide ) 1 Movement of cattle 2 Origins 3 Cattle drive era 4 Chisholm Trail 5 Cattle towns 6 End of the open range 7 Modern cattle drives 8 Cowboy culture 9 Image and memory 10 Cattle drives on television and film 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links Movement of cattle ( edit ) Cattle drives represented a compromise between the desire to get cattle to market as quickly as possible and the need to maintain the animals at a marketable weight . While cattle could be driven as far as 25 miles ( 40 km ) in a single day , they would lose so much weight that they would be hard to sell when they reached the end of the trail . Usually they were taken shorter distances each day , allowed periods to rest and graze both at midday and at night . On average , a herd could maintain a healthy weight moving about 15 miles ( 24 km ) per day . Such a pace meant that it would take as long as two months to travel from a home ranch to a railhead . The Chisholm Trail , for example , was 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) long . On average , a single herd of cattle on a long drive ( for example , Texas to Kansas railheads ) numbered about 3,000 head . To herd the cattle , a crew of at least 10 cowboys was needed , with three horses per cowboy . Cowboys worked in shifts to watch the cattle 24 hours a day , herding them in the proper direction in the daytime and watching them at night to prevent stampedes and deter theft . The crew also included a cook , who drove a chuck wagon , usually pulled by oxen , and a horse wrangler to take charge of the remuda ( spare horses ) . The wrangler on a cattle drive was often a very young cowboy or one of lower social status , but the cook was a particularly well - respected member of the crew , as not only was he in charge of the food , he also was in charge of medical supplies and had a working knowledge of practical medicine . Origins ( edit ) Cattle herd and cowboy , circa 1902 Long - distance cattle driving was traditional in Mexico , California and Texas , and horse herds were sometimes similarly driven . The Spaniards had established the ranching industry in the New World , and began driving herds northward from Mexico beginning in the 1540s . Small Spanish settlements in Texas derived much of their revenue from horses and cattle driven into Louisiana , though such trade was usually illegal . Cattle driving over long distances also took place in the United States , although infrequently . Relatively long - distance herding of hogs was also common . In 1815 Timothy Flint `` encountered a drove of more than 1,000 cattle and swine '' being driven from the interior of Ohio to Philadelphia . The stock in settled areas was gentle , often managed on foot . The Texas longhorn was originally driven overland to the railheads in Kansas ; they were replaced with shorter - horned breeds after 1900 . As early as 1836 , ranchers in Texas began to drive cattle along a `` Beef Trail '' to New Orleans . In the 1840s , cattle drives expanded northward into Missouri . The towns of Sedalia , Baxter Springs , Springfield , and St. Louis became principal markets . The Shawnee Trail , also known as the Texas Road or Texas trail , played a significant role in Texas as early as the 1840s . But by 1853 , as 3,000 cattle were trailed through western Missouri , local farmers blocked their passage and forced herds to turn back because the Longhorns carried ticks that carried Texas fever . Texas cattle were immune to this disease ; but the ticks that they left behind infected the local cattle . By 1855 farmers in western and central Missouri formed vigilance committees , stopped some of the herds , killed any Texas cattle that entered their counties , and a law , effective in December of that year , was passed , banning diseased cattle from being brought into or through the state . Therefore , drovers took their herds up through the eastern edge of Kansas ; but there , too , they met opposition from farmers , who induced their territorial legislature to pass a protective law in 1859 . During the 1850s , emigration and freighting from the Missouri River westward also caused a rise in demand for oxen . In 1858 , the firm of Russell , Majors and Waddell utilized about 40,000 oxen . Longhorns were trained by the thousands for work oxen . Herds of longhorns also were driven to Chicago , and at least one herd was driven all the way to New York . The gold boom in California in the 1850s also created a demand for beef and provided people with the cash to pay for it . Thus , though most cattle were obtained locally or from Mexico , very long drives were attempted . Even the Australians began cattle drives to ports for shipment of beef to San Francisco and , after freezing methods were developed , all the way to Britain . In 1853 the Italian aristocrat Leonetto Cipriani undertook a drive from St. Louis to San Francisco along the California Trail ; he returned to Europe in 1855 with large profits . In the early years of the American Civil War , Texans drove cattle into the Confederate states for the use of the Confederate Army . In October , 1862 a Union naval patrol on the southern Mississippi River captured 1,500 head of Longhorns which had been destined for Confederate military posts in Louisiana . The permanent loss of the main cattle supply after the Union gained control of the Mississippi River in 1863 was a serious blow to the Confederate Army . The war blocked access to eastern markets . During the Civil War , the Shawnee Trail was virtually unused . Texas cattle numbers grew significantly in that period , and after the war could not be sold for more than $2 a head in Texas . By 1866 an estimated 200,000 to 260,000 surplus cattle were available . In 1865 at the end of the Civil War , Philip Danforth Armour opened a meat packing plant in Chicago known as Armour and Company , and with the expansion of the meat packing industry , the demand for beef increased significantly . By 1866 , cattle could be sold to northern markets for as much as $40 per head , making it potentially profitable for cattle , particularly from Texas , to be herded long distances to market . Cattle drive era ( edit ) The first large - scale effort to drive cattle from Texas to the nearest railhead for shipment to Chicago occurred in 1866 , when many Texas ranchers banded together to drive their cattle to the closest point that railroad tracks reached , which at that time was Sedalia , Missouri . However , farmers in eastern Kansas , still concerned that transient animals would trample crops and transmit cattle fever to local cattle , formed groups that threatened to beat or shoot cattlemen found on their lands . Therefore , the 1866 drive failed to reach the railroad and the cattle herds were sold for low prices . There were other drives northward without a definite destination and without much financial success . Cattle were also driven to the old but limited New Orleans market , following mostly well - established trails to the wharves of Shreveport and Jefferson , Texas . In 1868 , David Morrill Poor , a former Confederate officer from San Antonio , drove 1,100 cattle from east of San Angelo into Mexico over the Chihuahua Trail . This event , the `` Great Chihuahua Cattle Drive , '' was the largest cattle drive attempted over that trail up to that time , but the market was much better in Kansas than in Mexico , so most drives headed north . By 1867 , a cattle shipping facility owned by Joseph G. McCoy opened in Abilene , Kansas . Built west of farm country and close to the railhead at Abilene , the town became a center of cattle shipping , loading over 36,000 head of cattle in its first year . The route from Texas to Abilene became known as the Chisholm Trail , named for Jesse Chisholm who marked out the route . It ran through present - day Oklahoma , which then was Indian Territory , but there were relatively few conflicts with Native Americans , who usually allowed cattle herds to pass through for a toll of ten cents a head . Later , other trails forked off to different railheads , including those at Dodge City and Wichita , Kansas . By 1877 , the largest of the cattle - shipping boom towns , Dodge City , Kansas , shipped out 500,000 head of cattle . Other major cattle trails , moving successively westward , were established . In 1867 the Goodnight - Loving Trail opened up New Mexico and Colorado to Texas cattle . By the tens of thousands cattle were soon driven into Arizona . In Texas itself cattle raising expanded rapidly as American tastes shifted from pork to beef . Caldwell , Dodge City , Ogallala , Cheyenne , and other towns became famous because of trail - driver patronage . Chisholm Trail ( edit ) Main article : Chisholm Trail The Chisholm Trail was the most important route for cattle drives leading north from the vicinity of Ft . Worth , Texas , across Indian Territory ( Oklahoma ) to the railhead at Abilene . It was about 520 miles long and generally followed the line of the ninety - eighth meridian , but never had an exact location , as different drives took somewhat different paths . With six states enacting laws in the first half of 1867 against trailing cattle north , Texas cattlemen realized the need for a new trail that would skirt the farm settlements and thus avoid the trouble over tick fever . In 1867 a young Illinois livestock dealer , Joseph G. McCoy , built market facilities at Abilene , Kansas , at the terminus of Chisholm Trail . The new route to the west of the Shawnee soon began carrying the bulk of the Texas herds , leaving the earlier trail to dwindle for a few years and expire . The typical drive comprised 1,500 -- 2,500 head of cattle . The typical outfit consisted of a boss , ( perhaps the owner ) , from ten to fifteen hands , each of whom had a string of from five to ten horses ; a horse wrangler who handled the horses ; and a cook , who drove the chuck wagon . The wagon carried the bedrolls ; tents were considered excess luxury . The men drove and grazed the cattle most of the day , herding them by relays at night . Ten or twelve miles was considered a good day 's drive , as the cattle had to thrive on the route . They ate grass ; the men had bread , meat , beans with bacon , and coffee . Wages were about $40 a month , paid when the herd were sold . The Chisholm Trail decreased in importance after 1871 when , as a result of the westward advance of settlement , Abilene lost its preeminence as a shipping point for Texas cattle . Dodge City , Kansas became the chief shipping point for another trail farther west , crossing the Red River at Red River Station , Texas . The extension of the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to Caldwell , Kansas , in 1880 , however , again made the Chisholm Trail a most important route for driving Texas cattle to the North , and it retained this position until the building of additional trunk lines of railway south into Texas caused rail shipments to take the place of the former trail driving of Texas cattle north to market . Cattle towns ( edit ) The Plaza Hotel in Las Vegas , New Mexico opened a year after the railroad established it as a key railhead for the cattle drives . Cattle towns flourished between 1866 and 1890 as railroads reached towns suitable for gathering and shipping cattle . The first was Abilene , Kansas . Other towns in Kansas , including Wichita and Dodge City , succeeded Abilene or shared its patronage by riders fresh off the long trail . In the 1880s Dodge City boasted of being the `` cowboy capital of the world . '' Communities in other states , including Ogallala , Nebraska ; Cheyenne , Wyoming ; Miles City , Montana ; and Medora , North Dakota , served the trade as well . Amarillo , Fort Worth , and Wichita Falls , all in Texas ; Prescott , Arizona , Greeley , Colorado , and Las Vegas , New Mexico were regionally important . The most famous cattle towns like Abilene were railheads , where the herds were shipped to the Chicago stockyards . Many smaller towns along the way supported open range lands . Many of the cow towns were enlivened by buffalo hunters , railroad construction gangs , and freighting outfits during their heyday . Cattle owners made these towns headquarters for buying and selling . Cowboys , after months of monotonous work , dull food , and abstinence of all kinds , were paid off and turned loose . They howled , got shaved and shorn , bought new clothes and gear . They drank `` white mule '' straight . Madams and gambling - hall operators flourished in towns that were wide open twenty - four hours a day . Violence and ebullient spirits called forth a kind of `` peace officer '' that cattle towns made famous -- the town marshal . Wild Bill Hickok and Wyatt Earp were perhaps the two best - known cattle town marshals . The number of killings was , however , small by the standards of eastern cities . End of the open range ( edit ) Waiting for a Chinook , by C.M. Russell . Overgrazing and harsh winters were factors that brought an end to the age of the Open Range Winter herding increased the challenging tasks and risks for moving cattle to long distances . Introduction of barbed wire fences marked the closure of the open range . Expansion of the cattle industry resulted in the need for additional open range . Thus many ranchers expanded into the northwest , where there were still large tracts of unsettled grassland . Texas cattle were herded north , into the Rocky Mountain west and the Dakotas . In 1866 , Nelson Story used the Bozeman Trail to successfully drive about 1000 head of longhorn cattle into the Gallatin Valley of Montana . Individual cattle barons such as Conrad Kohrs built up significant ranches in the northern Rockies . In 1866 , Kohrs purchased a ranch near Deer Lodge , Montana from former Canadian fur - trader Johnny Grant . At its peak , Kohrs owned 50,000 head of cattle , grazing on 10 million acres ( 40,000 km2 ) , spread across four states and two Canadian Provinces and shipping 10,000 head of cattle annually to the Chicago stock yards . Later , however , continued overgrazing , combined with drought and the exceptionally severe winter of 1886 -- 1887 wiped out much of the open - range cattle business in Montana and the upper Great Plains . Following these events , ranchers began to use barbed wire to enclose their ranches and protect their own grazing lands from intrusions by others ' animals . In the 1890s , herds were still occasionally driven from the Panhandle of Texas to Montana . However , railroads had expanded to cover most of the nation , and meat packing plants were built closer to major ranching areas , making long cattle drives to the railheads unnecessary . Hence , because of this , the age of the open range was gone and the era of large cattle drives was over . Modern cattle drives ( edit ) Modern day cattle drive , 1987 Smaller cattle drives continued at least into the 1940s , as ranchers , prior to the development of the modern cattle truck , still needed to herd cattle to local railheads for transport to stockyards and packing plants . Today , cattle drives are primarily used to round up cattle within the boundaries of a ranch and to move them from one pasture to another , a process that generally lasts at most a few days . Because of the significance of the cattle drive in American history , some working ranches have turned their seasonal drives into tourist events , inviting guests in a manner akin to a guest ranch to participate in moving the cattle from one feeding ground to the next . While horses are still used in many places , particularly where there is rough or mountainous terrain , the all - terrain vehicle is also used . When cattle are required to move longer distances , they are shipped via truck . Events intended to promote the western lifestyle may incorporate cattle drives . For example , the Great Montana Centennial Cattle Drive of 1989 celebrated the state of Montana 's centennial and raised money for a college scholarship fund as 2,400 people ( including some working cowboys ) , 200 wagons and 2,800 cattle traveled 50 miles in six days from Roundup to Billings along a major highway . Similar drives have been sponsored since that time . Cowboy Culture ( edit ) Theodore Roosevelt ( shown on horseback , 1898 ) helped popularize the image of the American cowboy through his writings . Main article : cowboy The cowboy 's distinctive working gear , most of it derived from the Mexican vaquero , captured the public image . High - crowned cowboy hat , high - heeled boots , leather chaps , pistol , rifle , lariat , and spurs were functional and necessary in the field , and fascinating on the movie screen . Increasingly the public identified the cowboy with courage and devotion to duty , for he tended cattle wherever he had to go , whether in bogs of quicksand ; swift , flooding rivers ; or seemingly inaccessible brush . He rode with lightning and blizzard , ate hot summer sand , and was burned by the sun . Theodore Roosevelt conceptualized the herder as a stage of civilization distinct from the sedentary farmer -- a classic theme well expressed in the 1944 Broadway hit `` Oklahoma ! '' -- Roosevelt argued that the manhood typified by the cowboy -- and outdoor activity and sports generally -- was essential if American men were to avoid the softness and rot produced by an easy life in the city . The cow towns along the trail were notorious for providing liquor to the cowboys ; they usually were not allowed to drink on the trail itself . Image and memory ( edit ) During three decades it had moved over ten million cattle and one million range horses , stamped the entire West with its character , given economic and personality prestige to Texas , made the longhorn historic , glorified the cowboy over the globe , and endowed America with its most romantic tradition relating to any occupation . The best known writers of the era include Theodore Roosevelt , who spent much of his inheritance ranching in the Dakotas in the 1880s , Will Rogers , the leading humorist of the 1920s , and Indiana - born Andy Adams ( 1859 -- 1935 ) , who spent the 1880s and 1890s in the cattle industry and mining in the Great Plains and Southwest . When an 1898 play 's portrayal of Texans outraged Adams , he started writing plays , short stories , and novels drawn from his own experiences . His The Log of a Cowboy ( 1903 ) became a classic novel about the cattle business , especially the cattle drive . It described a fictional drive of the Circle Dot herd from Texas to Montana in 1882 , and became a leading source on cowboy life ; historians retraced his path in the 1960s , confirming his basic accuracy . His writing is acclaimed and criticized for both its fidelity to truth and lack of literary qualities . Cattle drives on television and film ( edit ) Cattle drives were a major plot element of many Hollywood films and television shows , particularly during the era when westerns were popular . One of the most famous movies is Red River ( 1948 ) directed by Howard Hawks , and starring John Wayne and Montgomery Clift . Like many such films , Red River tended to exaggerate the dangers and disasters of cattle driving . More recently , the movie City Slickers ( 1990 ) was about a guest ranch - based cattle drive . In the 1958 film Cowboy , Glenn Ford stars as a hard - living trail boss with Jack Lemmon as a citified `` tenderfoot '' who joins the drive . The long running TV show Rawhide ( 1959 -- 1965 ) , starring Eric Fleming and Clint Eastwood , dealt with drovers taking 3000 head along the Sedalia trail from San Antonio , Texas to the railhead at Sedalia . Episode four of the 1970s miniseries Centennial , titled The Longhorns , featured a cattle drive from central Texas to northeastern Colorado . The 1980s miniseries Lonesome Dove , based on a Pulitzer Prize winning novel of the same name , centered on a cattle drive from South Texas to Montana . See also ( edit ) Cattle drive ( worldwide focus ) Cowboy Drover ( Australian ) Ranch Station ( Australian agriculture ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jimmy M. Skaggs , The Cattle - Trailing Industry : Between Supply and Demand , 1866 -- 1890 ( University Press of Kansas , 1973 ) Jump up ^ Malone , pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ Malone , p. 52 Jump up ^ Malone , pp. 48 -- 50 ^ Jump up to : Gaylord , Kristina . `` Chisholm Trail '' . Chisholm Trail . ^ Jump up to : Donald E. Worcester , `` Longhorn cattle , '' Handbook of Texas Online ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Chuck Veit ( 2006 ) . `` The Great Navy Cattle Drive of ' 62 '' . Naval History . 20 ( 3 ) : 24 -- 31 . ISSN 1042 - 1920 . Jump up ^ Skaggs , Jimmy M. `` CATTLE TRAILING '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Malone , p. 6 Jump up ^ Malone , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Douglas N. Travers ( 2001 ) . `` The Great Chihuahua Cattle Drive of 1868 '' . Journal of Big Bend Studies . 13 : 85 -- 105 . ISSN 1058 - 4617 . Jump up ^ Lawrence O. Christensen , Dictionary of Missouri biography ( 1999 ) p. 531 Jump up ^ Malone , p. 40 Jump up ^ Robert R. Dykstra ( 1983 ) . The Cattle Towns . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 62 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6561 - 5 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod , Encyclopedia of the American West ( 1996 ) vol. 1 p. 275 Jump up ^ Donald E. Worcester : `` Chisholm Trail , '' Handbook of Texas Online ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Donald E. Worcester , The Chisholm Trail ( University of Nebraska Press , 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Robert R. Dykstra ( 1983 ) . The Cattle Towns . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 143 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6561 - 5 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Malone , p. 76 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael S. ( 1964 ) . `` Tall in the Saddle - First Trail Drive to Montana Territory '' . Cowboys and Cattlemen - A Roundup from Montana The Magazine of Western History . New York : Hastings House Publishing . pp. 103 -- 111 . Jump up ^ History of Deer Lodge , Montana . www.powellpost.com Jump up ^ Malone , p. 79 Jump up ^ Montana : A Historic Load of Bull . Time . September 18 , 1989 Jump up ^ Raymond B. Wrabley , Jr. ( 2007 ) . `` Drunk Driving or Dry Run ? Cowboys and Alcohol on the Cattle Trail '' . Kansas History . 30 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 51 . ISSN 0149 - 9114 . Jump up ^ Adams , Andy . The Log of a Cowboy : A Narrative of the Old Trail Days ( 1903 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Malone , John William . An Album of the American Cowboy . New York : Franklin Watts , Inc. , 1971 . ISBN 9780531015124 Further reading ( edit ) Allmendinger , Blake . The Cowboy : Representations of Labor in an American Work Culture . ( 1992 ) . 213 pp . Alonzo , Armando C. Tejano Legacy : Rancheros and Settlers in South Texas , 1734 -- 1900 ( 1998 ) online edition Atherton , Lewis E. The Cattle Kings ( 1961 ) , influential interpretive study Carlson , Paul H. , ed . The Cowboy Way : An Exploration of History and Culture . ( 2000 ) . 236 pp. online edition Carlson , Paul Howard , ed . The Cowboy Way : An Exploration of History and Culture ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Cattle Raisers Association of Texas . History of the Cattlemen of Texas . ( 1914 , reprint 1991 ) . 350 pp . Clayton , Lawrence ; Hoy , Jim ; and Underwood , Jerald . Vaqueros , Cowboys , and Buckaroos. ( 2001 ) 274 pp . Collins , Hubert E. Storm and Stampede on the Chisholm ( 1928 , reprint 1998 ) online edition Corkin , Stanley . `` Cowboys and Free Markets : Post-World War II Westerns and U.S. Hegemony , '' Cinema Journal , Vol. 39 , No. 3 ( Spring , 2000 ) , pp. 66 -- 91 , focus on Howard Hawks 's `` Red River '' ( a cattle drive ) and John Ford 's `` My Darling Clementine '' ( on Tombstone ) ; in JSTOR Corkin , Stanley . Cowboys as Cold Warriors : The Western and U.S. History . ( 2004 ) . 273 pp . Dale E.E. The Range Cattle Industry ( 1930 ) Dary , David . Cowboy Culture : A Saga of Five Centuries. ( 1981 ) . 336 pp. excerpt and text search Dippie , Brian W. , ed . Charlie Russell Roundup : Essays on America 's Favorite Cowboy Artist. ( 1999 ) . 328 pp . Dobie , J. Frank Cow People ( 1964 ) excerpt and text search Draper , Robert . `` 21st - Century Cowboys : Why the Spirit Endures . '' National Geographic , December 2007 , pp. 114 -- 135 Dykstra , Robert R. , and Jo Ann Manfra . `` The Circle Dot Cowboys at Dodge City : History and Imagination in Andy Adams 's The Log of a Cowboy , '' Western Historical Quarterly 33 ( 2002 ) : 19 -- 40 , Evans , Simon ; Carter , Sarah ; and Yeo , Bill , eds . Cowboys , Ranchers , and the Cattle Business : Cross-Border Perspectives on Ranching History . ( 2000 ) . 232 pp . Frantz , Joe B. , and Julian E. Choate . The American Cowboy , The Myth and the Reality ( 1955 ) Gard , Wayne . The Chisholm Trail ( 1969 ) , the standard scholarly history Hawks , Howard , director . Red River ( 1948 ) , influential Hollywood film starring John Wayne and Montgomery Clift Iverson , Peter . When Indians Became Cowboys : Native Peoples and Cattle Ranching in the American West ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Jordan , Terry . North American Cattle - Ranching Frontiers : Origins , Diffusion , and Differentiation ( 1993 ) online edition Jordan , Terry . Trails to Texas : Southern Roots of Western Cattle Ranching ( 1981 ) Keese , G. Pomeroy . `` Beef , '' Harper 's new monthly magazine . July 1884 vol. 69 , Issue 410 pp. 292 -- 302 online , strong on economic themes Lanning , Jim and Lanning , Judy , eds . Texas Cowboys : Memories of the Early Days . ( 1984 ) . 233 pp . Logsdon , Guy , ed . `` The Whorehouse Bells Were Ringing '' and Other Songs Cowboys Sing. ( 1989 ) . 388 pp . Massey , Sara R. Texas Women on the Cattle Trails ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Massey , Sara R. , ed . Black Cowboys of Texas . ( 2000 ) . 361 pp. excerpt and text search McCoy , Joseph G. Historic Sketches of the Cattle Trade of the West and Southwest ( 1874 , reprint 1940 ) . McCoy opened the first railhead to large shipments of Texas cattle in 1867 . Osgood , E.S. The Day of the Cattleman. ( 1929 ) excerpt and text search Ridings , S.P. Chisholm Trail ( 1936 ) Rollins , Philip Ashton . The Cowboy : An Unconventional History of Civilization on the Old - Time Cattle Range. ( 1922 , reprint 1997 ) . 402 pp . Rossel , John . `` The Chisholm Trail , '' Kansas Historical Quarterly ( 1936 ) Vol. 5 , No. 1 pp 3 -- 14 online edition Saunders , George W. et al . The Trail Drivers of Texas , ed. by J. Marvin Hunter ( 1925 , reprint 1985 ) , by far the most valuable source for individual experiences on the long drives . excerpts and text search Savage , William W. , Jr . The Cowboy Hero : His Image in American History and Culture . ( 1979 ) . 179 pp . Skaggs , Jimmy . The Cattle Trailing Industry : Between Supply and Demand , 1866 -- 1890 ( 1973 ) , pathbreaking economic study Slatta , Richard W. Comparing Cowboys and Frontiers. ( 1997 ) . excerpt and text search Slatta , Richard W. Cowboys of the Americas . ( 1990 ) . Smith , Andrew Brodie . Shooting Cowboys and Indians : Silent Western Films , American Culture , and the Birth of Hollywood . ( 2003 ) . 230 pp . Stanley , David and Thatcher , Elaine , eds . Cowboy Poets and Cowboy Poetry. ( 2000 ) Tompkins , Jane . West of Everything : The Inner Life of Westerns. ( 1992 ) . Vernam , Glenn R. Man on Horseback New York : Harper & Row 1964 Walker , Don D. Clio 's Cowboys : Studies in the Historiography of the Cattle Trade . ( 1981 ) . Webb , Walter P . The Great Plains ( 1931 ) ; Study Guide External links ( edit ) Look up cattle drive in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Cattle Drives Illinois Cattle Drives Shawnee Trail Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States&oldid=810221136 '' Categories : Agriculture in the United States American cattlemen American Old West Cowboy culture Transhumance Cattle in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 00 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why did many of the long drives end in kansas	[ "By 1867, a cattle shipping facility owned by Joseph G. McCoy opened in Abilene, Kansas.[12] Built west of farm country and close to the railhead at Abilene, the town became a center of cattle shipping, loading over 36,000 head of cattle in its first year.[13] The route from Texas to Abilene became known as the Chisholm Trail, named for Jesse Chisholm who marked out the route. It ran through present-day Oklahoma, which then was Indian Territory, but there were relatively few conflicts with Native Americans, who usually allowed cattle herds to pass through for a toll of ten cents a head. Later, other trails forked off to different railheads, including those at Dodge City and Wichita, Kansas. By 1877, the largest of the cattle-shipping boom towns, Dodge City, Kansas, shipped out 500,000 head of cattle.[14]" ]	[ "a cattle shipping facility owned by Joseph G. McCoy opened in Abilene, Kansas" ]
-6623796592636314375	Australia at the FIFA World Cup	Australia at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Australia at the FIFA World Cup Australian Peter Wilson with East German Bernd Bransch before their match at the 1974 FIFA World Cup The Australia national soccer team , nicknamed the Socceroos , has represented Australia at the FIFA World Cup finals on five occasions : in 1974 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 . In Australia 's first appearance , representing OFC , a team made up entirely of amateurs secured a scoreless draw against Chile , though eventually departed from the 1974 tournament without a goal to show from their inaugural appearance . Australia made up for lost time at Germany 2006 and qualified for the Round of 16 before narrowly falling to eventual champions Italy . The German theme continued at South Africa 2010 although this time Australia , now representing the AFC , suffered a 4 - 0 loss against the European giants in a scoreline which ultimately scuppered their progress . A ten - man 1 -- 1 draw against Ghana and a 2 -- 1 win against Serbia saw Australia eliminated on goal difference , three goals off the Africans . Australia were to lose all three games in a tough group at Brazil 2014 . Contents 1 FIFA World Cup record 1.1 Record by opponent 2 1974 FIFA World Cup 2.1 Group 1 3 2006 FIFA World Cup 3.1 Group F 3.2 Round of 16 4 2010 FIFA World Cup 4.1 Group D 5 2014 FIFA World Cup 5.1 Group B 6 2018 FIFA World Cup 6.1 Group C 7 Goalscorers 8 Most appearances 9 References FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) Correct as of 27 June 2018 ( vs. Peru ) FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Result Position Pld GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Did not participate -- -- -- -- -- -- 1934 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1938 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1950 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1954 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1958 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1962 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1966 Did not qualify 0 0 9 1970 9 5 12 8 Group stage 14th 0 0 5 11 5 5 21 10 1978 Did not qualify 12 6 20 11 1982 8 22 9 1986 8 20 6 11 7 10 7 21 7 1998 8 6 0 34 5 2002 8 7 0 73 2006 Round of 16 16th 5 6 9 7 31 5 Group stage 21st 6 14 9 19 2014 Group stage 30th 0 0 9 14 8 25 12 2018 Group stage 30th 0 5 22 14 6 51 18 2022 To Be Determined 2026 Total 5 / 21 0 Titles 16 10 13 31 141 82 36 23 362 113 Record by opponent ( edit ) FIFA World Cup matches ( by team ) Opponent Total Wins Draws Losses Goals Scored Goals Conceded Brazil 0 0 0 Chile 0 Croatia 0 0 Denmark 0 0 East Germany 0 0 0 France 0 0 Germany * 0 0 0 7 Ghana 0 0 Italy 0 0 0 Japan 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 Peru 0 0 0 Serbia 0 0 Spain 0 0 0 Games against West Germany are included in statistics of Germany . 1974 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : 1974 FIFA World Cup Australia squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup 1 Reilly 2 Utjesenovic 3 Wilson ( c ) 4 Schaefer 5 Curran 6 Richards 7 Rooney 8 Mackay 9 Warren 10 Manuel 11 Abonyi 12 Alston 13 Ollerton 14 Tolson 15 Williams 16 Rudic 17 Harding 18 Watkiss 19 Campbell 20 Buljevic 21 Milisavljevic 22 Maher Coach : Rasic Group 1 ( edit ) Team Pld GF GA GD Pts East Germany 0 + 3 5 West Germany 0 + 3 Chile 0 − 1 Australia 0 0 5 − 5 14 June 1974 19 : 30 CET East Germany 2 -- 0 Australia Curran 58 ' ( o.g. ) Streich 72 ' Report Volksparkstadion , Hamburg Attendance : 10,000 Referee : Youssou N'Diaye ( Senegal ) 18 June 1974 16 : 00 CET Australia 0 -- 3 West Germany Report 12 ' Overath 34 ' Cullmann 53 ' Müller Volksparkstadion , Hamburg Attendance : 35,000 Referee : Mahmoud Mustafa Kamel ( Egypt ) 22 June 1974 16 : 00 CET Australia 0 -- 0 Chile Report Olympic Stadium , West Berlin Attendance : 14,681 Referee : Jafar Namdar ( Iran ) 2006 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : 2006 FIFA World Cup Australia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Schwarzer 2 Neill 3 Moore 4 Cahill 5 Culina 6 Popovic 7 Emerton 8 Skoko 9 Viduka ( c ) 10 Kewell 11 Lazaridis 12 Covic 13 Grella 14 Chipperfield 15 Aloisi 16 Beauchamp 17 Thompson 18 Kalac 19 Kennedy 20 Wilkshire 21 Sterjovski 22 Milligan 23 Bresciano Coach : Hiddink Group f ( edit ) Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Brazil 0 0 7 + 6 9 Australia 5 5 0 Croatia 0 − 1 Japan 0 7 − 5 12 June 2006 15 : 00 CEST Australia 3 -- 1 Japan Cahill 84 ' , 89 ' Aloisi 90 + 2 ' Report 26 ' Nakamura Fritz - Walter - Stadion , Kaiserslautern Attendance : 46,000 Referee : Essam Abd El Fatah ( Egypt ) 18 June 2006 18 : 00 CEST Brazil 2 -- 0 Australia Adriano 49 ' Fred 90 ' Report Allianz Arena , Munich Attendance : 66,000 Referee : Markus Merk ( Germany ) 22 June 2006 21 : 00 CEST Croatia 2 -- 2 Australia Srna 2 ' N. Kovač 56 ' Šimić 32 ' , 85 ' Šimunić 61 ' 90 ' , 90 + 3 ' ( Note ) Report 38 ' ( pen . ) Moore 79 ' Kewell Emerton 81 ' , 87 ' Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Attendance : 52,000 Referee : Graham Poll ( England ) Note : Šimunić was given three yellow cards in the match : the referee ( Graham Poll ) failed to send him off the pitch after the second yellow , and was only red carded after the third yellow . Round of 16 ( edit ) 26 June 2006 17 : 00 CEST Italy 1 -- 0 Australia Totti 90 + 5 ' ( pen . ) Materazzi 50 ' Report Fritz - Walter - Stadion , Kaiserslautern Attendance : 46,000 Referee : Luis Medina Cantalejo ( Spain ) 2010 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : 2010 FIFA World Cup Australia squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Schwarzer 2 Neill ( c ) 3 Moore 4 Cahill 5 Culina 6 Beauchamp 7 Emerton 8 Wilkshire 9 Kennedy 10 Kewell 11 Chipperfield 12 Federici 13 Grella 14 Holman 15 Jedinak 16 Valeri 17 Rukavytsya 18 Galekovic 19 Garcia 20 Milligan 21 Carney 22 Vidošić 23 Bresciano Coach : Verbeek Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 5 + 4 6 Advance to knockout stage Ghana 0 Australia 6 − 3 Serbia 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 13 June 2010 20 : 30 SAST ( UTC + 2 ) Germany 4 -- 0 Australia Podolski 8 ' Klose 26 ' Müller 68 ' Cacau 70 ' Report Cahill 56 ' Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Attendance : 62,660 Referee : Marco Antonio Rodríguez ( Mexico ) 19 June 2010 16 : 00 SAST ( UTC + 2 ) Ghana 1 -- 1 Australia Gyan 25 ' ( pen . ) Report Holman 11 ' Kewell 24 ' Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg Attendance : 34,812 Referee : Roberto Rosetti ( Italy ) 23 June 2010 20 : 30 SAST ( UTC + 2 ) Australia 2 -- 1 Serbia Cahill 69 ' Holman 73 ' Report Pantelić 84 ' Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Attendance : 37,836 Referee : Jorge Larrionda ( Uruguay ) 2014 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : 2014 FIFA World Cup Australia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Ryan 2 Franjic 3 Davidson 4 Cahill 5 Milligan 6 Spiranovic 7 Leckie 8 Wright 9 Taggart 10 Halloran 11 Oar 12 Langerak 13 Bozanic 14 Troisi 15 Jedinak ( c ) 16 Holland 17 McKay 18 Galekovic 19 McGowan 20 Vidošić 21 Luongo 22 Wilkinson 23 Bresciano Coach : Postecoglou Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Netherlands 0 0 10 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage Chile 0 5 + 2 6 Spain 0 7 − 3 Australia 0 0 9 − 6 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 13 June 2014 18 : 00 ( UTC - 4 ) Chile 3 -- 1 Australia Sánchez 12 ' Valdivia 14 ' Beausejour 90 + 2 ' Report Cahill 35 ' Arena Pantanal , Cuiabá Attendance : 40,275 Referee : Noumandiez Doué ( Ivory Coast ) 18 June 2014 13 : 00 ( UTC - 3 ) Australia 2 -- 3 Netherlands Cahill 21 ' Jedinak 54 ' ( pen . ) Report Robben 20 ' van Persie 58 ' Memphis 68 ' Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre Attendance : 42,877 Referee : Noumandiez Doué ( Ivory Coast ) 23 June 2014 13 : 00 ( UTC - 3 ) Australia 0 -- 3 Spain Report Villa 36 ' Torres 69 ' Mata 82 ' Arena da Baixada , Curitiba Attendance : 39,375 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) 2018 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : 2018 FIFA World Cup Australia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup 1 Ryan 2 Degenek 3 Meredith 4 Cahill 5 Milligan 6 Jurman 7 Leckie 8 Luongo 9 Juric 10 Kruse 11 Nabbout 12 Jones 13 Mooy 14 Maclaren 15 Jedinak ( c ) 16 Behich 17 Arzani 18 Vukovic 19 Risdon 20 Sainsbury 21 Petratos 22 Irvine 23 Rogic Coach : Van Marwijk Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Denmark 0 + 1 5 Peru 0 0 Australia 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 13 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 2 -- 1 Australia Griezmann 58 ' ( pen . ) Behich 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Jedinak 62 ' ( pen . ) Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,279 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Denmark 1 -- 1 Australia Eriksen 7 ' Report Jedinak 38 ' ( pen . ) Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 40,727 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Australia 0 -- 2 Peru Report Carrillo 18 ' Guerrero 50 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,073 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Goalscorers ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA World Cup goalscorers Tim Cahill , Australia 's all - time top scorer and joint record player at World Cups in 2009 . Player Goals 2006 2014 2018 Tim Cahill 5 Mile Jedinak Brett Holman John Aloisi Harry Kewell Craig Moore Total 13 0 5 Own goals scored for opponents Colin Curran ( scored for East Germany in 1974 ) Aziz Behich ( scored for France in 2018 ) Most appearances ( edit ) No Player Appearances World Cups Mark Bresciano 9 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Tim Cahill 9 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Scott Chipperfield 7 2006 , 2010 Jason Culina 7 2006 , 2010 Lucas Neill 7 2006 , 2010 Mile Jedinak 7 2010 , 2014 , 2018 7 Mark Schwarzer 6 2006 , 2010 Brett Emerton 6 2006 , 2010 Craig Moore 6 2006 , 2010 Matthew Leckie 6 2014 , 2018 Mathew Ryan 6 2014 , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Country Info '' . FIFA . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Referee designations for matches 1 - 16 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 June 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Referee designations for matches 17 - 24 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Australia v Peru '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Australia national soccer team General Football Federation Australia History Coaches Statistics Results Records All - time record FIFA World Cup record FIFA Confederations Cup record OFC Nations Cup record AFC Asian Cup record Hat - tricks FFA Australian Football Awards Players Players Captains 50 + caps World Cups 2006 2014 2018 Continental Cups OFC : 1980 1998 2000 2002 AFC : 2007 2011 2015 2019 Confederations Cups 2005 2017 Rivalries New Zealand Japan Matches Noted matches Australia 31 -- 0 American Samoa Australia Bicentenary Gold Cup Trans - Tasman Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=851152308 '' Categories : Countries at the FIFA World Cup Australia at the FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 12 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did australia come in the world cup	[ "\n\n\nFIFA World Cup record\n\n\n\nFIFA World CupQualification record\n\n\nYear\n\nResult\n\nPosition\n\nPld\n\nW\n\nD\n\nL\n\nGF\n\nGA\n\nPld\n\nW\n\nD\n\nL\n\nGF\n\nGA\n\n\n 1930\n\nDid not participate\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n\n 1934\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n\n 1938\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n\n 1950\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n\n 1954\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n\n 1958\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n\n 1962\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n\n 1966\n\nDid not qualify\n\n2\n\n0\n\n0\n\n2\n\n2\n\n9\n\n\n 1970\n\n9\n\n3\n\n5\n\n1\n\n12\n\n8\n\n\n 1974\n\nGroup stage\n\n14th\n\n3\n\n0\n\n1\n\n2\n\n0\n\n5\n\n11\n\n5\n\n5\n\n1\n\n21\n\n10\n\n\n 1978\n\nDid not qualify\n\n12\n\n6\n\n2\n\n4\n\n20\n\n11\n\n\n 1982\n\n8\n\n4\n\n2\n\n2\n\n22\n\n9\n\n\n 1986\n\n8\n\n4\n\n3\n\n1\n\n20\n\n4\n\n\n 1990\n\n6\n\n2\n\n2\n\n2\n\n11\n\n7\n\n\n 1994\n\n10\n\n7\n\n1\n\n2\n\n21\n\n7\n\n\n 1998\n\n8\n\n6\n\n2\n\n0\n\n34\n\n5\n\n\n 2002\n\n8\n\n7\n\n0\n\n1\n\n73\n\n4\n\n\n 2006\n\nRound of 16\n\n16th\n\n4\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2\n\n5\n\n6\n\n9\n\n7\n\n1\n\n1\n\n31\n\n5\n\n\n 2010\n\nGroup stage\n\n21st\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n3\n\n6\n\n14\n\n9\n\n3\n\n2\n\n19\n\n4\n\n\n 2014\n\nGroup stage\n\n30th\n\n3\n\n0\n\n0\n\n3\n\n3\n\n9\n\n14\n\n8\n\n4\n\n2\n\n25\n\n12\n\n\n 2018\n\nGroup stage\n\n30th\n\n3\n\n0\n\n1\n\n2\n\n2\n\n5\n\n22\n\n14\n\n6\n\n2\n\n51\n\n18\n\n\n 2022\n\nTo Be Determined\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n 2026\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n5/21\n\n0 Titles\n\n16\n\n2\n\n4\n\n10\n\n13\n\n31\n\n\n\n141\n\n82\n\n36\n\n23\n\n362\n\n113\n" ]	[ "30th" ]
-7974253537454844021	Woman (Paul McCartney song)	Woman ( Paul McCartney song ) - Wikipedia Woman ( Paul McCartney song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Woman '' Single by Peter and Gordon B - side `` Wrong from the Start '' Released 10 January 1966 ( USA ) 11 February 1966 ( UK ) Format 7 '' 45rpm Recorded 1965 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 25 Label Capitol # 5579 ( USA ) Columbia ( EMI ) DB7834 ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) A side : Bernard Webb ( Paul McCartney ) Peter and Gordon singles chronology `` Baby I 'm Yours '' ( 1965 ) `` Woman '' ( 1966 ) `` To Show I Love You '' ( 1966 ) `` Baby I 'm Yours '' ( 1965 ) `` Woman '' ( 1966 ) `` To Show I Love You '' ( 1966 ) `` Woman '' is a 1966 single by Peter and Gordon , written by Paul McCartney under a pseudonym ( to see if it would be a success without the Lennon - McCartney label ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Authorship 2 Reception 2.1 Weekly charts 3 Notes 4 References Authorship ( edit ) Under the Lennon -- McCartney moniker , McCartney had written three previous Peter and Gordon singles ( viz . `` A World Without Love '' , `` Nobody I Know '' , and `` I Do n't Want to See You Again '' ) . On this occasion , McCartney used the pseudonym Bernard Webb ( though some Capitol pressings carry the name A. Smith instead ) to see if the song would be a success without the Lennon -- McCartney credit . McCartney commented at a press conference in August 1966 , `` People come up to them and say , ' Ah , we see you 're just getting in on the Lennon -- McCartney bandwagon ' . That 's why they did that one with our names not on it ... because everyone sort of thinks that 's the ( only ) reason they get hits . '' However , the publishing credit was Lennon and McCartney 's company Northern Songs , and according to Gordon Waller it took only two weeks ' time for the song 's real pedigree to be revealed , as the first review of the record said , `` This Bernard Webb has an amazing talent . Could even be Paul McCartney ! '' `` Woman '' would be overtly introduced as written by McCartney when Peter and Gordon performed the song on the 11 April 1966 broadcast of the US TV show Hullabaloo . Reception ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Listener ) 7 UK ( OCC ) 28 US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Cash Box Top 100 17 Notes ( edit ) Although Peter & Gordon had several hits which charted higher than `` Woman '' , Gordon Waller would cite `` Woman '' as the ultimate Peter and Gordon track and his personal favourite : ( quote ) `` You can sing it without any music , you can sing it with one guitar , you can sing it with a band , or you can sing it with a bloody orchestra . I think it envelops a lot of our other songs from that period , which were basically all love songs . '' McCartney gave a casual performance of the song on piano during the Beatles Get Back sessions in January 1969 . It can be heard on bootleg recordings . The 1981 single `` Woman '' by John Lennon , is a different song . This is the only example of John Lennon and Paul McCartney each separately writing a different song with the same title . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie ( 2006 ) . The Unreleased Beatles . Backbeat Books . p. 347 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 892 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=457#n_view_location Flavour of New Zealand , 5 August 1966 Jump up ^ The Rough Guide to the Beatles , page 384 , Chris Ingham , Rough Guides , 2003 , ISBN 1 - 84353 - 140 - 2 Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , April 9 , 1966 Jump up ^ Smiley Childs , Marti ; March , Jeff ( 2011 ) . Echoes of the Sixties . Davis CA : EditPros LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 937317 - 02 - 7 . This article about a song by one or more members of the Beatles is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1960s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woman_(Paul_McCartney_song)&oldid=788985314 '' Categories : 1966 singles Songs written by Paul McCartney Peter and Gordon songs Columbia Graphophone Company singles 1966 songs Capitol Records singles The Beatles song stubs 1960s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2017 , at 16 : 58 . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song woman by peter and gordon	[ "\n\n\"Woman\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Peter and Gordon\n\n\nB-side\n\"Wrong from the Start\"\n\n\nReleased\n10 January 1966 (USA)\n11 February 1966 (UK)\n\n\nFormat\n7\" 45rpm\n\n\nRecorded\n1965\n\n\nGenre\nFolk rock\n\n\nLength\n2:25\n\n\nLabel\nCapitol #5579 (USA)\nColumbia (EMI) DB7834 (UK)\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nA side: Bernard Webb (Paul McCartney)\n\n\nPeter and Gordon singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Baby I'm Yours\"\n(1965)\n\"Woman\"\n(1966)\n\"To Show I Love You\"\n(1966)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Baby I'm Yours\"\n(1965)\n\"Woman\"\n(1966)\n\"To Show I Love You\"\n(1966)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Paul McCartney" ]
5299928125769508790	F Is for Family	F is for Family - wikipedia F is for Family Jump to : navigation , search F Is for Family F Is for Family promotional poster Genre Animated sitcom Comedy - drama Black Comedy Satire Created by Bill Burr Michael Price Starring Bill Burr Laura Dern Justin Long Haley Reinhart Debi Derryberry Sam Rockwell Opening theme `` Come and Get Your Love '' by Redbone Country of origin United States France Original language ( s ) English French No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Vince Vaughn Peter Billingsley Bill Burr Michael Price Katie O'Connell Elisa Todd Ellis Sidonie Dumas Christophe Riandee Producer ( s ) Heath Kenny Brian J. Cowan Running time 25 -- 28 minutes Production company ( s ) Wild West Television Loner Productions King of France Productions Gaumont International Television Gaumont Animation Telegael Teoranta Paramount Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release December 18 , 2015 -- present External links Website F Is for Family is a French - American web animated sitcom created by Bill Burr and Michael Price and produced by Gaumont International Television and Vince Vaughn 's Wild West Television . The show premiered on December 18 , 2015 to generally favorable reviews . Season 2 premiered May 30 , 2017 . On June 28 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Co-starring 1.3 Recurring 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bill Burr as Francis X . `` Frank '' Murphy -- Frank is a disillusioned , short - tempered , foul - mouthed , Irish - American , Korean War veteran and father of three who lives in the Great Lakes region of town during the mid-1970s . He is prone to angry , profane rants . As a parent , Frank often responds to his children with profanity and emotional abuse . The Murphy children often go out of their way to avoid upsetting their father . Frank works as a baggage handler at the local Mohican Airlines , and is promoted to management after his boss dies in a violent workplace accident . Frank is usually seen spending many hours in front of his television set while at home . Frank 's favorite show is an action series called Colt Luger . Luger , an overweight middle - aged character who is portrayed as an unerringly victorious hero . When facing dire situations , Luger utters the phrase `` Sometimes , a man 's got to do ... what a man does '' , much to Frank 's excitement . Laura Dern as Sue Murphy -- Frank 's wife who is a housewife , and also sells Plast - a-Ware ( a play on words of Tupperware . ) Justin Long as Kevin Murphy -- Frank 's teenage son who is a juvenile delinquent and a struggling rock musician . Despite his rebellious personality , Kevin often shows signs of love and respect for his parents and a desire to better himself ( although he rarely , if ever , follows through on the latter ) . Haley Reinhart as Bill Murphy , Frank 's younger son . Bill tends to be shy and is skinny . He gets bullied frequently . Despite his seemingly weak persona , Bill can often let his anger get the best of him . He is 11 years old in the first season . Debi Derryberry as Maureen Murphy -- Frank 's young daughter who he often refers to as `` Princess '' . However , even though Frank sees Maureen as a princess , Maureen is an intelligent child and can be destructive like the rest of her family members . However , Maureen is smart enough to hide it . Despite her generally girly appearance , Maureen can act somewhat tomboyish at times , much to Frank 's chagrin . Sam Rockwell as Vic -- Frank 's wealthy , womanizing neighbor , who brags a lot . Frank loathes him for his playboy lifestyle , laid - back attitude and successful career . Co-starring ( edit ) Mo Collins as Jimmy , Vivian , Ben , Brandy , Ginny Trevor Devall as Red , Bolo , Mr. Goomer , Mr. Holtenwasser , others Phil Hendrie as Jim Jeffords , Colt Luger , others Recurring ( edit ) Kevin Michael Richardson as Rosie , others David Koechner as Robert `` Bob Pogo '' Pogrohvich , Frank 's obese , chainsmoking boss . Kevin Farley as Babe , Carl , others Gary Cole as Rodger Dunbarton , the owner and founder of the airlines where Frank and his co-workers work . Joe Buck as Lou Gagliardi , others John DiMaggio as Scoop Dunbarton , Roger Dunbarton 's racist and moronic nephew . Allison Janney as Henrietta Van Horne T.J. Miller as Randy Michael K. Williams as Smoky Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 6 December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 10 May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code `` The Bleedin ' in Sweden '' Benjamin Marsaud Story by : Bill Burr and Michael Price Teleplay by : Michael Price December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 101 Frank is excited at the prospect of having the entire neighborhood over to watch an upcoming boxing match , but when Vic threatens to ruin his chances with his much more expensive and exciting television set , Frank overpromises that he has a color TV to convince the neighbors to come to his house instead . After he purchases one , Bill accidentally ruins it when he sticks a magnet on it as part of a school project . Frank initially believes that the store sold him a lemon and has an outburst in front of all the employees and customers when they refuse to give him a refund , embarrassing Sue . Bill eventually confesses , but after being gloated over by one of the store 's employees when Frank and Sue take him to apologize , Bill uses his magnet to ruin every single television set in the store , and Frank gets refunded . At the end of the episode , the neighbors watch the match at Frank 's house , while Vic watches it at his house `` alone '' . `` Saturday Bloody Saturday '' Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 102 After finding out that Kevin is failing nearly every single one of his classes , Frank takes him to his job at the airport , where he 's recently been promoted after his former boss was decapitated in a violent work accident , to demonstrate to him the responsibilities of caring for a family . Frank is torn between his underpaid , hard - working co-workers who are contemplating a strike , and his employer , who worries a strike will shut down Mohican Airways for good . Although Kevin is initially unimpressed and spends most of the day hanging around with some pill - popping , underachieving airport staff , he realizes the difficulties of his father 's job after he witnesses Frank being yelled at and insulted by an old woman , who accuses the airport of stealing her medication , and comes to appreciate how hard Frank works to put food on the table . Meanwhile , after his father puts him in charge of Maureen for the day , Bill struggles to keep her rebellious nature under wraps , while Sue begins to doubt her solitary role as a mother and wife . `` The Trough '' Benjamin Marsaud Michael Price December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 103 Despite Kevin 's promises to get back on track to improve his grades , Frank is outraged when he finds out that Kevin is still falling behind , and as a punishment , takes Bill to a football game where he was given corporate seats by the management at Mohican Airways , which Frank had initially promised Kevin to go to . While there , they meet Rodger Dunbarton , CEO at Mohican Airways , who speaks to Frank about talks of a strike and how he must no longer sympathize with his co-workers . On the drive home , their car breaks down , and they are rescued by Rosie , one of Frank 's colleagues , but when Bill innocently reveals they had been given tickets to a football game and his father 's conversation with Dunbarton , Frank faces a hostile situation at work . Meanwhile , Sue goes to the mall with Maureen , where she is accosted by a talkative friend , and Maureen learns of her mother 's underwhelming home life during a surprise outburst . Kevin hangs out with friends and gets high , reminiscing of the loving relationship he and his father had when he was young . `` ' F ' is for Halloween '' Laurent Nicolas Tom Gianas December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 104 On Halloween , Frank attempts to dissuade Sue from a promotion , leading to tensions between them ; Bill is reluctant to trick - or - treat due to his fear of being bullied . 5 5 `` Bill Murphy 's Day Off '' Benjamin Marsaud Emily Towers December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 105 Bill tries to hide his recent suspension while Frank earns the ire of his co-workers for befriending the aloof CEO of the airline . In addition , Frank struggles to make good on a promise to Kevin . 6 6 `` O Holy Moly Night '' Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 106 When Christmas comes near , Frank is desperate to remedy the hostility of his co-workers and his supervisors at the airport while the family dog is missing . Kevin starts his part - time job . Bill becomes an altar boy at the church and gets into trouble . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 7 `` Heavy Sledding '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Three weeks after he got fired , Frank is still unemployed . On a snow day , Sue decides to take the family sledding to get them out of their slump . 8 `` A Girl Named Sue '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm David Richardson May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank 's old boss , Bob Pogo , calls him to offer him a job , only for things to turn out bad for Frank . Meanwhile , Sue ponders a change in her life . 9 `` The Liar 's Club '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Bill Burr May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA After bailing out of the unemployment office , Frank turns to Rosie 's friend , Smokey , for a job , but not before helping Kevin move into the basement after he ditches school . Meanwhile , Sue gets a new job as a secretary , but is mistreated by the sexist heads of her company . 10 `` Night Shift '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Emily Towers May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank gets a job as a stocking man courtesy of Smokey , consequently sleeping through the day and ignoring Sue and his family . All the while , Kevin and his band try to get a gig and Sue has an idea for a new Plast - a-Ware product . 11 5 `` Breaking Bill '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Joe Heslinga May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA After Frank learns that Kevin and his band are performing on a school night , his attempts at halting it cause intense tension between him and Kevin . Meanwhile , Bill , having received money from his job as a paperboy , tries to buy a hockey - stick for hockey tryouts , but a run - in with the local bully , Jimmy , pushes him over the edge . Also , when Sue pitches her idea , she still receives a lack of respect . 12 6 `` This is Not Good '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Henry Gammill May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA When Frank 's new job includes a stop at the airport , he ends up in a predicament with Bob . Kevin tries to get a date with a ' haircut ' girl , but due to erection problems , he bails and this attracts the attention of Vic 's new girlfriend . Also , Bill begins to enjoy lifting his legs on the law , much to the concern of his friend Phillip . 13 7 `` Fight Night '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Eric Goldberg & Peter Tibbals May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue 's individual underhanded actions causes them to have a major fight on their anniversary when they 're called into a meeting with Maureen 's school teacher . 14 8 `` F is for Fixing It '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Valeri Vaughn May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue try to deal with their marital problems ; Kevin feels guilty for having sex with Vic 's new girlfriend ; and when Jimmy tried to make amends after he has been released from Catholic Military School , a fearful revelation from Phillip reveals Bill 's part in sending him away , causing Jimmy to go back to his bullying ways . 15 9 `` Pray Away '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Marc Wilmore May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue go to a couple 's retreat to get help from a religious psychiatrist when their marriage begins to hit a snag , which only leads to a moment of truth between them . Meanwhile , Bill and his friends try to deal with a vengeful Jimmy , while Kevin is forced to deal with Vic when the latter finds out about his girlfriend 's affair with Kevin . 16 10 `` Landing the Plane '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA The day takes a traumatic turn for the Murphys when the founder of Plast - a-Wares takes credit for Sue 's idea and Frank and his friends attempt to get rid of `` Scoop , '' the mentally unstable new manager ( Roger Dunbarton 's nephew ) , which inadvertently causes them to be caught in the middle of a terrorist attack caused by a Black Panthers-esque band of domestic terrorists . Production ( edit ) The series was announced in October 2014 as part of a partnership between Netflix , Gaumont International Television , and Wild West Television . The show is a `` family comedy '' based on the standup of Bill Burr . Moreover , the show takes place in the 1970s , `` a time when you could smack your kid , smoke inside , and bring a gun to the airport '' . Burr voices the Murphy family patriarch , with Laura Dern as his wife , Justin Long as his eldest son , Debi Derryberry as his daughter Maureen , and Haley Reinhart as his young son . The first season consists of six episodes , shown in a serial manner , written by Bill Burr and Michael Price . Price is best known for his Emmy and Writers Guild award - winning work on The Simpsons . The series is co-directed by Ben Marsaud ( director of Counterfeit Cat & former storyboard artist on The Amazing World of Gumball ) . Reception ( edit ) The series has received generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes the series holds a rating of 81 % based on 15 reviews , with an average score of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While the humor relies on vulgarity , the strength of F Is for Family is its substantial heart . '' On Metacritic , the series holds a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 14 reviews , indicating `` Generally favorable reviews '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Mo Collins as Ginny , Jimmy Fitzsimmons , Lex , Ben , and Cutie Pie ( Episode : Pray Away ) Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` F is for Family : Original , Animated Series From Bill Burr Coming Exclusively to Netflix '' . PR Newswire . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Orders ' F Is for Family ' Animated Comedy Series from Bill Burr '' . Variety . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' F Is For Family ' Gets December Premiere On Netflix '' . Deadline.com . November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F Is for Family - Season 2 Date Announcement Teaser - Netflix '' . April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' F Is for Family ' Renewed for Season 3 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol ' Alum Haley Reinhart to Star in New Netflix Animated Series '' . Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` I will be making my VoiceOver debut ... '' Instagram.com . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' F ' is for Halloween '' . F is for Family . Season 1 . Episode 4 . 26 June 2017 . Netflix . Jump up ^ `` That 's the amazing @ DebiDerryberry '' . Twitter.com . December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mo voices Jimmy '' . Twitter.com . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast rollcall Part 5 '' . Twitter.com . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I love Mr. Goomer '' . Twitter.com . December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast roll call '' . Twitter.com . December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Bill Burr 's New Netflix Series '' . Decider.com . December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I play this guy '' . Twitter.com . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` He 's so so great as Bob Pogo '' . Twitter.com . December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast rollcall part 6 '' . Twitter.com . December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who does Joe Buck voice '' . Twitter.com . December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Dennis ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` F Is For Family knows that all family debts come due sometime '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Orders Bill Burr Cartoon ' F Is for Family ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix orders Bill Burr animated series F Is For Family '' . AV Club . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' F is for Family ' is the newest addition to Netflix 's original shows '' . Digital Trends . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family Critica animada '' . CoolPop : criticas animadas , noticias y rumores sobre animacion . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family -- Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of vic on f is for family	[ "Sam Rockwell as Vic – Frank's wealthy, womanizing neighbor, who brags a lot. Frank loathes him for his playboy lifestyle, laid-back attitude and successful career." ]	[ "Sam Rockwell" ]
-3829914333947043425	Red pill and blue pill	Red pill and blue pill - wikipedia Red pill and blue pill Jump to : navigation , search `` Red pill '' redirects here . For other uses , see red pill ( disambiguation ) . A red pill and a blue pill The red pill and its opposite , the blue pill , are popular cultural symbols representing the choice between : Knowledge , freedom and the ( sometimes painful ) truth of reality ( red pill ) Falsehood , security and the blissful ignorance of illusion ( blue pill ) The terms , popularized in science fiction culture , are derived from the 1999 film The Matrix . In the film , the main character Neo is offered the choice between a red pill and a blue pill by rebel leader Morpheus . The red pill would free him from the enslaving control of the machine - generated dream world and allow him to escape into the real world , but living the `` truth of reality '' is harsher and more difficult ; on the other hand , the blue pill would lead him back to stay in the comfortable simulated reality of the Matrix . In politics and culture , the red pill analogy is used by numerous ideological groups , generally those with political center or conservative viewpoints . These groups include the Men 's rights movement , Gamer Gate , and the Men Going Their Own Way movement , among others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The Matrix 1.2 Gödel , Escher , Bach 1.3 Total Recall 2 Analysis 3 Other uses 4 See also 5 References Background ( edit ) The 1999 film The Matrix , created and directed by The Wachowskis , makes references to historical myths and philosophy , including gnosticism , existentialism , and nihilism . The film 's premise resembles Plato 's Allegory of the Cave , Zhuangzi 's `` Zhuangzi dreamed he was a butterfly '' , René Descartes 's skepticism and evil demon , Kant 's reflections on the Phenomenon versus the Ding an sich , Robert Nozick 's `` experience machine '' , the concept of a simulated reality and the brain in a vat thought experiment . Japanese director Mamoru Oshii 's Ghost in the Shell was a strong influence . The Matrix ( edit ) See also : Influences and interpretations of The Matrix In The Matrix , Neo ( Keanu Reeves ) hears rumors of the Matrix and a mysterious man named Morpheus . Neo spends his nights at his home computer trying to discover the secret of the Matrix and what the Matrix is . Eventually , another hacker , Trinity ( Carrie - Anne Moss ) , introduces Neo to Morpheus . Morpheus ( Laurence Fishburne ) explains to Neo that the Matrix is an illusory world created to prevent humans from discovering that they are slaves to an external influence . Holding out a capsule on each of his palms , he describes the choice facing Neo : This is your last chance . After this , there is no turning back . You take the blue pill -- the story ends , you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you want to believe . You take the red pill -- you stay in Wonderland , and I show you how deep the rabbit hole goes . Remember : all I 'm offering is the truth . Nothing more . As narrated , the blue pill will allow the subject to remain in the fabricated reality of the Matrix ; the red serves as a `` location device '' to locate the subject 's body in the real world and to prepare him or her to be `` unplugged '' from the Matrix . Once one chooses the red or blue pill , the choice is irrevocable . Neo takes the red pill and awakens in the real world , where he is forcibly ejected from the liquid - filled chamber in which he has been lying unconscious . After his rescue and convalescence aboard Morpheus 's ship , Morpheus shows him the true nature of the Matrix : a detailed computer simulation of Earth at the end of the 20th century ( the actual year , though not known for sure , is approximately two hundred years later ) . It has been created to keep the minds of humans docile while their bodies are stored in massive power plants , their body heat and bioelectricity consumed as power by the sentient machines that have enslaved them . In a 2012 interview , Lana Wachowski said : What we were trying to achieve with the story overall was a shift , the same kind of shift that happens for Neo , that Neo goes from being in this sort of cocooned and programmed world , to having to participate in the construction of meaning to his life . And we 're like , `` Well , can the audience go through the three movies and experience something similar to what the main character experiences ? '' So the first movie is sort of classical in its approach . The second movie is deconstructionist , and it assaults all of the things that you thought to be true in the first movie , and so people get very upset , and they 're like `` Stop attacking me ! '' in the same way that people get upset with deconstructionist philosophy . I mean , Derrida and Foucault , these people upset us . And then the third movie is the most ambiguous , because it asks you to actually participate in the construction of meaning ... -- Lana Wachowski , Movie City News , October 13 , 2012 Gödel , Escher , Bach ( edit ) Douglas Hofstadter 's 1979 book Gödel , Escher , Bach features a pair of characters who `` push - into '' and `` pop - out of '' the two - dimensional world of Escher prints . The way they do this is to drink from a blue or a red phial . A further reference could be taken later in the story when the pair encounter a paradox during which `` The System crashed '' . Hofstadter cites Lewis Carroll as a strong influence on the book ( the front cover of the book has a line that says that the book is `` in the spirit of Lewis Carroll '' . ) The `` push - into '' and `` pop - out of '' phials are reminiscent of the Alice in Wonderland `` drink me '' and `` eat me '' potion and cake , which shrink and grow Alice . The Matrix very clearly references Alice in Wonderland with the `` white rabbit '' and the `` down the rabbit hole '' phrases , as well as referring to the Matrix as `` Wonderland '' . Total Recall ( edit ) The 1990 movie science fiction film Total Recall features a red pill which is offered to Arnold Schwarzenegger 's character , Douglas Quaid , by one Dr. Edgemar . He is told `` it 's a symbol -- of your desire to return to reality . '' No blue pill is present in the film , and the story centers on the uncertainty of whether Quaid is dreaming or in the real world . However , the pill is offered to him with the claim that he is dreaming , and that the pill will return him to reality , with the words `` inside your dream , you 'll fall asleep . '' Quaid seriously considers the offer but notices that Dr. Edgemar is sweating , whereupon he shoots him in the forehead . ( The implication is that if the dream is real , Dr. Edgemar is part of the conspiracy against Quaid , and the pill is simply poison . ) He had also told Quaid that if Quaid kills him , `` the walls of reality will come crashing down '' ; moments after his death , the walls of the apartment literally come crashing down . Analysis ( edit ) An essay written by Russell Blackford discusses the red and blue pills , questioning whether if a person were fully informed they would take the red pill , opting for the real world , believing that the choice of physical reality over a digital simulation is not so beneficial as to be valid for all people . Both Neo and another character , Cypher ( Joe Pantoliano ) , take the red pill over the blue pill , though later in the first Matrix film , the latter demonstrates regret for having made that choice , saying that if Morpheus fully informed him of the situation , Cypher would have told him to `` shove the red pill right up ( his ) ass . '' When Cypher subsequently makes a deal with the machines to return to the Matrix and forget everything he had learned , he says , `` Ignorance is bliss . '' Blackford argues that the Matrix films set things up so that even if Neo fails , the taking of the red pill is worthwhile because he lives and dies authentically . Blackford and science - fiction writer James Patrick Kelly feel that The Matrix stacks the deck against machines and their simulated world . Matrix Warrior : Being the One author Jake Horsley compared the red pill to LSD , citing a scene where Neo forms his own world outside of the Matrix . When he asks Morpheus if he could return , Morpheus responds by asking him if he would want to . Horsley also describes the blue pill as addictive , calling The Matrix series a continuous series of choices between taking the blue pill and not taking it . He adds that the habits and routines of people inside the Matrix are merely the people dosing themselves with the blue pill . While he describes the blue pill as a common thing , he states that the red pill is one of a kind , and something someone may not even find . In the book The Art of the Start , author Guy Kawasaki uses the red pill as an analogue to the situation of leaders of new organizations , in that they face the same choice to either live in reality or fantasy . He adds that if they want to be successful , they have to take the red pill and see how deep the rabbit hole goes . Other uses ( edit ) The Blue Pill rootkit ( `` malware '' ) -- named in reference to the pill as are the Red Pill techniques used to combat it -- is a special type of software that utilizes the virtualization techniques of modern CPUs to execute as a hypervisor ; as a virtual platform on which the entire operating system runs , it is capable of examining the entire state of the machine and to cause any behavior with full privilege , while the operating system `` believes '' itself to be running directly on physical hardware , creating a parallel to the illusory Matrix . Blue Pill describes the concept of infecting a machine while Red Pill techniques help the operating system to detect the presence of such a hypervisor . These concepts were described by Joanna Rutkowska in 2006 . In cybersecurity , a red pill is any means of detecting hooking or virtualization . It is frequently used by anti-cheat , antirootkit software , malware and DRM , etc . Red pills usually makes use of real - time clocks to measure the time it takes for critical operations and interactions with peripheral hardware to occur , and compare the length of them with the expected length of such operations as they occurs without virtualization . If the clock is compromised the hypervisor can hide its presence by slowing the clock down in a controlled way , to hide the extra time imposed by virtualization . Until they were removed from the Maemo operating system application installer in January 2010 , certain advanced features were unlocked by a `` Red Pill Mode '' Easter egg to prevent accidental use by novice users but make them readily available to experienced users . This was activated by starting to add a catalog whose URL was `` matrix '' and then choosing to cancel . A dialog box would appear asking `` Which pill ? '' with the choices `` Red '' or `` Blue '' , allowing the user to enter red pill mode . In `` Red Pill '' mode , the installer allows the user to view and reconfigure system packages whose existence it normally does not acknowledge . In Blue Pill mode the installer displays only software installed by a user , creating the illusion that system software does not exist on the system . The choice between taking a blue or red pill is a central metaphor in the 2011 Arte documentary film Marx Reloaded , in which philosophers including Slavoj Žižek and Nina Power explore solutions to the global economic and financial crisis of 2008 -- 09 . The film also contains an animated parody of the red / blue pill scene in The Matrix , with Leon Trotsky as Morpheus and Karl Marx as Neo . The term `` red pill '' has been used by people in the men 's rights movement as a metaphor for the specific moment when they come to the belief that certain gender roles they are expected to conform to ( e.g. marriage , monogamy ) are intended to benefit women , not themselves . The Red Pill is a 2016 documentary film about the men 's rights movement . The term `` red pill '' is also common on 4chan 's `` politically incorrect '' / pol / board where taking the red pill is usually used to mean embracing conservative political thought and other related ideologies ... `` The Red Pill '' is the name of a manosphere subforum on Reddit , emphasizing `` pickup - style artistry '' . See also ( edit ) Allegory of the Cave Denialism Epiphany Experience machine False dilemma Hyperreality Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium Simulated reality The Social Construction of Reality References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( May 24 , 2003 ) . `` Philosophers Draw on the Film ' Matrix ' '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journal of Religion & Film : Wake Up ! Gnosticism and Buddhism in The Matrix by Frances Flannery - Daily and Rachel Wagner '' . unomaha.edu . Jump up ^ Glenn Yeffeth ( 11 March 2003 ) . Taking the Red Pill : Science , Philosophy and the Religion in the Matrix . BenBella Books . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 02 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` You Wo n't Know the Difference So You Ca n't Make the Choice '' . philosophynow.org . Jump up ^ Dan O'Brien ( 4 December 2006 ) . An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge . Polity . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3316 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Skepticism '' . stanford.edu . Jump up ^ Christopher Grau ( 2005 ) . Philosophers Explore The Matrix . Oxford University Press . pp. 18 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518107 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Brain in a Vat Argument '' . utm.edu . Jump up ^ Hazlett , Allan ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Philosophers Explore The Matrix '' . ndpr.nd.edu . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matrix Virtual Theatre ( interview with the Wachowskis ) '' . Warner Brothers Studios , Official Website. 1999 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Poland , David ( October 13 , 2012 ) . `` DP / 30 : Cloud Atlas , Screenwriter / Directors Lana Wachowski , Tom Tykwer , Andy Wachowski '' . moviecitynews.com. 18 : 49 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas R. Hofstadter ( 2000 ) . Gödel , Escher , Bach : an Eternal Golden Braid . 20th - anniversary Edition . Penguin Books . pp. 106 , 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140289 - 20 - 6 . Jump up ^ Total Recall - final script , SciFiScripts.com . Retrieved July 2013 . Jump up ^ Dr. Edgemar 's Pill , Total Recall ( 1990 ) , MovieClips.com . Retrieved July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Total Recall Spoilers '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kapell , Matthew ; Doty , William G ( 2004 - 05 - 28 ) . Jacking in to the Matrix franchise : cultural reception and interpretation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1588 - 2 . Jump up ^ Horsley , Jake ( 2003 - 11 - 08 ) . Matrix Warrior : Being the One . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 32264 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kawasaki , Guy ( 2004 ) . The art of the start : the time - tested , battle - hardened guide for anyone starting anything . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59184 - 056 - 5 . Jump up ^ Joanna Rutkowska . Red Pill ... or how to detect VMM using ( almost ) one CPU instruction ( archive ) , Invisible Things Lab Jump up ^ `` Red Pill mode '' . maemo.org wiki . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` src / repo.cc '' . hildon - application - manager . Line 153 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marx Reloaded trailer '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's rights movement : why it is so controversial ? '' . The Week . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharlet , Jeff ( March 2015 ) . `` Are You Man Enough for the Men 's Rights Movement ? '' . GQ . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Love , Dylan ( September 15 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Red Pill , The Weird New Cult For Men Who Do n't Understand Women '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Look up red piller in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The Matrix The Matrix The Matrix Reloaded The Matrix Revolutions Score Soundtrack Score Soundtrack Score Soundtrack Characters Neo Morpheus Trinity Agent Smith Agents Oracle Architect Niobe Persephone Seraph Twins Keymaker Video games Enter the Matrix The Matrix Online Path of Neo Universe Red pill and blue pill Mega City Zion Vehicles Related articles The Animatrix soundtrack Digital rain The Matrix Revisited Jacking in to the Matrix Franchise The Matrix phone The Official Matrix Exhibit Accolades Bullet time The Matrix defense Matrixism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_pill_and_blue_pill&oldid=808564391 '' Categories : 2010s slang Amnesia in fiction Dilemmas Metaphors Science fiction terminology The Matrix ( franchise ) Words coined in the 1990s Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 17 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the blue pill do in the matrix	[ "The terms, popularized in science fiction culture, are derived from the 1999 film The Matrix. In the film, the main character Neo is offered the choice between a red pill and a blue pill by rebel leader Morpheus. The red pill would free him from the enslaving control of the machine-generated dream world and allow him to escape into the real world, but living the \"truth of reality\" is harsher and more difficult; on the other hand, the blue pill would lead him back to stay in the comfortable simulated reality of the Matrix." ]	[ "lead him back to stay in the comfortable simulated reality of the Matrix" ]
4158540760061913589	Aaron	Aaron - wikipedia Aaron Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Aaron the priest . For other uses , see Aaron ( disambiguation ) . Aaron Russian icon of Aaron from the 17th Century . Prophet , High Priest Venerated in Judaism Christianity Islam Feast The Sunday before Nativity ( Sunday of the Holy Fathers of the Old Testament ) ( Eastern Orthodox Church ) Maronite Church : September 4 Aaron ( Hebrew : אַהֲרֹן ‎ ; / ˈærən / or / ˈɛərən / ) is a prophet , high priest , and the brother of Moses in the Abrahamic religions ( elder brother in the case of Judaism ) . Knowledge of Aaron , along with his brother Moses , comes exclusively from religious texts , such as the Bible and Qur'an . The Hebrew Bible relates that , unlike Moses , who grew up in the Egyptian royal court , Aaron and his elder sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border - land of Egypt ( Goshen ) . When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king about the Israelites , Aaron served as his brother 's spokesman ( `` prophet '' ) to the Pharaoh . Part of the Law ( Torah ) that Moses received from God at Sinai granted Aaron the priesthood for himself and his male descendants , and he became the first High Priest of the Israelites . Aaron died before the Israelites crossed the North Jordan river and he was buried on Mount Hor ( Numbers 33 : 39 ; Deuteronomy 10 : 6 says he died and was buried at Moserah ) . Aaron is also mentioned in the New Testament of the Bible . Contents ( hide ) 1 Account in the Hebrew Bible 1.1 High Priest 1.2 Leadership conflicts 1.3 Death 1.3. 1 Family tree 2 Historicity 3 Descendants 4 Aaron in religious traditions 4.1 Jewish rabbinic literature 4.2 Christianity 4.3 Islam 4.3. 1 Aaron in the Qur'an 4.3. 2 Aaron in Muhammad 's time 4.3. 3 Tomb of Aaron 4.4 Baha'i 5 Art history 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 References in the Qur'an 11 External links Account in the Hebrew Bible ( edit ) According to the Book of Exodus , Aaron first functioned as Moses ' assistant . Because Moses complained that he could not speak well , God appointed Aaron as Moses ' `` prophet '' ( Exodus 4 : 10 - 17 ; 7 : 1 ) . At the command of Moses , he let his rod turn into a snake . Then he stretched out his rod in order to bring on the first three plagues . After that , Moses tended to act and speak for himself . During the journey in the wilderness , Aaron was not always prominent or active . At the battle with Amalek , he was chosen with Hur to support the hand of Moses that held the `` rod of God '' . When the revelation was given to Moses at Mount Sinai , he headed the elders of Israel who accompanied Moses on the way to the summit . While Joshua went with Moses to the top , however , Aaron and Hur remained below to look after the people . From here on in Exodus , Leviticus and Numbers , Joshua appears in the role of Moses ' assistant while Aaron functions instead as the first high priest . High priest ( edit ) The books of Exodus , Leviticus and Numbers maintain that Aaron received from God a monopoly over the priesthood for himself and his male descendants ( Exodus 28 : 1 ) . The family of Aaron had the exclusive right and responsibility to make offerings on the altar to the God of Israel . The rest of his tribe , the Levites , were given subordinate responsibilities within the sanctuary ( Numbers 3 ) . Moses anointed and consecrated Aaron and his sons to the priesthood , and arrayed them in the robes of office ( Leviticus 8 ; cf . Exodus 28 - 29 ) . He also related to them God 's detailed instructions for performing their duties while the rest of the Israelites listened ( Leviticus 1 - 7 , 11 - 27 ) . Aaron and his successors as high priest were given control over the Urim and Thummim by which the will of God could be determined ( Exodus 28 : 30 ) . God commissioned the Aaronide priests to distinguish the holy from the common and the clean from the unclean , and to teach the divine laws ( the Torah ) to the Israelites ( Leviticus 10 : 10 - 11 ) . The priests were also commissioned to bless the people ( Numbers 6 : 22 - 27 ) . When Aaron completed the altar offerings for the first time and , with Moses , `` blessed the people : and the glory of the LORD appeared unto all the people : And there came a fire out from before the LORD , and consumed upon the altar the burnt offering and the fat ( which ) when all the people saw , they shouted , and fell on their faces '' ( Leviticus 9 : 23 - 24 ) . In this way , the institution of the Aaronide priesthood was established . In later books of the Old Testament , Aaron and his kin are not mentioned very often except in literature dating to the Babylonian Exile and later . The books of Judges , Samuel and Kings mention priests and Levites , but do not mention the Aaronides in particular . The book of Ezekiel , which devotes much attention to priestly matters , calls the priestly upper class the Zadokites after one of King David 's priests . It does reflect a two - tier priesthood with the Levites in subordinate position . A two - tier hierarchy of Aaronides and Levites appears in Ezra , Nehemiah and Chronicles . As a result , many historians think that Aaronide families did not control the priesthood in pre-exilic Israel . What is clear is that high priests claiming Aaronide descent dominated the Second Temple period . Most scholars think the Pentateuch reached its final form early in this period , which may account for Aaron 's prominence in Exodus , Leviticus and Numbers . Leadership conflicts ( edit ) Aaron plays a leading role in several stories of conflicts over leadership during Israel 's wilderness wanderings . During the prolonged absence of Moses on Mount Sinai , the people provoked Aaron to make a Golden Calf as a visible image of the divinity who had delivered them from Egypt ( Exodus 32 : 1 - 6 ) . This incident nearly caused God to destroy the Israelites for their unfaithfulness to the covenant ( Exodus 32 : 10 ) . Moses successfully intervened , but then led the loyal Levites in executing many of the culprits ; a plague afflicted those who were left ( Exodus 32 : 25 - 35 ) . Aaron , however , escaped punishment for his role in the affair , because of the intercession of Moses according to Deuteronomy 9 : 20 . Later retellings of this story almost always excuse Aaron for his role . For example , in rabbinic sources and in the Qur'an , Aaron was not the idol - maker and upon Moses ' return begged his pardon because he felt mortally threatened by the Israelites ( Quran 7 : 142 - 152 ) . On the day of Aaron 's consecration , his oldest sons , Nadab and Abihu , were burned up by divine fire because they offered `` strange '' incense ( Leviticus 10 : 1 - 3 ) . Most interpreters think this story reflects a conflict between priestly families some time in Israel 's past . Others argue that the story simply shows what can happen if the priests do not follow God 's instructions given through Moses . The Pentateuch generally depicts the siblings , Moses , Aaron , and Miriam , as the leaders of Israel after the Exodus , a view also reflected in the biblical book of Micah . Numbers 12 , however , reports that on one occasion , Aaron and Miriam complained about Moses ' exclusive claim to be the LORD 's prophet . Their presumption was rebuffed by God who affirmed Moses ' uniqueness as the one with whom the LORD spoke face to face . Miriam was punished with skin disease ( leprous ) , that turned her skin white . Aaron pleaded with Moses to intercede for her , and Miriam , after seven days ' quarantine , was healed . Aaron once again escaped any retribution . According to Numbers 16 - 17 , a Levite named Korah led many in challenging Aaron 's exclusive claim to the priesthood . When the rebels were punished by being swallowed up by the earth , ( Numbers 16 : 25 - 35 ) , Eleazar , the son of Aaron , was commissioned to take charge of the censers of the dead priests . And when a plague broke out among the people who had sympathized with the rebels , Aaron , at the command of Moses , took his censer and stood between the living and the dead till the plague abated ( Numbers 17 : 1 - 15 , 16 : 36 - 50 ) . The Blossoming of Aaron 's Rod , etching by Augustin Hirschvogel To emphasize the validity of the Levites ' claim to the offerings and tithes of the Israelites , Moses collected a rod from the leaders of each tribe in Israel and laid the twelve rods over night in the tent of meeting . The next morning , Aaron 's rod was found to have budded and blossomed and produced ripe almonds ( Numbers 17 : 8 ) . The following chapter then details the distinction between Aaron 's family and the rest of the Levites : while all the Levites ( and only Levites ) were devoted to the care of the sanctuary , charge of its interior and the altar was committed to the Aaronites alone ( Numbers 18 : 1 - 7 ) . Death ( edit ) Aaron , like Moses , was not permitted to enter Canaan with the Israelites because the two brothers showed impatience at Meribah ( Kadesh ) in the last year of the desert pilgrimage ( Numbers 20 : 12 - 13 ) , when Moses brought water out of a rock to quench the people 's thirst . Though they had been commanded to speak to the rock , Moses struck it with the staff twice , which was construed as displaying a lack of deference to the LORD ( Numbers 20 : 7 - 11 ) . There are two accounts of the death of Aaron in the Pentateuch . Numbers says that soon after the incident at Meribah , Aaron with his son Eleazar and Moses ascended Mount Hor . There Moses stripped Aaron of his priestly garments and transferred them to Eleazar . Aaron died on the summit of the mountain , and the people mourned for him thirty days ( Numbers 20 : 22 - 29 ; compare 33 : 38 - 39 ) . The other account is found in Deuteronomy 10 : 6 , where Aaron died at Moserah and was buried . There is a significant amount of travel between these two points , as the itinerary in Numbers 33 : 31 -- 37 records seven stages between Moseroth ( Mosera ) and Mount Hor . Aaron was 123 at the time of his death . Family tree ( edit ) Jacob Leah Levi Gershon Kohath Merari Libni Shimei Izhar Hebron Uzziel Mahli Mushi Jochebed Amram Mishael Elzaphan Zithri Miriam Aaron Moses Zipporah Gershom Eliezer Historicity ( edit ) Main articles : Moses § Historicity , and The Exodus § Historicity Descendants ( edit ) Aaron married Elisheba , daughter of Amminadab and sister of Nahshon ( Exodus 6 : 23 ) of the tribe of Judah . The sons of Aaron were Eleazar , Ithamar , and Nadab and Abihu . A descendant of Aaron is an Aaronite , or Kohen , meaning Priest . Any non-Aaronic Levite -- i.e. , descended from Levi but not from Aaron -- assisted the Levitical priests of the family of Aaron in the care of the tabernacle ; later of the temple . The Gospel of Luke records that both Zechariah and Elizabeth and therefore their son John the Baptist were descendants of Aaron . Aaron in religious traditions ( edit ) Jewish rabbinic Literature ( edit ) The older prophets and prophetical writers beheld in their priests the representatives of a religious form inferior to the prophetic truth ; men without the spirit of God and lacking the will - power requisite to resist the multitude in its idolatrous proclivities . Thus Aaron , the first priest , ranks below Moses : he is his mouthpiece , and the executor of the will of God revealed through Moses , although it is pointed out that it is said fifteen times in the Pentateuch that `` the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron . '' Under the influence of the priesthood that shaped the destinies of the nation under Persian rule , a different ideal of the priest was formed , according to Malachi 2 : 4 -- 7 , and the prevailing tendency was to place Aaron on a footing equal with Moses . `` At times Aaron , and at other times Moses , is mentioned first in Scripture -- this is to show that they were of equal rank , '' says Mekilta , ( 12 ) who strongly implies this when introducing in his record of renowned men the glowing description of Aaron 's ministration . In fulfilment of the promise of peaceful life , symbolized by the pouring of oil upon his head ( Leviticus Rabbah x. , Midrash Teh . cxxxiii. 1 ) , Aaron 's death , as described in the Haggadah , was of a wonderful tranquility . Accompanied by Moses , his brother , and by Eleazar , his son , Aaron went to the summit of Mount Hor , where the rock suddenly opened before him and a beautiful cave lit by a lamp presented itself to his view . `` Take off thy priestly raiment and place it upon thy son Eleazar ! '' said Moses ; `` and then follow me . '' Aaron did as commanded ; and they entered the cave , where was prepared a bed around which angels stood . `` Go lie down upon thy bed , my brother , '' Moses continued ; and Aaron obeyed without a murmur . Then his soul departed as if by a kiss from God . The cave closed behind Moses as he left ; and he went down the hill with Eleazar , with garments rent , and crying : `` Alas , Aaron , my brother ! thou , the pillar of supplication of Israel ! '' When the Israelites cried in bewilderment , `` Where is Aaron ? '' angels were seen carrying Aaron 's bier through the air . A voice was then heard saying : `` The law of truth was in his mouth , and iniquity was not found on his lips : he walked with me in righteousness , and brought many back from sin '' ( Malachi 2 : 6 ) . He died , according to Seder Olam Rabbah ix. , R.H. 2 , 3a , on the first of Ab . '' The pillar of cloud which proceeded in front of Israel 's camp disappeared at Aaron 's death ( see Seder ' Olam , ix. and R.H. 2b - 3a ) . The seeming contradiction between Numbers 20 : 22 et seq. and Deuteronomy 10 : 6 is solved by the rabbis in the following manner : Aaron 's death on Mount Hor was marked by the defeat of the people in a war with the king of Arad , in consequence of which the Israelites fled , marching seven stations backward to Mosera , where they performed the rites of mourning for Aaron ; wherefore it is said : `` There ( at Mosera ) died Aaron . '' The rabbis also dwell with special laudation on the brotherly sentiment which united Aaron and Moses . When the latter was appointed ruler and Aaron high priest , neither betrayed any jealousy ; instead they rejoiced in one another 's greatness . When Moses at first declined to go to Pharaoh , saying : `` O my Lord , send , I pray thee , by the hand of him whom thou wilt send '' ( Exodus 4 : 13 ) , he was unwilling to deprive Aaron , his brother , of the high position the latter had held for so many years ; but the Lord reassured him , saying : `` Behold , when he seeth thee , he will be glad in his heart '' ( Exodus 4 : 14 ) . Indeed , Aaron was to find his reward , says Shimon bar Yochai ; for that heart which had leaped with joy over his younger brother 's rise to glory greater than his was decorated with the Urim and Thummim , which were to `` be upon Aaron 's heart when he goeth in before the Lord '' ( Canticles Rabbah i . 10 ) . Moses and Aaron met in gladness of heart , kissing each other as true brothers ( Exodus 4 : 27 ; compare Song of Songs 8 : 1 ) , and of them it is written : `` Behold how good and how pleasant ( it is ) for brethren to dwell together in unity ! '' ( Psalms 133 : 1 ) . Of them it is said : `` Mercy and truth are met together ; righteousness and peace have kissed ( each other ) '' ( Psalms 85 : 10 ) ; for Moses stood for righteousness , according to Deuteronomy 33 : 21 , and Aaron for peace , according to Malachi 2 : 6 . Again , mercy was personified in Aaron , according to Deuteronomy 33 : 8 , and truth in Moses , according to Numbers 12 : 7 . When Moses poured the oil of anointment upon the head of Aaron , Aaron modestly shrank back and said : `` Who knows whether I have not cast some blemish upon this sacred oil so as to forfeit this high office . '' Then the Shekhinah spoke the words : `` Behold the precious ointment upon the head , that ran down upon the beard of Aaron , that even went down to the skirts of his garment , is as pure as the dew of Hermon '' ( Psalm 133 : 2 - 3 ) . According to Tanhuma , Aaron 's activity as a prophet began earlier than that of Moses . Hillel held Aaron up as an example , saying : `` Be of the disciples of Aaron , loving peace and pursuing peace ; love your fellow creatures and draw them nigh unto the Law ! '' This is further illustrated by the tradition preserved in Abot de-Rabbi Natan 12 , Sanhedrin 6b , and elsewhere , according to which Aaron was an ideal priest of the people , far more beloved for his kindly ways than was Moses . While Moses was stern and uncompromising , brooking no wrong , Aaron went about as peacemaker , reconciling man and wife when he saw them estranged , or a man with his neighbor when they quarreled , and winning evil - doers back into the right way by his friendly intercourse . The mourning of the people at Aaron 's death was greater , therefore , than at that of Moses ; for whereas , when Aaron died the whole house of Israel wept , including the women , ( Numbers 20 : 29 ) Moses was bewailed by `` the sons of Israel '' only ( Deuteronomy 34 : 8 ) . Even in the making of the Golden Calf the rabbis find extenuating circumstances for Aaron . His fortitude and silent submission to the will of God on the loss of his two sons are referred to as an excellent example to men how to glorify God in the midst of great affliction . Especially significant are the words represented as being spoken by God after the princes of the Twelve Tribes had brought their dedication offerings into the newly reared Tabernacle : `` Say to thy brother Aaron : Greater than the gifts of the princes is thy gift ; for thou art called upon to kindle the light , and , while the sacrifices shall last only as long as the Temple lasts , thy light shall last forever . '' Christianity ( edit ) Russian icon of Aaron ( 18th century , Iconostasis of Kizhi monastery , Karelia , Russia ) . In the Eastern Orthodox and Maronite churches , Aaron is venerated as a saint whose feast day is shared with his brother Moses and celebrated on September 4 . ( Those churches that follow the traditional Julian Calendar celebrate this day on September 17 of the modern Gregorian Calendar ) . Aaron is also commemorated with other Old Testament saints on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers , the Sunday before Christmas . Aaron is commemorated as one of the Holy Forefathers in the Calendar of Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 30 . He is commemorated on July 1 in the modern Latin calendar and in the Syriac Calendar . In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , the Aaronic order is the lesser order of priesthood , comprising the grades ( from lowest to highest ) of deacon , teacher , and priest . The chief office of the Aaronic priesthood is the presiding bishopric ; the head of the priesthood is the bishop . Each ward includes a quorum of one or more of each office of the Aaronic priesthood . In the Community of Christ , the Aaronic order of priesthood is regarded as an appendage to the Melchisedec order , and consists of the priesthood offices of deacon , teacher , and priest . While differing in responsibilities , these offices , along with those of the Melchisidec order , are regarded as equal before God . Islam ( edit ) See also : Moses in Islam Aaron ( Arabic : هارون , Hārūn ) is also mentioned in the Qur'an as a prophet of God . The Qur'an praises Aaron repeatedly , calling him a `` believing servant '' as well as one who was `` guided '' and one of the `` victors '' . Aaron is important in Islam for his role in the events of the Exodus , in which , according to the Qur'an and Muslim tradition , he preached with his elder brother , Moses , to the Pharaoh of the Exodus . Aaron 's significance in Islam , however , is not limited to his role as the helper of Moses . Islamic tradition also accords Aaron the role of a patriarch , as tradition records that the priestly descent came through Aaron 's lineage , which included the entire House of Amran . Aaron in the Qur'an ( edit ) ( hide ) Part of a series on Islam Islamic prophets Prophets in the Quran ( hide ) Listed by Islamic name and Biblical name . ʾĀdam ( Adam ) ʾIdrīs ( Enoch ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Hūd ( Eber ) Ṣāliḥ ( Salah ) ʾIbrāhīm ( Abraham ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) ʾIsmāʿīl ( Ishmael ) ʾIsḥāq ( Isaac ) Yaʿqūb ( Jacob ) Yūsuf ( Joseph ) Ayūb ( Job ) Dhul - Kifl ( Ezekiel ) Shuʿayb ( Jethro ) Mūsā ( Moses ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Dāūd ( David ) Sulaymān ( Solomon ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) ʾIlyās ( Elijah ) Alyasaʿ ( Elisha ) Zakarīya ( Zechariah ) Yaḥyā ( John ) ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Muḥammad ( Muhammad ) Main events ( show ) Stories of the Prophets The Three Messengers Views ( show ) Jews , Christians and Muslims prophets Abrahamic prophets Islam portal The Qur'an contains numerous references to Aaron , both by name and without name . It says that he was a descendant of Abraham ( Qur'an 4 : 163 ) and makes it clear that both he and Moses were sent together to warn the Pharaoh about God 's punishment ( Qur'an 10 : 75 ) . It further adds that Moses had earlier prayed to God to strengthen his own ministry with Aaron ( Qur'an 20 : 29 - 30 ) and that Aaron helped Moses as he too was a prophet ( Qur'an 19 : 53 ) , and very eloquent in matters of speech and discourse ( Qur'an 28 : 34 ) . The Qur'an adds that both Moses and Aaron were entrusted to establish places of dwelling for the Israelites in Egypt , and to convert those houses into places of worship for God ( Qur'an 10 : 87 ) . The incident of the Golden Calf as it is narrated in the Qur'an paints Aaron in a positive light . The Qur'an says that Aaron was entrusted the leadership of Israel while Moses was up on Tur Sina ' ( Arabic : طُـور سِـيـنـاء ‎ ‎ , Mount Sinai ) for a period of forty days ( Qur'an 7 : 142 ) . It adds that Aaron tried his best to stop the worship of the Golden Calf , which was built not by Aaron but by a wicked man by the name of ' As - Samiri ' ( Qur'an 19 : 50 ) . When Moses returned from Mount Sinai , he rebuked Aaron for allowing the worship of the idol , to which Aaron pleaded with Moses to not blame him when he had no role in its construction ( Qur'an 7 : 150 ) . The Qur'an then adds that Moses here lamented the sins of Israel , and said that he only had power over himself and Aaron ( Qur'an 5 : 25 ) . Aaron is later commemorated in the Qur'an as one who had a `` clear authority '' ( Qur'an 23 : 45 ) and one who was `` guided to the Right Path '' ( Qur'an 37 : 118 ) . It further adds that Aaron 's memory was left for people who came after him ( Qur'an 37 : 119 ) and he is blessed by God along with his brother ( Qur'an 37 : 120 ) . The Qur'an also says that people called ' Isa 's mother Maryam ( Arabic : مَـرْيَـم ‎ ‎ , Mary ) a `` sister of Harun '' ( Qur'an 19 : 28 ) . Muslim scholars debated as to who exactly this `` Harun '' was in terms of his historical persona , with some saying that it was a reference to Aaron of the Exodus , and the term `` sister '' designating only a metaphorical or spiritual link between the two figures , all the more evident when Mary was a descendant of the priestly lineage of Aaron , while others held it to be another righteous man living at the time of Christ by the name of `` Aaron '' . Most scholars have agreed to the former perspective , and have linked Mary spiritually with the actual sister of Aaron , her namesake Miryam ( Arabic : مِـرْيَـم ‎ ‎ , Hebrew : מִרְיָם ‎ ‎ ) , whom she resembled in many ways . The Qur'an also narrates that , centuries later , when the Tabut ( Arabic : تَـابـوت ‎ ‎ , Ark of the Covenant ) returned to Israel , it contained `` relics from the family of Moses and relics from the family of Aaron '' ( Qur'an 2 : 248 ) . Aaron in Muhammad 's time ( edit ) Muhammad , in many of his sayings , speaks of Aaron . In the event of the Mi'raj , his miraculous ascension through the Heavens , Muhammad is said to have encountered Aaron in the fifth heaven . According to old scholars , including Ibn Hisham , Muhammad , in particular , mentioned the beauty of Aaron when he encountered him in Heaven . Martin Lings , in his biographical Muhammad , speaks of Muhammad 's wonderment at seeing fellow prophets in their heavenly glory : Of Joseph he said that his face had the splendour of the moon at its full , and that he had been endowed with no less than the half of all existing beauty . Yet this did not diminish Muhammad 's wonderment at his brethren , and he mentioned in particular the great beauty of Aaron . Aaron was also mentioned by Muhammad in likeness to ' Ali . Muhammad had left ' Ali to look after his family , but the hypocrites of the time begun to spread the rumor that the prophet found ' Ali a burden and was relieved to be rid of his presence . ' Ali , grieved at hearing this wicked taunt , told Muhammad what the local people were saying . In reply , the Prophet said : `` They lie , I bade thee remain for the sake of what I had left behind me . So return and represent me in my family and in thine . Art thou not content , O ' Ali , that thou should be unto me as Aaron was unto Moses , save that after me there is no prophet . '' Tomb of Aaron ( edit ) Main article : Tomb of Aaron A 14th - century shrine built on top of the supposed grave of Aaron on Jabal Hārūn in Petra , Jordan . According to Islamic tradition , the tomb of Aaron is located on Jabal Harun ( Arabic : جَـبـل هَـارون ‎ ‎ , Mountain of Aaron ) , near Petra in Jordan . At 1,350.0 m ( 4,429.1 feet ) above sea - level , it is the highest peak in the area ; and it is a place of great sanctity to the local people for here . A 14th - century Mamluk mosque stands here with its white dome visible from most areas in and around Petra . Bahá'í ( edit ) Although his father is described as both an apostle and a prophet , Aaron is merely described as a prophet . The Kitab - I - Iqan describes Imran as being his father . Art History ( edit ) Aaron appears paired with Moses frequently in Jewish and Christian art , especially in the illustrations of manuscript and printed Bibles . He can usually be distinguished by his priestly vestments , especially his turban or miter and jeweled breastplate . He frequently holds a censor or , sometimes , his flowering rod . ( See the `` Aaron '' category at Wikimedia Commons . ) Aaron also appears in scenes depicting the wilderness Tabernacle and its altar , as already in the third - century frescos in the synagogue at Dura - Europos in Syria . An eleventh - century portable silver altar from Fulda , Germany depicts Aaron with his censor , and is located in the Musée National de l'Age Médiévale in Paris . This is also how he appears in the frontispieces of early printed Passover Haggadot and occasionally in church sculptures . Aaron has rarely been the subject of portraits , such as those by Anton Kern ( 1710 -- 1747 ) and by Pier Francesco Mola ( c. 1650 ) . Christian artists sometimes portray Aaron as a prophet ( Exod. 7 : 1 ) holding a scroll , as in a twelfth - century sculpture from the Cathedral of Noyon in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York and often in Eastern Orthodox icons . Illustrations of the Golden Calf story usually include him as well -- most notably in Nicolas Poussin 's `` The Adoration of the Golden Calf '' ( ca . 1633 -- 34 , National Gallery London ) . Finally , some artists interested in validating later priesthoods have painted the ordination of Aaron and his sons ( Leviticus 8 ) . Harry Anderson 's realistic portrayal is often reproduced in the literature of the Latter Day Saints . See also ( edit ) Harun Kohen Moses in rabbinic literature Y - chromosomal Aaron Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hebrew : אַהֲרֹן ‎ ′ ahărōn , Arabic : هارون ‎ , translit . Hārūn ‎ , Greek ( Septuagint ) : Ἀαρών ; often called Aaron the priest ( אֵהֲרֹן הֵכֹּהֵן ‎ ) and once Aaron the Levite ( אַהֲרֹן הַלֵּוִי ‎ ) ( Exodus 4 : 14 ) . Jump up ^ He spoke and acted on behalf of Moses with the Egyptian royal court , including performing miraculous `` signs '' to validate Moses ' mission . Jump up ^ Now these are the divisions of the sons of Aaron . The sons of Aaron ; Nadab , and Abihu , Eleazar , and Ithamar . Jump up ^ According to Samaritan sources , a civil war once broke out between the sons of Itamar Eli ( Bible ) and the sons of Phineas that resulted in a division of those who followed Eli and those who followed High Priest Uzzi ben Bukki at Mount Gerizim Bethel . ( A third group followed neither . ) Ironically , and likewise according to Samaritan sources , the high priests ' line of the sons of Phineas died out in 1624 CE with the death of the 112th High Priest , Shlomyah ben Pinhas , at which time the priesthood was transferred to the sons of Itamar . See article Samaritan for list of High Priests from 1613 to 2004 -- the 131st high priest of the Samaritans is Elazar ben Tsedaka ben Yitzhaq . Also see article , Samaritan Jump up ^ See Mek. , Beshallaḥ , Wayassa ' , i. ; Tan. , Huḳḳat , 18 ; Yer . Soṭah , i . 17c , and Targum Yer . Num. and Deut . on the abovementioned passages . Jump up ^ All commentators , classical and modern , hold that the Qur'anic House of Amran refers to Imrān 's lineage , through his son Aaron . ( cf . Muhammad Asad , Yusuf ' Ali and Ibn Kathir 's commentary on Q. 19 : 28 ) Jump up ^ `` In the second group , we have the great founders of families , apart from Abraham , viz. , Noah of the time of the Flood ; David and Solomon , the real establishers of the Jewish monarchy ; Job , who lived 140 years , saw four generations of descendants , and was blessed at the end of his life with large pastoral wealth ( Job 42 : 16 , 12 ) ; Joseph , who as Minister of State did great things in Egypt and was the progenitor of two Tribes ; and Moses and Aaron , the leaders of the Exodus from Egypt . They led active lives and called ' doers of good . ' '' Jump up ^ Harry Anderson 's Aaron Is Called to the Ministry ' ' is in the Conference Center of the LDS Church in Salt Lake City , Utah . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Olson 2000 , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Exodus 4 : 14 Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) , Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Longman , ISBN 9781405881180 Jump up ^ Exodus 6 : 16 - 20 Jump up ^ Exodus 7 : 7 ^ Jump up to : Quran 7 : 103 -- 156 ^ Jump up to : Quran 19 : 41 -- 53 Jump up ^ Quran 20 : 9 -- 98 Jump up ^ Quran 28 : 34 ^ Jump up to : Ibn Hisham 1967 , p. 604 ; § = 897 Jump up ^ Exodus 7 : 1 Jump up ^ Rockwood 2007 , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : McCurdy 1906 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : KJV ^ Jump up to : KJV Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 5 Jump up ^ Acts 7 : 40 Jump up ^ Hebrews 5 : 4 Jump up ^ Hebrews 7 : 11 Jump up ^ Hebrews 9 : 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 7 : 9 , New Revised Standard Version Jump up ^ HE , Exodus 8 : 1 , 12 . Jump up ^ HE Jump up ^ HE Jump up ^ HE Jump up ^ HE Jump up ^ HE Jump up ^ Exodus 17 : 9 Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ Mariottini 2006 Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ Souvay 1913 , p. 7 Jump up ^ VanderKam 2004 Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ KJV ^ Jump up to : Watts 2011 Jump up ^ Talmud Shabbat 99a Jump up ^ Exodus Rabbah 41 Jump up ^ Quran 7 : 142 -- 152 Jump up ^ Leviticus 10 : 1 Jump up ^ Micah 6 : 4 Jump up ^ Numbers 12 Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ Numbers 17 : 8 Jump up ^ Mays 2000 , p. 177 Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 10 : 6 Jump up ^ KJV Jump up ^ Gutstein 1997 , p. 3 Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 24 : 1 Jump up ^ Steinmetz 2005 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Freedman , Beck & Myers 2000 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Harbour , Reed & Tinsley 2005 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 5 ^ Jump up to : Kohler 1906 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Sifra , Wa - yiḳra , 1 ^ Jump up to : Kohler 1906 , p. 4 Jump up ^ ( Tan. , Shemot , ed . Buber , 24 - 26 ) Jump up ^ ( Sifra , Shemini , Milluim ; Tan. , Korah , ed . Buber , 14 ) Jump up ^ ed . Buber , 2 : 12 Jump up ^ Anon 1993 Jump up ^ Kohler 1906 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Numbers 20 : 29 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 34 : 8 Jump up ^ Sanhedrin 7a Jump up ^ Zebahim 115b Jump up ^ Tanhuma , ed . Buber , בהעלותך , 6 Jump up ^ Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 2001 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 2001 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Quran 19 : 53 Jump up ^ Quran 37 : 122 Jump up ^ Quran 6 : 84 Jump up ^ Quran 37 : 114 Jump up ^ Glasse 1989 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Ali 1998 , p. 773 § = 2481 Jump up ^ Ali 1998 , p. 312 § = 904 Jump up ^ Unless otherwise stated , the Jewish primary sources herein were provided courtesy of Rabbi Yirmiyahu Ullman in honor of M.A.M. from his 3 - part series on Miriam the Prophetess , posted on RabbiUllman.com . Part 1 : `` Miriam 's Name '' . Part 2 : `` Miriam in Egypt '' . Part 3 : `` Miriam in the Wilderness '' . Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim , 1 : 309 Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim , 1 : 314 Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham 1967 , p. 186 ; § = 270 Jump up ^ Lings 1983 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Anon 2013 Jump up ^ Wheeler 2013 Jump up ^ Bahá'u'lláh & ' Abdu'l - Bahá 1976 , p. 270 Jump up ^ Llah 2003 , p. 243 ^ Jump up to : Watts 2013 Jump up ^ Kline 2010 Jump up ^ National Gallery 2013 References ( edit ) Ali , Abdullah Yusuf ( 1998 ) . The Holy Qur'an : Text , Translation and Commentary ( in English and Arabic ) . Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an . ISBN 978 - 0 - 940368 - 31 - 6 . Anon ( 1993 ) . `` Ethics of the Fathers : Chapter One '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . 1 : 12 Hillel and Shammai received from them . Hillel would say : Be of the disciples of Aaron -- a lover of peace , a pursuer of peace , one who loves the creatures and draws them close to Torah . Anon ( 2013 ) . `` Aaron 's Tomb , Petra '' . Atlas Travel and Tourist Agency . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 29 Apr 2014 . Bahá'u'lláh ; ' Abdu'l - Bahá ( 1976 ) . Selected Writings of Bahá'u'lláh and ' Abdu'l - Bahá . US Bahá'í Publishing Trust . Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ( 2001 ) ( 1979 ) . Duties and Blessings of the Priesthood : Basic Manual for Priesthood Holders , Part A. Salt Lake City , UT : The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Freedman , David Noel ; Beck , Astrid P. ; Myers , Allen C. , eds. ( 2000 ) . `` Aaron '' . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . pp. 1 -- 2 . Glasse , Cyril ( 1989 ) . `` Aaron '' . Concise Encyclopedia of Islam . Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 063123 - 9 . Gutstein , Morris A. ( 1997 ) . `` Aaron '' . In Johnston , Bernard . Collier 's Encyclopedia . I : A to Ameland ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : P.F. Collier . Harbour , Brian ; Reed , Wilma ; Tinsley , William ( 2005 ) . The Gospel of Luke : Journeying to the Cross ( Adult Study Guide ) . BaptistWay Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931060 - 69 - 1 . Ibn Hisham , ' Abd al - Malik ( 1967 ) ( 1955 ) . The Life of Muhammad : A Translation of Ishaq 's Sirat Rasul Allah . Translated by A. Guillaume . Lahore , Pakistan : Pakistan Branch Oxford University Press . Kline , Fred R. ( 2010 ) . `` Aaron , Holy to the Lord '' . Kline Gallery . Kohler , Kaufmann ( 1906 ) . `` Aaron - In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature ( Moses and Aaron Compared ) & ( Death of Aaron ) '' . In Singer , Isidore . The Jewish Encyclopedia : A Descriptive Record of the History , Religion , Literature , and Customs of the Jewish People from Earliest Times : Complete in Twelve Volumes . Ktav Publishing House . ASIN B000B68W5S . Lings , Martin ( 1983 ) . Muhammad : His Life Based on the Earliest Sources . HarperCollins Publishers Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 297050 - 9 . Llah , Baha u ( 2003 ) ( 1861 ) . The Kitab - i - Iqan : The Book of Certitude . Translated by Shoghi Effendi . Baha'i Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931847 - 08 - 7 . Mariottini , Dr. Claude ( 17 March 2006 ) . `` The Priestly Benediction : Numbers 6 : 24 - 26 '' . Dr. Claude Mariottini -- Professor of Old Testament . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Mays , James L. , ed. ( 2000 ) ( 1988 ) . The HarperCollins Bible Commentary ( Revised ed . ) . San Francisco , CA : HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 065548 - 8 . McCurdy , J. Frederic ( 1906 ) . Singer , Isidore , ed . Aaron - Biblical Data ( Death ) . The Jewish Encyclopedia : A Descriptive Record of the History , Religion , Literature , and Customs of the Jewish People from Earliest Times : Complete in Twelve Volumes . Ktav Publishing House . ASIN B000B68W5S . National Gallery ( 2013 ) . `` The Adoration of the Golden Calf '' . National Gallery . Olson , Dennis T. ( 2000 ) . `` Aaron '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. ; Beck , Astrid B. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible ( 1st ed . ) . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2400 - 4 . Rockwood , Camilla , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Aaron '' . Chambers Biographical Dictionary ( 8th ed . ) . Edinburgh , UK : Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltc . ISBN 978 - 0550 - 10200 - 3 . Souvay , Charles Léon ( 1913 ) . `` Aaron '' . In Herbermann , Charles G. ; Pace , Edward A. ; Fallen , Conde B. ; Shahan , Thomas J. ; Wynne , John J. The Catholic Encyclopedia . I : A -- Assize . New York , NY : Robert Appleton Co. pp. 5 -- 7 . ASIN B006UETSQM . Steinmetz , Sol ( 2005 ) . `` kohen '' . Dictionary of Jewish Usage : A Guide to the Use of Jewish Terms . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4387 - 4 . VanderKam , James C. ( 2004 ) . From Joshua to Caiaphas : High Priests after the Exile . Minneapolis , MN : Augsburg Fortress Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8006 - 2617 - 6 . Watts , James W. ( 2013 ) . `` Illustrating Leviticus : Art , Ritual , Politics '' . Biblical Reception. 2 : 3 -- 15 . Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . `` Aaron '' . Longman Pronunciation Dictionary . Harlow , UK : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 05383 - 0 . Wheeler , Brannon ( 2013 ) . `` Tomb of Aaron '' . usna.edu . United States Naval Academy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 29 Apr 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Aberbach , Moses ; Smolar , Leivy ( June 1967 ) . `` Aaron , Jeroboam and the Golden Calves '' . Journal of Biblical Literature. 86 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 140 . doi : 10.2307 / 3263268 . Ginzberg , Louis , ed. ( 1909 -- 1938 ) . The Legends of the Jews ( 7 vols . ) . Translated by Henrietta Szold & Paul Radin . Philadelphia , PA : Jewish Publication Society of America . LCCN 0901 - 4182 . Kaufmann , Yehezkel ( 1960 ) . The Religion of Israel : From its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile . Translated and abridged by Moshe Greenberg . New York , NY : Schocken Books . LCCN 6000 - 5466 . Kennet , R.H. ( January 1905 ) . `` The Origin of the Aaronite Priesthood '' . The Journal of Theological Studies ( 22 ) : 161 -- 186 . doi : 10.1093 / jts / os - VI. 22.161 . McCurdy , J. Frederic ; Kohler , Kaufmann ( 1901 ) . `` Aaron '' . The Jewish Encyclopedia . Funk and Wagnalls. which cites Numbers Rabbah 9 Leviticus Rabbah 10 Midrash Peṭirat Aharon in Jellinek 's Bet ha - Midrash , 1 : 91 -- 95 Yalḳuṭ Numbers 764 Baring - Gould , Sabine ( 2009 ) ( 1871 ) . Legends of Old Testament Characters. II : From the Talmud and Other Sources . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 1 - 1037 - 2117 - 8 . Elʻazar ben Asher , ha - Leṿi ( 1899 ) . The Chronicles of Jerahmeel . translated by M. Gaster . London , UK : The Royal Asiatic Society . pp. 130 -- 133 . LCCN 4403 - 4408 . Holweck , Frederick G. ( 1924 ) . A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints . St. Louis , MO : B. Herder Book Co . Meek , Theophile James ( April 1929 ) . `` Aaronites and Zadokites '' . The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press . 45 ( 3 ) : 149 -- 166 . doi : 10.1086 / 370226 . Meek , Theophile James ( 1950 ) ( 1936 ) . Hebrew Origins ( Revised ed . ) . New York , NY : Harper & Brothers . LCCN 5001 - 1526 . Watts , James W. ( Fall 2011 ) . `` Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch '' . Journal of Biblical Literature . Society of Biblical Literature. 130 ( 3 ) : 417 -- 430 . ISSN 0021 - 9231 . References in the Qur'an ( edit ) Aaron 's prophecy : 4 : 163 , 6 : 84 , Aaron is made helper of Moses : 19 : 53 , 25 : 35 , 26 : 13 , 28 : 34 , 28 : 35 Aaron and Moses sent to Pharaoh : 23 : 45 , 10 : 75 , 10 : 87 , 21 : 48 Praise for Aaron : 37 : 114 , 37 : 114 , 37 : 118 , 37 : 119 , 37 % 3Averse % 3D 120 37 : 120 , 37 % 3Averse % 3D 122 37 : 122 The Golden Calf : 7 % 3Averse % 3D 150 7 : 150 , 20 % 3Averse % 3D 94 20 : 94 External links ( edit ) Media related to Aaron at Wikimedia Commons Cook , Stanley Arthur ( 1911 ) . `` Aaron '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . p. 4 . Works related to Aaron at Wikisource The dictionary definition of aaron at Wiktionary English-Ingles.com - Etymology of Aaron MFnames.com - Origin and Meaning of Aaron `` Aaron '' at the Christian Iconography website Israelite religious titles New title High Priest of Israel Years unknown Succeeded by Eleazar High Priests of Israel ( List ) Tabernacle Aaron Eleazar Phinehas Abishua Bukki Uzzi Eli Ahitub Ahijah Ahimelech Abiathar First Temple Zadok Ahimaaz Azariah I Johanan Jehoiarib Jehoshaphat Jehoiada Pediah Zedekiah Azariah II Hilkiah Post-exilic Joshua Joiakim Eliashib Joiada Johanan Jaddua Onias I Simon I Simeon the Just Eleazar Manasseh Onias II Simon II Onias III Jason Menelaus Onias IV Alcimus Hasmonean dynasty Jonathan Apphus Simon Thassi Hyrcanus I Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus Herodians to the Jewish Revolt Ananelus Aristobulus III Joshua ben Fabus Simon ben Boethus Joazar ben Boethus Eleazar ben Boethus Annas Caiaphas Theophilus ben Ananus Simon Cantatheras ben Boethus Elioneus ben Simon Cantatheras Ananias ben Nebedeus Joseph Cabi ben Simon Ananus ben Ananus Joshua ben Damneus Joshua ben Gamaliel Mattathias ben Theophilus Phannias ben Samuel Prophets in the Hebrew Bible Pre-Patriarchal Abel Kenan Enoch Noah ( in rabbinic literature ) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Levi Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Israelite prophets in the Torah Moses ( in rabbinic literature ) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in the Former Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah ( in rabbinic literature ) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel ( in rabbinic literature ) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah ( in rabbinic literature ) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job ( in rabbinic literature ) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Oded Azariah Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted . Prophets in the Quran آدم إدريس نوح هود صالح إبراهيم لوط إسماعيل Adam Adam Idris Enoch ( ? ) Nuh Noah Hud Eber ( ? ) Saleh Salah ( ? ) Ibrahim Abraham Lut Lot Ismail Ishmael إسحاق يعقوب يوسف أيوب شُعيب موسى هارون ذو الكفل داود Is'haq Isaac Yaqub Jacob Yusuf Joseph Ayyub Job Shuayb Jethro ( ? ) Musa Moses Harun Aaron Dhul - Kifl Ezekiel ( ? ) Daud David سليمان إلياس إليسع يونس زكريا يحيى عيسى مُحمد Sulaiman Solomon Ilyas Elijah Al - Yasa Elisha Yunus Jonah Zakaria Zechariah Yahya John Isa Jesus Muhammad Muhammad Note : Muslims believe that there were many prophets sent by God to mankind . The Islamic prophets above are only the ones mentioned by name in the Quran . People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters God in Islam ( Allah ) Names of God found in the Quran Angels Israfil Izra'il / Azrael ( Malak al - Mawt ) Jibra'il / Gabriel ( Al - Ruh al - Amin ) and Holy Spirit ( Al - Ruh al - Qudus ) and Al - Ruh ( The Spirit ) Maalik Mika'il Harut and Marut Jinns Iblīs / Devil Shaitan / Satan Ifrit ( and Marid ) Qareen In Heaven ( Jannah ) Ghilman and Wildan Houri In Hell ( Jahannam ) Zabaniyya Zaqqum Prophets and apostles ( messengers ) of God Mentioned Ādam / Adam Alyasa ' / Elisha Ayyub / Job Dawud / David Dhul - Kifl / Ezekiel ? Harun / Aaron Hud / Eber ? Ibrahim / Abraham ( Khalilullah ) Idris / Enoch ? Ilyas / Elijah Imran / Joachim ( father of Maryam ) Isa / Jesus Isḥaq / Isaac Isma'il / Ishmael Dhabih Ullah Lut / Lot Muhammad or Ahmad / Paraclete Musa / Moses ( Kalimullah ) Nuh / Noah Saleh / Shelah ? Shuaib / Jethro Sulayman / Solomon Uzair / Ezra ? Yahya / John the Baptist Yaqub / Jacob ( Israel ) Yunus / Jonah ( Dhul - Nun , Sahib al - Hut ) Yūsuf / Joseph Zakariya / Zechariah Implied Ermia / Jeremiah Samuel Yusha ' ibn Nūn / Joshua Good people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Dhul - Qarnayn Luqman Maryam / Mary ( mother of Isa ) Talut / Saul Implicitly mentioned Asiyah bint Muzahim / Bithiah ? ( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Beniamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Other people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Āzar ( uncle of Ibrahim ) Fir'aun / Pharaoh Haman Jalut / Goliath Qarun / Korah Sāmiri Implicitly mentioned Abraha Bal'am / Balaam Barṣīṣā Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleika ( wife of al - Aziz ) Mentioned people ( after inception of Islam ) Abū Lahab Zayd ibn Harithah Relatives of prophets Specified good relatives Daughters of Lut / Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Elizabeth or ' Ishā ' ( wife of Zakariya ) Habil / Abel ( son of Adam ) Hawwa ' / Eve ( wife of Adam ) Kulthum / Miriam ( sister of Musa ) Saffurah / Zipporah ( wife of Musa ) and Layya ( Saffura 's sister ) Sarah ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isḥaq ) Yukabed / Jochebed ( mother of Musa ) Non-specified good relatives Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud ) Muhammad 's wives Daughters of Muhammad Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Other relatives Brothers of Yūsuf Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ? Tārah / Terah ( father of Ibrahim ) Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ? ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Groups and tribes Tribes and ethnicities Mentioned ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Arabs and Ajam Children of Israel / Israelites Companions of the Rass People of Saba ' / Sheba People of Shu'aib ( people of Madyan and people of Aykah / Wood ) People of Tubba ' Quraysh Romans Thamud ( people of Saleh , companions of Hijr ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Bayt Amalek Banu Hashim Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Groups Mentioned Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Companions of Sabbath ( Aşḥāb al - Sabt ) Companions of the Cave / Seven Sleepers and Companions of al - Raqaim Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of the Burned Garden ( Aşḥāb al - Jannah ) Ulu'l azm prophets Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Aus and Khazraj Copts Hezbollah Muhajirun ( The emigrants ) and Ansar ( The helpers ) Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Christians ( People of Injil ) Jews Kafir ( Infidels ) Majus Zoroastrians Munafiq Hypocrites Mushrik Polytheists Muslims People of the Book ( ‎ ′ Ahl al - Kitāb ) Sabians Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Rabbani / Rabbi Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Locations , entities and events Locations Mentioned Ahqāf Al - Aqsa Mosque Arafat and Mash'ar al - Harām Bābil / Babylon Badr Door of Hittah Hijr / Hegra Holy Land ( Palestine and Levant ) Hunayn Iram Ka'bah / Kaaba ( Bayt al - Harām / Sacred House , Bayt al - ' Atīq / Ancient House ) Madyan / Midian Madinah / Medina ( formerly Yathrib ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Makkah / Mecca ( Umm al - Qura , Balad al - Amin , Bakkah ) Maqām Ibrahim Masjid al - Dirar Masjid al - Haram Mount Judi Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Rass Saba ' / Sheba Al - Safa and Al - Marwah Tur Sinā ' / Mount Sinai and Jabal al - Tur Egypt Valley of Tuwa Implicitly mentioned Antioch Antakya Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas and ' Ariha Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) and Al - Hijr of Isma'il Canaan Cave of Hira and Cave of Thawr Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Ma'rib Dam Masjid al - Nabawi ( Prophet 's Mosque ) Mesopotamia Nile River Nineveh Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Quba Mosque Sinai Desert and Tīh Desert Ta'if Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Injil / Gospel Quran Suhuf - i Ibrahim ( Scrolls of Abraham ) Tawrat / Torah , Suhuf - i - Musa ( Scrolls of Moses ) and Tablets of Stone Zabur Related animals Cow of Israelites and Golden calf Dog of Seven Sleepers Fish of Yunis Hoopoe of Sulayman She - Camel of Saleh Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) Baal Lāt , ' Uzza and Manāt Wadd , Suwa ' , Yaghuth , Ya'uq and Nasr ( Jibt and Taghut Ansāb ) Events Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of the Trench ( Battle of the Confederates ) Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Hadith of the pond of Khumm Incident of Ifk Layla al - Mabit Mubahala The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaron&oldid=799507572 '' Categories : High Priests of Israel Prophets of the Hebrew Bible Aaron Ancient Egyptian Jews Biblical people in Islam Book of Exodus Christian saints from the Old Testament Kohanim Moses Torah people Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Pages with numeric Bible version references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2015 Use mdy dates from June 2013 CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Ænglisc Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кырык мары Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof ייִדיש Yorùbá Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 03 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what role did aaron play in the bible	[ "Knowledge of Aaron, along with his brother Moses, comes exclusively from religious texts, such as the Bible and Qur’an. The Hebrew Bible relates that, unlike Moses, who grew up in the Egyptian royal court, Aaron and his elder sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king about the Israelites, Aaron served as his brother's spokesman (\"prophet\") to the Pharaoh.[11] Part of the Law (Torah) that Moses received from God at Sinai granted Aaron the priesthood for himself and his male descendants, and he became the first High Priest of the Israelites.[12] Aaron died before the Israelites crossed the North Jordan river and he was buried on Mount Hor (Numbers 33:39;[13][14][15] Deuteronomy 10:6 says he died and was buried at Moserah).[13][16] Aaron is also mentioned in the New Testament of the Bible.[17][18][19][20][21]" ]	[ "the first High Priest of the Israelites" ]
-7135995503745242448	Jatindra Nath Das	Jatindra Nath Das - Wikipedia Jatindra Nath Das `` Jatin Das '' redirects here . For the Indian painter and sculptor , see Jatin Das ( painter ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jatindra Nath Das যতীন দাস Jatindra Nath Das ( 1904 - 10 - 27 ) 27 October 1904 Calcutta , British India 13 September 1929 ( 1929 - 09 - 13 ) ( aged 24 ) Lahore , British India Cause of death Hunger Strike Nationality Indian Other names Jatin ; Jatin das Occupation Independence Activist Known for 63 - day hunger strike in jail ; member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Anushilan Samiti Influence Indian Nationalism ( Militant nationalism ) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Swami Vivekananda Sister Nivedita Aurobindo Ghosh Shakta philosophy Indian National Congress Bipin Chandra Pal 1905 Partition of Bengal Bande Mataram Jugantar M.C. Samadhyayi Anushilan Samiti History Dhaka Anushilan Samiti Jugantar Aurobindo Raja Subodh Mallik Pramathanath Mitra Sarala Devi C.R. Das Surendranath Tagore Kanailal Dutta Jatindra Nath Banerjee Barin Ghosh Pulin Behari Das Bhupendranath Datta Bagha Jatin Atulkrishna Ghosh Jadugopal Mukherjee Rash Behari Bose Bhupendra Kumar Datta Hemchandra Kanungo Ullaskar Dutta Khudiram Bose Prafulla Chaki Tarak Nath Das Abhinash Bhattacharya Guran Ditt Kumar Naren Bhattacharya Bhavabhushan Mitra Bipin Behari Ganguli Sachindra Nath Sanyal Jogesh Chandra Chattopadhyay Pratul Chandra Ganguli Hindustan Republican Association Narendra Mohan Sen Niranjan Sen Gupta M.N. Roy Jatin Das Surya Sen Pritilata Waddedar Revolutionary Socialist Party More Notable events Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Howrah - Sibpur Conspiracy Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy Barisal Conspiracy Rodda robbery Indo - German Conspiracy Annie Larsen Christmas Day plot Kakori conspiracy Chittagong armoury raid More Related topics Sir Andrew Fraser Department of Criminal Intelligence Sir Harold Stuart Sir Charles Stevenson - Moore Sir Robert Nathan John Wallinger India House Paris Indian Society Abhinav Bharat Society V.D. Savarkar Madam Cama Har Dayal Ghadar Party More Jatindra Nath Das ( Bengali : যতীন্দ্রনাথ দাস ) ( 27 October 1904 -- 13 September 1929 ) , also known as Jatin Das , was an Indian independence activist and revolutionary . He died in Lahore jail after a 63 - day hunger strike . Contents 1 Early life 2 Hunger strike 3 Popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Jatindra Das was born in 1904 at Calcutta . He joined the Anushilan Samiti , a revolutionary group in Bengal , at a young age and also participated in Gandhi 's Non-Cooperation movement in 1921 . In November 1925 , while studying for a B.A. at Bangabasi College in Calcutta , Das was arrested for his political activities and was imprisoned at the Mymensingh Central Jail . While interned there , he went on a hunger strike to protest the ill - treatment meted out to the political prisoners . After fasting for twenty days , the Jail Superintendent apologised and he gave up the fast . He was contacted by revolutionaries in other parts of India and agreed to participate in bomb - making for Bhagat Singh and comrades . Sachindra Nath Sanyal taught him how to make bombs . On 14 June 1929 he was arrested for revolutionary activities and was imprisoned in Lahore jail to be tried under the supplementary Lahore Conspiracy Case . Hunger strike ( edit ) In Lahore jail , Das began a hunger strike along with other revolutionary fighters , demanding equality for Indian political prisoners with those from Europe . The conditions of Indian inhabitants of the jails was deplorable . The uniforms that Indian prisoners were required to wear in jail with were not washed for several days , and rats and cockroaches roamed the kitchen area making the food unsafe to eat . Indian prisoners were not provided with any reading material such as newspapers , nor paper to write on . The condition of the British prisoners in the same jail was strikingly different . Das 's hunger strike started on 13 July 1929 and lasted 63 days . The jail authority took measures to forcibly feed him and the other independence activist . Eventually , the jail committee recommended his unconditional release , but the government rejected the suggestion and offered to release him on bail . Jatin died on 13 September 1929 . Durga Bhabhi led the funeral procession , which went from Lahore to Calcutta by train . Thousands of people rushed to the railway stations to pay homage to Das . A two - mile long procession in Calcutta carried the coffin to the cremation ground . It was Subhas Chandra Bose , who received the coffin of Das at Howrah Railway Station and led the funeral procession to the cremation ground . The hunger strike of Jatin Das in prison was one crucial moment in the resistance against illegal detentions . After his death , the Viceroy informed London that `` Mr Das of the Conspiracy Case , who was on hunger strike , died this afternoon at 1 p.m. Last night , five of the hunger strikers gave up their hunger strike . So there are only Bhagat Singh and Dutt who are on strike . '' Tributes were paid by almost every leader in the country . Mohammad Alam and Gopi Chand Bhargava resigned from the Punjab Legislative Council in protest . Motilal Nehru proposed the adjournment of the Central Assembly as a censure against the inhumanity of the Lahore prisoners . The censure motion was carried by 55 votes against 47 . Jawaharlal Nehru said `` Another name has been added to the long and splendid roll of Indian martyrs . Let us bow our heads and pray for strength to act to carry on the struggle , however long it may be and whatever consequences , till the victory is ours `` . Subhas Chandra Bose described Das as the `` young Dadhichee of India '' , referring to the well known mythological yogi Dadhichee who sacrificed his life for the sake of killing a demon . Popular culture ( edit ) In the 2002 film The Legend of Bhagat Singh , the character of Jatin Das was played by Amitabh Bhattacharjee . A 35 - minute documentary film titled Immortal Martyr Jatin Das was released in 2009 . See also ( edit ) Batukeshwar Dutt Pritilata Waddedar Potti Sreeramulu Thileepan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chatterji , Shoma A. ( 2015 ) . Filming Reality : The Independent Documentary Movement in India . SAGE Publications India . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 9 - 35150 - 543 - 3 . Jump up ^ Indian Post article Jump up ^ Ghosh , Durba ( 4 -- 5 April 2003 ) . Britain 's Global War on Terrorism : containing political violence and insurgency in the interwar years . How Empire Mattered : Imperial Structures and Globalization in the Era of British Imperialism . Berkeley , CA . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ The martyr : Bhagat Singh experiments in revolution by Kuldip Nayar Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1569093/ Further reading ( edit ) Nair , Neeti ( May 2009 ) . `` Bhagat Singh as ' Satyagrahi ' : The Limits to Non-violence in Late Colonial India '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 43 ( 3 ) : 649 -- 681 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x08003491 . JSTOR 20488099 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . External links ( edit ) Indian Post article The Pioneer article by Balbir Punj Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. 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-8549656394847323396	The Lord of the Rings	The Lord of the Rings - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings This article is about the novel . For the film series , see The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) . For other uses , see The Lord of the Rings ( disambiguation ) . The Lord of the Rings The first single volume edition ( 1968 ) The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy Adventure Publisher Allen & Unwin Published 29 July 1954 11 November 1954 20 October 1955 Media type Print ( Hardcover and Paperback ) Preceded by The Hobbit Followed by The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien . The story began as a sequel to Tolkien 's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit , but eventually developed into a much larger work . Written in stages between 1937 and 1949 , The Lord of the Rings is one of the best - selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold . The title of the novel refers to the story 's main antagonist , the Dark Lord Sauron , who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle - earth . From quiet beginnings in the Shire , a hobbit land not unlike the English countryside , the story ranges across Middle - earth , following the course of the War of the Ring through the eyes of its characters , not only the hobbits Frodo Baggins , Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee , Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck and Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took , but also the hobbits ' chief allies and travelling companions : the Men , Aragorn son of Arathorn , a Ranger of the North , and Boromir , a Captain of Gondor ; Gimli son of Glóin , a Dwarf warrior ; Legolas Greenleaf , an Elven prince ; and Gandalf , a wizard . The work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two - volume set , the other to be The Silmarillion , but this idea was dismissed by his publisher . For economic reasons , The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955 . The three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers and The Return of the King . Structurally , the novel is divided internally into six books , two per volume , with several appendices of background material included at the end . Some editions combine the entire work into a single volume . The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times and translated into 38 languages . Tolkien 's work has been the subject of extensive analysis of its themes and origins . Although a major work in itself , the story was only the last movement of a larger epic Tolkien had worked on since 1917 , in a process he described as mythopoeia . Influences on this earlier work , and on the story of The Lord of the Rings , include philology , mythology , religion and the author 's distaste for the effects of industrialization , as well as earlier fantasy works and Tolkien 's experiences in World War I . The Lord of the Rings in its turn is considered to have had a great effect on modern fantasy ; the impact of Tolkien 's works is such that the use of the words `` Tolkienian '' and `` Tolkienesque '' have been recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary . The enduring popularity of The Lord of the Rings has led to numerous references in popular culture , the founding of many societies by fans of Tolkien 's works , and the publication of many books about Tolkien and his works . The Lord of the Rings has inspired , and continues to inspire , artwork , music , films and television , video games , board games , and subsequent literature . Award - winning adaptations of The Lord of the Rings have been made for radio , theatre , and film . In 2003 , it was named Britain 's best - loved novel of all time in the BBC 's The Big Read . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 Prologue 1.2 The Fellowship of the Ring 1.3 The Two Towers 1.4 The Return of the King 2 Main characters 2.1 Protagonists 2.2 Antagonists 3 Concept and creation 3.1 Background 3.2 Writing 3.3 Influences 4 Publication history 4.1 Editions and revisions 4.2 Posthumous publication of drafts 4.3 Translations 5 Reception 6 Themes 7 Adaptations 7.1 Radio 7.2 Film 7.3 Television 7.4 Stage 8 Legacy 8.1 Influences on the fantasy genre 8.2 Music 8.3 Impact on popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Summary ( edit ) See also : The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and The Return of the King plot summaries Prologue ( edit ) Thousands of years before the events of the novel , the Dark Lord Sauron had forged the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power and corrupt those who wore them : the leaders of Men , Elves and Dwarves . Sauron was defeated by an alliance of Elves and Men led by Gil - galad and Elendil , respectively . In the final battle , Isildur , son of Elendil , cut the One Ring from Sauron 's finger , causing Sauron to lose his physical form . Isildur claimed the Ring as an heirloom for his line , but when he was later ambushed and killed by the Orcs , the Ring was lost in the River Anduin . Over two thousand years later , the Ring was found by one of the river - folk called Déagol . His friend Sméagol fell under the Ring 's influence and strangled Déagol to acquire it . Sméagol was banished and hid under the Misty Mountains . The Ring gave him long life and changed him over hundreds of years into a twisted , corrupted creature called Gollum . Gollum lost the Ring , his `` precious '' , and as told in The Hobbit , Bilbo Baggins found it . Meanwhile , Sauron assumed a new form and took back his old realm of Mordor . When Gollum set out in search of the Ring , he was captured and tortured by Sauron . Sauron learned from Gollum that `` Baggins '' of the Shire had taken the Ring . Gollum was set loose . Sauron , who needed the Ring to regain his full power , sent forth his powerful servants , the Nazgûl , to seize it . The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) The story begins in the Shire , where the hobbit Frodo Baggins inherits the Ring from Bilbo Baggins , his cousin and guardian . Neither hobbit is aware of the Ring 's nature , but Gandalf the Grey , a wizard and an old friend of Bilbo , suspects it to be Sauron 's Ring . Seventeen years later , after Gandalf confirms his guess , he tells Frodo the history of the Ring and counsels him to take it away from the Shire . Frodo sets out , accompanied by his gardener , servant and friend , Samwise ( `` Sam '' ) Gamgee , and two cousins , Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck and Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took . They are nearly caught by the Black Riders , but shake off their pursuers by cutting through the Old Forest . There they are aided by Tom Bombadil , a strange and merry fellow who lives with his wife Goldberry in the forest . The hobbits reach the town of Bree , where they encounter a Ranger named Strider , whom Gandalf had mentioned in a letter . Strider persuades the hobbits to take him on as their guide and protector . Together , they leave Bree after another close escape from the Black Riders . On the hill of Weathertop , they are again attacked by the Black Riders , who wound Frodo with a cursed blade . Strider fights them off and leads the hobbits towards the Elven refuge of Rivendell . Frodo falls deathly ill from the wound . The Black Riders nearly capture him at the Ford of Bruinen , but flood waters summoned by Elrond , master of Rivendell , rise up and overwhelm them . Frodo recovers in Rivendell under Elrond 's care . The Council of Elrond discusses the history of Sauron and the Ring . Strider is revealed to be Aragorn , Isildur 's heir . Gandalf reports that Sauron has corrupted Saruman , chief of the wizards . The Council decides that the Ring must be destroyed , but that can only be done by sending it to the Fire of Mount Doom in Mordor , where it was forged . Frodo takes this task upon himself . Elrond , with the advice of Gandalf , chooses companions for him . The Company of the Ring are nine in number : Frodo , Sam , Merry , Pippin , Aragorn , Gandalf , Gimli the Dwarf , Legolas the Elf , and the Man Boromir , son of Denethor , the Ruling Steward of the land of Gondor . After a failed attempt to cross the Misty Mountains through the Redhorn Pass , the Company are forced to take a perilous path through the Mines of Moria . They are attacked by the Watcher in the Water before the doors of Moria . Inside Moria , they learn of the fate of Balin and his colony of Dwarves . After surviving an attack , they are pursued by Orcs and by an ancient demon called a Balrog . Gandalf faces the Balrog , and both of them fall into the abyss . The others escape and find refuge in the Elven forest of Lothlórien , where they are counselled by its rulers , Galadriel and Celeborn . With boats and gifts from Galadriel , the Company travel down the River Anduin to the hill of Amon Hen . There , Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo , but Frodo puts it on and disappears . Frodo chooses to go alone to Mordor , but Sam guesses what he intends and goes with him . The two Towers ( edit ) Orcs sent by Saruman and Sauron kill Boromir and capture Merry and Pippin . Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas debate which pair of hobbits to follow . They decide to pursue the Orcs taking Merry and Pippin to Saruman . In the kingdom of Rohan , the Orcs are slain by a company of Rohirrim . Merry and Pippin escape into Fangorn Forest , where they are befriended by Treebeard , the oldest of the tree - like Ents . Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas track the hobbits to Fangorn . There they unexpectedly meet Gandalf . Gandalf explains that he slew the Balrog ; darkness took him , but he was sent back to Middle - earth to complete his mission . He is clothed in white and is now Gandalf the White , for he has taken Saruman 's place as the chief of the wizards . Gandalf assures his friends that Merry and Pippin are safe . Together they ride to Edoras , capital of Rohan . Gandalf frees Théoden , King of Rohan , from the influence of Saruman 's spy Gríma Wormtongue . Théoden musters his fighting strength and rides with his men to the ancient fortress of Helm 's Deep , while Gandalf departs to seek help from Treebeard . Meanwhile , the Ents , roused by Merry and Pippin from their peaceful ways , attack Isengard , Saruman 's stronghold , and trap the wizard in the tower of Orthanc . Gandalf convinces Treebeard to send an army of Huorns to Théoden 's aid . Gandalf brings an army of Rohirrim to Helm 's Deep , and they defeat the Orcs , who flee into the `` forest '' of Huorns , never to be seen again . Gandalf offers Saruman a chance to turn away from evil . When Saruman refuses to listen , Gandalf strips him of his rank and most of his powers . After Saruman crawls back to his prison , Wormtongue drops a sphere to try and kill Gandalf . Pippin picks it up ; it is revealed to be a palantír , a seeing - stone that Saruman used to speak with Sauron and through which Saruman was ensnared . Pippin is seen by Sauron . Gandalf rides for Minas Tirith , chief city of Gondor , taking Pippin with him . Frodo and Sam capture Gollum , who has followed them from Moria . They force him to guide them to Mordor . They find that the Black Gate of Mordor is too well guarded , so instead they travel to a secret way Gollum knows . On the way , they encounter Faramir , who , unlike his brother Boromir , resists the temptation to seize the Ring . Gollum -- who is torn between his loyalty to Frodo and his desire for the Ring -- betrays Frodo by leading him to the great spider Shelob in the tunnels of Cirith Ungol . Frodo falls to Shelob 's sting . But with the help of Galadriel 's gifts , Sam fights off the spider . Believing Frodo to be dead , Sam takes the Ring to continue the quest alone . Orcs find Frodo ; Sam overhears them and learns that Frodo is still alive . The Return of the King ( edit ) Sauron sends a great army against Gondor . Gandalf arrives at Minas Tirith to warn Denethor of the attack , while Théoden musters the Rohirrim to ride to Gondor 's aid . Minas Tirith is besieged . Denethor is deceived by Sauron and falls into despair . He burns himself alive on a pyre , nearly taking his son Faramir with him . Aragorn , accompanied by Legolas , Gimli and the Rangers of the North , takes the Paths of the Dead to recruit the Dead Men of Dunharrow , who are bound by a curse which denies them rest until they fulfil their ancient forsworn oath to fight for the King of Gondor . Following Aragorn , the Army of the Dead strikes terror into the Corsairs of Umbar invading southern Gondor . Aragorn defeats the Corsairs and uses their ships to transport the men of southern Gondor up the Anduin , reaching Minas Tirith just in time to turn the tide of battle . Éowyn , Théoden 's niece , slays the Lord of the Nazgûl with help from Merry . Together , Gondor and Rohan defeat Sauron 's army in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , though at great cost . Théoden is slain , and Éowyn and Merry are injured . Meanwhile , Sam rescues Frodo from the tower of Cirith Ungol . They set out across Mordor . Aragorn leads an army of men from Gondor and Rohan to march on the Black Gate to distract Sauron from his true danger . His army is vastly outnumbered by the great might of Sauron . Frodo and Sam reach the edge of the Cracks of Doom , but Frodo can not resist the Ring any longer . He claims it for himself and puts it on his finger . Gollum suddenly reappears . He struggles with Frodo and bites off Frodo 's finger with the Ring still on it . Celebrating wildly , Gollum loses his footing and falls into the Fire , taking the Ring with him . When the Ring is destroyed , Sauron loses his power forever . All he created collapses , the Nazgûl perish , and his armies are thrown into such disarray that Aragorn 's forces emerge victorious . Aragorn is crowned Elessar , King of Arnor and Gondor , and weds Arwen , daughter of Elrond . The four hobbits make their way back to the Shire , only to find out that it has been taken over by men led by Sharkey . The hobbits raise a rebellion and liberate the Shire , though 19 hobbits are killed and 30 wounded . Sharkey turns out to be Saruman . Frodo stops the hobbits from killing the wizard after Saruman attempts to stab Frodo , but Gríma turns on Saruman and kills him in front of Bag End , Frodo 's home . He is slain in turn by hobbit archers , and the War of the Ring comes to its true end on Frodo 's very doorstep . Merry and Pippin are celebrated as heroes . Sam marries Rosie Cotton and uses his gifts from Galadriel to help heal the Shire . But Frodo is still wounded in body and spirit , having borne the Ring for so long . A few years later , in the company of Bilbo and Gandalf , Frodo sails from the Grey Havens west over the Sea to the Undying Lands to find peace . In the appendices , Sam gives his daughter Elanor the Red Book of Westmarch , which contains the story of Bilbo 's adventures and the War of the Ring as witnessed by the hobbits . Sam is then said to have crossed west over the Sea himself , the last of the Ring - bearers . Main characters ( edit ) Some characters in The Lord of the Rings are unequivocal protagonists , and others are absolute antagonists . However despite criticism that the book 's characters `` are all either black or white '' , some of the ' good ' characters have darker sides that feature in the story , and likewise some of the villains have `` good impulses '' . Therefore the categorization of characters as either ' protagonists ' or ' antagonists ' below indicates their general role in the story . Protagonists ( edit ) The Company of the Ring : Frodo Baggins , bearer of the One Ring , given to him by Bilbo Baggins Samwise Gamgee , gardener and friend of the Bagginses Meriadoc Brandybuck ( Merry ) , Frodo 's cousin and friend Peregrin Took ( Pippin or Pip ) , Frodo 's cousin and friend Gandalf the Grey , a wizard , leads the Fellowship until his fall in Moria , returns from death as Gandalf the White to lead the armies of the West against Sauron Aragorn , ( aka Strider ) descendant of Isildur and rightful heir to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor Legolas Greenleaf , an Elf prince and son of King Thranduil of the Silvan Elves of Northern Mirkwood Gimli , son of Glóin , a dwarf Boromir , the eldest son and heir of Denethor Denethor , ruling Steward of Gondor and Lord of Minas Tirith Faramir , younger son of Denethor and brother of Boromir Galadriel , Elf co-ruler of Lothlórien , and grandmother of Arwen Celeborn , Elf co-ruler of Lothlórien , husband of Galadriel , and grandfather of Arwen Elrond , Half - elven Lord of Rivendell and father of Arwen Arwen Undómiel , daughter of Elrond , love interest of Aragorn Bilbo Baggins , Frodo 's cousin Théoden , King of Rohan , ally of Gondor Éomer , the 3rd Marshal of the Mark and Théoden 's nephew . Later King of Rohan after Théoden 's death . Éowyn , sister of Éomer , who disguises herself as a male warrior named Dernhelm to fight beside Théoden Treebeard , oldest of the Ents Tom Bombadil , lives at the edge of the Old Forest near the barrow - downs , a mysterious character with great powers Antagonists ( edit ) Sauron , the Dark Lord and titular Lord of the Rings , a fallen Maia who helped the Elves forge the Rings of Power in the Second Age . The Nazgûl or Ringwraiths , men enslaved by Sauron when they accepted his treacherous gifts of Rings of Power The Witch - king of Angmar , the Lord of the Nazgûl , and Sauron 's most powerful servant , who commands Sauron 's army Saruman the White , a wizard who seeks the One Ring for himself . Originally the chief of the order of wizards of which Gandalf is also a member ; corrupted by Sauron through the palantír . Gríma Wormtongue , a secret servant of Saruman and traitor to Rohan , who poisons Théoden 's perceptions with well placed `` advice '' Gollum , a river hobbit originally named Sméagol and an obsessive previous owner of the One Ring , planning to steal it back . Shelob , a giant spider who dwells in the passes above Minas Morgul Durin 's Bane , a Balrog dwelling beneath the Mines of Moria Mouth of Sauron , also known as the Lieutenant of Barad - dûr . The chief emissary of Sauron , he confronts the Army of the West outside the Black Gate . Concept and creation ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings started as a sequel to J.R.R. Tolkien 's work The Hobbit , published in 1937 . The popularity of The Hobbit had led George Allen & Unwin , the publishers , to request a sequel . Tolkien warned them that he wrote quite slowly , and responded with several stories he had already developed . Having rejected his contemporary drafts for The Silmarillion , putting on hold Roverandom , and accepting Farmer Giles of Ham , Allen & Unwin thought more stories about hobbits would be popular . So at the age of 45 , Tolkien began writing the story that would become The Lord of the Rings . The story would not be finished until 12 years later , in 1949 , and would not be fully published until 1955 , when Tolkien was 63 years old . Writing ( edit ) Persuaded by his publishers , he started `` a new Hobbit '' in December 1937 . After several false starts , the story of the One Ring emerged . The idea for the first chapter ( `` A Long - Expected Party '' ) arrived fully formed , although the reasons behind Bilbo 's disappearance , the significance of the Ring , and the title The Lord of the Rings did not arrive until the spring of 1938 . Originally , he planned to write a story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more ; however , he remembered the Ring and its powers and thought that would be a better focus for the new work . As the story progressed , he also brought in elements from The Silmarillion mythology . Writing was slow , because Tolkien had a full - time academic position , and needed to earn further money as a university examiner . Tolkien abandoned The Lord of the Rings during most of 1943 and only restarted it in April 1944 , as a serial for his son Christopher Tolkien , who was sent chapters as they were written while he was serving in South Africa with the Royal Air Force . Tolkien made another concerted effort in 1946 , and showed the manuscript to his publishers in 1947 . The story was effectively finished the next year , but Tolkien did not complete the revision of earlier parts of the work until 1949 . The original manuscripts , which total 9,250 pages , now reside in the J.R.R. Tolkien Collection at Marquette University . Influences ( edit ) Mentioned at the beginning of The Lord of the Rings , the Ivy Bush is the closest public house to Birmingham Oratory which Tolkien attended while living near Edgbaston Reservoir . Perrott 's Folly is nearby . Main article : J.R.R. Tolkien 's influences The influence of the Welsh language , which Tolkien had learned , is summarized in his essay English and Welsh : `` If I may once more refer to my work . The Lord of the Rings , in evidence : the names of persons and places in this story were mainly composed on patterns deliberately modelled on those of Welsh ( closely similar but not identical ) . This element in the tale has given perhaps more pleasure to more readers than anything else in it . '' The Lord of the Rings developed as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology , religion ( particularly Roman Catholicism ) , fairy tales , Norse and general Germanic mythology , and also Celtic , Slavic , Persian , Greek , and Finnish mythology . Tolkien acknowledged , and external critics have verified , the influences of George MacDonald and William Morris and the Anglo - Saxon poem Beowulf . The question of a direct influence of Wagner 's The Nibelung 's Ring on Tolkien 's work is debated by critics . Tolkien included neither any explicit religion nor cult in his work . Rather the themes , moral philosophy , and cosmology of The Lord of the Rings reflect his Catholic worldview . In one of his letters Tolkien states , `` The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work ; unconsciously so at first , but consciously in the revision . That is why I have not put in , or have cut out , practically all references to anything like ' religion ' , to cults or practices , in the imaginary world . For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism . '' Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien 's childhood in Birmingham , where he first lived near Sarehole Mill , and later near Edgbaston Reservoir . There are also hints of the Black Country , which is within easy reach of north west Edgbaston . This shows in such names as `` Underhill '' , and the description of Saruman 's industrialization of Isengard and The Shire . It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where Tolkien frequently stayed during the 1940s . The work was influenced by the effects of his military service during World War I , to the point that Frodo has been `` diagnosed '' as suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , or `` shell - shock '' , which was first diagnosed under that name at the Battle of the Somme , at which Tolkien served . Publication history ( edit ) A dispute with his publisher , George Allen & Unwin , led to the book being offered to Collins in 1950 . Tolkien intended The Silmarillion ( itself largely unrevised at this point ) to be published along with The Lord of the Rings , but A&U were unwilling to do this . After Milton Waldman , his contact at Collins , expressed the belief that The Lord of the Rings itself `` urgently wanted cutting '' , Tolkien eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952 . Collins did not ; and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin , saying , `` I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff '' , fearing his work would never see the light of day . For publication , the book was divided into three volumes to minimize any potential financial loss due to the high cost of type - setting and modest anticipated sales : The Fellowship of the Ring ( Books I and II ) , The Two Towers ( Books III and IV ) , and The Return of the King ( Books V and VI plus six appendices ) . Delays in producing appendices , maps and especially an index led to the volumes being published later than originally hoped -- on 29 July 1954 , on 11 November 1954 and on 20 October 1955 respectively in the United Kingdom . In the United States , Houghton Mifflin published The Fellowship of the Ring on 21 October 1954 , The Two Towers on 21 April 1955 , and The Return of the King on 5 January 1956 . The Return of the King was especially delayed due to Tolkien revising the ending and preparing appendices ( some of which had to be left out because of space constraints ) . Tolkien did not like the title The Return of the King , believing it gave away too much of the storyline , but deferred to his publisher 's preference . He suggested the title The Two Towers in a deliberately ambiguous attempt to link the unconnected books III and IV , and as such the eponymous towers could be either Orthanc and Barad - dûr , or Minas Tirith and Barad - dûr , or Orthanc and Cirith Ungol . Tolkien was initially opposed to titles being given to each two - book volume , preferring instead the use of book titles : e.g. The Lord of the Rings : Vol. 1 , The Ring Sets Out and The Ring Goes South ; Vol. 2 , The Treason of Isengard and The Ring Goes East ; Vol. 3 , The War of the Ring and The End of the Third Age . However these individual book titles were later scrapped , and after pressure from his publishers , Tolkien initially suggested the titles : Vol. 1 , The Shadow Grows ; Vol. 2 , The Ring in the Shadow ; Vol. 3 , The War of the Ring or The Return of the King . The books were published under a profit - sharing arrangement , whereby Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even , after which he would take a large share of the profits . It has ultimately become one of the best - selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold . The book was published in the UK by Allen & Unwin until 1990 when the publisher and its assets were acquired by HarperCollins . Editions and revisions ( edit ) In the early 1960s Donald A. Wollheim , science fiction editor of the paperback publisher Ace Books , claimed that The Lord of the Rings was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because Houghton Mifflin , the US hardcover publisher , had neglected to copyright the work in the United States . Then , in 1965 , Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition , unauthorized by Tolkien and without paying royalties to him . Tolkien took issue with this and quickly notified his fans of this objection . Grass - roots pressure from these fans became so great that Ace Books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien . Authorized editions followed from Ballantine Books and Houghton Mifflin to tremendous commercial success . Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would be published with his consent and establish an unquestioned US copyright . This text became the Second Edition of The Lord of the Rings , published in 1965 . The first Ballantine paperback edition was printed in October that year , and sold a quarter of a million copies within ten months . On September 4 , 1966 , the novel debuted on New York Times ' Paperback Bestsellers list as number three , and was number one by December 4 , a position it held for eight weeks . Houghton Mifflin editions after 1994 consolidate variant revisions by Tolkien , and corrections supervised by Christopher Tolkien , which resulted , after some initial glitches , in a computer - based unified text . In 2004 , for the 50th Anniversary Edition , Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull , under supervision from Christopher Tolkien , studied and revised the text to eliminate as many errors and inconsistencies as possible , some of which had been introduced by well - meaning compositors of the first printing in 1954 , and never been corrected . The 2005 edition of the book contained further corrections noticed by the editors and submitted by readers . Further corrections were added to the 60th Anniversary Edition in 2014 . Several editions , notably the 50th Anniversary Edition , combine all three books into one volume , with the result that pagination varies widely over the various editions . Posthumous publication of drafts ( edit ) From 1988 to 1992 Christopher Tolkien published the surviving drafts of The Lord of The Rings , chronicling and illuminating with commentary the stages of the text 's development , in volumes 6 -- 9 of his History of Middle - earth series . The four volumes carry the titles The Return of the Shadow , The Treason of Isengard , The War of the Ring , and Sauron Defeated . Translations ( edit ) Main article : Translations of The Lord of the Rings The novel has been translated , with various degrees of success , into at least 56 languages . Tolkien , an expert in philology , examined many of these translations , and made comments on each that reflect both the translation process and his work . As he was unhappy with some choices made by early translators , such as the Swedish translation by Åke Ohlmarks , Tolkien wrote a `` Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings '' ( 1967 ) . Because The Lord of the Rings purports to be a translation of the fictitious Red Book of Westmarch , with the English language representing the Westron of the `` original '' , Tolkien suggested that translators attempt to capture the interplay between English and the invented nomenclature of the English work , and gave several examples along with general guidance . Reception ( edit ) Main article : Reception of J.R.R. Tolkien While early reviews for The Lord of the Rings were mixed , reviews in various media have been , on the whole , highly positive and acknowledge Tolkien 's literary achievement as a significant one . The initial review in the Sunday Telegraph described it as `` among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century '' . The Sunday Times echoed this sentiment , stating that `` the English - speaking world is divided into those who have read The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit and those who are going to read them '' . The New York Herald Tribune also seemed to have an idea of how popular the books would become , writing in its review that they were `` destined to outlast our time '' . W.H. Auden , an admirer of Tolkien 's writings , regarded The Lord of the Rings as a `` masterpiece '' , further stating that in some cases it outdid the achievement of John Milton 's Paradise Lost . New York Times reviewer Judith Shulevitz criticized the `` pedantry '' of Tolkien 's literary style , saying that he `` formulated a high - minded belief in the importance of his mission as a literary preservationist , which turns out to be death to literature itself '' . Critic Richard Jenkyns , writing in The New Republic , criticized the work for a lack of psychological depth . Both the characters and the work itself are , according to Jenkyns , `` anemic , and lacking in fibre '' . Even within Tolkien 's literary group , The Inklings , reviews were mixed . Hugo Dyson complained loudly at its readings . However , another Inkling , C.S. Lewis , had very different feelings , writing , `` here are beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron . Here is a book which will break your heart . '' Despite these reviews and its lack of paperback printing until the 1960s , The Lord of the Rings initially sold well in hardback . In 1957 , The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award . Despite its numerous detractors , the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s . The book has remained so ever since , ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century , judged by both sales and reader surveys . In the 2003 `` Big Read '' survey conducted in Britain by the BBC , The Lord of the Rings was found to be the `` Nation 's best - loved book '' . In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book . In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers , The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite `` book of the millennium '' . The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009 . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes of The Lord of the Rings Although The Lord of the Rings was published in the 1950s , Tolkien insisted that the One Ring was not an allegory for the atomic bomb , nor were his works a strict allegory of any kind , but were open to interpretation as the reader saw fit . A few critics have found what they consider to be racial elements in the story , generally based upon their views of how Tolkien 's imagery depicts good and evil , characters ' race ( e.g. Elf , Dwarf , Hobbit , Southron , Númenórean , Orc ) ; and that the character 's race is seen as determining their behaviour . Counter-arguments note that race - focused critiques often omit relevant textual evidence to the contrary , cite imagery from adaptations rather than the work itself ; ignore the absence of evidence of racist attitudes or events in the author 's personal life , and claim that the perception of racism is itself a marginal view . The opinions that pit races against one another are likely to reflect Tolkien 's critique on war rather than a racist perspective . In The Two Towers , the character Samwise sees a fallen foe and considers for a moment the humanity of this fallen Southron who , just moments before , is shown to be a man of color . Director Peter Jackson considers Sam this scene in the director 's commentary of the scene and argues that Tolkien is n't projecting any negative sentiments towards the individual soldier because of his race , but the evil that 's driving them from their authority , These sentiments , Jackson argues , were derived from Tolkien 's experience in the Great War and found their way into his writings to show the evils of war itself , not of other races . Critics have also seen social class rather than race as being the determining factor in the portrayal of good and evil . Commentators such as science fiction author David Brin have interpreted the work to hold unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure . In his essay `` Epic Pooh '' , science fiction and fantasy author Michael Moorcock critiques the world - view displayed by the book as deeply conservative , in both the `` paternalism '' of the narrative voice and the power - structures in the narrative . Tom Shippey cites the origin of this portrayal of evil as a reflection of the prejudices of European middle - classes during the inter-war years towards the industrial working class . Other observers have cited Christian , specifically Catholic , themes in The Lord of the Rings . The book has been read as fitting the model of Joseph Campbell 's `` monomyth '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings has been adapted for film , radio and stage . Radio ( edit ) The book has been adapted for radio four times . In 1955 and 1956 , the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings , a 13 - part radio adaptation of the story . In the 1960s radio station WBAI produced a short radio adaptation . A 1979 dramatization of The Lord of the Rings was broadcast in the United States and subsequently issued on tape and CD . In 1981 , the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings , a new dramatization in 26 half - hour instalments . This dramatization of The Lord of the Rings has subsequently been made available on both tape and CD both by the BBC and other publishers . For this purpose it is generally edited into 13 one - hour episodes . Film ( edit ) Following J.R.R. Tolkien 's sale of the film rights for The Lord of the Rings to United Artists in 1969 , rock band The Beatles considered a corresponding film project and approached Stanley Kubrick as a potential director ; however , Kubrick turned down the offer , explaining to John Lennon that he thought the novel could not be adapted into a film due to its immensity . The eventual director of the film adaptation Peter Jackson further explained that a major hindrance to the project 's progression was Tolkien 's opposition to the involvement of the Beatles . Two film adaptations of the book have been made . The first was J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) , by animator Ralph Bakshi , the first part of what was originally intended to be a two - part adaptation of the story ; it covers The Fellowship of the Ring and part of The Two Towers . A three - issue comic book version of the movie was also published in Europe ( but not printed in English ) , with illustrations by Luis Bermejo . When Bakshi 's investors shied away of financing the second film that would complete the story , the remainder of the story was covered in an animated television special by Rankin - Bass . Stylistically , the two segments are very different . The second and more commercially successful adaptation was Peter Jackson 's live action The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , produced by New Line Cinema and released in three instalments as The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . All three parts won multiple Academy Awards , including consecutive Best Picture nominations . The final instalment of this trilogy was the second film to break the one - billion - dollar barrier and won a total of 11 Oscars ( something only two other films in history , Ben - Hur and Titanic , have accomplished ) , including Best Picture , Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay . The Hunt for Gollum , a fan film based on elements of the appendices to The Lord of the Rings , was released on the internet in May 2009 and has been covered in major media . Born of Hope , written by Paula DiSante , directed by Kate Madison , and released in December 2009 , is a fan film based upon the appendices of The Lord of the Rings . Television ( edit ) On 13 November 2017 , it was announced that Amazon had acquired the global television rights to The Lord of the Rings , committing to a multi-season television series . The series will not be a direct adaptation of the books , but will instead introduce new stories that are set before The Fellowship of the Ring . Amazon said the deal included potential for spin - off series as well . The press release referred to `` previously unexplored stories based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's original writings '' . Amazon will be the producer in conjunction with the Tolkien Estate and the Tolkien Trust , HarperCollins and New Line Cinema . According to a 2018 report , it will be the most expensive TV show ever produced . Stage ( edit ) In 1990 , Recorded Books published an audio version of The Lord of the Rings , with British actor Rob Inglis -- who had previously starred in his own one - man stage productions of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings -- reading . A large - scale musical theatre adaptation , The Lord of the Rings was first staged in Toronto , Ontario , Canada in 2006 and opened in London in May 2007 . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien Influences on the fantasy genre ( edit ) The enormous popularity of Tolkien 's work expanded the demand for fantasy fiction . Largely thanks to The Lord of the Rings , the genre flowered throughout the 1960s , and enjoys popularity to the present day . The opus has spawned many imitators , such as The Sword of Shannara , which Lin Carter called `` the single most cold - blooded , complete rip - off of another book that I have ever read '' . Dungeons & Dragons , which popularized the role - playing game ( RPG ) genre in the 1970s , features many races found in The Lord of the Rings , most notably halflings ( another term for hobbits ) , elves ( who are distinct from dark elves , following Tolkien 's example ) , dwarves , half - elves , orcs , and dragons . However , Gary Gygax , lead designer of the game , maintained that he was influenced very little by The Lord of the Rings , stating that he included these elements as a marketing move to draw on the popularity the work enjoyed at the time he was developing the game . Because D&D has gone on to influence many popular role - playing video games , the influence of The Lord of the Rings extends to many of them as well , with titles such as Dragon Quest , the Ultima series , EverQuest , the Warcraft series , and the Elder Scrolls series of games as well as video games set in Middle - earth itself . Research also suggests that some consumers of fantasy games derive their motivation from trying to create an epic fantasy narrative which is influenced by The Lord of the Rings . Music ( edit ) In 1965 , songwriter Donald Swann , who was best known for his collaboration with Michael Flanders as Flanders & Swann , set six poems from The Lord of the Rings and one from The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( `` Errantry '' ) to music . When Swann met with Tolkien to play the songs for his approval , Tolkien suggested for `` Namárië '' ( Galadriel 's lament ) a setting reminiscent of plain chant , which Swann accepted . The songs were published in 1967 as The Road Goes Ever On : A Song Cycle , and a recording of the songs performed by singer William Elvin with Swann on piano was issued that same year by Caedmon Records as Poems and Songs of Middle Earth . Rock bands of the 1970s were musically and lyrically inspired by the fantasy embracing counter-culture of the time ; British 70s rock band Led Zeppelin recorded several songs that contain explicit references to The Lord of the Rings , such as mentioning Gollum in `` Ramble On '' , the Misty Mountains in `` Misty Mountain Hop '' , and Ringwraiths in `` The Battle of Evermore '' . In 1970 , the Swedish musician Bo Hansson released an instrumental concept album based on the book titled Sagan om ringen ( translated as `` The Saga of the Ring '' , which was the title of the Swedish translation of The Lord of the Rings at the time ) . The album was subsequently released internationally as Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings in 1972 . The songs `` Rivendell '' and `` The Necromancer '' by the progressive rock band Rush were inspired by Tolkien . Styx also paid homage to Tolkien on their album Pieces of Eight with the song `` Lords of the Ring '' , while Black Sabbath 's song , `` The Wizard '' , which appeared on their debut album , was influenced by Tolkien 's hero , Gandalf . The heavy metal bands Cirith Ungol and Amon Amarth took their names from landmarks in Mordor . Progressive rock group Camel paid homage to the text in their lengthy composition `` Nimrodel / The Procession / The White Rider '' , and progressive rock band Barclay James Harvest was inspired by the character Galadriel to write a song by that name , and used `` Bombadil '' , the name of another character , as a pseudonym under which their 1972 single `` Breathless '' / `` When the City Sleeps '' was released ; there are other references scattered through the BJH oeuvre . Later , from the 1980s to the present day , many heavy metal acts have been influenced by Tolkien . Blind Guardian has written many songs relating to Middle - earth , including the full concept album Nightfall in Middle Earth . Almost the entire discography of Battlelore are Tolkien - themed . Summoning 's music is based upon Tolkien and holds the distinction of the being the only artist to have crafted a song entirely in the Black Speech of Mordor . Gorgoroth and Amon Amarth take their names from an area of Mordor , and Burzum take their name from the Black Speech of Mordor . The Finnish metal band Nightwish and the Norwegian metal band Tristania have also incorporated many Tolkien references into their music . American heavy metal band Megadeth released two songs titled `` This Day We Fight ! '' and `` How the Story Ends '' , which were both inspired by The Lord of the Rings . German folk metal band Eichenschild is named for Thorin Oakenshield , a character in The Hobbit , and naturally has a number of Tolkien - themed songs . They are not to be confused with the ' 70s folk rock band Thorin Eichenschild . In 1988 , Dutch composer and trombonist Johan de Meij completed his Symphony No. 1 `` The Lord of the Rings '' , which encompassed 5 movements , titled `` Gandalf '' , `` Lothlórien '' , `` Gollum '' , `` Journey in the Dark '' , and `` Hobbits '' . In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition Award , awarded biennially for best wind band composition . The Danish Tolkien Ensemble have released a number of albums that feature the complete poems and songs of The Lord of the Rings set to music , with some featuring recitation by Christopher Lee . Enya wrote an instrumental piece called `` Lothlórien '' in 1991 , and composed two songs for the film The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- `` May It Be '' ( sung in English and Quenya ) and `` Aníron '' ( sung in Sindarin ) . Impact on popular culture ( edit ) `` Welcome to Hobbiton '' sign in Matamata , New Zealand , where the film trilogy was shot . The Lord of the Rings has had a profound and wide - ranging impact on popular culture , beginning with its publication in the 1950s , but especially throughout the 1960s and 1970s , during which time young people embraced it as a countercultural saga . `` Frodo Lives ! '' and `` Gandalf for President '' were two phrases popular amongst United States Tolkien fans during this time . Parodies like the Harvard Lampoon 's Bored of the Rings , the VeggieTales episode `` Lord of the Beans '' , the South Park episode `` The Return of the Fellowship of the Ring to the Two Towers '' , the Futurama film Bender 's Game , The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius episode `` Lights ! Camera ! Danger ! '' , The Big Bang Theory episode `` The Precious Fragmentation '' , and the American Dad ! episode `` The Return of the Bling '' are testimony to the work 's continual presence in popular culture . In 1969 , Tolkien sold the merchandising rights to The Lord of The Rings ( and The Hobbit ) to United Artists under an agreement stipulating a lump sum payment of £ 10,000 plus a 7.5 % royalty after costs , payable to Allen & Unwin and the author . In 1976 , three years after the author 's death , United Artists sold the rights to Saul Zaentz Company , who now trade as Tolkien Enterprises . Since then all `` authorized '' merchandise has been signed - off by Tolkien Enterprises , although the intellectual property rights of the specific likenesses of characters and other imagery from various adaptations is generally held by the adaptors . Outside any commercial exploitation from adaptations , from the late 1960s onwards there has been an increasing variety of original licensed merchandise , from posters and calendars created by illustrators such as Pauline Baynes and the Brothers Hildebrandt , to figurines and miniatures to computer , video , tabletop and role - playing games . Recent examples include the Spiel des Jahres award winning ( for best use of literature in a game ) board game The Lord of the Rings by Reiner Knizia and the Golden Joystick award - winning massively multiplayer online role - playing game , The Lord of the Rings Online : Shadows of Angmar by Turbine , Inc ... The Lord of the Rings has been mentioned in numerous songs including The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins by Leonard Nimoy , Led Zeppelin 's Misty Mountain Hop , Over the Hills and Far Away , Ramble On , and The Battle of Evermore , Genesis ' song `` Stagnation '' ( from Trespass , 1970 ) was about Gollum , and Argent included the song `` Lothlorien '' on the 1971 album Ring of Hands . Steve Peregrin Took ( born Stephen Ross Porter ) of British rock band T. Rex took his name from the hobbit Peregrin Took ( better known as Pippin ) . Took later recorded under the pseudonym ' Shagrat the Vagrant ' , before forming a band called Shagrat in 1970 . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Novels portal Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century Norse mythology in popular culture 1954 in literature 1955 in literature Literature of the United Kingdom Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is made clear in the chapter The Council of Elrond , where Glorfindel states : `` ( E ) ven if we could ( hide the Ring ) , soon or late the Lord of the Rings would learn of its hiding place and would bend all his power towards it . '' Jump up ^ Tolkien created the word to define a different view of myth from C.S. Lewis 's `` lies breathed through silver '' . Mythopoeia was also the title of one of his poems , first published in Tree and Leaf in 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Although Frodo referred to Bilbo as his `` uncle '' , they were in fact first and second cousins , once removed either way ( his paternal great - great - uncle 's son 's son and his maternal great - aunt 's son ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Vit ( 16 April 2007 ) . `` Tolkien proves he 's still the king '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , The Council of Elrond , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Pat . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Tale of a Text '' ( PDF ) . The Tolkien Society . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 126. , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The Life and Works for JRR Tolkien '' . BBC . 7 February 2002 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Doughan , David . `` J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biographical Sketch '' . TolkienSociety.org . Archived from the original on 3 March 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Wayne G. ; Scull , Christina ( 2006 ) , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide : II . Reader 's Guide , pp. 620 -- 622 Jump up ^ `` World War I and World War II '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 13 June 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Gilliver , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Ring of Words : Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861069 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( 23 March 2007 ) . `` Elvish Impersonators '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings '' . The Lord of the Rings . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Shadow of the Past '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 They are popularly thought to be cousins , but Tolkien only calls them `` friends '' in The Lord of the Rings . In a later letter ( The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , # 214 ) , he writes that they were `` evidently relatives '' . Jump up ^ C.S. Lewis , quoted in Christina Scull & Wayne Hammond ( 2006 ) , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide , HarperCollins , article ' The Lord of the Rings ' , § Reviews , p. 549 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 39113 - 4 Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , `` The Shadow of the Past '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : Genesis '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1977 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Rérolle , Raphaëlle ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` My Father 's ' Eviscerated ' Work -- Son Of Hobbit Scribe J.R.R. Tolkien Finally Speaks Out '' . Le Monde / Worldcrunch . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I have spent nearly all the vacation - times of seventeen years examining ( ... ) Writing stories in prose or verse has been stolen , often guiltily , from time already mortgaged ... '' Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 17 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ `` J.R.R. Tolkien Collection Marquette Archives Raynor Memorial Libraries Marquette University '' . Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , Book 1 , Chapter 1 , paragraph 8 . Jump up ^ Readanybooks website ; English and Welsh essay Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ; access - date 25 January 2014 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1995 ) . The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05699 - 8 , Letter no . 142 , page 172 Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. ( 2005 ( 1982 ) ) . The Road to Middle - earth , 3rd ed. , HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10275 - 3 . Jump up ^ T.A. Shippey : Tolkien , Author of the Century HarperCollins , 2000 Jump up ^ Gunnell , Terry ( 13 -- 14 September 2002 ) . `` Tívar in a timeless land : Tolkien 's Elves '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesniewski , Michal ( 3 September 2003 ) . `` Re Redigast Quid * cum Boromir ? '' ( in Polish ) . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Jason ( 20 October 2009 ) . `` Slavic echoes in Tolkien -- A response '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kuzmenko , Dmitry . `` Slavic echoes in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien '' ( in Ukrainian ) . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Allen , Elizabeth M. ( 1985 ) . `` Persian Influences in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings '' . In Reilly , Robert . The Transcendent Adventure : Studies of Religion in Science Fiction / Fantasy . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 189 -- 206 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 23062 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Michael ( 2001 ) . Hobbits , Elves , and Wizards : Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6025 - 9 . Jump up ^ Handwerk , Brian ( 1 March 2004 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Inspired by an Ancient Epic '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2006 . Retrieved 4 October 2006 . Jump up ^ The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien . Letter # 19 , 31 December 1960 Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien Author of the Century , HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10401 - 2 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 178 & # 303 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul . `` In the Valley of the Hobbits '' . Travel Lady Magazine . Archived from the original on 22 June 2002 . Retrieved 5 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` The Shellshocked Hobbit : The First World War and Tolkien 's Trauma of the Ring '' . Mythlore . Mythopoeic Society . pp. 77 -- 92 . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , p. 211 ff. , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 Jump up ^ Unwin , Rayner ( 1999 ) . George Allen & Unwin : A Remembrancer . Ludlow : Merlin Unwin Books . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 1 - 873674 - 37 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring : Being the First Part of The Lord of the Rings Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tolkien , John Ronald ( 2006 ) . The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien . London : Harper Collins . pp. 167 , 170 , 173 . ISBN 0261102656 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , Christopher ( 2000 ) . The War of the Ring : The History of The Lord of the Rings , Part Three . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08359 - 6 . Jump up ^ D.C. Drout , Michael ( 2007 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien encyclopedia . CRC Press . ISBN 9780415969420 . Jump up ^ Smith , Anthony ( 27 November 2000 ) . `` Rayner Unwin '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Unwin , Rayner ( 1999 ) . George Allen & Unwin : A Remembrancer . Ludlow : Merlin Unwin Books . p. 288 . ISBN 1 - 873674 - 37 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Betsy Wollheim : The Family Trade '' . Locus Online . June 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Silverberg , Robert ( 1997 ) . Reflections & Refractions : Thoughts on Science Fiction , Science , and Other Matters . Grass Valley , Calif : Underwood . pp. 253 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 887424 - 22 - 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph Ripp . `` Middle America Meets Middle - earth : American Publication and Discussion of J.R.R. Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . p. 38 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Pat . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Tale of a Text '' . The Tolkien Society . Archived from the original on 8 September 2006 . There was a campaign against Ace , who , as a result , agreed to pay royalties , and not to print any more copies . But , as a result of being advised that he had lost his copyright , even before the Ace edition was issued , Tolkien began to revise The Lord of the Rings , so that there could be an authorised paperback which would be a new edition , and more importantly , a new edition for which he would still own the copyright . This was published by Ballentine ( sic ) Books in October 1965 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , especially # 270 , # 273 and # 277 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Medievalist Comics and the American Century Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Notes on the text '' pp. xi -- xiii , Douglas A. Anderson , in the 1994 HarperCollins edition of The Fellowship of the Ring . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion '' , Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull , HarperCollins ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Comparison '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.elrondslibrary.fr/ Jump up ^ Letters , 305f. ; c.f. Martin Andersson `` Lord of the Errors or , Who Really Killed the Witch - King ? '' Archived 6 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings Boxed Set ( Lord of the Rings Trilogy Series ) section : Editorial reviews '' . Archived from the original on 10 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` From the Critics '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Auden , W.H. ( 22 January 1956 ) . `` At the End of the Quest , Victory '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Shulevitz , Judith ( 22 April 2001 ) . `` Hobbits in Hollywood '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Jenkyns , Richard ( 28 January 2002 ) . `` Bored of the Rings '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Derek Bailey ( Director ) and Judi Dench ( Narrator ) ( 1992 ) . A Film Portrait of J.R.R. Tolkien ( Television documentary ) . Visual Corporation . Jump up ^ Dyson 's actual comment , bowdlerized in the TV version , was `` Not another fucking Elf ! '' Grovier , Kelly ( 29 April 2007 ) . `` In the Name of the Father '' . The Observer . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Seiler , Andy ( 16 December 2003 ) . `` ' Rings ' comes full circle '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 12 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Diver , Krysia ( 5 October 2004 ) . `` A lord for Germany '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 28 March 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Callista ( 5 December 2005 ) . `` Epic trilogy tops favourite film poll '' . ABC News Online . Archived from the original on 16 January 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( 4 June 2001 ) . `` The book of the century '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : The Mythology of Power , ( Revised Edition , by Jane Chance , copyright 2001 ) . University Press of Kentucky , cited in `` Influences on `` The Lord of the Rings '' `` . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. from Encyclopedia of Science , Technology , and Ethics . Macmillan Reference USA . Cited in `` J.R.R. Tolkien Summary '' . BookRags . Archived from the original on 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1991 ) . The Lord of the Rings . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10238 - 9 . Jump up ^ Yatt , John ( 2 December 2002 ) . `` Wraiths and Race '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Shyam ( 8 January 2003 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism '' . Rediff India Abroad . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Straubhaar , Sandra Ballif . `` Myth , Late Roman history and Multiculturalism in Tolkien 's Middle Earth '' . In Chance , Jane . Tolkien and the Invention of Myth : A Reader . p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Curry , Patrick ( 2004 ) . Defending Middle - earth : Tolkien : Myth and Modernity . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17671 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chism , Christine ( 2007 ) . `` Race and Ethnicity in Tolkien 's Works '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Chism , Christine ( 2007 ) . `` Racism , Charges of '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : Rearick , Anderson ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc ? The Dark Face of Racism in Tolkien 's World '' . Modern Fiction Studies . p. 861 . ^ Jump up to : Magoun , John ( 2007 ) . `` The South '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . p. 622 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1987 ) . The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin . p. 661 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 544 - 27344 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . IMDB. 2002 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Brin , David ( December 2002 ) . `` We Hobbits are a Merry Folk : an incautious and heretical re-appraisal of J.R.R. Tolkien '' . Salon Magazine . Archived from the original on 23 March 2006 . Retrieved 9 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Moorcock , Michael . `` Epic Pooh '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. The Roots of Tolkien 's Middle Earth ( review ) Tolkien Studies -- Volume 4 , 2007 , pp. 307 -- 311 Jump up ^ Williams , Stan. `` 20 Ways ' The Lord of the Rings ' Is Both Christian and Catholic '' . Catholic Education Resource Center . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bower , Jody G . `` ' The Lord of the Rings ' -- An Archetypal Hero 's Journey '' . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Drout 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ See also interview in `` Show '' magazine vol. 1 , Number 1 1970 Jump up ^ `` Beatles plan for Rings film '' . CNN . 28 March 2002 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2002 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` Making Middle - earth on a shoestring '' . BBC News . BBC . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Sydell , Laura ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` High - Def ' Hunt For Gollum ' New Lord of the Fanvids '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lamont , Tom ( 7 March 2010 ) . `` Born of Hope -- and a lot of charity '' . The Guardian . London , England : Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Axon , Samuel ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Amazon will run a multi-season Lord of the Rings prequel TV series '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Amazon announces ' Lord of the Rings ' TV show '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` ' Lord of the Rings ' Series Coming to Amazon '' . The New York Times . New York City : New York Times Company . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's ' Lord of the Rings ' Will Be the Most Expensive Television Show Ever Made '' . Fortune . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ ISBN 1 - 4025 - 1627 - 4 Jump up ^ Carter , Lin ( 1978 ) . The Year 's Best Fantasy Stories : 4 . New York : DAW Books . pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Gygax , Gary . `` Gary Gygax -- Creator of Dungeons & Dragons '' . The One Ring.net . Archived from the original on 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Gamasutra Quantum Leap Awards : Role - Playing Games '' . Honorable Mention : Dragon Warrior . Gamasutra. 6 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kalata , Kurt . `` The History of Dragon Quest '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Perry ( 17 May 2006 ) . `` The Influence of Literature and Myth in Videogames '' . IGN . New York City : News Corp . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Brett A.S. ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` Using the Imagination : Consumer Evoking and Thematizing of the Fantastic Imaginary '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Consumer Research . 31 . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . pp. 136 -- 14 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Tolkien had recorded a version of his theme on a friend 's tape recorder in 1952 . This was later issued by Caedmon Records in 1975 as part of J.R.R. Tolkien reads and sings The Lord of the Rings ( LP recording TC1478 ) . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ; Swann , Donald ( 1967 ) . The Road Goes Ever On : A Song Cycle . New York City : Ballantine Books . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ; Swann , Donald ( 1967 ) , Poems and Songs of Middle Earth ( LP recording ) , New York City : Caedmon Records , TC1231 / TC91231 ^ Jump up to : Snider , Charles ( 2008 ) . The Strawberry Bricks Guide to Progressive Rock . Strawberry Bricks . pp. 120 -- 121 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 17566 - X . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Ramble On : Rockers Who Love ' The Lord of the Rings ' '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Feist , Raymond ( 2001 ) . Meditations on Middle - earth . New York city : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 30290 - 8 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography . Boston , Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05702 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tolkien sold film rights for £ 10,000 '' . London Evening Standard . 12 July 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Pulley , Brett ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Heirs Seek $220 Million for ' Rings ' Rights ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Harlow , John ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` Hobbit movies meet dire foe in son of Tolkien '' . The Times Online . London : The Times . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathijs , Ernest ( 2006 ) . The Lord of the Rings : Popular Culture in Global Context . Wallflower Press . p. 25 . ISBN 1 - 904764 - 82 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Carter , Lin ( 1969 ) . Tolkien : A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 27539 - X . Day , David ( 2004 ) . The World of Tolkien : Mythological Sources of the Lord of the Rings . Gramercy Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 22317 - 8 . Drout , Michael D.C. ( 2006 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96942 - 0 . Foster , Robert ( 1978 ) . The Complete Guide to Middle - Earth : from `` The Hobbit '' through `` The lord of the Rings '' and Beyond . Rev. and enl . ed . Ballantine Books . N.B. : An alphabetical dictionary of personages and lore in this body of works by J.R.R. Tolkien . ISBN 0 - 7394 - 3297 - 4 hdbk . Hammond , Wayne G. ; Christina Scull ( 2005 ) . The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion . Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 618 - 64267 - 6 . Glyer , Diana Pavlac ( 2007 ) . The Company They Keep : C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien as Writers in Community . Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 890 - 9 . Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide ( 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 618 - 39113 - 4 Christopher Tolkien ( ed . ) , The History of The Lord of the Rings , 4 vols ( 1988 -- 1992 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien , On Fairy Stories External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings Wikivoyage has a travel guide for The Lord of the Rings tourism . Tolkien website of Harper Collins ( the British publisher ) Tolkien website of Houghton Mifflin ( the American publisher ) The Encyclopedia of Arda : An Interactive Guide to the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien The Tolkien Library J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo 's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King The Silmarillion Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Bilbo 's Last Song Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' J.R.R. Tolkien Bibliography Fiction Songs for the Philologists ( 1936 ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) Leaf by Niggle ( 1947 ) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun ( 1945 / 2016 ) Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm 's Son ( 1953 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 1954 ) The Two Towers ( 1954 ) The Return of the King ( 1955 ) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( 1962 ) Tree and Leaf ( 1964 ) The Tolkien Reader ( 1966 ) The Road Goes Ever On ( 1967 ) Smith of Wootton Major ( 1967 ) Posthumous fiction Bilbo 's Last Song ( 1974 ) The Father Christmas Letters ( 1976 ) The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) Poems and Stories ( 1980 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Mr. Bliss ( 1982 ) The History of Middle - earth ( 1983 -- 1996 ) Tales from the Perilous Realm ( 1997 ) Roverandom ( 1998 ) The Children of Húrin ( 2007 ) The History of The Hobbit ( 2007 ) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún ( 2009 ) The Fall of Arthur ( 2013 ) The Story of Kullervo ( 2015 ) Beren and Lúthien ( 2017 ) The Fall of Gondolin ( 2018 ) Academic works Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English text , 1925 ) The Devil 's Coach Horses ( 1925 ) Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad ( 1929 ) Sigelwara Land ( 1932 -- 34 ) Chaucer as a Philologist : The Reeve 's Tale ( 1934 ) Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics ( 1936 ) On Fairy - Stories ( 1939 ) On Translating Beowulf ( 1940 ) Sir Orfeo ( 1944 ) Ancrene Wisse ( 1962 ) English and Welsh ( 1963 ) Jerusalem Bible ( as translator and lexicographer , 1966 ) Posthumous academic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo ( Modern English translations , 1975 ) Finn and Hengest ( 1982 ) The Monsters and the Critics , and Other Essays ( 1983 ) Beowulf and the Critics ( 2002 ) Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell ( 2014 ) A Secret Vice ( 1983 / 2016 ) List of Tolkien 's alliterative verse Related Influences Languages constructed by Tolkien Inklings Mythopoeic Society The Tolkien Society Tolkien Reading Day Tolkien Studies Memorials Tolkien research Works inspired by Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography ( 1977 , authorized biography ) Tolkien ( biographical film ) Tolkien : Maker of Middle - earth Family Edith Tolkien ( wife ) Christopher Tolkien ( son ) Simon Tolkien ( grandson ) Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling ( 2006 ) BNE : XX3049459 BNF : cb11939715m ( data ) GND : 4124318 - 3 LCCN : no97079452 VIAF : 184093601 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&oldid=846464995 '' Categories : The Lord of the Rings Artificial mythology 1954 fantasy novels 1954 British novels English novels British adventure novels Fantasy books by series Sequel novels Epic novels British fantasy novels British novels adapted into films BILBY Award - winning works Prometheus Award - winning works Allen & Unwin books Three - volume novels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2011 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use British English Oxford spelling from March 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Alemannisch Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語 Zazaki 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 87 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 23 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were lord of the rings books written	[ "The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold.[1]" ]	[ "between 1937 and 1949" ]
-123637702086899403	Frank Gorshin	Frank Gorshin - wikipedia Frank Gorshin Jump to : navigation , search Frank Gorshin Gorshin as the Riddler , from the Batman television series Frank John Gorshin , Jr . ( 1933 - 04 - 05 ) April 5 , 1933 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. May 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 17 ) ( aged 72 ) Burbank , California , U.S. Resting place Calvary Catholic Cemetery in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Occupation Actor Years active 1955 -- 2005 Spouse ( s ) Christina Randazzo ( m . 1957 ) Children Military career Allegiance United States Service / branch United States Army Years of service 1953 -- 1955 Unit Special Services Frank John Gorshin , Jr. ( April 5 , 1933 -- May 17 , 2005 ) was an American character actor , impressionist , and comedian . He was perhaps best known as an impressionist , with many guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and Tonight Starring Steve Allen . His most famous acting role was as the Riddler on the live - action television series Batman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 3.1 Death 4 Filmography 4.1 Television 5 Stage appearances 6 Discography 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Gorshin was born on April 5 , 1933 , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , the son of Catholic parents Frances , a seamstress , and Frank Gorshin , Sr. , a railroad worker . He was of Slovenian ancestry . His father , Frank Sr. , was a second - generation Slovenian - American whose parents emigrated to America from Slovenia . His mother , Frances or Fanny , née Prešeren , came to the United States as a young girl from Regrča Vas , near Novo Mesto , the main city of Lower Carniola , in Slovenia . Both of his parents were active in Pittsburgh 's Slovenian community . They sang in the Slovenian Singing Society Prešeren , named after the great Slovenian poet France Prešeren . In an interview , Frances said that her son , being the product of a Slovenian home , spoke mostly Slovene before going to school . At the age of 15 , he took a part - time job as a cinema usher at the Sheridan Square Theatre . He memorized the mannerisms of the screen stars he saw and created an impressionist act . He was still in high school when he obtained his first paid employment , which he secured as the prize in a Pittsburgh talent contest in 1951 : a one - week engagement at Jackie Heller 's New York nightclub , Carousel . His parents insisted that he take the engagement , even though his 15 - year - old brother had been hit by a car and killed just two nights before . After graduation from Peabody High School , Gorshin attended the Carnegie Tech School of Drama ( now known as Carnegie Mellon University ) in Pittsburgh . When not studying , he worked in local plays and nightclubs . In 1953 , Gorshin was drafted into the United States Army and posted to Germany . He served for a year and a half as an entertainer attached to Special Services . While in the Army , Gorshin met Maurice Bergman , who later introduced him to Hollywood agent Paul Kohner . Gorshin 's Army service record was later destroyed in the U.S. National Personnel Records Center fire of 1973 . Career ( edit ) Gorshin performing with Lou Rawls in 1977 When Gorshin left the Army , he returned to public performance , and in 1956 , he became a prolific film actor . He also appeared on various television series , including the role of Hank Butts , with Michael Landon cast as Jim Mason , in the 1958 episode `` Shadow of Belle Starr '' of the syndicated Western series Frontier Doctor , starring Rex Allen . In 1959 , he was cast in three episodes as Seaman Pulaski on Jackie Cooper 's CBS military sitcom / drama , Hennesey . Thereafter , Gorshin played roles in ABC 's crime drama The Untouchables . He guest - starred twelve times on CBS 's The Ed Sullivan Show , the first having been on June 17 , 1962 . On February 9 , 1964 , the same night that The Beatles and Davy Jones debuted he also appeared . In 1965 Gorshin had a guest star role in the long running ABC military series Combat ! ( Season # 3 , Episode 28 ) in which he played Pvt . Gavin a tank operator . Gorshin was a popular act at nightclubs , notably those of Las Vegas , where he was the first impressionist to headline the main showrooms . He was also the first impressionist headliner at the Empire Room of New York 's Waldorf - Astoria Hotel . Among his most popular impressions were of Burt Lancaster ( exaggerating Lancaster 's hand gestures ) and Kirk Douglas ( exaggerating Douglas ' gritted teeth ) , as well as Marlon Brando ( spoofing his squint ) . Gorshin 's slender athletic build , wide mouth , and pale eyes under strong brows were ideal characteristics for screen henchmen . In 1957 , he fell asleep at the wheel of his car after driving from Pittsburgh for thirty - nine hours without sleep and subsequently , the vehicle crashed . He was on his way to a Hollywood screen test for the role of Petty Officer Ruby in Run Silent , Run Deep . He sustained a fractured skull and spent four days in a coma ; a Los Angeles newspaper incorrectly reported that he had been killed . The role went to Don Rickles . Gorshin 's first film role was Between Heaven and Hell . In the late 1950s , Gorshin had roles in B - movies such as Hot Rod Girl ( 1956 ) , Dragstrip Girl ( 1957 ) and Invasion of the Saucer Men ( 1957 ) . In 1960 , he was featured in Bells are Ringing , playing the Method Actor while doing a Marlon Brando impression . As a dramatic actor , he often played `` tough guys '' like those played by one of his favorite targets of impressions , James Cagney , whom he was said to resemble . He did take a comic turn , though , as the hipster jazz bassist Basil ( paired with singer Connie Francis ) in Where the Boys Are ( 1960 ) , as a bumbling kidnapper in the Hayley Mills vehicle That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) , and as a boss - behind - bars for laughs in Otto Preminger 's comedy Skidoo ( 1968 ) . In 1962 , Gorshin was cast as Billy Roy Fix in the episode `` The Fire Dancer '' of the NBC modern Western television series Empire , starring Richard Egan as the rancher Jim Redigo . He was nominated for an Emmy Award ( Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy ) for his best remembered role as The Riddler on ABC 's 1960s live - action television series Batman , starring Adam West and Burt Ward . Gorshin 's portrayal of the character included a high - pitched , deranged cackle , inspired by that of Tommy Udo ( Richard Widmark ) in Kiss of Death ( 1947 ) . He played the Riddler in ten episodes of the series as well as the theatrical movie , although John Astin made one appearance in the role on an occasion when Gorshin was unavailable . He reprised the role in the 1979 television movie Legends of the Superheroes . Gorshin also had a memorable role in the 1969 Star Trek episode `` Let That Be Your Last Battlefield '' as the bigoted half - whiteface , half - blackface alien Bele from the planet Cheron . Contrary to popular rumor and several news articles , Gorshin did not receive an Emmy nomination for this role . In the early 1970s , Gorshin appeared on Broadway in Jimmy ( 1969 ) and Guys and Dolls ( 1971 ) ... He made numerous guest - starring appearances on such television series as The Name of the Game ( 1969 ) Ironside ( 1974 ) , Hawaii Five - O ( 1974 ) , Get Christie Love ! ( 1975 ) , Charlie 's Angels ( 1977 ) and Wonder Woman ( 1977 ) . In 1979 , he played interplanetary assassin Seton Kellogg in a two - part episode of the television series Buck Rogers in the 25th Century titled `` Plot to Kill a City '' . In 1982 , Gorshin acted and sang the role of irascible King Gama in a TV production of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera Princess Ida ( as part of the PBS series The Compleat Gilbert and Sullivan , and subsequently in live performance at other venues . He also appeared as the villainous Dan Wesker in the miniseries Goliath Awaits ( 1981 ) ; and played the role of Smiley Wilson on the ABC soap opera The Edge of Night ( 1981 -- 82 ) , where he used his impersonation talents to mimic other performers on the series . During this decade , he also guest starred in episodes of series such as The Fall Guy ( 1984 ) , Murder , She Wrote ( 1988 ) and Monsters ( 1989 ) . During the 1990s , he featured as a mobster kingpin in The Meteor Man ( 1993 ) , played the evil sorcerer Brother Septimus in `` The Tale of the Carved Stone '' episode of Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ( 1993 ) , voiced the character of Reverend Jack Cheese in an episode of The Ren and Stimpy Show ( 1995 ) . Notably , he appeared in Terry Gilliam 's 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) as the gruff superior to Madeleine Stowe 's psychiatrist . In his final years , Gorshin portrayed comedian George Burns on Broadway in the one - man show Say Goodnight , Gracie ( 2002 ) , which was nominated for a 2003 Tony Award for best play and was reunited with several of his Batman colleagues in the television movie Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt , in which he appeared as himself . Gorshin died on the day of the telefilm 's DVD release . He played the strict legendary Harvard Law School Professor , John H. Keynes , in the Korean drama Love Story in Harvard ( 2004 ) , and voiced villain Hugo Strange in three 2005 episodes of The Batman animated series . He also voiced the characters Marius and Lysander in the computer role playing game Diablo II . Gorshin 's last television appearance was in `` Grave Danger '' , an episode of the CBS series CSI : Crime Scene Investigation which aired two days after his death ; the episode , which was directed by Quentin Tarantino , was dedicated to his memory . While he was known for his impressions , his role on CSI was as himself . Personal life ( edit ) On April 8 , 1957 , Gorshin married Christina Randazzo . They had one son , Mitchell , and later separated but remained married until his death . Death ( edit ) Gorshin 's final live appearance was a Memphis performance of Say Goodnight , Gracie , in which he portrayed George Burns . He finished the performance and boarded a plane for Los Angeles on April 25 , 2005 . After experiencing severe breathing difficulty during the flight , the crew administered emergency oxygen . An ambulance met the plane upon landing and transported him to a Burbank hospital , where he died on May 17 , 2005 , at age 72 from lung cancer , complicated by emphysema and pneumonia . Gorshin had been a heavy smoker for most of his adult life , consuming up to five packs of cigarettes a day . Adam West once claimed that `` Frank could reduce a cigarette to ash with one draw . '' When he did nightclub performances or live shows , audiences were warned not to attend if they disliked smoking , as he often smoked onstage . He is interred at Calvary Catholic Cemetery in the Hazelwood section of Pittsburgh . Filmography ( edit ) The Proud and Profane ( 1956 ) as Harry ( uncredited ) Hot Rod Girl ( 1956 ) as Flat Top Between Heaven and Hell ( 1956 ) as Pvt . Millard - Co . G ( uncredited ) Runaway Daughters ( 1956 ) as Tommy Burns The True Story of Jesse James ( 1957 ) as Charley Ford Dragstrip Girl ( 1957 ) as Tommy Burns Invasion of the Saucer Men ( 1957 ) as Joe Gruen The Delicate Delinquent ( 1957 ) as Wise Guy on Street ( uncredited ) Portland Expose ( 1957 ) as Joe Tank Battalion ( 1958 ) as PFC ' Skids ' Madigan Torpedo Run ( 1958 ) as Sub Crewman ( uncredited ) Night of the Quarter Moon ( 1959 ) as Racist Punk ( uncredited ) Warlock ( 1959 ) as Billy Gannon ( uncredited ) Millionaire Doctor Joseph Frye ( 1959 ) as Hal Bells are Ringing ( 1960 ) as Blake Barton Studs Lonigan ( 1960 ) as Kenny Killarney Where the Boys Are ( 1960 ) as Basil The Great Imposter ( 1961 ) as Barney Ring of Fire ( 1961 ) as Frank Henderson The George Raft Story ( 1961 ) as Moxie Cusack Sail a Crooked Ship ( 1961 ) as George M. Wilson That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) as Iggy Ride Beyond Vengeance ( 1966 ) as Tod Wisdom Batman : The Movie ( 1966 ) as The Riddler Skidoo ( 1968 ) as The Man Record City ( 1978 ) as Chameleon Death Car on the Freeway ( 1979 ) as Ralph Chandler Underground Aces ( 1981 ) as Fred Kruger Goliath Awaits ( 1981 ) as Dan Wesker The Uppercrust ( 1981 ) as Harry Werner , alias Nash Treasure Island ( 1982 ) as Ben Gunn Princess Ida ( 1982 , TV Movie ) as King Gama Hot Resort ( 1985 ) as Mr. Green Uphill All the Way ( 1986 ) as Pike Hollywood Vice Squad ( 1986 ) as Walsh The Gnomes ' Great Adventure ( 1987 ) as Holler / Carlo / Omar / Prince Gustav ( voice ) Beverly Hills Bodysnatchers ( 1989 ) as Doc Midnight ( 1989 ) Singapore Harbor ( 1989 ) Body Trouble ( 1992 ) as Johnny Zero The Hollywood Beach Murders ( 1992 ) as Zoran Sweet Justice ( 1992 ) as Billy Joe Rivas The Meteor Man ( 1993 ) as Anthony Beyer ( Drug Lord ) Amore ! ( 1993 ) as Asino Hail Caesar ( 1994 ) as Pete Dewitt The Big Story ( 1994 , short subject ) as Cub Reporter / Editor / Older Reporter ( voice ) Mr. Payback : An Interactive Movie ( 1995 ) as Himself ( Cameo ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) as Dr. Fletcher Superior Duck - Looney Tunes Short - ( 1996 ) as Daffy Duck & Foghorn Leghorn ( voice ) Pullet Surprise - Looney Tunes Short - ( 1997 ) as Foghorn Leghorn ( voice ) Bloodmoon ( 1997 ) as Chief William Hutchins Twilight of the Ice Nymphs ( 1997 ) as Cain Ball From Hare to Eternity - Looney Tunes Short - ( 1997 ) as Yosemite Sam ( voice ) Threshold ( 1997 ) Better Than Ever ( 1997 ) as Will After the Game ( 1997 ) as Benny Walsh Guy Maddin : Waiting for Twilight ( 1997 ) ( documentary ) Man of the Century ( 1999 ) as Roman Navarro Final Rinse ( 1999 ) as Chief Game Day ( 1999 ) as Sam Segal The Rules ( For Men ) ( 1999 ) The Art of Murder ( 1999 ) ( uncredited ) All Shook Up ( 1999 ) as Sheriff Dudston Castlerock ( 2000 ) as Mack Luck of the Draw ( 2000 ) as Sterling Johnson Beethoven 's 3rd ( 2000 , Video ) as Uncle Morrie Newton The Curio Trunk ( 2000 , short subject ) as Harold Belfast High Times ' Potluck ( 2002 ) as The Slim Man Manna from Heaven ( 2002 ) as Ed Mail Order Bride ( 2003 ) as Russian Doctor Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt ( 2003 , TV Movie ) as Himself Love Story in Harvard ( 2004 ) as Professor John Keynes Angels with Angles ( 2005 ) as George Burns / Shelleen The Best of Frank Gorshin ( 2005 , Video ) as Himself Firedog ( 2005 ) ( voice ) Buckaro ( 2005 ) as Judge The Creature of the Sunny Side Up Trailer Park ( 2006 ) as Burdus Television ( edit ) Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1956 , `` The Decoy '' ) ( Autograph seeker ) Navy Log ( 1957 ) - episode - Operation Lend Lease Adti : Amscray - Captain Ray Duncan The Restless Gun ( 1957 ) - episode - Duel at Lockwood - Cowboy with Singer The Silent Service ( 1958 ) - episode - The Thresher Story - Torpedoman 1st Class Larkin Hennesey ( 1959 ) - 3 episodes - Seaman Pulaski , Shore Patrol , USN The Detectives ( 1959 ) - episode - The Streger Affair - Billy McGirth Have Gun - Will Travel ( 1959 ) - episode - Sons of Aaron Murdock - Marty ( Bully ) Frontier Doctor ( 1959 ) - episode - Shadow of Belle Starr - Hank Butts Mr. Lucky ( 1960 ) - episode - The Last Laugh - Jerry Musco The Untouchables ( 1962 ) - episode - The Pea - Herbie Catcher Naked City ( 1963 ) - season 4 , episode 19 - Beyond This Place There Be Dragons Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1964 , `` The Second Verdict '' ) ( 1964 ) The Regis Philbin Show ( 1964 ) - episode - Episode # 1.23 - Himself Combat ! ( 1963 - 1965 ) - 2 episodes - The Medal and The Hell Machine A Man Called Shenandoah ( 1966 ) - episode - The Clown - Otto Password All - Stars ( 1966 ) - episode - 11 - 25 - 1966 - Himself ( Celebrity Contestant ) The Munsters ( 1966 ) - episode - Herman , the Tire Kicker - Fair Deal Dan Ride Beyond Vengeance ( 1966 ) - Tod Wisdom The Roger Miller Show ( 1966 ) - episode - Episode # 1.14 - Himself The Danny Kaye Show ( 1966 ) - episode - Episode # 4.11 - Himself The Red Skeleton Hour ( 1966 ) - episode - What Did You Do in the Dump , Daddy ? - Nasty McMean The Dean Martin Show ( 1966 ) - episode - # 2.3 & # 2.21 - Himself The Sammy Davis , Jr . Show ( 1966 ) - episode - Episode # 1.11 - Himself Batman ( 1966 - 1967 ) - 10 episodes - The Riddler Garrison 's Gorillas ( 1967 ) - episode - Thieves ' Holiday - Destin Star Trek ( 1969 ) - episode - Let That Be Your Last Battlefield - Bele The High Chaparral , `` Stinky Flanagan '' ( 1969 ) The Movie Game ( 1969 ) - episode - 12 - 9 - 1969 - Himself Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1969 - 1971 ) - episodes - # 2.17 & # 5.5 - Himself ( Guest Performer ) The Virginian ( 1970 ) - episode - Follow the Leader - Dutch Miley O'Hara , U.S. Treasury ( 1971 ) - episode - Operation : Bribery - Little Willie Police Surgeon ( 1971 ) - episode - Borrowed Trouble The Merv Griffin Show ( 1971 ) - episode - Salute to Horror - Himself The Hollywood Squares ( 1971 - 1972 ) - 5 episodes - Guest Appearance The Interns ( 1971 ) - episode - The Challenger Hawaii Five - O ( 1974 ) - episode - Welcome to Our Branch Office - Stash Movin ' On ( 1974 ) - episode - Good for Laughs - Tucker J. Paulsen Ironside ( 1974 ) - episode - What 's New with Mark ? - Dorian Police Woman ( 1975 ) - episode - Glitter with a Bullet - David Griffin S.W.A.T. ( 1975 ) - episodes - Ordeal & Strike Force - Johnny Rizi Sky Heist ( 1975 ) - TV Movie - Ben Hardings The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast : Sammy Davis Jr. ( 1975 ) - TV Special - Himself The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast : Jackie Gleason ( 1975 ) - TV Special - Himself Dinah ! ( 1976 ) - episode - Episode # 2.138 - Himself Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( 1976 ) - TV Movie - Sir 1023 ( voice ) Wonder Woman ( 1977 ) - episode - The Deadly Toys - Hoffman Charlie 's Angels ( 1977 ) - episode - Angels at Sea - Harry Dana Greatest Heroes of the Bible ( 1978 ) - episode - The Story of Moses : Parts 1 & 2 - Ocran Legends of the Superheroes ( 1979 ) - Special - The Challenge - The Riddler Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( 1979 ) - episode - The Plot to Kill a City : Parts 1 & 2 - Seton Kellogg A Masterpiece of Murder ( 1986 ) Murder , She Wrote ( 1988 ) - episode - Mourning Among the Wisterias - Arnold Goldman The New Hollywood Squares ( 1988 ) - episode - 5 - 30 - 1988 - Guest Appearance The Late Show ( 1988 ) - episode - 4 - 28 - 1988 - Himself Comic Book Collector ( 1990 ) - Documentary short - Himself Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ( 1994 ) - episode The Tale of the Carved Stone - Brother Septimus ' Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( 1995 ) - episode - Whine , Whine , Whine - Sharpie Lawyer Ren and Stimpy ( 1995 ) - episode - Reverend Jack Cheese - Reverend Jack Cheese Johnny Bravo ( 1997 ) - episode - Blarney Buddies / Over the Hump / Johnny Meets Farrah Fawcett - Barney Stone / Clovy ( voice ) VH - 1 Where Are They Now ? ( 1999 ) - TV Series documentary - episode - Superheroes - Himself Biography ( 2000 ) - episode - Adam West : Behind the Cowl - Himself Black Scorpion ( 2001 , `` Crime Time '' ) ( Clockwise ) The 57th Annual Tony Awards ( 2003 ) - TV Special - Himself Biography ( 2004 ) - episode - Catwoman : Her Many Lives - Himself CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2005 ) - episode - `` Grave Danger '' - Walter Gordon The Batman ( 2005 ) - episodes - Meltdown , Strange minds , & Fistful of Felt - Professor Hugo Strange ( voice ) Dr. Vegas ( 2006 ) - episode - For Love or Money - Edgar Rhodes ( Last appearance ) Stage appearances ( edit ) What Makes Sammy Run ? playing Sammy Glick at Valley Music Theatre ( Los Angeles ) ( 1966 ) Jimmy playing James J. Walker at Winter Garden Theatre ( Broadway ) ( 1969 ) The Prisoner of Second Avenue playing Mel Edison at Parker Playhouse ( Florida ) ( 1973 ) Whodunnit standing in as Andreas Capodistriou at Biltmore Theatre ( Broadway ) ( 1982 ) On the Twentieth Century playing Oscar Jaffe on a tour of the United States ( 1986 ) Ah , Wilderness ! playing Nat Miller at American Heartland Theatre ( Kansas City , Mo . ) ( 1987 ) Best of Burlesque , sketch comedy and impressionist , Showboat Dinner Theater , Clearwater , FL ( 1994 ) Guys and Dolls as a performer in Las Vegas ( 1995 ) The Sunshine Boys as Willie Clark on a tour of the United States ( 2001 ) Say Goodnight , Gracie as George Burns at Helen Hayes Theatre ( Broadway ) ( 2002 ) STAR TREK original series . Discography ( edit ) `` The Riddler '' , composed by Mel Torme , B - side `` Never Let Her Go '' composed by David A. Gates 1966 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Frank Gorshin Biography ( 1934 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Star Files : Frank Gorshin '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Frank Gorshin '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 2005 - 05 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gobetz , Edward ( 2015 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Frank Gorshin '' . Slovenian American Times . Cleveland . Jump up ^ Bergan , Ronald ( 2005 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Frank Gorshin '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Terry . `` Official Frank Gorshin Website : Biography '' . John Stacks Productions . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Frank Gorshin on Ed Sullivan February 9 , 1964 on YouTube ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Gorshin '' . Pabook.libraries.psu.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Gorshin '' . Television Academy . Jump up ^ Koznin , Allan ( January 18 , 2000 ) . `` MUSIC REVIEW ; A Graceful Surrender for Gilbert and Sullivan 's Uppity Feminist '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Tony Award Winners and Nominees '' . Jump up ^ Buckley , Michael ( 2002 - 10 - 08 ) . `` A review of Gorshin as George Burns , 2002 , with photograph '' . Theatermania.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse ( May 19 , 2005 ) . `` Frank Gorshin , ' Batman ' Riddler , Dies at 72 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Frank Gorshin -- The Riddler '' at Discogs External links ( edit ) Biography portal Pennsylvania portal New York portal California portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal United States Army portal Frank Gorshin as the Riddler tribute webpage Frank Gorshin on IMDb Frank Gorshin at the TCM Movie Database Frank Gorshin at AllMovie Frank Gorshin at the Internet Broadway Database Frank Gorshin at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Frank Gorshin - The Riddler # 1 at the Wayback Machine ( archived April 23 , 2008 ) VIAF : 2660486 LCCN : n94092864 ISNI : 0000 0000 5940 5214 GND : 134701151 SUDOC : 087253682 BNF : cb13937214p ( data ) MusicBrainz : 773da636 - caf3 - 454c - 9401 - 8d47554585ff IATH : w69q7p7x Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Gorshin&oldid=818674978 '' Categories : 1933 births 2005 deaths American male comedians American comedians American impressionists ( entertainers ) American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of Slovenian descent American Roman Catholics Liberty Records artists Male actors from Pittsburgh Burials at Calvary Catholic Cemetery ( Pittsburgh ) Deaths from cancer in California Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni Deaths from emphysema Deaths from lung cancer United States Army soldiers Carnegie Mellon University alumni Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hCards Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with IBDb links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Brezhoneg Cebuano Corsu Cymraeg Deutsch Español Estremeñu فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Vèneto Volapük Winaray Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 22 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the riddler in the original batman tv series	[ "Frank John Gorshin, Jr. (April 5, 1933 – May 17, 2005) was an American character actor, impressionist, and comedian. He was perhaps best known as an impressionist, with many guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and Tonight Starring Steve Allen. His most famous acting role was as the Riddler on the live-action television series Batman." ]	[ "Frank John Gorshin, Jr." ]
-2668871684485085509	iPhone SE	IPhone SE - wikipedia IPhone SE Not to be confused with Macintosh SE . iPhone SE iPhone SE in Silver Brand Apple Inc . Slogan A big step for small Model A1662 ( US model ) A1723 ( Sprint and in most countries ) A1724 ( China Mobile model ) Compatible networks GSM , CDMA , 3G , EVDO , HSPA+ , LTE First released March 31 , 2016 ; 2 years ago ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) ( 16 and 64 GB ) ; March 21 , 2017 ; 16 months ago ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) ( 32 and 128 GB ) Availability by country March 31 , 2016 ( show ) Australia Canada China France Germany Hong Kong Japan Russia Singapore United Kingdom United States South Africa April 5 , 2016 ( show ) Austria Italy New Zealand Spain United Arab Emirates April 6 , 2016 ( show ) India Switzerland Serbia Nepal Lithuania April 7 , 2016 ( show ) Taiwan April 8 , 2016 ( show ) Ireland April 21 , 2016 ( show ) Israel April 26 , 2016 ( show ) Colombia Mexico May 5 , 2016 ( show ) Belarus May 11 , 2016 ( show ) Thailand Chile South Korea Malaysia May 28 , 2016 ( show ) Philippines Discontinued March 21 , 2017 ( 16 and 64 GB ) Predecessor iPhone 5S iPhone 5C Related iPhone 6S ( Plus ) Type Smartphone Form factor Slate 123.8 mm ( 4.87 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 7.6 mm ( 0.30 in ) D Weight 113 g ( 4.0 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 9.3 Current : iOS 11.4. 1 , released July 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 ) System on chip Apple A9 CPU 1.85 GHz dual - core 64 - bit ARMv8 - A `` Twister '' GPU PowerVR GT7600 ( hexa - core ) Memory 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM Storage Discontinued : 16 and 64 GB Current : 32 and 128 GB Battery 3.82 V 6.21 W h ( 1,624 mA h ) Lithium - ion battery Data inputs Multi-touch touchscreen display , Apple M9 motion coprocessor , 3 - axis gyroscope , accelerometer , digital compass , proximity sensor , ambient light sensor , Touch ID fingerprint reader Display 4.0 in ( 100 mm ) Retina Display , LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1136 × 640 pixel resolution ( 326 ppi ) Rear camera Backlit Sony Exmor RS 12 MP ( 1.22 μm ) , dual - tone LED flash , autofocus , IR filter , burst mode , f / 2.2 aperture , 4K video recording at 30 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) Front camera 1.2 MP , f / 2.4 aperture , exposure control , face detection , auto - HDR , Retina Flash , 720p video recording Sound Mono speaker , 3.5 mm stereo audio jack Connectivity Lightning Port , stereo audio jack SAR Head SAR : 1.17 W / kg Body SAR : 1.19 W / kg Website www.apple.com/iphone-se/ This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S SE 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X List of iPhone models The iPhone Special Edition ( SE ) is designed and sold by Apple Inc. as part of the iPhone series of devices . It was released on March 31 , 2016 and serves as the successor of the iPhone 5S . Contents 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Design 2.2 Hardware 2.3 Software 3 Reception 4 Timeline of models 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The previous major redesign of the iPhone , the 4.7 - inch iPhone 6 and 5.5 - inch iPhone 6 Plus , resulted in larger screen sizes . However a significant number of customers still preferred the 4 - inch screen size of the iPhone 5 and 5S. Apple stated in their event that they sold 30 million 4 - inch iPhones in 2015 . Specifications ( edit ) Design ( edit ) The exterior design of the iPhone SE is nearly identical to that of the iPhone 5S and the iPhone 5 , with the exception of matte - chamfered edges and an inset stainless steel rear Apple logo . Cases designed to fit the 5 and the 5S will also fit an iPhone SE . The iPhone SE is available in space gray , silver , gold and rose gold . Hardware ( edit ) The iPhone SE incorporates the Apple A9 system - on - chip ( SoC ) with an M9 motion coprocessor and supports near field communication for Apple Pay . It was released with 16 GB or 64 GB of internal storage . It features a 12 megapixel rear - facing camera with the ability to record 720p at 30 frames per second . Unlike the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus , the SE does not include 3D Touch , nor the updated faster second - generation Touch ID sensor from the 6S and 6S Plus , or its barometer . On March 21 , 2017 , Apple announced that it would double the storage for these models at the same launch prices . Software ( edit ) See also : iOS , iOS 9 , iOS 10 , iOS 11 , and iOS 12 The iPhone SE shipped with iOS 9.3 , supporting iPhone 6 and 6S - exclusive features such as Apple Pay , Live Photos , Retina Flash and always - on Siri voice activation . Reception ( edit ) CNET was positive , considering the iPhone SE to be a `` great choice at the small end , with no compromises '' . CNET also lauded Apple for accomplishing the task of adapting the 6S 's hardware to three different form factors ; the smaller SE , 4.7 - inch 6S , and 5.5 - inch 6S Plus . The Verge considered the iPhone SE to be `` a much - improved , well - designed , small phone with great battery life '' and a `` great upgrade '' for existing owners of the 4S or 5S models , noting the device 's familiar form factor , high performance ( going as far as considering the screen size itself to be the only hindrance to multitasking and certain apps ) , and improved battery life . Giving the device an 8.7 out of 10 , Goode argued that `` the iPhone SE is not a tiny little engine of innovation . It 's today 's tech in yesterday 's phone body . As with anything , we should be wary of giving too much praise to something that 's just doing its job . '' Timeline of models ( edit ) Sources : Apple Newsroom Archive See also ( edit ) Apple Inc. portal List of iOS devices History of iPhone Comparison of smartphones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iPhone SE 4 / 7 開賣 5 大電信公布預約日重點新聞中央社即時新聞 CNA NEWS '' . 中央通訊社 ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Chance ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` First iPhone SE teardown reveals mainly 5s / 6s parts inside , but a few surprises too '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What the iPhone SE stands for -- and what we think it should stand for '' . TechRadar . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` With the iPhone SE , Apple Returns to a Masterpiece of Design '' . Wired.com . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone SE Reviews : Apple 's Strange Case Of Jekyll And Hyde '' . Forbes.com . March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , your old iPhone 5s case will fit on the new iPhone SE '' . Macworld . IDG . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple shows off 4 - inch iPhone SE , iOS 9.3 '' . Geek.com . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ H. , Victor ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Apple iPhone SE TouchID is the same as in 5s , same as the iPhone 6s fingerprint sensor '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 features you do n't get with the iPhone SE '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple doubles iPhone SE storage to 32GB and 128GB '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minor iPhone bump turns the 7 and 7 Plus red , gives iPhone SE more storage '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone SE vs. iPhone 6 and 6S : which Apple smartphone should you get ? '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone SE review : Small wonder '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goode , Lauren . `` iPhone SE review : today 's tech , yesterday 's design '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2007 - 2018 ) . iPhone News - Newsroom Archive . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) iPhone SE -- official site Preceded by iPhone 5S iPhone SE 2016 Succeeded by Incumbent iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV 2nd 3rd iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 All Night Shift Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Books Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Measure Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop iMac Pro Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook 12 - inch MacBook Air Professional notebooks MacBook Pro PowerBook G3 G4 Consumer electronics Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4K Apple Watch 1st Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio HomePod iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Smartphones iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X Accessories AirPods AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule AirPower iPad Pencil iPod Click Wheel Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive Trackpad Magic Magic 2 USB Modem Xserve RAID Italics indicate current products . See also : Apple hardware before 1998 Apple hardware Apple II family Discontinued Apple I Apple II series II II Plus IIe IIe Card ( Macintosh PDS ) IIc IIc Plus IIGS Apple III Apple Lisa Macintosh XL Mac Desktop Current iMac iMac Pro Mac Pro Mac Mini Discontinued Compact 128K 512K 512Ke Plus SE SE / 30 Classic Classic II Color Classic II series II IIx IIcx IIci IIfx IIsi IIvi IIvx LC family LC LC II LC III LC 475 LC 500 series LC 630 5200 LC Macintosh TV Quadra 600 series 610 650 660AV 605 630 700 900 950 800 840AV Performa Centris Power Macintosh 4400 and 7220 5000 series 5200 LC and 5300 LC 5260 5400 5500 6000 series 6100 6200 and 6300 6400 6500 7000 series 7100 7200 and 8200 7300 7500 7600 8000 series 8100 8500 8600 9000 series 9500 9600 G3 G4 Cube G5 Twentieth Anniversary iMac family G3 G4 G5 eMac Laptop Current MacBook family 12 - inch Air Pro Discontinued Macintosh Portable PowerBook 68k - based 100 series 100 140 170 160 180 150 190 Duo 210 230 500 series PowerPC - based 2300c 5300 1400 3400c 2400c G3 G4 iBook G3 G4 MacBook ( pre-2015 ) Server Discontinued Workgroup Server 9150 Network Server Xserve Mac Mini Server Mac Pro Server Devices Current Apple TV Apple Watch Series 1 Series 3 HomePod iPad iPad ( 2018 ) Mini 4 Pro 10.5 / 12.9 ( 2nd ) iPhone 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X iPod ( Touch ( 6th ) ) Discontinued Interactive Television Box Apple Watch Series 0 Series 2 iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 Mini 1st Pro 9.7 / 12.9 ( 1st ) iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus iPod Classic iPod + HP U2 Photo with color display Hi - Fi Mini Nano Shuffle Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Pippin PowerCD QuickTake Accessories Current AirPods AirPower iPad Pencil Smart Keyboard Magic Keyboard Magic Mouse 2 Magic Trackpad 2 Siri Remote SuperDrive ( USB ) Discontinued Displays III II AppleColor Composite IIe AppleColor High - Resolution RGB Color AudioVision 14 Multiple Scan 14 ColorSync 750 Studio Cinema Thunderbolt Drives Disk II Macintosh ProFile Hard Disk 20 Hard Disk 20SC AppleCD PowerCD Tape Drive 40SC SuperDrive Xserve RAID Input devices Desktop Bus iSight Keyboards Extended Adjustable Wireless Magic Trackpad Mice USB Mouse Pro Mouse Wireless Mouse Mighty Mouse Magic Mouse Remote Scanner iPod Click Wheel Nike + iPod Networking AirPort Express Router Extreme Router Time Capsule Apple II serial cards Modems USB LocalTalk Communication Slot GeoPort Printers Silentype Dot Matrix Printer Letter Quality Printer ImageWriter LaserWriter 410 Color Plotter Color LaserWriter StyleWriter Apple - designed processors Current A series 64 - bit : A8 A9 A10 A10X A11 S series 32 - bit : S1P S3 W series 32 - bit : W1 W2 T series 32 - bit : T1 T2 Discontinued A series 32 - bit : A4 A5 A5X A6 A6X 64 - bit : A7 A8X A9X S series 32 - bit : S1 S2 Italics indicate announced unreleased products Comparison of Macintosh models Timeline of Macintosh models Timeline of Apple Inc. products Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPhone_SE&oldid=854352888 '' Categories : IPhone Mobile phones introduced in 2016 IOS ( Apple ) Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 18 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the apple se phone come out	[ "The iPhone Special Edition (SE)[3] is designed and sold by Apple Inc. as part of the iPhone series of devices. It was released on March 31, 2016 and serves as the successor of the iPhone 5S. \n" ]	[ "March 31, 2016" ]
-4671342926234532952	Shot clock	Shot clock - wikipedia Shot clock After Mitch McGary attempts a finger roll layup late in the first half of the 2012 -- 13 Big Ten Conference men 's basketball season opener on January 3 ( left ) , the Michigan Wolverines and Northwestern Wildcats anticipate ( center ) and pursue ( right ) the rebound . The possession demonstrates the end - of - half intricacies of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's former 35 - second shot clock ( red LED ) when possession changes and the game clock ( white LED ; note the decimal point ) is below 35 seconds . A shot clock is used in basketball to quicken the pace of the game . The shot clock is usually displayed above the backboard behind each goal . The shot clock times a play and provides that a team on offense that does not promptly try to score points loses possession of the ball . It is distinct from the game clock , which times the entire game . The shot clock may be referred to by its initial value . For example , in the National Basketball Association , it may be called the `` 24 - second clock '' . A shot clock is also used in snooker , pro lacrosse , water polo , korfball , and ten - pin bowling . It is analogous with the play clock used in American and Canadian football . Contents 1 Definition 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Creation 2.3 Use and reaction 2.4 Adoption by other leagues 3 Operation 3.1 14 - second clock 3.2 Collegiate and scholastic rules 3.3 Shot clock length in basketball 3.4 Shot clock length in other sports 3.5 Time line 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Definition ( edit ) The shot clock is set to a certain number of seconds when possession of the ball switches to the other team . The initial setting varies by country , level of play , and league ; see the table below . In special cases , such as situations where the new offensive team does not have to travel the entire length of the court , the initial setting may be lower . The shot clock counts down the seconds . In some leagues , the shot clock displays tenths of seconds . When the count reaches zero , a buzzer or horn sounds . The offensive team must shoot the ball before the shot clock expires . The shot must either touch the rim or enter the basket . If the shot clock expires before the ball leaves the player 's hand , the team has committed a shot clock violation that results in a turnover to their opponents . The buzzer may sound after the ball leaves the shooter 's hand ; this is not a violation . When the ball touches the rim or goes into the basket , the shot clock is reset to its initial value . However , it does not start to count down until a player achieves control of the ball , or in the case of a made basket , a player achieves control of the in - bounds pass . The shot clock operator sits at the scorer 's table . He or she is usually a different person from the scoreboard operator , as the task requires concentration during and after the shot attempt . The National Basketball Association has had a 24 - second limit since first introducing the clock in the 1950s ; and college basketball for both men and women has a 30 - second limit . The WNBA had a 30 - second clock originally ; since 2006 , the limit is 24 seconds . History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Stall tactics to limit big man George Mikan ( # 99 ) led to the shot clock 's creation by the NBA . The NBA ( National Basketball Association ) had problems attracting fans ( and positive media coverage ) before the shot clock 's inception . This was due to teams running out the clock once they were leading in a game ; without the shot clock , teams passed the ball nearly endlessly without penalty . If one team chose to stall , the other team ( especially if behind ) would often commit fouls to get the ball back following the free throw . Very low - scoring games with many fouls were common , which bored fans . The most extreme case occurred on November 22 , 1950 , when the Fort Wayne Pistons defeated the Minneapolis Lakers by a record - low score of 19 -- 18 , including 3 -- 1 in the fourth quarter . The Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting ( they attempted 13 shots for the game ) in order to limit the impact of the Lakers ' dominant George Mikan . The Pistons ' performance led the St. Paul Dispatch to write `` ( The Pistons ) gave pro basketball a great black eye . '' NBA President Maurice Podoloff said , `` In our game , with the number of stars we have , we of necessity run up big scores . '' A few weeks after the Pistons / Lakers game , the Rochester Royals and Indianapolis Olympians played a six - overtime game with only one shot in each overtime - in each overtime period , the team who had the ball first held the ball for the entirety of the period before attempting a last - second shot . The NBA tried several rule changes in the early 1950s to speed up the game and reduce fouls before eventually adopting the shot clock . Creation ( edit ) The shot clock first came to use in 1954 in Syracuse , New York , where Syracuse Nationals ( now the Philadelphia 76ers ) owner Danny Biasone and general manager Leo Ferris experimented using a 24 - second version during a scrimmage game . Jack Andrews , longtime basketball writer for The Syracuse Post-Standard , often recalled how Ferris would sit at Danny Biasone 's Eastwood bowling alley , scribbling potential shot clock formulas onto a napkin . According to Biasone , `` I looked at the box scores from the games I enjoyed , games where they did n't screw around and stall . I noticed each team took about 60 shots . That meant 120 shots per game . So I took 2,880 seconds ( 48 minutes ) and divided that by 120 shots . The result was 24 seconds per shot . '' Ferris was singled out by business manager Bob Sexton at the 1954 team banquet for pushing the shot clock rule . Biasone and Ferris then convinced the NBA to adopt it for the 1954 -- 55 season , a season in which the Nationals won the NBA Championship . Use and reaction ( edit ) The Shot Clock Monument in Syracuse , New York . Close - up of Syracuse 's Shot Clock Monument . When it was first introduced by the NBA , the 24 - second shot clock made players so nervous that it hardly came into play , as players were taking fewer than 20 seconds to shoot . According to Syracuse star Dolph Schayes , `` We thought we had to take quick shots -- a pass and a shot was it -- maybe 8 -- 10 seconds ... But as the game went on , we saw the inherent genius in Danny 's 24 seconds -- you could work the ball around ( the offensive zone ) for a good shot . '' The shot clock , together with some rule changes concerning fouls , revolutionized NBA basketball . In the last pre-clock season ( 1953 -- 54 ) , teams averaged 79 points per game ; in the first year with the clock ( 1954 -- 55 ) , the average was 93 points , which went up to 107 points by its fourth year in use ( 1957 -- 58 ) . The advent of the shot clock ( and the resulting increase in scoring ) coincided with an increase in attendance , which increased 40 % within a few years to an average of 4,800 per game . The shot clock received near - universal praise for its role in improving the style of play in the NBA . Coach and referee Charley Eckman said , `` Danny Biasone saved the NBA with the 24 - second rule . '' Boston Celtic all - star Bob Cousy said , `` Before the new rule , the last quarter could be deadly . The team in front would hold the ball indefinitely , and the only way you could get it was by fouling somebody . In the meantime , nobody dared take a shot and the whole game slowed up . With the clock , we have constant action . I think it saved the NBA at that time . It allowed the game to breathe and progress . '' League president Maurice Podoloff called the adoption of the shot clock `` the most important event in the NBA . '' The league itself states , `` Biasone 's invention rescue ( d ) the league . '' Adoption by other leagues ( edit ) Two later pro leagues that rivaled the NBA adopted a modified version of the shot clock . The American Basketball League used a 30 - second shot clock for its two years in existence ( 1961 -- 1963 ) . The American Basketball Association also adopted a 30 - second clock when it launched in 1967 -- 68 , switching to the NBA 's 24 - second length for its final season ( 1975 -- 76 ) . In the 1969 -- 70 season , women 's collegiate basketball ( at the time sanctioned by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women ) used a 30 - second shot clock on an experimental basis , officially adopting it for the 1970 -- 71 season . Unlike the women 's side , there was initial resistance to the implementation of a shot clock for men 's NCAA basketball , due to fears that smaller colleges would be unable to compete with powerhouses in a running game . However , after extreme results like an 11 -- 6 Tennessee win over Temple in 1973 , support for a men 's shot clock began to build . The NCAA introduced a 45 - second shot clock for the men 's game in the 1985 -- 86 season , reducing it to 35 seconds in the 1993 -- 94 season and 30 seconds in the 2015 -- 16 season . The NAIA also reduced the shot clock to 30 seconds for men 's basketball starting in 2015 -- 16 . From its inception in 1975 , the Philippine Basketball Association adopted a 25 - second shot clock . This was because the shot clocks then installed at the league 's main venues , the Araneta Coliseum and Rizal Memorial Coliseum ( the latter no longer used by the league ) , could only be set at 5 - second intervals . The league later adopted a 24 - second clock starting from the 1995 season . The Metropolitan Basketball Association in the Philippines used the 23 - second clock from its maiden season in 1998 . In Filipino college basketball , the NCAA Basketball Championship ( Philippines ) and the UAAP Basketball Championship adopted a 30 - second clock ; they switched to 24 seconds starting with the 2001 -- 02 season , the first season to start after the FIBA rule change in 2001 . Operation ( edit ) In the NBA ( since 1954 ) , Women 's National Basketball Association ( since 2006 ) , and FIBA play ( since 2000 ; 30 - second from 1956 to 2000 ) , the shot clock counts down 24 seconds . If a shot is attempted and hits or enters the rim , or if the defensive team gains possession via a rebound , steal , or out - of - bounds play , the shot clock resets . Failure by the offense to attempt a shot that hits the rim within the prescribed time results in a `` shot clock violation '' and a loss of possession to the other team . Three signals indicate when the shot clock expires -- a shot clock signal , illuminated lights on the shot clock ( NBA , FIBA , Euroleague , and many venues using an NBA - style transparent shot clock ) , and in the NBA and FIBA play ( starting in July 2018 ) , a yellow LED light strip on the backboard . In the 2011 -- 12 NBA season and 2014 -- 15 Euroleague , the last five seconds of the shot clock were modified to include tenths of a second , allowing offensive players to see precisely how much time they have to shoot and officials to determine any last - second shots easily . The rule has been adopted by FIBA starting in 2018 . In the 2016 - 17 NBA season , a new ' official timekeeper ' deal for the NBA with Swiss watch manufacturer Tissot introduced a new united official game clock / shot clock system , putting both timing systems under the same system for the first time . Tissot also became official timekeeper for the WNBA in the 2017 season . 14 - second clock ( edit ) If the offensive team is fouled and the penalty does not include free throws but just an in - bounds pass , the shot clock is reset . There are several cases where the play has already begun to develop and the offense does not need another full 24 seconds . These exceptions work by resetting the shot clock to a given number of seconds if it showed fewer seconds , topping it up to give the offense the given number of seconds as a minimum . Time is never taken off the shot clock by rule . One such exception , in the NBA since 1998 and in FIBA after 2010 , is that on a foul in the frontcourt , the shot clock is increased to 14 . In FIBA and the WNBA , the shot clock is also reset to 14 seconds after an offensive rebound . On a jump ball , the state of the shot clock depends on which team wins the jump . If the offensive team retains the ball , the shot clock resumes from the time at which it stopped , because there was no change of possession . If the defensive team acquires possession , the shot clock is reset . However : In Euroleague , if the offense retains possession , the shot clock is increased to 14 seconds ( as above in the case of a non-shooting foul in the forecourt ) . In the NBA , if the defense causes the jump ball , the shot clock is increased to 5.0 seconds . Collegiate and scholastic rules ( edit ) American college basketball uses a 30 - second shot clock , while Canadian university basketball uses a 24 - second clock . The American women 's game has used a 30 - second clock since the 1970s , but the men 's game did not adopt a shot clock until 1985 . The men 's limit was originally 45 seconds , and was shortened to 35 seconds in 1993 before going to 30 seconds in 2015 . The National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) , which sets rules for high school basketball in the U.S. , does not mandate the use of a shot clock , instead leaving the choice to use a clock and its duration up to each individual state association . Proposals to adopt a national shot clock for high school basketball have been voted down by the NFHS as recently as 2011 . Currently , eight U.S. states require the use of a shot clock of 30 / 35 seconds in high school competition : California , Maryland , Massachusetts , New York , North Dakota , Rhode Island , South Dakota , and Washington . The District of Columbia also uses a 30 - second shot clock for public school ( DCIAA ) competition and for the DCSAA State Tournament , where public , private , and charter schools compete for the championship of the District of Columbia . Shot clock length in basketball ( edit ) Organization Duration NBA 24 seconds 14 seconds ( offensive retains control after fouls ) WNBA U Sports ( Canadian universities ) NCAA , NAIA 30 seconds United States high school basketball 30 / 35 seconds ( some states only ) FIBA 24 seconds ( full - court game ) 14 seconds ( reset when offense retains ball ) 12 seconds ( 3x3 half - court ) Shot clock length in other sports ( edit ) Sport Organization Duration Lacrosse MLL 60 seconds NLL 30 seconds Ringette N / A 30 seconds Water polo FINA 30 seconds Canoe polo ICF 60 seconds Ten - pin bowling PBA 25 seconds Korfball IKF 25 seconds Snooker Snooker Shoot - Out 15 seconds ( first five minutes ) 10 seconds ( last five minutes ) Carom billiards ( Three - cushion billiards ) World Championship European Championship World Cup 40 seconds ( 3 time - outs ( 40 sec . ) possible ) Time line ( edit ) A related rule to speed up play is that the offensive team has a limited time to advance the ball across the half - court line ( the `` time line '' ) . Failure to do so is a `` backcourt violation '' resulting in a turnover to the other team . This rule was introduced in 1933 , predating the shot clock by over 2 decades . In men 's college basketball , the interval is 10 seconds . FIBA and the NBA specified 10 seconds , but adopted an 8 - second limit in 2000 and 2001 , respectively . The violation may be referred to using this limit : a `` 10 - second violation '' or `` 8 - second violation '' . Generally , the time limit is not marked off by the shot clock ; a referee counts the seconds through a visible motion of his hand or arm . However , women 's college basketball introduced the 10 - second limit in 2013 -- 2014 , and provided that officials will not count the ten seconds but `` will use the shot clock to determine if a 10 - second violation has occurred . '' The referee calls a violation if the offense still has the ball in the backcourt when the shot clock has counted down from 30 to 20 and now shows 19 ( which first occurs at 19.9 seconds left ) . See also ( edit ) Pitch clock , used in baseball Play clock , used in American and Canadian football . Four corners offense , offensive stall strategy in basketball Stall Count , used in the sport of Ultimate . Time limit , the same concept applied to video games . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pluto , Terry ( 1992 ) . Tall Tales : The Glory Years of the NBA , in the Words of the Men Who Played , Coached , and Built Pro Basketball . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Shot Clock '' Archived 2012 - 01 - 28 at WebCite NBA . ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz , Gary M. ( 2005 ) . Wilt , 1962 : The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era . New York : Crown . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 5160 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : 24 - Second Shot Clock Rescues League '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` National efforts to honor Syracuse hoops pioneers : Good day to remember Earl Lloyd , Leo Ferris '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` A question for a Hall of Fame dinner in Syracuse : When will Leo Ferris make it in ? '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Long - forgotten Leo Ferris helped devise NBA 's 24 - second clock , first used 61 years ago today '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1954 -- 55 SEASON OVERVIEW '' NBA . Jump up ^ `` History of the Shot Clock '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Archived from the original on 28 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Official 2008 NCAA Women 's Basketball Records Book , p. 245 Jump up ^ Strange , Mike ( 2007 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Temple set stage for shot clock '' . The Knoxville News - Sentinel. Scripps Interactive Newspaper Group . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Official 2008 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records Book , p. 278 Jump up ^ `` Shorter shot clock , fewer timeouts among changes coming in 2015 - 16 '' . ESPN.com . June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rule changes for NAIA , too '' . The Salina Journal . Associated Press . June 10 , 2015 -- via News OK . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` New points of emphasis in NBA officiating '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA , watchmaker Tissot announce multiyear partnership '' . ESPN . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Halley , Jim ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` Focus on high school shot clock heats up as states make move -- USATODAY.com '' . USA Today . ISSN 0734 - 7456 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Article 8 Stalling '' ( PDF ) . 3x3 Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 13 , 2012 . p. 2 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Official Tournament Rules , p. 4 Union Mondiale de Billard ( UMB ) . Retrieved 30 April 2017 Jump up ^ Johnson , Greg ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Women 's basketball puts 10 - second backcourt rule in effect for first time '' . NCAA . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 18 . External links ( edit ) 24 Seconds to Shoot snopes.com Basketball Outline of basketball General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shot_clock&oldid=865435187 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball equipment Rules of basketball Timers Basketball in Syracuse , New York Snooker terminology Time measurement systems Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 22 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the nba add the shot clock	[ "The shot clock first came to use in 1954 in Syracuse, New York, where Syracuse Nationals (now the Philadelphia 76ers) owner Danny Biasone and general manager Leo Ferris experimented using a 24-second version during a scrimmage game.[4][5] Jack Andrews, longtime basketball writer for The Syracuse Post-Standard, often recalled how Ferris would sit at Danny Biasone's Eastwood bowling alley, scribbling potential shot clock formulas onto a napkin.[6] According to Biasone, \"I looked at the box scores from the games I enjoyed, games where they didn't screw around and stall. I noticed each team took about 60 shots. That meant 120 shots per game. So I took 2,880 seconds (48 minutes) and divided that by 120 shots. The result was 24 seconds per shot.\"[2][7][1]:29 Ferris was singled out by business manager Bob Sexton at the 1954 team banquet for pushing the shot clock rule. Biasone and Ferris then convinced the NBA to adopt it for the 1954–55 season, a season in which the Nationals won the NBA Championship.\n" ]	[ "1954" ]
8469999489402419122	Classical conditioning	Classical conditioning - wikipedia Classical conditioning Jump to : navigation , search `` Pavlov 's dog '' and `` Pavlovian '' redirect here . For the Pavlovian Upper Paleolithic culture , see Pavlovian culture . For other uses , see Pavlov 's dog ( disambiguation ) . A statue of Ivan Pavlov and one of his dogs Classical conditioning ( also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning ) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus ( e.g. food ) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus ( e.g. a bell ) . It also refers to the learning process that results from this pairing , through which the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response ( e.g. salivation ) that is usually similar to the one elicited by the potent stimulus . These basic facts , which require many qualifications ( see below ) , were first studied in detail by Ivan Pavlov through experiments with dogs . Together with operant conditioning , classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism , a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the practice of psychological therapy and the study of animal behavior . Classical conditioning is a basic learning process , and its neural substrates are now beginning to be understood . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Procedures 2.1 Pavlov 's research 2.2 Terminology 2.3 Forward conditioning 2.4 Simultaneous conditioning 2.5 Second - order and higher - order conditioning 2.6 Backward conditioning 2.7 Temporal conditioning 2.8 Zero contingency procedure 2.9 Extinction 3 Phenomena observed 3.1 Acquisition 3.2 Extinction 3.3 External inhibition 3.4 Recovery from extinction 3.5 Stimulus generalization 3.6 Stimulus discrimination 3.7 Latent inhibition 3.8 Conditioned suppression 3.9 Conditioned inhibition 3.10 Blocking 4 Theories 4.1 Data sources 4.2 Stimulus - substitution theory 4.3 Rescorla -- Wagner model 4.3. 1 Equation 4.3. 2 R -- W model : acquisition 4.3. 3 R -- W model : extinction 4.3. 4 R -- W model : blocking 4.4 Theoretical issues and alternatives to the Rescorla -- Wagner model 4.4. 1 Content of learning 4.4. 2 Role of attention in learning 4.4. 3 Context 4.4. 4 Comparator theory 4.4. 5 Computational theory 4.4. 6 Element - based models 4.4. 6.1 The SOP model 5 Applications 5.1 Neural basis of learning and memory 5.2 Behavioral therapies 5.3 Conditioned drug response 5.4 Conditioned hunger 5.5 Conditioned emotional response 5.6 Pavlovian - instrumental transfer 5.7 Classical and Operant Conditioning in the Classroom 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Definition ( edit ) Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus ( CS ) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus ( US ) . Usually , the conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus ( e.g. , the sound of a tuning fork ) , the unconditioned stimulus is biologically potent ( e.g. , the taste of food ) and the unconditioned response ( UR ) to the unconditioned stimulus is an unlearned reflex response ( e.g. , salivation ) . After pairing is repeated ( some learning may occur after only one pairing ) , the organism exhibits a conditioned response ( CR ) to the conditioned stimulus when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone . The conditioned response is usually similar to the unconditioned response ( see below ) , but unlike the unconditioned response , it must be acquired through experience and is relatively impermanent . In classical conditioning , the conditioned stimulus is not simply connected to the unconditioned response ; the conditioned response usually differs in some way from the unconditioned response , sometimes significantly . For this and other reasons , learning theorists commonly suggest that the conditioned stimulus comes to signal or predict the unconditioned stimulus , and go on to analyze the consequences of this signal . Robert A. Rescorla provided a clear summary of this change in thinking , and its implications , in his 1988 article `` Pavlovian conditioning : It 's not what you think it is '' . Despite its widespread acceptance , Rescorla 's thesis may not be defensible . Classical conditioning differs from operant or instrumental conditioning : in classical conditioning , behaviors are modified through the association of stimuli as described above , whereas in operant conditioning behaviors are modified by the effect they produce ( i.e. , reward or punishment ) . Although differences exists between classical and operant conditioning , both forms of conditioning are capable of changing the behavior of humans and non-human animals in predictable ways . Procedures ( edit ) Pavlov 's research ( edit ) The best - known and most thorough early work on classical conditioning was done by Ivan Pavlov , although Edwin Twitmyer published some related findings a year earlier . During his research on the physiology of digestion in dogs , Pavlov developed a procedure that enabled him to study the digestive processes of animals over long periods of time . He redirected the animal 's digestive fluids outside the body , where they could be measured . Pavlov noticed that his dogs began to salivate in the presence of the technician who normally fed them , rather than simply salivating in the presence of food . Pavlov called the dogs ' anticipatory salivation `` psychic secretion '' . Putting these informal observations to an experimental test , Pavlov presented a stimulus ( e.g. the sound of a metronome ) and then gave the dog food ; after a few repetitions , the dogs started to salivate in response to the stimulus . Pavlov concluded that if a particular stimulus in the dog 's surroundings was present when the dog was given food then that stimulus could become associated with food and cause salivation on its own . Terminology ( edit ) In Pavlov 's experiments the unconditioned stimulus ( US ) was the dog food because its effects did not depend on previous experience . Next , the conditioned stimulus ( CS ) ( or conditional stimulus ) was the metronome 's sound because its effects depend on its association with food . Likewise , the responses of the dog follow the same conditioned - versus - unconditioned arrangement . The conditioned response ( CR ) is the response to the conditioned stimulus , whereas the unconditioned response ( UR ) corresponds to the unconditioned stimulus . Pavlov reported many basic facts about conditioning ; for example , he found that learning occurred most rapidly when the interval between the CS and the appearance of the US was relatively short . As noted earlier , it is often thought that the conditioned response is a replica of the unconditioned response , but Pavlov noted that saliva produced by the CS differs in composition from that produced by the US . In fact , the CR may be any new response to the previously neutral CS that can be clearly linked to experience with the conditional relationship of CS and US . It was also thought that repeated pairings are necessary for conditioning to emerge , but many CRs can be learned with a single trial , especially in fear conditioning and taste aversion learning . Diagram representing forward conditioning . The time interval increases from left to right . Forward conditioning ( edit ) Learning is fastest in forward conditioning . During forward conditioning , the onset of the CS precedes the onset of the US in order to signal that the US will follow . Two common forms of forward conditioning are delay and trace conditioning . Delay conditioning : In delay conditioning , the CS is presented and is overlapped by the presentation of the US . For example , if a person hears a buzzer for five seconds , during which time air is puffed into their eye , the person will blink . After several pairings of the buzzer and the puff , the person will blink at the sound of the buzzer alone . This is delay conditioning . Trace conditioning : During trace conditioning , the CS and US do not overlap . Instead , the CS begins and ends before the US is presented . The stimulus - free period is called the trace interval or the conditioning interval . If in the above buzzer example , the puff came a second after the sound of the buzzer stopped , that would be trace conditioning , with a trace or conditioning interval of one second . Simultaneous conditioning ( edit ) Classical conditioning procedures and effects During simultaneous conditioning , the CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time . For example : If a person hears a bell and has air puffed into their eye at the same time , and repeated pairings like this lead to the person blinking when they hear the bell despite the puff of air being absent , this demonstrates that simultaneous conditioning has occurred . Second - order and higher - order conditioning ( edit ) Main article : Second - order conditioning Second - order or higher - order conditioning follow a two - step procedure . First a neutral stimulus ( `` CS1 '' ) comes to signal a US through forward conditioning . Then a second neutral stimulus ( `` CS2 '' ) is paired with the first ( CS1 ) and comes to yield its own conditioned response . For example : A bell might be paired with food until the bell elicits salivation . If a light is then paired with the bell , then the light may come to elicit salivation as well . The bell is the CS1 and the food is the US . The light becomes the CS2 once it is paired with the CS1 . Backward conditioning ( edit ) Backward conditioning occurs when a CS immediately follows a US . Unlike the usual conditioning procedure , in which the CS precedes the US , the conditioned response given to the CS tends to be inhibitory . This presumably happens because the CS serves as a signal that the US has ended , rather than as a signal that the US is about to appear . For example , a puff of air directed at a person 's eye could be followed by the sound of a buzzer . Temporal conditioning ( edit ) In temporal conditioning , a US is presented at regular intervals , for instance every 10 minutes . Conditioning is said to have occurred when the CR tends to occur shortly before each US . This suggests that animals have a biological clock that can serve as a CS . This method has also been used to study timing ability in animals ( see Animal cognition ) . The example below shows the temporal conditioning , as US such as food to a hungry mouse is simply delivered on a regular time schedule such as every thirty seconds . After sufficient exposure the mouse will begin to salivate just before the food delivery . This then makes it temporal conditioning as it would appear that the mouse is conditioned to the passage of time . ( see Basic Principle of Learning ) . Zero contingency procedure ( edit ) In this procedure , the CS is paired with the US , but the US also occurs at other times . If this occurs , it is predicted that the US is likely to happen in the absence of the CS . In other words , the CS does not `` predict '' the US . In this case , conditioning fails and the CS does not come to elicit a CR . This finding -- that prediction rather than CS - US pairing is the key to conditioning -- greatly influenced subsequent conditioning research and theory . Extinction ( edit ) Main article : Extinction ( psychology ) In the extinction procedure , the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of a US . This is done after a CS has been conditioned by one of the methods above . When this is done , the CR frequency eventually returns to pre-training levels . However , extinction does not completely eliminate the effects of the prior conditioning . This is demonstrated by spontaneous recovery -- when there is a sudden appearance of the ( CR ) after extinction occurs -- and other related phenomena ( see `` Recovery from extinction '' below ) . These phenomena can be explained by postulating accumulation of inhibition when a weak stimulus is presented . Phenomena observed ( edit ) Acquisition ( edit ) During acquisition , the CS and US are paired as described above . The extent of conditioning may be tracked by test trials . In these test trials , the CS is presented alone and the CR is measured . A single CS - US pairing may suffice to yield a CR on a test , but usually a number of pairings are necessary and there is a gradual increase in the conditioned response to the CS . This repeated number of trials increase the strength and / or frequency of the CR gradually . The speed of conditioning depends on a number of factors , such as the nature and strength of both the CS and the US , previous experience and the animal 's motivational state . The process slows down as it nears completion . Extinction ( edit ) If the CS is presented without the US , and this process is repeated continuously , the CS will eventually stop eliciting a CR . This means that the CR has been `` extinguished '' . This occurs due to a temporal sensitive relationship between the US and CS . The cessation or long temporal delay of CS - US pairing results in a learned decision to stop responding to a CS since there is a sufficient change in the rate at which the CS is being reinforced . External inhibition ( edit ) External inhibition may be observed if a strong or unfamiliar stimulus is presented just before , or at the same time as , the CS . This causes a reduction in the conditioned response to the CS . Recovery from extinction ( edit ) Several procedures lead to the recovery of a CR that had been first conditioned and then extinguished . This illustrates that the extinction procedure does not completely eliminate the effect of conditioning . These procedures are the following : Reacquisition : If the CS is again paired with the US , a CR is again acquired , but this second acquisition usually happens much faster than the first one . Spontaneous recovery : Spontaneous recovery is defined as the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a rest period . That is , if the CS is tested at a later time ( for example an hour or a day ) after extinction it will again elicit a CR . This renewed CR is usually much weaker than the CR observed prior to extinction . Disinhibition : If the CS is tested just after extinction and an intense but associatively neutral stimulus has occurred , there may be a temporary recovery of the conditioned response to the CS . Reinstatement : If the US used in conditioning is presented to a subject in the same place where conditioning and extinction occurred , but without the CS being present , the CS often elicits a response when it is tested later . Renewal : Renewal is a reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired . Stimulus generalization ( edit ) Stimulus generalization is said to occur if , after a particular CS has come to elicit a CR , another similar stimulus will elicit the same CR . Usually the more similar the CS and the test stimulus are , the stronger the CR to the test stimulus . The more the test stimulus differs from the CS , the weaker the CR will be , or the more it will differ from that previously observed . Stimulus discrimination ( edit ) One observes stimulus discrimination when one stimulus ( `` CS1 '' ) elicits one CR and another stimulus ( `` CS2 '' ) elicits either another CR or no CR at all . This can be brought about by , for example , pairing CS1 with an effective US and presenting CS2 with no US . Latent inhibition ( edit ) Main article : Latent inhibition Latent inhibition refers to the observation that it takes longer for a familiar stimulus to become a CS than it does for a novel stimulus to become a CS , when the stimulus is subsequently paired with an effective US . Conditioned suppression ( edit ) This is one of the most common ways to measure the strength of learning in classical conditioning . A typical example of this procedure is as follows : a rat first learns to press a lever through operant conditioning . Then , in a series of trials , the rat is exposed to a CS , a light or a noise , followed by the US , a mild electric shock . An association between the CS and US develops , and the rat slows or stops its lever pressing when the CS comes on . The rate of pressing during the CS measures the strength of classical conditioning ; that is , the slower the rat presses , the stronger the association of the CS and the US . ( Slow pressing indicates a `` fear '' conditioned response , and it is an example of a conditioned emotional response ; see section below . ) Conditioned inhibition ( edit ) Three phases of conditioning are typically used : Phase 1 A CS ( CS+ ) is paired with a US until asymptotic CR levels are reached . Phase 2 CS+ / US trials are continued , but these are interspersed with trials on which the CS+ is paired with a second CS , ( the CS - ) but not with the US ( i.e. CS+ / CS - trials ) . Typically , organisms show CRs on CS+ / US trials , but stop responding on CS+ / CS − trials . Phase 3 Summation test for conditioned inhibition : The CS - from phase 2 is presented together with a new CS+ that was conditioned as in phase 1 . Conditioned inhibition is found if the response is less to the CS+ / CS - pair than it is to the CS+ alone . Retardation test for conditioned inhibition : The CS - from phase 2 is paired with the US . If conditioned inhibition has occurred , the rate of acquisition to the previous CS − should be less than the rate of acquisition that would be found without the phase 2 treatment . Blocking ( edit ) Main article : Blocking effect This form of classical conditioning involves two phases . Phase 1 A CS ( CS1 ) is paired with a US . Phase 2 A compound CS ( CS1 + CS2 ) is paired with a US . Test A separate test for each CS ( CS1 and CS2 ) is performed . The blocking effect is observed in a lack of conditional response to CS2 , suggesting that the first phase of training blocked the acquisition of the second CS . Theories ( edit ) Data sources ( edit ) Experiments on theoretical issues in conditioning have mostly been done on vertebrates , especially rats and pigeons . However , conditioning has also been studied in invertebrates , and very important data on the neural basis of conditioning has come from experiments on the sea slug , Aplysia . Most relevant experiments have used the classical conditioning procedure , although instrumental ( operant ) conditioning experiments have also been used , and the strength of classical conditioning is often measured through its operant effects , as in conditioned suppression ( see Phenomena section above ) and autoshaping . Stimulus - substitution theory ( edit ) Further information : Counterconditioning According to Pavlov , conditioning does not involve the acquisition of any new behavior , but rather the tendency to respond in old ways to new stimuli . Thus , he theorized that the CS merely substitutes for the US in evoking the reflex response . This explanation is called the stimulus - substitution theory of conditioning . A critical problem with the stimulus - substitution theory is that the CR and UR are not always the same . Pavlov himself observed that a dog 's saliva produced as a CR differed in composition from that produced as a UR . The CR is sometimes even the opposite of the UR . For example : the unconditional response to electric shock is an increase in heart rate , whereas a CS that has been paired with the electric shock elicits a decrease in heart rate . ( However , it has been proposed that only when the UR does not involve the central nervous system are the CR and the UR opposites . ) Rescorla -- Wagner model ( edit ) Main article : Rescorla -- Wagner model The Rescorla -- Wagner ( R -- W ) model is a relatively simple yet powerful model of conditioning . The model predicts a number of important phenomena , but it also fails in important ways , thus leading to a number of modifications and alternative models . However , because much of the theoretical research on conditioning in the past 40 years has been instigated by this model or reactions to it , the R -- W model deserves a brief description here . The Rescorla - Wagner model argues that there is a limit to the amount of conditioning that can occur in the pairing of two stimuli . One determinant of this limit is the nature of the US . For example : pairing a bell with a juicy steak is more likely to produce salivation than pairing the bell with a piece of dry bread , and dry bread is likely to work better than a piece of cardboard . A key idea behind the R -- W model is that a CS signals or predicts the US . One might say that before conditioning , the subject is surprised by the US . However , after conditioning , the subject is no longer surprised , because the CS predicts the coming of the US . ( Note that the model can be described mathematically and that words like predict , surprise , and expect are only used to help explain the model . ) Here the workings of the model are illustrated with brief accounts of acquisition , extinction , and blocking . The model also predicts a number of other phenomena , see main article on the model . Equation ( edit ) Δ V = α β ( λ − Σ V ) ( \ displaystyle \ Delta V = \ alpha \ beta ( \ lambda - \ Sigma V ) ) This is the Rescorla - Wagner equation . It specifies the amount of learning that will occur on a single pairing of a classical conditioning ( CS ) with an unconditioned stimulus ( US ) . The above equation is solved repeatedly to predict the course of learning over many such trials . In this model the degree of learning is measured by how well the CS predicts the US , which is given by the `` associative strength '' of the CS . In the equation , V represents the current associative strength of the CS , and ∆ V is the change in this strength that happens on a given trial . ΣV is the sum of the strengths of all stimuli present in the situation . λ is the maximum associative strength that a given US will support ; its value is usually set to 1 on trials when the US is present , and 0 when the US is absent . α and β are constants related to the salience of the CS and the speed of learning for a given US . How the equation predicts various experimental results is explained in following sections . For further details , see the main article on the model . R -- W model : acquisition ( edit ) The R -- W model measures conditioning by assigning an `` associative strength '' to the CS and other local stimuli . Before a CS is conditioned it has an associative strength of zero . Pairing the CS and the US causes a gradual increase in the associative strength of the CS . This increase is determined by the nature of the US ( e.g. its intensity ) . The amount of learning that happens during any single CS - US pairing depends on the difference between the total associative strengths of CS and other stimuli present in the situation ( ΣV in the equation ) , and a maximum set by the US ( λ in the equation ) . On the first pairing of the CS and US , this difference is large and the associative strength of the CS takes a big step up . As CS - US pairings accumulate , the US becomes more predictable , and the increase in associative strength on each trial becomes smaller and smaller . Finally the difference between the associative strength of the CS ( plus any that may accrue to other stimuli ) and the maximum strength reaches zero . That is , the US is fully predicted , the associative strength of the CS stops growing , and conditioning is complete . R -- W model : extinction ( edit ) The associative process described by the R -- W model also accounts for extinction ( see `` procedures '' above ) . The extinction procedure starts with a positive associative strength of the CS , which means that the CS predicts that the US will occur . On an extinction trial the US fails to occur after the CS . As a result of this `` surprising '' outcome , the associative strength of the CS takes a step down . Extinction is complete when the strength of the CS reaches zero ; no US is predicted , and no US occurs . However , if that same CS is presented without the US but accompanied by a well - established conditioned inhibitor ( CI ) , that is , a stimulus that predicts the absence of a US ( in R-W terms , a stimulus with a negative associate strength ) then R-W predicts that the CS will not undergo extinction ( its V will not decrease in size ) . R -- W model : blocking ( edit ) Main article : Blocking effect The most important and novel contribution of the R -- W model is its assumption that the conditioning of a CS depends not just on that CS alone , and its relationship to the US , but also on all other stimuli present in the conditioning situation . In particular , the model states that the US is predicted by the sum of the associative strengths of all stimuli present in the conditioning situation . Learning is controlled by the difference between this total associative strength and the strength supported by the US . When this sum of strengths reaches a maximum set by the US , conditioning ends as just described . The R -- W explanation of the blocking phenomenon illustrates one consequence of the assumption just stated . In blocking ( see `` phenomena '' above ) , CS1 is paired with a US until conditioning is complete . Then on additional conditioning trials a second stimulus ( CS2 ) appears together with CS1 , and both are followed by the US . Finally CS2 is tested and shown to produce no response because learning about CS2 was `` blocked '' by the initial learning about CS1 . The R -- W model explains this by saying that after the initial conditioning , CS1 fully predicts the US . Since there is no difference between what is predicted and what happens , no new learning happens on the additional trials with CS1 + CS2 , hence CS2 later yields no response . Theoretical issues and alternatives to the Rescorla -- Wagner model ( edit ) One of the main reasons for the importance of the R -- W model is that it is relatively simple and makes clear predictions . Tests of these predictions have led to a number of important new findings and a considerably increased understanding of conditioning . Some new information has supported the theory , but much has not , and it is generally agreed that the theory is , at best , too simple . However , no single model seems to account for all the phenomena that experiments have produced . Following are brief summaries of some related theoretical issues . Content of learning ( edit ) The R -- W model reduces conditioning to the association of a CS and US , and measures this with a single number , the associative strength of the CS . A number of experimental findings indicate that more is learned than this . Among these are two phenomena described earlier in this article Latent inhibition : If a subject is repeatedly exposed to the CS before conditioning starts , then conditioning takes longer . The R -- W model can not explain this because preexposure leaves the strength of the CS unchanged at zero . Recovery of responding after extinction : It appears that something remains after extinction has reduced associative strength to zero because several procedures cause responding to reappear without further conditioning . Role of attention in learning ( edit ) Latent inhibition might happen because a subject stops focusing on a CS that is seen frequently before it is paired with a US . In fact , changes in attention to the CS are at the heart of two prominent theories that try to cope with experimental results that give the R -- W model difficulty . In one of these , proposed by Nicholas Mackintosh , the speed of conditioning depends on the amount of attention devoted to the CS , and this amount of attention depends in turn on how well the CS predicts the US . Pearce and Hall proposed a related model based on a different attentional principle Both models have been extensively tested , and neither explains all the experimental results . Consequently , various authors have attempted hybrid models that combine the two attentional processes . Pearce and Hall in 2010 integrated their attentional ideas and even suggested the possibility of incorporating the Rescorla - Wagner equation into an integrated model . Context ( edit ) As stated earlier , a key idea in conditioning is that the CS signals or predicts the US ( see `` zero contingency procedure '' above ) . However , for example , the room in which conditioning takes place also `` predicts '' that the US may occur . Still , the room predicts with much less certainty than does the experimental CS itself , because the room is also there between experimental trials , when the US is absent . The role of such context is illustrated by the fact that the dogs in Pavlov 's experiment would sometimes start salivating as they approached the experimental apparatus , before they saw or heard any CS . Such so - called `` context '' stimuli are always present , and their influence helps to account for some otherwise puzzling experimental findings . The associative strength of context stimuli can be entered into the Rescorla - Wagner equation , and they play an important role in the comparator and computational theories outlined below . Comparator theory ( edit ) To find out what has been learned , we must somehow measure behavior ( `` performance '' ) in a test situation . However , as students know all too well , performance in a test situation is not always a good measure of what has been learned . As for conditioning , there is evidence that subjects in a blocking experiment do learn something about the `` blocked '' CS , but fail to show this learning because of the way that they are usually tested . `` Comparator '' theories of conditioning are `` performance based '' , that is , they stress what is going on at the time of the test . In particular , they look at all the stimuli that are present during testing and at how the associations acquired by these stimuli may interact . To oversimplify somewhat , comparator theories assume that during conditioning the subject acquires both CS - US and context - US associations . At the time of the test , these associations are compared , and a response to the CS occurs only if the CS - US association is stronger than the context - US association . After a CS and US are repeatedly paired in simple acquisition , the CS - US association is strong and the context - US association is relatively weak . This means that the CS elicits a strong CR . In `` zero contingency '' ( see above ) , the conditioned response is weak or absent because the context - US association is about as strong as the CS - US association . Blocking and other more subtle phenomena can also be explained by comparator theories , though , again , they can not explain everything . Computational theory ( edit ) An organism 's need to predict future events is central to modern theories of conditioning . Most theories use associations between stimuli to take care of these predictions . For example : In the R -- W model , the associative strength of a CS tells us how strongly that CS predicts a US . A different approach to prediction is suggested by models such as that proposed by Gallistel & Gibbon ( 2000 , 2002 ) . Here the response is not determined by associative strengths . Instead , the organism records the times of onset and offset of CSs and USs and uses these to calculate the probability that the US will follow the CS . A number of experiments have shown that humans and animals can learn to time events ( see Animal cognition ) , and the Gallistel & Gibbon model yields very good quantitative fits to a variety of experimental data . However , recent studies have suggested that duration - based models can not account for some empirical findings as well as associative models . Element - based models ( edit ) The Rescorla - Wagner model treats a stimulus as a single entity , and it represents the associative strength of a stimulus with one number , with no record of how that number was reached . As noted above , this makes it hard for the model to account for a number of experimental results . More flexibility is provided by assuming that a stimulus is internally represented by a collection of elements , each of which may change from one associative state to another . For example , the similarity of one stimulus to another may be represented by saying that the two stimuli share elements in common . These shared elements help to account for stimulus generalization and other phenomena that may depend upon generalization . Also , different elements within the same set may have different associations , and their activations and associations may change at different times and at different rates . This allows element - based models to handle some otherwise inexplicable results . The SOP model ( edit ) A prominent example of the element approach is the `` SOP '' model of Wagner . The model has been elaborated in various ways since its introduction , and it can now account in principle for a very wide variety of experimental findings . The model represents any given stimulus with a large collection of elements . The time of presentation of various stimuli , the state of their elements , and the interactions between the elements , all determine the course of associative processes and the behaviors observed during conditioning experiments . The SOP account of simple conditioning exemplifies some essentials of the SOP model . To begin with , the model assumes that the CS and US are each represented by a large group of elements . Each of these stimulus elements can be in one of three states : primary activity ( A1 ) - Roughly speaking , the stimulus is `` attended to . '' ( References to `` attention '' are intended only to aid understanding and are not part of the model . ) secondary activity ( A2 ) - The stimulus is `` peripherally attended to . '' inactive ( I ) -- The stimulus is `` not attended to . '' Of the elements that represent a single stimulus at a given moment , some may be in state A1 , some in state A2 , and some in state I . When a stimulus first appears , some of its elements jump from inactivity I to primary activity A1 . From the A1 state they gradually decay to A2 , and finally back to I. Element activity can only change in this way ; in particular , elements in A2 can not go directly back to A1 . If the elements of both the CS and the US are in the A1 state at the same time , an association is learned between the two stimuli . This means that if , at a later time , the CS is presented ahead of the US , and some CS elements enter A1 , these elements will activate some US elements . However , US elements activated indirectly in this way only get boosted to the A2 state . ( This can be thought of the CS arousing a memory of the US , which will not be as strong as the real thing . ) With repeated CS - US trials , more and more elements are associated , and more and more US elements go to A2 when the CS comes on . This gradually leaves fewer and fewer US elements that can enter A1 when the US itself appears . In consequence , learning slows down and approaches a limit . One might say that the US is `` fully predicted '' or `` not surprising '' because almost all of its elements can only enter A2 when the CS comes on , leaving few to form new associations . The model can explain the findings that are accounted for by the Rescorla - Wagner model and a number of additional findings as well . For example , unlike most other models , SOP takes time into account . The rise and decay of element activation enables the model to explain time - dependent effects such as the fact that conditioning is strongest when the CS comes just before the US , and that when the CS comes after the US ( `` backward conditioning '' ) the result is often an inhibitory CS . Many other more subtle phenomena are explained as well . A number of other powerful models have appeared in recent years which incorporate element representations . These often include the assumption that associations involve a network of connections between `` nodes '' that represent stimuli , responses , and perhaps one or more `` hidden '' layers of intermediate interconnections . Such models make contact with a current explosion of research on neural networks , artificial intelligence and machine learning . Applications ( edit ) Neural basis of learning and memory ( edit ) The neurobiology of classical conditioning has been frequently studied in the context of fear conditioning , or eyeblink conditioning . The two paradigms involve generally non overlapping circuitry , but share molecular mechanisms . Both fear and eyeblink conditioning involve a neutral stimulus , frequently a tone , becoming paired with an unconditioned stimulus . In the case of eyeblink conditioning , the US is an airpuff , while in fear conditioning the US is threatening or aversive such as a foot shock . Fear conditioning occurs in the basolateral amygdala , which receives glutaminergic input directly from thalamic afferents , as well as indirectly from prefrontal projections . The direct projections are sufficient for delay conditioning , but in the case of trace conditioning , where the CS needs to be internally represented despite a lack of external stimulus , indirect pathways are necessary . The anterior cingulate is one candidate for intermediate trace conditioning , but the hippocampus may also play a major role . Presynaptic activation of protein kinase A and postsynaptic activation of NMDA receptors and its signal transduction pathway are necessary for conditioning related plasticity . CREB is also necessary for conditioning related plasticity , and it may induce downstream synthesis of proteins necessary for this to occur . As NMDA receptors are only activated after an increase in presynaptic calcium ( thereby releasing the Mg2+ block ) , they are a potential coincidence detector that could mediate spike timing dependent plasticity . STDP constrains LTP to situations where the CS predicts the US , and LTD to the reverse . Pavlov proposed that conditioning involved a connection between brain centers for conditioned and unconditioned stimuli . His physiological account of conditioning has been abandoned , but classical conditioning continues to be studied in attempts to understand the neural structures and functions that underlie learning and memory . Forms of classical conditioning that are used for this purpose include , among others , fear conditioning , eyeblink conditioning , and the foot contraction conditioning of Hermissenda crassicornis , a sea - slug . `` Available data demonstrate that discrete regions of the cerebellum and associated brainstem areas contain neurons that alter their activity during conditioning -- these regions are critical for the acquisition and performance of this simple learning task . It appears that other regions of the brain , including the hippocampus , amygdala , and prefrontal cortex , contribute to the conditioning process , especially when the demands of the task get more complex . '' Behavioral therapies ( edit ) Main article : Behavior therapy Some therapies associated with classical conditioning are aversion therapy , systematic desensitization and flooding . Aversion therapy is a type of behavior therapy designed to make patients cease an undesirable habit by associating the habit with a strong unpleasant unconditioned stimulus . For example , a medication might be used to associate the taste of alcohol with stomach upset . Systematic desensitization is a treatment for phobias in which the patient is trained to relax while being exposed to progressively more anxiety - provoking stimuli ( e.g. angry words ) . This is an example of counterconditioning , intended to associate the feared stimuli with a response ( relaxation ) that is incompatible with anxiety Flooding is a form of desensitization that attempts to eliminate phobias and anxieties by repeated exposure to highly distressing stimuli until the lack of reinforcement of the anxiety response causes its extinction . `` Flooding '' usually involves actual exposure to the stimuli , whereas the term `` implosion '' refers to imagined exposure , but the two terms are sometimes used synonymously . Conditioning therapies usually take less time than humanistic therapies . Conditioned drug response ( edit ) A stimulus that is present when a drug is administered or consumed may eventually evoke a conditioned physiological response that mimics the effect of the drug . This is sometimes the case with caffeine ; habitual coffee drinkers may find that the smell of coffee gives them a feeling of alertness . In other cases , the conditioned response is a compensatory reaction that tends to offset the effects of the drug . For example , if a drug causes the body to become less sensitive to pain , the compensatory conditioned reaction may be one that makes the user more sensitive to pain . This compensatory reaction may contribute to drug tolerance . If so , a drug user may increase the amount of drug consumed in order to feel its effects , and end up taking very large amounts of the drug . In this case a dangerous overdose reaction may occur if the CS happens to be absent , so that the conditioned compensatory effect fails to occur . For example , if the drug has always been administered in the same room , the stimuli provided by that room may produce a conditioned compensatory effect ; then an overdose reaction may happen if the drug is administered in a different location where the conditioned stimuli are absent . Conditioned hunger ( edit ) Signals that consistently precede food intake can become conditioned stimuli for a set of bodily responses that prepares the body for food and digestion . These reflexive responses include the secretion of digestive juices into the stomach and the secretion of certain hormones into the blood stream , and they induce a state of hunger . An example of conditioned hunger is the `` appetizer effect . '' Any signal that consistently precedes a meal , such as a clock indicating that it is time for dinner , can cause people to feel hungrier than before the signal . The lateral hypothalamus ( LH ) is involved in the initiation of eating . The nigrostriatal pathway , which includes the substantia nigra , the lateral hypothalamus , and the basal ganglia have been shown to be involved in hunger motivation . Conditioned emotional response ( edit ) Further information : conditioned emotional response and fear conditioning The influence of classical conditioning can be seen in emotional responses such as phobia , disgust , nausea , anger , and sexual arousal . A familiar example is conditioned nausea , in which the CS is the sight or smell of a particular food that in the past has resulted in an unconditioned stomach upset . Similarly , when the CS is the sight of a dog and the US is the pain of being bitten , the result may be a conditioned fear of dogs . As an adaptive mechanism , emotional conditioning helps shield an individual from harm or prepare it for important biological events such as sexual activity . Thus , a stimulus that has occurred before sexual interaction comes to cause sexual arousal , which prepares the individual for sexual contact . For example , sexual arousal has been conditioned in human subjects by pairing a stimulus like a picture of a jar of pennies with views of an erotic film clip . Similar experiments involving blue gourami fish and domesticated quail have shown that such conditioning can increase the number of offspring . These results suggest that conditioning techniques might help to increase fertility rates in infertile individuals and endangered species . Pavlovian - instrumental transfer ( edit ) Main article : Pavlovian - instrumental transfer This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) Pavlovian - instrumental transfer occurs when a conditioned stimulus that has been associated with a rewarding or aversive stimulus via classical conditioning alters the performance of operant behavior . In a typical experiment , a rat is presented with sound - food pairings ( classical conditioning ) . Separately , the rat learns to press a lever to get food ( operant conditioning ) . Test sessions now show that the rat presses the lever faster in the presence of the sound than in silence , although the sound has never been associated with lever pressing . Classical and operant conditioning in the classroom ( edit ) Classical conditioning in addition to operant conditioning are two learning processes that are major aspects in the Behaviorist learning theory . Both of these theories describe techniques that will manipulate human or animal behavior . However , their differences appear in how they specifically change a particular behavior . One of the major differences between the two terms is that classical conditioning affects involuntary behavioral responses , while operant conditioning affects voluntary behavioral responses . In Pavlov 's research with dogs , discussed earlier , a dog salivating when it hears a bell ring is an involuntary behavior . In operant conditioning , on the other hand , a person is more / less willing to perform a particular behavior because of reinforcements or punishments . These same ideas can be seen in a classroom setting in particular . Classical conditioning is one way to set classroom routines or rules with students . For example , if the teacher simply claps 4 times , the class will not quiet down , but if the teacher claps 4 times and then tells students to quiet down , the students will quiet down . Eventually the teacher will be able to simply clap 4 times and the class will quiet down without the need for having to add in the verbal command of `` quiet down '' . Once this level has been reached , the class will have successfully been classical conditioned . Many teachers use clapping or hand raising to institute classical conditioning in their classrooms . In operant conditioning , student behavior will become conditioned through positive / negative reinforcements and punishments . Reinforcement is used to strengthen or increase the desired behavior while punishment is used to weaken or decrease an undesired behavor . Positive reinforcement / punishment will involve adding a stimulus while negative reinforcement / punishment involves removing a stimulus . Positive reinforcements could look like giving a student candy for doing well on an exam and a positive punishment would look like giving a student detention for poor behavior . Negative reinforcements could look like taking away homework for the weekend for a good grade on an exam and a negative punishment could be taking away their recess time because of too many absences in school . Both of these theories help shape behavior specifically in the classroom and can be beneficial in developing mannerisms in children . In popular culture ( edit ) In the 1932 novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley , conditioning plays a key role in the maintenance of social peace , especially in maintaining the caste system upon which society is based . Another example is in Anthony Burgess ' 1962 dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange in which the novel 's anti-hero and protagonist , Alex , undergoes a procedure called the Ludovico technique , where he is fed a solution to cause severe nausea and then forced to watch violent acts . This renders him unable to perform any violent acts without inducing similar nausea . Unintentionally , he also forms an aversion to classical music . Some general examples that involve the classical conditioning theory in action include , in a lot of cases , advertising . This is a tactic used in order to elicit a response . Advertising on game shows is one of many examples . With the exciting and positive environment of a game show , the viewer may then start to generate an exciting response to the advertisement because of the association with the environment . Another example , very similar to Pavlov 's experiment , involves food . Every time a person goes into the kitchen , they begin to feel hungry . This can also relate to eating certain foods while watching scary movie turning into associating terror with the certain food that was being consumed at the times of watching the scary movies . Any type of music , such as Christmas music , that triggers certain sweet memories are related to classical conditioning as well . See also ( edit ) Carrot and stick Learned helplessness Little Albert experiment Nocebo Measures of conditioned emotional response Operant conditioning Pavlovian - instrumental transfer Placebo ( origins of technical term ) Poison shyness Preparedness ( learning ) Proboscis extension reflex Psychological manipulation Quantitative analysis of behavior Reward system Stimulus control References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cherry , Kendra . `` What Is a Conditioned Response ? '' . About.com Guide . About.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Shettleworth , Sara J. ( 2010 ) Cognition , Evolution , and Behavior ( 2nd edn ) Oxford Univ . Press ^ Jump up to : Rescorla , Robert A. Pavlovian Conditioning -- It 's Not What You Think It Is . ( 1988 ) American Psychologist , 43 , 151 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Papini , M.R. , & Bitterman , M.E. ( 1990 ) . The role of contingency in classical conditioning . Psychological Review , 97 ( 3 ) , 396 - 403 . ^ Jump up to : Bouton , M.E. ( 2016 ) Learning and Behavior : A Contemporary Synthesis ( 2nd ed ) , Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Jump up ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/psychology/psychology-and-psychiatry/conditioning#conditioning ^ Jump up to : Pavlov , I.P. ( 1927 / 1960 ) . Conditional Reflexes . New York : Dover Publications ( the 1960 edition is not an unaltered republication of the 1927 translation by Oxford University Press http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/ ) . Jump up ^ Douglas L. Medin , Brian H. Ross , and Arthur B. Markman . Cognitive Psychology . N.p. : n.p , 2009 . Print 50 -- 53 Jump up ^ T.L. Brink ( 2008 ) Psychology : A Student Friendly Approach . `` Unit 6 : Learning . '' pp. 97 -- 98 ^ Jump up to : Chang , Raymond C. ; Stout , Steven ; Miller , Ralph R. `` Comparing excitatory backward and forward conditioning . '' Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology : Section B January 2004 . Vol. 57 Issue 1 , pp. 1 -- 23 . State University of New York at Binghamton , New York , USA . Jump up ^ Chance , Paul . Learning and Behavior . Belmont / CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0 - 495 - 09564 - 8 , 2008 . Print . 69 Jump up ^ Chance , Paul . Learning and Behavior . Belmont / CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0 - 495 - 09564 - 8 , 2008 . Print . p. 66 Jump up ^ Chance , Paul . Learning and Behavior . Belmont / CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0 - 495 - 09564 - 8 , 2008 . Print . pp. 71 Jump up ^ Rescorla , R.A. ( 1967 ) . Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures . Psychological Review , 74 , 71 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : Schacter , Daniel L ( 2009 ) . PSYCHOLOGY . Catherine Woods . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3719 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chan , C.K.J. ; Harris , Justin A. ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Extinction of Pavlovian conditioning : The influence of trial number and reinforcement history '' . Behavioural Processes . SQAB 2016 : Persistence and Relapse. 141 ( Part 1 ) : 19 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / j. beproc. 2017.04. 017 . Jump up ^ Shettleworth , S.J. ( 2010 ) Cognition , Evolution and Behavior ( 2nd Ed ) , New York : Oxford . Jump up ^ Chance , Paul . Learning and Behavior . Belmont / CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0 - 495 - 09564 - 8 , 2008 . Print . p. 84 Jump up ^ Rescorla , R.A. & A.R. Wagner ( 1972 ) . A theory of Pavlovan conditioning : Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement . In Classical Conditioning II : Current Theory and Research Black & Prokasy ( eds ) , pp. 64 -- 99 . New York : Appleton - Century . ^ Jump up to : Miller , R. & M. Escobar Learning : Laws and Models of Basic Conditioning . In Stevens ' Handbook of Experimental Psychology , ( 3rd Edition ) Vol 3 : Learning , Motivation & Emotion , Pashler & Gallistel , ( eds ) pp 47 -- 102 , New York : Wiley Jump up ^ Chance , Paul . Learning and Behavior . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0 - 495 - 09564 - 8 , 2008 . Print . p. 85 Jump up ^ Chance , Paul . Learning and Behavior . Belmont / CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0 - 495 - 09564 - 8 , 2008 . Print pp 85 -- 89 ^ Jump up to : Chance , Paul . Learning and Behavior . Belmont / CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0 - 495 - 09564 - 8 , 2008 . Print . pp. 85 -- 89 Jump up ^ Miller , R.R. , Barnet , R.C. & Grahame , N.J. ( 1995 ) Assessment of the Rescorla -- Wagner model . Psychological Bulletin , 117 , 363 -- 386 Jump up ^ Mackintosh , N.J. ( 1975 ) A theory of attention : Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement Psychological Review , 82 , 276 -- 298 Jump up ^ Pearce , J.M. & Hall , G. ( 1980 ) A model for Pavlovian learning : Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli Archived 2014 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Psychological Review , 87 , 532 -- 552 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , J. & Balsam P. ( 1981 ) Spreading association in time . In Locurto , Terrace & Gibbon ( Eds . ) , Autoshaping and conditioning theory ( pp. 219 -- 235 ) . New York : Academic Press Jump up ^ Miller , R.R. & Escobar , M. ( 2001 ) Contrasting acquisition - focused and performance - focused models of acquired behavior . Current Directions in Psychological Science 10 , 141 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Gallistel , R. & Gibbon , J. ( 2000 ) . Time , rate and conditioning . Psychological Review , 107 , 289 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Gallistel , R. & Gibbon , J. ( 2002 ) The Symbolic Foundations of Conditioned Behavior . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum Jump up ^ Golkar , A. , Bellander , M. , & Öhman , A. ( 2013 ) . Temporal properties of fear extinction -- does time matter ? `` Behavioral neuroscience '' , 127 ( 1 ) , 59 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Wagner , A.R. ( 1981 ) . SOP : A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior . In Spear & Miller ( Eds . ) Information processing in animals : Memory mechanisms ( pp. 5 - 47 ) . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum Jump up ^ Fanselow , Michael S. ; Poulos , Andrew M ( February 2005 ) . `` The Neuroscience of Mammalian Associative Learning '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 56 ( 1 ) : 207 -- 234 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. psych. 56.091103. 070213 . Jump up ^ Markram , H ; Gerstner , W ; Sjöström , PJ ( 2011 ) . `` A history of spike - timing - dependent plasticity '' . Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience. 3 : 4 . doi : 10.3389 / fnsyn. 2011.00004 . PMC 3187646 . PMID 22007168 . Jump up ^ Steinmetz , J.E. `` Neural Basis of Classical Conditioning '' in Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience , Academic Press , 2010 , pp 313 - 319s Jump up ^ Kearney , Christopher A. Abnormal Psychology and Life : A Dimensional Approach . N.p. : n.p. , January 1 , 2011 . Print . p. 336 Jump up ^ Kearney , Christopher A. Abnormal Psychology and Life : A Dimensional Approach . N.p. : n.p. , January 1 , 2011 . Print . p 136 Jump up ^ Kearney , Christopher A. Abnormal Psychology and Life : A Dimensional Approach . N.p. : n.p. , January 1 , 2011 . Print . p 133 Jump up ^ McGee , Donald Loring . Behavior Modification . Wellness.com , Inc. 2006 . Retrieved on 2012 - 2 - 14 . http://www.wellness.com/reference/health-and-wellness/behavior-modification Jump up ^ Carlson , Neil R. ( 2010 ) . Psychology : The Science of Behaviour . New Jersey , United States : Pearson Education Inc . pp. 599 -- 604 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 64524 - 4 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Neil R. ( 2010 ) . Psychology : The Science of Behaviour . New Jersey , United States : Pearson Education Inc . pp. 198 -- 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 64524 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Babsky , Evgeni ; Boris Khodorov ; Grigory Kositsky ; Anatoly Zubkov ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter 17 , the section ' Conditioned - Reflex Activity of the Cerebral Cortex ' '' . In Babsky , Evgeni . Human Physiology , in 2 vols. 2 . Translated by Ludmila Aksenova ; translation edited by H.C. Creighton ( M.A. , Oxon ) . Moscow : Mir Publishers . pp. 330 -- 357 . ISBN 5 - 03 - 000776 - 8 First published in Russian as `` Физиология человека '' Dayan , P. ; Kakade , S. & Montague , P.R. ( 2000 ) . Learning and selective attention . Nature Neuroscience , 3 , 1218 -- 23 . Full text Jami , S.A. ; Wright , W.G. & Glanzman , D.L. ( 2007 ) . Differential Classical Conditioning of the Gill - Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Recruits Both NMDA Receptor - Dependent Enhancement and NMDA Receptor - Dependent Depression of the Reflex . The Journal of Neuroscience , 27 , 3064 -- 8 . Kirsch , I. ; Lynn , S.J. ; Vigorito , M. & Miller , R.R. ( 2004 ) . The role of cognition in classical and operant conditioning . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 60 , 369 -- 92 . Pavlov , I.P. ( 1927 ) . Conditioned Reflexes : An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex ( translated by G.V. Anrep ) . London : Oxford University Press . Google preview of Dover 2003 reprint Rescorla , R.A. & Wagner , A.R. ( 1972 ) . A theory of Pavlovian conditioning . Variations in effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement . In A. Black & W.F. Prokasky , Jr. ( eds . ) , Classical Conditioning II New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Schmidt , R.F. ( 1989 ) . `` Behavior Memory ( Learning by Conditioning ) '' . In Schmidt , Robert F. ; Thews , Gerhard . Human Physiology . Translated by Marguerite A. Biederman - Thorson ( Second , completely revised ed . ) . Berlin etc. : Springer - Verlag . pp. 155 -- 156 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 19432 - 0 . wiki book on Animal behavior Chance , Paul . Learning and Behavior . Belmont / CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0 - 495 - 09564 - 8 , 2008 . Print . Moore , John W. A Neuroscientist 's Guide to Classical Conditioning , Springer Science & Business Media , ISBN 978 - 0387988054 , 2012 . Print . Douglas L. Medin , Brian H. Ross , and Arthur B. Markman . Cognitive Psychology . N.p. : n.p , 2009 . Print . Kearney , Christopher A. Abnormal Psychology and Life : A Dimensional Approach. N.p. : n.p. , January 1 , 2011 . Print . Hilgard E.R. , D. G Marquis . Hilgard and Marquis ' Conditioning and learning ... New York , Appleton - Century - Crofts , 1961 . Print . Razran , Gregory . Mind in evolution ; an East - West synthesis of learned behavior and cognition . Boston , Houghton Mifflin , 1971 . Print . Black , A.H. , W.F. Prokasy . Classical conditioning II : current research and theory . Appleton - Century - Crofts , 1972 . Print . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Classical conditioning Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Classical conditioning . 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Bjork Stephen J. Ceci Susan Clancy Hermann Ebbinghaus Sigmund Freud Patricia Goldman - Rakic Jonathan Hancock Judith Lewis Herman HM ( patient ) Ivan Izquierdo Marcia K. Johnson Eric Kandel KC ( patient ) Elizabeth Loftus Geoffrey Loftus Chris Marker James McGaugh Paul R. McHugh Eleanor Maguire George Armitage Miller Brenda Milner Lynn Nadel Dominic O'Brien Ben Pridmore Henry L. Roediger III Steven Rose Cosmos Rossellius Daniel Schacter Richard Shiffrin Arthur P. Shimamura Andriy Slyusarchuk Larry Squire Susumu Tonegawa Anne Treisman Endel Tulving Robert Stickgold Clive Wearing Psychology Mind and brain Learning Simple non-associative learning Habituation Sensitization Associative learning Operant conditioning Classical conditioning Imprinting Observational learning Insight learning Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Abductive reasoning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_conditioning&oldid=842417338 '' Categories : Experimental psychology Behavioral concepts History of psychology Russian inventions Behaviorism Learning Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from May 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 09 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what part of the pavlovian model does the food represent	[ "Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell). It also refers to the learning process that results from this pairing, through which the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response (e.g. salivation) that is usually similar to the one elicited by the potent stimulus. These basic facts, which require many qualifications (see below), were first studied in detail by Ivan Pavlov through experiments with dogs. Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the practice of psychological therapy and the study of animal behavior. Classical conditioning is a basic learning process, and its neural substrates are now beginning to be understood." ]	[ "stimulus" ]
-6118116932890697161	Perseus (constellation)	Perseus ( constellation ) - Wikipedia Perseus ( constellation ) Jump to : navigation , search Perseus Constellation List of stars in Perseus Abbreviation Per Genitive Persei Pronunciation / ˈpɜːrsiːəs / or / ˈpɜːrsjuːs / ; genitive / ˈpɜːrsiː. aɪ / Symbolism Perseus Right ascension Declination + 45 Quadrant NQ1 Area 615 sq. deg . ( 24th ) Main stars 19 Bayer / Flamsteed stars 65 Stars with planets 7 Stars brighter than 3.00 5 Stars within 10.00 pc ( 32.62 ly ) 0 Brightest star α Per ( Mirfak ) ( 1.79 ) Messier objects Meteor showers Perseids September Perseids Bordering constellations Aries Taurus Auriga Camelopardalis Cassiopeia Andromeda Triangulum Visible at latitudes between + 90 ° and − 35 ° . Best visible at 21 : 00 ( 9 p.m. ) during the month of December . Perseus is a constellation in the northern sky , being named after the Greek mythological hero Perseus . It is one of the 48 listed by the 2nd - century astronomer Ptolemy , and among the 88 modern constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) . It is located near several other constellations named after ancient Greek legends surrounding Perseus , including Andromeda to the west and Cassiopeia to the north . Perseus is also bordered by Aries and Taurus to the south , Auriga to the east , Camelopardalis to the north , and Triangulum to the west . Some star atlases during the early 19th century also depicted Perseus holding onto the head of the Medusa , whose asterism was named together as Perseus et Caput Medusae , however , this never came into popular usage . The galactic plane of the Milky Way passes through Perseus , whose brightest star is the yellow - white supergiant Alpha Persei ( also called Mirfak or Mirphak ) , which shines at magnitude 1.79 . It and many of the surrounding stars are members of an open cluster known as the Alpha Persei Cluster . The best - known star , however , is Algol ( Beta Persei ) , linked with ominous legends because of its variability , which is noticeable to the naked eye . Rather than being an intrinsically variable star , it is an eclipsing binary . Other notable star systems in Perseus include X Persei , a binary system containing a neutron star , and GK Persei , a nova that peaked at magnitude 0.2 in 1901 . The Double Cluster , comprising two open clusters quite near each other in the sky , was known to the ancient Chinese . The constellation gives its name to the Perseus cluster ( Abell 426 ) , a massive galaxy cluster located 250 million light - years from Earth . It hosts the radiant of the annual Perseids meteor shower -- one of the most prominent meteor showers in the sky . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and mythology 1.1 In non-Western astronomy 2 Characteristics 3 Features 3.1 Stars 3.2 Deep - sky objects 3.3 Meteor showers 4 References 5 Cited texts 6 External links History and mythology ( edit ) See also : Perseus Perseus carrying the head of Medusa the Gorgon , as depicted in Urania 's Mirror , a set of constellation cards published in London c. 1825 The constellation of Perseus may be derived from the Babylonian Old Man ( MUL.SHU.GI ) constellation , then associated with East in the MUL. APIN -- an astronomical compilation dating to around 1000 BCE . In Greek mythology , Perseus was the son of Danaë , who was sent by King Polydectes to bring the head of Medusa the Gorgon -- whose visage caused all who gazed upon her to turn to stone -- as a wedding gift . Perseus slew Medusa in her sleep , and Pegasus and Chrysaor appeared from her body . Perseus continued to the realm of Cepheus whose daughter Andromeda was to be sacrificed to Cetus the sea monster . Perseus rescued Andromeda from the monster by killing it with his diamond sword . He turned Polydectes and his followers to stone with Medusa 's head and appointed Dictys the fisherman king . Perseus and Andromeda married and had six children . In the sky , Perseus lies near the constellations Andromeda , Cepheus , Cassiopeia ( Andromeda 's mother ) , Cetus , and Pegasus . In non-western Astronomy ( edit ) See also : Chinese astronomy Four Chinese constellations are contained in the area of the sky identified with Perseus in the West . Tiānchuán ( 天船 ) , the Celestial Boat , was the third paranatellon ( A star or constellation which rises at the same time as another star or object . ) of the third house of the White Tiger of the West , representing the boats that Chinese people were reminded to build in case of a catastrophic flood season . Incorporating stars from the northern part of the constellation , it contained Mu , Delta , Psi , Alpha , Gamma and Eta Persei . Jīshuǐ ( 積水 ) , the Swollen Waters , was the fourth paranatellon of the aforementioned house , representing the potential of unusually high floods during the end of August and beginning of September at the beginning of the flood season . Lambda and possibly Mu Persei lay within it . Dàlíng ( 大陵 ) , the Great Trench , was the fifth paranatellon of that house , representing the trenches where criminals executed en masse in August were interred . It was formed by Kappa , Omega , Rho , 24 , 17 and 15 Persei . The pile of corpses prior to their interment was represented by Jīshī ( 積屍 , Algol ) , the sixth paranatellon of the house . The Double Cluster , h and Chi Persei , had special significance in Chinese astronomy . Known as Hsi and Ho , the two clusters represented two astronomers who failed to predict a total solar eclipse and were subsequently beheaded . In Polynesia , Perseus was not commonly recognized as a separate constellation ; the only people that named it were those of the Society Islands , who called it Faa - iti , meaning `` Little Valley '' . Algol may have been named Matohi by the Māori people , but the evidence for this identification is disputed . Matohi ( `` Split '' ) occasionally came into conflict with Tangaroa - whakapau over which of them should appear in the sky , the outcome affecting the tides . It matches the Maori description of a blue - white star near Aldebaran but does not disappear as the myth would indicate . Characteristics ( edit ) Perseus is bordered by Aries and Taurus to the south , Auriga to the east , Camelopardalis and Cassiopeia to the north , and Andromeda and Triangulum to the west . Covering 615 square degrees , it ranks twenty - fourth of the 88 constellations in size . It appears prominently in the northern sky during the Northern Hemisphere 's spring . Its main asterism consists of 19 stars . The constellation 's boundaries , as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930 , are defined by a 26 - sided polygon . In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 01 29.1 and 04 51.2 , while the declination coordinates are between 30.92 ° and 59.11 ° . The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) adopted the three - letter abbreviation `` Per '' for the constellation in 1922 . Features ( edit ) The constellation Perseus as it can be seen by the naked eye Stars ( edit ) See also : List of stars in Perseus Algol ( from the Arabic رأس الغول Ra 's al - Ghul , which means The Demon 's Head ) , also known by its Bayer designation Beta Persei , is the best - known star in Perseus . Representing the eye of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology , it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology and Rosh ha Satan ( `` Satan 's Head '' ) in Hebrew . Located 92.8 light - years from Earth , it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days . The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables , though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system . The brightest component is a blue - white main - sequence star of spectral type B8V , which is 3.5 times as massive and 180 times as luminous as the Sun . The secondary component is an orange subgiant star of type K0IV that has begun cooling and expanding to 3.5 times the radius of the Sun , and has 4.5 times the luminosity and 80 % of its mass . These two are separated by only 0.05 astronomical units ( AU ) -- five percent of the distance between the Earth and Sun ; the main dip in brightness arises when the larger fainter companion passes in front of the hotter brighter primary . The tertiary component is a main sequence star of type A7 , which is located on average 2.69 AU from the other two stars . AG Persei is another Algol variable in Perseus , whose primary component is a B - type main sequence star with an apparent magnitude of 6.69 . Phi Persei is a double star , although the two components do not eclipse each other . The primary star is a Be star of spectral type B0. 5 , possibly a giant star , and the secondary companion is likely a stellar remnant . The secondary has a similar spectral type to O - type subdwarfs . With the historical name Mirfak ( Arabic for elbow ) or Algenib , Alpha Persei is the brightest star of this constellation with an apparent magnitude of 1.79 . A supergiant of spectral type F5Ib located around 590 light - years away from Earth , Mirfak has 5,000 times the luminosity and 42 times the diameter of our Sun . It is the brightest member of the Alpha Persei Cluster ( also known as Melotte 20 and Collinder 39 ) , which is an open cluster containing many luminous stars . Neighboring bright stars that are members include the Be stars Delta ( magnitude 3.0 ) , Psi ( 4.3 ) , and 48 Persei ( 4.0 ) ; the Beta Cephei variable Epsilon Persei ( 2.9 ) ; and the stars 29 ( 5.2 ) , 30 ( 5.5 ) , 31 ( 5.0 ) , and 34 Persei ( 4.7 ) . Of magnitude 4.05 , nearby Iota Persei has been considered a member of the group , but is actually located a mere 34 light - years distant . This star is very similar to our Sun , shining with 2.2 times its luminosity . It is a yellow main sequence star of spectral type G0V . Extensive searches have failed to find evidence of it having a planetary system . Zeta Persei is the third - brightest star in the constellation at magnitude 2.86 . Around 750 light - years from Earth , it is a blue - white supergiant 26 -- 27 times the radius of the Sun and 47,000 times its luminosity . It is the brightest star ( as seen from Earth ) of a moving group of bright blue - white giant and supergiant stars , the Perseus OB2 Association or Zeta Persei Association . Zeta is a triple star system , with a companion blue - white main sequence star of spectral type B8 and apparent magnitude 9.16 around 3900 AU distant from the primary , and a white main sequence star of magnitude 9.90 and spectral type A2 , some 50,000 AU away , that may or may not be gravitationally bound to the other two . X Persei is a double system in this association ; one component is a hot , bright star and the other is a neutron star . With an apparent magnitude of 6.72 , it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye even in perfectly dark conditions . The system is an X-ray source and the primary star appears to be undergoing substantial mass loss . Once thought to be a member of the Perseus OB2 Association , Omicron Persei is a multiple star system with a combined visual magnitude of 3.85 . It is composed of two blue - white stars -- a giant of spectral class B1. 5 and main sequence star of B3 -- which orbit each other every 4.5 days and are distorted into ovoids due to their small separation . The system has a third star about which little is known . At an estimated distance of 1475 light - years from Earth , the system is now thought to lie too far from the center of the Zeta Persei group to belong to it . GRO J0422 + 32 ( V518 Persei ) is another X-ray binary in Perseus . One component is a red dwarf star of spectral type M4. 5V , which orbits a mysterious dense and heavy object -- possibly a black hole -- every 5.1 hours . The system is an X-ray nova , meaning that it experiences periodic outbursts in the X-ray band of the electromagnetic spectrum . If the system does indeed contain a black hole , it would be the smallest one ever recorded . Further analysis in 2012 calculated a mass of 2.1 solar masses , which raises questions as to what the object actually is as it appears to be too small to be a black hole . GK Persei , also known as Nova Persei 1901 , is a bright nova that appeared halfway between Algol and Delta Persei . Discovered on 21 February 1901 by Scottish amateur astronomer Thomas David Anderson , it peaked at magnitude 0.2 -- almost as bright as Capella and Vega . It faded to magnitude 13 around 30 years after its peak brightness . Xi Persei , traditionally known as Menkhib , a blue giant of spectral type O7III , is one of the hottest bright stars in the sky , with a surface temperature of 37,500 K. It is one of the more massive stars , being between 26 and 32 solar masses , and is 330,000 times as luminous as our Sun . Named Gorgonea Tertia , Rho Persei varies in brightness like Algol , but is a pulsating rather than eclipsing star . At an advanced stage of stellar evolution , it is a red giant that has expanded for the second time to have a radius around 150 times that of our Sun . Its helium has been fused into heavier elements and its core is composed of carbon and oxygen . It is a semiregular variable star of the Mu Cephei type , whose apparent magnitude varies between 3.3 and 4.0 with periods of 50 , 120 and 250 days . The Double Cluster contains three even larger stars , each over 700 solar radii : S , RS , and SU Persei are all semiregular pulsating M - type supergiants . The stars are not visible to the naked eye ; SU Persei , the brightest of the three , has an apparent magnitude of 7.9 and thus is visible through binoculars . AX Persei is another binary star , the primary component is a red giant in an advanced phase of stellar evolution , which is transferring material onto an accretion disc around a smaller star . The star system is one of the few eclipsing symbiotic binaries , but is unusual because the secondary star is not a white dwarf , but an A-type star . DY Persei is a variable star that is the prototype of DY Persei variables , which are carbon - rich R Coronae Borealis variables that exhibit the variability of asymptotic giant branch stars . DY Persei itself is a carbon star that is too dim to see through binoculars , with an apparent magnitude of 10.6 . Seven stars in Perseus have been found to have planetary systems . V718 Persei is a star in the young open cluster IC 348 that appears to be periodically eclipsed by a giant planet every 4.7 years . This has been inferred to be an object with a maximum mass of 6 times that of Jupiter and an orbital radius of 3.3 AU . Deep - sky Objects ( edit ) The Double Cluster ( NGC 869 and NGC 884 ) The galactic plane of the Milky Way passes through Perseus , but is much less obvious than elsewhere in the sky as it is mostly obscured by molecular clouds . The Perseus Arm is a spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy and stretches across the sky from the constellation Cassiopeia through Perseus and Auriga to Gemini and Monoceros . This segment is towards the rim of the galaxy . Within the Perseus Arm lie two open clusters ( NGC 869 and NGC 884 ) known as the Double Cluster . Sometimes known as h and Chi ( χ ) Persei respectively , they are easily visible through binoculars and small telescopes . Both lie more than 7,000 light - years from Earth and are several hundred light - years apart . The Double Cluster was first recorded during the reign of the Chinese king Tsung - K'ang , who reigned during the Xia dynasty ( 2858 -- 2146 BCE ) . Both clusters are of approximately magnitude 4 and 0.5 degrees in diameter . The two are Trumpler class I 3 r clusters , though NGC 869 is a Shapley class f and NGC 884 is a Shapley class e cluster . These classifications indicate that they are both quite rich ( dense ) ; NGC 869 is the richer of the pair . The clusters are both distinct from the surrounding star field and are clearly concentrated at their centers . The constituent stars , numbering over 100 in each cluster , range widely in brightness . M34 is an open cluster that appears at magnitude 5.5 , and is approximately 1,500 light - years from Earth . It contains about 100 stars scattered over a field of view larger than that of the full moon . M34 can be resolved with good eyesight but is best viewed using a telescope at low magnifications . IC 348 is a somewhat young open cluster that is still contained within the nebula from which its stars formed . It is located about 1,027 light - years from Earth , is about 2 million years old , and contains many stars with circumstellar disks . Many brown dwarfs have been discovered in this cluster due to its age ; since brown dwarfs cool as they age , it is easier to find them in younger clusters . There are many nebulae in Perseus . M76 is a planetary nebula , also called the Little Dumbbell Nebula . It appears two arc - minutes by one arc - minute across and has an apparent brightness of magnitude 10.1 . NGC 1499 , also known as the California Nebula , is an emission nebula that was discovered in 1884 -- 85 by American astronomer Edward E. Barnard . It is very difficult to observe visually because its low surface brightness makes it appear dimmer than most other emission nebulae . NGC 1333 is a reflection nebula and a star - forming region . Perseus also contains a giant molecular cloud , called the Perseus molecular cloud ; it belongs to the Orion Spur and is known for its low rate of star formation compared to similar clouds . Perseus contains some notable galaxies . NGC 1023 is a barred spiral galaxy of magnitude 10.35 , around 11.6 million pc ( 38 million ly ) from Earth . It is the principal member of the NGC 1023 group of galaxies and is possibly interacting with another galaxy . NGC 1260 is either a lenticular or tightly - wound spiral galaxy about 76.7 million pc ( 250 million ly ) from Earth . It was the host galaxy of the supernova SN 2006gy , one of the brightest ever recorded . It is a member of the Perseus cluster ( Abell 426 ) , a massive galaxy cluster located 76.6 million pc ( 250 million ly ) from Earth . With a redshift of 0.0179 , Abell 426 is the closest major cluster to the Earth . NGC 1275 , a component of the cluster , is a Seyfert galaxy containing an active nucleus that produces jets of material , surrounding the galaxy with massive bubbles . These bubbles create sound waves that travel through the Perseus Cluster , sounding a B flat 57 octaves below middle C . This galaxy is a cD galaxy that has undergone many galactic mergers throughout its existence , as evidenced by the `` high velocity system '' -- the remnants of a smaller galaxy -- surrounding it . Its active nucleus is a strong source of radio waves . Meteor Showers ( edit ) The Perseids are a prominent annual meteor shower that appear to radiate from Perseus from mid-July , peaking in activity between 9 and 14 August each year . Associated with Comet Swift -- Tuttle , they have been observed for about 2,000 years . The September Epsilon Perseids , discovered in 2012 , are a meteor shower with an unknown parent body in the Oort cloud . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Graßhoff , G. ( 2005 ) . The History of Ptolemy 's Star Catalogue . Springer . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4612 - 4468 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Constellations '' . IAU -- International Astronomical Union . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ridpath , I. `` Urania 's Mirror c. 1825 -- Ian Ridpath 's Old Star Atlases '' . 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( 2012 ) . `` Mapping Meteoroid Orbits : New Meteor Showers Discovered '' . Sky & Telescope : 22 . Cited texts ( edit ) Levy , David H. ( 2005 ) . Deep Sky Objects . Amherst , New York : Prometheus Books . ISBN 1 - 59102 - 361 - 0 . Makemson , M.W. ( 1941 ) . `` The Morning Star Rises : An Account of Polynesian Astronomy '' . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . Motz , L. ; Nathanson , C. ( 1991 ) . The Constellations : An Enthusiast 's Guide to the Night Sky . London , United Kingdom : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85410 - 088 - 7 . Schlegel , Gustaaf ( 1967 ) ( 1875 ) . Uranographie Chinoise ( in French ) . Taipei , Republic of China : Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company . Staal , Julius D.W. ( 1984 ) . Stars of Jade : Astronomy and Star Lore of Very Ancient Imperial China . Decatur , Georgia : Writ Press . ISBN 0 - 914653 - 00 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Perseus ( constellation ) ( category ) The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations : Perseus The clickable Perseus Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( over 190 medieval and early modern images of Perseus ) `` Perseus , in astronomy '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Stars of Perseus Bayer α ( Mirfak ) β ( Algol ) γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ( Menkib ) ο ( Atik ) π ( Gorgonea Secunda ) ρ ( Gorgonea Tertia ) σ τ φ ψ ω ( Gorgonea Quarta ) Flamsteed 4 ( g ) 5 7 ( χ ) 8 9 ( i ) 10 11 12 14 16 17 20 21 24 29 30 31 32 ( l ) 34 36 40 ( o ) 42 ( n ) 43 ( A ) 48 ( c ) 49 50 52 ( f ) 53 ( d ) 54 55 56 57 ( m ) 58 ( e ) 59 1 Aur Variable U V X Z RS RT RV RW RY ST SU SV TZ UV UX UY VX XX XY XZ YZ AB AG AR AS AW AX BM DM DY FO GK IK IP IQ IU IW IX IZ KP KS KT KW LX V351 V356 V357 V361 V376 V380 V386 V396 V400 V423 V432 V440 V459 V461 V471 V472 V473 V480 V490 V492 V493 V505 V509 V520 ( 61 And ) V521 V545 V551 V572 V573 V575 V576 V621 V718 HR 470 526 529 538 540 621 641 787 792 810 820 831 842 846 849 864 865 876 885 886 890 894 918 ( k ) 920 923 930 949 950 956 964 966 969 973 975 979 986 991 1001 1019 1034 1037 1041 1047 1051 1056 1059 1074 1097 1113 1127 1130 1133 1141 1160 1164 1176 1191 1197 1198 1207 1215 1226 1234 1286 1301 1330 1333 1337 1344 1371 1390 1419 1424 1482 1489 1493 1500 1514 HD 13519 14433 14434 16691 16760 17092 17245 17605 21684 22781 23301 23596 25329 26702 29587 Other BD + 31 643 BD + 48 740 G 38 - 29 G 95 - 57 GD 61 GRO J0422 + 32 HAT - P - 15 HAT - P - 29 IRAS 04296 + 3429 L1448 - IRS2E LkHα 101 LRLL 54361 NGC 1333 13 NGC 1333 IRAS 2A NGC 1333 IRAS 4A NGC 1333 IRAS 4B NSV 1436 PSR B0355 + 54 PSR J0357 + 3205 List The 88 modern constellations Andromeda Antlia Apus Aquarius Aquila Ara Aries Auriga Boötes Caelum Camelopardalis Cancer Canes Venatici Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Carina Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Chamaeleon Circinus Columba Coma Berenices Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Crux Cygnus Delphinus Dorado Draco Equuleus Eridanus Fornax Gemini Grus Hercules Horologium Hydra Hydrus Indus Lacerta Leo Leo Minor Lepus Libra Lupus Lynx Lyra Mensa Microscopium Monoceros Musca Norma Octans Ophiuchus Orion Pavo Pegasus Perseus Phoenix Pictor Pisces Piscis Austrinus Puppis Pyxis Reticulum Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Sculptor Scutum Serpens Sextans Taurus Telescopium Triangulum Triangulum Australe Tucana Ursa Major Ursa Minor Vela Virgo Volans Vulpecula Lists of constellations Constellation history The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD Andromeda Aquarius Aquila Ara Argo Navis Aries Auriga Boötes Cancer Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Cygnus Delphinus Draco Equuleus Eridanus Gemini Hercules Hydra Leo Lepus Libra Lupus Lyra Ophiuchus Orion Pegasus Perseus Pisces Piscis Austrinus Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Serpens Taurus Triangulum Ursa Major Ursa Minor Virgo The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c : Crux Triangulum Australe Vopel 1536 : Coma Berenices Keyser & de Houtman 1596 : Apus Chamaeleon Dorado Grus Hydrus Indus Musca Pavo Phoenix Tucana Volans Plancius 1613 : Camelopardalis Columba Monoceros Habrecht 1621 : Reticulum Hevelius 1683 : Canes Venatici Lacerta Leo Minor Lynx Scutum Sextans Vulpecula de Lacaille 1763 : Antlia Caelum Carina Circinus Fornax Horologium Mensa Microscopium Norma Octans Pictor Puppis Pyxis Sculptor Telescopium Vela Obsolete constellations ( including Ptolemy 's Argo Navis ) Anser Antinous Apes Argo Navis Asterion Cancer Minor Cerberus Chara Custos Messium Felis Frederici Honores / Gloria Frederici Gallus Globus Aerostaticus Jordanus Lilium Lochium Funis Machina Electrica Malus Mons Maenalus Musca Borealis Noctua Officina Typographica Polophylax Psalterium Georgianum / Harpa Georgii Quadrans Muralis Ramus Pomifer Robur Carolinum Sceptrum Brandenburgicum Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae Solarium Rangifer / Tarandus Taurus Poniatovii Telescopium Herschelii Testudo Tigris Triangulum Minus Turdus Solitarius Vespa Vultur cadens Vultur volans obsolete constellation names Apis Phoenicopterus Serpentarius Xiphias Coordinates : 03 00 00 , + 45 ° 00 ′ 00 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perseus_(constellation)&oldid=797827494 '' Categories : Perseus ( constellation ) Constellations Northern constellations Constellations listed by Ptolemy Hidden categories : Featured articles Use American English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from October 2015 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 11 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the constellation perseus visible in the northern hemisphere	[ "Perseus is bordered by Aries and Taurus to the south, Auriga to the east, Camelopardalis and Cassiopeia to the north, and Andromeda and Triangulum to the west. Covering 615 square degrees, it ranks twenty-fourth of the 88 constellations in size. It appears prominently in the northern sky during the Northern Hemisphere's spring. Its main asterism consists of 19 stars. The constellation's boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a 26-sided polygon. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 01h 29.1m and 04h 51.2m, while the declination coordinates are between 30.92° and 59.11°.[15] The International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted the three-letter abbreviation \"Per\" for the constellation in 1922.[16]" ]	[ "during the Northern Hemisphere's spring" ]
-1742154124104629856	Chattahoochee River	Chattahoochee river - wikipedia Chattahoochee river `` Chattahoochee '' redirects here . For other uses , see Chattahoochee ( disambiguation ) . Chattahoochee River Chattahoochee River at Jones Bridge Park in Peachtree Corners , Georgia Country United States States Georgia , Alabama , Florida Source near Jacks Knob - location Blue Ridge Mountains , Chattahoochee National Forest , Georgia - elevation 3,550 ft ( 1,082 m ) - coordinates 34 ° 49 ′ 26 '' N 83 ° 47 ′ 28 '' W / 34.82389 ° N 83.79111 ° W / 34.82389 ; - 83.79111 Mouth Apalachicola River - location confluence with Flint River , near Jim Woodruff Dam - elevation 75 ft ( 23 m ) - coordinates 30 ° 42 ′ 32 '' N 84 ° 51 ′ 50 '' W / 30.70889 ° N 84.86389 ° W / 30.70889 ; - 84.86389 Coordinates : 30 ° 42 ′ 32 '' N 84 ° 51 ′ 50 '' W / 30.70889 ° N 84.86389 ° W / 30.70889 ; - 84.86389 Length 430 mi ( 692 km ) Basin 8,770 sq mi ( 22,714 km ) Discharge - average 10,090 cu ft / s ( 286 m / s ) - max 195,000 cu ft / s ( 5,522 m / s ) - min 0 cu ft / s ( 0 m / s ) Map of the Apalachicola River system with the Chattahoochee highlighted in dark blue . The Chattahoochee River forms the southern half of the Alabama and Georgia border , as well as a portion of the Florida border . It is a tributary of the Apalachicola River , a relatively short river formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers and emptying from Florida into Apalachicola Bay in the Gulf of Mexico . The Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles ( 690 km ) long . The Chattahoochee , Flint , and Apalachicola rivers together make up the Apalachicola -- Chattahoochee -- Flint River Basin ( ACF River Basin ) . The Chattahoochee makes up the largest part of the ACF 's drainage basin . Contents 1 Course 2 Etymology and nicknames 3 History 3.1 Early history 3.2 Removal of Native Americans 3.3 American Civil War 3.4 Recent history 4 Modifications 5 River borders 6 Atlanta 7 Flooding 8 Gauges 9 Tributaries 10 Popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Course ( edit ) Visitors putting their rafts , canoes and kayaks in the Chattahoochee River Visitors on rafts , canoes and kayaks in the Chattahoochee River The source of the Chattahoochee River is located in Jacks Gap at the southeastern foot of Jacks Knob , in the very southeastern corner of Union County , in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains , a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains . The headwaters of the river flow south from ridges that form the Tennessee Valley Divide . The Appalachian Trail crosses the river 's uppermost headwaters . The Chattahoochee 's source and upper course lies within Chattahoochee National Forest . From its source in the Blue Ridge Mountains , the Chattahoochee River flows southwesterly to Atlanta and through its suburbs . It eventually turns due - south to form the southern half of the Georgia / Alabama state line . Flowing through a series of reservoirs and artificial lakes , it flows by Columbus , the second - largest city in Georgia , and the Fort Benning Army base . At Columbus , it crosses the Fall Line of the eastern United States . From Lake Oliver to Fort Benning , the Chattahoochee Riverwalk provides cycling , rollerblading , and walking along 15 miles ( 24 km ) of the river 's banks . Farther south , it merges with the Flint River and other tributaries at Lake Seminole near Bainbridge , to form the Apalachicola River that flows into the Florida Panhandle . Although the same river , this portion was given a different name by separated settlers in different regions during the colonial times . Etymology and nicknames ( edit ) The name Chattahoochee is thought to come from a Muskogean word meaning `` rocks - marked '' ( or `` painted '' ) , from chato ( `` rock '' ) plus huchi ( `` marked '' ) . This possibly refers to the many colorful granite outcroppings along the northeast - to - southwest segment of the river . Much of that segment of the river runs through the Brevard fault zone . A local Georgia nickname for the Chattahoochee River is `` The Hooch '' . History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) The vicinity of the Chattahoochee River was inhabited in prehistoric times by indigenous peoples since at least 1000 BC . The Kolomoki Mounds , now protected in the Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park near present - day Blakely in Early County in southwest Georgia , were built from 350 AD to 650 AD and constitute the largest mound complex in the state . Removal of Native Americans ( edit ) Among the historical Indigenous nations , the Chattahoochee served as a dividing line between the Muscogee ( Creek ) ( to the east ) and the Cherokee territories ( to the west ) in the Southeast . The Chattahoochee River became the dividing point for the Creek Confederacy , which straddled the river and became known as the Upper Creek Red Sticks and the Lower Creek White Sticks . The United States accomplished the removal of Native Americans , to extinguish their claims and make way for European - American settlement , through a series of treaties , land lotteries , and forced removals lasting from 1820 through 1832 . The Muscogee were first removed from the southeastern side of the river , and then the Cherokee from the northwest . American Civil War ( edit ) The Chattahoochee River was of considerable strategic importance during the Atlanta Campaign by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman of the American Civil War . Between the tributaries of Proctor Creek and Nickajack Creek on the Cobb and Fulton county lines in metropolitan Atlanta , are nine remaining `` Shoupades '' that were part of a defensive line occupied by the Confederate Army in early July 1864 . Designed by Confederate Brigadier General Francis A. Shoup , the line became known as Johnston 's River Line after Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . A month prior to the Battle of Atlanta , Shoup talked with Johnston on June 18 , 1864 about building fortifications . Johnston agreed , and Shoup supervised the building of 36 small elevated earth and wooden triangular fortifications , arranged in a sawtooth pattern to maximize the crossfire of defenders . Sherman tried to avoid the Shoupade defenses by crossing the river to the northeast . The nine remaining Shoupades consist of the earthworks portion of the original earth and wooden structures ; they are endangered by land development in the area . Two of the last battles of the war , West Point and Columbus took place at strategically important crossings of the Chattahoochee . Recent history ( edit ) Since the nineteenth century , early improvements and alterations to the river were for the purposes of navigation . The river was important for carrying trade and passengers and was a major transportation route . In the twentieth century , the United States Congress passed legislation in 1944 and 1945 to improve navigation for commercial traffic on the river , as well as to establish hydroelectric power and recreational facilities on a series of lakes to be created by building dams and establishing reservoirs . Creating the manmade , 46,000 - acre Walter F. George Lake required evacuating numerous communities , including the historically majority - Native American settlement of Oketeyeconne , Georgia . The lakes were complete in 1963 , covering over numerous historic and prehistoric sites of settlement . Beginning in the late twentieth century , the nonprofit organization called `` Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper '' has advocated for the preservation of the environment and ecology of the northern part of the river , especially the part traversing Metropolitan Atlanta . In 2010 , a campaign to create a whitewater river course was launched in the portion of the Chattahoochee River that runs through Columbus , Georgia . Between 2010 and 2013 , construction took place on the river , the Eagle and Phenix and City Mills Dams were breached and a 2.5 mile Whitewater Course was formed in Uptown , Columbus . The project returned the river to its natural path across the Fall Line , as well as creating the longest urban whitewater course in the world . Modifications ( edit ) Several large manmade reservoirs , including Lanier , Walter F. George , West Point , and George W. Andrews , lakes are controlled by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The dams and reservoirs were developed following legislation by Congress of the mid-1940s for flood control , domestic and industrial water , hydroelectricity , recreation , and improved navigation for river barges . Most of the lakes were completed by 1963 . Numerous historic and prehistoric sites were covered over by the lakes during the flooding of the reservoirs , including Oketeyconne , Georgia . The Georgia Power Company also owns a small series of dams along the middle portion of the river ( the Columbus area ) between West Point Lake and Lake Walter F. George . Several smaller and older lakes and dams also provide these services on a much smaller and more localized scale , including Bull Sluice Lake , which is held by the Morgan Falls Dam . This dam was built by the Georgia Railway and Power Company in 1902 to provide electric power for the Atlanta trolley system , which has long since been replaced by other forms of transportation . River borders ( edit ) The Chattahoochee River in Autumn At various points , the Chattahoochee serves as the boundary between several counties and cities , as well as forming the lower half of the boundary between Alabama and Georgia . Within Georgia , it divides : Habersham County and White County Forsyth County and Hall County Forsyth County and Gwinnett County Fulton County and Gwinnett County Sandy Springs and Roswell Cobb County and Fulton County Douglas County and Fulton County Carroll County and Fulton County Carroll County and Coweta County Columbus , Georgia and Phenix City , Alabama Atlanta ( edit ) The Ramblin ' Raft Race , an annual event in Atlanta , was cancelled in 1980 due to environmental concerns Atlanta is built upon the crest of a large ridge , rather than in the floodplain of the river . This has contributed the preservation of much of the natural scenic beauty of the section that runs through metropolitan Atlanta . North of the metropolis , the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area protects other portions of the riverbanks in a region that is spread across several disconnected areas . The river traverses through much of Atlanta 's hilly topography of the northern suburbs . Wealthy suburban communities in northern metro Atlanta that abut the river include : Vinings , Buckhead , Sandy Springs , East Cobb , Roswell , Dunwoody , Peachtree Corners , Johns Creek , and Berkeley Lake . Since three states have needs related to the river , there has been increasing controversy since the late twentieth century related to competing development among the regions and the implications for the river . The enormous growth of metropolitan Atlanta has increased its water withdrawals from the river . This has effects downstream . For example , the oysters in the Apalachicola Bay of Florida depend on the brackish water mixture of river and ocean water , and the alternating freshwater and saltwater flows that the river and the tides provide . The amount of flow in the Chattahoochee has also been decreased by interbasin water transfers , where water is withdrawn from the Chattahoochee , but discharged as treated sewage water into another river , such as the Oconee River , which flow to the Atlantic Seaboard via the Altamaha River . Interest groups and the state of Florida have asked the U.S. Congress to intervene to reduce the priority given to put navigation of the lower Chattahoochee , south of Columbus , by river barge . This requirement causes large water withdrawals , which environmental supporters consider a waste of water needed to support habitats , especially during droughts . The navigation issue has aggravated the fight between Georgia , Florida , and Alabama over rights to the river water . A lawsuit has been filed in the case to reduce priorities given to navigation . The lawsuit is now in court , and may take years to resolve . Flooding ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) The most recent major flooding of the Chattahoochee River took place in November 2009 . This was caused by torrential rains from Tropical Storm Ida as it tore through the Georgia Piedmont . Downstream from Roswell , the Chattahoochee River remained in moderate flood stage . Streams affected by the September 2009 floods included the following : Chattahoochee River Vickery Creek Johns Creek Sweetwater Creek Nancy Creek Peachtree Creek Oconee River James Creek The second most recent major flood along the river occurred during the 2009 Georgia floods , with 28.10 feet ( 8.56 m ) of water recorded at Vinings at the northwestern Atlanta city limit . The flood was over 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) higher than the previous flood recorded in September 2004 , as a result of Hurricane Fred . Numerous tributaries also swelled far over and beyond their banks . These were the highest water levels seen since 1990 , and the second - highest ever since the large Buford Dam was built upstream . The National Weather Service in Peachtree City estimated that this was a 500 - year flood event . Gauges ( edit ) The main stream gauges are located : at Helen ( near downtown ) near Cornelia ( 6 miles or 10 km northwest of ) near Buford ( 4 miles or 6 km northwest of ) immediately down from Buford Dam near Norcross ( 5 miles or 8 km north of ) on Medlock Bridge Road near Roswell ( 4 miles or 6 km southeast of ) just off old Riverside Road below Morgan Falls Dam TW at Vinings ( 3 miles or 5 km southwest of ) and Atlanta on Pace 's Ferry Road bridge near Campbellton ( 1 mile or 2 km northwest of ) and Fairburn on Georgia 92 bridge at Whitesburg ( 2 miles or 3 km southeast of ) at Main Street ( Georgia 18 ) bridge at Franklin at Main Street ( U.S. 27 ) bridge in downtown at West Point ( 1 mile or 2 km `` northeast '' , actually north , of the center of town ) at Columbus on 4th Street N ( U.S. 280 ) bridge to Phenix City , Alabama at Walter F. George Dam ( USACE ) in Fort Gaines at George W. Andrews Lake & dam ( USACE ) south of Columbia , Alabama then in November 2009 it flooded Vinings again . Water - level forecasts are regularly issued only at Vinings and Atlanta . Forecasts are issued only during high water at Norcross , Whitesburg , West Point , and the Lake Walter F. George and Andrews Dams . All other locations have observations only . Tributaries ( edit ) The Upper Chattahoochee River Campground north of Helen , White County , Georgia Chattahoochee River at River Park on Willeo Road , Fulton County , Georgia The Chattahoochee River at the Devil 's Shoals , East Palisades Park , Fulton County , Georgia Sweetwater Creek Tributary creeks , streams , and rivers , as well as lakes , along with the county they are in : Dukes Creek ( White ) Smith Creek ( White ) Chickamauga Creek ( White ) Blue Creek ( White ) White Creek ( White ) Mossy Creek ( White ) Amys Creek ( Habersham ) Soque River ( Habersham ) Mud Creek ( Habersham and Hall ) Hagen Creek ( Hall ) Flat Creek ( White and Hall ) Helen gauge ( HDCG1 ) Big Creek ( Hall ) Lake Lanier and Buford Dam ( Dawson , Forsyth , Gwinnett , Hall , and Lumpkin ) Chestatee River ( Dawson / Hall border , Forsyth / Hall border , and Lumpkin ) Six Mile Creek ( Forsyth ) James Creek ( Forsyth ) Johns Creek ( Forsyth and north Fulton , city of Johns Creek , Georgia ) Bald Ridge Creek ( Forsyth ) Audry Mill Creek ( North Fulton ) Crooked Creek ( DeKalb ) Young Deer Creek ( Forsyth ) Four Mile Creek ( Forsyth ) Dick Creek ( Forsyth ) Level Creek ( Gwinnett ) Haw Creek ( Forsyth ) Two Mile Creek ( Forsyth ) Shoal Creek ( Gwinnett and Hall ) Suwanee Creek ( Gwinnett ) Brushy Creek ( Gwinnett ) Richland Creek ( Gwinnett ) Rogers Creek ( Gwinnett ) Norcross gauge ( NCRG1 ) Mavern Creek ( north Fulton ) Old Mill Creek ( north Fulton ) Vickery Creek ( Forsyth , north Fulton ) Roswell gauge ( RWLG1 ) Willeo Creek ( Cobb / Fulton border ) Bull Sluice Lake and Morgan Falls Dam Ball Mill Creek ( DeKalb and Fulton ) Beech Creek ( Fulton ) Summerbrook Creek ( Fulton ) Mountain Health Creek ( Fulton ) Arrowhead Creek ( Cobb ) Mulberry Creek ( Cobb ) Nancy Creek ( DeKalb and Fulton ) Nannyberry Creek ( Cobb ) Nickajack Creek ( Cobb ) Owl Creek ( Cobb ) Rottenwood Creek ( Cobb ) Sope Creek ( Cobb ) Trout Lily Creek ( Cobb ) Vinings gauge at Pace 's Ferry ( VING1 ) Peachtree Creek ( Fulton ) Proctor Creek ( Fulton ) Cabin Creek ( Fulton ) Camp Creek ( Fulton ) Charlie 's Trapping Creek ( Fulton ) Crooked Creek ( Fulton and Gwinnett ) Dog River ( Douglas ) Hewlett Creek ( Fulton ) Long Island Creek ( Fulton ) Marsh Creek ( Fulton ) Whitewater Creek ( Fulton ) Sandy Creek ( Fulton ) Sweetwater Creek ( Cobb , Douglas , and Paulding ) Pea Creek ( south Fulton ) Pine Creek ( south Fulton ) Deep Creek ( south Fulton ) Mill Branch ( south Fulton ) Brock Branch ( south Fulton ) Browns Lake ( south Fulton ) Anneewakee Creek ( Douglas ) Basket Creek ( Douglas ) Bear Creek ( Douglas ) Bear Creek ( south Fulton ) Tuggle Creek ( south Fulton ) White Oak Creek ( south Fulton ) Turkey Creek ( south Fulton ) Gilberts Branch ( Douglas ) Hurricane Creek ( Carroll and Douglas ) Wolf Creek ( Carroll ) Snake Creek ( Carroll ) Wahoo Creek ( Coweta ) Whitesburg gauge ( WHTG1 ) Mulberry Creek ( Harris and Talbot ) Pataula Creek ( Clay , Quitman , Randolph , and Stewart ) Bull Creek ( Muscogee ) Upatoi Creek ( Chattahoochee / Muscogee border and Marion / Talbot border ) Moores Creek ( Langdale , AL ) West Point gauge ( WTPG1 ) West Point Lake ( Chambers , AL , Heard , GA , and Troup , GA ) Lake Harding ( Harris , GA and Lee , AL ) Goat Rock Lake ( Harris , GA and Lee , AL ) Lake Oliver ( Lee , AL , Russell , AL , and Muscogee , GA ) Columbus gauge ( CMUG1 ) Walter F. George Lake ( Barbour , Henry , Houston , and Russell , AL and Clay , Quitman , and Stewart , GA ) Omussee Creek ( Houston , AL ) Lake Seminole ( Jackson , FL , Decatur , GA , and Seminole , GA ) Acorn Creek Note that the above list is incomplete , and that each item is not in the exact order in which it joins the Chattahoochee . ( For confluences now inundated by lakes , it may be impossible to determine from current maps exactly where they were . ) Popular culture ( edit ) The beauty of the Chattahoochee River is commemorated in the epic poem The Song of the Chattahoochee ( 1877 ) , by the noted Georgian poet Sidney Lanier . Lake Lanier on the Chattahoochee is named for him . Country music artist Alan Jackson released his song `` Chattahoochee '' in 1993 as a single off his album A Lot About Livin ' ( And a Little ' bout Love ) . `` Chattahoochee '' received Country Music Association awards for Single of the Year and Song of the Year . See also ( edit ) List of Alabama rivers List of Florida rivers List of Georgia rivers Metropolitan River Protection Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calculated in Google Maps and Google Earth ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Chattahoochee River ^ Jump up to : `` Chattahoochee - Flint River Basin '' . River Basin Center . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Water resources data for the United States , Water Year 2009 ; gage 02343801 , Chattahoochee River near Columbia , GA '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EPA MyWaters Mapper '' . Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Names Information System ( GNIS ) '' . USGS . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Cynthia ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) . Blue Revolution : Unmaking America 's Water Crisis . Beacon Press . ISBN 9780807003183 . Jump up ^ `` Chattahoochee River '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kolomoki Mounds '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Hatch , Thom ( 2012 ) . Osceola and the Great Seminole War . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Land Lottery System '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Endangered Sites '' . Georgia Battlefields Association . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oketeyeconne / Chattahoochee Theater '' , Historical Marker Database , accessed 23 June 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Apalachicola - Chattahoochee - Flint River System History '' Archived April 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , US Army Corps of Engineers , accessed 23 June 2012 Jump up ^ `` Chattahoocheee River National Recreation Area , National Park Service Jump up ^ HELG1 Jump up ^ DCNG1 Jump up ^ BUFG1 Jump up ^ NCRG1 Jump up ^ RWLG1 Jump up ^ MGFG1 Jump up ^ VING1 Jump up ^ FBNG1 Jump up ^ WHTG1 Jump up ^ FRNG1 Jump up ^ WTPG1 Jump up ^ CMUG1 Jump up ^ FOGG1 Jump up ^ COLA1 Jump up ^ `` The Song of the Chattahoochee '' . About North Georgia . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Jackson Biography '' . About.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chattahoochee River . Five piece series on the Chattahoochee River Fishing in Nancy Creek Chattahoochee River Reservoirs and Dams Nora Mill Dam Lake Lanier / Buford Dam Bull Sluice Lake / Morgan Falls Dam West Point Lake Langdale Dam Crow Hop Dam Riverview Dam Lake Harding Goat Rock Lake Lake Oliver North Highlands Dam City Mills Dam Eagle & Phenix Dam Walter F. George Lake George W. Andrews Lake Lake Seminole Atlanta landmarks Current Commercial Atlantic Station AmericasMart Clermont Lounge Five Points Coca - Cola sign Lenox Square Mary Mac 's Tea Room Phipps Plaza Ponce City Market Underground Atlanta The Varsity Governmental Atlanta City Hall Elbert P. Tuttle United States Court of Appeals Building Federal Penitentiary Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Georgia Governor 's Mansion Georgia Railroad Freight Depot Georgia State Capitol Miss Freedom Monuments Atlanta from the Ashes ( The Phoenix ) Carnegie Education Pavilion Millennium Gate Oakland Cemetery Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial World Athletes Monument Museums APEX Museum Atlanta Contemporary Art Center Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum Atlanta History Center Callanwolde Fine Arts Center Children 's Museum of Atlanta College Football Hall of Fame Delta Flight Museum Fernbank Museum of Natural History Fernbank Science Center Hammonds House Museum High Museum of Art Jimmy Carter Library and Museum Joel Chandler Harris House ( Wren 's Nest ) King Plow Arts Center Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Martin Luther King Jr . National Historical Park Michael C. Carlos Museum Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia Museum of Design Atlanta National Center for Civil and Human Rights Rhodes Memorial Hall House Museum Robert C. Williams Paper Museum William Breman Jewish Heritage & Holocaust Museum World of Coca - Cola Parks and wildlife Atlanta Botanical Garden BeltLine Stone Mountain Centennial Olympic Park Chastain Park Chattahoochee River Fernbank Forest Georgia Aquarium Grant Park Historic Fourth Ward Park Zoo Atlanta Piedmont Park Woodruff Park Performing arts Alliance Theatre Atlanta Symphony Hall Atlanta Civic Center Buckhead Theatre Center for Puppetry Arts Fox Theatre Goat Farm Arts Center King Plow Arts Center Plaza Theatre Shakespeare Tavern The Masquerade The Tabernacle Tara Theatre Variety Playhouse Woodruff Arts Center Residential ( former ) Asa G. Candler Jr . ( Callanwolde ) Water T. Candler ( Lullwater ) Joel Chandler Harris ( Wren 's Nest ) Alonzo F. Herndon Edward H. Inman ( Swan House ) Martin Luther King Jr . Ferdinand McMillan ( The Castle ) Margaret Mitchell Edward C. Peters ( Ivy Hall ) Amos Giles Rhodes ( Rhodes Hall ) Rufus M. Rose Craigie House Skyscrapers Historic ( pre-WWII ) Candler ( 1906 ) Flatiron ( 1897 ) Healey ( 1914 ) Hurt ( 1926 ) J. Mack Robinson ( Empire ) ( 1901 ) The Metropolitan ( 1911 ) Rhodes - Haverty ( 1929 ) Southern Bell ( 1929 ) William - Oliver ( 1930 ) Winecoff Hotel ( 1913 ) Downtown 25 Park Place ( Trust Company of Georgia ) 55 Marietta Street ( Fulton National Bank ) 191 Peachtree Tower Centennial Tower Equitable Five Points Plaza Fourth National Bank building Georgia Power Georgia - Pacific Tower Hyatt Regency Atlanta Marriott Marquis One Park Tower Peachtree Center Peachtree Summit State of Georgia Building SunTrust Plaza TWELVE Centennial Park Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel Midtown 12th & Midtown 1010 Midtown 10 Sixty Five Midtown 1075 Peachtree 1100 Peachtree 1180 Peachtree 1280 West AT&T Midtown Center Atlantic Center Plaza Atlantic Station 171 17th Street The Atlantic Bank of America Plaza The Campanile Coca - Cola Colony Square CNN Center Four Seasons Hotel Atlanta / GLG Grand Georgian Terrace Hotel Mayfair Condominiums One Atlantic Center ( IBM Tower ) Promenade II Spire ViewPoint Buckhead 2828 Peachtree 3344 Peachtree 3630 Peachtree Atlanta Financial Center Atlanta Plaza Buckhead Grand Mandarin Oriental Paramount at Buckhead Park Avenue Condominiums Park Place The Pinnacle Realm Resurgens Plaza Terminus Tower Place Perimeter Center Concourse Corporate Center V & VI ( King & Queen towers ) Park Towers I & II Three Ravinia Drive Sports venues Bobby Dodd Stadium Georgia State Stadium GSU Sports Arena McCamish Pavilion Mercedes - Benz Stadium State Farm Arena SunTrust Park Former 688 Club Atlanta Cabana Motel Atlanta Hotel Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Atlanta ( Confederate ) Rolling Mill Atlantic Steel Mill Centennial Olympic Stadium † Coca - Cola Olympic City DeGive 's Opera House Equitable Building ( 1892 ) Fourth National Bank Georgia Dome 3rd Georgia Governor 's Mansion ( John H. James mansion ) Henry Grady Hotel Hotel Aragon Kimball House Loew 's Grand Theatre Masonic Temple National Museum of Patriotism Omni Coliseum Paramount Theater Piedmont Hotel Ponce de Leon amusement park Ponce de Leon Park ( ballpark ) Ponce de Leon Springs Republic Block Rich 's Riverbend Apartments Roxy Theatre SciTrek State Square Terminal Station Trout House Turner Broadcasting tower Turner Field † Union Stations : 1853 1871 1930 Post Office and Customs House / City Hall ( 1911 - 1930 ) Washington Hall † -- Centennial Olympic Stadium was rebuilt in 1997 as Turner Field . Subsenquently , Turner Field was rebuilt in 2017 as Georgia State Stadium . Planned Atlanta Multi-Modal Passenger Terminal Atlanta Symphony Center Significant waterways of Florida Larger rivers Alapaha Apalachicola Aucilla Blackwater Caloosahatchee Chattahoochee Chipola Choctawhatchee Econlockhatchee Escambia Hillsborough Indian River Kissimmee Myakka Ochlockonee Ocklawaha Pea Peace Perdido Santa Fe St. Johns St. Marys Suwannee Withlacoochee ( North ) Withlacoochee ( South ) Yellow Lakes Apopka Crescent Blue Cypress East Tohopekaliga George Harney Harris Iamonia Istokpoga Jackson Jesup Kissimmee Manatee Miccosukee Monroe Okeechobee Poinsett Rodman Rousseau Seminole Talquin Tohopekaliga Tsala Apopka Ward Washington Weir Smaller rivers Alafia Alapahoochee Anclote Banana River Braden Carrabelle Chassahowitzka Crooked Crystal Dead East East Bay Eau Gallie Econfina Estero Homosassa Hontoon Dead Ichetucknee Imperial Little ( Biscayne Bay ) Little ( Ochlockonee ) Little Econlockhatchee Little Manatee Little Wekiva Loxahatchee Manatee Matanzas Miami Mosquito Lagoon New ( Broward ) New ( Carabelle ) New ( Santa Fe ) Oleta Orange Pithlachascotee Rainbow Ribault Shark Silver Sopchoppy St. Lucie St. Marks St. Sebastian Steinhatchee Tomoka Trout Waccasassa Wacissa Wakulla Weeki Wachee Wekiva Creeks and streams Billy 's Black Blackwater ( Hillsborough ) Blackwater ( Lake ) Crane Cross Econfina Fisheating Myakkahatchee Orange Pottsburg Shingle Snapper Turkey Canals Canaveral Barge Canal Cross Florida Barge Canal Haulover Canal Hillsboro Canal Miami Canal Mud Lake Canal St. Johns - Indian River Barge Canal Tamiami Canal Tampa Bypass Canal See also Coastal waters of Florida Everglades Intracoastal Waterway Indian River Lagoon List of Florida rivers List of major springs in Florida Okeechobee Waterway Okefenokee Swamp Outstanding Florida Waters Paynes Prairie Significant waterways of Georgia Larger rivers Alapaha Alcovy Altamaha Apalachee Aucilla Broad Chattahoochee Chattooga ( Coosa River ) Chattooga ( Tugaloo River ) Canoochee Conasauga Coosa Etowah Flint Hiwassee Little ( Oconee River ) Little ( Savannah River ) Little ( Withlacoochee River ) Little Tallapoosa Little Tennessee Nottely Ochlockonee Ocmulgee Oconee Ogeechee River Ohoopee Satilla Savannah South ( Ocmulgee River ) St. Marys Suwannee Tallapoosa Toccoa Towaliga Withlacoochee Yellow Lakes Allatoona Blackshear Burton Carters Chatuge Chehaw George W. Andrews Goat Rock Harding Hartwell Jackson Lanier Nottely Oconee Oliver Rabun Richard B. Russell Seminole Sinclair Strom Thurmond Tugalo Walter F. George West Point Smaller rivers Alabaha Alapahoochee Black ( Okefenokee Swamp ) Cartecay Coleman Coosawattee Dog Ellijay Hudson Jacks Jerico Little ( Etowah River ) Little Ochlockonee Little Ogeechee ( Hancock County ) Little Satilla ( Satilla River ) Mulberry River New ( Chattahoochee River ) New ( Withlacoochee River ) Oostanaula Soque South Newport Tallulah Tugaloo Willacoochee Tidal rivers Bear Belfast Broro Brunswick Buffalo Bull Chestatee Crescent Crooked Cumberland Darien Duplin Frederica Halfmoon Hampton Herb Laurel View Little Ogechee ( Chatham County ) Little Satilla ( Atlantic Ocean ) Mackay Medway Mud North ( Darien River ) North ( St. Marys River ) North Newport Odingsell Sapelo Shad Skidaway Sope Tivoli Turtle Vernon Wilmington Creeks and streams Alligator ( Little Ocmulgee River ) Big Satilla Ebenezer Ichawaynochaway Kettle Kinchafoonee Little Satilla Muckalee Noonday Okapilco Peachtree Rocky Comfort Spring ( Flint River ) Suwannoochee Sweetwater ( Chattahoochee River ) Tobesofkee Williamson Swamp Canals Augusta Canal Brunswick -- Altamaha canal Savannah -- Ogeechee Canal Suwannee Canal See also Intracoastal Waterway Okefenokee Swamp List of Georgia rivers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chattahoochee_River&oldid=861277028 '' Categories : ACF River Basin Borders of Alabama Borders of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Chattahoochee River Bodies of water of Carroll County , Georgia Bodies of water of Chambers County , Alabama Rivers of Chattahoochee County , Georgia Rivers of Cobb County , Georgia Geography of Columbus , Georgia Bodies of water of Coweta County , Georgia Bodies of water of Douglas County , Georgia Bodies of water of Early County , Georgia Rivers of Forsyth County , Georgia Rivers of Fulton County , Georgia Rivers of Gwinnett County , Georgia Rivers of Habersham County , Georgia Bodies of water of Lee County , Alabama Bodies of water of Muscogee County , Georgia Rivers of White County , Georgia Rivers of Alabama Rivers of Florida Rivers of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Roswell , Georgia Tourist attractions in Roswell , Georgia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia type : river page with obscure subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2010 Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Español Français Frysk Gaeilge Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2018 , at 08 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which river forms the border between georgia and alabama	[ "The Chattahoochee River forms the southern half of the Alabama and Georgia border, as well as a portion of the Florida border. It is a tributary of the Apalachicola River, a relatively short river formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers and emptying from Florida into Apalachicola Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. The Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles (690 km) long.[3] The Chattahoochee, Flint, and Apalachicola rivers together make up the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin (ACF River Basin).[3] The Chattahoochee makes up the largest part of the ACF's drainage basin.\n" ]	[ "The Chattahoochee River" ]
229270525467530302	Star Wars	Star Wars - Wikipedia Star Wars This article is about the film series and media franchise . For the original 1977 film , see Star Wars ( film ) . For other uses , see Star Wars ( disambiguation ) . Star Wars The franchise logo Created by George Lucas Original work Star Wars ( 1977 ) Owner Lucasfilm Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Main series ( 9 films ; 1977 -- 2019 ) Anthology ( 2 films ; since 2016 ) Full list Television series Untitled live - action series ( 2019 ) Animated series List of animated series Games Role - playing List of role - playing games Video game ( s ) List of video games Audio Radio program ( s ) List of radio dramas Original music Music Miscellaneous Toys Toys Theme park attractions List of theme park attractions Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise , centered on a film series created by George Lucas . It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far , far away . The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars ( later subtitled Episode IV : A New Hope in 1981 ) , which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon . It was followed by two successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) ; these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy . A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005 , albeit to mixed reactions from both critics and fans . Another trilogy that continues the story from Return of the Jedi began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . The first eight films were nominated for Academy Awards ( with wins going to the first two films released ) and have been commercial successes , with a combined box office revenue of over US $8.5 billion , making Star Wars the second highest - grossing film series . Spin - off cinematic films include Rogue One ( 2016 ) and Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) . The film series has spawned into other media , including books , television shows , computer and video games , theme park attractions and lands , and comic books , resulting in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . Star Wars holds a Guinness World Records title for the `` Most successful film merchandising franchise '' . In 2015 , the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at US $42 billion , making Star Wars the second - highest - grossing media franchise of all time . Contents 1 Setting 2 Theatrical films 2.1 Main series 2.2 Anthology 2.3 Other theatrical features 2.4 Original trilogy overview 2.4. 1 A New Hope 2.4. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 2.4. 3 Return of the Jedi 2.5 Prequel trilogy overview 2.5. 1 The Phantom Menace 2.5. 2 Attack of the Clones 2.5. 3 Revenge of the Sith 2.6 The Clone Wars 2.7 Sequel trilogy overview 2.7. 1 The Force Awakens 2.7. 2 The Last Jedi 2.7. 3 Episode IX 2.8 Anthology overview 2.8. 1 Rogue One 2.8. 2 Solo 2.8. 3 Untitled third anthology film 2.8. 4 Other potential anthology films 2.9 Untitled trilogy by Rian Johnson 2.10 Untitled films by Benioff and Weiss 3 In other media 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Early films and television specials 3.1. 2 Animation 3.1. 3 Untitled Star Wars series 3.2 Print media 3.2. 1 Novels 3.2. 2 Comics 3.3 Audio dramas 3.4 Video games 3.5 Multimedia projects 3.6 Theme park attractions 4 Themes 4.1 Comparisons with historical events 5 Cultural impact 5.1 Industry 5.2 Fan works 5.3 Academia 6 Merchandising 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Setting R2 - D2 showing the map of the galaxy . `` Star Wars galaxy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Star Wars Galaxies . For the comic series named Star Wars Galaxy , see Star Wars ( UK comics ) . See also : The Force and List of Star Wars planets and moons The Star Wars franchise takes place in a distant unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the ancient past , where many species of aliens ( often humanoid ) co-exist . People own robotic droids , who assist them in their daily routines , and space travel is common . The galaxy is ruled by various governments at different times , whose rises and falls are chronicled by the original , prequel , and sequel trilogies ; these include the Old Republic , the Empire , the New Republic , and the First Order . Each of these governments find themselves in conflict with different rebel factions . The spiritual and mystical element of the Star Wars galaxy is known as `` the Force `` . It is described in the original film as `` an energy field created by all living things ( that ) surrounds us , penetrates us , ( and ) binds the galaxy together '' . The people who are born deeply connected to the Force have better reflexes ; through training and meditation , they are able to achieve various supernatural feats ( such as telekinesis , clairvoyance , precognition , and mind control ) . The Force is wielded by two major factions at conflict : the Jedi , who harness the light side of the Force , and the Sith , who use the dark side of the Force through hate and aggression , and whose members are limited to only two : a master and an apprentice . The sequel trilogy introduces the seven Knights of Ren , who fill in the void left behind by the demise of the Sith at the end of the original trilogy . Theatrical films Main article : List of Star Wars films and television series Main series Original trilogy Prequel trilogy Sequel trilogy Film Release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Composer Initial distributor 06 Episode IV -- A New Hope 01 May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) George Lucas Gary Kurtz John Williams 20th Century Fox 07 Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back 02 May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan George Lucas 08 Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi 03 May 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) Richard Marquand Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas Howard Kazanjian 02 Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 04 May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas Rick McCallum 03 Episode II -- Attack of the Clones 05 May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) George Lucas George Lucas and Jonathan Hales George Lucas 04 Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 06 May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas 10 Episode VII -- The Force Awakens 07 December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) J.J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan & J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 11 Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi 08 December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman 12 Episode IX 09 December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) J.J. Abrams J.J. Abrams & Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Michelle Rejwan Anthology Film Release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Composer Initial distributor 02 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story 01 December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Gareth Edwards Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy John Knoll and Gary Whitta Kathleen Kennedy , Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel Michael Giacchino Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 01 Solo : A Star Wars Story 02 May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Ron Howard Jon Kasdan & Lawrence Kasdan John Powell John Williams 03 Untitled third anthology film 03 2020 James Mangold James Mangold & Simon Kinberg Simon Kinberg TBA Other theatrical features Film Release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Composer Initial distributor Star Wars : The Clone Wars August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy & Steven Melching & Scott Murphy George Lucas and Catherine Winder Kevin Kiner Warner Bros. Pictures George Lucas the Star Wars creator , the director and writer of Episode IV and the prequel trilogy , and the script supervisor of Episodes V and VI , who has had limited creative involvement with the franchise since 2012 . The main series of Star Wars movies ( often called The Skywalker Saga or the Star Wars Saga ) is composed of three trilogies , released out of sequence . This are the prequel ( 1999 -- 2005 , Episodes I -- III ) , original ( 1977 -- 83 , Episodes IV -- VI ) , and sequel ( 2015 -- 19 , Episodes VII -- IX ) trilogies . The first two trilogies were released on three year intervals , while the sequel in two year intervals . Each storyline of each trilogy focuses on a different generation of the Skywalker family , whom is strong with The Force . The prequel trilogy focuses on Anakin Skywalker , the original trilogy on his son Luke Skywalker . In the sequel trilogy the antagonist is Kylo Ren , who was born Ben Solo , Anakin 's grandson , the son of his daughter Leia and Luke 's nephew , while the hero protagonist role instead is given to Rey , a female character , whose ancestry is unknown . Original trilogy overview `` Original trilogy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Lego Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy . From left : Carrie Fisher , Mark Hamill , and Harrison Ford the main cast members of the original trilogy , who reprised their characters in supporting roles on the sequel trilogy ( SDCC , July 2015 ) . In 1971 , Lucas signed a contract with Universal Studios to direct two films . He intended one of them to be a space opera ; however , knowing film studios were skeptical about the genre , Lucas decided to direct his other idea first , American Graffiti , a coming - of - age story set in the 1960s . In 1973 , Lucas started work on his second film 's script draft of The Journal of the Whills , a space opera telling the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a `` Jedi - Bendu '' space commando by the legendary Mace Windy . After Universal rejected the film , 20th Century Fox decided to invest in it . On April 17 , 1973 , Lucas felt frustrated about his story being too difficult to understand , so he began writing a 13 - page script with thematic parallels to Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress ; this draft was renamed The Star Wars . By 1974 , he had expanded the script into a rough draft screenplay , adding elements such as the Sith , the Death Star , and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller . Numerous subsequent drafts evolved into the script of the original film . Lucas insisted that the movie would be part of a 9 - part series and negotiated to retain the sequel rights , to ensure all the movies would be made . Tom Pollock , then Lucas ' lawyer writes : `` So in the negotiations that were going on , we drew up a contract with Fox 's head of business affairs Bill Immerman , and me . We came to an agreement that George would retain the sequel rights . Not all the ( merchandising rights ) that came later , mind you ; just the sequel rights . And Fox would get a first opportunity and last refusal right to make the movie . '' Lucas was offered $50,000 to write , another $50,000 to produce , and $50,000 to direct the film . Later the offer was increased . American Graffiti cast member Harrison Ford had given up on acting and become a carpenter whom Lucas hired for his home renovations , until Lucas decided to cast him as Han Solo within his film . Star Wars was released on May 25 , 1977 . It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back , released on May 21 , 1980 ; the opening crawl of the sequel disclosed it numbered as `` Episode V '' . Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars , with its 1981 re-release it had the subtitle Episode IV : A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel , and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga . Return of the Jedi , the final film in the original trilogy , was numbered as `` Episode VI '' , and released on May 25 , 1983 . The sequels were all self - financed by Lucasfilm , and generally advertised solely under their subtitles . The plot of the original trilogy centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire , as well as on Luke Skywalker 's quest to become a Jedi . A New Hope Main article : Star Wars ( film ) Cosplays of bounty hunter Boba Fett ( left ) and the Sith lord Darth Vader ( right ) , antagonist characters in the original trilogy . Vader 's backstory became a central plot point in Episodes V and VI , and the basis of the prequel trilogy . Near the orbit of the desert planet Tatooine , a Rebel spaceship is intercepted by the Empire . Aboard , the deadliest Imperial agent Darth Vader and his stormtroopers capture Princess Leia Organa , a secret member of the rebellion . Before her capture , Leia makes sure the astromech R2 - D2 , along with the protocol droid C - 3PO , escapes with stolen Imperial blueprints stored inside and a holographic message for the retired Jedi Knight Obi - Wan Kenobi , who has been living in exile on Tatooine . The droids fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker , an orphan farm boy raised by his step - uncle and aunt . Luke helps the droids locate Obi - Wan , now a solitary old hermit known as Ben Kenobi , who reveals himself as a friend of Luke 's absent father , the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker . Obi - Wan confides to Luke that Anakin was `` betrayed and murdered '' by Vader ( who was Obi - Wan 's former Jedi apprentice ) years ago , and he gives Luke his father 's former lightsaber to keep . After viewing Leia 's message , they both hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to , aboard their space freighter the Millennium Falcon , help them deliver the stolen blueprints inside R2 - D2 to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of finding a weakness to the Empire 's planet - destroying space station : the Death Star . For The Star Wars second draft , Lucas made heavy simplifications . It added a mystical energy field known as `` the Force '' and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller . Annikin became Luke 's father , a wise Jedi knight . The third draft killed the father Annikin , replacing him with mentor figure Ben Kenobi . Later , Lucas felt the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence , but a film in the second trilogy in the saga . The draft contained a sub-plot leading to a sequel about `` The Princess of Ondos '' , and by that time some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels . Not long after , Lucas hired author Alan Dean Foster , to write two sequel novels , with the main creative restriction of plots that could be filmed on a low budget . In 1976 , a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography . The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller , as taken from the Journal of the Whills , Saga I : The Star Wars . During production , Lucas changed Luke 's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars . At that point , Lucas was not expecting the film to have sequels . The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes it discarded `` the Princess of Ondos '' sub-plot , to become a self - contained film , that ended with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star . However , Lucas previously conceived of the film as the first of a series . The intention was that if Star Wars was successful , Lucas could adapt Dean Foster 's novels into low - budget sequels . By that point , Lucas had developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process . Before its release , Lucas considered walking away from Star Wars sequels , thinking the film would be a flop . However the film exceeded all expectations . The success of the film as well as its merchandise sales both led Lucas to make Star Wars the basis of an elaborate film serial , and use the profits to finance his film - making center , Skywalker Ranch . The Empire Strikes Back Main article : The Empire Strikes Back Lawrence Kasdan co-writer of Episodes V , VI and VII and also Solo : A Star Wars Story . Left : Ralph McQuarrie conceptual artist , whose sketches defined the aesthetics of the original trilogy . Right : Ben Burtt Sound designer , who created many of the iconic sound effects of the franchise . Three years after the destruction of the Death Star , the Rebels are forced to evacuate their secret base on Hoth as they are hunted by the Empire . At the request of the late Obi - Wan 's spirit , Luke travels to the swamp - infested world of Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda and begin his Jedi training . However , Luke 's training is interrupted by Vader , who lures him into a trap by capturing Han and Leia at Cloud City , governed by Han 's old friend Lando Calrissian . During a fierce lightsaber duel with the Sith Lord , Luke learns that Vader is his father . Alan Dean Foster 's Star Wars sequel - novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye , released in 1978 , Han Solo and Chewbacca were notably excluded from the plot . But after the success of the original film , Lucas knew a sequel would be allowed his desired budget . Knowing this , he decided not to adapt Foster 's work , and instead Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II from scratch with him . Han Solo and Chewbacca were included , but the main character was Luke . Based on that , Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; in it , Luke 's father appeared as a ghost to instruct Luke . Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the `` Episode '' numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . After writing these two drafts , Lucas revised the backstory between Anakin Skywalker , Kenobi , and the Emperor . With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan , who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , was then hired to write the next drafts , and was given additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . Return of the Jedi Main article : Return of the Jedi A year after Vader 's shocking revelation , Luke leads a rescue attempt to save Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt . Afterward , Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training , only to find the 900 - year - old Yoda on his deathbed . In his last words Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke 's father , Anakin Skywalker , and that Luke must confront his father again in order to complete his training . Moments later , the spirit of Obi - Wan reveals to Luke that Leia is his twin sister , but Obi - Wan insists that Luke must face Vader again . As the Rebels lead an attack on the Death Star II , Luke engages Vader in another lightsaber duel as Emperor Palpatine watches ; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side of the Force and take him as their apprentice . Kurtz wanted the bittersweet ending they originally outlined that saw Han dead , Leia struggling with her new responsibilities , Luke walking off alone , and the rebel forces in pieces -- an ending he felt was more nuanced -- while Lucas wanted a happier ending . This led to tension between the two , which resulted in Kurtz leaving the production . Prequel trilogy overview John Williams composer of the scores for all the Main series Saga films . After losing much of his fortune in a divorce settlement in 1987 , George Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars , and had unofficially canceled the sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi . At that point , the prequels were only still a series of basic ideas partially pulled from his original drafts of `` The Star Wars '' . Nevertheless , technical advances in the late 1980s and 1990s continued to fascinate Lucas , and he considered that they might make it possible to revisit his 20 - year - old material . The popularity of the franchise was reinvigorated by the Star Wars expanded universe storylines set after the original trilogy films , such as the Thrawn trilogy of novels written by Timothy Zahn and the Dark Empire comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics . Due to the renewed popularity of Star Wars , Lucas saw that there was still a large audience . His children were older , and with the explosion of CGI technology he was now considering returning to directing . The prequel trilogy consists of Episode I : The Phantom Menace , released on May 19 , 1999 ; Episode II : Attack of the Clones , released on May 16 , 2002 ; and Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , released on May 19 , 2005 . The plot focuses on the fall of the Galactic Republic , as well as the tragedy of Anakin Skywalker 's turn to the dark side . The Phantom Menace Main article : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace About 32 years before the start of the Galactic Civil War , the corrupt Trade Federation sets a blockade around the planet Naboo . The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego , Senator Palpatine , a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic . At the Chancellor 's request , the Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn and his apprentice , a younger Obi - Wan Kenobi , are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation . However , the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo , Padmé Amidala , escape from the blockade and plead her planet 's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant . When their starship is damaged during the escape , they land on Tatooine for repairs . Palpatine dispatches his first Sith apprentice , Darth Maul , to hunt down the Queen and her Jedi protectors . While on Tatooine , Qui - Gon discovers a nine - year - old slave named Anakin Skywalker . Qui - Gon helps liberate the boy from slavery , believing Anakin to be the `` Chosen One '' foretold by a Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force . However , the Jedi Council ( led by Yoda ) suspects the boy possesses too much fear and anger within him . Lucas began to reevaluate how the prequels would exist relative to the originals ; at first they were supposed to be a `` filling - in '' of history tangential to the originals , but he later realized that they could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a `` Saga '' . In 1994 , Lucas began writing the screenplay to the first prequel , initially titled Episode I : The Beginning . Following the release of that film , Lucas announced that he would be directing the next two , and began work on Episode II . Attack of the Clones Main article : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones Ten years after the Battle of Naboo , former Queen of Naboo Padmé , is now serving as the Senator to her planet , until her duty is interrupted by an assassination attempt . Obi - Wan and his apprentice Anakin are assigned to her protect her ; Obi - Wan goes on a mission to track the killer , while Anakin and Padmé go into hiding . They soon fall in love with each other , albeit secretly due to the Jedi Order 's rule against attachment . At the same time , Chancellor Palpatine schemes to sweep the entire galaxy up into the conflict ( known as the Clone Wars ) between the armies of the Republic led by the Jedi Order , and the Confederacy of Independent Systems led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku ; the former master of Obi - Wan 's deceased master Qui - Gon , and Palpatine 's new Sith apprentice . The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography , and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales , a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , to polish it . Unsure of a title , Lucas had jokingly called the film `` Jar Jar 's Great Adventure '' . In writing The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the `` Clone Wars '' mentioned by both Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia in A New Hope ; he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and were repelled by the Jedi . The basic elements of that backstory became the plot basis for Episode II , with the new wrinkle added that Palpatine secretly orchestrated the crisis . Revenge of the Sith Main article : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Frank Oz ( left ) and Ian McDiarmid ( right ) returned for the prequel trilogy , as Yoda and Darth Sidious , both characters were introduced in The Empire Strikes Back . Three years after the start of the Clone Wars , Anakin and Obi - Wan lead a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Chancellor Palpatine from Count Dooku and the droid commander General Grievous . Later , Anakin begins to have prophetic visions of his secret wife Padmé dying in childbirth . Palpatine , who had been secretly engineering the Clone Wars to destroy the Jedi Order , convinces Anakin that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save Padmé 's life . Desperate , Anakin submits to Palpatine 's Sith teachings and is renamed Darth Vader . While Palpatine re-organizes the Republic into the tyrannical Empire , Vader participates in the extermination of the Jedi Order ; culminating in a lightsaber duel between himself and his former master Obi - Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Lucas began working on Episode III before Attack of the Clones was released , offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles . As he reviewed the storyline that summer , however , he says he radically re-organized the plot . Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , murdered by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; he would now turn primarily in a quest to save Padmé 's life , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 . The Clone Wars On August 15 , 2008 , the standalone animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars was released theatrically as a lead - in to the animated TV series with the same name . The animated film and series are both set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , though Lucas used the film to introduce a retcon into the storyline , revealing Anakin to have trained a female padawan apprentice of his own , named Ahsoka Tano . Unlike the rest of the Star Wars films whose storylines are fully solved within the films series , the animated series is required to explain Ahsoka Tano 's absence from the other films . The new character was originally criticized by fans , but by the end of the animated series the character became a fan favorite . The series ran 6 seasons , which were broadcast on Cartoon Network , with the exception of the last one . The final season was cut short following Disney 's purchase of the franchise . There were also two more seasons in the works , but these were also cancelled . Sequel trilogy overview Main article : Star Wars sequel trilogy Over the years , Lucas often exaggerated the amount of material he wrote for the series ; many of the exaggerations stemmed from the post ‐ 1978 period when the series grew into a phenomenon . Michael Kaminski explained that the exaggerations were both a publicity and security measure , further rationalizing that since the series ' story radically changed over the years , it was always Lucas 's intention to change the original story retroactively because audiences would only view the material from his perspective . The exaggerations created rumors of Lucas having outlines of a sequel trilogy ( Episodes VII , VIII , and IX ) that would continue the story after 1983 's Episode VI : Return of the Jedi . Lucasfilm and Lucas had denied plans for a sequel trilogy for many years , insisting that Star Wars was meant to be a six - part series and that no further films would be released after the conclusion of the prequel trilogy in 2005 . Although Lucas made an exception by releasing the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars film in 2008 , while promoting it he maintained his position on the sequel trilogy : `` I get asked all the time , ' What happens after Return of the Jedi ? , ' and there really is no answer for that . The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker , and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father , that 's where that story ends . '' Despite insisting that a sequel trilogy would never happen , in 2011 Lucas secretly began working on story treatments for three new Star Wars films . His plans for the sequel trilogy were about the characters being reduced to microscopic size and encountering creatures known as the Whills , a microscopic lifeform that control the Star Wars universe and feed off The Force . The story was apparently inspired by Lucas 's own perception that the Earth would not be saved from human overpopulation and climate change , ending up like Mars , which while unfit for humans could sustain macrobiotic life . But Lucas later decided to cease involvement with the franchise he created and leave the sequel trilogy in the hands of other filmmakers . In January 2012 , Lucas announced that he would step away from blockbuster films and instead produce smaller arthouse films . Asked whether the criticism he received following the prequel trilogy and the alterations to the rereleases of the original trilogy had influenced his decision to retire , Lucas said : `` Why would I make any more when everybody yells at you all the time and says what a terrible person you are ? '' In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Star Wars Episode VII would be released in 2015 . Later , it was revealed that the three new upcoming films ( Episodes VII -- IX ) would be based on story treatments Lucas had written before the sale . The co-chairman of Lucasfilm , Kathleen Kennedy , became president of the company , reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn . Kennedy also served as executive producer of new Star Wars feature films , with Lucas serving as creative consultant . As announced by Lucasfilm , the sequel trilogy also meant the end of the existing Star Wars expanded universe ( SWEU or EU ) which ceased publication and consisted of every storytelling material that was not the theatrical films Episodes I - VI ; with the animated 2008 The Clone Wars film and animated series being the sole EU exceptions that remained canon . The EU was discarded to give `` maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience '' . The npn - canon expanded universe content would continue to be re-print under the Star Wars : Legends brand , which was created to brand the non-canonical works of the franchise . Every Star Wars storytelling material published after April 2014 , is considered canon . The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII : The Force Awakens , released on December 18 , 2015 . It was followed by Episode VIII : The Last Jedi , released on December 15 , 2017 . Episode IX is due to be released on December 20 , 2019 . The plot so far contains no elements of the Whills microbiotic worlds and creatures described by Lucas , focusing instead on the journey of female scavenger Rey toward becoming a Jedi Knight with the aid of the reluctant last Jedi Luke Skywalker while she helps the Resistance , led by Luke 's sister Leia , fight against the First Order , led by Supreme Leader Snoke and his apprentice Kylo Ren , who is Leia and Han Solo 's son . The Force Awakens Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens About 30 years after the destruction of the Death Star II , Luke Skywalker has vanished following the demise of the new Jedi Order he was attempting to build . The remnants of the Empire have become the First Order , and seek to destroy Luke and the New Republic , while the Resistance opposes , led by princess - turned - general Leia Organa and backed by the Republic . On Jakku , Resistance pilot Poe Dameron obtains a map to Luke 's location . Stormtroopers under the command of Kylo Ren , the son of Leia and Han Solo , capture Poe . Poe 's droid BB - 8 escapes with the map , and encounters a scavenger Rey . Kylo tortures Poe and learns of BB - 8 . Stormtrooper FN - 2187 defects from the First Order , and frees Poe who dubs him `` Finn '' , while both escape in a TIE fighter that crashes on Jakku , seemingly killing Poe . Finn finds Rey and BB - 8 , but the First Order does too ; both escape Jakku in a stolen Millennium Falcon . The Falcon is recaptured by Han and Chewbacca , smugglers again since abandoning the Resistance . They agree to help deliver the map inside BB - 8 to the Resistance . The screenplay for Episode VII was originally set to be written by Michael Arndt , but in October 2013 it was announced that writing duties would be taken over by Lawrence Kasdan and J.J. Abrams . On January 25 , 2013 , The Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm officially announced J.J. Abrams as Star Wars Episode VII 's director and producer , along with Bryan Burk and Bad Robot Productions . The Last Jedi Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi Right after the destruction of Starkiller Base , Rey goes to planet Ahch - To , and attempts to convince the reluctant last Jedi alive , Luke Skywalker to teach her the ways of the Jedi and the Force . Rey also seeks answers of her past and the origin of the conflict between Kylo Ren and Luke , with the help from Luke , while through the Force and unbeknownst to Luke , she starts communicating with her nemesis Kylo Ren , who also is Luke 's nephew and fallen Jedi apprentice , Ben Solo ( who renamed himself Kylo Ren ) . Meanwhile , Ben Solo 's mom and Luke 's sister Leia leads Poe , Finn , BB - 8 , Rose Tico , and the rest of the Resistance , as they are pursued by the First Order leaded by Snoke , with Kylo Ren as his second in command . After hearing Kylo Ren 's perspective , Rey disagrees with Luke and despite his warnings leaves him , in order to attempt to redeem Kylo Ren and achieve peace . To do this , Rey , unknowingly , helps Kylo Ren assassinate Supreme Leader Snoke , however unknown to her , Kylo Ren 's true intentions were to replace Snoke as Supreme Leader of the First Order , believing destroying the Jedi and the Resistance the only way to achieve true peace . Rey must choose between Kylo Ren 's offer to co-lead the First Order , and help him exterminate the Resistance and Luke , or helping an outnumbered and cornered Resistance survive on Criat , before it 's too late . On November 20 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg would write and produce Episodes VIII and IX . Kasdan and Kinberg were later confirmed as creative consultants on those films , in addition to writing standalone films . In addition , John Williams , who wrote the music for the previous six episodes , was hired to compose the music for Episodes VII , VIII and IX . On March 12 , 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that Looper director Rian Johnson would direct Episode VIII with Ram Bergman as producer for Ram Bergman Productions . When asked about Episode VIII in an August 2014 interview , Johnson said `` it 's boring to talk about , because the only thing I can really say is , I 'm just happy . I do n't have the terror I kind of expected I would , at least not yet . I 'm sure I will at some point . '' Principal photography on The Last Jedi began in February 2016 . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland in May 2016 . Principal photography wrapped in July 2016 . On December 27 , 2016 , Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier . Before her death , Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa in The Last Jedi . The film was released on December 15 , 2017 . Episode IX Main article : Star Wars : Episode IX Reports initially claimed Johnson would also direct Episode IX , but it was later confirmed he would write only a story treatment . Johnson later wrote on his Twitter that the information about him writing a treatment for Episode IX is old , and he 's not involved with the writing of that film . Production on Episode IX was scheduled to begin sometime in 2017 . Variety and Reuters reported that Carrie Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX . Now , Lucasfilm , Disney and others involved with the film have been forced to find a way to address her death in the upcoming film and alter her character 's role . In January 2017 , Lucasfilm stated they would not digitally generate Fisher 's performance for the film . In April 2017 , Fisher 's brother Todd and daughter Billie Lourd gave Disney permission to use recent footage of Fisher for the film , but later that month , Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film . Principal photography of Star Wars : Episode IX began on August 1 , 2018 . J.J. Abrams returned to direct and most of The Last Jedi cast returned , including original trilogy veterans Mark Hammil as Luke Skywalker , and the deceased Carrie Fisher as General Leia ( trough previously unseen footage of the previous two films ) , with Billie Dee Williams returning as Lando Calrissian ( who had been absent the previous two films ) . Anthology overview Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney in 2012 , and parallel to his development of a sequel trilogy , George Lucas and his original trilogy co-scriptwriter Lawrence Kasdan started development on a film about a young Han Solo . On February 5 , 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger made public the development of the Lawrence Kasdan standalone film , along with an undisclosed film written by Simon Kinberg . On February 6 , Entertainment Weekly reported Kasdan 's film would focus on Han Solo , while the other on Boba Fett ( the info on the later film was never confirmed ) . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films will not cross over with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology films ( albeit the word anthology has never been used on any of the films titles , instead choosing to carry the `` A Star Wars Story '' subtitle below the film 's main title ) . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story was released on December 16 , 2016 as the first in an anthology series of films separate from the main episodic saga . The second film , Solo : A Star Wars Story , was released on May 25 , 2018 . Rogue One Main article : Rogue One Warwick Davis ( left ) and Anthony Daniels ( right ) , both have appeared in films across all trilogies , as well as in the anthology films . Daniels has portrayed C - 3PO in all theatrical films released to date , as well as voicing all animated appearances of the character . The story is about Rogue One , the group of rebels led by Jyn Erso , who stole the Death Star plans . The film ends moments before the start of Episode IV : A New Hope . The idea for the film was conceived by John Knoll who worked as a visual effects supervisor of the prequel trilogy films . In May 2014 , Lucasfilm announced Gareth Edwards as the director of the first anthology film , with Gary Whitta writing the first draft , for a release on December 16 , 2016 . On March 12 , 2015 , the film 's title was revealed to be Rogue One , with Chris Weitz rewriting the script , and starring Felicity Jones as Jyn Erso , with Ben Mendelsohn , and Diego Luna all playing characters original to the film , with suppoting roles for James Earl Jones voicing Darth Vader , and other character from previous films , including Bail Organa and Mon Mothma . The film is the first of the series to include characters from the animated series , from The Clone Wars 's Saw Gerrera is Jyn Erso 's extremist mentor , and Chopper from Star Wars : Rebels has a cameo . In April 2015 , a teaser trailer was shown during the closing of the Star Wars Celebration . Lucasfilm announced filming would begin in the summer of 2015 and released the plot synopsis . Director Edwards stated , `` It comes down to a group of individuals who do n't have magical powers that have to somehow bring hope to the galaxy . '' ; and describing the style of the film as similar to that of a war film : `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' After its debut , Rogue One received generally positive reviews , with its performances , action sequences , soundtrack , visual effects and darker tone being praised . The film grossed over US $500 million worldwide within a week of its release . Solo Main article : Solo : A Star Wars Story Solo is a film focusing on a younger Han Solo and the beginning of his career as a smuggler , as well as his friendship with the Wookiee Chewbacca . A younger Lando Calrissian also appears as the owner of the Millenium Falcon . The film is set before the events of Rogue One and Han 's appearance in Episode IV : A New Hope . Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney , George Lucas started development on a film about a young Han Solo . Lucas hired Star Wars original trilogy veteran script writer Lawrence Kasdan , along with his son Jon Kasdan , to write the script . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as a young Han Solo , Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca ( after serving as a double for the character in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi ) , Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , with Emilia Clarke and Woody Harrelson playing characters original to the film . Directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller began principal photography on the film , but due to creative differences , the pair left the project in June 2017 with three and a half weeks remaining in principal photography . Their replacement was Academy Award - winning director Ron Howard , who previously had been one of three directors to decline George Lucas ' offer to direct Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . Howard had previously collaborated with Lucas prior to the production of Star Wars , as an actor in the Lucas - directed film American Graffiti ( 1973 ) , which featured original Han Solo actor Harrison Ford . Howard had also directed Willow ( 1988 ) for Lucasfilm . Warwick Davis , who played Howard 's titular lead within that film , also appears in a minor role in Solo . Untitled third anthology film This section possibly contains unsourced predictions , speculative material , or accounts of events that might not occur . Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources . Please help improve it by removing unsourced speculative content . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A third anthology film is scheduled to be released in 2020 , albeit neither its plot or main character have been officially confirmed . A writer for the film has been hired as of September 2016 . In February 2013 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Lucasfilm hired Josh Trank to direct a Star Wars standalone film , with the news being confirmed soon after . However , in November 2016 Trank announced he had left the project . By 2017 , it was reported that the film was still in early development at Lucasfilm , with reports stating that the film would focus on bounty hunter Boba Fett . Lucasfilm never confirmed any details of the plot but revealed that the film Trank left was a different film from Solo and Rogue One . By May 2018 , reports emerged that James Mangold had signed on to write and direct a Boba Fett film , with Simon Kinberg attached as producer and co-screenwriter . Daniel Logan , who played Boba Fett as a child in Attack of the Clones and voiced him in The Clone Wars animated series , expressed interest in reprising his role in the rumored film , going as far as making his own replica of Boba Fett 's original trilogy armor and sharing pictures wearing it on social media . His portrayal of Boba had been abruptly cut short due to the cancelation of The Clone Wars animated series , Boba 's unfinished arc would had seen him wear such armor for the first time and duel bounty hunter Cad Bane , however instead , the arc was left unfinished and never released , despite being voiced . Temuera Morrison , who voiced an adult Boba Fett in the 2004 special editions of the original trilogy , also expressed interest in portraying Boba Fett , he had previously portrayed Jango Fett in Attack of the Clones ( Boba is a clone of Jango , whom Jango raised as his son ) . The author of the Legends story The Last Man Standing , said that Lucasfilm had sent him emails letting him know they had interest in adapting elements from his Boba Fett focused short story ( which also involved Han Solo ) . However he noted , Lucasfilm might change plans . In August 2016 , Ewan McGregor , who played a younger Obi - Wan Kenobi in the prequel trilogy , stated that if Lucasfilm approached him , he would be open to return to the role in a spin - off anthology film focused on the character 's life in the time between Episode III and IV . In March 2017 , McGregor again stated his interest in starring in the film , if Lucasfilm wanted him to . Later in 2017 , footage from the film Last Days in the Desert , which starred McGregor , was edited into a fan trailer for an Obi - Wan film . The video led to the proposed film being voted as the most wanted anthology film in a poll by The Hollywood Reporter . By August 2017 , it was reported that an Obi - Wan Kenobi film was in development , with Stephen Daldry in early negotiations to co-write and direct the project . Liam Neeson expressed his interest in returning to the franchise , reprising his role as Qui - Gon Jinn . Joel Edgerton , who played Luke Skywalker 's step - uncle Owen in the prequel trilogy , said he would like to reprise his role in an Obi - Wan standalone film , if it were to be made . As of 2018 , McGregor has stated he would be open to reprising his role in the movie , while reports state the film may be released in 2020 . Other potential anthology films This section possibly contains unsourced predictions , speculative material , or accounts of events that might not occur . Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources . Please help improve it by removing unsourced speculative content . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While the third anthology film had been officially confirmed for a 2020 release , no other anthology films beyond that have been officially announced . However , in June 2018 , Lucasfilm told ABC News that there were multiple unannounced Star Wars films in development . This comes in response to a report from Collider which claimed that all stand - alone films had been put on hold . Making Star Wars reported that a previously unknown Mos Eisley Spaceport film was the source of the rumors and was postponed or cancelled , while all other previously reported yet unannounced films were still in active development . In 2018 , Alden Ehrenreich confirmed his contract deal to appear as Han Solo extended for two additional films , giving the studio the option to pursue a sequel to Solo , or featuring him in other anthology films in a supporting capacity . Solo director Ron Howard said that while no sequel was in development , it was up to the fans to decide . Critics noted the film intentionally left room open for sequels . Solo writer Jon Kasdan said , were he to write the sequel he would include bounty hunter Bossk ( who briefly appeared in Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ) . While Ehrenreich said he would like sequels to differentiate themselves from the previous Star Wars trilogies , by being standalone in the vein of Indiana Jones or the James Bond films , rather than direct follow - ups . In 2018 , Kennedy said a film focusing on young Lando Calrissian could also happen , but it would not be a priority at the time . Donald Glover , who played Calrissian in Solo , said he would imagine it as `` Catch Me If You Can in space '' . In 2018 , it was stated Lucasfilm had also considered a film focusing on the 900 - year - old Jedi Master , Yoda . While not confirming any development , Frank Oz , who puppetered and voiced Yoda , opinionated that due to the difficulty of Yoda 's puppetry along with the likely increased involvement of the character in action sequences , in order to be able to transition from a supporting character into the expanded role of a main character , the character would need to be portrayed through CGI like in the prequel trilogy and said he would be willing to voice the character again . However , later it was said that a Yoda film was not in development . Previously , in 2015 , director Guillermo del Toro pitched an idea to Lucasfilm for a film about Jabba the Hutt . Untitled trilogy by Rian Johnson In November 2017 , Lucasfilm announced that Rian Johnson , the writer / director of The Last Jedi , would be working on a new trilogy . The films will reportedly differ from the Skywalker - focused films in favor of focusing on new characters . Johnson is confirmed to write and direct the first film . On the same day , Disney announced that a live - action Star Wars television series was in development exclusively for their upcoming streaming service . Untitled films by Benioff and Weiss In February 2018 , it was announced that David Benioff and D.B. Weiss would write and produce a series of Star Wars films that are not Skywalker - focused films , similar to ( but separate from ) Rian Johnson 's upcoming installments in the franchise . In other media Main article : Star Wars expanded to other media From 1977 to 2014 , the term Expanded Universe ( abbreviated as EU ) , was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling materials set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films , including television series , novels , comics , and video games . Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25 , 2014 , when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production . Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label , with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game Star Wars : The Old Republic being the only Legends material to still be produced . The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , and its companion animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the Story Group , announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise . Lucasfilm announced that the change was made `` to give maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience ''. , The animated series Star Wars Rebels was the first project produced after the announcement , followed by multiple comics series from Marvel , novels published by Del Rey , and the sequel film The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Television Further information : List of Star Wars films and television series Dave Filoni supervising director on Star Wars animated series , later promoted to oversee the development of all future Lucasfilm Animation projects . Early films and television specials In the two - hour Star Wars Holiday Special produced for CBS in 1978 , Chewbacca returns to his home planet of Kashyyyk to celebrate `` Life Day '' with his family . Along with the stars of the original 1977 film , celebrities Bea Arthur , Art Carney , Diahann Carroll , and Jefferson Starship appear in plot - related skits and musical numbers . Lucas loathed the special and forbade it to ever be aired again after its original broadcast , or reproduced on home video . An 11 - minute animated sequence in the Holiday Special featuring the first appearance of bounty hunter Boba Fett , is considered to be the sole silver lining of the production , with Lucas even including it as a special feature on a 2011 Blu - ray release ( making it the only part of the Holiday Special to ever receive an official home media release ) . The segment is the first Star Wars animation ever produced . The television film Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure aired on ABC on Thanksgiving weekend in 1984 . With a story by Lucas and a screenplay by Bob Carrau , it features the Ewok Wicket from Return of the Jedi as he helps two children rescue their parents from a giant known as Gorax . The 1985 sequel , Ewoks : The Battle for Endor , finds Wicket and his friends protecting their village from invaders . Animation Nelvana , the animation studio that had animated the animated segment of the Holiday Special was hired to create two animated series . Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) , which aired for one season on ABC , follows the adventures of the droids C - 3PO and R2 - D2 , 15 years before the events of the 1977 film Star Wars . Its sister series Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1987 ) features the adventures of the Ewoks before Return of the Jedi and the Ewok movies . After the release of Attack of the Clones , Cartoon Network animated and aired the micro-series Star Wars : Clone Wars from 2003 to weeks before the 2005 release of Revenge of the Sith , as the series featured event set between those films . It won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 2004 and 2005 . Lucas decided to invest in creating his own animation company , Lucasfilm Animation , and used it to create his first in - house Star Wars CGI - animated series . Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) was introduced through a 2008 animated film of the same name , and set in the same time period as the previous Clone Wars series ( albeit ignoring it ) . While all previous television works were reassigned to the Legends brand in 2014 , Lucasfilm accepted The Clone Wars and its originating film , as part of the canon . All series released after would also be part of the canon . In 2014 , Disney XD began airing Star Wars Rebels , the next CGI - animated series . Set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , it followed a band of rebels as they fight the Galactic Empire and helped close some of the arcs in The Clone Wars . The animated microseries Star Wars Forces of Destiny debuted in 2017 , focusing on the female characters of the franchise . The animated series Star Wars Resistance will debut in fall 2018 , it will be more anime inspired , and focus on resistance pilot Kazuda Zioni in the time between Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens . Untitled Star Wars series Since 2005 , when Lucas announced plans for a television series set between the prequel and original trilogies , the television project has been in varying stages of development at Lucasfilm Producer Rick McCallum revealed the working title , Star Wars : Underworld , in 2012 , and said in 2013 that 50 scripts had been written . He called the project `` The most provocative , the most bold and daring material that we 've ever done . '' The proposed series explores criminal and political power struggles in the decades prior to A New Hope , and as of December 2015 was still in development at Lucasfilm . In November 2017 , Bob Iger discussed the development of a Star Wars series for Disney 's upcoming digital streaming service , due to launch in 2019 . It is unknown if the series would be based on the Star Wars Underworld scripts or if it would follow an entirely new idea . In February 2018 , it was reported that there are multiple live action Star Wars television series currently in development , with `` rather significant '' talent involved in the productions . Jon Favreau , who had previously voiced Pre Vizsla in The Clone Wars animated series , will produce and write one of the television series . In May 2018 , Favreau confirmed his series would be set three years after Return of the Jedi ( 27 years before The Force Awakens ) and that the series would feature motion capture characters . Print media Star Wars - based fiction predates the release of the first film , with the December 1976 novelization of Star Wars , subtitled From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker . Credited to Lucas , it was ghost - written by Alan Dean Foster . The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics ' Star Wars # 7 in January 1978 ( the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film ) , followed quickly by Foster 's novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye the following month . Novels Further information : List of Star Wars books Timothy Zahn author of the Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 93 ) , which was widely credited with revitalizing the dormant Star Wars franchise . Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker is a 1976 novelization of the original film by Alan Dean Foster , who followed it with the sequel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) , which Lucas decided not to film . The film novelizations for The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn followed , as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy ( 1979 -- 1980 ) by Brian Daley , and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( 1983 ) trilogy by L. Neil Smith . Timothy Zahn 's bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn , Mara Jade , Talon Karrde , and Gilad Pellaeon . The first novel , Heir to the Empire , reached # 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list , and the series finds Luke , Leia , and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn , who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes , but she and Han ultimately marry . Steve Perry 's Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) , set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game . The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor , another popular character who would appear in multiple other works . Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , the 14 - book Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 1998 ) by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta , and the X-wing series ( 1996 -- 2012 ) by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston . Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999 , releasing what would become a 19 - installment novel series called The New Jedi Order ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . Written by multiple authors , the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong , a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy . The bestselling multi-author series Legacy of the Force ( 2006 -- 2008 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force ; among his evil deeds , he kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith . The story parallels the fallen son of Han and Leia , Ben Solo / Kylo Ren , in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Three series were introduced for younger audiences : the 18 - book Jedi Apprentice ( 1999 -- 2002 ) chronicles the adventures of Obi - Wan Kenobi and his master Qui - Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace ; the 11 - book Jedi Quest ( 2001 -- 2004 ) follows Obi - Wan and his own apprentice , Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones ; and the 10 - book The Last of the Jedi ( 2005 -- 2008 ) , set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith , features Obi - Wan and the last few surviving Jedi . Maul : Lockdown by Joe Schreiber , released in January 2014 , was the last Star Wars novel published before Lucasfilm announced the creation of the Star Wars Legends brand . Though Thrawn had been designated a Legends character in 2014 , he was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of Star Wars Rebels , with Zahn returning to write more novels based in the character , and set in the reworked canon . Comics Main articles : Star Wars comics and List of Star Wars comic books Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986 . Original Star Wars comics were serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979 . The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form , as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series . From 1985 -- 1987 , the animated children 's series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel 's Star Comics line . In the late 1980s , Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development , which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire sequence ( 1991 -- 1995 ) . Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy , including Tales of the Jedi ( 1993 -- 1998 ) , X-wing Rogue Squadron ( 1995 -- 1998 ) , Star Wars : Republic ( 1998 -- 2006 ) , Star Wars Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , Star Wars : Empire ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , and Knights of the Old Republic ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . After Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm , it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics , whose parent company , Marvel Entertainment , Disney had purchased in 2009 . Launched in 2015 , the first three publications in were titled Star Wars , Star Wars : Darth Vader , and the limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia . Audio dramas Further information : Star Wars ( radio ) Radio adaptations of the films were also produced . Lucas , a fan of the NPR - affiliated campus radio station of his alma mater the University of Southern California , licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC - FM for US $1 . The production used John Williams ' original film score , along with Ben Burtt 's sound effects . The first was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden . It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981 , adapting the original 1977 film into 13 - episodes . Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles . The overwhelming success , led to a 10 - episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back in 1982 . Billy Dee Williams joined the other two stars , reprising his role as Lando Calrissian . In 1983 , Buena Vista Records released an original , 30 - minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell , written by Daley . In the 1990s , Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas : the three - part Dark Empire saga , Tales of the Jedi , Dark Lords of the Sith , the Dark Forces trilogy , and Crimson Empire ( 1998 ) . Return of the Jedi was adapted into 6 - episodes in 1996 , featuring Daniels . Video games Further information : Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games The first officially licensed Star Wars electronic game was Kenner 's 1979 table - top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command . In 1982 , Parker Brothers published the first licensed Star Wars video game , Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back , for the Atari 2600 . It was followed in 1983 by Atari 's rail shooter arcade game Star Wars , which used vector graphics and was based on the `` Death Star trench run '' scene from the 1977 film . The next game , Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) , used more traditional raster graphics , with the following game The Empire Strikes Back ( 1985 ) returning to the 1983 's arcade game vector graphics , but recreating the `` Battle of Hoth '' scene instead . Lucasfilm had started its own video game company in the early 1980s , which became known for adventure games and World War II flight combat games . In 1993 , LucasArts released Star Wars : X-Wing , the first self - published Star Wars video game and the first space flight simulation based on the franchise . X-Wing was one of the best - selling games of 1993 , and established its own series of games . Released in 1995 , Dark Forces was the first Star Wars first - person shooter video game . A hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy , it featured new gameplay features and graphical elements not then common in other games , made possible by LucasArts ' custom - designed game engine , called the Jedi . The game was well received and well reviewed , and was followed by four sequels . Dark Forces introduced the popular character Kyle Katarn , who would later appear in multiple games , novels , and comics . Katarn is a former Imperial stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and ultimately becomes a Jedi , a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Disney has partnered with Lenovo to create the Augmented Reality game ' Star Wars : Jedi Challenges ' that works with a Lenovo Mirage AR headset , a tracking sensor and a Lightsaber controller that will launch in December 2017 . Multimedia projects Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) is a Lucasfilm multimedia project set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry , a comic book series , a video game , and toys . The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) is a similar project , set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , that includes a 2008 novel , a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel , a graphic novel , a role - playing game supplement , and action figures . Theme park attractions Main article : List of Star Wars theme parks attractions Title Park ( s ) Opening date Closing date Status Live attractions Star Tours Disneyland January 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 09 ) July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Closed Tokyo Disneyland July 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 12 ) April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 15 ) September 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) Disneyland Paris April 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 12 ) March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) Star Wars Weekends Disney 's Hollywood Studios 1997 ( 1997 ) 2015 ( 2015 ) Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination Multiple locations October 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 19 ) March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) Jedi Training Academy Disneyland July 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 19 - 01 ) November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios October 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Disney 's Hollywood Studios May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) -- Operating Disneyland June 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) -- Tokyo Disneyland May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) -- Disneyland Paris March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) -- Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Disneyland November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Closed Hong Kong Disneyland June 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 11 ) -- Operating Disneyland Paris May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) -- Star Wars Launch Bay Disneyland November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) -- Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) -- Shanghai Disneyland Park June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) -- Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) -- Disneyland December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) -- Disneyland Paris July 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 11 ) -- Hong Kong Disneyland June 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 25 ) -- Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Disney 's Hollywood Studios June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) -- Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Disneyland 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Under construction Disney 's Hollywood Studios 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Star Wars Hotel Disney 's Hollywood Studios TBA N / A Proposed Themes See also : Star Wars sources and analogues Aside from its well - known science fictional technology , Star Wars features elements such as knighthood , chivalry , and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre . The Star Wars world , unlike fantasy and science - fiction films that featured sleek and futuristic settings , was portrayed as dirty and grimy . Lucas ' vision of a `` used future '' was further popularized in the science fiction - horror films Alien , which was set on a dirty space freighter ; Mad Max 2 , which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert ; and Blade Runner , which is set in a crumbling , dirty city of the future . Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films , and especially to parallel the journeys of Luke Skywalker with that of his father Anakin when making the prequels . Comparisons with historical events See also : Star Wars and History Star Wars contains many themes of political science that mainly favor democracy over dictatorship . Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise first launched in 1977 . The plot climax of Revenge of the Sith is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire . The stormtroopers from the movies share a name with the Nazi stormtroopers ( see also Sturmabteilung ) . Imperial officers ' uniforms resemble some historical German uniforms of World War II and the political and security officers of the Empire resemble the black - clad SS down to the imitation silver death 's head insignia on their officer 's caps . World War II terms were used for names in Star Wars ; examples include the planets Kessel ( a term that refers to a group of encircled forces ) and Hoth ( Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow - laden Eastern Front ) . Palpatine being Chancellor before becoming Emperor mirrors Adolf Hitler 's role as Chancellor before appointing himself Dictator . The Great Jedi Purge alludes to the events of The Holocaust , the Great Purge , the Cultural Revolution , and the Night of the Long Knives . In addition , Lucas himself has drawn parallels between Palpatine and his rise to power to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar , Napoleon Bonaparte , and Adolf Hitler . The final medal awarding scene in A New Hope , however , references Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will . The space battles in A New Hope were based on filmed World War I and World War II dogfights . Continuing the use of Nazi inspiration for the Empire , J.J. Abrams , the director of Star Wars : The Force Awakens , has said that the First Order , an Imperial offshoot which serves as the main antagonist of the sequel trilogy , is inspired by another aspect of the Nazi regime . Abrams spoke of how several Nazis fled to Argentina after the war and he claims that the concept for the First Order came from conversations between the scriptwriters about what would have happened if they had started working together again . Cultural impact Main article : Cultural impact of Star Wars Just like the franchise , its fictional weapons , such as the lightsaber and the blaster , have been used in popular culture and have been an iconic part of the franchise . The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture . Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture ; Phrases like `` evil empire '' and `` May the Force be with you '' have become part of the popular lexicon . The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier , enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people . The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s , making science fiction films a blockbuster genre or mainstream . This very impact made it a prime target for parody works and homages , with popular examples including Spaceballs , Family Guy 's Laugh It Up , Fuzzball , Robot Chicken 's `` Star Wars Episode I '' , `` Star Wars Episode II '' and `` Star Wars Episode III '' , and Hardware Wars by Ernie Fosselius . In 1989 , the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry , as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , was selected in 2010 . Despite these callings for archival , it is unclear whether copies of the 1977 and 1980 theatrical sequences of Star Wars and Empire -- or copies of the 1997 Special Edition versions -- have been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . Industry The original Star Wars film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox , and was credited for reinvigorating the company . Within three weeks of the film 's release , the studio 's stock price doubled to a record high . Prior to 1977 , 20th Century Fox 's greatest annual profits were $37 million , while in 1977 , the company broke that record by posting a profit of $79 million . The franchise helped Fox to change from an almost bankrupt production company to a thriving media conglomerate . Star Wars fundamentally changed the aesthetics and narratives of Hollywood films , switching the focus of Hollywood - made films from deep , meaningful stories based on dramatic conflict , themes and irony to sprawling special - effects - laden blockbusters , as well as changing the Hollywood film industry in fundamental ways . Before Star Wars , special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s . The commercial success of Star Wars created a boom in state - of - the - art special effects in the late 1970s . Along with Jaws , Star Wars started the tradition of the summer blockbuster film in the entertainment industry , where films open on many screens at the same time and profitable franchises are important . It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself did . Fan works Main article : Star Wars fan films The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy . In recent years , this has ranged from writing fan fiction to creating fan films . In 2002 , Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards , officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre . Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues , however , the contest was initially open only to parodies , mockumentaries , and documentaries . Fan fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible , but in 2007 , Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in - universe fiction entries . Lucasfilm , for the most part , has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan fiction works , so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way . While many fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story , they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon . Academia As the characters and the story line of the original trilogy are so well known , educationalists have advocated the use of the films in the classroom as a learning resource . For example , a project in Western Australia honed elementary school students story - telling skills by role playing action scenes from the movies and later creating props and audio / visual scenery to enhance their performance . Others have used the films to encourage second - level students to integrate technology in the science classroom by making prototype light sabers . Similarly , psychiatrists in New Zealand and the US have advocated their use in the university classroom to explain different types of psychopathology . Merchandising Main articles : Kenner Star Wars action figures , List of Kenner Star Wars action figures , Star Wars : The Vintage Collection , Lego Star Wars , List of Lego Star Wars sets , Star Wars trading card , and Star Wars role - playing games The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world . In 1977 , while filming the original film , George Lucas decided to take a 500,000 - dollar pay - cut to his own salary as director , in exchange for fully owning the merchandising rights of the franchise to himself . Over the franchise 's lifetime , such exchange cost 20th Century Fox , more than US $20 billion in merchandising revenue profits . Disney acquired the merchandising rights as part of purchasing Lucasfilm . Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the film , and today the remaining 80 's figures sell at extremely high prices in auctions . Since the 90 's Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga . Pez dispensers have been produced . Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego Group history , which has produced a Star Wars Lego theme . Lego has produced animated parody short films to promote their sets , among them Revenge of the Brick ( 2005 ) and The Quest for R2 - D2 ( 2009 ) , the former parodies Revenge of the Sith , while the later The Clone Wars film . Due to their success , LEGO created animated comedy mini-series among them The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 - 2014 ) and Droid Tales ( 2015 ) originally airing on Cartoon Network , but since 2014 moved into Disney XD . The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed best sellers . In 1977 with the board game Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( not to be confused with another board game with the same title , published in 1990 ) . The board game Risk has been adapted to the series in two editions by Hasbro : and Star Wars Risk : The Clone Wars Edition ( 2005 ) and Risk : Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition ( 2006 ) . Three different official tabletop role - playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe : a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s , one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s , and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s . Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first `` blue '' series , by Topps , in 1977 . Dozens of series have been produced , with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States . Some of the card series are of film stills , while others are original art . Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare `` promos '' , such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II `` floating Yoda '' P3 card often commanding US $1,000 or more . While most `` base '' or `` common card '' sets are plentiful , many `` insert '' or `` chase cards '' are very rare . From 1995 until 2001 , Decipher , Inc. had the license for , created and produced a collectible card game based on Star Wars ; the Star Wars Collectible Card Game ( also known as SWCCG ) . See also Star Wars portal Architecture of Star Wars Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Jedi census phenomenon Jediism List of Star Wars creatures Physics and Star Wars Star Wars Day Music of Star Wars Star Wars documentaries The Story of Star Wars Technology in Star Wars List of space science fiction franchises Notes Jump up ^ Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster , came out in November 1976 , but it was just a novelization of the film , which development began in 1971 . Jump up ^ ( Fett has been digitally inserted into all director cuts of A New Hope since 1997 ) References Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Disney developing live - action Star Wars TV series '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Ryan . `` When did Star Wars become known as A New Hope ? - In A Far Away Galaxy '' . Jump up ^ ScreenPrism . `` Why was `` Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope '' originally released under another title - ScreenPrism `` . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Box Office History '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chew , Jonathan ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Franchise Worth More Than Harry Potter and James Bond , Combined '' . Fortune . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Detrick , Paul ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Star Wars Economy is Bigger Than You Think '' . Reason . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams to Write and Direct Star Wars : Episode IX '' . StarWars.com . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : ' Wonder ' Writer to Polish ' Episode IX ' Script '' . Variety . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/star-wars-han-solo-boba-fett-spinoff-movies-get-ne/1100-6429772/ Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` An Architect Of Hollywood 's Greatest Deal Recalls How George Lucas Won Sequel Rights '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Force Behind ' Star Wars ' : How George Lucas Built an Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas Hires His Carpenter Harrison Ford to Star in Sci - Fi Film '' . March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucas , George ( 2004 ) . DVD commentary for Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars plot summary '' . Ruined Endings . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Starkiller '' . Jedi Bendu . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Baxter , John ( 1999 ) . Mythmaker . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 97833 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph McQuarrie 's Most Memorable Masterpieces - StarWars.com '' . August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ http://www.syfy.com/syfywire/the-first-star-wars-sequel-inside-the-writing-of-splinter-of-the-minds-eye Jump up ^ Biodrowski , Steve . `` Star Wars : The Original Trilogy -- Then And Now '' . Hollywood Gothique . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau 1997 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 120 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Susan Mackey - Kallis ( 2010 ) . The Hero and the Perennial Journey Home in American Film . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 221 -- . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0013 - 6 . Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( August 12 , 2010 ) . `` Did Star Wars become a toy story ? Producer Gary Kurtz looks back '' . Los Angeles Times , Calendar section Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 294 -- 95 . Jump up ^ `` Episode III Release Dates Announced '' . Star Wars . April 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2001 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Insider '' . Star Wars Insider ( 45 ) : 19 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2002 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2005 , pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2005 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 380 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode III Revenge of the Sith documentary `` Within a Minute '' ( DVD documentary ) . 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Brode ; Leah Deyneka ( 2012 ) . Myth , Media , and Culture in Star Wars : An Anthology . Scarecrow Press . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8512 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` How Ahsoka Tano Completed the Arc of Anakin Skywalker '' . www.themarysue.com . Jump up ^ `` Dave Filoni Just Made an Unexpected ' Star Wars ' Revelation '' . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( May 12 , 2005 ) . `` Director George Lucas Takes a Look Back -- and Ahead '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hamill talks Star Wars 7 , 8 and 9 ! '' . MovieWeb . September 10 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas talks on Star Wars sequels 7 , 8 & 9 '' . Killer Movies . September 13 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mr. Showbiz . `` George Lucas ( Star Wars : Episode I ) '' . Industry Central . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Will Lucas Extend His Star Wars Story Beyond Return of the Jedi ? '' . Cinematical . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas reveals his plan for Star Wars 7 through 9 -- and it was awful '' . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas Done With ' Star Wars ' Fanboys , Talks ' Red Tails ' '' . The Huffington Post . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin . `` How Disney Bought Lucasfilm -- and Its Plans for ' Star Wars ' '' . Businessweek.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Buy Lucasfilm for Billion ; New ' Star Wars ' Movie Set for 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns A New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Arndt to write screenplay for Star Wars : episode VII '' , Star Wars , archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` MASTER FILMMAKING TEAM ANNOUNCED FOR STAR WARS : EPISODE VII '' . Star Wars . October 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Is Being Kick - Started with Dynamite J.J. Abrams to Direct Star Wars : Episode VII '' . Star Wars . January 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Set to Direct Next ' Star Wars ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peat , Calvin ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` John Williams Confirmed to Score Star Wars Episodes VII - IX '' . Shadowlocked . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ROGUE ONE IS THE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM , RIAN JOHNSON TO WRITE AND DIRECT STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson Says Next ' Star Wars ' Will Have Less CGI , More Practical Effects '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII NOW FILMING '' . starwars.com . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode VIII Starts Shooting in Dubrovnik This Week '' . Croatia Week . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Filming Update : Luke in a Casino , Poe takes Charge '' . Dork Side of the Force . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrett , David ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VIII returns to new locations in Ireland '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nevets , Stephen ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars 8 ' wraps production , Mark Hamill , Anthony Daniels turn to Twitter as Star Wars Celebration 2016 nears '' . The Global Dispatch . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' production update : Filming wraps ; Big party in London with cast and crew '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII director Rian Johnson announces end of production '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Actress Carrie Fisher Dies at 60 After Suffering Heart Attack '' . NBC News . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars 8 : Adam Driver does n't think there should be a trailer '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Bombshell ! Rian Johnson To Write , Direct Next Two Films '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Rian Johnson to Write , Direct Episode VIII '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Rian ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` That 's old info , I have n't been involved in writing IX '' . Jump up ^ Sarma , Jyotirupa ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date , News & Update : Filming Will Begin In 2017 , Scene Will Be Shot In Real Outer Space ? '' . GameNGuide . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How will Carrie Fisher 's death affect the Star Wars franchise and will they recast Princess Leia ? '' . Telegraph . December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Completed Work on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Before Her Death '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wrapped Filming on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' : What Does Her Death Mean for ' Episode IX ' ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher to appear in new ' Family Guy ' shows , ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' '' . UPI . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucasfilm : Carrie Fisher wo n't be digitally recreated '' . BBC News . January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . 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Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Star Wars land named Galaxy 's Edge , includes resort '' . CNET . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy ( DVD ) . Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary . 2004 . Jump up ^ The Force Is With Them : The Legacy of Star Wars . Star Wars Original Trilogy DVD Box Set : Bonus Materials. 2004 . Jump up ^ Star Wars and History - Lucasfilm - Google Books . Books.google.ca . October 15 , 2012 . ISBN 9781118285251 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Utc.edu Archived June 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Radio New Zealand : National : Nights : 26 Aug 2010 : Star Wars and the Roman Empire '' . Radionz.co.nz . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christopher Klein . `` The Real History That Inspired `` Star Wars '' `` . HISTORY.com . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Attack of the Clones '' . Time . 2002 - 04 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . The people give their democracy to a dictator , whether it 's Julius Caesar or Napoleon or Adolf Hitler . Ultimately , the general population goes along with the idea ... That 's the issue I 've been exploring : how did the Republic turn into the Empire ? ^ Jump up to : Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy ( documentary ) . 2004 . Jump up ^ James Dyer ( 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danesi , Marcel ( 2012 ) . Popular Culture : Introductory Perspectives . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 165 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1783 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Will ( 2002 ) . Using the Force : Creativity , Community , and Star Wars Fans . New York ( u.a. ) : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5287 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . May 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Emerson , Jim ( 2007 ) . `` How Star Wars Shook The World '' . MSN Movies . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online NewsHour : The Impact of the Star Wars Trilogy Films -- May 19 , 2005 '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Booker , M. Keith ; Thomas , Anne - Marie ( 30 March 2009 ) . The Science Fiction Handbook . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 9 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 1035 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Film Registry Titles '' . U.S. National Film Registry . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire Strikes Back ' among 25 film registry picks '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Empire Strikes Back , ' ' Airplane ! ' Among 25 Movies Named to National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` Request Denied : Lucas Refuses to Co-Operate with Government Film Preservation Organizations '' . savestarwars.com . Saving Star Wars . 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . When the request was made for STAR WARS , Lucasfilm offered us the Special Edition version . The offer was declined as this was obviously not the version that had been selected for the Registry . ^ Jump up to : Cook , David A. ( 2000 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 ( 1st paperback print . ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23265 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bigsby , Christopher ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84132 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . May 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmmaker Kevin Smith Hosts ' The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards ' on SCI FI Channel ; George Lucas to Present Special Honor '' . Business Wire. April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Court to rule in Star Wars costume battle '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Susan Hatters ; Hall , Ryan C.W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Teaching Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : The Light Side of the Force '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 725 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0340 - y . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Jump up ^ Hall , Ryan C.W. ; Friedman , Susan Hatters ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : the Use of Star Wars ' Dark Side in Teaching '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 726 -- 732 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0337 - 6 . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Jump up ^ `` Lego gets Lord Of The Rings and Hobbit licence '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Link Voxx . `` Star Wars Episode 7 News - New LEGO Star Wars Mini-Series Retelling the Whole Saga Coming to DisneyXD '' . Star Wars Episode 7 News . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1977 Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Clone Wars Edition '' . Hasbro . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Risk Star Wars : The Original Trilogy Edition '' . Board game geek . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Trading Cards '' . Starwarscards.net . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Promotional Trading Card List '' . The Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Bibliography Arnold , Alan ( 1980 ) . Once Upon a Galaxy : A Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 29075 - 5 . Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars ( 3.0 ed . ) . Legacy Books Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 0 . Rinzler , Jonathan W ( 2005 ) . The Making of Star Wars , Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43139 - 1 . -- -- -- ( 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( Star Wars ) . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49476 - 8 . Further reading Decker , Kevin S. ( March 10 , 2005 ) . Star Wars and Philosophy . Open Court . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9583 - 6 . Campbell , Joseph ( June 1 , 1991 ) . The Power of Myth . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41886 - 8 . Henderson , Mary ( November 3 , 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Magic of Myth . Bantam . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10206 - 0 . Larsen , Stephen ( April 1 , 2002 ) . Joseph Campbell : A Fire in the Mind . Inner Traditions . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 873 - 5 . Cavlelos , Jeanne ( May 1999 ) . The Science of Star Wars . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20958 - 4 . Lucasfilms ( November 13 , 2012 ) . Nancy Reagin , Janice Liedl , ed . Star Wars and History . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 111 - 82852 - 55 . National Geographic Society ( October 2005 ) . Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination . National Geographic & Boston Museum of Science . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 4183 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Star Wars Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Star Wars tourism . Official website Facebook page Official YouTube channel Wookieepedia : a Star Wars Wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens accolades box office records The Last Jedi Episode IX Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Resistance Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Solo Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back Classic Creatures : Return of the Jedi From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written Feature The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Short Captain EO ( 1986 ) Films produced Feature The Rain People ( 1969 , associate ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Short Star Tours ( 1987 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Television Writer Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Creator The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 96 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- presents ) Star Wars Detours ( Cancelled ) Producer Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Inside the Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries ( 2007 -- 08 ) Double Victory : The Tuskegee Airmen at War ( 2012 ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Unofficial Star Wars media Fan films The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards Star Wars Mini Movie Awards Broken Allegiance Chad Vader Crazy Watto The Dark Redemption Dark Resurrection Darth Vader 's Psychic Hotline Duality The Formula George Lucas in Love Hardware Wars Harmy 's Despecialized Edition How the Sith Stole Christmas The Jedi Hunter Knightquest Padmé The Phantom Edit Pink Five Pink Five Strikes Back Return of Pink Five Ryan vs. Dorkman Saving Star Wars Sith Apprentice Star Dudes Star Wars Gangsta Rap Star Wars : Revelations Star Wars : The Emperor 's New Clones Star Wars : Threads of Destiny Star Wars Uncut Thumb Wars Trooper Clerks Troops Official mockumentaries Return of the Ewok Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media Licensing Disney Retail Disney Store Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney comics Disney English Disney Press Disney Hyperion Marvel Press ( joint w / Marvel ) Games and Interactive Experiences DCPI Labs The Muppets Studio Disney Interactive Studios Disney Mobile Playdom Franchises Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Junior Elena of Avalor Gravity Falls Kim Possible Phineas and Ferb Star vs. the Forces of Evil Disney comics Donald Duck universe Disney Fairies Disney Princess Disney Tsum Tsum Disney Villains Disney Interactive Club Penguin Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts Where 's My Water ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what star wars movie came out before the last jedi	[ "The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars (later subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope in 1981[2][3]), which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon. It was followed by two successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983); these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, albeit to mixed reactions from both critics and fans. Another trilogy that continues the story from Return of the Jedi began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars: The Force Awakens. The first eight films were nominated for Academy Awards (with wins going to the first two films released) and have been commercial successes, with a combined box office revenue of over US$8.5 billion,[4] making Star Wars the second highest-grossing film series.[5] Spin-off cinematic films include Rogue One (2016) and Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018).\n", "The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars (later subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope in 1981[2][3]), which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon. It was followed by two successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983); these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, albeit to mixed reactions from both critics and fans. Another trilogy that continues the story from Return of the Jedi began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars: The Force Awakens. The first eight films were nominated for Academy Awards (with wins going to the first two films released) and have been commercial successes, with a combined box office revenue of over US$8.5 billion,[4] making Star Wars the second highest-grossing film series.[5] Spin-off cinematic films include Rogue One (2016) and Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018).\n" ]	[ "The Empire Strikes Back", "Episode IV: A New Hope" ]
-8845755178051511550	Ryan Howard (The Office)	Ryan Howard ( the office ) - wikipedia Ryan Howard ( the office ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ryan Howard The Office character B.J. Novak as Ryan Howard . First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Portrayed by B.J. Novak Information Nickname ( s ) Fire Guy Temp Fired Guy Big Turkey Ry Hired Guy Egghead Mr. Understood Wunderkind Shoe Bitch Gender Male Occupation Unknown Office temp , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Full - time Salesman and Customer Service Supervisor , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton Sales representative Former Vice President , North East Region and Director of New Media Receptionist Bowling Alley employee Salesman , Michael Scott Paper Company Inc . CEO of WUPHF.com Spouse ( s ) Kelly Kapoor ( season 7 ) Relatives Unnamed Mother Unnamed Father Drake Howard ( son ) Nationality American Based on Ricky Howard Neil Godwin Ryan Bailey Howard ( born March 5 , 1979 ) is a fictional character on the US television series The Office . He is portrayed by the show 's writer , director , and executive producer B.J. Novak , and is based upon Ricky Howard from the original British version of The Office ( as well as Neil Godwin , during the fourth season ) , although his role is significantly expanded to that of a main character . Contents 1 Character profile 1.1 Seasons 1 -- 2 1.2 Season 3 1.3 Season 4 1.4 Season 5 1.5 Season 6 1.6 Season 7 1.7 Season 8 1.8 Season 9 2 Relationships 2.1 Kelly Kapoor 2.2 Michael Scott 2.3 Jim Halpert 2.4 Dwight Schrute 3 Inclusion in opening sequence and promotional images 4 Appearances 5 References Character profile ( edit ) Little is known about Ryan Howard 's early life , but it is revealed in a deleted scene from `` Diversity Day '' that he grew up in Scranton . In the webisode `` The Story of Subtle Sexuality '' , Ryan mentions that his parents live in separate houses , which implies that they are separated . At the beginning of the series , Ryan Howard is a temporary employee at the Scranton branch of the fictitious paper distributor Dunder Mifflin who joined the staff in the first episode , earning him the nickname `` The Temp '' . In early episodes he is shown to be uncomfortable with his professional relationship with his boss , Michael Scott . Michael often forces Ryan to carry out menial tasks for him while at the same time , becoming obsessed with Ryan 's personal life as well as gaining Ryan 's friendship . As the series progresses , Ryan begins to display a great deal of contempt and disdain for both his coworkers and his job . This becomes more apparent when Ryan is promoted in `` The Job '' to work at Dunder Mifflin 's corporate office in New York . This leads to Ryan becoming an egotistical braggart despite lackluster sales skills . In the season 4 finale `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Ryan is arrested for committing fraud . He is eventually released and required to work community service . In the season 5 premiere Ryan returns to the Scranton branch after Michael arranges for him to work Pam 's job . However , his malevolent aspirations to climb back to the top of the corporate ladder are revealed when he adds Jim and Kevin to a list of people who `` will be sorry '' when he returns to the top . Ryan was a member of a fraternity in college and holds an MBA from the University of Scranton 's Kania School of Management , which he earned during the second and third seasons . His dream is to one day own his own business . Throughout the series , Ryan changes his persona about every year beginning with the 3rd season . When offered a job for Corporate in the Season 3 finale , Ryan relocates to New York City and adopts a nouveau riche persona : becoming extroverted , growing a beard , wearing nice suits and getting $200 haircuts . But he subsequently ends up partying hard and getting addicted to drugs and alcohol . His downfall culminates in misleading Dunder - Mifflin 's shareholders via his websites sales numbers , effectively committing fraud as Oscar Martinez later claims . In Season 5 he returns with blonde highlights and a `` work hard , play hard '' attitude . He works for Michael at the Michael Scott Paper Company ( which is later bought out ) and still tries to keep his work ethic and strives to do good . In Seasons 6 -- 8 , Ryan seems to be devoid of many of his former morals and ambitions . He does n't care to work , reads poetry and initiates various creative projects . He switches clothing , from wearing fanciful scarves , fake glasses , suspenders , bow ties , trench coats , etc. and tries to create an `` unsolvable attitude '' . He manages to stay at Dunder Mifflin but his current position is unspecified , Michael mentions that he works there full - time in WUPHF.com . Many of the staff , most notably Jim and Pam , note Ryan 's ineptitude as an employee and that he sponges off his parents by living with them and driving his mom 's car . Seasons 1 -- 2 ( edit ) For the first episode and for much of season 1 , Ryan 's purpose in the show mirrors that of his British equivalent , Ricky Howard . He is the audience surrogate , allowing other characters to introduce themselves to him , and by extension , the viewer . Ryan was hired to replace Tom Peets , an employee who had lost a battle with depression and committed suicide shortly before the start of the series . Tom is first referenced in the season 2 episode Performance Review , where a note from him in Michael Scott 's long - ignored suggestion box requests counselling for his depression . Michael initially assumes the note is a joke , as no - one who currently works at the branch is named Tom , until Phyllis reminds him of the suicide . Over the first two seasons , Ryan 's character is a secondary one and he is primarily defined by his dissatisfaction with his job , and his relationships with Michael and Kelly . His dissatisfaction manifests itself in his use of sarcasm and general disinterest towards his co-workers . Ryan does not wish to stay at Dunder Mifflin long or even be remembered when he leaves , citing that his ultimate fear is that he will gain a nickname around the office ( being `` the something guy '' ) . During Ryan 's term as a temporary employee ( and even for a few months after his promotion to full - time status ) , various characters ( mainly Dwight ) frequently addresses him as `` Temp '' instead of by his real name . In later seasons , several characters sarcastically use this term long after Ryan has risen to a more prominent position in the company . Ryan is often the victim of Michael 's antics and bizarre man - crush on him , usually resigning to requests without complaint . Also , by the end of Season 2 , Jim facilitates a relationship between Kelly and Ryan , which is very rocky from the start . Season 3 ( edit ) By the third season opener `` Gay Witch Hunt '' , Ryan becomes a full - time employee and inherits the job ( and desk ) vacated by Jim Halpert . Despite the promotion , Michael still treats Ryan as his personal assistant . Upon Jim 's return to Scranton after the branch merger , there is a moment of awkwardness when Jim casually sets up at his former desk , only to learn that it now belongs to Ryan -- who refuses to give the desk back to Jim , the first hint at a rivalry between the two . Ryan goes to his first sales call in `` Initiation '' , where he is subjected to a series of tests by Dwight . Despite his superior education , Ryan is not a good salesman -- his first client tells him flat out that he does not like him . In the last scene of `` The Job '' , Ryan receives a call from the New York headquarters , offering him the job previously held by Jan Levinson and making him Michael 's immediate superior . After he hangs up , he immediately dumps Kelly . Season 4 ( edit ) Novak , who also writes for the show , in commenting on the fourth season , said , `` we wanted him to dress as obnoxious as possible . As much black as possible . '' . This season also , for the first time , includes episodes that exhibit Ryan 's social life outside the workplace , such as showing his studio apartment in Manhattan . Over the season , he also becomes increasingly arrogant , condescending and ambitious , speaking almost exclusively in business buzzwords . In `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , Ryan presents his concept of Dunder Mifflin Infinity ( a new website ) to the Scranton branch , and gives a BlackBerry to all of the main employees . He is eager to show off his newfound wealth . His occasional brushes with Kelly remain tense . In `` Money , Darryl for the first time expressed his romantic desire for Kelly as he proclaimed to `` get excited every time I see that little dude ( Ryan ) walks through the door '' . It is also apparent that his new corporate peers also do n't care for him ; one employee yells at Ryan to get out of his office , and another tells Michael and Dwight , `` it was funny to see Ryan all embarrassed '' . When Ryan is arrested and fired , his peers record all of it on their phones and post it as a hilarious video on YouTube . Later in the season , Ryan 's new website is plagued by problems , including child predators and slow sales . The salesmen resist the new site as well . The later episodes show him becoming more excited and on edge , clearly under the influence of cocaine . Feeling threatened by Jim Halpert 's good relationship with David Wallace , Ryan conspires against Jim and sets out to get him fired . Ryan also begins dressing more and more unkempt . For example , in the episode `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , he has slick , combed hair , and is very nicely presentable . In later episodes like `` Night Out '' and `` Did I Stutter ? '' , his hair is bedhead , he does n't wear ties , his face is half shaven , and his shirt is only half buttoned . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' Ryan is -- now typically -- curt with Jim . However , it is discovered later that Ryan was misleading the company 's shareholders . In a YouTube video entitled `` Whoaa ! Check it out ! '' , the Scranton branch watches as Ryan is seen being arrested and escorted out of Dunder Mifflin 's New York office by police , much to Michael 's dismay and Jim and Kelly 's pleasure . Season 5 ( edit ) In the first episode of Season 5 , it is revealed that Ryan has been released with a sentence of community service , and has gotten sober . Michael hires Ryan through the temp agency as the fill - in receptionist . In a deleted scene , he receives a call from David Wallace for Michael . Infuriated that Ryan is back at Dunder Mifflin , Wallace abuses Ryan by telephone in front of the staff . This prompts Michael to defend Ryan and save his job . However , Ryan still exhibits the ego issues he developed in the fourth season . Ryan moves back to the annex with Kelly soon before Pam is scheduled to return . He starts showing off in front of Kelly and the two start kissing passionately . Ryan tells Kelly to break up with Darryl via text message . Darryl responds quickly saying `` it 's cool '' , with Kelly overjoyed and Ryan shocked , suggesting he realized he made a mistake . In `` Frame Toby '' , Ryan breaks up with Kelly again , saying he is going with friends to Thailand , but convinces her to have sex with him one last time and give him some traveling money first . Ryan is not seen again until the episode `` Dream Team '' in which he was seen working at a bowling alley until being hired by Michael Scott to work at the Michael Scott Paper Company where he makes his first sale ever as a salesman there . His appearance has changed drastically with having a tan from his trip to Thailand ( later revealed to be Ft . Lauderdale ) and his hair is dyed blonde . Apparently , he has moved back in with , or at least in proximity to , his parents . Initially , Ryan acted with disinterest and irresponsibility with the new company , choosing rather to spend his time talking on his telephone and surfing the web , which , along with lack of space , caused tension with Pam . However , as time passed , relations between the employees of The Michael Scott Paper Company became more amicable as Ryan 's behavior matured . Bonding with Pam and Michael over the company 's relative success and through the close quarters , Ryan became more active and involved . Additionally , his sobriety became apparent . After the buyout of The Michael Scott Paper Company from Dunder - Mifflin , much to David Wallace 's vocal opposition , Ryan is initially rehired as a salesperson , though , as a result of budget problems , is reduced back into the position of a temporary employee . In an interview , he says now that he is a temp again the only thing he can control is his food , eating five small meals a day . Season 6 ( edit ) Ryan 's new look , beginning in season 6 . In the sixth - season premiere , `` Gossip '' , Ryan 's appearance has changed back to his more traditional look -- black hair and no longer with a noticeable tan . In `` The Promotion '' , Ryan scams Pam out of a wedding gift . However , he seems to have picked up some persuasion skills from the sales team , as he manages to wheedle $50 out of Pam . As of the beginning of season 6 , he is dating Kelly again . The two dance down the aisle together at Jim and Pam 's wedding . As the season progresses , Ryan develops a hipster persona , wearing suspenders , flannel shirts , bow ties and scarves . In `` Double Date '' , Ryan is shown to have begun photography as a hobby , and gets Kelly to pose topless . He tries , but fails , to get Erin to do the same . ( See Ryan 's photography blog , `` Thousand and One Words '' ) . In `` Shareholder Meeting '' , he deflects Jim 's instructions and refuses to do any work . He also spreads the rumor that Jim is not as powerful as Michael . Jim then makes an example of him by putting him in the closet behind the kitchen with no windows or internet access . As a result , in `` Scott 's Tots '' , he tells Dwight he will help him get Jim fired . At the end of `` Manager and Salesman '' he and Dwight go out and celebrate Jim 's demotion to salesman . In The Chump , he approaches Erin 's desk and bluntly tells her that he 'd like to sleep with her . She asks if he 's joking to which he backs down , claiming that he is . In `` Whistleblower '' Ryan announces a social networking website he 's launching called `` WUPHF '' . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Nepotism '' , Ryan advertises his website WUPHF in the Lip Dub the Scranton Branch was making . In `` The Sting '' , he helps Jim and Dwight spy on Danny . When they try to hatch a plan , Jim tells Ryan he is a `` hot new executive '' and Ryan tells them he wants to work at Google . In `` Costume Contest '' , he dresses as Justin Bieber in hopes to win the Scranton book of savings worth $15,000 in savings . In `` Christening '' , he makes fun of the Youth Group pastor . In `` WUPHF.com '' , he tries to get people to invest in his company . When he reveals he will be broke in 9 days , Kelly comes in and tries to invest . Then Ryan tells them that he has an offer from the Washington University Public Health Fund , only for Darryl to realize that they are only interested because of the domain name . Ryan tries to weasel more money from Michael , but is caught by surprise when Michael tells all the other investors that while he wo n't agree to divest their WUPHF holdings ( they need Michael 's assent because he holds more than 50 % of the shares ) he does think Ryan is shallow and a bad friend , and Ryan looks horrified when Michael says he has those 9 days and no more time to make things right . At the end of the episode , Ryan tells everybody he has sold WUPHF.com . Ryan shows more immoral traits in `` Garage Sale '' , when he sells jars of his mother 's homemade Pesto sauce , which she intended to just be for family , for his own profits . Ryan is also in the group that helps Michael think of a good way to propose to Holly . When Michael does propose to Holly , he has some employees jokingly ask Holly to marry them . He states that Ryan was the only one he was concerned about . In `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' , he is shown to be hurt that Danny Cordray broke his streak of winning the `` Hottest in the Office '' award , although he tries to hide it . Ryan 's contribution to the office workers ' version of Seasons of Love is that Michael helped him get off drugs . In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Michael gives Ryan his St. Pauli Girl beer sign , but only after making sure he is n't prone to seizures . Ryan seems to genuinely appreciate the gift . In `` The Inner Circle '' , Ryan lies to Deangelo about his job at the Scranton Branch . While Kelly is angry , she goes along with it in exchange for Ryan being a dutiful boyfriend . However , Kelly soon exposes Ryan as a fraud after reprimanding her severely about her paycheck in front of Deangelo . However , because Deangelo prefers Ryan over Kelly , he appoints him as her official supervisor ( until his accident hours later ) . In `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' , after Dwight accidentally misfires a gun in the office and Toby is filling out the gun violence accident form , the HR rep asks the staff if they felt like this was a terrorist incident . Ryan , who is clearly enjoying Dwight 's situation , openly says that he felt terrorized . In `` Search Committee '' , Ryan reveals to the camera that he believes Angela 's boyfriend Robert ( the State Senator ) is gay , because he `` liked '' Ryan 's Facebook photos at 3 : 00 AM . During a staff debate over who should be hired for the manager position , Ryan states he wants an outsider . While Jim thinks he is referring to the applicants outside of the office , Ryan says he meant an `` outsider '' as someone who is on the margins of society , and suggests a homeless person . Ryan laments that he got away with everything while Michael was his boss and it was not good for him . He says he wants guidance and leadership , but does not want the new manager to boss him around . Season 8 ( edit ) In `` The List '' , Ryan is on the `` Losers '' side of new CEO Robert California 's list . He tries to convince the other members of the staff , that are also on the `` Losers '' side , that the list is in fact flawed , as he is on it . In `` Spooked '' , he dresses up as Jesse Pinkman , a character from Breaking Bad . In `` Pam 's Replacement '' , he asks Jim if Pam 's replacement , Kathy , is single . However , he does not approach her . In `` Gettysburg '' , he decides to stay at the office while Andy and some of the other employees are at Gettysburg . He tries to impress Robert California with some ideas for the company , but is temporarily outshined by Kevin . In `` Mrs. California '' , Ryan tells Susan California and his co-workers his `` Dream for a Wish '' idea . Susan refers to him as Bryan , and while he corrects her mistake and she apologizes , he calls her a `` bitch '' , in a talking - head interview . In `` Christmas Wishes '' , Ryan and Kelly give a pregnant Angela a shirt that reads ' Ask , then touch . ' He is also seen dancing with Kelly a number of times during this episode . In a deleted scene , Andy tells Ryan that he will have health insurance for the new year , but Ryan is upset because he had wanted 10 extra sick days , and looks uncomfortable when Andy says he expects Ryan to be a better worker going forward . Ryan joins Jim , Stanley , Erin , and Kathy Simms in traveling to Tallahassee and working on the Sabre Store project under Dwight 's leadership . He briefly flirts with Erin when he learns she is planning to remain in Florida , but after she says he could join her as roommates and possibly begin dating in six months , he coldly states he 's in love with Kelly . When Dwight and Nellie Bertram open a test store to see how the project could really work , Ryan is tasked to create and deliver a presentation about the Sabre Pyramid . However , he badly panics because his mother and Kelly are not there to keep him on an even keel , and Jim and Dwight 's efforts to calm him down fail and leave Ryan to run out on the team and get on a bus . Season 9 ( edit ) Beginning with `` New Guys '' when Kelly Kapoor moves with Ravi , her Indian - American pediatrician fiancé to Miami , Ohio although Kelly is mistaken to think of it as being Miami , Florida . Ryan follows her but claims it 's for `` unrelated reasons '' . Ryan is absent for all of season 9 , save for returning in `` Finale '' when Ryan attends Dwight and Angela 's wedding . Sitting next to Kelly and her fiancé , it 's revealed that Ryan had an infant son named Drake with a former girlfriend who abandoned them both . Kelly and Ryan are seen making flirtatious glances before Ryan gives a strawberry to his son , who has an allergic reaction , thus prompting Ravi to tend to Drake . Ryan makes his move to steal Kelly , who is turned on by Ryan 's gesture . The two are last seen running away together from the wedding . Having tended to Drake , Ravi sees that the pair are gone and Kevin informs him as to what happened . Ravi tells Kevin to call social services , insisting that social services will find a much more suitable father than Ryan . Nellie , wanting a child herself , adopts Drake on the spot , later saying in a talking head that if Ryan wants the baby back he can find her in Europe . Relationships ( edit ) Kelly Kapoor ( edit ) Ryan has an on - again , off - again relationship with office chatterbox Kelly Kapoor . The relationship has been troubled from the outset , for Ryan desires a very casual relationship , whereas the overbearing Kelly wants to get married and have children as soon as possible . The two `` hooked up '' on the eve of Valentine 's Day , although Ryan was brusque with her the following day . Things seemed to be starting up between the two again during the office `` Casino Night '' . Ryan and Kelly are later seen dating in `` The Convention '' . Ryan met Kelly 's parents during Diwali , but they were not impressed by his low income , desire to travel and saving up money to buy an Xbox , rather than start a family . Ryan has more than once tried unsuccessfully to break up with Kelly , with one of the more notable occurrences after `` The Merger '' episode . Even though Ryan and Kelly continue to bicker , he is sweet to her in the episode `` Safety Training '' . B.J. Novak has stated that Ryan and Kelly are going strong , well into the third season : `` I think Ryan and Kelly is a relationship that everyone has been in . It 's a puzzle as to why they 're still together , but I think Ryan loves being loved -- even though he wo n't admit it . He lost Michael 's love so he has to take in more love from Kelly . '' After accepting a promotion to Corporate by telephone in `` The Job '' , an elated Ryan immediately breaks up with Kelly , telling her `` You and I are done , '' with a smile . In `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , Kelly tries to rekindle their relationship by feigning pregnancy , a lie which she later reveals . This only upsets Ryan more and leads to him attempting to have her job outsourced to India . Ryan is visibly upset in later episodes when Kelly later flirts with and kisses Darryl in front of him . When Ryan is arrested in the Season 4 finale , Kelly says she looks forward to rubbing in his downfall by visiting him in prison . Ryan and Kelly make amends in `` Weight Loss '' , and Ryan indicates a renewed interest in her . He witnesses Kelly and Darryl kiss , as Kelly looks up to make sure Ryan sees it . In `` Business Trip '' , Ryan and Kelly get back together when he moves back to the annex , though Ryan is uncomfortable again as he only made her breakup with Darryl with the expectation he would react violently , which he did not . In `` Frame Toby '' , Ryan breaks up with her again and leaves the office altogether . Upon his return , the two do not rekindle their relationship , however , they constantly flirt and bicker with each other on Twitter . In an interview with Yahoo ! TV , that was released before the episode `` Business School '' , B.J. Novak describes Ryan and Kelly as `` the worst relationship that all of us have been in . '' He adds , `` The bad news is that that 's what a lot of people have actually experienced , something that just does n't work on any level , and they just keep going for some weird reason . '' Mindy Kaling ( Kelly ) adds , `` It seems like Ryan has just adjusted to the fact that he is the boyfriend of this crazy girl . '' In interviews during the retrospective airing prior to `` Finale ( The Office ) , '' Kaling and Novak revealed that their characters ' turbulent on - again , off - again relationship was inspired by their relationship in the writers ' room where they were best friends but often argued . In the season Seven episode `` The Search '' during the cold open Ryan and Kelly announced to the office that they were getting a divorce , apparently having married over a week earlier on the spur of the moment neglecting to tell anyone . Originally , they asked for no one to take sides , claiming it was an amicable break up . Upon realizing that no one cared and that they were getting little reaction to their news , Ryan declared that the split was not amicable and demanded that people take sides and also raise their hands to show whose side they were on ; no one in the office raised a hand to support either one of them . In the episode `` Spooked '' , Ryan and Kelly are seen standing next to each other and talking . At the end of the episode , he kisses her on the forehead . While they took a backseat for most of Season 8 , in `` Angry Andy '' Pam and Jim set up Kelly with their handsome , likable , kind and NOT - RYAN Indian - American pediatrician Ravi , with Pam explaining that the Ryan - Kelly romance has become impossibly disruptive to the rest of the office . Pam also tells Ryan she does n't think he 's a good person and actively cheerleads against Ryan 's efforts to win back Kelly ( though Ryan admits he does n't want to be with Kelly for the long run , or even a specific length of time beyond the present ) . In the end , Kelly tells Ryan she 's decided to be with Dr. Ravi , but to Pam 's horror immediately begins making out with Ryan again . When Kelly has a romantic portrait taken with Ravi in the Season 8 finale , Ryan looks on sadly , and later holds up a sign begging Kelly to take him back . However , he also holds up a sign for his picture making a romantic overture to a random blonde woman he 'd met in Scranton . In the Season 9 premiere , Toby Flenderson says that after Kelly got engaged to Dr. Ravi and moved to Miami ( Ohio ) , Ryan suddenly resigned and decided to pursue IT prospects in the `` Silicon Prairie '' of southwestern Ohio . During Dwight and Angela 's wedding in the series finale , Ryan shows up with a baby son named Drake , stunning Kelly . Ryan later induces a mild strawberry allergy in Drake so that Kelly 's husband Dr. Ravi will examine him , in order to get some time alone with Kelly . The two former lovers make out and leave the wedding , and baby Drake , behind on their final flight of romantic insanity . Nellie Bertram announces her intention to adopt Drake . Michael Scott ( edit ) Michael has a one - sided crush on Ryan , which frightens him at times . Ryan was also inconveniently stuck in the position of being personal assistant to Michael . He has on several occasions summoned him to inappropriate tasks . In `` The Dundies '' , Michael gives Ryan the `` Hottest in the Office '' award . After congratulating Ryan for his award , he slaps Ryan 's buttocks . Also , in `` The Fire '' episode , when the office is playing the game `` Who would you do '' Michael chooses Ryan , explicitly proclaiming `` I would definitely have sex with Ryan '' . When Michael gets Ryan 's cell phone number , he constantly prank calls Ryan with crude impersonations of Michael Jackson , Tito Jackson , Mike Tyson , and Saddam Hussein , and also pretended to be Ryan 's mad girlfriend ( `` The Fight '' ) . In the third season , Ryan begins correcting Michael for embarrassing him as evident by `` The Convict '' . In a deleted scene from `` Diwali '' , it is suggested that Michael has begun stalking Ryan . In `` The Job '' , Michael comes back from his interview in New York and asks Ryan to get him a cup of coffee , but Ryan firmly says `` I do n't do that stuff anymore . '' Michael says it 's not for Ryan and later says he 's still waiting for his coffee , unaware that Ryan has just become his direct supervisor . In retaliation , Ryan pointedly makes Michael get bottled water for him when Ryan returns to Scranton during `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' . In a deposition following Jan 's lawsuit against Dunder Mifflin , the lawyers discovered Michael 's obsession with Ryan in his diary , as he considers Ryan `` just as hot as Jan , but in a different way '' ( `` The Deposition '' ) . Michael finally realizes that Ryan dislikes him in the episode Launch Party when , instead of inviting Michael to be at the Dunder Mifflin Infinity launch party in person , Ryan merely invites him to the party 's chatroom where , when introduced to represent the Scranton branch via video chat , Michael calls Ryan an `` asshole '' on the website with the entire company watching , some of whom later compliment him for doing so . In `` Night Out , '' Ryan tries to indirectly confide to Michael that he has a drug problem ( using his friend 's name as the individual in question ) , but Michael ends up giving Ryan useless advice he learned from watching The Wire . Michael later is devastated when he learns of Ryan 's arrest . Michael arranges for Ryan 's return to the Scranton branch , and temporarily grows a goatee because Ryan was wearing one after he got dismissed and moved into a new place . Disturbed by Michael 's mimicry , Ryan shaves it off . When Michael starts his own company in `` Dream Team '' , he convinces him to leave his job at the bowling alley and join his newly formed paper company . When working together , Ryan comes to respect Michael 's skills as a salesman . After the buyout of the Michael Scott Paper Co. by Dunder Mifflin , Michael rehires Ryan as a salesman before demoting him back to a temp . In Season 6 's `` Secret Santa , '' Michael dresses up as Santa Claus and tries to lure Ryan to sit on his lap , to which Jim was disapproved of . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Initially , Ryan and Jim got along well in the first three seasons and both seemed to respect each other , almost to the point of being friends . However , hints of a future rivalry were shown in `` The Merger '' , where it is revealed to Jim that Ryan took his old job after he transferred to Stamford . Despite this , the two still got along fairly well with little to no annoyance from each other . However , after Ryan was promoted to his Corporate post as a Vice President of Sales for the company , he began behaving in a self - absorbed and egotistical manner , causing Jim to lose much respect for him . Their relationship soon turns into one of bitter rivalry once Ryan learns that Jim has been discussing with the CFO , David Wallace , the downsides of Ryan 's company website . Once Ryan begins feeling overly stressed with the failure of the website , he turns to drugs and drinking and decides to find a way to fire Jim , fearing that Jim is undermining his authority and making him look bad to his superiors . He first puts a shocked Jim on `` warning '' for all of his pranks on Dwight , flirting with Pam , and inadequate sales figures , then pressures Jim to record a huge in - person sale as one made through Dunder Mifflin Infinity . As Ryan tries to fire Jim under false pretenses , Jim begins to develop raw hatred for him . Jim is also shown to be delighted when Ryan was arrested for sales fraud and is relieved that his job is finally safe from Ryan 's paranoid business practices . After Ryan was released from prison , he returns as a fill in for Pam after she goes to design school and immediately apologizes to Jim , albeit in a very cynical and egotistical fashion , but Jim accepts his apology regardless , though not before making a few sarcastic remarks towards him , showing that the two still held each other in relative contempt . Once Ryan is rehired as a salesman before being demoted back to a temp at the company , he forms a bond with Pam , slightly softening his bitter relationship with Jim . Things finally improve a little between the two for most of season five , but they deteriorate anew in season six when Ryan does not take Jim 's new position as co-manager seriously . Ryan then teams up with Dwight to get rid of Jim and the pair celebrate after Jim 's demotion back to sales representative . Since then , Ryan and Jim seem to have resumed their former business relationship with the two no longer butting heads and even associating with each other in a friendly manner on a regular basis . Dwight Schrute ( edit ) Much like Jim , Ryan saw Dwight as an extremely odd and annoying person , stating in `` The Return '' that he will not miss Dwight after Dwight quit temporarily . During `` The Initiation '' , Dwight takes Ryan on a series of bizarre tests to prove himself a worthy salesman . This does nothing except infuriate Ryan , who can not believe that the best salesman within the company can act in such a ridiculous fashion . Regardless , Dwight tells Ryan he only wants to get along with him , unlike the way he and Jim worked together , and the two bond by throwing eggs at the potential buyer 's company building when they refused their offer because they did not like Ryan . In season four , Dwight seems to respect Ryan much more after he was promoted to vice president of Northeast sales , with Ryan also seeming to tolerate Dwight much more than previous seasons . The two were rarely seen talking to each other in season five , but decide to team up in season six to get Jim fired from his newly appointed co-manager position . They often argued with each other , but celebrated after Jim got demoted . The two were last seen agreeing to go out for drinks to celebrate , but then end up arguing over where to go for drinks . Inclusion in opening sequence and promotional images ( edit ) B.J. Novak 's continued inclusion in the opening credits was sometimes questioned in the later years of the series , as the role of Ryan Howard has been significantly downplayed since season 5 , and is now considered to be no more significant than other characters whose actors are not given an opening credit . Novak officially left the opening credits in the Season 9 premiere and was credited as a guest star . Appearances ( edit ) Ryan has appeared in most episodes of the series , with the exception of the season 4 episodes ( `` Branch Wars '' , `` Survivor Man '' , `` Dinner Party '' , and `` Chair Model '' as well as `` Job Fair '' ) , 12 episodes during season 5 ( beginning with `` The Surplus '' through `` Two Weeks '' , making his return in `` Dream Team '' -- during this absence , actor B.J. Novak was filming Inglourious Basterds with Quentin Tarantino . ) , and a majority of the season 9 episodes ( he appears in only `` New Guys '' and `` Finale '' ) . References ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ryan Howard ( The Office ) ^ Jump up to : Dansby , Andrew ( October 2 , 2007 ) , `` The temp label is permanent '' , Houston Chronicle , retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 Jump up ^ http://www.theofficeisms.com/2014/09/8-behind-scenes-facts-from-office-you.html Jump up ^ Seasons 1 and 2 Jump up ^ Confirmed by producer Greg Daniels in The Office Live Blog : To Anissa . Jump up ^ Confirmed by writer / actor BJ Novak in his blog http : / blog.myspace.com/index.cfm ? fuseaction = blog. view&friendID = 3241662&blogID = 266132650 Jump up ^ Season 3 Jump up ^ Season 4 Jump up ^ Season 5 Jump up ^ `` Thousand and One Words '' , Ryan Howard 's blog Jump up ^ Garage Sale Jump up ^ `` The List '' Jump up ^ `` Spooked '' Jump up ^ Y ! TV Exclusive : ' Office ' Romances The Office ( NBC ) on Yahoo ! TV , February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kyle Buchanan ( 27 November 2009 ) . `` Is it Time for B.J. Novak to Give His Office Opening Credit to Ed Helms ? '' . Movieline . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Robert California Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Howard_(The_Office)&oldid=854674169 '' Categories : Fictional criminals Fictional business executives The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional con artists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2012 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 01 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does ryan end up with on the office	[ "In the episode \"Spooked\", Ryan and Kelly are seen standing next to each other and talking. At the end of the episode, he kisses her on the forehead. While they took a backseat for most of Season 8, in \"Angry Andy\" Pam and Jim set up Kelly with their handsome, likable, kind and NOT-RYAN Indian-American pediatrician Ravi, with Pam explaining that the Ryan-Kelly romance has become impossibly disruptive to the rest of the office. Pam also tells Ryan she doesn't think he's a good person and actively cheerleads against Ryan's efforts to win back Kelly (though Ryan admits he doesn't want to be with Kelly for the long run, or even a specific length of time beyond the present). In the end, Kelly tells Ryan she's decided to be with Dr. Ravi, but to Pam's horror immediately begins making out with Ryan again. When Kelly has a romantic portrait taken with Ravi in the Season 8 finale, Ryan looks on sadly, and later holds up a sign begging Kelly to take him back. However, he also holds up a sign for his picture making a romantic overture to a random blonde woman he'd met in Scranton. In the Season 9 premiere, Toby Flenderson says that after Kelly got engaged to Dr. Ravi and moved to Miami (Ohio), Ryan suddenly resigned and decided to pursue IT prospects in the \"Silicon Prairie\" of southwestern Ohio. During Dwight and Angela's wedding in the series finale, Ryan shows up with a baby son named Drake, stunning Kelly. Ryan later induces a mild strawberry allergy in Drake so that Kelly's husband Dr. Ravi will examine him, in order to get some time alone with Kelly. The two former lovers make out and leave the wedding, and baby Drake, behind on their final flight of romantic insanity. Nellie Bertram announces her intention to adopt Drake.\n" ]	[ "Kelly" ]
8701798480629965658	Jurassic World	Jurassic World - Wikipedia Jurassic World Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2015 film . For other uses , see Jurassic World ( disambiguation ) . Jurassic World Theatrical release poster Directed by Colin Trevorrow Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Screenplay by Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Story by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard Vincent D'Onofrio Ty Simpkins Nick Robinson Omar Sy B.D. Wong Irrfan Khan Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Kevin Stitt Production companies Amblin Entertainment Legendary Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ) ( Le Grand Rex ) June 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million ( gross ) $129.3 million ( net ) Box office $1.672 billion Jurassic World is a 2015 American science fiction adventure film and the fourth installment of the Jurassic Park series , as well as the first film in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . The film was directed and co-written by Colin Trevorrow , produced by Frank Marshall and Patrick Crowley , and stars Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard . The production companies were Steven Spielberg 's Amblin Entertainment , also responsible for the rest of the Jurassic Park franchise , and Thomas Tull 's Legendary Pictures . Set 22 years after the events of Jurassic Park , Jurassic World takes place on the same fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , where a theme park populated with cloned dinosaurs has operated for ten years . The park plunges into chaos when a genetically created dinosaur breaks loose and goes on a rampage across the island . Universal Pictures intended to begin production on a fourth Jurassic Park film in 2004 for a summer 2005 release , but the film entered over a decade of development hell while the script went through revisions . Following a suggestion from Spielberg , writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver explored the idea of a functional dinosaur park . Once Trevorrow was hired as director in 2013 , he followed the same idea while developing a whole new script with Derek Connolly . Principal photography rolled from April to August 2014 , primarily in Louisiana while also using the original Jurassic Park filming locations in Hawaii . Again the dinosaurs were created through computer - generated imagery by Industrial Light & Magic and life - sized animatronics by Legacy Effects , a company created by the alumni of Jurassic Park veteran Stan Winston . Jurassic World was completed on May 10 , 2015 , and was released in over 60 countries beginning on June 10 , 2015 . After a record - breaking opening weekend of which it became the first film that grossed over $500 million worldwide , Jurassic World generated a total of $1.6 billion in box office revenue , standing as the fourth - highest - grossing film of all time without inflation adjustment , as well as the second - highest - grossing film of 2015 , the second - highest - grossing film of the 2010s and the highest - grossing film in the franchise . It also displaced Illumination Entertainment 's Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) as the highest - grossing film released by Universal Pictures ( based on original domestic release ) . A sequel , titled Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , is scheduled to be released in June 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes and analysis 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Pre-production 4.3 Writing 4.4 Casting 4.5 Filming 4.5. 1 Deleted scenes 4.6 Creatures on screen 4.7 Music 5 Marketing and promotion 6 Release 6.1 Home media 6.2 Charts 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.1. 1 North America 7.1. 2 Outside North America 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 Controversies 8.1 Scientific accuracy 8.2 Writing credits dispute 9 Sequel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Brothers Zach and Gray Mitchell visit Isla Nublar , the site of the original Jurassic Park , where a new theme park named Jurassic World has operated for years . Simon Masrani , the park 's owner , has encouraged geneticist Dr. Henry Wu to create a hybrid dinosaur to attract visitors . The two boys meet their aunt , Claire Dearing , the park 's operations manager . Claire assigns her assistant Zara to be their guide , but the boys evade her and explore the resort on their own . Owen Grady , a Navy veteran , has been researching the intelligence of the park 's four Velociraptors . InGen Security chief Vic Hoskins believes the raptors should be trained for military use despite objections from Owen and his assistant Barry . Masrani has Owen evaluate the enclosure of the park 's new hybrid dinosaur , the Indominus rex , before the attraction opens . Owen warns Claire about the danger of raising Indominus in isolation , pointing out its lack of socialization with other animals . When they discover that the Indominus seems to have escaped , Owen and two others enter the enclosure . Able to camouflage itself and mask its heat signature , the Indominus suddenly appears and devours Owen 's companions before escaping into the island 's interior . Owen suggests that the Indominus must be killed , but Masrani instead sends a specialized unit equipped with non-lethal weaponry to capture it . After most of the unit is killed , Claire orders the evacuation of the island 's northern sector . While exploring the park in a gyrosphere ride , Zach and Gray enter a restricted area . The Indominus arrives and destroys their sphere , but the boys manage to evade it and find the ruins of the original Jurassic Park visitor center . They repair an old 1992 Jeep Wrangler Sahara and drive back to the park resort . Claire and Owen search for the boys , but encounter the Indominus and barely escape . Masrani and two troopers hunt the Indominus by helicopter , but when the Indominus breaks into the park 's aviary to escape the gunfire , it releases a flock of the pterosaurs Pteranodon and Dimorphodon that collide with the helicopter , causing it to crash , killing Masrani and his troops . The pterosaurs then attack the resort itself ; in the chaos , Zara is carried off by pterosaurs before falling into the park 's lagoon and being devoured by the park 's Mosasaurus . Gray and Zach eventually find Owen and Claire at the resort as armed personnel subdue the pterosaurs with tranquilizers . Assuming command , Hoskins orders that the raptors should be used to track the Indominus ; Owen is forced to accept Hoskins 's plan and release the raptors . Upon finding the Indominus , the dinosaurs begin communicating with one another . Owen realizes that the Indominus includes raptor DNA , and it becomes the raptor pack 's new alpha , taking command away from Owen . The Indominus escapes when the troops shoot at it , and the raptors hunt down and kill most of the team . Hoskins arranges for Dr. Henry Wu to leave the island by helicopter with the dinosaur embryos , in order to protect his research . Owen , Claire and the boys find Hoskins at the lab , with more staff packing up the remaining embryos . Hoskins reveals his plan to create other hybrid dinosaurs like Indominus for use as superweapons , but a raptor breaks in and mauls him to death . Owen re-establishes his bond with the raptors before the Indominus reappears . The raptors attack the Indominus , but are killed . Claire lures the park 's Tyrannosaurus rex into a battle with the Indominus . The two dinosaurs fight , with the Indominus gaining the upper hand until Blue , the lone surviving raptor , joins the battle . Overwhelmed , the Indominus is backed up to the lagoon , where the Mosasaurus leaps out and drags it underwater . The T. rex retreats , followed by Blue , who turns to acknowledge Owen before leaving . Isla Nublar is once again abandoned , and the survivors are successfully evacuated to the mainland . Zach and Gray are reunited with their parents , while the T. rex roams freely on Isla Nublar . Cast ( edit ) ( L&C ) Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard play the film 's two leads , while B.D. Wong ( R ) reprises his role as Dr. Henry Wu from the first film . Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady , a Navy veteran , and a raptor expert and trainer at Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing , the Jurassic World operations manager . Aunt to Zach and Gray Mitchell . Vincent D'Onofrio as Vic Hoskins , head of InGen 's security operations , who wants to use the raptors and the Indominus rex as military weapons . Ty Simpkins as Gray Mitchell , one of Claire 's nephews and the younger brother of Zach . Nick Robinson as Zach Mitchell , one of Claire 's nephews and the older brother of Gray . Omar Sy as Barry , Owen 's assistant who helps care for the raptors . B.D. Wong as Dr. Henry Wu , a geneticist who heads the team that created the dinosaurs for Jurassic World . He is revealed to have an alliance with Hoskins . Wong is the only actor in the film to reprise his role from any of the previous movies . Irrfan Khan as Simon Masrani , CEO of the Masrani Corporation and the owner of Jurassic World . Jake Johnson as Lowery Cruthers , an employee in the park 's control room . Lauren Lapkus as Vivian , an employee in the park 's control room . Brian Tee as Hamada , the leader of the ACU ( Asset Containment Unit ) , a group of security guards installed on Isla Nublar . Katie McGrath as Zara , Claire 's personal assistant . Judy Greer as Karen Mitchell , Claire 's sister and mother of Zach and Gray . Andy Buckley as Scott Mitchell , Karen 's husband and father of Zach and Gray . Eric Edelstein as the supervisor of the Indominus rex control room . Jimmy Fallon as himself , portrayed as the safety instructor of the gyrosphere attraction . Jimmy Buffett as himself , portrayed as an escaping tourist during the pterosaur attack . Patrick Crowley , the film 's producer , has a minor role as Masrani 's flight instructor . Colin Trevorrow as the voice of Mr. DNA , an animated DNA helix who explains the park 's technology to visitors . The character was previously voiced by Greg Burson in Jurassic Park . Brad Bird makes a cameo appearance as the voice of the park 's monorail announcer . Jack Horner , the film 's technical advisor , has a cameo in the film . Themes and analysis ( edit ) Director Colin Trevorrow stated that the Indominus rex , the synthetic hybrid dinosaur at the center of the film 's story , is symbolic of consumer and corporate excess . The dinosaur was `` meant to embody ( humanity 's ) worst tendencies . We 're surrounded by wonder and yet we want more , and we want it bigger , faster , louder , better . And in the world of the movie , the animal is designed based on a series of corporate focus groups . '' He also stated , `` There 's something in the film about our greed and our desire for profit . The Indominus rex , to me , is very much that desire , that need to be satisfied . '' Film journalists have noted the parallels between the workings of the park in Jurassic World and the film and entertainment industry . Actor James DuMont stated that `` the person ( and ) the environment are one '' is one of the obvious themes . Another theme is that `` those who do not stop evil are supporting and encouraging it '' . The film also explores the concept of raising an animal in a particular way . The Indominus rex was said to have been raised in captivity without the presence of any siblings , thus making the creature somewhat `` not fully functional '' . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In March 2001 , Jurassic Park III director Joe Johnston said that he and executive producer Steven Spielberg had discussed a story idea for a fourth Jurassic Park film , which Johnston was not interested in directing . In May 2001 , Spielberg had Amblin Entertainment commence development of ideas for Jurassic Park IV , which he planned to produce . Late into Jurassic Park III 's production , Spielberg devised a story idea which he believed should have been used for the third film instead . In June 2001 , Johnston announced he would not direct the film , and that Spielberg had a story idea that would take the series ' mythology to a new level . Johnston later said the film would feel like a departure from the previous films , implying it would not be set on an island . In July 2001 , actor Sam Neill , who portrayed Dr. Alan Grant in previous films , said he could not imagine a way for his character to be involved in another film . Neill was contracted for a total of three films . Other actors from Jurassic Park III were also signed on for a potential fourth film . That same month , Johnston denied , then later hinted , that the film would involve the Pteranodons from the ending of Jurassic Park III . In April 2002 , it was reported that the fourth Jurassic Park would be the last one in the series , and would ignore its predecessor 's events . In a June 2002 interview with Starlog magazine , Spielberg officially confirmed the fourth film , which he hoped to have Johnston direct . Spielberg confirmed there was also a story , which he considered to be the best one since the first film . On November 4 , 2002 , Neill said there was a chance he would be in the film . On November 7 , 2002 , William Monahan was announced as the screenwriter , with Spielberg serving as executive producer and Kathleen Kennedy as producer . A month later , the film was announced for a summer 2005 release . In January 2003 , Jeff Goldblum said he had been asked to stay available for a possible return of his character Ian Malcolm . On January 30 , 2003 , it was reported that the story would involve dinosaurs migrating to the Costa Rican mainland . A team of experts , including Alan Grant and Ian Malcolm , chart an expedition to one of InGen 's offshore islands and discover the dinosaurs breeding uncontrollably . The plot would involve the characters devising a solution to restrict the spread of the dinosaurs and prevent an ecological disaster . It was also reported that the plot contained a `` top - secret aspect '' . Early concept art depicted genetically engineered human - dinosaur mercenaries . In April 2003 , Stan Winston confirmed his special effects studio was in the design phase for the film . Winston also said that Spielberg wanted to adapt several previously unfilmed scenes from Michael Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel and its sequel , The Lost World . In July 2003 , Keira Knightley said she was in consideration for two separate roles , including a small role as a granddaughter . Monahan 's first draft of the script was finished later that month , with a story no longer set in the jungle as in the previous films . A director had yet to be discussed at that time . Neill confirmed he would reprise his character , with filming set to begin in 2004 in California and Hawaii . In September 2003 , Richard Attenborough said he would reprise his role as John Hammond . In October 2003 , paleontologist Jack Horner said he would return as technical adviser for the fourth film as he had done for previous Jurassic Park films . Horner hinted that Velociraptor would be an integral part of the film . Later that month , Horner was asked about a hypothetical idea of humans evolving from dinosaurs rather than mammals . Horner responded , `` Keep thinking about that , and in a couple of years go see Jurassic Park 4 . '' Keira Knightley 's character was written out in late 2003 . In March 2004 , Johnston said he had not been asked to direct the film , and hoped that Spielberg would direct it . Johnston said a story was being written that would take the series in a completely different direction `` away from the island and away from the T. rex and all this . '' In April 2004 , script doctors were being sought to work on the film 's story , which involved dinosaurs being trained by the government to carry and use weapons in battles . In May 2004 , it was reported that screenwriter John Sayles was writing the script . Sayles was hired to finish earlier work done by Monahan , who had left the project to work on Kingdom of Heaven . Sayles ultimately wrote two drafts for the film . In Sayles 's first draft , Isla Nublar and InGen have been taken over by Grendel Corporation , a Swiss holdings company , while creatures from the island have begun attacking people on the mainland of Central and North America . The script featured a brief return to Isla Nublar , and would focus on a mercenary named Nick Harris , a new character who is sent by John Hammond to the island to retrieve a canister of dinosaur DNA that was lost during the events of the first film . With the DNA , Hammond intends to have his scientists create a new group of infertile dinosaurs that can kill the current infestation of creatures . After Harris retrieves the canister , he is kidnapped by Grendel and taken to their medieval castle headquarters in the Swiss Alps , where he is persuaded into helping the company train a team of five Deinonychus -- modified with human DNA for problem - solving skills and dog DNA for obedience -- and two Dilophosaurus for use on rescue missions and to fight against drug dealers . The dinosaurs would be equipped with body armor , and would use their teeth and claws as weapons . The script focused primarily on the efforts of Harris and a team of experts as they train the dinosaurs , who would also have hormone - emitting devices attached to their heads to help control their moods and behavior . Hammond would be the only returning character in this draft . The concept of a human who trains raptors was an idea that came from Spielberg . By June 2004 , Frank Marshall had joined the project as a producer . That month , it was reported that Alex Proyas was in discussions to direct , with filming expected to begin in March 2005 for a rescheduled winter 2005 release . Filming would have started at Pinewood Studios , where a massive tank was to be constructed for scenes involving marine reptiles . In July 2004 , the script was being rewritten , with Jeremy Piven and Emmy Rossum being considered for two of the lead roles and Richard Attenborough reprising his character . Later that month , Proyas said he was not interested in directing the film . In August 2004 , Drew McWeeny of Ai n't It Cool News published a review of Sayles 's initial draft , writing `` I think it 's well - written and certainly inventive , but I also think it just might be the single most bugfuck crazy franchise sequel I 've ever read '' . In 2005 , Sayles confirmed this to be an early draft of the script , intercepted through Spielberg 's email by a hacker . In late August 2004 , David Boreanaz was rumored and later reported to have the lead role . Boreanaz was actually in consideration for Fantastic Four . Sayles was still rewriting the script in September 2004 , with the film on track for a winter 2005 release . In April 2005 , Winston confirmed the film was on hold because of repeated revisions of the film 's script , none of which satisfied Spielberg . According to Winston , `` He felt neither of ( the drafts ) balanced the science and adventure elements effectively . It 's a tough compromise to reach , as too much science will make the movie too talky , but too much adventure will make it seem hollow . '' In November 2005 , Spielberg said he planned to include a scene in the film , taken from Crichton 's The Lost World novel , that would involve characters on a motorcycle as they flee from raptors . In January 2006 , Johnston and Horner were working on a new screenplay , and more work on it was expected to begin immediately after the 2008 release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . In February 2006 , Marshall said the film now had a good script , with filming expected to begin in 2007 for a 2008 release . In March 2006 , Marshall said the film had a script and was getting a director , with Johnston as a possible candidate . In April 2006 , Marshall said there was an idea for the film , but not a script . Marshall went on to deny that Crichton would write the script , or that Spielberg would direct it . The script was still being worked on in June 2006 . In July 2006 , Spielberg denied an Internet rumor that Breck Eisner would direct , saying Johnston was standing by for the job . In December 2006 , Laura Dern said she was open to the possibility of reprising her role as Ellie Sattler , but had not been contacted about appearing in the film . In March 2007 , Neill said he knew nothing about the project . In April 2007 , Dern said she had been contacted about appearing in the film , with filming expected to begin within the year for release in 2008 . It was also reported that Johnston would not be directing the film . In December 2007 , Marshall said further work on the script would not commence until the end of the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike , with filming potentially starting in 2008 for a release in the summer of 2009 . Horner 's 2009 book , How to Build a Dinosaur , was originally meant to come out at the same time as the film as a scientific companion volume . Before his death , Attenborough was contacted about reprising the role of John Hammond . Goldblum had expressed some interest in reprising his role of Ian Malcolm for the fourth film . In December 2008 , Marshall and Kennedy were asked if there was any development on the sequel . Kennedy responded , `` No ... I do n't know . You know , when Michael Crichton passed away , I sorta felt maybe that 's it . Maybe that 's a sign that we do n't mess with it . '' While Marshall and Kennedy were no longer signed with Universal Pictures in a production capacity , it was said that the two would remain involved with the studio and its plans for Jurassic Park 4 . In June 2009 , Marshall said the film did not have a story . In November 2009 , Johnston discussed the possibility of Jurassic Park 4 , stating that the story for the film is completely different from that of its predecessors and would take the franchise into a whole other trilogy . In a January 2010 interview , Johnston reiterated that Jurassic Park 4 was set to be the beginning of a second Jurassic Park trilogy . On June 15 , 2011 , it was reported that Spielberg had met twice with writer Mark Protosevich to work on a story for a potential fourth Jurassic Park film . In July 2011 , Johnston said he was in discussions regarding the fourth film , which was still planned as the start of a new trilogy . Later that month , at the San Diego Comic - Con International , Spielberg said a writer was working on a treatment for the film , which he said would be possibly released `` within the next two or three years . '' A representative from Universal said 2013 would be the preferred deadline for completion . Over the next three months , Mark Protosevich wrote two story treatments for the film . Spielberg had hoped to have a writer working on a full screenplay for Jurassic Park IV by the time he started filming his other project , Lincoln , in October 2011 , with the hope that the script would be finished by the time Lincoln was finished . However , he and Kennedy felt that neither of Protosevich 's treatments consisted of the right story for a fourth film . Despite this , Spielberg said in October 2011 that the script was being written by Protosevich , and that he felt the story they were working on was stronger than that of Jurassic Park III . In December 2011 , Kennedy said a script had not been written yet , as story ideas were still being discussed . In January 2012 , Kennedy said a story had been chosen and that work on the script would begin . That month , Spielberg said he would not direct the film , opting instead to be a producer . On June 21 , it was confirmed that Rise of the Planet of the Apes writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver would be scripting Jurassic Park 4 . Pre-production ( edit ) On January 11 , 2013 , Universal said the film would be shot in 3D and released on June 13 , 2014 . In February , it was reported that Kathleen Kennedy would not be producing the film in favor of focusing on Star Wars : The Force Awakens for 2015 . Her husband and production partner Frank Marshall took over as the primary producer . Shortly thereafter , the director of studio operations at Raleigh Studios in Baton Rouge , Louisiana , confirmed that Universal Pictures had reserved space there from April to November 2013 , without specifying the project for which it was reserved . As Kennedy prepared Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Brad Bird -- who wanted to work on the film but was too busy with Tomorrowland -- suggested to her that she employ director Colin Trevorrow to work as a stand - in during the pre-production of Star Wars . This instigated Kennedy and Marshall to watch Trevorrow 's first film , Safety Not Guaranteed . Marshall was impressed by the film , and at the end of February 2013 , he arranged a meeting between himself , Trevorrow and Spielberg regarding the Jurassic Park job . Trevorrow flew from his home in Vermont to Amblin 's offices in Los Angeles , where he was subsequently hired without reading Jaffa and Silver 's script , which was still being written . Universal announced Trevorrow as director on March 14 , while adding that Patrick Crowley was a co-producer . Trevorrow had been a fan of the series since he saw the original film during its theatrical release . A year had been spent searching for a director . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kennedy had previously been impressed by Juan Antonio Bayona 's 2012 film , The Impossible , and considered having him direct Jurassic World , but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . In April 2013 , Jack Horner said in an interview that a new , previously extinct creature would rise to stardom in the film , saying , `` I ca n't actually tell you who that will be ... But you 'll want to keep the lights on after you see this movie . '' After reading Jaffa and Silver 's draft , Trevorrow insisted on completely rewriting the script with writing partner Derek Connolly , who had never seen any of the Jurassic Park films prior to that point . Trevorrow had told the filmmakers , `` if I direct this screenplay , it 's going to be a bad movie . I 'm gon na do a bad job , because I just do n't get it . '' Trevorrow and Connolly wrote their own draft of the script over a couple of weeks . The studio received the draft on May 6 , 2013 , and found the script changes more large - scale than anticipated . On May 8 , 2013 , the studio announced it was pushing the release from June 13 , 2014 , to an unspecified future date . Filming had been set to begin June 24 , 2013 . Delaying the film allowed Trevorrow and Connolly more time to work on the script , as Spielberg felt that it needed improvement . Another reason for the delay was to allow time for the construction of practical sets for the fictional theme park ; it was previously intended to add in these buildings using computer effects . On May 2 , 2013 , Trevorrow tweeted a picture of Kauai taken during location scouting with the caption `` Nublar '' , the name of the island in the original film . Later that month , Sam Neill said it was unlikely he would be a part of the film , stating , `` I 'm told it 's a big reboot , a total re-jig . '' Trevorrow eventually tweeted that `` Reboot is a strong word . This is a new sci - fi terror adventure set 22 years after the horrific events of Jurassic Park . '' In June 2013 , a teaser banner for Jurassic Park 4 was revealed at Licensing Expo 2013 , giving a 2015 release . That month , it was reported that the film would revolve around a fully functional dinosaur theme park . On September 10 , 2013 , Universal Pictures confirmed the film would be titled Jurassic World and would be released on June 12 , 2015 . Trevorrow chose to rename the film from its previous title , Jurassic Park IV , to differentiate it from previous films in the series . Trevorrow also said that within the story , `` if you named a theme park ' Jurassic Park ' after the disaster that had happened it would be a horrible PR mistake . '' By February 7 , 2014 , Legendary Pictures had agreed to co-finance the film , and provided about 20 % of the budget . China Film Group has been reported as also having financed the film . Thomas Tull of Legendary Pictures served as executive producer for the film with Spielberg . Writing ( edit ) Spielberg had three ideas that he wanted Jaffa and Silver to implement into the script : a fully functioning dinosaur theme park , a human who has a relationship with trained raptors ( from Sayles 's earlier draft ) , and a homicidal dinosaur that escapes and has to be stopped . Jaffa and Silver 's draft , titled Jurassic Park IV , included an opening scene set in China , where the fossilized remains of a new dinosaur species would be discovered by a Chinese female paleontologist . In the draft , the remains would be stolen by a corporation with malicious intentions , ultimately leading the paleontologist and her two sons to visit Jurassic Park . Jaffa and Silver worked on the script for approximately a year , with input from Spielberg . After the film was delayed in May 2013 , Trevorrow and Connolly continued rewriting the script during the summer , and worked with Spielberg during that time to perfect it . Throughout the writing period , Trevorrow , Connolly and Spielberg had many meetings to discuss the film 's story . David Koepp also met with Trevorrow and Connolly to advise them on the script . Koepp had previously written the first two films in the series , but at some point declined an offer to write the fourth film , as he felt that he had nothing left to contribute to the series . Trevorrow said that perfecting the script was the hardest part because Jurassic Park films `` do n't fit into a specific genre . They 're sci - fi adventures that also have to be funny , emotional and scary as hell . That takes a lot of construction , but it ca n't feel designed . '' To determine the film 's story , Trevorrow and Connolly discussed world events that had occurred over the previous two decades ; Trevorrow said that two main ideas emerged : `` One was that money has been the gasoline in the engine of our biggest mistakes . If there are billions to be made , no one can resist them , even if they know things could end horribly . The other was that our relationship with technology has become so woven into our daily lives , we 've become numb to the scientific miracles around us . We take so much for granted . ( ... ) We imagined a teenager texting his girlfriend with his back to a T - Rex behind protective glass . For us , that image captured the way much of the audience feels about the movies themselves . ' We 've seen CG dinosaurs . What else you got ? ' '' Trevorrow also said Jurassic World was inspired by a quote from Ian Malcolm in the first film : `` You stood on the shoulders of geniuses to accomplish something as fast as you could , and before you even knew what you had , you patented it , and packaged it , and slapped it on a plastic lunchbox , and now you wan na sell it . '' Trevorrow said Malcolm 's quote inspired the large amount of product placement in the film . Trevorrow and Connolly maintained Spielberg 's three ideas , although Trevorrow felt that the concept of trained raptors , in its original form , was too extreme and had to be `` pulled way , way , way back . '' A few months after being hired , Trevorrow read through each of the previous drafts that had been written for the film . Trevorrow commented that each of the previous drafts `` tried to do something different '' from the previous films in the series . Trevorrow called Sayles 's initial draft `` fascinating in a lot of ways . There were a lot of things I loved about it . It was properly bonkers . In a way , I aspired for our film , in its fearlessness and willingness , to go there . '' Trevorrow further stated that he was `` interested in what the Sayles script was trying to do because it was so daring . It was trying to set a tone for how far forward we needed to push . The one thing about all those scripts is that it took us too far forward with man 's progressions with dinosaurs . '' For Owen 's relationship with the raptors , Trevorrow and Connelly were inspired by real - life relationships that people have formed with dangerous animals such as lions and alligators . In the film 's first appearance of the raptors , the animals are ordered to not eat a live pig located in their enclosure ; Trevorrow said that this `` was as far as we should be able to go '' with the concept of trained raptors . Trevorrow and Connelly 's rewrite of the script included new characters . Trevorrow wrote the characters of Hoskins , Masrani , and Wu , while Connelly wrote the children and female characters . In Jaffa and Silver 's draft , the main character , who would ultimately become Owen , actively supported the militarization of the raptors from the beginning of the story . Trevorrow said that `` if anyone 's gon na militarize raptors that 's what the bad guy does , he 's insane . '' Trevorrow and Connolly 's script changes altered the story so the viewer would first see the theme park from the perspective of a child . Trevorrow said that one of his goals was for the child characters of Zach and Gray to `` not be annoying . And I think we pulled it off . '' Gray was initially written as having autism , a trait that was removed from the final draft . Trevorrow and Connolly did not desire to write previous characters into the new film without a good reason for their return to the series ; they considered the character of Dr. Henry Wu a logical choice , being the scientist responsible for recreating dinosaurs . In the first novel , Henry Wu had a much larger role , which was trimmed down for the film adaptation . Trevorrow said that the characters of Alan Grant , Ian Malcolm , and Ellie Sattler were not included in the script because , `` I respect those actors too much to shoehorn them into this story for my own sentimental reasons . Jurassic Park is n't about the bad luck of three people who keep getting thrown into the same situation . The only reason they 'd go back to that island is if the screenwriters contrived a reason for them to go . '' Trevorrow said that there were ways for viewers to feel nostalgia without having an actor reprise a role after so many years , which he believed `` might make you feel old and remind you that you 're on a slow march towards death , like the rest of us ! '' Initially , the film 's new dinosaur was known as Malusaurus . Within the story of Jaffa and Silver 's draft , the new dinosaur would be depicted as a real animal , while it was actually a nonexistent species in reality . Trevorrow chose to make the dinosaur a genetically modified hybrid named Indominus rex , to maintain consistency with previous films in the series , which had incorporated the latest paleontological findings and discoveries : `` I did n't wan na make up a new dinosaur and tell kids it was real . '' Trevorrow said the idea of a hybrid dinosaur was `` not tremendously different from what they were doing in the first film , by adding frog DNA . It 's the next level . '' In addition to the Indominus rex , the earlier draft by Trevorrow and Connelly also included a second hybrid dinosaur named Stegoceratops , consisting of DNA from Stegosaurus and Triceratops . However , Trevorrow chose to remove the animal from the final script after his son made him realize that featuring multiple hybrids would fail to make the Indominus unique . In the Jaffa / Silver draft , the raptor hunt for the park 's new and escaped dinosaur accounted for approximately the second half of the film . This was ultimately shortened by Trevorrow and Connelly . One scene inspired by Crichton 's novel , The Lost World , involves Owen riding a motorcycle while his raptors race alongside him during their search for the Indominus . Spielberg had intended to include the scene as early as 2005 , although his initial vision for the scene was more similar to its novel counterpart , in which humans on a motorcycle flee from raptors rather than cooperating with them . The Indominus 's camouflage ability was also an aspect in The Lost World , which featured carnotauruses with the same ability . Trevorrow said that the film `` is n't a sequel or a reboot or a remake , it 's all of those things in a strange way . My third rail was being derivative and making a carbon copy of Jurassic Park . '' Jurassic World features various references to Jurassic Park , and is considered a direct sequel to the first film ; Trevorrow stated that the events of the previous two films were not relevant to the new film 's story because they took place on a different island . Despite not being referenced in Jurassic World , Trevorrow said that the events of the film 's predecessors were still canon in the film series . Trevorrow suggested the idea of including a Mosasaurus as part of a theme park feeding show in which park - goers would watch from bleachers as the animal leaps out of a lagoon and catches its prey : a shark hanging above the water . Spielberg then suggested that the bleachers be lowered afterwards to give park guests a view of the creature in its aquatic habitat . The theme park 's ball - shaped gyrosphere rides were another idea from Spielberg . Regarding Zara 's death scene , Trevorrow said : `` It was the first time a woman was going to die in a Jurassic Park movie . We 're an equal opportunities bunch of murderers ! So we felt , ' Alright , let 's make it the most spectacular death we can possibly imagine -- let 's involve multiple animals from sea and air ... ' ( ... ) the earned death in these movies has become a bit standard and another thing I wanted to subvert . ' How can we surprise people ? Let 's have someone die who just does n't deserve to die at all . ' '' Spielberg approved Trevorrow and Connolly 's draft in September 2013 . Casting ( edit ) Prior to the production delay in May 2013 , actors Bryce Dallas Howard , David Oyelowo , and Garrett Hedlund had been considered for roles in the film . By August 15 , 2013 , John Krasinski was in talks for a role as a dinosaur tamer . In September 2013 , Howard was in early negotiations to play a role , and was cast in early November . By mid-October , Ty Simpkins had been cast as the child lead , while Nick Robinson was cast as the older brother of Simpkins 's character . Robinson and Simpkins had to perform a `` scream test '' prior to being cast . During mid-October , Jake Johnson was being considered for a role , while Josh Brolin was in talks to play the role of Owen . Brolin had been in early consideration , but ultimately did not receive an offer for the role as a final casting decision had not yet been made . By mid-November 2013 , Brolin was no longer in talks for the film , and Chris Pratt was in early negotiations for the role of Owen . Ron Howard , Bryce 's father , confirmed through his Twitter in January 2014 that Pratt had been cast in a lead role . Trevorrow had been impressed by Pratt 's acting in Zero Dark Thirty . Pratt had previously joked in 2010 that Spielberg had cast him in the film . Trevorrow said that when Pratt was cast , `` we had no idea he 'd become as big a star as he has . I just cast a bunch of character actors , as all Jurassic Park movies have . And somehow we ended up with a movie star . '' Pratt described his character as a combination of Alan Grant and Ian Malcolm : `` He 's got a little bit of the Goldblum cynicism but also the Sam Neill excitement at the wonder of the biology of it all , so it 's a combination . '' Although Pratt received top billing in the cast , Trevorrow stated that Howard 's character , Claire , is the lead character . By February 28 , Vincent D'Onofrio had joined the cast to play the film 's antagonist . Irrfan Khan was also cast as head of the Masrani Corporation , now in ownership of Isla Nublar and the park . That same month , Trevorrow confirmed that B.D. Wong would reprise his role as Dr. Henry Wu , and said the character would have a more significant role than in the original film . On March 21 , 2014 , French actor Omar Sy announced he had joined the cast . Trevorrow had admired Sy 's acting , and wrote the character of Barry with him in mind for the role . Trevorrow also said that he cast actors such as Sy because they were well known in different parts of the world , stating that `` this is a global film and Jurassic Park does n't belong to just America . '' On March 26 , 2014 , actor Jake Johnson confirmed his role in Jurassic World as a tech - savvy operations overseer named Lowery . By April 3 , Judy Greer , Katie McGrath , and Lauren Lapkus had joined the cast . By May 7 , Andy Buckley was also cast . By June 27 , James Dumont had also joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography and production began on April 10 , 2014 , at Hawaii 's Honolulu Zoo , where an elephant paddock was used as Jurassic World 's petting zoo . Filming continued for four weeks on Oʻahu . Filming in Hawaii was limited to three hours on some days because of torrential rain . The Indominus paddock , measuring 40 feet high , was built at Oʻahu 's Kualoa Ranch , where the Gyrosphere departure platform was also built ; both sets were left standing after production to become tourist attractions . Owen 's motorcycle sequence with the raptors was filmed along a dirt road at Kualoa Ranch , with computer - generated jungle foliage added in later during post-production . Pratt crashed his motorcycle during filming , resulting in minor injuries . At the end of April , interior scenes were filmed at the Hawaii Convention Center . The film 's ending -- in which park guests are evacuated to an airplane hangar set up as a shelter -- was filmed at the Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor on Ford Island . Filming moved to Kaua ʻi on May 15 , 2014 , and concluded there on June 6 , 2014 . Jurassic World was also shot in Louisiana , to take advantage of the state 's tax incentives , making it the first film in the series not to be shot at studios in Los Angeles . Filming was scheduled to remain in Louisiana for eleven weeks . Filming in Louisiana began in June 2014 , at New Orleans 's abandoned Six Flags theme park ; filming continued there for approximately two weeks . Jurassic World 's Main Street and boardwalk , measuring 300 feet by 200 feet , was constructed in the Six Flags parking lot , but the theme park itself was not used for filming . One of Main Street 's restaurants is named Winston 's , after Stan Winston , who died in 2008 . A statue of Attenborough 's character , John Hammond , is also featured in the film . Although Goldblum did not reprise his role as Ian Malcolm , the character makes two brief appearances in the film as pictured on a fictional book written by the character . Singer Jimmy Buffett , a friend of Marshall , has a brief non-speaking cameo appearance during the film 's pterosaur attack sequence . A Margaritaville restaurant , part of a chain owned by Buffett , is among the buildings constructed as part of Jurassic World 's Main Street ; the restaurant is one of several buildings destroyed during the battle between the T. rex and the Indominus . Trevorrow based the pterosaur attack sequence on triptych paintings by Hieronymus Bosch that featured various details for their admirers to observe . Trevorrow said about the scene , `` I wanted to be able to step back and look at these tableaus of chaotic action and allow people who watch the movie over and over again , if one is interested in doing that , to always see a different story as you look specifically at different parts of the frame . '' McGrath performed her own stunts for the scene depicting the death of her character , Zara . A majority of the filming in New Orleans took place at Big Easy Studios inside NASA 's Michoud Assembly Facility complex in East New Orleans . Interior scenes , including the visitor 's center , control room , and laboratories , were shot at the Michoud facility . Jack Horner helped designed the educational displays in the Jurassic World visitor center . Approximately 200 extras , acting as park guests sitting on bleachers , were doused with large amounts of water as part of a scene depicting the Mosasaurus feeding show , which was shot on an outdoor set at the Michoud facility . The raptor enclosure , a 20 - foot - high outdoor structure built out in an octagonal shape , was also constructed at the Michoud facility . One jungle scene was shot on a soundstage in Louisiana , while the rest were previously shot in Hawaii . On June 30 , 2014 , Robinson , Simpkins , and Greer filmed scenes at Louis Armstrong International Airport in New Orleans . In July 2014 , fake snow was used for scenes shot in New Orleans that depicted Zach and Gray 's house in Wisconsin . An evacuation scene was filmed at the Audubon Zoo in New Orleans , while swamp scenes were filmed in Slidell , Louisiana . Scroggins Aviation Mockup & Effects was called in to fabricate and build the Blue Eurocopter EC130 T2 airframe body , known as `` JW001 '' in the film , while 32TEN Studios created the automatic Jurassic World gates and various practical effects such as explosions . To aid in the design of the Jurassic World control room , Trevorrow and Crowley visited the control rooms at various Universal and Disney theme parks prior to filming . However , Trevorrow and Crowley were disappointed by the unexciting appearance of real - life control rooms and chose to have the Jurassic World control room be more elaborate than its real - life counterparts . The control room set included many television monitors that displayed miscellaneous information . Footage for the monitors was shot in Hawaii and at the NASA facility , and some was also obtained from Universal Orlando . Production designers also based some of the control room set on the appearance of the NASA facility 's control room . During filming , Trevorrow confirmed reports that the story involved a functioning dinosaur theme park and a hybrid dinosaur . Trevorrow expressed disappointment that such details could not be kept secretive until the film 's release . During filming , the Indominus rex was also known as Diabolus rex , a name that Trevorrow devised to maintain secrecy on the project . In contrast to the prevalence of digital cinematography in the 2010s , cinematographer John Schwartzman used Panavision cameras shooting on a combination of Kodak 35mm and 65mm film . One of the 65mm cameras used on the production had been used in the past to shoot Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 : A Space Odyssey . The reason the filmmakers chose to shoot Jurassic World on film stock , in addition to Spielberg 's and Schwartzman 's own personal preference for the format , was in an effort to match the visual aesthetic of the previous three film - shot Jurassic Park pictures , as well as the fact that the film 's exterior jungle scenes required a greater dynamic range of light than digital cameras could provide . Most of Jurassic World was shot on 35mm film , while large exteriors in Hawaii were shot using 65mm film , which was used for visual effect sequences as well as location shots where the filmmakers wanted extra visual impact . The film is presented in a 2.00 : 1 aspect ratio , an intermediate ratio that falls between the two industry standard widescreen aspect ratios of 1.85 : 1 and 2.35 : 1 . This was chosen because it allowed enough height for humans and dinosaurs to fit into the same frame without giving up a sense of scope , and closely matches the ratio of a digital IMAX screen . Schwartzman made extensive use of the Technocrane telescopic crane , which Crowley described as fitting for a thriller , `` being able to march into people , to get in closer and closer , as they realize that there 's something out there . '' Tracking shots , particularly those that would serve as reference to the visual effects team , employed the Spydercam . The film was shot under the codename of Ebb Tide , a title chosen by Spielberg before Trevorrow was hired . Spielberg did not visit the set , although he watched footage of the film at the end of each production day , and sometimes offered advice to Trevorrow regarding how to shoot certain scenes . On August 5 , 2014 , Trevorrow announced on Twitter that filming had wrapped after a 78 - day shoot . Deleted scenes ( edit ) Trevorrow shot many scenes with two different versions so he would have options on which version to use for the final film . One scene that was deleted from the final film featured a kiss between the characters of Vivian and Lowery . The kiss scene was removed as the film already contained such a scene between Owen and Claire ; Trevorrow said , `` I knew I could only pull off one kiss in this movie . There could be only one . '' A comedic scene featuring Howard 's character and dinosaur feces , similar to Laura Dern 's scene in the original Jurassic Park , was cut and not included in the cinematic release . Another deleted scene occurs during the fight between the T. rex and the Indominus , which initially would have been witnessed by park guests . Trevorrow chose not to include the scene as it could not be seamlessly added into the film without disrupting the fight scene , which was primarily filmed in a single shot . During a conversation scene between Wu and Masrani , a line of dialogue was cut in which Wu asks , `` How long do you think you can control it ? We wo n't always be the only ones who can make a dinosaur . '' An unfilmed scene would have involved the Indominus rex being startled by an animatronic T. rex at the park , and subsequently tearing the head off of the animatronic animal . Spielberg objected to the scene because he believed it would be disrespectful to Stan Winston for suggesting that computer - animated dinosaurs are better than animatronics . Creatures on screen ( edit ) See also : List of cloned animals in Jurassic Park Jurassic World is the first film in the series without the involvement of Stan Winston , who died in 2008 . Instead the animatronic dinosaurs were handled by Winston 's former alumni at Legacy Effects , many of whom had worked on the previous three films . Ultimately , Legacy Effects contributed lighting reference models as well as a practically built animatronic . Visual effects supervisor Phil Tippett and Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) also returned to create dinosaurs through computer - generated imagery . In addition , Image Engine also worked on the film 's creatures . While Tim Alexander served as visual effects supervisor , Jurassic Park supervisor Dennis Muren provided various advice to the ILM crew , such as how to light the dinosaurs . The computer - generated creatures -- including those seen in the park 's petting zoo -- were created with motion capture , using human actors to perform the animals ' movements , marking the first time that motion capture technology had been used in the making of a dinosaur film . Regarding the change in technology since the previous Jurassic Park film , Trevorrow said , `` We got to build everyone from the ground up because technology has changed so much that everything is a rebuild . '' New technology allowed for the creatures ' skin and muscle tissue to be given additional detail that could not be achieved in the earlier films . As with previous films in the series , actors had to imagine many of the film 's creatures , which were digitally added in later during post-production . Like the previous films , actors were aided by cardboard cut - outs and tennis balls on sticks , all of which represented the creatures that would eventually be added into the film . In addition , ILM utilized their V - scout application , which used an iPad to digitally depict dinosaur models into the filming environment , to further aid the actors . ILM also used the V - scout during location scouting . Part of the fight scene between the T. rex and the Indominus was inspired by a video clip that Spielberg shot of his dogs growling and lunging at each other . Early in pre-production , Tippett helped Trevorrow plan and choreograph the battle sequence by having a scale model created for the scene . Previsualizations of the scene were then created to assist in filming it . Tippett also visited the set during production and later discussed the creature animations with ILM . Trevorrow included several creatures in the film that he felt had always deserved a big scene in the franchise , but also stated `` I did n't want to just throw the kitchen sink at it . Each of these movies has done a good job at just very carefully , in a measured way , increasing the new dinosaurs that you see . '' Several creatures make notable appearances in the film : Indominus rex : In addition to the DNA of T. rex , Velociraptor and cuttlefish , the film 's theme park website states that the creature also has the DNA of Carnotaurus , Giganotosaurus , Majungasaurus , and Rugops . Trevorrow stated that the animal 's mixed DNA allowed the creature to have attributes `` that no dinosaur was known to have . '' ILM conducted many animation tests to examine the creature 's unique characteristics , which included its long arms , raptor claws , and small thumbs ; its ability to walk on four legs and push itself up from the ground with its claws ; and its ability to throw things with its claws . Glen McIntosh , the animation supervisor for ILM , said , `` We did a bunch of animation tests to explore that . We found that if you overanimated or made it too anthropomorphic and human - like in its movement , it feels it . The goal was to always make sure she felt like a gigantic animal that was a theropod but taking advantage of its extra features . '' Several fifth scale maquettes of the Indominus rex were created for lighting reference . For the film 's Velociraptor , Tippett provided animatics and previsualization scenes during pre-production . The creatures were primarily created through motion capture . Image Engine finished the creatures using the motion capture information and a near - final raptor model by ILM . Life - size maquettes of the raptors were also used during scenes in which the creatures are caged . For the sequence in which the raptors run through the jungle hunting for the Indominus , Trevorrow had been inspired by a quote from character Robert Muldoon in the first film , in which he stated that the animals were capable of cheetah speeds . McIntosh said , `` We had seen how smart and cunning the raptors could be as hunters but we had n't seen them as these unbelievably agile and ferociously fast animals in their native jungle environment . '' Legacy Effects provided one of the full - sized raptor models built for Jurassic Park to the ILM crew as reference . The raptor model weighed approximately 500 pounds , and measured approximately six feet tall and 12 to 14 feet long , which helped the animators in determining the raptors ' locomotion for the hunting scene . The animators determined that an animal of such size probably weighed as much as a fully grown Bengal tiger : approximately 500 pounds . Thus , the animators referenced an ostrich and a tiger for deciding on the raptors ' movements . Ostrich was chosen because it is the largest existing bird and the fastest two - legged animal alive ; McIntosh said that the `` length of the steps and the cadence of the steps informed the animators . '' McIntosh said that tigers were also referenced because of their intense focus while running `` where the body moves around the head but the head stays fixed and focused on its prey . The tiger also gave us the power of a predator that size charging and weaving through the jungle while on the hunt . '' For the hunting scene , the raptors ' heads were also extended forward , giving the animals a straight silhouette from the head to the tail , like a tiger . Some initial animation tests were created for the hunting sequence about three or four months prior to filming . Several individuals of Apatosaurus are featured in the film , including a practically built animatronic that was used for a sequence filmed in a field in Kauaʻi , Hawaii . Because of the cost , Crowley was initially hesitant to have an animatronic created for the film , but Trevorrow convinced him that fans of the series would enjoy it . The animatronic consisted of a seven - foot - long section of the dinosaur 's neck , which was used for a close - up shot depicting the animal 's death . ILM used elephants as an example of how to animate the Apatosaurus . McIntosh stated that `` there are no existing animals that have such large necks , but in terms of the size and steps they 're taking , elephants are an excellent example of that . Also the way their skin jiggles and sags . You also have impact tremors that rise up through their legs as they take steps . '' Legacy Effects initially created a small model of the creature for use in the film , but Spielberg decided that a larger model would be better . The original model was scanned into a computer , allowing artists to create a 3D printing in the desired size needed for the film . The film 's Tyrannosaurus rex is meant to be the same individual from the first film . Trevorrow said `` we took the original design and obviously , technology has changed . So , it 's going to move a little bit differently , but it 'll move differently because it 's older . And we 're giving her some scars and we 're tightening her skin . So , she has that feeling of , like , an older Burt Lancaster . '' The T. rex was portrayed through motion capture , and a full scale T. rex foot was created for lighting reference and to help with framing up shots . According to Trevorrow , the film 's Mosasaurus was designed to resemble designs that Winston had done for dinosaurs in the franchise 's earlier films : `` We made sure to give her a look and a kind of personality in the way we designed her face that recalled Stan Winston 's designs for many of the other dinosaurs in this world . She looks like a Jurassic Park dinosaur . '' Dimorphodon appears in Jurassic World , marking its first appearance in the series . Through motion - capture , dwarf actor Martin Klebba stood in as a Dimorphodon for a scene in which one of the creatures attempts to attack Owen . A full scale head of the creature was also created for the scene . Pteranodon . Pachycephalosaurus and Parasaurolophus . Ankylosaurus , one of Trevorrow 's favorite dinosaurs , is featured in the film , being one of several creatures that he felt was deserving of a substantial scene . Trevorrow noted the death of one of the ankylosaurs as an example of moments in the film `` that are designed to really make these creatures feel like living animals that you can connect to . Especially since so many of the themes in the film involve our relationship with animals on the planet right now , I wanted them to feel real . '' Stegosaurus and Triceratops appear in the film ; for their movements , which included running , ILM studied the movements of rhinos and elephants and copied such movements when animating the dinosaurs . According to Trevorrow , `` In certain shots , you 're looking at real animals running that just have a dinosaur 's skin laid over . '' A running herd of approximately 60 Gallimimus makes an appearance in Jurassic World . Image Engine created the scene with more than 400 frames , consisting of up to 50 layers that included clumps of grass and dirt , as well as dust . Artists for Image Engine often viewed the dinosaur species ' appearance in the first film , in which a group of Gallimimus are also depicted as running . Jeremy Mesana , animation supervisor for Image Engine , said , `` We were always going back and staring at that little snippet from the first film . It was always interesting trying to find the feeling of the Gallimimus . Trying to capture the same essence of that original shot was really tricky . '' Dilophosaurus appeared in the first film and makes a brief appearance in Jurassic World as a hologram in the theme park 's visitor center . Music ( edit ) Main article : Jurassic World : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The musical score was composed by Michael Giacchino , who had previously scored the video games Warpath : Jurassic Park and The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Themes from John Williams 's previous Jurassic Park scores were also incorporated by Giacchino . `` It was a really targeted approach , as to where to ( include Williams 's themes ) and where would make the most sense and where would we most appreciate it , as fans ourselves , '' said Giacchino . A soundtrack album was released on June 9 , 2015 , by Back Lot Music . Marketing and promotion ( edit ) The first official pictures of the film set were released on April 23 , 2014 , followed by the release of the first film stills in June 2014 . During the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2014 , 500 copies of a limited - edition Jurassic World poster by Mark Englert were given out at the convention . Audiences at the convention were disappointed by the lack of Jurassic World footage ; what they initially believed to be footage for the film was actually a teaser trailer announcement for Legendary Pictures ' upcoming film , Skull Island . Two viral marketing websites , for the fictional Masrani Global Corporation and for the Jurassic World theme park , were launched on November 17 , 2014 . The Masrani website was created by Jack Ewins and Timothy Glover , two Jurassic Park fans who had earlier created a website for the fictional Patel Corporation , as Khan was initially reported to be playing a park owner with the surname Patel . After the Patel website was mistaken by some people as an official website associated with the film , Ewins and Glover were contacted and hired by Universal in April 2014 to design the official Masrani website and to add their own backstory details to it . The Masrani website included information that was absent from the film and details the company 's purchase of InGen , as well as the park 's origins . The Masrani website also included videos starring D'Onofrio and Wong in their roles as they speak about the fictional company . Paleontologist Brian Switek was hired in early 2015 to ensure the accuracy of dinosaur information on the film 's theme park website . Trevorrow sometimes stayed up late to write fictional customer comments for the theme park website , and said , `` It was then that I realized I 'd gone too far down the rabbit hole . '' Closed circuit footage that was featured on the control room 's video monitors was filmed during production and was also added to the theme park website . A short teaser trailer was released online on November 23 , 2014 . The first full trailer was released online on November 25 , 2014 ; it had initially been scheduled to air on NBC two days later , during a Thanksgiving football game . A television advertisement premiered during Super Bowl XLIX on February 1 , 2015 . A clip from the film was aired on MTV on April 8 , 2015 , and depicted the character of Owen arguing with Claire about the treatment of the park 's dinosaurs . Film director and writer Joss Whedon criticized the clip , calling it `` ' 70s - era sexist . '' Referring to Pratt and Howard 's characters , Whedon stated , `` She 's a stiff , he 's a life - force -- really ? Still ? '' Trevorrow later stated that he was not bothered by Whedon 's comments and that `` to be honest , I do n't totally disagree with him . I wonder why ( Universal ) chose a clip like that , that shows an isolated situation within a movie that has an internal logic . That starts with characters that are almost archetypes , stereotypes that are deconstructed as the story progresses . '' Howard also considered the clip to be a marketing mistake . Later in April 2015 , three new posters for the film were released during a three - day period leading up to the premiere of the final trailer . Trevorrow was disappointed with Universal because he felt that the trailers had shown `` far more of this movie than I would have ever wanted . '' Because of the film 's cost , Trevorrow stated that the trailers included scenes which Universal felt were necessary to ensure the film 's financial success , after the studio was disappointed by Jurassic Park III 's box - office performance . Universal spent a total of $34.9 million on TV advertisements for the film . Various companies served as promotional partners , such as Kellogg 's , Dairy Queen , and Barbasol . Lego and Hasbro released toys based on the film . A video game based on the film , Lego Jurassic World , and an iOS / Android application produced by Ludia , Jurassic World : The Game , were released in 2015 . Tippett Studio worked with Universal and Efexio to create the Jurassic World Mobile MovieMaker app , which adds dinosaurs to a photo background . Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape ( 2016 ) In October 2016 , a 24 - minute children 's animated film titled Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape was released as part of a Jurassic World DVD bundle set , receiving shared billing alongside the 2015 film . The film marks the first time an animated film spin - off of Jurassic Park has been released . The film is a prequel to Jurassic World , and features most of the primary adult characters on the island ( with the exception of Barry and Zara ) attempting to capture a hotdog - loving Indominus rex . Zachary Levi and Sendhil Ramamurthy joined Jake Johnson , Lauren Lapkus , Bryce Dallas Howard and B.D. Wong as voice actors . The film received a 36 % audience score on Rotten Tomatoes . Lego Jurassic World : Employee Safety Video ( 2016 ) With the individual release of The Indominus Escape , a short film , Lego Jurassic World : Employee Safety Video , was released , featuring B.D. Wong , David Gunning , Jake Johnson and Lauren Lapkus reprising their roles from The Indominus Escape . Release ( edit ) Jurassic World held its first premiere on May 29 , 2015 , in Paris , France at the Grand Rex cinema . The film 's theatrical release happened in 66 territories from June 10 to 12 , with North America having advance screenings at Majestic 10 Cinemas in Williston , Vermont on the 10th , before opening on 4,273 venues , the largest ever screen count for Universal , two days later . Japan was the last market where the movie was released , on August 5 . Worldwide , Jurassic World was released across 809 IMAX theaters ( 364 of which were in North America ) , making it the third - largest worldwide rollout for any movie in IMAX 's history and the largest day - and - date IMAX release ever . Universal relaunched the film in IMAX 3D in theaters on August 28 , 2015 , for one week in the United States and Canada . Home Media ( edit ) Jurassic World was released on DVD , Blu - ray , and Blu - ray 3D on October 20 , 2015 . Upon release , it sold nearly three million Blu - ray and DVD units in its first week , making it the highest - selling home entertainment live - action film both for Universal and of 2015 . Across all digital and physical formats , Jurassic World generated $82.6 million in its first week . At the end of 2015 , it was named the second - highest selling video of the year in the UK , selling 1.05 million copies since its release . It was the third - highest - selling DVD and the second - highest - selling Blu - ray in the country . Charts ( edit ) The DVD debuted at number - one on the UK DVD Charts . Charts ( 2015 ) Peak position UK DVD Chart Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Box Office Records set by Jurassic World USA & Canada Worldwide Record Achievement Record Achievement Opening weekend $208.8 Worldwide opening weekend $524.4 Second weekend $106.7 Overseas opening weekend $315.6 IMAX gross during opening weekend $20.6 IMAX worldwide opening weekend $44.1 Cinemark XD gross during opening weekend $4.3 IMAX overseas opening weekend $23.5 June opening day & weekend $81.9 & $208.8 IMAX worldwide single - day gross $13 Premium large formats gross during opening weekend $16.2 Fastest to $80 million in IMAX ticket sales 12 days Fastest - grossing ( days ) $100 ( 2 ) $200 ( 3 ) $300 ( 8 ) $400 ( 10 ) $500 ( 17 ) Fastest - grossing ( days ) $1,000 ( 13 ) Weekend theater average $48,855 Non-opening day gross Monday ( $25.3 ) Tuesday ( $24.3 ) Notes Jump up ^ Records set by the movie during its theatrical run . Jump up ^ Revenue presented in million dollars . ^ Jump up to : Records for Universal Pictures , its distributor , as well . Jurassic World grossed $652.3 million in the United States and Canada and $1.019 billion in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.672 billion , against a production budget of $150 million . It set a box office record during its opening weekend , becoming the first film in cinematic history which had generated over $500 million in a single weekend , and was the third - highest - grossing film of all time in both the USA and Canada and the world during its theatrical run . It is the second - highest - grossing among all films released in 2015 and the highest in the Jurassic Park franchise . It is the second of three films following Furious 7 and Minions to pass $1 million in 4DX admissions worldwide . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $474.63 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . North America ( edit ) Predictions for the opening of Jurassic World in the U.S.A. and Canada were continuously revised upwards , starting from $125 million to $200 million . It opened on Friday , June 12 , 2015 in 4,274 theaters and earned $81.9 million on its opening day , marking the fifth - biggest opening day and fifth - biggest single - day gross . The film 's Friday gross included an $18.5 million from 3,229 theaters in its early Thursday showings , a record for Universal . Without Thursday night grosses , the film earned the largest opening - day gross ( $63.5 million ) . It also set a single - day IMAX record ( $8.6 million ) and a Saturday and Sunday gross record ( $69.6 million and $57.2 million , respectively ) . In total , it earned $208,806,270 for its debut weekend , setting an opening - weekend record , and an IMAX opening record of $20.6 million ( 10.2 % of the total opening gross ) from 363 IMAX theaters . 3D accounted for 48 % of the total opening gross . RealD 3D comprised $70 million of the opening gross . It is also the biggest opening for Chris Pratt . The opening - weekend audience was evenly split among those under and over the age of 25 , with 52 % of the audience male , 48 % female , 39 % under age 25 , 61 % age 25 years and above . It set a record for the largest second - weekend gross , dropping by 49 % to $106.6 million and it topped the North American box office for three consecutive weekends . Other records set by the film at the time included the biggest weekend per - theater average for a wide release ( $48,855 per theater ) , the fastest film to reach $100 million and each additional $50 million through $600 million , and the largest cumulative gross through every day of release until , and including , its fifty - third day ( with the exception of its first day ) . As of June 21 , 2015 , RealD , IMAX and premium large format had grossed a total of $132 million , $42 million and $23.1 million , respectively . On Friday , July 17 , 2015 , the movie hit the $600 million mark , becoming the fourth and fastest to do so in 36 days . On Friday , August 28 , 2015 the film was re-launched in 350 IMAX theaters earning $3.1 million through the weekend . Through September 5 , 2015 IMAX contributed 9 % or $56 million of its total revenue . It ended its theatrical run on November 19 , 2015 , playing for a total of 161 days in theaters and earning a total of $652,270,625 , which is 39 % of its total worldwide gross . It became the fourth - highest - grossing film of all time , the second - highest - grossing film of 2015 , the highest - grossing Universal Pictures film , the highest - grossing Legendary Pictures film , and the highest - grossing film in the Jurassic Park franchise . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 70 million tickets in the US . Outside North America ( edit ) Jurassic World was released in approximately 63 countries . Outside the United States and Canada , the film opened on Wednesday , June 10 , 2015 , in 8 countries , earning $24 million . On Thursday , June 11 , it grossed another $46 million from 37 markets for a two - day total of $70 million from 45 countries . It added 21 more countries on June 12 , earning $60 million , which is Universal 's highest - grossing international Friday of all time , for a three - day total of $130 million from 66 countries . Through Sunday , June 14 , it had a five - day opening weekend total of $316.1 million from 66 countries from 19,612 screens , representing 31 % of its total overseas gross and setting an opening - weekend record . This included an IMAX opening record of $23.5 million from 443 IMAX theaters in 56 countries . 65 % of its grosses came from 3D ( equivalent to $205 million ) . Additional record includes the highest single - day IMAX gross with $6.5 million on Saturday , June 12 , 2015 . Revenues in its second weekend dropped by 47.4 % to $166.7 million , according to Box Office Mojo , while Deadline.com reported a 48.3 % drop to $163.4 million . It topped the box office outside of North America for three consecutive weekends . It had the biggest opening day of all time for Universal in Hong Kong ; the second - biggest in Australia , France , Indonesia , the Philippines , Russia , and South Korea ; and the biggest opening day of all time in Panama . It also scored the biggest opening for Universal in nine countries , including Australia , China , Ecuador , France , Hong Kong , South Korea , the Philippines , Singapore , the UK , Ireland , and Malta . In China , it grossed $17.77 million on its opening day ( including $1.39 million from midnight runs ) , which is the tenth - biggest of all time and went on to earn $100.1 million in its opening weekend , which is the third - biggest of all time . It also scored the second - biggest IMAX opening there with $11.8 million . Following China , its largest openings outside of the U.S. and Canada , occurred in the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $30.1 million ) , France and the Maghreb region ( $14.7 million ) , Mexico ( $14.6 million ) , South Korea ( $14.2 million ) and Japan ( $13 million ) . In South Korea , the film was released during the 2015 MERS outbreak , which resulted in a plunge in film attendance beginning from late May 2015 . This led to various local film distributors changing or postponing local films ' release dates . However , since U.S. film studios are debarred from altering their scheduled dates , the film had to be released on its intended date . It became the highest - grossing film in the Jurassic Park film series in 25 countries . IMAX tickets sales has grossed a total of $42.1 million as of June 21 , 2015 . In total earnings , its largest markets outside of the U.S. are China with $228 million followed by the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $97.8 million ) , Japan ( $69.2 million ) , South Korea ( $41.79 million ) , Mexico ( $41.73 million ) , India ( $16.10 million ) and Germany ( $41.6 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 311 reviews and an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic World ca n't match the original for sheer inventiveness and impact , but it works in its own right as an entertaining -- and visually dazzling -- popcorn thriller . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 59 out of 100 based on 49 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film four stars out of five and felt that it was `` terrifically enjoyable and exciting summer spectacular '' and `` savvy , funny , ridiculous in just the right way '' . Robbie Collin of The Telegraph also awarded it four stars , deeming it a worthy sequel to the original Jurassic Park , and called it `` methodically paced and shot with an awestruck visual sense that 's pure Spielberg '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave it three out of four stars and wrote : `` It 's not the cynical , cash - in cheesefest you feared . OK , Jurassic World is a little of that . But this state - of - the - art dino epic is also more than a blast of rumbling , roaring , ' did you effing see that ! ' fun . '' He praised Trevorrow 's direction , Pratt 's and Howard 's performances and the effects . Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , Todd McCarthy criticized the romance between Owen and Claire and felt that the film was not terribly scary , but praised the CGI and score , and wrote that the film nevertheless would be appealing to audiences everywhere . The Associated Press rated the film two stars out of four and called it `` an ugly , over-saturated movie '' that lacks the `` deft sense of wonderment , wit and suspense that guided the original '' . However , the review praised the film 's score , as well as Pratt and Howard 's performances . Spielberg said , `` To see ' Jurassic World ' come to life is almost like seeing ' Jurassic Park ' come true , '' while Sam Neill also praised the film and its acting . Several news publications , as well as Neill , noted the violence of Zara 's death scene , although Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` There 's nothing amusing about the demise of Zara , who 's as close to ' real people ' as Jurassic World gets , and it 's that unsettling quality about her death that more Hollywood disaster epics need in order to reclaim their visceral emotional prowess . '' Several news outlets , including The New York Times , New York , and Slate , considered the film 's depiction of Claire to be sexist , including her use of high heels throughout the film . Several journalists have noted plot and character similarities between Jurassic World and the 1999 film Deep Blue Sea . Christopher Rosen , Senior News Director at Entertainment Weekly , tweeted that `` Jurassic World is my favorite Deep Blue Sea remake of 2015 '' . Major entertainment website Dark Horizons stated in its coverage of Jurassic World that `` some are n't warming to the Deep Blue Sea meets Jaws 3 - D storyline '' , while entertainment website Flickering Myth posted the story `` Deja Vu : Is n't Jurassic World just Deep Blue Sea with dinosaurs ? '' , which outlined plot and character similarities between the two films . Pop culture website The Complex stated Jurassic World was `` basically going to be the big budget Deep Blue Sea re-imagining that we all deserve . Scientists , driven by a cold near - heartless leader , tinkering with already smart animals . The beast whisperer who warns against fucking with nature . It 's like watching Saffron Burrows and Thomas Jane flirt all over again . '' Accolades ( edit ) In December 2015 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences placed Jurassic World on its shortlist of potential nominees for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 88th Academy Awards . While it ultimately was not nominated for a position , the film received the following nominations and awards from various organizations : Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Villain Vincent D'Onofrio Nominated Choice Summer Movie Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Chris Pratt Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Bryce Dallas Howard Nominated Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Nominated Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Visual Effects Award Tim Alexander Won World Soundtrack Academy Film Composer of the Year Michael Giacchino ( also for Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , Inside Out , Jupiter Ascending , Tomorrowland ) Won 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Chris Pratt Nominated Favorite Action Movie Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actor Chris Pratt Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Horror Movie Nominated Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Pratt Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Bryce Dallas Howard Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Action Performance By Stunt Ensemble Motion Picture Nominated Art Directors Guild Excellence in Production Design for a Feature Film -- Fantasy Film Edward Verreaux Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal Feature Martyn Culpitt , Jao Sita , Yuta Shimizu , Michael Billette ( for Jungle Chase ) Nominated Outstanding Models in a Photoreal or Animated Project Steve Jubinville , Martin Murphy , Aaron Gret , Kevin Reuter ( for Indominus Rex ) Nominated Annie Awards Animated Effects in a Live Action Production Nominated Character Animation in a Live Action Production Indominus Rex Nominated Satellite Awards Best Sound ( Editing and Mixing ) Christopher Boyes , Pete Horner , Kirk Francis , Al Nelson and Gwendolyn Yates Whittle Nominated Best Visual Effects Tim Alexander , Glen McIntosh , Tony Plett and Michael Meinardus Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Chris Pratt Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Nominated Best Male Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best Action Performance Chris Pratt Won Empire Awards Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Saturn Award Best Science Fiction Nominated Best Director Colin Trevorrow Nominated Best Writing Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver , Derek Connolly , and Colin Trevorrow Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor Ty Simpkins Won Best Editing Kevin Stitt Nominated Best Production Design Ed Verreaux Nominated Best Special Effects John Rosengrant , Michael Lantieri , and Tim Alexander Nominated Controversies ( edit ) Scientific accuracy ( edit ) A Twitter post attributed to Trevorrow stated there would be no feathered dinosaurs in the film . While the first Jurassic Park film was lauded by paleontologists for depicting dinosaurs accurately and in line with the science of the time , subsequent discoveries have challenged the view of dinosaurs as slow and giant lizard - like reptiles . Jurassic World has been criticized for purposely ignoring new discoveries and knowledge . Several dinosaur researchers have called the film a `` dumb monster movie '' for failing to include new discoveries about the creatures , such as some dinosaurs being covered with feathers or protofeathers , and the way Velociraptor held their front limbs . Since the film 's teaser trailer release , many paleontologists expressed their disappointment on Twitter , Facebook and their own blogs , calling the dinosaurs that were featured a retrograde step from the original Jurassic Park . In response to these criticisms , Trevorrow said that `` the film is scientifically ' inaccurate ' because it is a science - fiction movie and not a documentary . '' Feathered dinosaurs had been planned early in the film 's development . A faux review on the film 's theme park website speculates that the use of amphibian DNA to fill the gaps in the dinosaur DNA ( a plot point in the original novel and film ) prevented the dinosaurs from growing feathers . In the film , there is a scene in which character Dr. Henry Wu ( portrayed by B.D. Wong ) informs Simon Masrani ( portrayed by Irrfan Khan ) that had the scientists not included DNA from various other animals , the dinosaurs `` would look very different '' . Wu then reminds Masrani that he had asked for `` cooler '' dinosaurs , rather than ones that would be scientifically accurate . Writing Credits dispute ( edit ) At the end of March 2015 , a Writers Guild of America ( WGA ) arbitration panel ruled that Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver would receive credit for writing the screenplay with Trevorrow and Connolly . Trevorrow and Connolly strongly disagreed with the decision , although they decided that under WGA rules , they did not have grounds to appeal . They accepted the ruling on March 31 , 2015 . On April 2 , 2015 , it was reported that Universal Pictures originally wanted Trevorrow and Connolly to be credited for the screenplay . In the film 's Super Bowl trailer , Trevorrow and Connolly were credited for writing the film . It was then reported that they appealed the WGA 's decision , that they wrote an entirely new screenplay that was not based on Jaffa and Silver 's draft , and that they wanted full writing credit for the script . On April 7 , 2015 , it was reported that the arbiters had unanimously denied Trevorrow and Connolly 's appeal in a second hearing held on April 3 , and that they gave Jaffa and Silver an additional credit for writing the original story , with the decision being appealed by Trevorrow and Connolly . Later that day , Trevorrow denied that he and Connolly appealed the WGA 's original decision of giving Jaffa and Silver co-credit for the screenplay , despite disagreeing with it . He also stated that he and Connolly were not informed of the second hearing until it was already over . The credits of the screenplay ultimately went to both writing teams , with Jaffa and Silver also being credited for writing the original story . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom A sequel , titled Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , is scheduled for release in June 2018 . Trevorrow and Connolly returned to write the script for the sequel , which will feature Pratt and Howard reprising their roles . Trevorrow had previously said in 2014 , `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' In May 2015 , Trevorrow confirmed that he would not be returning to direct a sequel , and he instead acted as an executive producer with Spielberg . J.A. Bayona directed the film , which will serve as the middle chapter of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Filming took place from February to July 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring dinosaurs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grierson , Tim ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' : Review '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JURASSIC WORLD ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Film Study '' ( PDF ) . May 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Porsa , Dan ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Talking OLDBOY With Mark Protosevich at NYCC '' . This is Infamous . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Leader , Michael ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Kathleen Kennedy interview : War Horse , Lincoln , Studio Ghibli , Jurassic Park 4 & more '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spielberg : More Indy & Jurassic Park ? '' . Empire . October 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Producer Kathleen Kennedy Talks Jurassic Park 4 , a 3D Re-Release for Jurassic Park , and the Tintin Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Will Not Direct Jurassic Park IV '' . MovieWeb.com . 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Then said thanks , but no thanks . `` It was as difficult to decline as you 'd think , '' he recalls . `` But I knew I could n't make that film . So I said , ' I 'm honoured , but if we 're going to do this we really need to build a different movie that can also be called Jurassic Park 4 . '' ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Jurassic Park 4 ' : Universal Puts Film on Hold '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Universal delays ' Jurassic Park 4 ' release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic Park 4 ' release date put on hold in order to ' bring audiences the best possible version ' '' . Daily News . New York City . Reuters . May 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . 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Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : de Semlyen , Nick ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World set visit '' . Empire . U.K. p. 82 . Trevorrow was asked to cook up his own story . But there were a couple of concepts that he wanted to keep . One was Sayles 's audacious notion of raptors working alongside humans . `` Dinosaurs hunting down drug lords ? I could n't go there , '' he says . `` But I could rewind all the way back and make a movie about the very tenuous relationship between man and a vicious animal . ( ... ) The other very cool idea , which came from Spielberg himself : what if John Hammond 's dream of a fully functioning dinosaur theme park came true ? '' ^ Jump up to : Rottenberg , Josh ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' : How a pair of Hollywood newbies finally cracked the dino code '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . 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'' ^ Jump up to : Biessener , Adam ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Jurassic World ' Director Colin Trevorrow Talks Plot Details and Recent Leaks '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Which ' Jurassic Park ' Quote Inspired ' Jurassic World ' ? Which One Will Inspire ' Jurassic World 2 ' ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : de Semlyen , Nick ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Empire 's Jurassic World Trailer Tour '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Will Not Be ' Jurassic War ' : More Animatronics , Suspenseful and Scary '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Vincent D'Onofrio To Play Villain In ' Jurassic World ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket ka decline hona bhi chahiye , it is a waste of time : Irrfan Khan '' . ABP Live . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sy , Omar ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Fan of this saga from the beginning ... '' Twitter.com . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haynes - Peterson , Robert . `` Jake Johnson Interview '' . AskMen.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Jessie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Jake Johnson On Last Night 's ' New Girl ' Game Changer & Prince 's Omelettes '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . 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Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Tippett reunites with ILM for visual effects on Jurassic World ! '' . Scified . December 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Garza , Frida ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` The Truly Frightening T - Rex From ' Jurassic Park ' Coming Back '' . Complex . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Day 3 at FMX 2015 -- Realtime Star Wars , Interstellar & light fields '' . FXGuide . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` A visitor 's guide to ' Jurassic World ' dinosaurs '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pratt battles a guy named Marty in this exclusive ' Jurassic World ' clip '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( 2015 ) . `` Watch Jurassic World Build One Of Its Most Amazing Dinosaurs '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Original T. rex returns in ' Jurassic World , ' This Film `` Is Her Unforgiven '' `` . / Film . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Rob ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pratt Almost Killed a Stuntman Pretending to Be a Dinosaur '' . Movie Pilot . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Montalbano , Dave ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World '' . Observer Newspaper Online . Florida . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Easter Eggs : Did You Catch These ' Jurassic Park ' References ? ( page 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Easter Eggs : Did You Catch These ' Jurassic Park ' References ? ( page 4 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` 5 Times ' Jurassic World ' Shouts Out to Original ' Jurassic Park ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Giacchino To Score Jurassic World '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Composer Michael Giacchino on JURASSIC WORLD , John Williams , STAR TREK 3 , and More '' . Collider . Complex Media . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` First Images from Jurassic World Reveal Bryce Dallas Howard and Dinosaur Destruction '' . Collider . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eby , Margaret ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' first stills revealed : Chris Pratt , Bruce Dallas Howard bring on the beasts '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Comic - Con Exclusive ' Jurassic World ' Artwork Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Brand New Mark Englert Jurassic World Poster Will Be Available at San Diego Comic - Con '' . Collider . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Why ' Skull Island 's Surprise Reveal Confused Comic Con 's Hall H '' . / Film . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Comic - Con 2014 : Hollywood 's Highs , Lows and No - Shows '' . Variety . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. ; Weiselman , Jarett ; Shafrir , Doree ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Biggest Winners And Losers Of Comic - Con 2014 '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haas , Rachel ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` Jurassic World Trailer Coming , Viral Site Launches , Dinosaur Designs Rumored '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faughnder , Ryan ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` A ' Jurassic World ' fanboy project became part of the movie 's universe '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World fans asked to make Simon Masrani website '' . BBC . June 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Semlyen , Nick ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Empire 's Jurassic World Trailer Tour '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` New Jurassic World Viral Video Reveals Vincent D'Onofrio's Character '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' InGen Viral Video Shows How Dinosaur Breeding Has Evolved '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Switek , Brian ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Yes , Jurassic Park 's Bad Dinosaur Science Still Matters '' . Gizmodo . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Jurassic World Teaser Trailer ; Full Trailer to Debut Thanksgiving at 9pm ET on NBC '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the First Full Trailer for ' Jurassic World ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Alyssa ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` The Full Trailer For ' Jurassic World ' Premieres Early ! '' . CBS . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Super Bowl Trailer : Indominus Rex Killing for Sport '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World 's first clip gives us a look at Chris Pratt in action '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` The First Clip from Jurassic World Has Arrived '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gajewski , Ryan ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon Slams ' Jurassic World ' Clip as `` ' 70s - Era Sexist '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( April 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon Offers Jurassic World An All - Star Non-Apology For Calling It Sexist '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abad - Santos , Alex ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` A guide to Jurassic World 's sexism controversy '' . Vox . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wist , Sean ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` First of three new Jurassic World posters hit ; new trailer arrives Monday '' . JoBlo . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Peter ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : The Latest ' Jurassic World ' Trailer Is Chaotic and Awesome '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 2015 ) . `` Why Jurassic World 's Director Had Big Problems With The Trailers '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Summer Movie Ad Buys : ' Mission : Impossible , ' ' Mad Max ' Get Biggest U.S. Spend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` brandchannel : '' . brandchannel : . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Official ' Jurassic World ' Lego Playsets Are Coming ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Brad ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's How to Get a Free Jurassic World Lego Toy '' . Time . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's what the dinosaurs in ' Jurassic World ' will look like '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rife , Katie ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Hasbro changes its Jurassic World toys from boys to ( clever ) girls '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Lego Jurassic World hits June 12 , celebrate with a new trailer '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaul , Brandy ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Ludia Unleashes Jurassic World : The Game on iOS '' . Adweek . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Alison ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Finding the ' Lost World ' of Jurassic Park on Fern Canyon hike '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : http://jurassicoutpost.com/new-lego-jurassic-world-dvd-film-indominus-escape-releasing-october/ Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Watch The Animated ' Jurassic World ' Prequel Short Film ' LEGO Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape ' '' . / Film . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/lego-jurassic-world-employee-safety-video-video Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : l'avant - première comme si vous y étiez ! '' . Allocine . May 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Historic Global Bow Hits $524.4 M ; $315.6 M Intl ; Bests Franchise Lifetime In 25 Territories -- Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Hallenback ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Vermont gets early look at ' Jurassic World ' '' . The Burlington Free Press . ( Gannett Company ) . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Sets ' Jurassic Park 4 ' Release Date , Title '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simanton , Keith ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic ' Takes Over the World '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Rogue Nation ' Flies Higher In 2nd Frame With $65.5 M ; ' Fantastic Four ' No. 2 With $34.1 M Bow -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' to Get Biggest - Ever Worldwide Release by Imax '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Pictures And Amblin Entertainment 's Jurassic World to Receive Worldwide Record Day - and - Date Release in Imax Theatres '' . IMAX Corporation . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro , Nancy Tartaglione ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Planet Earth Braces For ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' To Make Intergalactic B.O. History '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Zac Efron , Owen Wilson & Pierce Brosnan Entries Wo n't Shake ' Compton ' From No. 1 -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World ' Slated for Disc Oct. 20 , Digitally Oct. 1 '' . Questex LLC . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' on Pace to Be Year 's Best - Selling Home Entertainment Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Stomps On ' Furious 7 ' & Industry Home Entertainment Records '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rob Copsey ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling DVD / Blu - rays of 2015 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden '' . OfficialCharts . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 120 ( 20 ) : 72 . October 27 , 2015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2007 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic ' Rex Records '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Domestic Record $208.8 M Bow Lifts Industry -- Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ultron 's $191.3 M Bow Spikes Weekend 's Total B.O. To 51 % Over 2014 -- Final Monday Update '' . Deadline.com ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opening Weekends by Month ( June ) '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Simanton ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic ' Knocks It Outta the Park '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World First Weekend Opening '' . News Exprezz . June 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fastest Movies to Hit $500 Million at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony Alessandro ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Universal Hits $5 Billion Faster Than Any Other Major Hollywood Studio '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Audiences in raptor : Jurassic World hits billion - dollar milestone in record time '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Weekend Theater Averages '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Non-Holiday Mondays '' . Box Office Mojo . ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Non-Opening Tuesdays '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic Park '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dinosaur '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Will 4D Ever Catch on ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ride Along 2 ' & ' Revenant ' Pushing ' Star Wars ' To 3rd Place Over 4 - Day MLK Holiday ; Kevin Hart - Ice Cube Sequel Eyes $40.2 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` No. 3 ' Jurassic World ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jurassic World ' to Feast on $125 Million Debut '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' Jurassic World ' Set to Bite Off $125 M - Plus in U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock , Rebecca Ford ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jurassic World ' Unstoppable Friday for Record $181 M - $200 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jurassic World ' Nabs Monstrous $82.8 M Friday For Possible $200 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Single Day Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jurassic World ' Tops $250 M In 5 Days , Could Top $300 M In A Week , $400 M By Sunday '' . Forbes . ( Forbes , Inc . ) . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Single Day Grosses by Day of the Week ( Saturday ) '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TOP SINGLE DAY GROSSES BY DAY OF THE WEEK ( SUNDAY ) '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Simanton , Keith ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic 's World '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' : Counting Down the Records It Demolished '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in their Second Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Dinos Snatch Pixar Girl 's Purse With $54 M+ ; ' Ted 2 ′ Still Groggy -- Sunday AM Final Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Weekend Theater Averages for Wide Releases '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Movies Opening Grosses after 10 - Days in Release '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) -- Daily Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` A T - Rex - fic Weekend : ' Jurassic World ' , ' Inside Out ' Drive Second Biggest 2015 Frame To Date With $240 M '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Jurassic World ' Tops $600 M , ' Terminator ' Tumbles '' . Forbes . ( Forbes , Inc . ) . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Compton ' No. 1 ; Zac Efron 's ' We Are Your Friends ' Craters With $1.8 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Summer Box Office Poised To Be 2nd - Best Ever , So Why Is n't Everybody Happy ? '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary Pictures '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Rogue Nation ' Revs Up $46 M More ; ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' Spies $12 M ; ' Brothers ' Shows Muscle -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jurassic World ' Roars Overseas With $24.5 M on First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jurassic World ' Storms Overseas With $130 M for Early $213 M Global Total '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OVERSEAS TOTAL ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jurassic World '' In 3D Delivers Approximately 65 % Of Universal Pictures Record - Breaking International Opening Weekend `` . RealD . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ; Busch , Anita ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Crossing $1 B Global ; ' Inside Out ' , ' Minions ' Debut Strong -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Terminator : Genisys ' Lords Over ' Salvation ' ; Dinos Mighty With $84.3 M More ; ' Minions ' Well Outpacing ' DM2 ′ -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Terminator ' Back With $74 M ; ' Minions ' Mints $54.3 M -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clifford Coonan ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jurassic World ' Scores Monster Opening Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` '' Jurassic World '' Dinos Roar on Sino Tour `` . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CHINA ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) -- International Box Office Results -- France and Algeria , Monaco , Morocco and Tunisia '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) -- International Box Office Results -- Mexico '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) -- International Box Office Results -- South Korea '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Homegrown War Film to Take on ' Jurassic World , ' ' Rogue Nation ' in Japan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jurassic World ' Stomps to Record $204.6 M U.S. Debut , $511.8 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee - Hyo won ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` In South Korea , MERS ' Surprising Impact on ' Jurassic World ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Terminator ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' Each Cruise Past $300 M ; ' Compton ' Tops In UK , Germany -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World -- International gross '' . The Numbers . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : Tom Cruise Takes Pixar 's Crown '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Terminator ' , ' Hitman ' Lead Sluggish Frame ; ' Compton ' Tops 5 Markets -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : Scorch Trials ' Ignites $26.8 M ; ' Rogue Nation ' Tops With $91.3 M , Crosses $600 M WW -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Scorch Trials ' Heats Up $43.2 M ; ' Everest ' Scales $28.8 M -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World review -- Chris Pratt runs riot in upgraded dino - disaster movie '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World review : ' the dinosaurs still amaze ' '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Jurassic World ' Bites Into the Modern Blockbuster '' . The New York Times . ( The New York Times Company ) . The Associated Press . June 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' : Steven Spielberg Says It 's ' Jurassic Park Come True ' '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sam Neill Talks ' Jurassic World ' And Losing His Seat At Sundance To Nick Jonas '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lamble , Ryan ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World 's most horrific scene , and family horror '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McConnaughy , James ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Death of Zara Young , or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Hate Jurassic World '' . The Mary Sue . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dye , Tracy ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` This ' Jurassic World ' Spoiler Is So Shocking , It Will Chill You To The Bone '' . Bustle . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mack , David ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` That Woman 's Crazy Death In `` Jurassic World '' Shocked Sam Neill : `` Boy , what did the English girl do wrong ? She got eaten by like three dinosaurs at once . '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Eat ' em up : The case against innocent bystanders ( in movies ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( June 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' battles sexism claims , in heels '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Garber , Megan ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` The Perma - Pump : Jurassic World 's Silliest Character '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Dallas Howard Defends High - Heel Running in ' Jurassic World ' : `` That 's What Women Can Do '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Rosen on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` '' Jurassic World '' Gates Will Be Practical News Dark Horizons `` . darkhorizons.com . Jump up ^ `` Deja Vu : Is n't Jurassic World just Deep Blue Sea with dinosaurs ? '' . Flickering Myth. 2015 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Thirst Is Open : Two `` Jurassic Park '' Nerds Discuss That New `` Jurassic World '' Trailer `` . Complex . Jump up ^ `` 20 Contenders Advance in VFX Oscar Race '' ( Press release ) . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . December 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Teen Choice Award Winners -- Full List '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . August 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Honorees '' . Hollywood Film Awards . Hollywood Film Awards . November 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film Composer of the Year -- World Soundtrack Awards '' . World Soundtrack Academy . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Favorite Movie '' . People 's Choice Awards . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Inside Out , ' ' Good Dinosaur ' Lead Annie Award Nominations '' . Variety . December 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Here Are Your 2016 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV ( MTV Networks ) . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016 ! '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byford , Sam ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Jurassic Park 4 ' flies in the face of science by cutting feathered dinosaurs '' . The Verge / Vox Media . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 ... if the post is legitimate , ( p ) resumably he is concerned about preserving the legacy and continuity of Jurassic Park Jump up ^ Qiu , Linda ; Vergano , Dan ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Dinosaurs Stuck in the 1980s , Experts Grumble '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Khaleda Rahman ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` New Jurassic World film slammed as ' dumb monster movie ' because dinosaurs were covered in fluffy feathers in real life '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World : Scientists criticise ' dumb monster movie ' for lack of feathers on dinosaurs '' . The Independent . ( Alexander Lebedev ) . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John Conway ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Scientists disappointed Jurassic World dinosaurs do n't look like dinosaurs '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Merali , Zeeya ( October 6 , 2004 ) . `` Feathered ancestor of T. rex unearthed '' . Nature . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World '' . Jurassic World . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : David Robb ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Writers Guild Takes On Universal Over ' Jurassic World ' Credits '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : David Robb ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Script Credits Resolved ; Helmer Colin Trevorrow Speaks On Arbitration Process '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robb , David ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Another Appeal In ' Jurassic World ' Writing Credits Saga '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Title Revealed In First Teaser Poster '' . Empire . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ford ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Set for 2018 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex McCown ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` One trip to Jurassic World is enough for Colin Trevorrow '' . A.V. Club . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` J.A. Bayona Confirmed to Direct ' Jurassic World 2 ' '' . ScreenCrush.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World Confirmed as a Trilogy '' . Latino Review Online . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Starts Filming '' . GameSpot.com . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jurassic World Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jurassic World . Official website Jurassic World at Rotten Tomatoes Masrani Global Corporation ( fictional ) website Jurassic World on IMDb Jurassic World at AllMovie Jurassic World News & Updates Official UK Jurassic World International website Jurassic World Trailer on YouTube Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Amber Rock Climb Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Category Colin Trevorrow Films written and directed Home Base ( 2002 ) Reality Show ( 2004 ; written with Daniel Klein ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ; written with Derek Connolly and Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver ) Directed only Safety Not Guaranteed ( 2012 ; written by Derek Connolly ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ; written by Gregg Hurwitz ) Written only Making Revolution ( 2003 , written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger ; directed by Klein ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 , written with Derek Connolly ; directed by J.A. Bayona ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Dinosaurs portal Speculative fiction portal Science fiction portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World&oldid=839318129 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films American films American monster movies 2015 3D films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s science fiction films American action thriller films American adventure films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films American sequel films Dinosaur films Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films set in amusement parks Films set in Costa Rica Films set on islands Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Louisiana Films shot in New Orleans Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films Jurassic Park films Legendary Pictures films Performance capture in film Science fiction adventure films Amblin Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films directed by Colin Trevorrow Films produced by Frank Marshall Films produced by Thomas Tull Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from August 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 17 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the role of the owner of jurassic park in the movie jurassic world	[ "Irrfan Khan as Simon Masrani, CEO of the Masrani Corporation and the owner of Jurassic World.[7]" ]	[ "Irrfan Khan" ]
8245988947349808758	Pro Football Hall of Fame	Pro Football Hall of Fame - wikipedia Pro Football Hall of Fame Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2017 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame Location of Pro Football Hall of Fame Established 1963 Location 2121 George Halas Dr NW , Canton , Ohio Coordinates 40 ° 49 ′ 16 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 52 '' W / 40.82111 ° N 81.39778 ° W / 40.82111 ; - 81.39778 Coordinates : 40 ° 49 ′ 16 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 52 '' W / 40.82111 ° N 81.39778 ° W / 40.82111 ; - 81.39778 Type Professional sports hall of fame Visitors 191,943 ( 2010 ) President C. David Baker Website profootballhof.com The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football , located in Canton , Ohio . As of 2017 , there are a total of 310 members of the Hall of Fame . Part of the American football series on History of American football Origins of American football Early history of American football First game Walter Camp First pro player First pro league Modern history of American football Close relations : Medieval football Old division football Rugby football Association football Canadian football Black players in professional American football Homosexuality in American football Concussions in American football Rugby union comparison Rugby league comparison Canadian football comparison Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame Years in American football NFL season - by - season College football season - by - season American football Portal Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Inductees 2.1 Selection process 2.1. 1 Selection Committee 2.1. 2 Voting procedure 2.2 Enshrinement ceremony 3 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Old entrance to The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio The community of Canton , Ohio successfully lobbied the NFL to have the Hall of Fame built in their city for two reasons : first , the NFL was founded in Canton in 1920 ( at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association ) ; second , the now - defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful NFL team based in Canton during the first few years of the league . Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11 , 1962 . The original building contained just two rooms , and 19,000 square feet ( 1,800 m ) of interior space . In April 1970 , ground was broken for the first of many expansions . This first expansion cost $ 620,000 , and was completed in May 1971 . The size was increased to 34,000 square feet ( 3,200 m ) by adding another room . The pro shop opened with this expansion . This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame , as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time . This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL - NFL World Championship games . Inside the original structure in 2008 . In November 1977 , work began on another expansion project , costing US $1,200,000 . It was completed in November 1978 , enlarging the gift shop and research library , while doubling the size of the theater . The total size of the hall was now 50,500 square feet ( 4,690 m ) , more than 2.5 times the original size . The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993 . The Hall then announced yet another expansion , costing US $9,200,000 , and adding a fifth room . This expansion was completed in October 1995 . The building 's size was increased to 82,307 square feet ( 7,647 m ) . The most notable addition was the GameDay Stadium , which shows an NFL Films production on a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) by 42 - foot ( 13 m ) Cinemascope screen . In July 2017 , Hall of Fame President David Baker announced an $800 million expansion project leading up to the NFL 's 100th season in 2020 . Inductees ( edit ) The Hall is made up of several sections , at heart is the display of inductees . Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Through 2017 , all inductees except one , played some part of their professional career in the NFL ( the lone exception is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw , who played his entire career in the American Football League ( AFL ) prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) . Though several Hall of Famers have had AFL , Canadian Football League , World Football League , United States Football League and Arena Football League experience , and there is a division of the Hall devoted to alternative leagues such as this , to this point no players have made the Hall without having made significant contributions to either the NFL , AFL or All - America Football Conference . For CFL stars , there is a parallel Canadian Football Hall of Fame ; only one player ( Warren Moon ) and one coach ( Bud Grant ) are in both halls . The Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers among the league 's franchises with 32 enshrinees . Selection process ( edit ) Selection committee ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees § 2017 Finalists . Enshrinees are selected by a 46 - person committee , largely made up of media members , officially known as the Selection Committee . Each city that has a current NFL team sends one representative from the local media to the committee . A city with more than one franchise sends a representative for each franchise . Usually , the representative is a beat writer for the major newspaper in that city , with some exceptions ; for instance , the Atlanta Falcons are represented by Len Pasquarelli ( who no longer writes for the Atlanta Journal - Constitution ) , and the Jacksonville Jaguars are represented by WJXT sports director Sam Kouvaris . There are also 13 at - large delegates ( usually cities that lose NFL teams keep representation on the board ; this category currently comprises St. Louis , Missouri and San Diego , California ) , and one representative from the Pro Football Writers Association . Except for the PFWA representative , who is appointed to a two - year term , all other appointments are open - ended and terminated only by death , incapacitation , retirement , or resignation . Voting procedure ( edit ) Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium with the Hall of Fame in lower right To be eligible for the nominating process , a player or coach must have been retired for at least five years . Any other contributor such as a team owner or executive can be voted in at any time . Fans may nominate any player , coach or contributor by simply writing to the Pro Football Hall of Fame via letter or email . The Selection Committee is then polled three times by mail to eventually narrow the list to 25 semifinalists : once in March , once in September , and once in October . In November , the committee then selects 15 finalists by mail balloting . Nine members of the Selection Committee also serve as a subcommittee known as the Seniors Committee to screen candidates who finished their careers more than 25 years prior . The Seniors Committee then adds two finalists from that group which makes a final ballot of 17 nominees . Committee members are instructed to only consider a candidate 's professional football contributions and to disregard all other factors . The Selection Committee then meets the day before each Super Bowl game to elect a new class . To be elected , a finalist must receive at least 80 percent support from the Board , with at least four , but no more than eight , candidates being elected annually . Once a contributor is inducted into the Hall , they can not be banished and remain an inductee forever . According to staff , 46 members of the hall have been voted in with 100 % of the vote ; the most recent one being Brett Favre of the Green Bay Packers . Enshrinement ceremony ( edit ) A football signed by the 1974 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinement class The enshrinement ceremony is usually held during the first full weekend in August . An enshrinement festival is held throughout the week in Canton leading up to the enshrinement ceremony . Enshrinees do not go into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of a certain team . Rather , all of an enshrinee 's affiliations are listed equally . While the Baseball Hall of Fame plaques generally depict each of their inductees wearing a particular club 's cap ( with a few exceptions , such as Catfish Hunter and Greg Maddux ) , the bust sculptures of each Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee make no reference to any specific team . In addition to the bust that goes on permanent display at the Hall of Fame , inductees receive a distinctive Gold Jacket and previous inductees nearly always wear theirs when participating at new inductee ceremonies . Previous induction ceremonies were held during the next day ( Sunday from 1999 -- 2005 , Saturday in 2006 ) , situated on the steps of the Hall of Fame building . Starting in 2002 , the ceremony was moved to Fawcett Stadium , where it was held from 1963 to 1965 . Since 2007 , the enshrinement ceremony has been held on the Saturday night before the Hall of Fame Game . Pro Football Hall of Fame game ( edit ) Main article : Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game , an annual NFL preseason opener is held the day after the enshrinement ceremony and officially kicks off the NFL Preseason . Criticism ( edit ) The `` Other Leagues '' display includes the USFL ; inductee Jim Kelly 's jersey is in the foreground . The Pro Football Hall of Fame uses only media representatives to select inductees . This , along with its policy of inducting only a maximum of seven players a year ( six in certain years past ) , with a current maximum of two `` senior '' candidates and five `` non-seniors , '' has been criticized by sports columnists , former players , and football fans . Such critics would like to see solutions such as expanding the number of selectors , rotating panel members on and off the selection committee , and allowing former players to participate in the voting . The small number of candidates elected each year has helped foster what some perceive as an inequality of representation at certain positions or in certain categories of player , with defensive players in general and defensive backs and outside linebackers in particular , special teams players , wide receivers , deserving players who primarily played on bad teams , and those from the `` seniors '' category , being slighted . This has included a 2009 New York Times article which criticized the Hall for not including punter Ray Guy on its ballot , also noting that the Hall did not have an inductee at the time representing the position . ( At least two inductees , Sammy Baugh and Yale Lary , punted in addition to playing other positions . ) Guy was eventually inducted as part of the 2014 class for the Hall of Fame . There has also been criticism that certain players get overlooked because their team underproduced during their careers . The Pro Football Hall of Fame is unique among North American major league sports halls of fame in that officials have generally been excluded from the Hall ; only one , 1966 inductee Hugh `` Shorty '' Ray , has been enshrined . The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and Hockey Hall of Fame have each inducted game officials as members . In part to rectify the lack of officials and other off - field contributors , the Hall of Fame added a `` Contributors '' committee beginning with the class of 2015 , which will nominate officials , general managers , owners and other positions that have historically been overlooked by the committee at large . Another prominent absence from the Hall is sports - journalist Howard Cosell , who has yet to be awarded the Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award despite his well - known association with Monday Night Football . An August 2010 Sports Illustrated article hints that Cosell may have even been `` blacklisted '' by the NFL . In 2015 , the exclusion of Marvin Harrison from the yearly induction caused some to question the effect politics has on the induction process . Harrison ranks 3rd all - time in receptions , was selected to the Pro Bowl eight times among many other individual records . He was also named as the hardest receiver to cover by veteran corner backs Champ Bailey and Charles Tillman . The duo of Harrison and quarterback Peyton Manning also hold the record for most receptions , touchdowns , and yards between any quarterback and wide receiver combo . Critics argue the induction committee is allowing age and wait time to overshadow production . Harrison was inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2016 . Pro Football Hall of Fame ( old entrance ) . See also ( edit ) Touchdown Club Charities Hall of Fame Canadian Football Hall of Fame Arena Football Hall of Fame Dick McCann Memorial Award -- sometimes referred to as the `` writer 's wing '' of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Hall of Fame members '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Pro Football Hall of Fame : Then and Now '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tendler , Alexandra . `` $800 million ' Disneyland ' for football will open in 2020 , NFL Hall of Fame pres. says '' . FoxBusiness.com . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears : Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Process '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Process FAQ '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canton welcome mat still out for O.J. Simpson '' . ESPN.com . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 Pro Football Hall of Fame Enshrinement Festival Schedule '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2007 Presenters '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . July 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Joyner , KC ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Case for Ray Guy Belonging in Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Barall , Andy ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` How to Fix Football 's Hall of Fame Voting System '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( October 21 , 2014 ) . Behind the HOF 's New Contributor Committee . SI.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billson , Marky ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` As strange as it sounds , Howard Cosell has never won Rozelle award '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Researcher , NFL ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Cronyism on the part of the NFL and the Pro Football Hall of Fame ? '' . NFL Sports Blog . Jump up ^ `` Marvin Harrison was snubbed simply because he has n't waited long enough '' . Stampede Blue . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Official website Media related to Pro Football Hall of Fame at Wikimedia Commons National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterbacks Pre-modern era Baugh Clark Conzelman Driscoll Friedman Herber Luckman A. Parker Modern era Aikman Blanda Bradshaw L. Dawson Elway Favre Fouts Graham Griese Jurgensen J. Kelly Layne Marino Montana Moon Namath Stabler Starr Staubach Tarkenton Tittle Unitas Van Brocklin Warner Waterfield Young Running backs Pre-modern era Battles Canadeo Dudley Grange Guyon Hinkle Lambeau Leemans McAfee McNally Nagurski Nevers Pollard Strong Thorpe Van Buren Modern era M. Allen Bettis J. Brown Campbell Csonka T. Davis Dickerson Dorsett Faulk Gifford Harris Hornung J.H. Johnson L. Kelly F. Little Martin Matson McElhenny Moore Motley Payton Perry Riggins B. Sanders Sayers Simpson E. Smith Jim Taylor T. Thomas Tomlinson Trippi Walker Wide receivers / ends Pre-modern era Badgro Chamberlin Flaherty Halas Hewitt Hutson Millner Modern era Alworth Berry Biletnikoff T. Brown Carter Fears Harrison Hayes Hirsch Irvin Joiner Largent Lavelli Lofton Maynard McDonald Mitchell Monk Pihos Reed Rice Stallworth Swann C. Taylor Warfield Tight ends Casper Ditka Mackey Newsome C. Sanders Sharpe J. Smith Winslow Offensive linemen L. Allen B. Brown R. Brown Creekmur D. Dawson DeLamielleure Dierdorf Gatski Gregg Grimm Hannah Hickerson S. Jones W. Jones Langer L. Little Mack Matthews McCormack McDaniel Mix Munchak Muñoz Ogden Otto Pace J. Parker Ringo Roaf Shaw Shell Shields Slater St. Clair Stanfel Stephenson Tingelhoff Upshaw Webster Wright Yary Zimmerman Pre-modern era two - way players Edwards Fortmann Healey Hein Henry Hubbard Kiesling Kinard Lyman Michalske Musso Owen Stydahar Trafton Turner Wojciechowicz Defensive linemen Atkins Bethea Buchanan Culp W. Davis Dean Dent Doleman Donovan Eller Ford J. Greene Haley Hampton Humphrey D. Jones Jordan Kennedy Lilly Long Marchetti Nomellini Olsen Page Randle Robustelli Sapp Selmon B. Smith Stautner Strahan Ja . Taylor Weinmeister Ra . White Re . White Willis Youngblood Linebackers Bednarik Bo . Bell Brooks Buoniconti Butkus Carson Connor George K. Greene Ham Hanburger Hendricks Huff Jackson Lambert Lanier Nitschke Richter Robinson Schmidt Seau Singletary L. Taylor D. Thomas Tippett Wilcox Defensive backs Adderley Barney Blount W. Brown Butler Christiansen Easley Green Haynes Houston J. Johnson Krause Lane Lary LeBeau Lott Renfro D. Sanders E. Thomas Tunnell Wehrli Williams L. Wilson Wood Woodson Placekickers & punters Andersen Groza Guy Stenerud Coaches G. Allen P. Brown Chamberlin Conzelman Dungy Ewbank Flaherty Gibbs Gillman Grant Halas Lambeau Landry Levy Lombardi Madden Neale Noll Owen Parcells Shula Stram Walsh Contributors Be . Bell Bidwill Carr A. Davis DeBartolo Finks Halas Hunt J. Jones Lambeau T. Mara W. Mara Marshall Polian Ray Reeves A. Rooney D. Rooney Rozelle Sabol Schramm R. Wilson Wolf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame&oldid=803775059 '' Categories : Pro Football Hall of Fame American football museums and halls of fame Buildings and structures in Canton , Ohio Halls of fame in Ohio History of American football American national museums in Ohio Museums in Stark County , Ohio Sports museums in Ohio Tourist attractions in Canton , Ohio Awards established in 1963 1963 establishments in Ohio Halls of fame in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 15 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why is the nfl hall of fame located in canton ohio	[ "The community of Canton, Ohio successfully lobbied the NFL to have the Hall of Fame built in their city for two reasons: first, the NFL was founded in Canton in 1920 (at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association); second, the now-defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful NFL team based in Canton during the first few years of the league. Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11, 1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and 19,000 square feet (1,800 m2) of interior space.[3]", "The community of Canton, Ohio successfully lobbied the NFL to have the Hall of Fame built in their city for two reasons: first, the NFL was founded in Canton in 1920 (at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association); second, the now-defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful NFL team based in Canton during the first few years of the league. Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11, 1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and 19,000 square feet (1,800 m2) of interior space.[3]" ]	[ "first, the NFL was founded in Canton in 1920 (at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association)", "second, the now-defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful NFL team based in Canton during the first few years of the league" ]
5314861050218613293	Eukaryote	Eukaryote - Wikipedia Eukaryote `` Eukaryotic cell '' redirects here . For the journal , see Eukaryotic Cell ( journal ) . Eukaryotes Temporal range : Orosirian - Present 1850 -- 0Ma Had'n Archean Proterozoic Pha . Eukaryotes and some examples of their diversity -- clockwise from top left : Red mason bee , Boletus edulis , Common chimpanzee , Isotricha intestinalis , Persian buttercup , and Volvox carteri Scientific classification Domain : Eukaryota ( Chatton , 1925 ) Whittaker & Margulis , 1978 Supergroups and kingdoms Archaeplastida Kingdom Plantae -- Plants Hacrobia SAR ( Stramenopiles + Alveolata + Rhizaria ) Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Kingdom Animalia -- Animals Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic organisms that can not be classified under the kingdoms Plantae , Animalia or Fungi are sometimes grouped in the kingdom Protista . Eukaryotes ( / juːˈkærioʊt , - ət / ) are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes , unlike prokaryotes ( Bacteria and Archaea ) . Eukaryotes belong to the domain Eukaryota or Eukarya . Their name comes from the Greek εὖ ( eu , `` well '' or `` true '' ) and κάρυον ( karyon , `` nut '' or `` kernel '' ) . Eukaryotic cells also contain other membrane - bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus , and in addition , some cells of plants and algae contain chloroplasts . Unlike unicellular archaea and bacteria , eukaryotes may also be multicellular and include organisms consisting of many cell types forming different kinds of tissue . Animals and plants are the most familiar eukaryotes . Eukaryotes can reproduce both asexually through mitosis and sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion . In mitosis , one cell divides to produce two genetically identical cells . In meiosis , DNA replication is followed by two rounds of cell division to produce four haploid daughter cells . These act as sex cells ( gametes ) . Each gamete has just one set of chromosomes , each a unique mix of the corresponding pair of parental chromosomes resulting from genetic recombination during meiosis . The domain Eukaryota appears to be monophyletic , and makes up one of the domains of life in the three - domain system . The two other domains , Bacteria and Archaea , are prokaryotes and have none of the above features . Eukaryotes represent a tiny minority of all living things . However , due to their generally much larger size , their collective worldwide biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes . Eukaryotes evolved approximately 1.6 -- 2.1 billion years ago , during the Proterozoic eon . Contents 1 History 2 Cell features 2.1 Internal membrane 2.2 Mitochondria and plastids 2.3 Cytoskeletal structures 2.4 Cell wall 3 Differences among eukaryotic cells 3.1 Animal cell 3.2 Plant cell 3.3 Fungal cell 3.4 Other eukaryotic cells 4 Reproduction 5 Classification 5.1 Phylogeny 5.1. 1 Five supergroups 5.1. 2 Cavalier - Smith 's tree 6 Origin of eukaryotes 6.1 Fossils 6.2 Relationship to Archaea 6.3 Endomembrane system and mitochondria 6.4 Hypotheses 6.4. 1 Autogenous models 6.4. 2 Chimeric models 7 See also 8 References 9 Notes 10 External links History ( edit ) Konstantin Mereschkowski proposed a symbiotic origin for cells with nuclei . The concept of the eukaryote has been attributed to the French biologist Edouard Chatton ( 1883 - 1947 ) . The terms prokaryote and eukaryote were more definitively reintroduced by the Canadian microbiologist Roger Stanier and the Dutch - American microbiologist C.B. van Niel in 1962 . In his 1938 work Titres et Travaux Scientifiques , Chatton had proposed the two terms , calling the bacteria prokaryotes and organisms with nuclei in their cells eukaryotes . However he mentioned this in only one paragraph , and the idea was effectively ignored until Chatton 's statement was rediscovered by Stanier and van Niel . In 1905 and 1910 , the Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski ( 1855 -- 1921 ) argued that plastids were reduced cyanobacteria in a symbiosis with a non-photosynthetic ( heterotrophic ) host that was itself formed by symbiosis between an amoeba - like host and a bacterium - like cell that formed the nucleus . Plants had thus inherited photosynthesis from cyanobacteria . In 1967 , Lynn Margulis provided microbiological evidence for endosymbiosis as the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells in her paper , On the origin of mitosing cells . In the 1970s , Carl Woese explored microbial phylogenetics , studying variations in 16S ribosomal RNA . This helped to uncover the origin of the eukaryotes and the symbiogenesis of two important eukaryote organelles , mitochondria and chloroplasts . In 1977 , Woese and George Fox introduced a `` third form of life '' , which they called the Archaebacteria ; in 1990 , Woese , Otto Kandler and Mark L. Wheeler renamed this the Archaea . In 1979 , G.W. Gould and G.J. Dring suggested that the eukaryotic cell 's nucleus came from the ability of Gram - positive bacteria to form endospores . In 1987 and later papers , Thomas Cavalier - Smith proposed instead that the membranes of the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum first formed by infolding a prokaryote 's plasma membrane . In the 1990s , several other biologists proposed endosymbiotic origins for the nucleus , effectively reviving Mereschkowsky 's theory . Cell features ( edit ) Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than those of prokaryotes having a volume of around 10,000 times greater than the prokaryotic cell . They have a variety of internal membrane - bound structures , called organelles , and a cytoskeleton composed of microtubules , microfilaments , and intermediate filaments , which play an important role in defining the cell 's organization and shape . Eukaryotic DNA is divided into several linear bundles called chromosomes , which are separated by a microtubular spindle during nuclear division . Internal membrane ( edit ) The endomembrane system and its components Eukaryote cells include a variety of membrane - bound structures , collectively referred to as the endomembrane system . Simple compartments , called vesicles and vacuoles , can form by budding off other membranes . Many cells ingest food and other materials through a process of endocytosis , where the outer membrane invaginates and then pinches off to form a vesicle . It is probable that most other membrane - bound organelles are ultimately derived from such vesicles . Alternatively some products produced by the cell can leave in a vesicle through exocytosis . The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane ( commonly referred to as a nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope ) , with pores that allow material to move in and out . Various tube - and sheet - like extensions of the nuclear membrane form the endoplasmic reticulum , which is involved in protein transport and maturation . It includes the rough endoplasmic reticulum where ribosomes are attached to synthesize proteins , which enter the interior space or lumen . Subsequently , they generally enter vesicles , which bud off from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum . In most eukaryotes , these protein - carrying vesicles are released and further modified in stacks of flattened vesicles ( cisternae ) , the Golgi apparatus . Vesicles may be specialized for various purposes . For instance , lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down most biomolecules in the cytoplasm . Peroxisomes are used to break down peroxide , which is otherwise toxic . Many protozoans have contractile vacuoles , which collect and expel excess water , and extrusomes , which expel material used to deflect predators or capture prey . In higher plants , most of a cell 's volume is taken up by a central vacuole , which mostly contains water and primarily maintains its osmotic pressure . Mitochondria and plastids ( edit ) Simplified structure of a mitochondrion Mitochondria are organelles found in all but one eukaryote . Mitochondria provide energy to the eukaryote cell by converting sugars into ATP . They have two surrounding membranes , each a phospholipid bi-layer ; the inner of which is folded into invaginations called cristae where aerobic respiration takes place . Mitochondria contain their own DNA , which has close structural similarities to bacterial DNA , and which encodes rRNA and tRNA genes that produce RNA which is closer in structure to bacterial RNA than to eukaryote RNA . They are now generally held to have developed from endosymbiotic prokaryotes , probably proteobacteria . Some eukaryotes , such as the metamonads such as Giardia and Trichomonas , and the amoebozoan Pelomyxa , appear to lack mitochondria , but all have been found to contain mitochondrion - derived organelles , such as hydrogenosomes and mitosomes , and thus have lost their mitochondria secondarily . They obtain energy by enzymatic action on nutrients absorbed from the environment . The metamonad Monocercomonoides has also acquired , by lateral gene transfer , a cytosolic sulfur mobilisation system which provides the clusters of iron and sulfur required for protein synthesis . The normal mitochondrial iron - sulfur cluster pathway has been lost secondarily . Plants and various groups of algae also have plastids . Plastids also have their own DNA and are developed from endosymbionts , in this case cyanobacteria . They usually take the form of chloroplasts which , like cyanobacteria , contain chlorophyll and produce organic compounds ( such as glucose ) through photosynthesis . Others are involved in storing food . Although plastids probably had a single origin , not all plastid - containing groups are closely related . Instead , some eukaryotes have obtained them from others through secondary endosymbiosis or ingestion . The capture and sequestering of photosynthetic cells and chloroplasts occurs in many types of modern eukaryotic organisms and is known as kleptoplasty . Endosymbiotic origins have also been proposed for the nucleus , and for eukaryotic flagella . Cytoskeletal structures ( edit ) Main article : Cytoskeleton Longitudinal section through the flagellum of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Many eukaryotes have long slender motile cytoplasmic projections , called flagella , or similar structures called cilia . Flagella and cilia are sometimes referred to as undulipodia , and are variously involved in movement , feeding , and sensation . They are composed mainly of tubulin . These are entirely distinct from prokaryotic flagellae . They are supported by a bundle of microtubules arising from a centriole , characteristically arranged as nine doublets surrounding two singlets . Flagella also may have hairs , or mastigonemes , and scales connecting membranes and internal rods . Their interior is continuous with the cell 's cytoplasm . Microfilamental structures composed of actin and actin binding proteins , e.g. , α - actinin , fimbrin , filamin are present in submembraneous cortical layers and bundles , as well . Motor proteins of microtubules , e.g. , dynein or kinesin and actin , e.g. , myosins provide dynamic character of the network . Centrioles are often present even in cells and groups that do not have flagella , but conifers and flowering plants have neither . They generally occur in groups that give rise to various microtubular roots . These form a primary component of the cytoskeletal structure , and are often assembled over the course of several cell divisions , with one flagellum retained from the parent and the other derived from it . Centrioles produce the spindle during nuclear division . The significance of cytoskeletal structures is underlined in the determination of shape of the cells , as well as their being essential components of migratory responses like chemotaxis and chemokinesis . Some protists have various other microtubule - supported organelles . These include the radiolaria and heliozoa , which produce axopodia used in flotation or to capture prey , and the haptophytes , which have a peculiar flagellum - like organelle called the haptonema . Cell wall ( edit ) Main article : Cell wall The cells of plants and algae , fungi and most chromalveolates have a cell wall , a layer outside the cell membrane , providing the cell with structural support , protection , and a filtering mechanism . The cell wall also prevents over-expansion when water enters the cell . The major polysaccharides making up the primary cell wall of land plants are cellulose , hemicellulose , and pectin . The cellulose microfibrils are linked via hemicellulosic tethers to form the cellulose - hemicellulose network , which is embedded in the pectin matrix . The most common hemicellulose in the primary cell wall is xyloglucan . Differences among eukaryotic cells ( edit ) There are many different types of eukaryotic cells , though animals and plants are the most familiar eukaryotes , and thus provide an excellent starting point for understanding eukaryotic structure . Fungi and many protists have some substantial differences , however . Animal cell ( edit ) Structure of a typical animal cell Structure of a typical plant cell All animals are eukaryotic . Animal cells are distinct from those of other eukaryotes , most notably plants , as they lack cell walls and chloroplasts and have smaller vacuoles . Due to the lack of a cell wall , animal cells can adopt a variety of shapes . A phagocytic cell can even engulf other structures . Plant cell ( edit ) Main article : Plant cell Plant cells are quite different from the cells of the other eukaryotic organisms . Their distinctive features are : A large central vacuole ( enclosed by a membrane , the tonoplast ) , which maintains the cell 's turgor and controls movement of molecules between the cytosol and sap A primary cell wall containing cellulose , hemicellulose and pectin , deposited by the protoplast on the outside of the cell membrane ; this contrasts with the cell walls of fungi , which contain chitin , and the cell envelopes of prokaryotes , in which peptidoglycans are the main structural molecules The plasmodesmata , pores in the cell wall that link adjacent cells and allow plant cells to communicate with adjacent cells . Animals have a different but functionally analogous system of gap junctions between adjacent cells . Plastids , especially chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll , the pigment that gives plants their green color and allows them to perform photosynthesis Bryophytes and seedless vascular plants only have flagellae and centrioles in the sperm cells . Sperm of cycads and Ginkgo are large , complex cells that swim with hundreds to thousands of flagellae . Conifers ( Pinophyta ) and flowering plants ( Angiospermae ) lack the flagellae and centrioles that are present in animal cells . Fungal cell ( edit ) Fungal Hyphae Cells 1 - Hyphal wall 2 - Septum 3 - Mitochondrion 4 - Vacuole 5 - Ergosterol crystal 6 - Ribosome 7 - Nucleus 8 - Endoplasmic reticulum 9 - Lipid body 10 - Plasma membrane 11 - Spitzenkörper 12 - Golgi apparatus The cells of fungi are most similar to animal cells , with the following exceptions : A cell wall that contains chitin Less definition between cells ; the hyphae of higher fungi have porous partitions called septa , which allow the passage of cytoplasm , organelles , and , sometimes , nuclei . Primitive fungi have few or no septa , so each organism is essentially a giant multinucleate supercell ; these fungi are described as coenocytic . Only the most primitive fungi , chytrids , have flagella . Other eukaryotic cells ( edit ) Some groups of eukaryotes have unique organelles , such as the cyanelles ( unusual chloroplasts ) of the glaucophytes , the haptonema of the haptophytes , or the ejectosomes of the cryptomonads . Other structures , such as pseudopodia , are found in various eukaryote groups in different forms , such as the lobose amoebozoans or the reticulose foraminiferans . Reproduction ( edit ) This diagram illustrates the twofold cost of sex . If each individual were to contribute to the same number of offspring ( two ) , ( a ) the sexual population remains the same size each generation , where the ( b ) asexual population doubles in size each generation . Cell division generally takes place asexually by mitosis , a process that allows each daughter nucleus to receive one copy of each chromosome . Most eukaryotes also have a life cycle that involves sexual reproduction , alternating between a haploid phase , where only one copy of each chromosome is present in each cell and a diploid phase , wherein two copies of each chromosome are present in each cell . The diploid phase is formed by fusion of two haploid gametes to form a zygote , which may divide by mitosis or undergo chromosome reduction by meiosis . There is considerable variation in this pattern . Animals have no multicellular haploid phase , but each plant generation can consist of haploid and diploid multicellular phases . Eukaryotes have a smaller surface area to volume ratio than prokaryotes , and thus have lower metabolic rates and longer generation times . The evolution of sexual reproduction may be a primordial and fundamental characteristic of eukaryotes . Based on a phylogenetic analysis , Dacks and Roger proposed that facultative sex was present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes . A core set of genes that function in meiosis is present in both Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis , two organisms previously thought to be asexual . Since these two species are descendants of lineages that diverged early from the eukaryotic evolutionary tree , it was inferred that core meiotic genes , and hence sex , were likely present in a common ancestor of all eukaryotes . Eukaryotic species once thought to be asexual , such as parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania , have been shown to have a sexual cycle . Also , evidence now indicates that amoebae , previously regarded as asexual , are anciently sexual and that the majority of present - day asexual groups likely arose recently and independently . Classification ( edit ) Further information : wikispecies : Eukaryota Phylogenetic and symbiogenetic tree of living organisms , showing a view of the origins of eukaryotes & prokaryotes One hypothesis of eukaryotic relationships . The Opisthokonta group includes both animals ( Metazoa ) and fungi . Plants ( Plantae ) are placed in Archaeplastida . A pie chart of described eukaryote species ( except for Excavata ) , together with a tree showing possible relationships between the groups In antiquity , the two lineages of animals and plants were recognized . They were given the taxonomic rank of Kingdom by Linnaeus . Though he included the fungi with plants with some reservations , it was later realized that they are quite distinct and warrant a separate kingdom , the composition of which was not entirely clear until the 1980s . The various single - cell eukaryotes were originally placed with plants or animals when they became known . In 1830 , the German biologist Georg A. Goldfuss coined the word protozoa to refer to organisms such as ciliates , and this group was expanded until it encompassed all single - celled eukaryotes , and given their own kingdom , the Protista , by Ernst Haeckel in 1866 . The eukaryotes thus came to be composed of four kingdoms : Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia The protists were understood to be `` primitive forms '' , and thus an evolutionary grade , united by their primitive unicellular nature . The disentanglement of the deep splits in the tree of life only really started with DNA sequencing , leading to a system of domains rather than kingdoms as top level rank being put forward by Carl Woese , uniting all the eukaryote kingdoms under the eukaryote domain . At the same time , work on the protist tree intensified , and is still actively going on today . Several alternative classifications have been forwarded , though there is no consensus in the field . Eukaryotes are a clade usually assessed to be sister to Heimdallarchaeota in the Asgard grouping in the Archaea . The basal groupings are the Opimoda , Diphoda , the Discoba , and the Loukozoa . The Eukaryote root is usually assessed to be near or even in Discoba . A classification produced in 2005 for the International Society of Protistologists , which reflected the consensus of the time , divided the eukaryotes into six supposedly monophyletic ' supergroups ' . However , in the same year ( 2005 ) , doubts were expressed as to whether some of these supergroups were monophyletic , particularly the Chromalveolata , and a review in 2006 noted the lack of evidence for several of the supposed six supergroups . A revised classification in 2012 recognizes five supergroups . Archaeplastida ( or Primoplantae ) Land plants , green algae , red algae , and glaucophytes SAR supergroup Stramenopiles ( brown algae , diatoms , etc . ) , Alveolata , and Rhizaria ( Foraminifera , Radiolaria , and various other amoeboid protozoa ) . Excavata Various flagellate protozoa Amoebozoa Most lobose amoeboids and slime molds Opisthokonta Animals , fungi , choanoflagellates , etc . There are also smaller groups of eukaryotes whose position is uncertain or seems to fall outside the major groups -- in particular , Haptophyta , Cryptophyta , Centrohelida , Telonemia , Picozoa , Apusomonadida , Ancyromonadida , Breviatea , and the genus Collodictyon . Overall , it seems that , although progress has been made , there are still very significant uncertainties in the evolutionary history and classification of eukaryotes . As Roger & Simpson said in 2009 `` with the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life , we should proceed with caution . '' In an article published in Nature Microbiology in April 2016 the authors , `` reinforced once again that the life we see around us -- plants , animals , humans and other so - called eukaryotes -- represent a tiny percentage of the world 's biodiversity . '' They classified eukaryote `` based on the inheritance of their information systems as opposed to lipid or other cellular structures . '' Jillian F. Banfield of the University of California , Berkeley and fellow scientists used a super computer to generate a diagram of a new tree of life based on DNA from 3000 species including 2,072 known species and 1,011 newly reported microbial organisms , whose DNA they had gathered from diverse environments . As the capacity to sequence DNA became easier , Banfield and team were able to do metagenomic sequencing -- `` sequencing whole communities of organisms at once and picking out the individual groups based on their genes alone . '' Phylogeny ( edit ) The rRNA trees constructed during the 1980s and 1990s left most eukaryotes in an unresolved `` crown '' group ( not technically a true crown ) , which was usually divided by the form of the mitochondrial cristae ; see crown eukaryotes . The few groups that lack mitochondria branched separately , and so the absence was believed to be primitive ; but this is now considered an artifact of long - branch attraction , and they are known to have lost them secondarily . As of 2011 , there is widespread agreement that the Rhizaria belong with the Stramenopiles and the Alveolata , in a clade dubbed the SAR supergroup , so that Rhizaria is not one of the main eukaryote groups ; also that the Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta are each monophyletic and form a clade , often called the unikonts . Beyond this , there does not appear to be a consensus . It has been estimated that there may be 75 distinct lineages of eukaryotes . Most of these lineages are protists . The known eukaryote genome sizes vary from 8.2 megabases ( Mb ) in Babesia bovis to 112,000 -- 220,050 Mb in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans , showing that the genome of the ancestral eukaryote has undergone considerable variation during its evolution . The last common ancestor of all eukaryotes is believed to have been a phagotrophic protist with a nucleus , at least one centriole and cilium , facultatively aerobic mitochondria , sex ( meiosis and syngamy ) , a dormant cyst with a cell wall of chitin and / or cellulose and peroxisomes . Later endosymbiosis led to the spread of plastids in some lineages . Five supergroups ( edit ) A global tree of eukaryotes from a consensus of phylogenetic evidence ( in particular , phylogenomics ) , rare genomic signatures , and morphological characteristics is presented in Adl et al. 2012 and Burki 2014 / 2016 with the Cryptophyta and picozoa having emerged within the Archaeplastida . A similar inclusion of Glaucophyta , Cryptista ( and also , unusually , Haptista ) has also been made . Eukaryotes Diaphoretickes Archaeplastida Red algae ( Rhodophyta ) picozoa Glaucophyta Green plants ( Viridiplantae ) Cryptista Haptista Ancoracysta Telonemia SAR Halvaria Stramenopiles Alveolata Rhizaria Discoba Amorphea Amoebozoa Apusomonadida Opisthokonta Holomycota ( inc . fungi ) Holozoa ( inc . animals ) In some analyses , the Hacrobia group ( Haptophyta + Cryptophyta ) is placed next to Archaeplastida , but in other ones it is nested inside the Archaeplastida . However , several recent studies have concluded that Haptophyta and Cryptophyta do not form a monophyletic group . The former could be a sister group to the SAR group , the latter cluster with the Archaeplastida ( plants in the broad sense ) . The division of the eukaryotes into two primary clades , bikonts ( Archaeplastida + SAR + Excavata ) and unikonts ( Amoebozoa + Opisthokonta ) , derived from an ancestral biflagellar organism and an ancestral uniflagellar organism , respectively , had been suggested earlier . A 2012 study produced a somewhat similar division , although noting that the terms `` unikonts '' and `` bikonts '' were not used in the original sense . A highly converged and congruent set of trees appears in Derelle et al ( 2015 ) , Ren et al ( 2016 ) , Yang et al ( 2017 ) and Cavalier - Smith ( 2015 ) including the supplementary information , resulting in a more conservative and consolidated tree . It is combined with some results from Cavalier - Smith for the basal Opimoda . The main remaining controversies are the root , and the exact positioning of the Rhodophyta and the bikonts Rhizaria , Haptista , Cryptista , Picozoa and Telonemia , many of which may be endosymbyotic eukaryote - eukaryote hybrids . Archeaplastida developed the Chloroplasts probably by endosymbiosis of an ancestor related to a currently extant cyanobacterium , Gloeomargarita lithophora . Eukaryotes Diphoda Diaphoretickes Archaeplastida Glaucophyta Rhodophyta Viridiplantae ( + Gloeomargarita lithophora ) Hacrobia Haptista Cryptista SAR Halvaria Stramenopiles Alveolata Rhizaria Discoba Opimoda Metamonada Ancyromonas Malawimonas Podiata CRuMs Diphyllatea , Rigifilida , Mantamonas Amorphea Amoebozoa Obazoa Breviata Apusomonadida Opisthokonta Cavalier - Smith 's tree ( edit ) Thomas Cavalier - Smith 2010 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 and 2018 places the eukaryotic tree 's root between Excavata ( with ventral feeding groove supported by a microtubular root ) and the grooveless Euglenozoa , and monophyletic Chromista , correlated to a single endosymbyotic event of capturing a red - algae . He et al specifically supports rooting eukaryotic tree between a monophyletic Discoba ( Discicristata + Jakobida ) and a Amorphea - Diaphoretickes clade . Eukaryotes Euglenozoa Percolozoa Eolouka Tsukubamonas globosa Jakobea Neokaryota Corticata Archaeplastida Glaucophytes Rhodophytes Viridiplantae Chromista ( + Rhodophyte ) Hacrobia SAR Scotokaryota Malawimonadea Metamonada Podiata Ancyromonadida Mantamonadia Diphyllatea Amorphea Amoebozoa Obazoa Breviatea Apusomonadida Opisthokonta Opimoda Origin of eukaryotes ( edit ) The three - domains tree and the Eocyte hypothesis Phylogenetic tree showing a possible relationship between the eukaryotes and other forms of life ; eukaryotes are colored red , archaea green and bacteria blue . Eocyte tree . Fossils ( edit ) The origin of the eukaryotic cell is a milestone in the evolution of life , since eukaryotes include all complex cells and almost all multicellular organisms . The timing of this series of events is hard to determine ; Knoll ( 2006 ) suggests they developed approximately 1.6 -- 2.1 billion years ago . Some acritarchs are known from at least 1.65 billion years ago , and the possible alga Grypania has been found as far back as 2.1 billion years ago . The Geosiphon - like fossil fungus Diskagma has been found in paleosols 2.2 billion years old . Organized living structures have been found in the black shales of the Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian B Formation in Gabon , dated at 2.1 billion years old . Eukaryotic life could have evolved at that time . Fossils that are clearly related to modern groups start appearing an estimated 1.2 billion years ago , in the form of a red alga , though recent work suggests the existence of fossilized filamentous algae in the Vindhya basin dating back perhaps to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago . Biomarkers suggest that at least stem eukaryotes arose even earlier . The presence of steranes in Australian shales indicates that eukaryotes were present in these rocks dated at 2.7 billion years old , although it was suggested they could originate from samples contamination . Whenever their origins , eukaryotes may not have become ecologically dominant until much later ; a massive uptick in the zinc composition of marine sediments 800 million years ago has been attributed to the rise of substantial populations of eukaryotes , which preferentially consume and incorporate zinc relative to prokaryotes . Relationship to Archaea ( edit ) The nuclear DNA and genetic machinery of eukaryotes is more similar to Archaea than Bacteria , leading to a controversial suggestion that eukaryotes should be grouped with Archaea in the clade Neomura . In other respects , such as membrane composition , eukaryotes are similar to Bacteria . Three main explanations for this have been proposed : Eukaryotes resulted from the complete fusion of two or more cells , wherein the cytoplasm formed from a eubacterium , and the nucleus from an archaeon , from a virus , or from a pre-cell . Eukaryotes developed from Archaea , and acquired their eubacterial characteristics through the endosymbiosis of a proto - mitochondrion of eubacterial origin . Eukaryotes and Archaea developed separately from a modified eubacterium . Diagram of the origin of life with the Eukaryotes appearing early , not derived from Prokaryotes , as proposed by Richard Egel in 2012 . This view implies that the UCA was relatively large and complex . Alternative proposals include : The chronocyte hypothesis postulates that a primitive eukaryotic cell was formed by the endosymbiosis of both archaea and bacteria by a third type of cell , termed a chronocyte . The universal common ancestor ( UCA ) of the current tree of life was a complex organism that survived a mass extinction event rather than an early stage in the evolution of life . Eukaryotes and in particular akaryotes ( Bacteria and Archaea ) evolved through reductive loss , so that similarities result from differential retention of original features . Assuming no other group is involved , there are three possible phylogenies for the Bacteria , Archaea and Eukaryota in which each is monophyletic . These are labelled 1 to 3 in the table below . The eocyte hypothesis is a modification of hypothesis 2 in which the Archaea are paraphyletic . ( The table and the names for the hypotheses are based on Harish and Kurland , 2017 . ) Alternative hypotheses for the base of the tree of life 1 -- Two empires 2 -- Three domains 3 -- Gupta 4 -- Eocyte UCA Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota UCA Eukaryota Archaea Bacteria UCA Eukaryota Bacteria Archaea UCA Eukaryota Archaea - Crenarchaeota Archaea - Euryarchaeota Bacteria In recent years , most researchers have favoured either the three domains ( 3D ) or the eocyte hypotheses . An rRNA analyses supports the eocyte scenario , apparently with the Eukaryote root in Excavata . A cladogram supporting the eocyte hypothesis , positioning eukaryotes within Archaea , based on phylogenomic analyses of the Asgard archaea , is : Proteoarchaeota TACK Korarchaeota Crenarchaeota Aigarchaeota Geoarchaeota Thaumarchaeota Bathyarchaeota Asgard Lokiarchaeota Odinarchaeota Thorarchaeota Heimdallarchaeota ( + α ─ Proteobacteria ) Eukaryota In this scenario , the Asgard group is seen as a sister taxon of the TACK group , which comprises Crenarchaeota ( formerly named eocytes ) , Thaumarchaeota , and others . In 2017 , there has been significant pushback against this scenario , arguing that the eukaryotes did not emerge within the Archaea . Cunha et al. produced analyses supporting the three domains ( 3D ) or Woese hypothesis ( 2 in the table above ) and rejecting the eocyte hypothesis ( 4 above ) . Harish and Kurland found strong support for the earlier two empires ( 2D ) or Mayr hypothesis ( 1 in the table above ) , based on analyses of the coding sequences of protein domains . They rejected the eocyte hypothesis as the least likely . A possible interpretation of their analysis is that the universal common ancestor ( UCA ) of the current tree of life was a complex organism that survived an evolutionary bottleneck , rather than a simpler organism arising early in the history of life . Endomembrane system and mitochondria ( edit ) The origins of the endomembrane system and mitochondria are also unclear . The phagotrophic hypothesis proposes that eukaryotic - type membranes lacking a cell wall originated first , with the development of endocytosis , whereas mitochondria were acquired by ingestion as endosymbionts . The syntrophic hypothesis proposes that the proto - eukaryote relied on the proto - mitochondrion for food , and so ultimately grew to surround it . Here the membranes originated after the engulfment of the mitochondrion , in part thanks to mitochondrial genes ( the hydrogen hypothesis is one particular version ) . In a study using genomes to construct supertrees , Pisani et al. ( 2007 ) suggest that , along with evidence that there was never a mitochondrion-less eukaryote , eukaryotes evolved from a syntrophy between an archaea closely related to Thermoplasmatales and an α - proteobacterium , likely a symbiosis driven by sulfur or hydrogen . The mitochondrion and its genome is a remnant of the α - proteobacterial endosymbiont . Hypotheses ( edit ) Different hypotheses have been proposed as to how eukaryotic cells came into existence . These hypotheses can be classified into two distinct classes -- autogenous models and chimeric models . Autogenous models ( edit ) An autogenous model for the origin of eukaryotes . Autogenous models propose that a proto - eukaryotic cell containing a nucleus existed first , and later acquired mitochondria . According to this model , a large prokaryote developed invaginations in its plasma membrane in order to obtain enough surface area to service its cytoplasmic volume . As the invaginations differentiated in function , some became separate compartments -- giving rise to the endomembrane system , including the endoplasmic reticulum , golgi apparatus , nuclear membrane , and single membrane structures such as lysosomes . Mitochondria are proposed to come from the endosymbiosis of an aerobic proteobacterium , and it is assumed that all the eukaryotic lineages that did not acquire mitochondria became extinct . Chloroplasts came about from another endosymbiotic event involving cyanobacteria . Since all eukaryotes have mitochondria , but not all have chloroplasts , the serial endosymbiosis theory proposes that mitochondria came first . Chimeric models ( edit ) Chimeric models claim that two prokaryotic cells existed initially -- an archaeon and a bacterium . These cells underwent a merging process , either by a physical fusion or by endosymbiosis , thereby leading to the formation of a eukaryotic cell . Within these chimeric models , some studies further claim that mitochondria originated from a bacterial ancestor while others emphasize the role of endosymbiotic processes behind the origin of mitochondria . Based on the process of mutualistic symbiosis , the hypotheses can be categorized as -- the serial endosymbiotic theory ( SET ) , the hydrogen hypothesis ( mostly a process of symbiosis where hydrogen transfer takes place among different species ) , and the syntrophy hypothesis . According to serial endosymbiotic theory ( championed by Lynn Margulis ) , a union between a motile anaerobic bacterium ( like Spirochaeta ) and a thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon ( like Thermoplasma which is sulfidogenic in nature ) gave rise to the present day eukaryotes . This union established a motile organism capable of living in the already existing acidic and sulfurous waters . Oxygen is known to cause toxicity to organisms that lack the required metabolic machinery . Thus , the archaeon provided the bacterium with a highly beneficial reduced environment ( sulfur and sulfate were reduced to sulfide ) . In microaerophilic conditions , oxygen was reduced to water thereby creating a mutual benefit platform . The bacterium on the other hand , contributed the necessary fermentation products and electron acceptors along with its motility feature to the archaeon thereby gaining a swimming motility for the organism . From a consortium of bacterial and archaeal DNA originated the nuclear genome of eukaryotic cells . Spirochetes gave rise to the motile features of eukaryotic cells . Endosymbiotic unifications of the ancestors of alpha - proteobacteria and cyanobacteria , led to the origin of mitochondria and plastids respectively . For example , Thiodendron has been known to have originated via an ectosymbiotic process based on a similar syntrophy of sulfur existing between the two types of bacteria -- Desulphobacter and Spirochaeta . However , such an association based on motile symbiosis have never been observed practically . Also there is no evidence of archaeans and spirochetes adapting to intense acid - based environments . In the hydrogen hypothesis , the symbiotic linkage of an anaerobic and autotrophic methanogenic archaeon ( host ) with an alpha - proteobacterium ( the symbiont ) gave rise to the eukaryotes . The host utilized hydrogen ( H ) and carbon dioxide ( CO ) to produce methane while the symbiont , capable of aerobic respiration , expelled H and CO as byproducts of anaerobic fermentation process . The host 's methanogenic environment worked as a sink for H , which resulted in heightened bacterial fermentation . Endosymbiotic gene transfer ( EGT ) acted as a catalyst for the host to acquire the symbionts ' carbohydrate metabolism and turn heterotrophic in nature . Subsequently , the host 's methane forming capability was lost . Thus , the origins of the heterotrophic organelle ( symbiont ) are identical to the origins of the eukaryotic lineage . In this hypothesis , the presence of H represents the selective force that forged eukaryotes out of prokaryotes . The syntrophy hypothesis was developed in contrast to the hydrogen hypothesis and proposes the existence of two symbiotic events . According to this theory , the origin of eukaryotic cells was based on metabolic symbiosis ( syntrophy ) between a methanogenic archaeon and a delta - proteobacterium . This syntrophic symbiosis was initially facilitated by H transfer between different species under anaerobic environments . In earlier stages , an alpha - proteobacterium became a member of this integration , and later developed into the mitochondrion . Gene transfer from a delta - proteobacterium to an archaeon led to the methanogenic archaeon developing into a nucleus . The archaeon constituted the genetic apparatus , while the delta - proteobacterium contributed towards the cytoplasmic features . This theory incorporates two selective forces at the time of nucleus evolution -- ( a ) presence of metabolic partitioning to avoid the harmful effects of the co-existence of anabolic and catabolic cellular pathways , and ( b ) prevention of abnormal protein biosynthesis due to a vast spread of introns in the archaeal genes after acquiring the mitochondrion and losing methanogenesis . See also ( edit ) Biology portal Book : Eukaryote Evolution of sexual reproduction List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes Parikaryote Prokaryote Thaumarchaeota Vault ( organelle ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sakaguchi M , Takishita K , Matsumoto T , Hashimoto T , Inagaki Y ( July 2009 ) . `` Tracing back EFL gene evolution in the cryptomonads - haptophytes assemblage : separate origins of EFL genes in haptophytes , photosynthetic cryptomonads , and goniomonads '' . Gene . 441 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 126 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gene. 2008.05. 010 . 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External links ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to Eukaryota Eukaryotes ( Tree of Life web site ) Eukaryote at the Encyclopedia of Life Eukaryota Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Diaphoretickes Archaeplastida Glaucophyta Rhodophyta Green algae Plantae s.s. Chlorophyta Streptophyta Chlorokybophyceae Mesostigmatophyceae Spirotaenia Cryptista Corbihelia Cryptophyta A + H Ancoracysta twista Haptista Centroheliozoa Haptophyta SAR Halvaria Alveolata Ciliates Miozoa Acavomonadia Colponemidia Myzozoa Stramenopiles ( heterokonts ) Bicosoecea Developea Hyphochytrea Ochrophyta Peronosporomycota Pirsoniomycota Placidozoa Platysulcea Sagenista Rhizaria Filosa Phytomyxea Retaria Ectoreta Marimyxia Vampyrellidea Incertae sedis Kamera lens Discoba Eolouka Jakobea Tsukubea Discicristata Euglenozoa Percolozoa Loukozoa Ancyromonadida Malawimonadea Metamonada ( Anaeromonada , Trichozoa ) Podiata Amorphea Amoebozoa Conosa ( Archamoebae , Semiconosia ) Lobosa ( Cutosea , Discosea , Tubulinea ) Obazoa Apusomonadida Breviatea Opisthokonta Holomycota Cristidiscoidea Zoosporia Opisthosporidia True fungi Holozoa Ichthyosporea Pluriformea Syssomonas Corallochytrea Filozoa Choanoflagellates Filasterea Metazoa or Animals CRuMs Diphyllatea Mantamonadida Rigifilida Micronucleariida ? Incertae sedis Parakaryon myojinensis † Acritarcha † Charnia † Gakarusia † Galaxiopsis † Grypania † Leptoteichos Major kingdoms are underlined . See also : protist . Sources and alternative views : Wikispecies . Excavata Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Discoba Discicristata Euglenozoa Postgaardia Postgaardea Bihospitida Bihospitidae Postgaardida Calkinsiidae Postgaardidae Glycomonada Diplonemea Diplonemida Diplonemidae Hemistasiidae Kinetoplastea Bordnamonadida Trypanophidida Prokinetoplastida Neobodonida Parabodonida Bodonida Trypanosomatida Euglenida Entosiphonea Entosiphonida Entosiphonidae Stavomonadea Heterostavida Serpenomonadidae Decastavida Decastavidae Keelungiidae Petalomonadida Sphenomonadidae Petalomonadidae Ploeotarea Ploeotiida Lentomonadidae Ploeotiidae Peranemea Peranemida Pseudoperanemataceae Anisonemida Anisonemidae Natomonadida Neometanemidae Distigmidae Astasiidae Acroglissida Teloproctidae Euglenophyceae Rapazida Rapazidae Eutreptiales Eutreptiaceae Euglenales Euglenomorphaceae Phacaceae Euglenaceae Percolozoa Pharyngomonadidea Pharyngomonadida Pharyngomonadidae Heterolobosea Lyromonadida Plaesiobystridae Gruberellidae Psalteriomonadidae Acrasida Acrasidae Guttulinidae Schizopyrenida Naegleriidae Vahlkampfiidae Neovahlkampfiidae Paravahlkampfiidae Euhyperamoebidae Percolatea Percolomonas Stephanopogon Jakobea Jakobida Andaluciidae Stygiellidae Moramonadidae Jakobidae Histionidae Tsukubamonada Tsukubea Tsukubamonadida Tsukubamonadidae Loukozoa Metamonad Trichozoa Parabasalia Chilomitea Chilomitida Chilomitidae Trichonymphea Lophomonadida Lophomonadidae Trichonymphida Hoplonymphidae Spirotrichosomidae Staurojoeninidae Teranymphidae Trichonymphidae Trichomonadea Trichomonadida Hypotrichomonadidae Tricercomitidae Hexamastigidae Honigbergiellidae Trichomonadidae Trichocovinida Trichocovinidae Tritrichomonadida Dientamoebidae Monocercomonadidae Simplicimonadidae Tritrichomonadidae Spirotrichonymphida Spirotrichonymphidae Cristamonadida Calonymphidae Devescovinidae Fornicata Eopharingea Diplomonadida Giardiidae Octomitidae Spironucleidae Hexamitidae Carpediemonadea Carpediemonadida Carpediemonadidae Other Kipferliidae Dysnectida Dysnectidae Retortamonadida Caviomonadidae Retortamonadidae Chilomastigidae Anaeromonada Anaeromonadea Paratrimastigidae Trimastigida Trimastigidae Oxymonadida Polymastigidae Saccinobaculidae Pyrsonymphidae Streblomastigidae Oxymonadidae Neolouka Malawimonadea Malawimonadida Malawimonadidae Planomonada Planomonadea Ancyromonadida Ancyromonadidae Nutomonadidae Planomonadidae Classification of Archaeplastida / Plantae sensu lato Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Rhodophyta ( red algae ) Cyanidiophyceae Porphyridiophyceae Compsopogonophyceae Stylonematophyceae Rhodellophyceae Bangiophyceae Florideophyceae Glaucocystophyta ( glaucophytes ) Glaucocystophyceae Glaucocystis Cyanophora Gloeochaete Viridiplantae ( green algae , & land plants ) Mesostigmatophyceae Chlorokybophyceae Spirotaenia C + S Chlorophyta Mamiellophyceae Nephrophyceae Palmophyllales Prasinophyceae Pseudoscourfieldiales Pyramimonadophyceae Scourfieldiales Pedinophyceae Chlorodendrophyceae UTC clade Ulvophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Chlorophyceae Streptophyta ( charophytes , & land plants ) Klebsormidiophyceae Phragmo - plastophyta Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Zygnematophyceae Mesotaeniaceae Embryophyta ( land plants ) Bryophytes ( non-vascular ) Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Bryophyta `` Moss '' † Horneophytopsida Tracheophyta ( vascular ) Lycopodiophyta ( microphylls ) † Zosterophyllopsida † Sawdoniales Isoetopsida Lycopodiopsida Euphyllophyta ( megaphylls ) Moniliformopses ( ferns ) † Cladoxylopsida † Stauropteridales † Zygopteridales Equisetopsida Psilotopsida Marattiopsida Polypodiopsida Spermatophyta ( seed plants ) † Seed ferns Gymnosperms Gnetopsida Pinopsida Cycadopsida Ginkgoopsida Angiosperms or flowering plants Amborellales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Magnoliids Monocots Eudicots Other † Trimerophytopsida † Progymnosperm Other † Rhyniopsida † = extinct . See also the list of plant orders . Eukaryota : Hacrobia Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Cryptista Corbihelia Endohelea Microhelida Microheliellidae Microheliella Heliomonadida Heliomorphidae Heliomorpha Picomonadea Picomonadida Picomonadidae Picomonas Telonemea Telonemida Telonemidae Cryptophyta Palpitea Palpitomonadida Palpitomonadidae Palpitomonas Katablepharidea Katablepharida Katablepharidae Goniomonadea Goniomonadida Goniomonadidae Goniomonas Hemiarmida Hemiarmidae Hemiarma Cryptophyceae Tetragonidiales Tetragonidiaceae Cryptomonadales Cryptomonadaceae GPTgc ( Plagioselmis ) other ( Cryptomonas / Chilomonas / Goniomonas ) Hemiselmidaceae CKHgc ( Hemiselmis ) Pyrenomonadales Chroomonadaceae CKHgc ( Chroomonas , Komma ) other ( Falcomonas ) Geminigeraceae GHgc ( Guillardia , Hanusia ) GPTgc ( Geminigera , Teleaulax ) other ( Proteomonas ) Pyrenomonadaceae RRSgc ( Pyrenomonas , Rhinomonas , Rhodomonas , Storeatula ) Haptista Alveidia Alveidea Alveida Ancoracystidae Ancoracysta Centroheliozoa Centrohelea Pterocystida Choanocystidae Oxnerellidae Heterophryidae Pterocystidae Acanthocystida Marophryidae Raphidiophryidae Acanthocystidae Haptophyta Rappephyceae Rappemonadales Rappemonadaceae Rappemonas Pavlovophyceae Pavlovales Pavlovaceae Prymnesiophyceae Coccolithales ( Pleurochrysis , Coccolithus ) Prymnesiales ( Chrysochromulina , Prymnesium ) Isochrysidales ( Chrysotila , Dicrateria , Emiliania , Gephyrocapsa , Isochrysis ) See also : coccolithophores Eukaryota : SAR : Heterokonta or Stramenopiles Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Ochrophyta ( mostly photosynthetic ) Phaeista Hypogyristea Pinguiophyceae Pelagophyceae Dictyochophyceae / Actinochrysophyceae / Axodines Dictyochales / Silicoflagellates Rhizochromulinales Florenciellales Actinodines Pedinellales Ciliophryida Actinophryida Chrysista Chrysophyceae , golden algae Chromulinales Chrysosphaerales Hibberdiales Hydrurales Phaeothamniales Eustigmatophyceae Eustigmataceae Monodopsidaceae Pseudocharaciopsidaceae Phaeophyceae , brown algae Ascoseirales Cutleriales Desmarestiales Dictyotales Discosporangiales Ectocarpales Fucales Ishigeales Laminariales Nemodermatales Onslowiales Ralfsiales Scytosiphonales Scytothamnales Sphacelariales Sporochnales Syringodermatales Tilopteridales Phaeothamniophyceae Phaeothamniales Pleurochloridellales Raphidophyceae Chattonella , Fibrocapsa , Gonyostomum , Haramonas , Heterosigma , Vacuolaria Synurophyceae Heterogloeales Ochromonadales Rhizochloridales Synurales Xanthophyceae , yellow - green algae Botrydiales Mischococcales Tribonematales Vaucheriales Khakista Bolidophyceae Bolidomonas Bacillariophyta , diatoms Coscinodiscophyceae Biddulphiophycidae Chaetocerotophycidae Corethrophycidae Coscinodiscophycidae Cymatosirophycidae Lithodesmiophycidae Rhizosoleniophycidae Thalassiosirophycidae Bacillariophyceae Bacillariales Naviculales Fragilariophyceae Fragilariales Heterotrophic groups Pseudofungi Oomycetes Hyphochytriomycetes Bigyra Bigyromonadea Bicosoecea Sagenista Labyrinthulomycetes Eogyrea Opalinata / Slopalinida Opalinidae Proteromonadidae Blastocystis Eukaryota : SAR : Alveolata Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Acavomonidia Acavomonadea Acavomonadida ( Acavomonas ) Ciliophora Intramacronucleata Armophorea ( Metopus ) Cariacotrichea ( Cariacothrix caudata ) Colpodea ( Colpoda ) Litostomatea ( Balantidium , Dileptus ) Nassophorea ( Nassula ) Oligohymenophorea ( Ichthyophthirius , Paramecium , Tetrahymena , Vorticella ) Phyllopharyngea ( Chilodonella , Tokophrya ) Plagiopylea ( Plagiopyla ) Prostomatea ( Coleps , Holophrya ) Protocruziea ( Protocruzia ) Spirotrichea ( Euplotes , Stylonychia ) Postciliodesmatophora Heterotrichea ( Stentor , Climacostomum , Blepharisma ) Karyorelictea ( Loxodes , Tracheloraphis ) Mesodiniea ( Mesodinium , Myrionecta ) Colponemidia Colponemadea Colponemadida ( Colponema ) Myzozoa Apicomplexa Aconoidasida Haemospororida Garniidae ( Garnia ) Haemoproteidae ( Haemoproteus ) Leucocytozoidae ( Leucocytozoon ) Plasmodiidae ( Plasmodium ) Piroplasmida Babesiidae ( Babesia ) Theileriidae ( Theileria ) Conoidasida Coccidia Agamococcidiorida Gemmocystidae ( Gemmocystis ) Rhytidocystidae ( Rhytidocystis ) Eucoccidiorida Adeleorina Adeleidae Dactylosomatidae ( Babesiosoma , Dactylosoma ) Haemogregarinidae ( Haemogregarina ) Hepatozoidae ( Hepatozoon ) Karyolysidae ( Karyolysus ) Klossiellidae ( Klossiella ) Legerellidae ( Legerella ) Eimeriorina Aggregatidae ( Aggregata , Grasseella , Merocystis , Ovivora , Pseudoklossia , Selysina ) Atoxoplasmatidae Barrouxiidae Calyptosporiidae Caryotrophidae Cryptosporidiidae ( Cryptosporidium ) Eimeriidae ( Cyclospora , Eimeria , Isospora ) Elleipsisomatidae Lankesterellidae Selenococcidiidae Sarcocystidae Sarcocystinae ( Frenkelia , Sarcocystis ) Toxoplasmatinae ( Besnoitia , Hammondia , Hyaloklossia , Nephroisospora , Neospora , Toxoplasma ) Ixorheorida Ixorheidae ( Ixorheis ) Protococcidiorida Angeiocystidae ( Angeiocystis ) Eleutheroschizonidae ( Coelotropha , Defretinella , Eleutheroschizon ) Grelliidae ( Coelotropha , Grellia ) Mackinnoniidae ( Mackinnonia ) Myriosporidae ( Myriosporides , Myriospora ) Gregarinia Archigregarinorida Exoschizonidae ( Exoschizon ) Selenidioididae ( Merogregarina , Meroselenidium , Selenidioides , Veloxidium ) Eugregarinorida Aseptatorina Aikinetocystidae Allantocystidae Diplocystidae Enterocystidae Ganymedidae Lecudinidae Monocystidae ( Monocystinae , Oligochaetocystinae , Rhynchocystinae , Stomatophorinae , Zygocystinae ) Schaudinnellidae Selenidiidae Thiriotiidae Urosporidae Blastogregarinorina Siedleckiidae ( Siedleckia ) Septatorina Fusionicae ( Fusionidae ) Gregarinicae ( Cephaloidophoridae , Cephalolobidae , Didymophoridae , Gregarinidae , Hirmocystidae , Metameridae , Uradiophoridae ) Porosporicae ( Porosporidae ) Stenophoricae ( Acutidae , Amphiplatysporidae , Brustiophoridae , Cnemidosporidae , Dactylophoridae , Leidyanidae , Monoductidae , Monoicidae , Sphaerocystidae , Stenophoridae , Trichorhynchidae ) Stylocephaloidea ( Actinocephalidae , Stylocephalidae ) Blabericolidae Neogregarinorida Schizogregarinina ( Caulleryellidae , Ophryocystidae ) Gigaductidae ( Gigaductus ) Lipotrophidae ( Apicystis , Farinocystis , Lipotropha , Lipocystis , Mattesia , Menzbieria ) Schizocystidae ( Lymphotropha , Machadoella , Schizocystis ) Syncystidae ( Syncystis ) Apicomonadea Chromerida Chromeraceae ( Chromera velia ) Vitrellaceae ( Vitrella brassicaformis ) Colpodellida Colpodellidae ( Colpodella ) Voromonadida Alphamonadidae ( Alphamonas ) Voromonadidae ( Voromonas ) Dinoflagellata Dinokaryota With a theca : Dinophysiales ( Dinophysis , Histioneis , Ornithocercus , Oxyphysis ) Gonyaulacales ( Ceratium , Gonyaulax ) Peridiniales ( Pfiesteria , Peridinium ) Prorocentrales ( Prorocentrum ) Without theca : Gymnodiniales ( Amphidinium , Gymnodinium , Karenia , Karlodinium ) Suessiales ( Polarella , Symbiodinium ) Noctilucea Noctilucales ( Noctiluca ) Syndinea Syndiniales : Amoebophryaceae ( Amoebophyra ) Duboscquellaceae ( Duboscquella ) Syndiniaceae ( Hematodinium , Syndinium ) Other Acrocoelidae ( Acrocoelus ) Ichthyodinium Oxyrrhinaceae ( Oxyrrhis ) Pronoctilucidae ( Pronoctiluca ) Psammosidae ( Psammosa ) Perkinsozoa Perkinsea Perkinsidae ( Perkinsus ) Phagodinida ( Phagodinium ) Rastromonadida ( Parvilucifera , Rastrimonas ) Protoalveolata Ellobiopsea Ellobiopsidae ( Elliobiocystis , Ellobiopsis , Parallobiopsis , Thalassomyces , Rhizellobiopsis ) Myzomonadea Algovorida Algovoridae ( Algovora ) Chilovorida Chilovoridae ( Chilovora ) Squirmidea Squirmidae ( Filipodium , Platyproteum ) Amoebozoa Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Lobosa Cutosea Squamocutida Squamamoebidae Sapocribridae Glycopoda Discosea Hyalodiscida Hyalodiscidae Centramoebia Centramoebida Acanthamoebidae Balamuthiidae Cochliopodiida Parvamoebina Parvamoebidae Tectiferina Cochliopodiidae Pellitina Pellitidae Goceviidae Flabellinia Thecamoebida Stenamoebidae Thecamoebidae Mayorellidae Mayorella Dermamoebida Dermamoebidae Glycostylida Vannellina Vannellidae Discamoebidae Stygamoebina Stygamoebidae Dactylopodina Paramoebidae Vexilliferidae Tubulinea Echinamoebida Echinamoebidae Vermamoebidae Leptomyxida Flabellina Flabellulidae Leptomyxina Gephyramoebidae Leptomyxidae Neolobosia Trichosida Trichosphaerium Eulobosia Euamoebida Nolandellidae Amoebidae Hartmannellidae Arcellinida Phryganellina Eulobosina Centropyxidae Difflugidae Conosa Archamoebae incertae sedis Tricholimacidae Endamoebidae Entamoebida Entamoebidae Pelobiontida Pelomyxina Pelomyxidae Mastigamoebina Mastigamoebidae Semiconosia Variosea ( paraphyletic ) Holomastigida Phalansteriida Artodiscida Varipodida Mycetozoa Myxogastria Echinosteliopsida Ceratiomyxida Lucisporidia Liceida Trichiida Echinostelida Echinosteliidae Clastodermidae Fuscisporida Lamprodermina Stemonitina Physarina Others Protosteliales Protosporangiida Dictyosteliida Incertae sedis Multicilia Opisthokonta Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Holomycota Cristidiscoidea Nucleariida Nucleariidae Fonticulida Fonticulaceae Fungi / Opisthosporidia BCG2 B1 + C + A + F B1 + C BCG1 Cryptomycota Rozella N + M Namako - 37 Microsporidia Metchnikovellea Metchnikovellida Microsporea Chytridiopsida Glugeida Meiodihaplophasida Dissociodihaplophasida A + F Aphelidea True Fungi Neocallimastigomycota Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Olpidiomycota Entomophthoromycota Kickxellomycota Mucoromycota Glomeromycota Entorrhizomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Holozoa Ichthyosporea Dermocystida Rhinosporidiaceae Ichthyophonida Sphaeroformina Psorospermidae Piridae Creolimacidae Trichomycina Ichthyophonidae Amoebidiidae Palavasciaceae Parataeniellaceae Eccrinaceae P + F Pluriformea Corallochytrea Corallochytriida Corallochytriidae Syssomonas multiformis Filozoa Filasterea Ministeriida Capsasporidae Ministeriidae Apoikozoa Choanoflagellatea Acanthoecida Stephanoecidae Acanthoecidae Craspedida Codonosigidae Salpingoecidae Metazoa ( Animalia ) Porifera Ctenophora Placozoa Cnidaria Xenacoelomorpha Deuterostome chordates echinoderms Protostome Ecdysozoa inc . arthropods and nematodes Spiralia inc . molluscs and annelids Sources and alternative views : Wikispecies . Extant Animal phyla Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Animalia Porifera ( sponges ) Diploblasts ( Eumetazoa ) Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) ParaHoxozoa Placozoa ( Trichoplax ) Planulozoa Cnidaria ( jellyfish and relatives ) Bilateria ( Triploblasts ) Xenacoelomorpha Xenoturbellida ( Xenoturbella ) Acoelomorpha acoels nemertodermatids Nephrozoa ( see below ↓ ) Nephrozoa Deuterostomia Chordata lancelets tunicates Vertebrata / Craniata Ambulacraria Echinodermata ( starfish and relatives ) Hemichordata acorn worms pterobranchs Protostomia Ecdysozoa Scalidophora Kinorhyncha ( mud dragons ) Priapulida ( penis worms ) N + L + P Nematoida Nematoda ( roundworms ) Nematomorpha ( horsehair worms ) L + P Loricifera ( corset animals ) Panarthropoda Onychophora ( velvet worms ) Tactopoda Arthropoda ( arthropods ) Tardigrada ( waterbears ) Spiralia Gnathifera 1 Chaetognatha ( arrow worms ) Gnathostomulida ( jaw worms ) M + S Micrognathozoa ( Limnognathia ) Syndermata Rotifera ( wheel animals ) Acanthocephala ( thorny - headed worms ) Platytrochozoa R + M Mesozoa Orthonectida Dicyemida or Rhombozoa Monoblastozoa ( Salinella ) Rouphozoa 1 Platyhelminthes ( flatworms ) Gastrotricha ( hairybacks ) Lophotrochozoa Cycliophora ( Symbion ) Annelida ( ringed worms ) M + K Mollusca ( molluscs ) Kryptotrochozoa Nemertea ( ribbon worms ) Lophophorata Bryozoa Entoprocta or Kamptozoa Ectoprocta ( moss animals ) Brachiozoa Brachiopoda ( lamp shells ) Phoronida ( horseshoe worms ) Major groups within phyla Sponges Hexactinellid Demosponge Calcareous Homoscleromorpha Cnidarians Anthozoa inc . corals Hexacorallia Octocorallia Medusozoa inc . jellyfish Myxozoa Vertebrates Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Echinoderms Sea lilies Asterozoa inc . starfish Echinozoa Nematodes Chromadorea Enoplea Secernentea Arthropods Chelicerates / Arachnids Myriapods Crustaceans Hexapods / Insects Platyhelminths Turbellaria Trematoda Monogenea Cestoda Bryozoans Phylactolaemata Stenolaemata Gymnolaemata Annelids Polychaetes Clitellata Echiura Sipuncula Molluscs Gastropods Cephalopods Bivalves Chitons Tusk shells Phyla with ≥ 1000 extant species bolded See also Diploblasts 1 Platyzoa Opisthokont : True fungi classification , fungal orders Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Dikarya Ascomycota ( sac fungi ) Pezizomycotina Leotiomyceta Dothideomyceta Coniocybomycetes Lichinomycetes Arthoniomycetes Collemopsidiomycetes Dothideomycetes Eurotiomycetes Lecanoromycetes Sordariomyceta Xylonomycetes Geoglossomycetes Leotiomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes Sordariomycetes Other Orbiliomycetes Pezizomycetes Saccharomycotina Saccharomycetes Taphrinomycotina Archaeorhizomycetes Neolectomycetes Pneumocystidomycetes Schizosaccharomycetes Taphrinomycetes Basidiomycota ( with basidia ) Pucciniomycotina Tritirachiomycetes Mixiomycetes Agaricostilbomycetes Cystobasidiomycetes Microbotryomycetes Classiculomycetes Cryptomycocolacomycetes Atractiellomycetes Pucciniomycetes Ustilaginomycotina Monilielliomycetes Malasseziomycetes Ustilaginomycetes Exobasidiomycetes Agaricomycotina Hymenomycete Dacrymycetales Agaricomycetes Other Wallemiomycetes Bartheletiomycetes Tremellomycetes Entorrhizomycota Entorrhizomycetes Zygomycota ( paraphyletic ) Glomeromycota Paraglomeromycetes Archaeosporomycetes Glomeromycetes Mucoromycota Umbelopsidomycetes Mucoromycetes Calcarisporiellomycota Calcarisporiellomycetes Mortierellomycota Mortierellomycetes Kickxellomycota Zoopagomycetes Dimargaritomycetes Kickxellomycetes Entomophthoromycota Neozygitomycetes Entomophthoromycetes Olpidiomycota Olpidiomycetes Basidiobolomycota Basidiobolomycetes Zoosporic fungi ( paraphyletic ) Neocallimastigomycota Neocallimastigomycetes Chytridiomycota Hyaloraphidiomycetes Monoblepharidomycetes Sanchytriomycetes Mesochytriomycetes Chytridiomycetes Blastocladiomycota Physodermatomycetes Blastocladiomycetes Fungal phyla are underlined . See also : fungi imperfecti ( polyphyletic group ) . Organisms and comparable organic structures Life Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota ( Animalia Fungi Plantae Protista ) Non-cellular agents Virus dsDNA virus ssDNA virus dsRNA virus ( + ) ssRNA virus ( − ) ssRNA virus ssRNA - RT virus dsDNA - RT virus Viroid Pospiviroidae Avsunviroidae Prion Mammalian prion Fungal prion Virus dependent Satellite ssRNA satellite virus dsDNA satellite virus ( Virophage ) ssDNA satellite dsRNA satellite ssRNA satellite ( Virusoid ) Defective interfering particle Defective Interfering RNA Defective interfering DNA Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q19088 Wikispecies : Eukaryota AlgaeBase : Lbeea6fab8cc1d7f8 EoL : 2908256 Fossilworks : 306691 NCBI : 2759 GND : 4070991 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eukaryote&oldid=857110736 '' Categories : Eukaryotes Domains ( biology ) Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Use American English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 ГӀалгӀай Lingua Franca Nova 103 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 16 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	unlike bacteria the cell membranes of eukaryotes contain	[ "Eukaryotes (/juːˈkærioʊt, -ət/) are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea).[3][4][5] Eukaryotes belong to the domain Eukaryota or Eukarya. Their name comes from the Greek εὖ (eu, \"well\" or \"true\") and κάρυον (karyon, \"nut\" or \"kernel\").[6] Eukaryotic cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus, and in addition, some cells of plants and algae contain chloroplasts. Unlike unicellular archaea and bacteria, eukaryotes may also be multicellular and include organisms consisting of many cell types forming different kinds of tissue. Animals and plants are the most familiar eukaryotes.\n" ]	[ "a nucleus" ]
8577294800607878837	List of NBA All-Stars	List of NBA All - Stars - wikipedia List of NBA All - Stars Jump to : navigation , search Kareem Abdul - Jabbar was selected to play in the NBA All - Star Game for a record of 19 times . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) All - Star Game is an annual exhibition basketball game played between the Eastern - Conference and the Western - Conference All - Stars . It is the main event of the NBA All - Star Weekend . Twelve players -- five starters and seven reserves -- from each conference are chosen from a pool of 120 players -- 60 players from each conference with 24 guards and 24 frontcourts ( forwards and centers ) -- listed on the ballots by a panel of sport writers and broadcasters . The starters are chosen by a combination of fans , media , and current players . Fans may vote using a variety of online platforms , and account for 50 % of the vote , with the media and current players each accounting for 25 % . The reserves are chosen by voting among the head coaches of each team 's particular conference . Coaches are not allowed to vote for their own players , and can select two guards , three big men , and two players regardless of positions . If a player is unable to participate due to injury , the NBA commissioner will select a replacement . The 1999 All - Star Game was canceled due to the league 's lockout . The following is a list of NBA All - Stars , players who have been selected for the NBA All - Star Game at least once in their career . Note that the number indicates the player 's number of selections -- not the number of games played . For instance , Michael Jordan was named to the All - Star Game roster 14 times , but missed the 1986 game due to injury . As of the 2017 All - Star Game , 411 players have been selected to an All - Star Game roster at least once . However , only 283 of them have earned multiple selections to the game . Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul - Jabbar holds the record for most All - Star Game selections and most All - Star Games played . He was selected 19 times and played in 18 All - Star games . Dirk Nowitzki and LeBron James both hold the record for most All - Star Game selections among active players , with 13 selections . Bob Cousy , John Havlicek , and LeBron James are tied for the most consecutive games actually played , appearing in 13 straight All - Star Games . Tim Duncan also played in 13 straight All - Star Games if the lockout - cancelled 1999 game is excluded . Several players were named to All - Star Game rosters , but never actually played in the game due to injury . # The number of times the player have been selected to play in the All - Star Game Denotes player who is still active as of the 2017 -- 18 season * Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as player † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2017 Note : Statistics are correct as of the conclusion of the 2017 NBA All - Star Game . Player # Selections Notes Reference Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 19 1970 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1989 Missed 1973 game Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 18 1998 ; 2000 -- 2016 Missed 2010 , 2014 , and 2015 games Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan 15 1998 ; 2000 -- 2011 ; 2013 ; 2015 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett 15 1997 -- 1998 ; 2000 -- 2011 ; 2013 Missed 2008 game O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 15 1993 -- 1998 ; 2000 -- 2007 ; 2009 Missed 1997 , 2001 , and 2002 games Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 14 1985 -- 1993 ; 1996 -- 1998 ; 2002 -- 2003 Missed 1986 game Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 14 1988 -- 1998 ; 2000 -- 2002 Missed 1990 and 2002 games West , Jerry Jerry West * 14 1961 -- 1974 Missed 1969 and 1974 games Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 13 1960 -- 1969 ; 1971 -- 1973 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 13 1951 -- 1963 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * 13 1966 -- 1978 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 13 2005 -- 2017 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ 13 2002 -- 2012 ; 2014 -- 2015 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 12 1980 -- 1988 ; 1990 -- 1992 , Missed 1991 and 1992 games Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes * 12 1969 -- 1980 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 12 1980 ; 1982 -- 1992 Missed 1989 game Malone , Moses Moses Malone * 12 1978 -- 1989 Missed 1984 game ; also a one - time ABA All - Star Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 12 1985 -- 1990 ; 1992 -- 1997 Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * 12 1961 -- 1972 Russell , Bill Bill Russell * 12 1958 -- 1969 Schayes , Dolph Dolph Schayes * 12 1951 -- 1962 Missed 1952 game Thomas , Isiah Isiah Thomas * 12 1982 -- 1993 Missed 1991 game Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ 12 2005 -- 2016 Missed 2015 game Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * 11 1987 -- 1997 Missed 1994 and 1997 games Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 11 1959 -- 1965 ; 1967 -- 1970 Bosh , Chris Chris Bosh ^ 11 2006 -- 2016 Missed 2009 game Erving , Julius Julius Erving * 11 1977 -- 1987 Also a five - time ABA All - Star Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * 11 1986 ; 1988 -- 1997 Missed 1986 and 1997 games Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * 11 2000 -- 2010 Missed 2007 and 2010 games Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * 11 1955 -- 1965 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 10 2000 -- 2002 ; 2004 -- 2009 ; 2011 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 10 2007 -- 2008 ; 2010 -- 2017 Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * 10 1951 -- 1952 ; 1955 -- 1962 Missed 1960 game Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 10 1986 ; 1988 -- 1994 ; 1996 -- 1997 Missed 1997 game Greer , Hal Hal Greer * 10 1961 -- 1970 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 10 1996 ; 1998 ; 2000 -- 2004 ; 2007 -- 2008 ; 2010 Missed 2007 game Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce 10 2002 -- 2006 ; 2008 -- 2012 Robinson , David David Robinson * 10 1990 -- 1996 ; 1998 ; 2000 -- 2001 Stockton , John John Stockton * 10 1989 -- 1997 ; 2000 Gervin , George George Gervin * 9 1977 -- 1985 Also a three - time ABA All - Star Parish , Robert Robert Parish * 9 1981 -- 1987 ; 1990 -- 1991 Paul , Chris Chris Paul ^ 9 2008 -- 2016 Missed 2010 game Payton , Gary Gary Payton * 9 1994 -- 1998 ; 2000 -- 2003 Wilkens , Lenny Lenny Wilkens * 9 1963 -- 1965 ; 1967 -- 1971 ; 1973 Wilkins , Dominique Dominique Wilkins * 9 1986 -- 1994 Missed 1992 game Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 8 1966 -- 1967 ; 1973 -- 1978 Missed 1973 game ; also a four - time ABA All - Star Carter , Vince Vince Carter ^ 8 2000 -- 2007 Missed 2002 game Cowens , Dave Dave Cowens * 8 1972 -- 1978 ; 1980 Missed 1977 and 1980 games DeBusschere , Dave Dave DeBusschere * 8 1966 -- 1968 ; 1970 -- 1974 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ 8 2010 -- 2017 English , Alex Alex English * 8 1982 -- 1989 Foust , Larry Larry Foust 8 1951 -- 1956 ; 1958 -- 1959 Missed 1952 game Howard , Dwight Dwight Howard ^ 8 2007 -- 2014 Lanier , Bob Bob Lanier * 8 1972 -- 1975 ; 1977 -- 1979 ; 1982 Mutombo , Dikembe Dikembe Mutombo * 8 1992 ; 1995 -- 1998 ; 2000 -- 2002 Nash , Steve Steve Nash 8 2002 -- 2003 ; 2005 -- 2008 ; 2010 ; 2012 Missed 2007 game Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * 8 1953 -- 1960 Yao , Ming ! Yao Ming * 8 2003 -- 2009 ; 2011 Missed 2007 and 2011 games Bing , Dave Dave Bing * 7 1968 -- 1969 ; 1971 ; 1973 -- 1976 Frazier , Walt Walt Frazier * 7 1970 -- 1976 Gallatin , Harry Harry Gallatin * 7 1951 -- 1957 Hill , Grant Grant Hill 7 1995 -- 1998 ; 2000 -- 2001 ; 2005 Missed 2001 game Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson ^ 7 2007 -- 2012 ; 2014 Missed 2012 game Lucas , Jerry Jerry Lucas * 7 1964 -- 1969 ; 1971 Macauley , Ed Ed Macauley * 7 1951 -- 1957 Martin , Slater Slater Martin * 7 1953 -- 1959 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 7 2001 -- 2007 McGuire , Dick Dick McGuire * 7 1951 -- 1952 ; 1954 -- 1956 ; 1958 -- 1959 McHale , Kevin Kevin McHale * 7 1984 ; 1986 -- 1991 Mourning , Alonzo Alonzo Mourning * 7 1994 -- 1997 ; 2000 -- 2002 Missed 1994 , 1997 , and 2001 games Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen * 7 1990 ; 1992 -- 1997 Reed , Willis Willis Reed * 7 1965 -- 1971 Sikma , Jack Jack Sikma 7 1979 -- 1985 Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond * 7 1965 -- 1968 ; 1970 ; 1973 -- 1974 Missed 1968 and 1970 games Walker , Chet Chet Walker * 7 1964 ; 1966 -- 1967 ; 1970 -- 1971 ; 1973 -- 1974 White , Jo Jo Jo Jo White * 7 1971 -- 1977 Worthy , James James Worthy * 7 1986 -- 1992 Archibald , Nate Nate Archibald * 6 1973 ; 1975 -- 1976 ; 1980 -- 1982 Costello , Larry Larry Costello 6 1958 -- 1962 ; 1965 Missed 1962 game Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * 6 1980 -- 1982 ; 1984 -- 1986 Davis , Walter Walter Davis 6 1978 -- 1981 ; 1984 ; 1987 Dumars , Joe Joe Dumars * 6 1990 -- 1993 ; 1995 ; 1997 Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ 6 2006 ; 2009 -- 2011 ; 2015 -- 2016 Gilmore , Artis Artis Gilmore * 6 1978 -- 1979 ; 1981 -- 1983 ; 1986 Also a five - time ABA All - Star Guerin , Richie Richie Guerin * 6 1958 -- 1963 Heinsohn , Tom Tom Heinsohn * 6 1957 ; 1961 -- 1965 Missed 1965 game Howell , Bailey Bailey Howell * 6 1961 -- 1964 ; 1966 -- 1967 Hudson , Lou Lou Hudson 6 1969 -- 1974 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * 6 1953 -- 1958 Kemp , Shawn Shawn Kemp 6 1993 -- 1998 Mikkelsen , Vern Vern Mikkelsen * 6 1951 -- 1953 ; 1955 -- 1957 O'Neal , Jermaine Jermaine O'Neal 6 2002 -- 2007 Missed 2006 game Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ 6 2006 -- 2007 ; 2009 ; 2012 -- 2014 Richmond , Mitch Mitch Richmond * 6 1993 -- 1998 Missed 1993 game Stoudemire , Amar'eAmar'e Stoudemire 6 2005 ; 2007 -- 2011 Twyman , Jack Jack Twyman * 6 1957 -- 1960 ; 1962 -- 1963 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 6 2011 -- 2013 ; 2015 -- 2017 Yardley , George George Yardley * 6 1955 -- 1960 Aldridge , LaMarcus LaMarcus Aldridge ^ 5 2012 -- 2016 Billups , Chauncey Chauncey Billups 5 2006 -- 2010 Braun , Carl Carl Braun 5 1953 -- 1957 Missed 1956 game Daugherty , Brad Brad Daugherty 5 1988 -- 1989 ; 1991 -- 1993 Embry , Wayne Wayne Embry * 5 1961 -- 1965 Missed 1963 game ; inducted as a contributor Gola , Tom Tom Gola * 5 1960 -- 1964 Missed 1962 game Goodrich , Gail Gail Goodrich * 5 1969 ; 1972 -- 1975 Griffin , Blake Blake Griffin ^ 5 2011 -- 2015 Missed 2015 game Hagan , Cliff Cliff Hagan * 5 1958 -- 1962 Missed 1958 game ; also a one - time ABA All - Star Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway 5 1991 -- 1993 ; 1997 -- 1998 Harden , James James Harden ^ 5 2013 -- 2017 Johnson , Dennis Dennis Johnson * 5 1979 -- 1982 ; 1985 Johnson , Gus Gus Johnson * 5 1965 ; 1968 -- 1971 Johnson , Marques Marques Johnson 5 1979 -- 1981 ; 1983 ; 1986 Jones , Sam Sam Jones * 5 1962 ; 1964 -- 1966 ; 1968 LaRusso , Rudy Rudy LaRusso 5 1962 -- 1963 ; 1966 ; 1968 -- 1969 Missed 1962 game Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 5 1973 -- 1974 ; 1977 -- 1979 Missed 1978 game McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * 5 1974 -- 1978 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * 5 1990 ; 1995 -- 1996 ; 1998 ; 2000 Moncrief , Sidney Sidney Moncrief 5 1982 -- 1986 Mullin , Chris Chris Mullin * 5 1989 -- 1993 Missed 1993 game Ohl , Don Don Ohl 5 1963 -- 1967 Phillip , Andy Andy Phillip * 5 1951 -- 1955 Shue , Gene Gene Shue 5 1958 -- 1962 Tomjanovich , Rudy Rudy Tomjanovich 5 1974 -- 1977 ; 1979 Unseld , Wes Wes Unseld * 5 1969 ; 1971 -- 1973 ; 1975 Wanzer , Bobby Bobby Wanzer * 5 1952 -- 1956 Webber , Chris Chris Webber 5 1997 ; 2000 -- 2003 Missed 2003 game Westphal , Paul Paul Westphal 5 1977 -- 1981 Baker , Vin Vin Baker 1995 -- 1998 Bellamy , Walt Walt Bellamy * 1962 -- 1965 Birdsong , Otis Otis Birdsong 1979 -- 1981 ; 1984 Blackman , Rolando Rolando Blackman 1985 -- 1987 ; 1990 Chambers , Tom Tom Chambers 1987 ; 1989 -- 1991 Cheeks , Maurice Maurice Cheeks 1983 ; 1986 -- 1988 Collins , Doug Doug Collins 1976 -- 1979 Missed 1979 game Cunningham , Billy Billy Cunningham * 1969 -- 1972 Also a one - time ABA All - Star Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ 2014 -- 2017 Dandridge , Bob Bob Dandridge 1973 ; 1975 -- 1976 ; 1979 Davies , Bob Bob Davies * 1951 -- 1954 Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ^ 2014 -- 2017 Missed 2015 game Garmaker , Dick Dick Garmaker 1957 -- 1960 George , Paul Paul George ^ 2013 -- 2014 ; 2016 -- 2017 Green , Johnny Johnny Green 1962 -- 1963 ; 1965 ; 1971 Hardaway , Penny Penny Hardaway 1995 -- 1998 Hawkins , Connie Connie Hawkins * 1970 -- 1973 Also a one - time ABA All - Star Haywood , Spencer Spencer Haywood * 1972 -- 1975 Also a one - time ABA All - Star Horford , Al Al Horford ^ 2010 -- 2011 ; 2015 -- 2016 Hutchins , Mel Mel Hutchins 1953 -- 1954 ; 1956 -- 1957 Irving , Kyrie Kyrie Irving ^ 2013 -- 2015 ; 2017 Jones , Bobby Bobby Jones 1977 -- 1978 ; 1981 -- 1982 Also a two - time ABA All - Star King , Bernard Bernard King * 1982 ; 1984 -- 1985 ; 1991 Laimbeer , Bill Bill Laimbeer 1983 -- 1985 ; 1987 Love , Kevin Kevin Love ^ 2011 -- 2012 ; 2014 ; 2017 Missed 2017 game Lovellette , Clyde Clyde Lovellette * 1956 - 1957 ; 1960 -- 1961 Lucas , Maurice Maurice Lucas 1977 -- 1979 ; 1983 Also a one - time ABA All - Star Marion , Shawn Shawn Marion 2003 ; 2005 -- 2007 Mikan , George George Mikan * 1951 -- 1954 Millsap , Paul Paul Millsap ^ 2014 -- 2017 Monroe , Earl Earl Monroe * 1969 ; 1971 ; 1975 ; 1977 Naulls , Willie Willie Naulls 1958 ; 1960 -- 1962 Pollard , Jim Jim Pollard * 1951 -- 1952 ; 1954 -- 1955 Price , Mark Mark Price 1989 ; 1992 -- 1994 Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 1980 -- 1982 ; 1985 Risen , Arnie Arnie Risen * 1952 -- 1955 Missed 1955 game Robertson , Alvin Alvin Robertson 1986 -- 1988 ; 1991 Rodgers , Guy Guy Rodgers * 1963 -- 1964 ; 1966 -- 1967 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ 2010 -- 2013 Missed 2013 game Sampson , Ralph Ralph Sampson * 1984 -- 1987 Missed 1987 game Sprewell , Latrell Latrell Sprewell 1994 -- 1995 ; 1997 ; 2001 Thompson , David David Thompson * 1977 -- 1979 ; 1983 Also a one - time ABA All - Star Wall , John John Wall ^ 2014 -- 2017 Wallace , Ben Ben Wallace 2003 -- 2006 Wallace , Rasheed Rasheed Wallace 2000 -- 2001 ; 2006 ; 2008 Wicks , Sidney Sidney Wicks 1972 -- 1975 Aguirre , Mark Mark Aguirre 1984 ; 1987 -- 1988 Arenas , Gilbert Gilbert Arenas 2005 -- 2007 Bridges , Bill Bill Bridges 1967 -- 1968 ; 1970 Butler , Jimmy Jimmy Butler ^ 2015 -- 2017 Missed 2016 game Chenier , Phil Phil Chenier 1974 -- 1975 ; 1977 Cousins , DeMarcus DeMarcus Cousins ^ 2015 -- 2017 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ^ 2014 ; 2016 -- 2017 Dischinger , Terry Terry Dischinger 1963 -- 1965 Francis , Steve Steve Francis 2002 -- 2004 Gasol , Marc Marc Gasol ^ 2012 ; 2015 ; 2017 Hamilton , Richard Richard Hamilton 2006 -- 2008 Johnson , Kevin Kevin Johnson 1990 -- 1991 ; 1994 Jones , Eddie Eddie Jones 1997 -- 1998 ; 2000 Kauffman , Bob Bob Kauffman 1971 -- 1973 Kerr , Johnny Johnny Kerr 1956 ; 1959 ; 1963 Love , Bob Bob Love 1971 -- 1973 Lowry , Kyle Kyle Lowry ^ 2015 -- 2017 Majerle , Dan Dan Majerle 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 McGinnis , George George McGinnis * 1976 -- 1977 ; 1979 Also a three - time ABA All - Star Mullins , Jeff Jeff Mullins 1969 -- 1971 Nance , Larry Larry Nance 1985 ; 1989 ; 1993 Rice , Glen Glen Rice 1996 -- 1998 Rose , Derrick Derrick Rose ^ 2010 -- 2012 Roundfield , Dan Dan Roundfield 1980 -- 1982 Missed 1981 and 1982 games Roy , Brandon Brandon Roy 2008 -- 2010 Missed 2010 game Schrempf , Detlef Detlef Schrempf 1993 ; 1995 ; 1997 Scott , Charlie Charlie Scott 1973 -- 1975 Also a two - time ABA All - Star Seymour , Paul Paul Seymour 1953 -- 1955 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković 2002 -- 2004 Stokes , Maurice Maurice Stokes * 1956 -- 1958 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson ^ 2015 -- 2017 Van Arsdale , Dick Dick Van Arsdale 1969 -- 1971 Van Arsdale , Tom Tom Van Arsdale 1970 -- 1972 Van Lier , Norm Norm Van Lier 1974 ; 1976 -- 1977 Walker , Antoine Antoine Walker 1998 ; 2002 -- 2003 Wilkes , Jamaal Jamaal Wilkes * 1976 ; 1981 ; 1983 Williams , Buck Buck Williams 1982 -- 1983 ; 1986 Williams , Deron Deron Williams ^ 2010 -- 2012 Barnhorst , Leo Leo Barnhorst 1952 -- 1953 Beaty , Zelmo Zelmo Beaty * 1966 ; 1968 Also a three - time ABA All - Star Boozer , Carlos Carlos Boozer 2007 -- 2008 Missed 2007 game Brand , Elton Elton Brand 2002 ; 2006 Brandon , Terrell Terrell Brandon 1996 -- 1997 Brian , Frank Frank Brian 1951 -- 1952 Butler , Caron Caron Butler 2007 -- 2008 Missed 2008 game Caldwell , Joe Joe Caldwell 1969 -- 1970 Also a two - time ABA All - Star Clark , Archie Archie Clark 1968 ; 1972 Cummings , Terry Terry Cummings 1985 ; 1989 Davis , Baron Baron Davis 2002 ; 2004 Deng , Luol Luol Deng ^ 2012 -- 2013 Drew , John John Drew 1976 ; 1980 Duckworth , Kevin Kevin Duckworth 1989 ; 1991 Dukes , Walter Walter Dukes 1960 -- 1961 Eddleman , Dike Dike Eddleman 1951 -- 1952 Elliott , Sean Sean Elliott 1993 ; 1996 Finley , Michael Michael Finley 2000 -- 2001 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 1951 -- 1952 George , Jack Jack George 1956 -- 1957 Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ 2005 ; 2011 Green , Draymond Draymond Green ^ 2016 -- 2017 Hibbert , Roy Roy Hibbert ^ 2012 ; 2014 Houston , Allan Allan Houston 2000 -- 2001 Hundley , Rod Rod Hundley 1960 -- 1961 Ilgauskas , Žydrūnas Žydrūnas Ilgauskas 2003 ; 2005 Jamison , Antawn Antawn Jamison 2005 ; 2008 Johnson , Eddie Eddie Johnson 1980 -- 1981 Johnson , John John Johnson 1971 -- 1972 Johnson , Larry Larry Johnson 1993 ; 1995 Kenon , Larry Larry Kenon 1978 -- 1979 Also a three - time ABA All - Star Kojis , Don Don Kojis 1968 -- 1969 Lee , David David Lee ^ 2010 ; 2013 Leonard , Kawhi Kawhi Leonard ^ 2016 -- 2017 Lever , Fat Fat Lever 1988 ; 1990 Lewis , Rashard Rashard Lewis 2005 ; 2009 Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard ^ 2014 -- 2015 Malone , Jeff Jeff Malone 1986 -- 1987 Manning , Danny Danny Manning 1993 -- 1994 Marbury , Stephon Stephon Marbury 2001 ; 2003 Marin , Jack Jack Marin 1972 -- 1973 Miller , Brad Brad Miller 2003 -- 2004 Nixon , Norm Norm Nixon 1982 ; 1985 Noah , Joakim Joakim Noah ^ 2013 -- 2014 Paxson , Jim Jim Paxson 1983 -- 1984 Petrie , Geoff Geoff Petrie 1971 ; 1974 Porter , Terry Terry Porter 1991 ; 1993 Randolph , Zach Zach Randolph ^ 2010 ; 2013 Robinson , Glenn Glenn Robinson 2000 -- 2001 Robinson , Truck Truck Robinson 1978 ; 1981 Rocha , Red Red Rocha 1951 -- 1952 Rodman , Dennis Dennis Rodman * 1990 ; 1992 Ruland , Jeff Jeff Ruland 1984 -- 1985 Missed 1985 game Scolari , Fred Fred Scolari 1952 -- 1953 Missed 1953 game Sears , Ken Ken Sears 1958 -- 1959 Selvy , Frank Frank Selvy 1955 ; 1962 Silas , Paul Paul Silas 1972 ; 1975 Sloan , Jerry Jerry Sloan 1967 ; 1969 Smith , Phil Phil Smith 1976 -- 1977 Smith , Randy Randy Smith 1976 ; 1978 Stackhouse , Jerry Jerry Stackhouse 2000 -- 2001 Theus , Reggie Reggie Theus 1981 ; 1983 Thomas , Isaiah Isaiah Thomas ^ 2016 -- 2017 Toney , Andrew Andrew Toney 1983 -- 1984 Tripucka , Kelly Kelly Tripucka 1982 ; 1984 Vandeweghe , Kiki Kiki Vandeweghe 1983 -- 1984 Walker , Jimmy Jimmy Walker 1970 ; 1972 Walton , Bill Bill Walton * 1977 -- 1978 Missed 1977 game Wedman , Scott Scott Wedman 1976 ; 1980 Missed 1980 game West , David David West ^ 2008 -- 2009 Williams , Gus Gus Williams 1982 -- 1983 Winters , Brian Brian Winters 1976 ; 1978 Abdur - Rahim , Shareef Shareef Abdur - Rahim 2002 Adams , Alvan Alvan Adams 1976 Adams , Michael Michael Adams 1992 Ainge , Danny Danny Ainge 1988 Anderson , Kenny Kenny Anderson 1994 Antetokounmpo , Giannis Giannis Antetokounmpo ^ 2017 Armstrong , B.J. B.J. Armstrong 1994 Barksdale , Don Don Barksdale * 1953 Inducted as a contributor Barnett , Dick Dick Barnett 1968 Barros , Dana Dana Barros 1995 Beard , Butch Butch Beard 1972 Beard , Ralph Ralph Beard 1951 Blaylock , Mookie Mookie Blaylock 1994 Block , John John Block 1973 Boozer , Bob Bob Boozer 1968 Boryla , Vince Vince Boryla 1951 Bradley , Bill Bill Bradley * 1973 Brown , Fred Fred Brown 1976 Buse , Don Don Buse 1977 Also a one - time ABA All - Star Bynum , Andrew Andrew Bynum 2012 Carr , Austin Austin Carr Carroll , Joe Barry Joe Barry Carroll Cartwright , Bill Bill Cartwright 1980 Cassell , Sam Sam Cassell Ceballos , Cedric Cedric Ceballos 1995 Missed 1995 game Chandler , Tyson Tyson Chandler ^ 2013 Chappell , Len Len Chappell 1964 Clifton , Nathaniel Nathaniel Clifton * 1957 Coleman , Derrick Derrick Coleman 1994 Coleman , Jack Jack Coleman 1955 Davis , Antonio Antonio Davis 2001 Davis , Dale Dale Davis 2000 Divac , Vlade Vlade Divac 2001 Donaldson , James James Donaldson 1988 Drummond , Andre Andre Drummond ^ 2016 Eaton , Mark Mark Eaton 1989 Ellis , Dale Dale Ellis 1989 Felix , Ray Ray Felix 1954 Floyd , Sleepy Sleepy Floyd Free , World B. World B. Free 1980 Gabor , Billy Billy Gabor 1953 Gatling , Chris Chris Gatling 1997 Granger , Danny Danny Granger 2009 Grant , Horace Horace Grant 1994 Green , A.C. A.C. Green 1990 Green , Rickey Rickey Green 1984 Groza , Alex Alex Groza 1951 Gugliotta , Tom Tom Gugliotta 1997 Harris , Devin Devin Harris ^ 2009 Harrison , Bob Bob Harrison 1956 Hawkins , Hersey Hersey Hawkins 1991 Hayward , Gordon Gordon Hayward ^ 2017 Hazzard , Walt Walt Hazzard 1968 Hill , Tyrone Tyrone Hill 1995 Holiday , Jrue Jrue Holiday ^ 2013 Hollins , Lionel Lionel Hollins 1978 Hornacek , Jeff Jeff Hornacek 1992 Howard , Josh Josh Howard 2007 Howard , Juwan Juwan Howard Iguodala , Andre Andre Iguodala ^ 2012 Imhoff , Darrall Darrall Imhoff 1967 Issel , Dan Dan Issel * 1977 Also a six - time ABA All - Star Jackson , Lucious Lucious Jackson 1965 Jackson , Mark Mark Jackson 1989 Johnson , Steve Steve Johnson 1988 Missed 1988 game Jordan , DeAndre DeAndre Jordan ^ 2017 Kaman , Chris Chris Kaman King , Jim Jim King 1968 Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko Knight , Billy Billy Knight 1977 Also a one - time ABA All - Star Korver , Kyle Kyle Korver ^ 2015 Lacey , Sam Sam Lacey Laettner , Christian Christian Laettner 1997 Lee , Clyde Clyde Lee 1968 Lewis , Reggie Reggie Lewis 1992 Lopez , Brook Brook Lopez ^ 2013 Magloire , Jamaal Jamaal Magloire Martin , Kenyon Kenyon Martin Mashburn , Jamal Jamal Mashburn 2003 Mason , Anthony Anthony Mason 2001 McDaniel , Xavier Xavier McDaniel 1988 McDyess , Antonio Antonio McDyess 2001 McGlocklin , Jon Jon McGlocklin 1969 Meschery , Tom Tom Meschery 1963 Miles , Eddie Eddie Miles 1966 Mitchell , Mike Mike Mitchell 1981 Mix , Steve Steve Mix Molinas , Jack Jack Molinas 1954 Missed 1954 game Murphy , Calvin Calvin Murphy * 1979 Natt , Calvin Calvin Natt 1985 Nelson , Jameer Jameer Nelson ^ 2009 Missed 2009 game Noble , Chuck Chuck Noble 1960 Oakley , Charles Charles Oakley 1994 Okur , Mehmet Mehmet Okur 2007 Pierce , Ricky Ricky Pierce 1991 Price , Jim Jim Price Ratliff , Theo Theo Ratliff 2001 Missed 2001 game Redd , Michael Michael Redd Regan , Richie Richie Regan 1957 Rivers , Doc Doc Rivers 1988 Robinson , Clifford Clifford Robinson 1994 Robinson , Flynn Flynn Robinson 1970 Rowe , Curtis Curtis Rowe 1976 Rule , Bob Bob Rule 1970 Russell , Campy Campy Russell 1979 Russell , Cazzie Cazzie Russell 1972 Sauldsberry , Woody Woody Sauldsberry 1959 Schaus , Fred Fred Schaus 1951 Shaffer , Lee Lee Shaffer 1963 Shelton , Lonnie Lonnie Shelton 1982 Smith , Adrian Adrian Smith 1966 Smith , Steve Steve Smith 1998 Smits , Rik Rik Smits 1998 Starks , John John Starks 1994 Sunderlage , Don Don Sunderlage 1954 Szczerbiak , Wally Wally Szczerbiak 2002 Teague , Jeff Jeff Teague ^ 2015 Thorpe , Otis Otis Thorpe 1992 Van Exel , Nick Nick Van Exel 1998 Walker , Kemba Kemba Walker ^ 2017 Wallace , Gerald Gerald Wallace Walther , Paul Paul Walther 1952 Washington , Kermit Kermit Washington 1980 Williams , Jayson Jayson Williams 1998 Williams , Mo Mo Williams 2009 Willis , Kevin Kevin Willis 1992 World Peace , Metta Metta World Peace ^ Zaslofsky , Max Max Zaslofsky 1952 Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Before the 1971 -- 72 season , Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . He missed the 1973 All - Star Game due to personal reasons . When Hakeem Olajuwon arrived in the United States , the University of Houston incorrectly spelled his first name `` Akeem '' . Olajuwon used that spelling until March 9 , 1991 , when he announced that he would add an H . This column does not include American Basketball Association ( ABA ) All - Star Game selections . Before the 2011 -- 12 season , Ron Artest changed his name to Metta World Peace . General `` All - Star Game Selections by Player '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Specific Jump up ^ `` NBA makes major changes to All - Star voting format '' . USA Today . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony snubbed when All - Star reserves announced '' . ESPN.com . February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston 's Allen named All - Star replacement for Washington 's Butler '' . ESPN.com . February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Steele , David ( December 9 , 1998 ) . `` NBA Drops All - Stars -- What 's Left ? February game in Philly latest casualty of lockout '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` all - star '' . Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years ( reduced from five in 2015 ) ; player was not eligible for induction upon the commencement of the 2016 -- 17 NBA season . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hall of Fame Candidates '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1973 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Duncan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Garnett NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1986 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Malone NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry West NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Chamberlain NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Cousy NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John Havlicek NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dirk Nowitzki NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1991 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1992 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Bird NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Malone NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hakeem Olajuwon NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1952 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dolph Schayes NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Isiah Thomas NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Barkley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Elgin Baylor NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Bosh NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Julius Erving NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Ewing NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Iverson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Pettit NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Allen NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Arizin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Clyde Drexler NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Greer NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Kidd NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Pierce NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John Stockton NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Gervin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Parish NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Payton NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Wilkens NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dominique Wilkins NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Carter NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1977 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1980 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Cowens NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dave DeBusschere NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alex English NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Foust NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Lanier NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dikembe Mutombo NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Nash NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Sharman NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yao Ming NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Bing NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Frazier NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gallatin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grant Hill NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Johnson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Lucas NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Macauley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Slater Martin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tracy McGrady NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dick McGuire NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin McHale NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alonzo Mourning NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scottie Pippen NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Willis Reed NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Sikma NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Thurmond NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Walker NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jo Jo White NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James Worthy NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tiny Archibald NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1962 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Costello NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Dantley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Davis NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Dumars NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pau Gasol NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Artis Gilmore NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Richie Guerin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Heinsohn NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bailey Howell NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Hudson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Johnston NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Kemp NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vern Mikkelsen NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jermaine O'Neal NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Parker NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mitch Richmond NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amare Stoudemire NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Twyman NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Yardley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LaMarcus Aldridge NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chauncey Billups NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Braun NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Daugherty NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Embry NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Gola NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gail Goodrich NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Griffin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Hagan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hardaway NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Johnson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gus Johnson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Marques Johnson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Jones NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rudy LaRusso NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bob McAdoo NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . 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Jump up ^ `` 2003 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Webber NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Westphal NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Baker NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Bellamy NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Otis Birdsong NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rolando Blackman NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Chambers NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Cheeks NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Collins NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Cunningham NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dandridge NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Davies NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Garmaker NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul George NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Green NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Anfernee Hardaway NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Hawkins NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spencer Haywood NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Al Horford NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mel Hutchins NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kyrie Irving NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Jones NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard King NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Laimbeer NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clyde Lovellette NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Lucas NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Marion NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Mikan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Millsap NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Monroe NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Naulls NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Pollard NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Price NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Micheal Ray Richardson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arnie Risen NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin Robertson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Rodgers NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rajon Rondo NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Sampson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Latrell Sprewell NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David Thompson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John Wall NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Wallace NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rasheed Wallace NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sidney Wicks NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Aguirre NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gilbert Arenas NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Bridges NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Butler NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Chenier NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DeMarcus Cousins NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Dischinger NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Francis NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Gasol NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Hamilton NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Johnson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Jones NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Kauffman NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Kerr NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Love NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Lowry NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Majerle NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George McGinnis NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Mullins NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Nance NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Glen Rice NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Roundfield NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Roy NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Detlef Schrempf NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Scott NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Seymour NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Peja Stojaković NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Stokes NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Van Arsdale NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Van Arsdale NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Norm Van Lier NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Antoine Walker NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaal Wilkes NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Buck Williams NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Deron Williams NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Barnhorst NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zelmo Beaty NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Boozer NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Elton Brand NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Terrell Brandon NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Brian NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Caron Butler NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Caldwell NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archie Clark NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Cummings NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baron Davis NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Luol Deng NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Drew NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Duckworth NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Dukes NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dike Eddleman NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Elliott NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Finley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Fulks NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack George NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Manu Ginóbili NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Draymond Green NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hibbert NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Allan Houston NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Hundley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Žydrūnas Ilgauskas NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Antawn Jamison NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Johnson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John Johnson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Johnson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Kenon NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Don Kojis NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David Lee NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kawhi Leonard NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fat Lever NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rashard Lewis NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Damian Lillard NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Malone NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Manning NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stephon Marbury NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Marin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Miller NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Norm Nixon NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joakim Noah NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Paxson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Petrie NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Porter NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zach Randolph NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Robinson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Truck Robinson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Rocha NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Rodman NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Ruland NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 NBA All - Star Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Scolari NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Sears NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Selvy NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Silas NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Sloan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Smith NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Smith NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Stackhouse NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Theus NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Toney NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Tripucka NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kiki Vandeweghe NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Walker NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Walton NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Wedman NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David West NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gus Williams NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Winters NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shareef Abdur - Rahim NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alvan Adams NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Adams NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Ainge NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Anderson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Giannis Antetokounmpo NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` B.J. Armstrong NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Don Barksdale NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Barnett NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dana Barros NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Beard NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the most nba all star games	[ "Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar holds the record for most All-Star Game selections and most All-Star Games played. He was selected 19 times and played in 18 All-Star games.[a] Dirk Nowitzki and LeBron James both hold the record for most All-Star Game selections among active players, with 13 selections. Bob Cousy, John Havlicek, and LeBron James are tied for the most consecutive games actually played, appearing in 13 straight All-Star Games. Tim Duncan also played in 13 straight All-Star Games if the lockout-cancelled 1999 game is excluded. Several players were named to All-Star Game rosters, but never actually played in the game due to injury." ]	[ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar" ]
-2466289055900875520	Iran nuclear deal framework	Iran nuclear deal framework - wikipedia Iran nuclear deal framework Jump to : navigation , search For the final agreement , see Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action . The ministers of foreign affairs of France , Germany , the European Union , Iran , the United Kingdom and the United States as well as Chinese and Russian diplomats announcing the framework for a Comprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear program ( Lausanne , April 2 , 2015 ) . Part of a series on the Nuclear program of Iran Timeline Facilities Bushehr Darkhovin Fordow IR - 40 Organizations Atomic Energy Organization of Iran Oghab 2 International Atomic Energy Agency P5 + 1 International agreements Non-Proliferation Treaty Additional Protocol 2013 interim agreement , Geneva 2015 preliminary agreement , Lausanne 2015 final agreement , Vienna Negotiations United States withdrawal Domestic laws Iran Nuclear Achievements Protection Act Iranian act implementing the JCPOA Majlis commission US Congress review Individuals Iranian nuclear negotiators Rouhani Larijani Jalili Zarif Abbasi Aghazadeh ElBaradei Fakhrizadeh - Mahabadi Salehi Related Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists Project Amad Iran and weapons of mass destruction Ali Khamenei 's fatwa against nuclear weapons Manufactured Crisis Sanctions against Iran UN resolutions WMD - free zone Views on the nuclear program of Iran The ministers of foreign affairs of the United States , the United Kingdom , Russia , Germany , France , China , the European Union and Iran ( Lausanne , March 30 , 2015 ) . Federica Mogherini ( High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy ) and Mohammad Javad Zarif ( Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran ) presenting the framework agreement after the multilateral negotiations in Lausanne ( April 2 , 2015 ) . The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a group of world powers : the P5 + 1 ( the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council -- the United States , the United Kingdom , Russia , France , and China -- plus Germany ) and the European Union . Negotiations for a framework deal over the nuclear program of Iran took place between the foreign ministers of the countries at a series of meetings held from March 26 to April 2 , 2015 in Lausanne , Switzerland . On April 2 the talks came to a conclusion and a press conference was held by Federica Mogherini ( High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy ) and Mohammad Javad Zarif ( Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran ) to announce that the eight parties had reached an agreement on a framework deal . The parties announced , `` Today , we have taken a decisive step : we have reached solutions on key parameters of a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , '' which they intended to complete by June 30 . Announcing the framework , Foreign Minister Zarif stated : `` No agreement has been reached so we do not have any obligation yet . Nobody has obligations now other than obligations that we already undertook under the Joint Plan of Action that we adopted in Geneva in November 2013 . '' The framework deal was embodied in a document published by the EU 's European External Action Service titled Joint Statement by EU High Representative Federica Mogherini and Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif Switzerland , and in a document published by the U.S. Department of State titled Parameters for a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Regarding the Islamic Republic of Iran 's Nuclear Program . On July 14 , 2015 , the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action between Iran and the P5 + 1 and EU , a comprehensive agreement based on the April 2015 framework , was announced . On May 8 , 2018 , United States President Donald Trump announced the United States was withdrawing from the deal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Agreement details 1.1 The joint statement 1.1. 1 Enrichment 1.1. 2 Reprocessing 1.1. 3 Monitoring 1.1. 4 Sanctions 1.2 Other listed parameters and reactions by the United States and Iran 1.2. 1 Enrichment 1.2. 2 Fordo 1.2. 3 Sanctions 1.2. 4 Inspections and transparency 1.3 Summary of agreement 2 International reactions 2.1 International organization 2.2 Governments 2.3 Non-state actors 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Agreement details ( edit ) According to the joint statement in Switzerland , the P5 + 1 countries and Iran agreed on a framework for a deal . According to this framework , Iran would redesign , convert , and reduce its nuclear facilities and accept the Additional Protocol ( with provisional application ) in order to lift all nuclear - related economic sanctions , freeing up tens of billions of dollars in oil revenue and frozen assets . In addition to the joint statement , the United States and Iran issued fact sheets of their own . The Joint statement ( edit ) The joint statement outlines the following : Enrichment ( edit ) Iran 's enrichment capacity , enrichment level and stockpile will be limited for specified durations . There will be no enrichment facilities other than Natanz . Iran is allowed to conduct research and development on centrifuges with an agreed scope and schedule . Fordo , the underground enrichment center , will be converted to a `` nuclear , physics and technology centre '' . Reprocessing ( edit ) The heavy water facility in Arak with help of international venture will be redesigned and modernized to `` Heavy Water Research Reactor '' with no weapon grade plutonium byproducts . The spent fuel will be exported , there will be no reprocessing . Monitoring ( edit ) Implementation of the modified Code 3.1 and provisional application of the Additional Protocol . Iran agreed IAEA procedure which enhanced access by modern technologies to clarify past and present issues . Sanctions ( edit ) When the IAEA verifies Iran 's implementation of its key nuclear commitments : The EU will terminate all nuclear - related economic sanctions . The United States will cease the application of all nuclear - related secondary economic and financial sanctions . The UN Security Council will endorse this agreement with a resolution which terminates all previous nuclear - related resolutions and incorporate certain restrictive measures for a mutually agreed period of time . Other listed Parameters and reactions by the United States and Iran ( edit ) In addition to the final statement , both the United States and Iran have made public more detailed descriptions of their agreement . Officials of both sides acknowledge that they have different narratives on this draft . The U.S. government has published a fact sheet summarizing the main points of the deal . Shortly after it was published , top Iranian officials , including the Iranian supreme leader and the Iranian minister of defense have disputed the document on key points which remain unresolved . On 22 July 2015 , Abbas Araghchi , Iran 's deputy foreign minister who led the negotiations , made an announcement on state - controlled television that the recently reached nuclear deal with the world powers did not include limitations on Iran 's weapons capabilities or missile power and that Tehran would keep arming its regional allies . `` We have told them ( the P5 + 1 world powers ) in the negotiations that we will supply arms to anyone and anywhere necessary and will import weapons from anywhere we want and we have clarified this during the negotiations , '' Araghchi said . In a speech the following Saturday , Iran 's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei added , `` Our policy will not change with regards to the arrogant US government . '' Enrichment ( edit ) See also : Nuclear program of Iran According to details of the deal published by the US government , Iran 's uranium stockpile will be reduced by 98 % to 300 kg ( 660 lbs ) for 15 years . The level of enrichment must also remain at 3.67 % . Iran will retain no more than 6,104 out of almost 20,000 centrifuges it possesses . There are two uranium enrichment facilities in Iran -- Natanz and Fordo . Under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action ( JCPOA ) agreed on 14 July , the Natanz facility will be limited to installing no more than 5,060 of the oldest and least efficient centrifuges for 10 years . At Fordo , no enrichment will be permitted for 15 years , and the underground facility will be converted into a nuclear , physics and technology centre . 1,044 centrifuges at the site will produce radioisotopes for use in medicine , agriculture , industry and science . This level of enrichment , 3.67 % , would be enough just for peaceful and civil use to power parts of country and therefore is not sufficient for building a nuclear bomb . According to press TV report based on Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action ( JCPOA ) , Iran 's extra centrifuges and the related infrastructure in the Natanz facility will be collected by the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) in order to be replaced by new machines consistent with the allowed standards . Iran will be allowed to allocate the current stockpile of enriched materials for the purpose of producing nuclear fuel or swapping it with uranium in the international markets . These comprehensive solutions permit Iran to continue its enrichment program inside its territory and also allowed to continue its production of nuclear fuel for running its nuclear power plants . Fordo ( edit ) According to the U.S. State Department fact sheet and a joint statement by Iran and the EU , Iran has agreed to convert its underground Fordo facility into a research centre for nuclear science and physics and about half of the Fordo facility would be dedicated to advanced nuclear research and production of stable radioisotopes which have important applications in medicine , agriculture , industry and science . Furthermore , Iran would maintain no more than 1,044 centrifuges for this purpose . Sanctions ( edit ) See also : Sanctions against Iran and U.S. sanctions against Iran According to Press TV , the implementation of JCPOA followed by lifting of all the UN Security Council sanctions as well as all economic and financial embargoes by the United States and the European Union imposed on Iran 's banks , insurance , investment , and all other related services in different fields , including petrochemical , oil , gas and automobile industries will be immediately lifted all at once . However , according to the fact sheet which is published by the U.S. government , U.S. and EU nuclear - related sanctions will be suspended after the IAEA has verified the implementation of the key nuclear - related steps by Iran . Inspections and transparency ( edit ) Iran will be required to provide the International Atomic Energy Agency access to all of its declared facilities so that the agency can be assured of the peaceful nature of the nuclear program . According to details of the deal published by the U.S. government , IAEA inspectors would have access to all of the nuclear facilities including enrichment facilities , the supply chain that supports the nuclear program and uranium mines as well as continuous surveillance at uranium mills , centrifuge rotors and bellows production and storage facilities . Iran will be required to grant access to the IAEA to investigate suspicious sites or allegations of a covert enrichment facility , conversion facility , centrifuge production facility , or yellowcake production facility anywhere in the country . Iran will implement an agreed set of measures to address the IAEA 's concerns regarding the Possible Military Dimensions ( PMD ) of its program . According to the Iranian fact sheet , Iran will implement the Additional Protocol temporarily and voluntarily in line with its confidence - building measures and after that the protocol will be ratified in a time frame by the Iranian government and parliament ( Majlis ) . Summary of agreement ( edit ) Parameters of prospective actions by P5 + 1 Lift all sanctions within 4 to 12 months of a final accord . Develop a mechanism to restore old sanctions if Iran fails to comply as per IAEA reports and inspection . The EU will remove energy and banking sanctions . The United States will remove sanctions against domestic and foreign companies who do business with Iran . All UN resolutions sanctioning Iran will be annulled . All UN-related sanctions will be dismantled . Parameters of prospective actions by Iran Reduction in the number of installed centrifuges from 19,000 to 6,104 and only 5,060 of these enriching uranium for 10 years . No enriched uranium above 3.67 % purity ( suitable for civil use and nuclear power generation only ) . Reduce stockpile of enriched uranium from current 10,000 to not more than 300 kilograms 3.67 percent enrich uranium for 15 years . Fordo uranium enrichment facility will operate not more than 1,000 centrifuges for research . 5,000 R - 1 centrifuges will be running at Natanz . The remaining 13,000 centrifuges will be used as spare , as needed . Arak facility will be modified so as to produce a minimal amount of plutonium but will remain a heavy - water reactor . Allow inspection of all its nuclear facilities and its supply chains such as uranium mining sites . International reactions ( edit ) International organization ( edit ) United Nations -- Ban Ki - moon the Secretary - General of the United Nations welcomed this agreement . `` A comprehensive , negotiated solution to the Iranian nuclear issue will contribute to peace and stability in the region . '' he said . -- Yukiya Amano , the Director - General of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , with the release a manifest welcomed the compromise . `` The IAEA welcomes the announcement by E3 + 3 ( the 5 + 1 group ) and Iran on the key parameters for a joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , '' Amano said in his manifest . Governments ( edit ) Iran -- Iran 's President Hassan Rouhani welcomed the development on Twitter . He said the nuclear agreement is just a step toward interaction with the world and all those countries that want to respect the Iranian nation . One week after Lausanne negotiations , Iran 's Supreme Leader , Ali Khamenei , explained his idea about the negotiations . He neither accepted nor rejected the framework deal and stated that : `` nothing has happened yet . '' About sanctions , he proclaimed all sanctions must be completely lifted on the day when the nuclear deal is signed . Russia -- Sergey Lavrov Foreign Minister of Russia considered this agreement a positive development in the security of the Middle East . United Kingdom -- Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond said that the framework agreement with Iran was well beyond what many thought possible even 18 months earlier . United States -- President Barack Obama said a `` historic understanding '' had been reached with Iran , and pointed out that the deal with Iran is a good deal if the deal could meet core objectives of the United States . 150 Democratic Congress members signaled that they support reaching a deal , enough to sustain a Presidential Veto . A majority of Congress including all Republicans and some Democrats opposed the deal . Germany -- German Chancellor Angela Merkel pointed out that the agreement reflected well on negotiating partners . Oman -- Omani Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah welcomed the framework deal between the Group 5 + 1 framework deal with Iran on its nuclear program , describing it `` an historic agreement '' . He urged all sides to work out a final agreement before the 30 June deadline . Italy -- Italian Foreign Minister Paolo Gentiloni said that the agreement could have positive consequences and effects both with Iran and also for developments in other crisis areas . South Korea -- welcomed this framework for a nuclear deal . Saudi Arabia -- the Saudi Press Agency reported Salman of Saudi Arabia was cautious but `` expressed his hope that reaching a final binding deal would strengthen the stability and security of the region and the world . '' Israel -- Benjamin Netanyahu strongly opposed the framework and claims that the current plan of action threatens the survival of Israel . He also wrote that `` Such a deal would not block Iran 's path to the bomb . It would pave it . '' Benjamin Netanyahu demanded that any final deal include a `` clear and unambiguous Iranian recognition of Israel 's right to exist , '' and that Iran stop its aggression in the region . Pakistan -- The spokeswoman of foreign ministry of Pakistan , hoped that the negotiations between Iran and the six world powers would come to a favorable result . Holy See -- Pope Francis praised the deal in his Easter Urbi et Orbi blessing message on Sunday , 5 April 2015 , saying : `` ... At the same time , in hope we entrust to the merciful Lord the framework recently agreed to in Lausanne , that it may be a definitive step toward a more secure and fraternal world ... '' Non-state actors ( edit ) PDKI -- On September 2016 , PDKI released a statement that their return to militancy was motivated by Iran 's nuclear deal . See also ( edit ) Iran portal Nuclear technology portal Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , final agreement on the nuclear program of Iran Nuclear program of Iran Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran Views on the nuclear program of Iran Iran Nuclear Talks Debate P5 + 1 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Joint Statement by EU High Representative Federica Mogherini and Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif Switzerland , European Union . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( April 2 2015 ) . `` What 's in the Iran nuclear deal ? 7 key points '' . CNN . Retrieved April 30 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Julian Borger and Paul Lewis , `` Iran nuclear deal : negotiators announce ' framework ' agreement '' , The Guardian , Thursday April 2 , 2015 ( page visited on April 2 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Parameters for a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action . ^ Jump up to : `` Iran nuclear talks : ' Framework ' deal agreed '' . BBC Online . April 2 2015 . Retrieved April 2 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Parameters for a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Regarding the Islamic Republic of Iran 's Nuclear Program , U.S. Department of State ( April 2 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ https://abcnews.go.com/International/key-questions-trumps-iran-deal-decision/story?id=55001472 Jump up ^ Trump , Iran and the end of the deal , The Spectator . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Statement by EU High Representative Federica Mogherini and Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif Switzerland '' . eeas.europa.eu. 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outline of Iran Nuclear Deal Sounds Different From Each Side '' . The New York Times . 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tehran and West Agree on Parameters of Deal for Iran 's Nuclear Program '' . Jump up ^ `` Parameters for a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action regarding the Islamic Republic of Iran 's Nuclear Program '' . 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Iran supreme leader rejecting the US fact sheet '' . 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Iran supreme leader rejecting Inspections as described in US published Fact Sheet '' . 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iran Defense Minister Rejects Report on Inspection of Military Centers Based on Lausanne Understanding '' . 8 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Times of Israel , 22 July 2015 , Iran 's deputy FM : We told world powers we 'll keep arming our allies , http://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-deputy-fm-we-told-world-powers-well-keep-arming-our-allies/ Jump up ^ `` Iran nuclear deal : Key details '' . U.S. Department of State . ^ Jump up to : `` Parameters for a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Regarding the Islamic Republic of Iran 's Nuclear Program '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Bradner ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` What 's in the Iran nuclear deal ? 7 key points '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : `` PressTV - Iran , P5 + 1 adopt joint statement '' . PressTV. 2 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Jay ; Carol E. Lee ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` Iran Agrees to Outline of Deal '' . Wall Street Journal : A4 . Jump up ^ `` Parameters for a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Regarding the Islamic Republic of Iran 's Nuclear Program '' . Jump up ^ `` What 's in the Iran nuclear deal ? 7 key points '' . Jump up ^ `` The deal is done '' . Tehran Times . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iran deal will help Middle East stability : UN chief Ban Ki - moon '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ban and Amano welcome accord on Iran 's nuclear program '' . Tehran Times . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Iran And World Powers Agree On Framework For Nuclear Deal Huffington Post Jump up ^ Rouhani says Iran abides by its promises , IRNA Jump up ^ `` Iran 's Ayatollah Ali Khamenei : no guarantee of final nuclear deal '' . Jump up ^ `` Iran 's supreme leader just gave a speech that could put a nuclear deal out of reach '' . Jump up ^ `` Iran 's Supreme Leader Says Sanctions Must Lift When Nuclear Deal Is Signed '' . Jump up ^ `` High Hopes for Final Agreement on Iran Nuclear Program -- Lavrov '' . Sputnik . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Julian Borger ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Iran nuclear deal : negotiators announce ' framework ' agreement '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Elise Labott , Mariano Castillo and Catherine E. Shoichet ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Iran nuclear deal framework announced '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Greg Sargent ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` The odds of an Iran nuclear deal just got better '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oman Welcomes Iran Framework Deal with World Powers '' . QNA . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seoul hopes Iran 's nuke deal can help resolve N. Korea nuke '' . Yonhap News Agency . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iran vows to honor nuclear deal ; Saudi king gives it a cautious nod '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Carol Morello ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Iran agrees to nuclear restrictions in framework deal with world powers '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netanyahu tells Obama Iran deal threatens Israel ; to convene top ministers '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Netanyahu to Obama : Iran deal would ' threaten the survival of Israel ' '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` PM : Iran must commit to recognizing Israel 's right to exist in final deal '' . ynet . ^ Jump up to : Nahal Toosi ; Nick Gass ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` Netanyahu warns of nuclear arms race '' . Politico . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netanyahu : Iran must recognize Israel 's right to exist in deal '' . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obama : Nuclear deal not predicated on Iran recognizing Israel '' . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Pakistan FM official optimistic about nuclear deal between Iran , 5 + 1 , IRNA Jump up ^ `` '' Urbi et Orbi '' -- Easter 2015 `` . vatican.va . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) The Joint Statement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_nuclear_deal_framework&oldid=842537495 '' Categories : Nuclear program of Iran Politics of Iran Foreign relations of Iran Iran -- United States relations Nuclear energy in Iran Diplomatic conferences in Switzerland 2015 in international relations 2015 in Iran Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی עברית Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which countries are part of the iran deal	[ "The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a group of world powers: the P5+1 (the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, and China—plus Germany) and the European Union.", "The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a group of world powers: the P5+1 (the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, and China—plus Germany) and the European Union.", "The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a group of world powers: the P5+1 (the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, and China—plus Germany) and the European Union.", "The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a group of world powers: the P5+1 (the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, and China—plus Germany) and the European Union.", "The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a group of world powers: the P5+1 (the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, and China—plus Germany) and the European Union.", "The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a group of world powers: the P5+1 (the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, and China—plus Germany) and the European Union.", "The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a group of world powers: the P5+1 (the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, and China—plus Germany) and the European Union.", "The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a group of world powers: the P5+1 (the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, and China—plus Germany) and the European Union." ]	[ "United States", "the United Kingdom", "Russia", "France", "China", "Germany", "European Union", "Islamic Republic of Iran" ]
-3530415270508926845	Anglo-Norman language	Anglo - Norman language - wikipedia Anglo - Norman language Jump to : navigation , search Anglo - Norman Normand Region Great Britain and Ireland Extinct unknown but significantly contributed to Middle English Language family Indo - European Italic Romance Western Gallo - Romance Oïl Norman Anglo - Norman Language codes ISO 639 - 3 xno Linguist List xno Glottolog angl1258 This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Anglo - Norman , also known as Anglo - Norman French , is a variety of the Norman language that was used in England and , to a lesser extent , elsewhere in the British Isles during the Anglo - Norman period . When William the Conqueror led the Norman conquest of England in 1066 , he , his nobles , and many of his followers from Normandy , but also those from northern and western France , spoke a range of langues d'oïl ( northern varieties of Gallo - Romance ) . One of these was Old Norman , also known as `` Old Northern French '' . Other followers spoke varieties of the Picard language or western French . This amalgam developed into the unique insular dialect now known as Anglo - Norman French , which was commonly used for literary and eventually administrative purposes from the 12th until the 15th century . It is difficult to know much about what was actually spoken , as what is known about the dialect is restricted to what was written , but it is clear that Anglo - Norman was , to a large extent , the spoken language of the higher social strata in medieval England . It was spoken in the law courts , schools , and universities and , in due course , in at least some sections of the gentry and the growing bourgeoisie . Private and commercial correspondence was carried out in Anglo - Norman or Anglo - French from the 13th to the 15th century though its spelling forms were often displaced by continental spellings . Social classes other than the nobility became keen to learn French : manuscripts containing materials for instructing non-native speakers still exist , dating mostly from the late 14th century onwards . Although Anglo - Norman and Anglo - French were eventually eclipsed by modern English , they had been used widely enough to influence English vocabulary permanently . Thus , many original Germanic words , cognates of which can still be found in Nordic , German , and Dutch , have been lost or , as more often occurs , exist alongside synonyms of Anglo - Norman French origin . Grammatically , Anglo - Norman had little lasting impact on English although it is still evident in official and legal terms where the ordinary sequence of noun and adjective is reversed , for example attorney general : the spelling is English but the word order ( noun then adjective ) is French . Other such examples are heir apparent , court martial , and body politic . The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom still features in French the mottos of both the British Monarch , Dieu et mon droit ( `` God and my right '' ) and the Order of the Garter , Honi soit qui mal y pense ( `` Shamed be he who thinks evil of it '' ) . Dieu et mon droit was first used by Richard I in 1198 and adopted as the royal motto of England in the time of Henry VI . The motto appears below the shield of the Royal Coat of Arms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Use and development 2 Trilingualism in Medieval England 2.1 Language of the king and his court 2.2 Language of the royal charters and legislation 2.3 Language of administration and justice 2.4 Language of the people 3 Characteristics 4 Literature 5 Influence on English 6 Influence in Ireland 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Use and development ( edit ) The literature of the Anglo - Norman period forms the reference point for subsequent literature in the Norman language , especially in the 19th century Norman literary revival and even into the 20th century in the case of André Dupont 's Épopée cotentine . The languages and literatures of the Channel Islands are sometimes referred to as Anglo - Norman , but that usage , derived from the French îles anglo - normandes , is wrong : the Channel Islanders spoke and still speak a variety of Norman , not Anglo - Norman . Anglo - Norman was never the main administrative language of England : Latin was the major language of record in legal and other official documents for most of the medieval period . However , from the late 12th century to the early 15th century , Anglo - Norman French and Anglo - French were much used in law reports , charters , ordinances , official correspondence , and trade at all levels ; they were the language of the King , his court and the upper class . There is evidence , too , that foreign words ( Latin , Greek , Italian , Arabic , Spanish ) often entered English via Anglo - Norman . The language of later documents adopted some of the changes ongoing in continental French and lost many of its original dialectal characteristics , so Anglo - French remained ( in at least some respects and at least at some social levels ) part of the dialect continuum of modern French , often with distinctive spellings . Over time , the use of Anglo - French expanded into the fields of law , administration , commerce , and science , in all of which a rich documentary legacy survives , indicative of the vitality and importance of the language . By the late 15th century , however , what remained of insular French had become heavily anglicised : see Law French . It continued to be known as `` Norman French '' until the end of the 19th century even though , philologically , there was nothing Norman about it . One notable survival of influence on the political system is the use of certain Anglo - French set phrases in the Parliament of the United Kingdom for some endorsements to bills and the granting of Royal Assent to legislation . These set phrases include : Soit baille aux Communes ( `` Let it be sent to the Commons '' , on a bill sent by the House of Lords to the House of Commons ) A ceste Bille ( avecque une amendement / avecque des amendemens ) les Communes sont assentus ( `` To this Bill ( with an amendment / with amendments ) the Commons have assented '' , on a bill passed by the House of Commons and returned to the House of Lords ) A cette amendement / ces amendemens les Seigneurs sont assentus ( `` To this amendment / these amendments the Lords have assented '' , on an amended bill returned by the House of Commons to the House of Lords , where the amendments were accepted ) Ceste Bille est remise aux Communes avecque une Raison / des Raisons ( `` This Bill is returned to the Commons with a reason / with reasons '' , when the House of Lords disagrees with amendments made by the House of Commons ) Le Roy / La Reyne le veult ( `` The King / Queen wills it '' , Royal Assent for a public bill ) Le Roy / La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets , accepte leur benevolence et ainsi le veult ( `` The King / Queen thanks his / her good subjects , accepts their bounty , and wills it so '' , Royal Assent for a supply bill ) Soit fait comme il est désiré ( `` Let it be done as it is desired '' , Royal Assent for a private bill ) Le Roy / La Reyne s'avisera ( `` The King / Queen will consider it '' , if Royal Assent is withheld ) The exact spelling of these phrases has varied over the years ; for example , s'avisera has been spelled as s'uvisera and s'advisera , and Reyne as Raine . Among important writers of the Anglo - Norman cultural commonwealth is Marie de France . Trilingualism in medieval England ( edit ) Much of the earliest recorded French is in fact Anglo - Norman French . In Northern France , almost nothing was at that time being recorded in the vernacular because Latin was the language of the Church and consequently of education and historiography , and was thus used for the purpose of records . Latin did not disappear in medieval England either : it was used by the Church , the royal government and much local administration , as it had been before 1066 , in parallel with Middle English . The early adoption of Anglo - Norman as a written and literary language probably owes something to this history of bilingualism in writing . Around the same time , as a shift took place in France towards using Parisian French as a language of record in the mid-13th century , Anglo - Norman French also became a language of record in England though Latin retained its pre-eminence for matters of permanent record ( as in written chronicles ) . From around this point onwards , considerable variation begins to be apparent in Anglo - French , which ranges from the very local ( and most anglicized ) to a level of language which approximates to and is sometimes indistinguishable from varieties of continental French . Thus , typically , local records are rather different from continental French , with diplomatic and international trade documents closest to the emerging continental norm . English remained the vernacular of the common people throughout this period . The resulting virtual trilinguism in spoken and written language was one of medieval Latin , diverse French varieties and Middle English . Language of the king and his court ( edit ) From the conquest ( 1066 ) until the end of the 14th century , French was the language of the king and his court . During this period , marriages with French princesses reinforced the French status in the royal family . Nevertheless , during the 13th century , intermarriages with English nobility became more frequent . French became progressively a second language among the upper classes . Moreover , with the Hundred Years ' War and the growing spirit of English nationalism , the status of French diminished . French was the mother tongue of every English king from William the Conqueror until Henry IV ( 1399 -- 1413 ) . He was the first to take the oath in English , and his son , Henry V ( 1413 -- 1422 ) , was the first to write in English . By the end of the 15th century , French became the second language of a cultivated elite . Language of the Royal charters and legislation ( edit ) Until the end of the 13th century , Latin was the language of all official written documents , and Norman French was almost exclusively used as a spoken language . Nevertheless , some important documents had their official Norman translation , such as the Magna Carta signed in 1215 . The first official document written in Anglo - Norman was a statute promulgated by the king in 1275 . Thus , from the 13th century , Anglo - Norman became used in official documents , such as those that were marked by the private seal of the king whereas the documents sealed by the Lord Chancellor were written in Latin until the end of the Middle Ages . English became the language of Parliament and of legislation in the 15th century , half a century after it had become the language of the king and of most of the English nobility . Language of administration and justice ( edit ) During the 12th century , development of the administrative and judicial institutions took place . Because the king and the lawyers at the time normally used Norman French , it also became the language of these institutions . From the 12th century until the 15th century , the courts used three languages . Latin was used for writing , Norman French was the main oral language during trials , and English was used in less formal exchanges between the judge , the lawyer , the complainant or the witnesses . The judge gave his sentence orally in Norman , which was then written in Latin . Only in the lowest level of the manorial courts were trials entirely in English . During the 15th century , English became the main spoken language , but Latin and French continued to be exclusively used in official legal documents until the beginning of the 18th century . Nevertheless , the Norman language used in England changed from the end of the 15th century into Law French . This variety of French was a technical language , with a specific vocabulary , where English words were used to describe everyday experience , and French grammatical rules and morphology gradually declined , with confusion of genders and the adding of - s to form all plurals . Law French was banished from the courts of the common law in 1731 , almost three centuries after the king ceased speaking primarily French . Language of the people ( edit ) Though the great mass of ordinary people spoke Middle English , French , because of its prestigious status , spread as a second language , encouraged by its long - standing use in the school system as a medium of instruction through which Latin was taught . In the courts , the members of the jury , who represented the population , had to know French in order to understand the plea of the lawyer . French was used by the merchant middle class as a language of business communication , especially when it traded with the continent , and several churches used French to communicate with lay people . A small but important number of documents survive associated with the Jews of medieval England , some featuring Anglo - Norman written in Hebrew script , typically in the form of glosses to the Hebrew scriptures . Characteristics ( edit ) As a langue d'oïl , Anglo - Norman developed collaterally to the central Gallo - Romance dialects which would eventually become Parisian French in terms of grammar , pronunciation and vocabulary . Before the signature of the Ordinance of Villers - Cotterêts in 1539 and long afterward in practice , French was not standardised as an official administrative language of the kingdom of France . Middle English was heavily influenced by Anglo - Norman and , later , Anglo - French . W. Rothwell has called Anglo - French ' the missing link ' because many etymological dictionaries seem to ignore the contribution of that language in English and because Anglo - Norman and Anglo - French can explain the transmission of words from French into English and fill the void left by the absence of documentary records of English ( in the main ) between 1066 and c. 1380 . Anglo - Norman morphology and pronunciation can be deduced from its heritage in English . Mostly , it is done in comparison with continental Central French . English has many doublets as a result of this contrast : warranty - guarantee warden - guardian catch - chase ( see below ) Compare also : wage ( Anglo - Norman ) - gage ( French ) wait - guetter ( French , Old French guaitier ) war ( from Anglo - Norman werre ) - guerre ( French ) wicket ( Anglo - Norman ) - guichet ( French , from Norman ) The palatalization of velar consonants before the front vowel produced different results in Norman to the central langue d'oïl dialects that developed into French . English therefore , for example , has fashion from Norman féchoun as opposed to Modern French façon ( both developing from Latin factio , factiōnem ) . The palatalization of velar consonants before / a / that affected the development of French did not occur in Norman dialects north of the Joret line . English has therefore inherited words that retain a velar plosive where French has a fricative : English < Norman = French cabbage < caboche = chou , caboche candle < caundèle = chandelle castle < caste ( l ) = château cauldron < caudron = chaudron causeway < cauchie = chaussée catch < cachi = chasser wicket < viquet = guichet plank < planque = planche , planque pocket < pouquette = poche fork < fouorque = fourche garden < gardin = jardin cattle < * cate ( l ) = cheptel ( Old French chetel ) Other words such as kennel ( chenil ) exemplify how Norman retained a / k / sound from Latin that was not retained in French . However , Anglo - Norman also acted as a conduit for French words to enter England ; for example , challenge clearly displays a form of French origin , rather than the Norman calenge . There were also vowel differences : compare Anglo - Norman profound with Parisian French profond , soun sound with son , round with rond . The former words were originally pronounced something like ' profoond ' , ' soond ' , ' roond ' respectively ( compare the similarly denasalised vowels of modern Norman ) , but later developed their modern pronunciation in English . Since many words established in Anglo - Norman from French via the intermediary of Norman were not subject to the processes of sound change that continued in parts of the continent , English sometimes preserves earlier pronunciations . For example , ' ch ' used to be / tʃ / in Medieval French ; Modern French has / ʃ / , but English has preserved the older sound ( in words like chamber , chain , chase and exchequer ) . Similarly , ' j ' had an older / dʒ / sound , which it still has in English and some dialects of modern Norman , but it has developed into / ʒ / in Modern French . The word veil retains the / ei / ( as does modern Norman in vaile and laîsi ) that in French has been replaced by / wɑː / voile , loisir . The word mushroom preserves a hush sibilant in mousseron not recorded in French orthography , as does cushion for coussin . Conversely , the pronunciation of the word sugar resembles Norman chucre even if the spelling is closer to French sucre . It is possible that the original sound was an apical sibilant , like the Basque s , which is halfway between a hissing sibilant and a hushing sibilant . The doublets catch and chase , both derived from Low Latin * captiare . Catch demonstrate a Norman development while chase is the French equivalent imported with a different meaning . Distinctions in meaning between Anglo - Norman and French have led to many faux amis ( words having similar form but different meanings ) in Modern English and Modern French . Since although a Romance language , Norman contains a significant amount of lexical material from Norse , some of the words introduced into England as part of Anglo - Norman were of Germanic origin . Indeed , sometimes one can identify cognates such as flock ( Germanic in English existing prior to the Conquest ) and flloquet ( Germanic in Norman ) . The case of the word mug demonstrates that in instances , Anglo - Norman may have reinforced certain Scandinavian elements already present in English . Mug had been introduced into northern English dialects by Viking settlement . The same word had been established in Normandy by the Normans ( Norsemen ) and was then brought over after the Conquest and established firstly in southern English dialects . It is , therefore , argued that the word mug in English shows some of the complicated Germanic heritage of Anglo - Norman . Many expressions used in English today have their origin in Anglo - Norman ( such as the expression before - hand derives from Anglo - Norman avaunt - main ) , as do many modern words with interesting etymologies . Mortgage , for example , literally meant death - wage in Anglo - Norman . Curfew ( fr . couvre - feu ) meant cover - fire , referring to the time in the evening when all fires had to be covered . The word glamour is derived from Anglo - Norman grammeire , the same word which gives us modern grammar ; glamour meant first book learning and then the most glamorous form of book learning , magic or magic spell in Medieval times . The influence of Anglo - Norman was very asymmetric : very little influence from English was carried over into the continental possessions of the Anglo - Norman kings . Some administrative terms survived in some parts of mainland Normandy : forlenc ( from furrow , compare furlong ) in the Cotentin Peninsula and Bessin , and a general use of the word acre for land measurement in Normandy until metrication in the 19th century , but these words are probably linguistic traces of Saxon or Anglo - Scandinavian settlements between the 4th and the 10th centuries in Normandy . Otherwise the direct influence of English in mainland Norman ( such as smogler - to smuggle ) is from direct contact in later centuries with English , rather than Anglo - Norman . Literature ( edit ) See also : Anglo - Norman literature When the Normans invaded England , Anglo - Saxon literature had reached a very high level of development . The important Benedictine monasteries both wrote chronicles and guarded other works in Old English . However , with the arrival of the Norman , Anglo - Saxon literature came to an end and literature written in Britain was in Latin or Anglo - Norman . The Plantagenet kings encouraged this Anglo - Norman literature . Nevertheless , from the beginning of the 14th century , some authors chose to write in English , such as Geoffrey Chaucer . The authors of that period were influenced by the works of contemporary French writers whose language was prestigious . Chaucer is considered to be the father of the English language and the creator of English as a literary language . Influence on English ( edit ) About 28 % of English vocabulary comes from French , including Anglo - French ( green ) . The major Norman - French influence on English can still be seen in today 's vocabulary . An enormous number of Norman - French loanwords came into the language , and about three - quarters of them are still used today . Very often , the Norman - French word supplanted the Anglo - Saxon term , or both words would co-exist but with slightly different nuances : for example , ox ( describing the animal ) and beef ( describing the meat ) . In other cases , the Norman - French word was adopted to signify a new reality , such as judge , castle , warranty . In general , the Norman - French borrowings concerned the fields of culture , aristocratic life , politics and religion , and war whereas the English words were used to describe everyday experience . When the Normans arrived in England , their copyists wrote English as they heard it , without realising the peculiarities of the relationship between Anglo - Saxon pronunciation and spelling and so the spelling changed . There appeared different regional Modern - English written dialects , the one that the king chose in the 15th century becoming the standard variety . In some remote areas , agricultural terms used by the rural workers may have been derived from Norman French . An example is the Cumbrian term sturdy for diseased sheep that walk in circles , derived from etourdi meaning giddy . Influence in Ireland ( edit ) The Norman invasion of Ireland took place in the late 12th century and led to Anglo - Norman control of much of the island . Norman - speaking administrators arrived to rule over the Angevin Empire 's new territory . Several Norman words became Irish words , including household terms : garsún ( from Norman garçun , `` boy '' ) ; cóta ( cote , `` cloak '' ) ; hata ( hatte , `` hat '' ) ; gairdín ( gardin , `` garden '' ) ; and terms relating to justice ( Irish giúistís , bardas ( corporation ) , cúirt ( court ) ) . Place - names in Norman are few , but there is Buttevant ( from the motto of the Barry family : Boutez en Avant , `` Push to the Fore '' ) , the village of Brittas ( from the Norman bretesche , `` boarding , planking '' ) and the element Pallas ( Irish pailís , from Norman paleis , `` boundary fence '' : cf . palisade , The Pale ) . Others exist with English or Irish roots , such as Castletownroche , which combines the English Castletown and the Norman Roche , meaning rock . Only a handful of Hiberno - Norman - French texts survive , most notably the chanson de geste , The Song of Dermot and the Earl ( early 13th century ) and the Statutes of Kilkenny ( 1366 ) . See also ( edit ) Anglo - Norman literature Anglo - Norman Text Society Law French Middle English creole hypothesis Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Anglo - Norman '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ For a wide - ranging introduction to the language and its uses , see Anglo - French and the AND by William Rothwell Jump up ^ Amended version of : Crystal , David . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language . Cambridge University Press , 1995 . Jump up ^ Pollock and Maitland , p. 87 note 3 . Jump up ^ Bennion , Francis . `` Modern Royal Assent Procedure at Westminister '' ( Word document ) . New Law Journal . Retrieved on 18 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords '' . United Kingdom Parliament . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ See Lusignan , 2005 ; Trotter , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lusignan , Serge . La langue des rois au Moyen Âge : Le français en France et en Angleterre . Paris : Presses Universitaires de France , 2004 . Jump up ^ Fuderman Jump up ^ Rothwell , W. ( 1991 ) , `` The missing link in English etymology : Anglo - French '' , Medium Aevum , 60 , 173 - 96 . Jump up ^ Rollinson , William Life and Tradition in the Lake District Dalesman 1987 p. 82 ISBN 0852068859 Jump up ^ ' Pallas ' Logainm.ie Jump up ^ `` Medieval and early modern French Texts at CELT '' . www.ucc.ie . References ( edit ) De Wilde , G. et al. ( eds . ) , `` Anglo - Norman Dictionary '' ( = AND ) , on line . ( 1 ) Kelham , Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language ( 1779 ) ( very outdated ) Pollock and Maitland , History of English Law , 2nd edition : Cambridge 1898 , pp. 80 -- 87 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anglo - Norman Dictionary , online version : www.anglo-norman.net . A -- N édition revisée ( 2005 -- ) , O -- Z de la première édition , avec 78 textes numérisés , et une douzaine d'articles scientifiques ( surtout par W. ROTHWELL ) . ( Anglo - Norman Dictionary . Fascicles i ( 1977 ) , ii ( 1981 ) , iii ( 1983 ) , iv ( 1985 ) , v ( 1988 ) , vi ( 1990 ) , vii ( 1992 ) ; London , MHRA . Ed . W. ROTHWELL et al . ) Disponible : http://www.anglo-norman.net/ BRAND , Paul ( 1999 ) , ' The languages of the law in later medieval England ' . In TROTTER ( 2000a ) . BRAND , Paul . 2010 . ' The Language of the English Legal Profession : The Emergence of a Distinctive Legal Lexicon in Insular French ' . In INGHAM ( 2010 ) , 94 -- 101 . BRUN , Laurent ( 2004 ) , c.r. de Ruelle ( 1999 ) , ZrP 120 , 190 - 194 . BURGESS , Glyn S. ( 1995 ) , ' Französische Skriptaformen IV . England . Les scriptae françaises IV . Angleterre ' . In HOLTUS , Günter / METZELTIN , Michael / SCHMIDT , Christian ( eds . ) , Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik II , 2 . 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TROTTER , David ( 2009 ) , ' English in Contact : Middle English creolization ' , in A. Bergs / L. Brinton ( eds . ) , Historical Linguistics of English ( Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter , 2012 ) , 2 , 1781 - 1793 . TROTTER , David ( 2010 ) : Bridging the Gap : The ( Socio - ) linguistic Evidence of Some Medieval English Bridge Accounts . In : INGHAM ( 2010 ) , 52 - 62 . TROTTER , David ( 2011a ) , ' Il sount aliens : marchands étrangers et contact linguistique en Angleterre au Moyen Âge ' , in W. Schweickard / A. Overbeck / H. Völker ( eds . ) , Lexikon , Varietät , Philologie : Romanistische Studien Günter Holtus zum 65 . Geburtstag ( Berlin : De Gruyter , 2011 ) , 307 - 315 . TROTTER , David ( 2011b ) , ' L'anglo - normand et le français , et les emprunts en anglais ' , Actes du colloque international ' Les emprunts lexicaux au français dans les langues européennes ' , Craiova , 10 - 12 novembre 2011 ( Craiova : Editura Universitaria , 2011 ) , 299 - 309 . TROTTER , David ( 2011c ) , ' Death , taxes and property : some code - switching evidence from Dover , Southampton , and York ' , in H. Schendl / L. Wright ( eds . ) , Code - Switching in Early English ( Berlin : de Gruyter , 2011 ) , 155 - 189 . TROTTER , David ( 2011d ) , ' Intra-textual multilingualism and diaphasic / diastratic variation in Anglo - Norman ' , in Elizabeth Tyler ( ed . ) , Conceptualizing Multilingualism in England , 800 - 1250 , University of York , July 2006 ( Amsterdam : Brepols , 2011 ) , 357 - 368 . TROTTER , David ( 2011e ) , ' Italian merchants in London and Paris : evidence of language contact in the Gallerani accounts , 1305 - 08 ' , in D. Lagorgette / T. Pooley ( eds . ) , On linguistic change in French : socio - historical approaches . Le changement linguistique en français : aspects socio - historiques Studies in Honour of R. Anthony Lodge . Etudes en hommage au Professeur R. Anthony Lodge ( Chambéry : Presses Universitaires de Savoie , 2011 ) , 209 - 226 . TROTTER , David ( 2011f ) , ' Bytes , words , texts : the Anglo - Norman Dictionary and its text - base ' , in Christine McWebb / Helen Swift ( eds . ) , Selected Proceedings of the `` Third International MARGOT Conference , The Digital Middle Ages : Teaching and Research , special issue of Digital Medievalist , summer 2011 , at http://www.digitalmedievalist.org/journal/7/trotter/ . TROTTER , David ( 2012a ) : Saunz desbriser de hay ou de clos : clos ( e ) in Anglo - French and in English . In : Claudia LANGE / Beatrix WEBER / Göran WOLF ( eds . ) , Communicative Spaces : Variation , Contact , and Change : Papers in Honour of Ursula Schaefer , Frankfurt : Peter Lang , 197 - 214 . TROTTER , David ( 2012b ) : L'anglo - normand dans le Middle English Dictionary . In : Stephen DÖRR / Thomas STÄDTLER ( eds . ) , Ki bien voldreit raisun entendre : Mélanges en l'honneur du 70e anniversaire de Frankwalt Möhren , Strasbourg : Éditions de Linguistique et de Philologie , 323 - 337 . TROTTER , David ( 2013a ) : Une rencontre germano - romane dans la Romania Britannica . In : Emili CASANOVA HERRERO / Cesáro CALVO RIGUAL ( edd . ) , Actas del XXVI Congreso Internacional de Lingüística y de Filología Románicas , Berlin : De Gruyter , I , 441 - 456 . TROTTER , David ( 2013b ) : L'anglo - normand à la campagne . In : Comptes - rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions 2012 , II ( avril - juin ) , 1113 - 1131 . TROTTER , David ( à paraître a ) ' Trové l'avum mis en tiste : comment réduire notre ignorance du lexique de l'anglo - normand ' , in Oreste Floquet / Gabriele Giannini ( eds . ) , Anglo - Français : linguistique et philologie / Anglo - francese : filologia e linguistica ( Paris : Garnier ) . TROTTER , David ( à paraître b ) : Tout feu tout flamme : le FEW et l'anglais few . Dans un volume de mélanges . TROTTER , David ( à paraître c ) : Noms de lieux , lieux des noms : l'influence Anglo - normande dans la toponymie anglaise . Dans un volume de mélanges . TROTTER , David ( à paraître d ) , Trop fidèle pour être belle : l'édition historique en Anglo - normand , dans un volume de mélanges . URELAND , P. Sture ( ed . ) ( 1991 ) , Language Contact in the British Isles , Tübingen . VAN ACKER , Marieke ( 2010 ) , La transition Latin / langues romanes et la notion de `` diglossie '' , ZrP 126 , 1 - 38. * VIDESOTT , Paul ( 2013 ) , Les débuts du français à la Chancellerie royale : analyse scriptologique des chartes de Philippe III ( 1270 - 1285 ) , RLiR 77 , 3 - 50 . VISING , Johan ( 1923 ) , Anglo Norman Language and Literature , London . VÖLKER , Harald ( 2000 ) , Chartes luxembourgeoises du XIIIe siècle : Scripta régionale , locale ou `` individuelle '' ? , in : Actes du XXIIe Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philo ¬ logie Romanes , Bruxelles , 23 -- 29 juillet 1998 , Tübingen , Niemeyer , 2000 , 5 , 159 - 166 . WEINER , Edmund S.C. ( 2000 ) , ' Medieval multilingualism and the revision of the OED ' . In TROTTER ( 2000a ) , 169 - 174 . WOLEDGE , Brian ( 1970 ) , Un scribe champenois devant un texte normand : Guiot copiste de Wace , in : Mélanges de langue et de littérature du Moyen Âge et de la Renaissance offerts à Jean Frappier , Genève , Droz , 2 , 1139 - 1154 . WRIGHT , Laura ( 1996 ) , Sources of London English : Medieval Thames Vocabulary . Oxford . WÜEST , Jakob ( 1979 ) , La dialectalisation de la Gallo - Romania . Études phonologiques , Berne , Francke . WÜEST , Jakob ( 2001 ) , Sind Schreibdialekte phonologisch interpretierbar ? in : Holtus / Rapp / Völker ( 2001 ) , 37 - 51 . WÜEST , Jakob ( 2003 ) , Le rapport entre la langue parlée et la langue écrite : les scriptae dans le domaine d'oïl et le domaine d'oc , in : Goyens / Verbeke ( 2003 ) , 51 - 70. * * External links ( edit ) The Anglo - Norman hub contains articles and corpus texts , and includes : The Revised Anglo - Norman Dictionary ( A-N ) , with the entries from the first edition , for O-Z freely available online . The Anglo - Norman Text Society publishes a wide range of works written in Anglo - Norman The Anglo - Norman Correspondence Corpus at Birmingham City University `` Psalterium ( Psalter of Queen Isabella of England ) '' . World Digital Library ( in Anglo - Norman ) . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ( hide ) Norman language Channel Island dialects Auregnais ( Alderney ) Guernésiais / Dgèrnésiais ( Guernsey ) Jèrriais ( Jersey ) Sercquiais / Sèrtchais ( Sark ) Continental dialects Augeron ( Pays d'Auge ) Cauchois ( Pays de Caux ) Cotentinais ( Cotentin ) Historic and legal Anglo - Norman Jersey Legal French ( highly influenced by Jèrriais ) Law French Old Norman Literature List of Norman language writers Jèrriais literature Anglo - Norman literature GND : 4002048 - 4 BNF : cb119556671 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Norman_language&oldid=800570277 '' Categories : Norman language Medieval England Medieval languages Extinct Romance languages Languages of England Languages of Wales Medieval Wales Languages attested from the 12th century 12th - century establishments in Europe Languages extinct in the 15th century 15th - century disestablishments in Europe Hidden categories : Language articles with unreferenced extinction date All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Latina Magyar 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 10 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did french stop being the official language of england	[ "When William the Conqueror led the Norman conquest of England in 1066, he, his nobles, and many of his followers from Normandy, but also those from northern and western France, spoke a range of langues d'oïl (northern varieties of Gallo-Romance). One of these was Old Norman, also known as \"Old Northern French\". Other followers spoke varieties of the Picard language or western French. This amalgam developed into the unique insular dialect now known as Anglo-Norman French, which was commonly used for literary and eventually administrative purposes from the 12th until the 15th century. It is difficult to know much about what was actually spoken, as what is known about the dialect is restricted to what was written, but it is clear that Anglo-Norman was, to a large extent, the spoken language of the higher social strata in medieval England." ]	[ "the 15th century" ]
281259482422542857	Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament	Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- women 's tournament - wikipedia Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- women 's tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Winter Olympics Tournament details Host country South Korea Dates 10 -- 22 February Teams 8 Venue ( s ) 2 ( in 1 host city ) Final positions Champions United States ( 2nd title ) Runner - up Canada Third place Finland Fourth place Olympic Athletes from Russia Tournament statistics Matches played 22 Goals scored 109 ( 4.95 per match ) Attendance 85,565 ( 3,889 per match ) Scoring leader ( s ) Alina Müller ( 10 points ) MVP Mélodie Daoust ← 2014 2022 → Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification men women Tournament men women Rosters men women The women 's tournament in ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held in Gangneung , South Korea between 10 and 22 February 2018 . Eight countries qualified for the tournament ; five of them did so automatically by virtue of their ranking by the International Ice Hockey Federation , one , South Korea , automatically qualified as hosts , while the two others took part in a qualification tournament . Under a special agreement with the IOC and the IIHF , twelve North Korean players joined the host team to form a united team . They were allowed to have an expanded roster of 35 where 22 players dress for each game . Three North Korean players were selected for each game by coach Sarah Murray . The United States winning the gold medal game against Canada marks the first time in 20 years that the United States took home a gold medal in women 's hockey . They previously won in 1998 in Nagano , Japan , which was also against Canada . Canada 's loss effectively ended their winning streak of four consecutive winter games , having won since 2002 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification 1.1 Qualified teams 2 Format 3 Rosters 4 Match officials 5 Preliminary round 5.1 Group A 5.2 Group B 6 Playoff round 6.1 Bracket 6.2 Quarterfinals 6.3 5 -- 8th place semifinals 6.4 Semifinals 6.5 Seventh place game 6.6 Fifth place game 6.7 Bronze medal game 6.8 Gold medal game 7 Final ranking 8 Statistics 8.1 Scoring leaders 8.2 Leading goaltenders 9 Awards 10 References 11 External links Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Women 's qualification Canada and the United States assured themselves of top four ranking after the 2016 Women 's Ice Hockey World Championships by the end of the 2015 Championships and qualified for the A group . Finland , Russia , and Sweden qualified by their ranking after the 2016 Championships . South Korea qualified as the host team . The remaining two teams qualified from qualification tournaments . Qualified teams ( edit ) Event Date Location Vacancies Qualified Hosts 19 September 2014 Tenerife South Korea 2016 IIHF World Ranking 7 December 2012 -- 10 April 2016 Kamloops 5 United States Canada Finland Russia Sweden Final qualification tournament 9 -- 12 February 2017 Arosa Switzerland Final qualification tournament 9 -- 12 February 2017 Tomakomai Japan TOTAL 8 Notes A unified Korean team consisting of players from both North Korea and South Korea will compete , after talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018 . The 2016 IIHF World Ranking includes the following events : 2013 World Championship , 2014 Winter Olympic Games , 2014 World Championship , 2015 World Championship and 2016 World Championship Kamloops was the site for 2016 IIHF Women 's World Championship ; at the conclusion of the tournament the ranking was finalized with regard to the qualification slots . In December 2017 , the IOC suspended Russia from competing at the Winter Olympics as part of its sanctions following state - sponsored doping scandal . Russian athletes deemed clean were permitted to compete as Olympic Athletes from Russia . Format ( edit ) The top four teams based on the 2016 IIHF World Ranking , the United States , Canada , Finland and Olympic Athletes from Russia , compete in Group A , while the remaining four teams compete in Group B . The top two teams in Group A received a bye to the semifinals . In the quarterfinals , the third placed team in Group A played the second place team in Group B , while the fourth placed team in Group A played the first place team in Group B . The winners advanced to the semifinals , while the two losers , and the third and fourth placed teams in Group B , competed in a classification bracket for places five through eight . Rosters ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Women 's team rosters Match officials ( edit ) 10 referees and 9 linesmen were selected for the tournament . Referees Gabrielle Ariano - Lortie Nicole Hertrich Aina Hove Drahomira Fialova Nikoleta Celárová Gabriella Gran Katarina Timglas Dina Allen Katie Guay Melissa Szkola Linesmen Justine Todd Zuzana Svobodová Jenni Heikkinen Johanna Tauriainen Charlotte Girard - Fabre Lisa Linnek Nataša Pagon Veronica Johansson Jessica Leclerc Preliminary round ( edit ) All times are local ( UTC + 9 ) . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Canada 0 0 0 11 + 9 9 Semifinals United States 0 0 9 + 6 6 Finland 0 0 7 8 − 1 Quarterfinals Olympic Athletes from Russia 0 0 0 15 − 14 0 Source : IIHF 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Finland 1 -- 3 ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 1 ) United States Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 4,032 ( show ) Game reference Noora Räty Goalies Maddie Rooney Referees : Nicole Hertrich Aina Hove Linesmen : Charlotte Girard - Fabre Veronica Johansson Hovi ( Nieminen , Välimäki ) -- 19 : 54 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 28 : 58 -- Lamoureux - Morando 1 -- 2 31 : 29 -- Coyne ( Knight , Decker ) 1 -- 3 59 : 47 -- Cameranesi ( Keller ) ( ENG ) 8 min Penalties 4 min 24 Shots 42 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Canada 5 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,912 ( show ) Game reference Ann - Renée Desbiens Goalies Nadezhda Morozova Nadezhda Aleksandrova Referees : Nikoleta Celárová Katarina Timglas Linesmen : Jenni Heikkinen Lisa Linnek Johnston ( Jenner , Saulnier ) -- 21 : 55 1 -- 0 Irwin ( Johnston ) ( PP ) -- 24 : 13 2 -- 0 Daoust ( Agosta , Poulin ) -- 35 : 58 3 -- 0 Johnston ( Lacquette , Poulin ) ( PP2 ) -- 48 : 41 4 -- 0 Daoust ( Poulin ) -- 50 : 44 5 -- 0 4 min Penalties 14 min 48 Shots 18 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Canada 4 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 ) Finland Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,879 ( show ) Game reference Shannon Szabados Goalies Noora Räty Referees : Dina Allena Melissa Szkola Linesmen : Veronica Johansson Jessica Leclerc Agosta ( Daoust ) -- 00 : 35 1 -- 0 Poulin -- 17 : 11 2 -- 0 Daoust ( Fortino , Agosta ) -- 28 : 19 3 -- 0 Saulnier ( Johnston ) -- 38 : 26 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 47 : 17 -- Välilä ( Tapani , Karvinen ) 8 min Penalties 10 min 32 Shots 23 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 2018 v 21 : 10 United States 5 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,797 ( show ) Game reference Nicole Hensley Goalies Valeria Tarakanova Nadezhda Morozova Referees : Gabrielle Ariano - Lortie Gabriella Gran Linesmen : Zuzana Svobodová Johanna Tauriainen Bellamy ( Lamoureux - Davidson , Marvin ) -- 08 : 02 1 -- 0 Lamoureux - Davidson ( Lamoureux - Morando ) -- 31 : 46 2 -- 0 Lamoureux - Davidson -- 31 : 52 3 -- 0 Marvin ( Pelkey , Duggan ) -- 34 : 38 4 -- 0 Brandt ( Cameranesi , Keller ) -- 58 : 23 5 -- 0 2 min Penalties 6 min 50 Shots 13 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2018 v 12 : 10 United States 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 , 1 -- 0 ) Canada Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,885 ( show ) Game reference Maddie Rooney Goalies Geneviève Lacasse Referees : Aina Hove Katarina Timglas Linesmen : Jenni Heikkinen Veronica Johansson 0 -- 1 27 : 18 -- Agosta ( Spooner , Jenner ) ( PP ) 0 -- 2 34 : 56 -- Nurse ( Larocque ) Coyne ( Decker ) -- 40 : 23 1 -- 2 12 min Penalties 8 min 45 Shots 23 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Olympic Athletes from Russia 1 -- 5 ( 0 -- 1 , 0 -- 2 , 1 -- 2 ) Finland Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,353 ( show ) Game reference Nadezhda Morozova Goalies Noora Räty Referees : Nicole Hertrich Melissa Szkola Linesmen : Lisa Linnek Justine Todd 0 -- 1 17 : 47 -- Karvinen ( Hiirikoski ) ( PP ) 0 -- 2 20 : 20 -- Karvinen ( Nuutinen , Välilä ) 0 -- 3 39 : 08 -- Välilä Shokhina ( Belyakova ) -- 44 : 50 1 -- 3 1 -- 4 52 : 49 -- Tuominen ( Hiirikoski , Nieminen ) ( PP ) 1 -- 5 55 : 33 -- Nieminen 8 min Penalties 4 min 25 Shots 37 Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Switzerland 0 0 0 13 + 11 9 Quarterfinals Sweden 0 0 11 + 8 6 Japan 0 0 6 6 0 Classification Korea ( H ) 0 0 0 20 − 19 0 Source : IIHF ( H ) Host . 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Japan 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 ) Sweden Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,762 ( show ) Game reference Nana Fujimoto Goalies Sara Grahn Referees : Katie Guay Melissa Szkola Linesmen : Nataša Pagon Zuzana Svobodová 0 -- 1 02 : 21 -- Rask ( Küller , Carlsson ) Ukita ( Kubo ) -- 36 : 52 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 41 : 53 -- Hjalmarsson ( Grahm ) 2 min Penalties 8 min 31 Shots 26 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Switzerland 8 -- 0 ( 3 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 ) Korea Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,606 ( show ) Game reference Florence Schelling Goalies Shin So - jung Referees : Dina Allen Gabrielle Ariano - Lortie Linesmen : Jessica Leclerc Justine Todd Müller ( S. Benz ) ( SH ) -- 10 : 23 1 -- 0 Müller ( S. Benz , Stalder ) -- 11 : 24 2 -- 0 Müller ( S. Benz , Meier ) -- 19 : 49 3 -- 0 Müller -- 21 : 26 4 -- 0 Stänz ( Raselli ) -- 22 : 21 5 -- 0 Stänz ( Raselli ) -- 37 : 19 6 -- 0 Stalder ( Meier , Müller ) ( PP ) -- 49 : 42 7 -- 0 Stalder ( Müller ) -- 51 : 48 8 -- 0 12 min Penalties 6 min 52 Shots 8 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Switzerland 3 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) Japan Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 4,033 ( show ) Game reference Florence Schelling Goalies Nana Fujimoto Referees : Gabriella Gran Aina Hove Linesmen : Jenni Heikkinen Natasa Pagon S. Benz ( Rüegg , L. Benz ) ( PP ) -- 30 : 19 1 -- 0 S. Benz ( Meier ) ( PP ) -- 33 : 10 2 -- 0 Müller -- 44 : 27 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 47 : 33 -- Kubo ( Hori , H. Toko ) 10 min Penalties 8 min 18 Shots 38 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Sweden 8 -- 0 ( 4 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ) Korea Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 4,244 ( show ) Game reference Sara Grahn Goalies Shin So - jung Referees : Gabrielle Ariano - Lortie Drahomira Fialova Linesmen : Johanna Tauriainen Jessica Leclerc Nylén Persson ( Alasalmi ) ( PP ) -- 04 : 00 1 -- 0 Lundberg ( Rask , Grahm ) -- 09 : 47 2 -- 0 Fällman ( Rask , Küller ) -- 10 : 17 3 -- 0 Udén Johansson ( Johansson ) -- 17 : 04 4 -- 0 Winberg ( Lundberg , Alasalmi ) -- 24 : 08 5 - 0 Nordin ( Winberg ) -- 41 : 09 6 -- 0 Winberg ( Grahm , Nordin ) -- 41 : 45 7 -- 0 Stenberg ( Winberg ) -- 45 : 34 8 -- 0 8 min Penalties 6 min 50 Shots 19 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Sweden 1 -- 2 ( 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 ) Switzerland Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,545 ( show ) Game reference Sara Grahn Goalies Florence Schelling Referees : Nikoleta Celárová Katie Guay Linesmen : Charlotte Girard - Fabre Lisa Linnek 0 -- 1 33 : 51 -- Müller ( Meier , Stalder ) ( PP ) Borgqvist ( Olsson , Nyhlén Persson ) ( PP ) -- 47 : 35 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 51 : 28 -- Stänz ( Meier , Müller ) ( PP ) 12 min Penalties 8 min 34 Shots 47 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Korea 1 -- 4 ( 0 -- 2 , 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 ) Japan Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 4,110 ( show ) Game reference Shin So - jung Goalies Akane Konishi Referees : Drahomira Fialova Nicole Hertrich Linesmen : Jessica Leclerc Zuzana Svobodová 0 -- 1 01 : 07 -- Kubo ( H. Toko , Ukita ) 0 -- 2 03 : 58 -- Ono ( Koike , Yoneyama ) ( PP ) Griffin ( Park Yo . ) -- 29 : 31 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 51 : 42 -- Koike ( Hosoyamada , Yoneyama ) ( PP ) 1 -- 4 58 : 33 -- Ukita ( ENG ) 6 min Penalties 4 min 13 Shots 44 Playoff round ( edit ) Bracket ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 19 February Canada 5 17 February OAR 0 OAR 6 22 February Switzerland Canada United States ( GWS ) 19 February United States 5 17 February Finland 0 Bronze medal game Finland 7 21 February Sweden Finland OAR Fifth place bracket 5 -- 8th place semifinals Fifth place game 18 February Switzerland 20 February Korea 0 Switzerland 18 February Japan 0 Sweden Japan ( OT ) Seventh place game 20 February Sweden 6 Korea Quarterfinals ( edit ) The top two teams in Group A received byes and were deemed the home team in the semifinals as they were seeded to advance . 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Olympic Athletes from Russia 6 -- 2 ( 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 , 3 -- 0 ) Switzerland Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,903 ( show ) Game reference Nadezhda Morozova Goalies Florence Schelling Referees : Nikoleta Celárová Gabriella Gran Linesmen : Charlotte Girard - Fabre Johanna Tauriainen Shokhina ( SH2 ) -- 07 : 22 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 20 : 48 -- Müller ( Meier ) 1 -- 2 31 : 47 -- Stalder ( Stänz , Meier ) ( PP ) Kulishova ( Smolina ) -- 33 : 53 2 -- 2 Ganeyeva ( Shokhina ) ( PP ) -- 38 : 53 3 -- 2 Dergachyova ( Shokhina ) -- 47 : 36 4 -- 2 Shokhina ( Dergachyova ) ( PP ) -- 53 : 25 5 -- 2 Sosina ( SH , ENG ) -- 59 : 08 6 -- 2 12 min Penalties 8 min 21 Shots 19 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Finland 7 -- 2 ( 3 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Sweden Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,803 ( show ) Game reference Noora Räty Goalies Sara Grahn Sarah Berglind Referees : Drahomira Fialova Katie Guay Linesmen : Natasa Pagon Zuzana Svobodová Nieminen ( Hovi ) -- 06 : 12 1 -- 0 Välilä ( Rahunen ) -- 15 : 32 2 -- 0 Tapani ( Tulus , Välimäki ) ( PP ) -- 17 : 44 3 -- 0 Karvinen ( Tuominen , Savolainen ) -- 27 : 14 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 28 : 53 -- Nordin ( Grahm , Svedin ) Välilä ( Karvinen , Tapani ) -- 29 : 29 5 -- 1 5 -- 2 39 : 12 -- Stenberg ( Nyhlén - Persson ) ( SH ) Nuutinen ( Tulus , Rahunen ) - 44 : 35 6 -- 2 Hakala ( Rajahuhta ) - 57 : 47 7 -- 2 4 min Penalties 12 min 31 Shots 21 5 -- 8th place semifinals ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Switzerland 2 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) Korea Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,811 ( show ) Game reference Janine Alder Goalies Shin So - jung Referees : Gabrielle Ariano - Lortie Katarina Timglas Linesmen : Jenni Heikkinen Veronica Johansson Zollinger ( Bullo , L. Benz ) ( PP ) -- 16 : 35 1 -- 0 Raselli ( Rüegg , Altmann ) -- 38 : 52 2 -- 0 2 min Penalties 8 min 53 Shots 19 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Sweden 1 -- 2 OT ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) ( OT : 0 -- 1 ) Japan Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,554 ( show ) Game reference Sara Grahn Goalies Nana Fujimoto Referees : Dina Allen Aina Hove Linesmen : Jessica Leclerc Justine Todd 0 -- 1 21 : 43 -- Koike ( Yoneyama , Ono ) Johansson ( SH ) -- 26 : 25 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 63 : 16 -- A. Toko ( Osawa ) 10 min Penalties 8 min 29 Shots 37 Semifinals ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2018 v 13 : 10 United States 5 − 0 ( 2 − 0 , 2 − 0 , 1 − 0 ) Finland Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 5,173 ( show ) Game reference Maddie Rooney Goalies Noora Räty Referees : Nikoleta Celárová Nicole Hertrich Linesmen : Nataša Pagon Justine Todd Marvin ( Duggan , Pelkey ) − 02 : 25 1 − 0 Cameranesi − 18 : 38 2 − 0 Lamoureux - Davidson ( Pannek , Cameranesi ) ( PP2 ) -- 33 : 21 3 − 0 Knight ( Morin , Coyne ) ( PP ) − 33 : 55 4 − 0 Cameranesi ( Brandt , Kessel ) ( PP ) -- 40 : 45 5 -- 0 6 min Penalties 12 min 38 Shots 14 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Canada 5 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,396 ( show ) Game reference Shannon Szabados Goalies Valeria Tarakanova Nadezhda Alexandrova Referees : Katie Guay Melissa Szkola Linesmen : Lisa Linnek Johanna Tauriainen Wakefield ( Spooner , Turnbull ) -- 01 : 50 1 -- 0 Poulin ( Daoust ) -- 23 : 10 2 -- 0 Wakefield ( Fortino , Turnbull ) -- 41 : 59 3 -- 0 Clark ( Stacey , Mikkelson ) -- 42 : 30 4 -- 0 Johnston ( Daoust , Irwin ) ( PP ) -- 54 : 08 5 -- 0 4 min Penalties 16 min 47 Shots 14 Seventh place game ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Sweden 6 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ) Korea Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 4,125 ( show ) Game reference Minatsu Murase Sarah Berglind Goalies Shin So - jung Han Do - hee Referees : Drahomira Fialova Aina Hove Linesmen : Jenni Heikkinen Nataša Pagon Küller ( Rask , Udén Johansson ) -- 05 : 50 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 06 : 21 -- Han S. ( Park J . ) ( PP ) Alasalmi ( Nylén Persson , Borgqvist ) ( PP ) -- 19 : 37 2 -- 1 Grahm ( Rask , Nordin ) -- 36 : 27 3 -- 1 Svedin ( Johansson , Hjalmarsson ) -- 43 : 05 4 -- 1 Rask ( Lindh ) -- 49 : 31 5 -- 1 Johansson ( Borgqvist , Hjalmarsson ) -- 57 : 19 6 -- 1 6 min Penalties 4 min 40 Shots 16 Fifth place game ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Switzerland 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) Japan Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,958 ( show ) Game reference Florence Schelling Goalies Nana Fujimoto Referees : Gabriella Gran Katarina Timglas Linesmen : Charlotte Girard - Fabre Veronica Johansson Raselli -- 03 : 19 1 -- 0 6 min Penalties 4 min 14 Shots 20 Bronze medal game ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 2018 v 16 : 40 03 ! Finland 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,217 ( show ) Game reference Noora Räty Goalies Nadezhda Morozova Referees : Dina Allen Gabrielle Ariano - Lortie Linesmen : Jessica Leclerc Justine Todd Nieminen ( Tuominen , Tapani ) ( PP ) -- 02 : 23 1 -- 0 Tapani ( Karvinen ) -- 20 : 10 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 22 : 40 -- Sosina ( Belyakova ) Välimäki ( Hovi ) -- 32 : 18 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 46 : 03 -- Belyakova ( Batalova , Shtaryova ) ( PP ) 8 min Penalties 35 min 22 Shots 22 Gold medal game ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 2018 v 13 : 10 02 ! Canada 2 -- 3 GWS ( 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 0 -- 1 ) United States 01 ! Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 4,467 ( show ) Game reference Shannon Szabados Goalies Maddie Rooney Referees : Nicole Hertrich Katarina Timglas Linesmen : Lisa Linnek Johanna Tauriainen 0 -- 1 19 : 34 -- Knight ( Morin , Decker ) ( PP ) Irwin ( Turnbull ) -- 22 : 00 1 -- 1 Poulin ( Agosta , Daoust ) -- 26 : 55 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 53 : 39 -- Lamoureux - Morando ( Pannek ) Spooner Agosta Poulin Daoust Jenner Agosta Shootout Marvin Brandt Pfalzer Kessel Knight Lamoureux - Davidson 12 min Penalties 6 min 31 Shots 42 Final ranking ( edit ) Pos Grp Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts 01 ! United States 5 0 17 5 + 12 11 02 ! Canada 5 0 0 18 5 + 13 13 03 ! Finland 6 0 0 17 17 0 9 Olympic Athletes from Russia 6 0 0 5 9 25 − 16 5 Switzerland 6 5 0 0 18 8 + 10 15 6 Japan 5 0 8 8 0 5 7 Sweden 6 0 20 13 + 7 10 8 Korea ( H ) 5 0 0 0 5 28 − 26 0 Source : IIHF.com ( H ) Host . Statistics ( edit ) Scoring leaders ( edit ) List shows the top ten skaters sorted by points , then goals . Player GP Pts + / − PIM POS Alina Müller 6 7 10 + 5 Christine Meier 6 0 8 8 + 4 0 Mélodie Daoust 5 7 + 7 Marie - Philip Poulin 5 6 + 5 8 Lara Stalder 6 6 + 3 Michelle Karvinen 6 6 -- 1 Fanny Rask 6 6 + 4 0 Jocelyne Lamoureux - Davidson 5 5 + 3 0 Riikka Välilä 6 5 -- 2 0 Rebecca Johnston 5 5 + 2 Dani Cameranesi 5 5 + 1 0 GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; + / − = Plus / Minus ; PIM = Penalties in Minutes ; POS = Position Source : IIHF.com Leading goaltenders ( edit ) Only the top five goaltenders , based on save percentage , who have played at least 40 % of their team 's minutes , are included in this list . Player TOI GA GAA SA Sv % SO Shannon Szabados 200 : 00 1.20 79 94.94 Maddie Rooney 258 : 56 5 1.16 92 94.57 Sara Grahn 262 : 14 8 1.83 145 94.48 Florence Schelling 298 : 19 7 1.41 120 94.17 Nana Fujimoto 236 : 30 7 1.78 87 91.95 0 TOI = Time on Ice ( minutes : seconds ) ; SA = Shots Against ; GA = Goals Against ; GAA = Goals Against Average ; Sv % = Save Percentage ; SO = Shutouts Source : IIHF.com Awards ( edit ) Media All - Stars Goaltender : Noora Räty Defencemen : Jenni Hiirikoski , Laura Fortino Forwards : Mélodie Daoust , Jocelyne Lamoureux , Alina Müller Most Valuable Player : Mélodie Daoust Best players selected by the directorate : Best Goaltender : Shannon Szabados Best Defenceman : Jenni Hiirikoski Best Forward : Alina Müller Source : IIHF.com References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 schedule '' . Pyeongchang2018.com . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Olympic qualification format set '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unity deal brings together North and South Korea in Pyeongchang '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Together on the ice '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Rodus , Karyn ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` US women 's hockey team finally gets gold in dramatic final against rival Canada '' . ABC News . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. women end Canada 's streak to win hockey gold in shootout at 2018 Winter Olympics '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Korea headed to the Olympics '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic Flag '' ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ On - Ice Officials Jump up ^ `` Daoust named MVP '' . IIHF. 22 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official IIHF website Olympic champions in ice hockey -- women 's tournament 1998 : United States ( USA ) 2002 : Canada ( CAN ) 2006 : Canada ( CAN ) 2010 : Canada ( CAN ) 2014 : Canada ( CAN ) 2018 : United States ( USA ) Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics Summary by year 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Men 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Women 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Triple Gold Club Women 's ice hockey tournaments Women 's Olympic tournaments 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 World Women 's Championships 1987 ( unofficial ) 1992 1994 1997 1999 2000 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 World Women 's U18 Championships 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 European Women Championships 1991 1995 IIHF Women 's Challenge Cup of Asia 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Women 's Pacific Rim Championship 1995 Elite Women 's Hockey League 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 European Women 's Champions Cup 2005 2006 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 4 Nations Cup 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Women 's Nations Cup 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 WHC Directorate Awards 1987 World Tournament 2011 IIHF 12 Nations Tournament Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_hockey_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Women % 27s_tournament&oldid = 832365167 '' Categories : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Women 's tournament Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics Women 's ice hockey in South Korea 2017 -- 18 in women 's ice hockey Women 's events at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Interlingue Italiano Magyar Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 15 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the women's ice hockey olympics 2018	[ "The United States winning the gold medal game against Canada marks the first time in 20 years that the United States took home a gold medal in women's hockey. They previously won in 1998 in Nagano, Japan, which was also against Canada.[5] Canada's loss effectively ended their winning streak of four consecutive winter games, having won since 2002.[6]" ]	[ "The United States" ]
-5310944356497469690	Great Oxygenation Event	Great Oxygenation Event - wikipedia Great Oxygenation Event Jump to : navigation , search O build - up in the Earth 's atmosphere . Red and green lines represent the range of the estimates while time is measured in billions of years ago ( Ga ) . Stage 1 ( 3.85 -- 2.45 Ga ) : Practically no O in the atmosphere . The oceans were also largely anoxic with the possible exception of O in the shallow oceans . Stage 2 ( 2.45 -- 1.85 Ga ) : O produced , and rose to values of 0.02 and 0.04 atm , but absorbed in oceans and seabed rock . Stage 3 ( 1.85 -- 0.85 Ga ) : O starts to gas out of the oceans , but is absorbed by land surfaces . There was no significant change in terms of oxygen level . Stages 4 and 5 ( 0.85 -- present ) : O sinks filled and the gas accumulates . The Great Oxygenation Event , the beginning of which is commonly known in scientific media as the Great Oxidation Event ( GOE , also called the Oxygen Catastrophe , Oxygen Crisis , Oxygen Holocaust , Oxygen Revolution , or Great Oxidation ) was the biologically induced appearance of dioxygen ( O ) in Earth 's atmosphere . Geological , isotopic , and chemical evidence suggest that this major environmental change happened around 2.45 billion years ago ( 2.45 Ga ) , during the Siderian period , at the beginning of the Proterozoic eon . The causes of the event are not clear . The current geochemical and biomarker evidence for the development of oxygenic photosynthesis before the Great Oxidation Event has been mostly inconclusive . Oceanic cyanobacteria , which evolved into coordinated ( but not multicellular or even colonial ) macroscopic forms more than 2.3 billion years ago ( approximately 200 million years before the GOE ) , are believed to have become the first microbes to produce oxygen by photosynthesis . Before the GOE , any free oxygen they produced was chemically captured by dissolved iron or organic matter . The GOE started when these oxygen sinks became saturated , at which point oxygen produced by the cyanobacteria was free to escape into the atmosphere . Cyanobacteria : Responsible for the buildup of oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere The increased production of oxygen set Earth 's original atmosphere off balance . Free oxygen is toxic to obligate anaerobic organisms , and the rising concentrations may have destroyed most such organisms at the time . Cyanobacteria were therefore responsible for one of the most significant mass extinctions in Earth 's history . Besides marine cyanobacteria , there is also evidence of cyanobacteria on land . A spike in chromium contained in ancient rock deposits formed underwater shows the accumulation had been washed off from the continental shelves . Chromium is not easily dissolved and its release from rocks would have required the presence of a powerful acid . One such acid , sulfuric acid ( H SO ) , might have been created through bacterial reactions with pyrite . Mats of oxygen - producing cyanobacteria can produce a thin layer , one or two millimeters thick , of oxygenated water in an otherwise anoxic environment even under thick ice , and before oxygen started accumulating in the atmosphere , these organisms would already be adapted to oxygen . Additionally , the free oxygen would have reacted with atmospheric methane , a greenhouse gas , greatly reducing its concentration and triggering the Huronian glaciation , possibly the longest episode of glaciation in Earth 's history and called snowball Earth . Eventually , the evolution of aerobic organisms that consumed oxygen established an equilibrium in its availability . Free oxygen has been an important constituent of the atmosphere ever since . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timing 2 Time lag theory 2.1 Tectonic trigger 2.2 Nickel famine 2.3 Bistability 2.4 Hydrogen gas 3 Late evolution of oxy - photosynthesis theory 4 Role in mineral diversification 5 Origin of eukaryotes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Timing ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Arthropods Molluscs Plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers Birds Primates ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Earliest plants ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Tetrapoda ← Earliest apes h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary ice ages Axis scale : million years Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline See also : Oxygen cycle The most widely accepted chronology of the Great Oxygenation Event suggests that free oxygen was first produced by prokaryotic and then later eukaryotic organisms that carried out photosynthesis more efficiently , producing oxygen as a waste product . The first oxygen - producing organisms arose long before the GOE , perhaps as early as 3,400 million years ago . Initially , the oxygen they produced would have quickly been removed from the atmosphere by the chemical weathering of reducing ( oxidizable ) minerals , most notably iron . This ' mass rusting ' led to the deposition of iron ( III ) oxide in the form of banded - iron formations such as the sediments in Minnesota and Pilbara , Western Australia . The saturation of these mineral sinks , and the resulting persistence of oxygen in the atmosphere , led within 50 million years to the start of the GOE . Oxygen could have accumulated very rapidly : at today 's rates of photosynthesis ( much greater than those in the Precambrian without land plants ) , modern atmospheric O levels could be produced in only 2,000 years . Another hypothesis is that oxygen producers did not evolve until a few million years before the major rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration . This is based on a particular interpretation of a supposed oxygen indicator used in previous studies , the mass - independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes . This hypothesis would eliminate the need to explain a lag in time between the evolution of oxyphotosynthetic microbes and the rise in free oxygen . In either case , oxygen did eventually accumulate in the atmosphere , with two major consequences . Firstly , it oxidized atmospheric methane ( a strong greenhouse gas ) to carbon dioxide ( a weaker one ) and water . This decreased the greenhouse effect of the Earth 's atmosphere , causing planetary cooling , and triggered the Huronian glaciation . Starting around 2.4 billion years ago , this lasted 300 - 400 million years , and may have been the longest ever snowball Earth episode . Secondly , the increased oxygen concentrations provided a new opportunity for biological diversification , as well as tremendous changes in the nature of chemical interactions between rocks , sand , clay , and other geological substrates and the Earth 's air , oceans , and other surface waters . Despite the natural recycling of organic matter , life had remained energetically limited until the widespread availability of oxygen . This breakthrough in metabolic evolution greatly increased the free energy availabile to living organisms , with global environmental impacts . For example , mitochondria evolved after the GOE , giving organisms the energy to exploit new , more complex morphologies interacting in increasingly complex ecosystems . Timeline of glaciations , shown in blue . Time lag theory ( edit ) There may have been a gap of up to 900 million years between the start of photosynthetic oxygen production and the geologically rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen about 2.5 -- 2.4 billion years ago . Several hypotheses propose to explain this time lag . Tectonic trigger ( edit ) 2.1 billion year old rock showing banded iron formation The oxygen increase had to await tectonically driven changes in the Earth , including the appearance of shelf seas , where reduced organic carbon could reach the sediments and be buried . The newly produced oxygen was first consumed in various chemical reactions in the oceans , primarily with iron . Evidence is found in older rocks that contain massive banded iron formations apparently laid down as this iron and oxygen first combined ; most present - day iron ore lies in these deposits . Evidence suggests oxygen levels spiked each time smaller land masses collided to form a super-continent . Tectonic pressure thrust up mountain chains , which eroded to release nutrients into the ocean to feed photosynthetic cyanobacteria . Nickel famine ( edit ) Early chemosynthetic organisms likely produced methane , an important trap for molecular oxygen , since methane readily oxidizes to carbon dioxide ( CO ) and water in the presence of UV radiation . Modern methanogens require nickel as an enzyme cofactor . As the Earth 's crust cooled and the supply of volcanic nickel dwindled , oxygen - producing algae began to out - perform methane producers , and the oxygen percentage of the atmosphere steadily increased . From 2.7 to 2.4 billion years ago , the rate of deposition of nickel declined steadily from a level 400 times today 's . Bistability ( edit ) Another hypothesis posits a model of the atmosphere that exhibits bistability : two steady states of oxygen concentration . The state of stable low oxygen concentration ( 0.02 % ) experiences a high rate of methane oxidation . If some event raises oxygen levels beyond a moderate threshold , the formation of an ozone layer shields UV rays and decreases methane oxidation , raising oxygen further to a stable state of 21 % or more . The Great Oxygenation Event can then be understood as a transition from the lower to the upper steady states . Hydrogen gas ( edit ) Another theory credits the appearance of cyanobacteria with suppressing hydrogen gas and increasing oxygen . Some bacteria in the early oceans could separate water into hydrogen and oxygen . Under the Sun 's rays , hydrogen molecules were incorporated into organic compounds , with oxygen as a by - product . If the hydrogen - heavy compounds were buried , it would have allowed oxygen to accumulate in the atmosphere . However , in 2001 scientists realized that the hydrogen would instead escape into space through a process called methane photolysis , in which methane releases its hydrogen in a reaction with oxygen . This could explain why the early Earth stayed warm enough to sustain oxygen - producing lifeforms . Late evolution of oxy - photosynthesis theory ( edit ) The oxygen indicator might have been misinterpreted . During the proposed lag era in the previous theory , there was a change in sediments from mass - independently fractionated ( MIF ) sulfur to mass - dependently fractionated ( MDF ) sulfur . This was assumed to show the appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere , since oxygen would have prevented the photolysis of sulfur dioxide , which causes MIF . However , the change from MIF to MDF of sulfur isotopes may instead have been caused by an increase in glacial weathering , or the homogenization of the marine sulfur pool as a result of an increased thermal gradient during the Huronian glaciation period ( which in this interpretation was not caused by oxygenation ) . Role in mineral diversification ( edit ) The Great Oxygenation Event triggered an explosive growth in the diversity of minerals , with many elements occurring in one or more oxidized forms near the Earth 's surface . It is estimated that the GOE was directly responsible for more than 2,500 of the total of about 4,500 minerals found on Earth today . Most of these new minerals were formed as hydrated and oxidized forms due to dynamic mantle and crust processes . ↓ Great Oxygenation ↓ End of Huronian glaciation Ediacaran Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Quaternary Palæoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Palæozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic │ − 2500 │ − 2300 │ − 2100 │ − 1900 │ − 1700 │ − 1500 │ − 1300 │ − 1100 │ − 900 │ − 700 │ − 500 │ − 300 │ − 100 Million years ago . Age of Earth = 4,560 Origin of eukaryotes ( edit ) It has been proposed that a local rise in oxygen levels due to cyanobacterial photosynthesis in ancient microenvironments was highly toxic to the surrounding biota , and that this selective pressure drove the evolutionary transformation of an archaeal lineage into the first eukaryotes . Oxidative stress involving production of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) might have acted in synergy with other environmental stresses ( such as ultraviolet radiation and / or desiccation ) to drive selection in an early archaeal lineage towards eukaryosis . This archaeal ancestor may already have had DNA repair mechanisms based on DNA pairing and recombination and possibly some kind of cell fusion mechanism . The detrimental effects of internal ROS ( produced by endosymbiont proto - mitochondria ) on the archaeal genome could have promoted the evolution of meiotic sex from these humble beginnings . Selective pressure for efficient DNA repair of oxidative DNA damages may have driven the evolution of eukaryotic sex involving such features as cell - cell fusions , cytoskeleton - mediated chromosome movements and emergence of the nuclear membrane . Thus the evolution of eukaryotic sex and eukaryogenesis were likely inseparable processes that evolved in large part to facilitate DNA repair . Constant pressure of endogenous ROS has been proposed to explain the ubiquitous maintenance of meiotic sex in eukaryotes . See also ( edit ) Geological history of oxygen Iodide Medea hypothesis Pasteur point Rare Earth hypothesis Stromatolite References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holland , Heinrich D . `` The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society : Biological Sciences . Vol. 361 . 2006 . pp. 903 -- 915 . Jump up ^ Margulis , Lynn ; Sagan , Dorion ( 1986 ) . `` Chapter 6 , `` The Oxygen Holocaust '' `` . Microcosmos : Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution . California : University of California Press . p. 99 . ISBN 9780520210646 . Jump up ^ Sosa Torres , Martha E. ; Saucedo - Vázquez , Juan P. ; Kroneck , Peter M.H. ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 1 , Section 2 `` The rise of dioxygen in the atmosphere '' `` . In Peter M.H. Kroneck and Martha E. Sosa Torres . Sustaining Life on Planet Earth : Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 15 . Springer . pp. 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 12415 - 5_1 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Earth 's Oxygen : A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` University of Zurich . `` Great Oxidation Event : More oxygen through multicellularity . '' ScienceDaily . ScienceDaily , 17 January 2013 `` . Jump up ^ Planavsky , Noah J. ; et al. ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` Evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis half a billion years before the Great Oxidation Event '' . Nature . 7 : 283 -- 286 . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo2122 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Flannery , D.T. ; R.M. Walter ( 2012 ) . `` Archean tufted microbial mats and the Great Oxidation Event : new insights into an ancient problem '' . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences . 59 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . Bibcode : 2012AuJES ... 59 ... 1F . doi : 10.1080 / 08120099.2011. 607849 . Jump up ^ `` The Rise of Oxygen - Astrobiology Magazine '' . Astrobiology Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` University of Zurich . `` Great Oxidation Event : More oxygen through multicellularity . '' ScienceDaily . ScienceDaily , 17 January 2013 `` . Jump up ^ `` Evidence of Earliest Oxygen - Breathing Life on Land Discovered '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Oxygen oasis in Antarctic lake reflects Earth in distant past ^ Jump up to : Frei , R. ; Gaucher , C. ; Poulton , S.W. ; Canfield , D.E. ( 2009 ) . `` Fluctuations in Precambrian atmospheric oxygenation recorded by chromium isotopes '' . Nature . 461 ( 7261 ) : 250 -- 253 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 461 ... 250F . doi : 10.1038 / nature08266 . PMID 19741707 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ Dutkiewicz , A. ; Volk , H. ; George , S.C. ; Ridley , J. ; Buick , R. ( 2006 ) . `` Biomarkers from Huronian oil - bearing fluid inclusions : an uncontaminated record of life before the Great Oxidation Event '' . Geology. 34 ( 6 ) : 437 . Bibcode : 2006Geo ... 34 ... 437D . doi : 10.1130 / G22360. 1 . Jump up ^ Caredona , Tanai ( 6 March 2018 ) . `` Early Archean origin of heterodimeric Photosystem I '' . Elsevier . doi : 10.1016 / j. heliyon. 2018. e00548 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Howard , Victoria ( 7 March 2018 ) . `` Photosynthesis Originated A Billion Years Earlier Than We Thought , Study Shows '' . Astrobiology Magazine . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Anbar , A. ; Duan , Y. ; Lyons , T. ; Arnold , G. ; Kendall , B. ; Creaser , R. ; Kaufman , A. ; Gordon , G. ; Scott , C. ; Garvin , J. ; Buick , R. ( 2007 ) . `` A whiff of oxygen before the great oxidation event ? '' . Science . 317 ( 5846 ) : 1903 -- 1906 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 317.1903 A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1140325 . PMID 17901330 . Jump up ^ Dole , M. ( 1965 ) . `` The Natural History of Oxygen '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 49 ( 1 ) : Suppl : Supp5 -- 27 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 49.1. 5 . PMC 2195461 . PMID 5859927 . ^ Jump up to : Robert E. Kopp ; Joseph L. Kirschvink ; Isaac A. Hilburn ; Cody Z . Nash ( 2005 ) . `` The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth : A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 102 ( 32 ) : 11131 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2005PNAS ... 10211131K . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0504878102 . PMC 1183582 . PMID 16061801 . Jump up ^ First breath : Earth 's billion - year struggle for oxygen New Scientist , # 2746 , 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane . Jump up ^ Sperling , Erik ; Frieder , Christina ; Raman , Akkur ; Girguis , Peter ; Levin , Lisa ; Knoll , Andrew ( Aug 2013 ) . `` Oxygen , ecology , and the Cambrian radiation of animals '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 110 : 13446 -- 13451 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1312778110 . PMC 3746845 . PMID 23898193 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lenton , T.M. ; H.J. Schellnhuber ; E. Szathmáry ( 2004 ) . `` Climbing the co-evolution ladder '' . Nature . 431 ( 7011 ) : 913 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 431 ... 913L . doi : 10.1038 / 431913a . PMID 15496901 . Jump up ^ American , Scientific . `` Abundant Oxygen Indirectly Due to Tectonics '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ American , Scientific . `` Breathing Easy Thanks to the Great Oxidation Event '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kurt O. Konhauser ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Oceanic nickel depletion and a methanogen famine before the Great Oxidation Event '' . Nature . 458 ( 7239 ) : 750 -- 753 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 458 ... 750K . doi : 10.1038 / nature07858 . PMID 19360085 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , C. ; T.M. Lenton ; A.J. Watson ( 2006 ) . `` The Great Oxidation at 2.4 Ga as a bistability in atmospheric oxygen due to UV shielding by ozone '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Abstracts. 8 : 00770 . Jump up ^ Franzen , Harald . `` New Theory Explains How Earth 's Early Atmosphere Became Oxygen - Rich '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sverjensky , Dimitri A. ; Lee , Namhey ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) . `` The Great Oxidation Event and Mineral Diversification '' . Elements. 6 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 36 . doi : 10.2113 / gselements. 6.1. 31 . ISSN 1811 - 5209 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Minerals '' , Scientific American , March 2010 ^ Jump up to : Gross J , Bhattacharya D ( August 2010 ) . `` Uniting sex and eukaryote origins in an emerging oxygenic world '' . Biol. Direct . 5 : 53 . doi : 10.1186 / 1745 - 6150 - 5 - 53 . PMC 2933680 . PMID 20731852 . ^ Jump up to : Hörandl E , Speijer D ( February 2018 ) . `` How oxygen gave rise to eukaryotic sex '' . Proc. Biol. Sci. 285 ( 1872 ) . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2017.2706 . PMID 29436502 . Jump up ^ Bernstein H , Bernstein C. Sexual communication in archaea , the precursor to meiosis . pp. 103 - 117 in Biocommunication of Archaea ( Guenther Witzany , ed . ) 2017 . Springer International Publishing ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 65535 - 2 DOI 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 65536 - 9 Jump up ^ Bernstein , H. , Bernstein , C. Evolutionary origin and adaptive function of meiosis . In `` Meiosis '' , Intech Publ ( Carol Bernstein and Harris Bernstein editors ) , Chapter 3 : 41 - 75 ( 2013 ) . External links ( edit ) First breath : Earth 's billion - year struggle for oxygen New Scientist , # 2746 , 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane . ( 1 ) ( hide ) Proterozoic Eon Paleoproterozoic Era Mesoproterozoic Era Neoproterozoic Era Siderian Rhyacian Orosirian Statherian Calymmian Ectasian Stenian Tonian Cryogenian Ediacaran Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Oxygenation_Event&oldid=841515889 '' Categories : Proterozoic Origin of life Oxygen Climate history Events in the geological history of Earth Extinction events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Башҡортса Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 09 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the earth's atmosphere become oxygenated	[ "The Great Oxygenation Event, the beginning of which is commonly known in scientific media as the Great Oxidation Event (GOE, also called the Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Holocaust,[2] Oxygen Revolution, or Great Oxidation) was the biologically induced appearance of dioxygen (O2) in Earth's atmosphere.[3] Geological, isotopic, and chemical evidence suggest that this major environmental change happened around 2.45 billion years ago (2.45 Ga),[4] during the Siderian period, at the beginning of the Proterozoic eon. The causes of the event are not clear.[5] The current geochemical and biomarker evidence for the development of oxygenic photosynthesis before the Great Oxidation Event has been mostly inconclusive.[6]" ]	[ "around 2.45 billion years ago (2.45 Ga),[4] during the Siderian period, at the beginning of the Proterozoic eon" ]
-8672854546155256331	Raven (DC Comics)	Raven ( DC Comics ) - wikipedia Raven ( DC Comics ) Jump to : navigation , search Raven Art by Ed Benes Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance DC Comics Presents # 26 ( October 1980 ) Created by Marv Wolfman George Pérez In - story information Alter ego Rachel Roth Species Demon - human hybrid Team affiliations Teen Titans Sentinels of Magic Justice League Justice League Dark Abilities Empathy Healing Control of mystical energy Capacity to protect your soul - self Telepathy Telekinesis Hypnosis Chaos magic Energy projection Flight Teleportation Reality warping Raven is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character first appeared in a special insert in DC Comics Presents # 26 ( October 1980 ) , and was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez . The daughter of a demon father ( Trigon ) and human mother ( Arella ) , Raven is an empath who can teleport and control her `` soul - self '' , which can fight physically , as well as act as Raven 's eyes and ears away from her physical body . She is a prominent member of the superhero team Teen Titans . The character also goes by the alias Rachel Roth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 First life of Raven 1.2 Raven 1.3 Evil Raven 1.4 Spirit 1.5 Rebirth 1.6 52 1.6. 1 `` One Year Later '' 1.7 Titans 1.8 Wyld 1.9 The New 52 1.10 Teen Titans 1.11 Raven 's origins revisited 1.12 Return of Trigon 1.13 Forever Evil 1.14 Rebirth 2 Powers and abilities 3 Other versions 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.1. 1 Live action 4.1. 2 Animation 4.2 Film 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Fictional character biography ( edit ) First life of Raven ( edit ) Raven is half human / half demon daughter of interdimensional demon Trigon and Gotham City - born human Angela Roth ( known as Arella ) . Raven was conceived as the result of Trigon 's marriage to Arella . Raven grew up in an alternate dimension called Azarath , with pacifistic inhabitants whose spiritual leader was the mystic Azar ( Pagon ) . She was taught to `` control her emotions '' by Azar , in order to suppress her inherited demonic powers . Initially , it was feared that if Raven were ever to feel any strong emotion , she could then become possessed by her father 's evil demonic energy inside of her . Cover of Tales of the New Teen Titans # 2 ( July 1982 ) . Art by George Pérez . During this time , Raven rarely saw her mother and grew detached from her . Upon Azar 's death , Arella began the task of raising and teaching Raven . Around this same time , she met her father face to face for the first time . Soon after her 18th birthday , Raven learned that Trigon planned to come to her dimension ; she vowed to stop him . Raven initially approached the Justice League for help , but they refused her on the advice of Zatanna , who sensed her demonic parentage . In desperation , she reformed the Titans as the New Teen Titans to fight her father . The team consisted of Robin , Kid Flash , Wonder Girl , Starfire , Cyborg , and Beast Boy . Raven and her new friends later came to think of one another as family . Trigon soon took Raven to his home dimension . The team defeated Trigon and sealed him in an interdimensional prison with the help of Arella , who stayed at the interdimensional door as Trigon 's Guardian . However , Raven continued to fight her father 's influence , as he was not completely destroyed . For a period of time , Raven lost control several times in stressful situations , but managed to regain control before Trigon could assert himself . Eventually , Trigon escaped his prison , came to Earth , and took control of Raven , destroying Azarath in the process . The Titans were manipulated to kill Raven , thereby allowing the souls of Azarath contained inside the ring of Azar to possess her and use her as a channel to kill Trigon . After this battle , Raven rose from the ashes , purged of Trigon 's evil , and vanished . Raven ( edit ) After Raven 's disappearance , Arella went around the world in search of Raven . She tracked her down but both of them were kidnapped by Brother Blood . The minions of Brother Blood used Raven to control Nightwing ( formerly Robin ) as part of Blood 's plans . The Titans rescued them both and prevented Brother Blood from returning to power . As a result of the defeat of Trigon , Raven was free to experience emotions for the first time in her life . Raven found she was able to not only sense , but control others ' emotions . She learned to handle this power only after unintentionally making Nightwing believe that he loved her when she thought that she was in love with him . Raven also fostered a relationship with technopath Eric Forrester , who was using the life force of women he seduced to regain some of his lost humanity . Forrester knew that Raven 's soul - self could help him to permanently retain his humanity . This attempt was cut short by the intervention of Joseph Wilson ( Jericho ) , who helped Raven overcome her love for Forrester by destroying Forrester and saving Raven . Evil Raven makes her appearance in the `` Terror of Trigon '' storyline , which began The New Teen Titans ( vol. 2 ) . Art by George Pérez . Raven was later kidnapped by the Wildebeest Society during the `` Titans Hunt '' storyline . The Wildbeest , led by the Trigon - possessed souls of Azarath , were going to use several Titans to bring about the return of Trigon . During a massive battle , Raven was possessed by the evil souls and once again became the evil doppelgänger of her father . Arella , along with Danny Chase , used the power of Azar 's soul to cleanse Raven ; in the result , her body was destroyed , and Arella and Danny sacrificed themselves and joined the cleansed souls of Azarath to become Phantasm . Evil Raven ( edit ) Raven appeared possessed by her evil conscience and attempted to implant Trigon 's seed into new bodies . She interrupted Nightwing and Starfire 's wedding , and implanted a seed of Trigon into Starfire . Instead of corrupting her , she actually implanted the soul of the good Raven . This caused Starfire to leave Earth in order to escape from the evil Raven . The Titans were able to defeat her only because of the help they received from Phantasm . Raven later returned , still evil , in order to destroy the good version of herself implanted in Starfire . With the help of the Titans , evil Raven was reduced to ashes , and the good part of Raven was given a new , golden spirit body , which was completely free of her father 's demonic influence . In New Tamaran , Starfire and the golden spirit form of Raven revealed that implanting Raven 's soul in Starfire was actually her plan to get rid of her demonic soul . Spirit ( edit ) In her bodiless spirit form , Raven returned to Earth to help extract Cyborg 's soul and consciousness from the Technis planet 's computer mind . Later , she was instrumental in defeating Imperiex by aiding Wonder Woman and Tempest in re-powering Darkseid . As a spirit , Raven wandered the Earth , looking for her place in the world . Rebirth ( edit ) While the spirit of Raven was looking for her place in the world , Brother Blood came to claim her . Her spirit was instilled into the body of a teenage girl by the Church of Blood . The Teen Titans ( reformed again ) , discovered that the Church of Blood were worshipers of Raven 's father , Trigon . They also found a prophecy which told of the marriage between Brother Blood and Raven that would result in Armageddon . The new team interrupted the wedding , and Raven forced the cult to escape . She then joined the new Teen Titans and enrolled at a high school as Rachel Roth , using her mother 's original surname . After her rebirth , Raven began developing romantic feelings for her teammate , Garfield Logan ( Beast Boy ) , and the two became romantically attached . 52 ( edit ) In 52 , after the death of Superboy , the Titans begin to fall apart . Robin joins Batman , and Wonder Girl leaves the team . Beast Boy struggled to maintain the team , and new members who joined were only interested in seeking fame and honor , rather than actually looking to fulfill justice . When Beast Boy decides to help Steel on a mission , most of the members leave , leaving only Raven and Zatara . Later , Beast Boy , Raven , Offspring and Aquagirl aid Steel in launching an attack on LexCorp . Raven also participated in World War III . Eventually , Robin , Wonder Girl , and a few new members join the Titans , making the team whole again . Beast Boy and Raven were among the only members that remained in the team during this period . `` One year later '' ( edit ) Main article : One Year Later Raven 's new look in `` One Year Later '' . Raven quits the team after she and Beast Boy end their relationship . Letting the others think she is leaving because of Garfield , Raven actually leaves because she has uncovered a secret of one of the other Titans . Raven takes advantage of this power with a book of unclear significance . Raven has a diskette containing Jericho 's soul . She performs a cleansing ritual over his soul and transfers it into a new body before returning to the team as a full member . Without warning , the Titans are captured by the villainous Titans East and transported to the original Titan Island in New York City , where Raven is placed in the `` care '' of Enigma and Duela Dent , who took to torturing her psychologically . Raven manages her escape . After beating the Titans East , she gives hints that she still loves Garfield , but he refuses to dwell on the matter , leaving their relationship uncertain . Following the death of Bart Allen , Raven , along with the other adult Titans , decides to leave the team . Raven decides to pursue her chance at attending high school , having never had the opportunity before . Raven stars in a five - issue miniseries written by Marv Wolfman , with art by Damion Scott . It takes place during the missing year , following Raven 's attempts at living as a normal teenage girl and attending high school . Unfortunately , she gets inadvertently drawn into a mystical fight involving the Medusa Mask and has to battle for the lives of her classmates . In the Wizard # 177 magazine , Wolfman briefly described the series , saying , `` She needs to be on her own and in charge of herself for the first time in her life . This is more than just a ' tale of Raven ' ; it sets up her new life . '' Titans ( edit ) Raven discovers that Trigon had more than one child , and that a trio of children devoted to her father are behind the attacks . She is affected along with many of the other Titans by these three beings . Raven 's three half - brothers use her and Beast Boy as keys to open a portal to Trigon 's realm . Raven uses her own power to influence greed in others to make her half - brothers steal what little power Trigon had left . The portal is closed and Trigon 's sons , believing they have gained great power , leave . Raven 's half - brothers later return and provoke her demonic side , causing her to leave the Titans and join them . However , the team was able to track them down and convince Raven to join the side of good once more . She later provided a number of other artifacts , all capable of killing her , to the Titans as terms for her staying with the team . Wyld ( edit ) Beast Boy and Raven share a romantic kiss cementing their love for each other . With the Titans in a state of disarray in the wake of Justice League : Cry for Justice , Raven left the team and was promptly attacked by a demonic being calling itself `` Wyld '' . Battered and dazed , Raven arrived at Titans Tower , where she was rescued by the newest roster of Teen Titans . While she was recovering , Beast Boy stated that he was still in love with her and would remain so , despite whatever difficulties were involved . Raven decided to stay with the Teen Titans , now acting as a mentor to the younger members . When the Teen Titans attempted to return home , Raven was kidnapped and taken to another dimension by Wyld . Wyld reveals that Raven was the one who created him . When Raven was traveling dimensions looking for her father , her soul self caused all of the animals she visited to merge into one being : the Wyld . The Titans enter the Wyld World to rescue Raven . Wyld is eventually destroyed by Static . In the final issue of this incarnation of the Titans , Superboy - Prime and his Legion of Doom attack Titan 's Tower . Raven stops Kid Flash just before he can kill Inertia . Then she reveals her soul - self to Headcase , terrifying and in so defeating him . After the Legion of Doom is defeated and Superboy - Prime is bound to the Source Wall , Beast Boy and Raven have a talk about her difficulty in reading Solstice 's emotions , and their encounter with Headcase . Eventually , Raven starts to open up about her true feelings . While it was her inner darkness that scarred her entire life , she was even more frightened of what her love for Beast Boy might cause her to do . Beast Boy makes it clear he does n't want to escape from any part of her . Touched , Raven decides that she needs to embrace the positive feelings inside her rather than just her negative ones . Beast Boy assures her this is part of being human , and points out , `` I think you 've worried enough about the bad ... so why do n't we focus on the good for a change ? '' With that , they share a heartfelt kiss to renew their relationship and ultimately embrace their love for each other . The new 52 ( edit ) Raven in the New 52 . Art by Kenneth Rocafort . After the events of `` Flashpoint '' , the history of the DC Universe was altered , resulting in The New 52 . Raven makes her New 52 debut in the first issue of the Phantom Stranger . There she is shown as a girl in a black and white striped sweater becoming distraught at a funeral over the level of overwhelming emotion that is emanating from the people there . The Phantom Stranger takes Raven to Stonehenge , the portal between Earth and the realm of Trigon . Being told by a `` higher power '' what must be done , the reluctant Stranger unwillingly hands her over to Trigon . Teen Titans ( edit ) Raven makes her first Teen Titans appearance in Teen Titans # 16 . Raven , sporting a new costume , is introduced by Trigon as his `` Black Bird of Terror '' to his minions . It is strongly suggested that Raven has been controlling Robin 's emotions . During Trigon 's invasion on Earth , she approaches a near dead Beast Boy who had been assaulted by Deathstroke earlier in the remains of the Ravagers facility . After being touched by Raven , Beast Boy awakens and when he asks if Harvest has sent her , she apologizes stating that she brought him into the fray much sooner than she expected , and says , `` Hush . We are birds of a feather now ... You are mine to control , '' as Raven mind - controls him and teleports them to New York where Trigon and the Teen Titans are in battle . Raven 's origins revisited ( edit ) Trigon reveals more of Raven 's origins . He has a son from each world he 's conquered , but Raven is his only daughter . Trigon let Raven 's mother , Arella , live because he considered that Raven needed to be raised by humans so she could recreate the seven under - realms in her own image . Arella fled with her daughter to Azarath where the monks taught her how to control her dark side and avoid Trigon 's influence on her . Years later , she escaped from Azarath in order to protect her mentors and planet from Trigon and fled to the Earth where Phantom Stranger captured her for Trigon . Raven spent time in the under - realms where time flows faster or was compressed . Trigon thought he only needed to liberate her and not control her to make Raven have her own image . Apparently impressed , Trigon handed her the Throne of the Under - realms to rule the place as Queen . Return of Trigon ( edit ) Back in New York , Trigon 's three sons , Belial , Ruskoff , and Suge , assault the Teen Titans to take Raven back . Raven , Beast Boy , and the Titans defeat them , but Trigon himself appears again and takes control of the Titans save for Red Robin , Raven and Beast Boy . The manipulated Titans attack , and while Raven and Beast Boy distract them and Trigon , Tim cuts through Trigon 's eyes with his inertrite wings . Trigon , pulling out the wings from his eyes , compliments Tim before suddenly disappearing . Soon after , a woman and a group of suited men come through a portal , informing that they will take Psimon into custody and make the incident appear as if it had never happened . When questioned about the police officers Psimon has killed , the woman reveals it has been an hallucination by Trigon , so therefore it has never happened . Raven and Beast Boy are re-accepted into the Teen Titans . Raven brings controversy to the team by revealing the flirtatious relationships Tim had when under Trigon 's control . Raven goes into her room , leaving the awkward situation behind . There , she summons her father , saying , `` Father , I am one of them . Your plan worked perfectly , '' leaving questions on what side she is really playing for . Meanwhile , Tim calls Raven aside , telling that if something happens to him , the team will look up to her to lead them . Forever evil ( edit ) After the events of `` Trinity War '' , the Earth 's greatest heroes are gone and the Crime Syndicate of America has taken over the world . The Teen Titans challenge the Crime Syndicate , but are easily overpowered by Johnny Quick and Atomica and then flung into the time stream . While the Titans are constantly flung through time , Raven is sent a few thousand years back in time . There , she is challenged by Etrigan the Demon , who recognizes her as Trigon 's daughter and tries to kill her . Raven is saved by Wonder Girl , who suggests that the way to stop Raven 's powers , since she was born and raised in a world between worlds , is to manipulate the energy within the time stream . Raven succeeds in anchoring the Titans with her soul - self , teleporting them through time . The Titans arrive 20 years into the future , where the son of Superman , Jon Lane Kent , has massacred most of Earth 's superheroes , leaving only a few , including Beast Boy ( Garfield Logan ) , now calling himself Beast Man , and Rose Wilson . Superboy Kon - El and Jon battle , and Kon triumphs . But Kon is sent elsewhere by an unknown power , and a severely injured Jon is swapped unknowingly as Superboy by Logan and Wilson . The Titans depart again , now to an alien planet in the 30th century , where Kid Flash is actually a rebel leader and war criminal , Bar Torr . While the Titans stay to witness the Trial of Kid Flash , Raven deduces Superboy is actually Jon , and helps send him back to the present time so that he can find a cure for his deteriorating body condition . Leaving Kid Flash and Solstice in the future , the Titans return to their original time and are united with Bunker , Beast Boy , and Skitter . Raven finds out that their journey has severed Trigon 's control over her . Followed by an attack by the villain Grimm , the Titans plan a final attack on Harvest 's new colony . Raven is reluctant to join because of her past actions , but Bunker tells her that everybody deserves a second chance , and Raven changes her mind . In the colony , they are surprised to find that everyone is returned to normal , and even the victims of the Culling have been restored to life . Raven plays a crucial role by finding out Harvest 's scheme to extract all the metagenes to create a massive DNA strand for his usage . This is destroyed by Raven 's soul - self and Harvest is finally defeated . Rebirth ( edit ) Some time after leaving the Teen Titans , Raven set out to learn more about her human relatives in San Francisco . Raven attempted to conceal her powers before having a misadventure and then later abducted by Damian Wayne who recruited her to be part of the new Teen Titans team he was establishing to take down his grandfather Ra 's al Ghul . It is then revealed that the Demon 's Fist , a team initially led by Damian before he decided to follow Batman , were hunting each of the assembled Titans that Damian had abducted for their initiation into the League of Assassins . Raven turns out to be the target of the assassin by the name of Plague , whose hands can rot , decay and take the life out of anything she touches . In this series of Rebirth , she has a crush on Kid Flash and he likewise . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Raven is an empath , able to sense and alter the emotions of others . Raven can astral project a solid black energy form that takes the shape of a bird , called her soul - self . Her soul - self can travel long distances . Using her soul - self , she can convert her physical body into her soul - self and carry or teleport herself and others over a limited distance . Her soul - self can mentally subdue at least one person by enveloping them inside of itself . Raven 's soul - self could initially stay outside her body for exactly five minutes ; failure to reintegrate in time would cause mental torment for her , though she eventually overcame this limitation . Raven has also displayed the ability to control mystical energy . Other versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In The Books of Magic Annual # 3 , a version of the Teen Titans can be seen in Timothy Hunter 's alternative reality . Raven 's counterpart is named `` Moonchild '' , and is a sidekick to the Phantom Stranger . In the `` Titans Tomorrow '' storyline , Dark Raven , a future image of Raven , is a member of the Titans Tomorrow . She is referred to the `` Wicked Witch of the West '' because she consumed the emotions of most of the American continent in order to maintain peace . In Amalgam Comics , an amalgamation of Raven and Marvel 's Aliya Dayspring is called Raveniya Dayspring . In the Superman / Batman Mash - Up universe , Doctor Destiny trapped Superman and Batman in a universe where there are amalgamations of a number of DC characters . Ravanna was an amalgamation of Raven and Zatanna , and was a deceased member of the Justice Titans . Her costume is kept as a memorial . In DC / Wildstorm : DreamWar , Raven appears along with the rest of the Wolfman / Perez - era Teen Titans as part of Chimera 's dream - fueled plot to make Wildstorms , wherein normally very brutal heroes act like his dream heroes from the DC Universe . Initial appearance had the original Titans Tower appear out of nowhere on top of the Riker 's Island prison facility . Mr. Majestic is sent in to investigate but is brought low by a Starbolt and a single touch from Raven before most of the Titans make their escape . She next appears alongside the other Teen Titans as they engage the members of Gen 13 . As the heroes of DC , animated as they are , realize they are being used by Chimera and cease fighting and revert to a more cautious approach to the world around them , Chimera decides to dream up villains such as Doomsday to continue with his wishes before resorting to hatching a Sun - Eater inside the moon . While most of the capable heroes travel to the moon to prevent the Sun - Eater destroying it , Raven along with the Midnighter , independently of each other , deducts where Chimera was hiding through Edgar Allan Poe 's Purloined Letter , both deducing that Chimera was hiding in plain sight . After a brief fight with the Shadow - Thief , brought low by a glimpse into Raven 's mind , they eventually find the shrunken Chimera before waking him up , causing all of the DC characters to disappear , but leaving the damage behind . Raven is a major character in Tiny Titans , in which she lives at home with her father Trigon , who substitutes as a teacher at her school . In the Booster Gold series , Black Beetle has moved back in time to corrupt history . In battle between the Teen Titans against Deathstroke and the Ravager , Black Beetle kills the Titans save for Raven , who had shown up a moment after . Booster Gold , Skeets , and Rip Hunter arrive at the scene and tell Raven that history has been rampaged , and ask her to help them track down Black Beetle . Raven accompanies them to an alternate future where the New Teen Titans never existed and Trigon had taken over the earth . They track down Black Beetle but he escapes into the timestream . They return to the time of the battle with the Ravager and to correct the timestream . Booster knocks Deathstroke out , suits up in his armor , and replicates the scene . Before departing with Ravager 's body , Booster tells Robin , `` Embrace your heritage and guide Damian . '' Meanwhile , Raven plants false memories into Deathstroke 's mind , so that he will forever blame the Titans for his son 's death and will become the greatest adversary of the Teen Titans . In the alternate timeline of the `` Flashpoint '' storyline , Raven is a member of the Secret Seven , a group of powerful sorcerers of Earth . Raven , Zatanna , and Mindwarp are killed by Enchantress , who turns out to be a spy for the Amazon and has been ordered to infiltrate the Secret Seven . Enchantress is eventually killed by Superman . Curiously , Raven and Zatanna 's relations to their fathers appear to have changed in this reality , with Zatanna hating hers and Raven striving to live up to be the hero Trigon had been . In the four - issue miniseries Smallville : Harbinger , A young girl is kidnapped by Brother Blood to be used as an offering to summon the Sons of Trigon , the Seven Deadly Sins . The ritual is interrupted by Zatanna and Constantine . Zatanna frees the girl but Constantine runs away with the artifact he had been looking for ; the Book of Magick . Brother Blood succeeds in summoning the Seven Sins using himself as a sacrifice , and the Sins chase after Zatanna and the girl . Constantine , seeing the spirits of those who have been killed because of him , changes his mind and uses Brother Blood 's heart to defeat them . Later , Zatanna places the girl under Jay Garrick 's care . When Speedy asks what to call her , she tells her name , `` Rachel Roth '' , before concluding , `` ... but you can call me Raven . '' The prequel comic to the game Injustice : Gods Among Us sees Raven joining Superman 's newly formed Regime , in attempts to enforce peace over the world . She directly aids in securing the location of Superman 's adoptive parents when the government kidnaps them in an effort to stop Superman . Throughout most of Year Three she is subdued by a magical seal that prevents the Regime from finding her , though she is used in a ploy to draw Superman out . Near the end of the series , her father Trigon appears during a fight between the Regime and Insurgency ; he is under the impression that the Regime are responsible for Raven 's disappearance , courtesy of John Constantine 's manipulations . Raven is awoken from her enchanted sleep just as her father engages in a cosmic battle with Mister Mxyzptlk which threatens to engulf them all . Raven tries to reach her father , only for Doctor Fate to intervene and banish her father and the imp to another dimension , killing Trigon . Year Four sees Raven briefly securing herself in a pocket dimension where she is confused over her grief about her father 's death , considering how much she detested him . She questions where she truly belongs due to her demon / human status . In Year Five , Superman visits Raven to rejoin the Regime . She rejoins in Chapter 34 by using her dark magic to blackout Earth 's power and Insurgency 's plan to expose Superman 's crimes . She and Cyborg capture Deathstroke at S.T.A.R labs . In the DC Bombshells universe , Raven 's mother was from Germany and fell in love with the beastly mountainous spirit , Das Trigon . Despite the hate she received from the other villagers from bearing Trigon 's daughter , Azaria still raised Raven with care while teaching her some magic . After their village and townsfolk were killed by the Germans and Killer Frost , the Joker 's Daughter took Raven in and forced her to use her magic to benefit the Third Reich . She initially appears when John Constantine and Zatanna ( also victims of the Joker 's Daughter ) were cast into the ghetto , but was revealed to be Joker 's Daughter in disguise who used Zatanna to know of the Bombshells ' plans . Joker 's Daughter then summons the real Raven ( who 's still under her control ) , to thwart the Bombshells against her will . However , some of her magic passes on to Miri Marvel , who works with Zatanna to break free of the Joker 's Daughter 's curse . She then works together with the Bombshells to defeat and depower the Joker 's Daughter and her army . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Live Action ( edit ) Raven will appear as one of the main characters of the TV series Titans , portrayed by Teagan Croft . Animation ( edit ) Raven in the Teen Titans animated series . While the dark colored outfit shown here is considered to be her standard attire , she has on rare occasions been shown to wear an outfit of identical design but in an all white color scheme . All of Raven 's appearances are voiced by Tara Strong . A teenage version of Raven appears in the Teen Titans animated series . One of the program 's breakout characters , she was so popular that her later portrayals in comics made attempts to be closer to this version of her . Her costume is relatively the same as her comic counterpart but her blue dress is replaced with a blue , hooded cloak and a black leotard in order to avoid several animation complications . Raven is depicted with light gray skin , violet - blue eyes , and shoulder - length violet - blue , a-line - styled hair . Her origin as the daughter of human Arella and interdimensional demon Trigon is the same as in the comics . This version chiefly employs powers which resemble telekinesis / psychokinesis encased in dark - colored mystical energy . Raven 's power is displayed under various forms . She accomplishes this by putting a little piece of her spirit / soul into everything she telekinetically controls . She often chants the incantation `` Azarath Metrion Zinthos '' to focus her abilities even further , allowing her to perform much greater feats ; she also uses this phrase as a mantra while meditating . She has the ability to fly . Raven has also been seen as a fairly good hand - to - hand combatant , although she only occasionally uses this skill during battle . Another of Raven 's chief abilities is her `` soul - self '' , which allows her to detach her soul and spirit from her body in the form of a dark - energy Raven . This ability can be used to enter the minds of others , teleport herself and others across great distances , pass through solid matter or through fire , and even alter her own appearance . Raven has displayed a number of seldom - used abilities . She can heal herself and others ( to an extent ) , stop time , and manifest her fears as monsters unintentionally . She keeps a library of numerous spellbooks in her room on the occult , as well as a number of immensely powerful items , charms and talismans . Raven 's powers are entirely tied to her emotions , becoming more powerful and more unstable with the intensity of the emotions fueling them . Raven is often giving sage advice to the others about various subjects , and generally stays calm even in desperate situations . She is also the most emotionally restrained of the Titans , appearing secretive and distant . The reason for her emotional restraint is due to the adverse effects her emotions have on her supernatural abilities . However , she eventually warms up to her teammates and comes to see them as her family . The fourth season serves as an adaptation of the `` Terror of Trigon '' arc in the Teen Titans comics , and has five episodes that focus heavily on Raven . Over the course of the season , Raven tries to avoid her destiny of becoming the portal that will release Trigon into their dimension . However , with Slade having been empowered by Trigon , Raven loses hope and resigns to her fate . She leaves her teammates with a small fraction of her powers to protect them from Trigon 's petrification blast when he emerges . Raven regresses into a small five - year - old child , and is rescued from the depths of Trigon 's prison by Robin . Robin and the other Titans decide to fight anyway , though they are ultimately incapable of defeating Trigon . Their efforts convince Raven to step out of her father 's shadow , and she vaporizes Trigon with a pure - white version of her soul - self , returning the world to normal in the process . In the fifth season of the show , she becomes more open and friendly , although her disposition to Beast Boy does not change . Raven returns in the New Teen Titans shorts ; and in one , she goes on a date with the Goth Boy . Raven 's appearance in Teen Titans Go ! Raven reappears in Teen Titans Go ! . While her appearance remains mostly unchanged from the original Teen Titans series , it is later shown that her short hair is now black with purple streaks instead of violet purple . Also , in the episode `` Hey Pizza '' , her leotard is jokingly referred to as a `` bathing suit '' . This version of Raven is significantly more chatty and social than in her original series appearance , although she does occasionally show her dark side ( though mostly when she is provoked or agitated ) . In `` Legendary Sandwich '' , it is revealed that she loves the show Pretty Pretty Pegasus ( a parody of My Little Pony , for which Strong voices Twilight Sparkle ) but is afraid of any other `` girly '' thing ( flowers , hearts , chocolates , and rabbits ) . Similar to the comics , she has a crush on Beast Boy which culminates in an actual mutual attraction in `` Rocks and Water '' . They formally become a couple in the double episode `` BBRae '' , which is titled after their `` ship name '' used by their fans as a couple . Film ( edit ) Raven appears in the Teen Titans animated series film adaptation Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo , with Tara Strong reprising her role again . Raven appears as a main character in the animated film Justice League vs. Teen Titans , voiced by Taissa Farmiga . She is the center of the story as it revolves around her father , Trigon , attempting to conquer Earth by possessing the Justice League , using Raven as the portal . At fourteen years old , she bonds with Damian Wayne as they recognize each other as kindred souls . At one point , this version uses the TV series ' standard spell incantation ( `` Azarath , Metrion , Zinthos '' ) to effect her magic . She manages to contain Trigon in a magical crystal , which she now wears on her forehead at all times . Raven appears in the animated sequel Teen Titans : The Judas Contract , with Farmiga reprising her role . She remains close to Damian and has softened up emotionally , even cracking the occasional joke , trying to help Terra with apparent nightmares , and also bringing in a black dog as a pet . Video games ( edit ) Raven is a playable character in the Teen Titans Game Boy Advance and console video games , with Tara Strong reprising her role in the latter . Raven appears in DC Universe Online , voiced by Adriene Mishler . She has been possessed by her father Trigon as a part of a demonic invasion of Metropolis and Earth , using Raven . Hero and Villain players will fight with , or against the Titans to either free or keep Raven under Trigon 's control . If she is freed , she will join Hero players along with Zatanna , and Doctor Fate in battling Brother Blood , who is the catalyst for Trigon 's invasion . Through small info clips found throughout the game , the player will learn that Circe is quite aggravated that Raven refuses to give in and desires her punished once she has what she wants . While Wonder Woman considers her a true hero for containing the dark forces within her and continuing the struggle against it . Outside of the main story , Raven is located in the Watchtower 's Magic Wing where she is a vendor of the Tier 1 armor set for the magically aligned heroes . If clicked repeatedly , she will remark on how she is not always sarcastic when she speaks . Raven is a playable character in Injustice : Gods Among Us , with Tara Strong once again reprising her role but with a deeper and more demonic sounding voice ( although a trailer featuring Green Lantern in Story Mode had her with the same voice as the television incarnation ) . Trigon appears as part of her super attack , and the Regime 's Raven notes in a confrontation with Wonder Woman that she serves her world 's Superman as Superman 's actions will aid in her father 's return . In her single player ending , the `` normal '' Raven , after having expended a large amount of demonic energy defeating Superman , realizes too late that she has summoned her father Trigon into the world . Thanking her , he summons an army of demons and sets about conquering the world . Raven also appears in a spin - off - comic Injustice : Gods Among Us by NetherRealm Studios . She is first seen in the Justice League Watchtower , recruited by Superman . She and Nightwing exchange solemn looks when Wonder Woman mentions about the destruction of Metropolis . Later , Raven helps capture Mirror Master , who has been holding Superman 's parents hostage . Raven appears as a downloadable content playable character in LEGO Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham . Raven , in her Teen Titans Go ! incarnation , appears as a playable character in Lego Dimensions , with Tara Strong reprising her role . Raven makes a cameo in Starfire 's ending in Injustice 2 as the latter has a flashback of the Titans celebrating their victories . Starfire mentions that Raven 's no longer with them as she 's now become a servant of Trigon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ New Teen Titans ( vol. 1 ) # 4 Jump up ^ The New Teen Titans ( vol. 1 ) # 1 Jump up ^ New Teen Titans ( vol. 1 ) # 6 Jump up ^ New Teen Titans ( vol. 2 ) # 1 - 5 Jump up ^ New Teen Titans ( vol. 2 ) # 31 Jump up ^ New Teen Titans ( vol. 2 ) # 32 Jump up ^ New Titans # 67 Jump up ^ New Titans # 71 Jump up ^ New Titans # 84 Jump up ^ New Titans # 121 Jump up ^ New Titans # 130 Jump up ^ JLA vs Titans # 1 - 3 Jump up ^ Wonder Woman ( vol. 2 ) # 173 Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( vol. 3 ) # 37 Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( vol. 3 ) # 38 Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( vol. 3 ) # 40 Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( vol. 3 ) # 41 Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( vol. 3 ) # 47 Jump up ^ Titans ( vol. 2 ) # 6 Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( vol. 3 ) # 75 Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( vol. 3 ) # 76 Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( vol. 3 ) # 82 Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( vol. 3 ) # 100 Jump up ^ The Ravagers # 12 Jump up ^ Teen Titans # 19 Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( 2011 ) , Issue 23A Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( 2011 ) , Issue 23A Jump up ^ New Teen Titans Volume 1 , Issue # 8 June 1981 Jump up ^ Superman / Batman # 60 - 61 Jump up ^ Booster Gold Vol. 2 # 23 ~ 24 Jump up ^ DC Bombshells # 17 Jump up ^ `` ' Titans ' : Teagan Croft Cast As Raven In Live - Action Series For DC Digital Service '' . Deadline . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Telsch , Rafe ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sands , Rich ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Roll Call : Meet the Cast of Justice League vs. Teen Titans '' . TVInsider.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Christina Ricci , Miguel Ferrer Join Voice Cast of ' Teen Titans ' Animated Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Raven revealed for Injustice : Gods Among Us , battles Catwoman in new clip '' . Event Hubs . March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` PAID AND FREE DLC FOR LEGO BATMAN 3 : BEYOND GOTHAM REVEALED '' . IGN.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raven Coming to LEGO Dimensions '' . YouTube . July 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) DCDP : Raven DC Database Project Overview of Raven 1980s portal Fictional characters portal Superhero fiction portal Comics portal ( hide ) Teen Titans Bob Haney Bruno Premiani Founding members Aqualad ( Garth ) Kid Flash ( Wally West ) Robin ( Dick Grayson ) Wonder Girl ( Donna Troy ) Current Members Teen Titans Robin ( Damian Wayne ) Beast Boy ( Garfield Logan ) Starfire ( Koriand'r ) Raven ( Rachel Roth ) Aqualad ( Jackson Hyde ) Superboy ( Jonathan Samuel Kent ) Blue Beetle ( Jaime Reyes ) Titans Nightwing ( Dick Grayson ) Flash ( Wally West ) Tempest ( Garth ) Omen ( Lilith Clay ) Donna Troy Arsenal ( Roy Harper ) Bumblebee Notable Members Atom ( Ray Palmer ) Argent Baby Wildebeest Bombshell Bunker Bushido Captain Marvel Jr . 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Teen Titans : The Lost Annual Tiny Titans Titans Tomorrow Titans / Young Justice : Graduation Day The Uncanny X-Men and The New Teen Titans Affiliated teams Doom Patrol Legion of Super-Heroes Titans East Young Justice In other media Films Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo Justice League vs. Teen Titans Teen Titans : The Judas Contract Teen Titans Go ! to the Movies Television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure episodes Teen Titans episodes characters Teen Titans Go ! episodes characters Titans Video games GBA game Console game Injustice : Gods Among Us DC Universe Online Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raven_(DC_Comics)&oldid=817103937 '' Categories : Characters created by George Pérez Characters created by Marv Wolfman Child superheroes Comics characters introduced in 1980 DC Comics characters who use magic DC Comics characters who can teleport DC Comics demons DC Comics martial artists DC Comics superheroes DC Comics supervillains DC Comics telepaths Female characters in comics Female supervillains Fictional characters who can manipulate darkness or shadows Fictional empaths Fictional half - demons Fictional mass murderers Fictional offspring of rape Fictional telekinetics Mythology in DC Comics Video game bosses Hidden categories : Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 04 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does raven end up with in the comics	[ "In the final issue of this incarnation of the Titans, Superboy-Prime and his Legion of Doom attack Titan's Tower. Raven stops Kid Flash just before he can kill Inertia. Then she reveals her soul-self to Headcase, terrifying and in so defeating him. After the Legion of Doom is defeated and Superboy-Prime is bound to the Source Wall, Beast Boy and Raven have a talk about her difficulty in reading Solstice's emotions, and their encounter with Headcase. Eventually, Raven starts to open up about her true feelings. While it was her inner darkness that scarred her entire life, she was even more frightened of what her love for Beast Boy might cause her to do. Beast Boy makes it clear he doesn't want to escape from any part of her. Touched, Raven decides that she needs to embrace the positive feelings inside her rather than just her negative ones. Beast Boy assures her this is part of being human, and points out, \"I think you've worried enough about the bad...so why don't we focus on the good for a change?\" With that, they share a heartfelt kiss to renew their relationship and ultimately embrace their love for each other.[23]" ]	[ "Beast Boy" ]
5848670047607511298	Ganesh Chaturthi	Ganesh Chaturthi - wikipedia Ganesh Chaturthi Jump to : navigation , search Ganesh Chaturthi Lalbaugcha Raja , Mumbai Official name Ganesha Chaturthi / Vinayaka Chaturthi Also called Chavath , Ganeshotsav Observed by Hindus Type Religious Celebrations Chanting of Vedic hymns and Hindu texts , prayers , martial arts , last day : processions , idol immersion Begins Bhadrapada Shukla Chaturthi Ends 11 day after start Date Bhadrapada ( August -- September ) 2017 date Friday , 25 August 2018 date Thursday , 13 September Frequency Annual Ganesh Chaturthi ( IAST : Gaṇēśa Chaturthī ) , also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi ( Vināyaka Chaturthī ) is the Hindu festival that reveres god Ganesha . A ten - day festival , it starts on the fourth day of Hindu luni - solar calendar month Bhadrapada , which typically falls in Gregorian months of August or September . The festival is marked with installation of Ganesha clay idols privately in homes , or publicly on elaborate pandals ( temporary stage ) . Observations include chanting of Vedic hymns and Hindu texts such as Ganapati Upanishad , prayers and vrata ( fasting ) . Offerings and prasada from the daily prayers , that is distributed from the pandal to the community , include sweets such as modaka believed to be a favorite of the elephant - headed deity . The festival ends on the tenth day after start , wherein the idol is carried in a public procession with music and group chanting , then immersed in nearby water body such as a river or ocean , thereafter the clay idol dissolves and Ganesha is believed to return to Mount Kailash to Parvati and Shiva . The festival celebrates Lord Ganesha as the God of New Beginnings and the Remover of Obstacles and is observed throughout India , especially in the states of Maharashtra , Goa , Telangana , Gujarat and Chhattisgarh , and is usually celebrated privately at home in states of Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh . Ganesh Chaturthi is also observed in Nepal and by the Hindu diaspora elsewhere such as in the Trinidad , Suriname , Fiji , Mauritius , United States and in Europe ( in Tenerife ) . At public venues , along with the reading of texts and group feasting , athletic and martial arts competitions are also held . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ganesha 1.2 Festival 2 Celebrations 2.1 India 2.1. 1 At home 2.1. 2 In public 2.2 Abroad 3 Foods 4 Environmental impact 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Bibliography History ( edit ) Ganesha , Basohli miniature , circa 1730 . It is unclear when the festival started , it may have South Indian origins , but historical evidence suggests it became a major social and public event with sponsorship of Shivaji after Mughal - Maratha wars , and again in the 19th century after public appeal by Indian freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak , who championed it as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892 . Ganesha ( edit ) Further information : Ganesha The earliest mention of Ganapati , now considered equivalent to Ganesha or Vinayaka , is found in the Rigveda . It appears twice in the Rigveda , once in hymn 2.23. 1 , as well as in hymn 10.112. 9 . Both of these hymns imply a role of Ganapati as `` the seer among the seers , abounding beyond measure in food presiding among the elders and being the lord of invocation '' , while the hymn in mandala 10 states that without Ganapati `` nothing nearby or afar is performed without thee '' , according to Michael . However , it is uncertain that the Vedic term Ganapati which literally means `` guardian of the multitudes '' , referred specifically to later era Ganesha , nor do the Vedic texts mention Ganesha Chaturthi . Ganapati appears in post-Vedic texts such as the Grhya Sutras and thereafter ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Vajasaneyi Samhita , the Yajnavalkya Smriti and the Mahabharata mention Ganapati as Ganesvaras and Vinayakas . Ganesha appears in the medieval Puranas in the form of `` god of success , obstacle remover '' . The Skanda Purana , Narada Purana and the Brahma Vaivarta Purana , in particular , profusely praise him . Beyond textual interpretations , archeological and epigraphical evidence suggest Ganesha had become popular , was revered before the 8th century CE and numerous images of him are traceable to 7th century or earlier . For example , carvings at Hindu , Buddhist and Jain temples such as at the Ellora Caves , dated between the 5th and 8th century show Ganesha reverentially seated with major Hindu goddesses ( Shakti ) . Festival ( edit ) Although it is unknown when ( or how ) Ganesha Chaturthi was first observed , the festival has been publicly celebrated in Pune since the era of Shivaji ( 1630 -- 1680 , founder of the Maratha Empire ) . After the start of the British Raj , the Ganesha festival lost state patronage and became a private family celebration in Maharashtra until its revival by Indian freedom fighter and social reformer Lokmanya Tilak . The festival , along with processions , was already in vogue as a public and a private celebration in Mumbai ( then called Bombay ) in 1885 , according to the eyewitness account by a visiting Italian Sanskrit professor Angelo de Gubernatis : I followed with the greatest curiosity crowds who carried in procession an infinite number of idols of the god Ganesh . Each little quarter of the town , each family with its adherents , each little street corner I may almost say , organizes a procession of its own , and the poorest may be seen carrying on a simple plank their little idol or of papier mâché ... A crowd , more or less numerous , accompanies the idol , clapping hands and raises cries of joy , while a little orchestra generally precedes the idol . -- Angelo de Gubernatis , Bombay Gazette ( 1886 ) According to others such as Kaur , the festival became a public event later , in 1892 when Bhausaheb Laxman Javale ( also known as Bhau Rangari ) , installed the first sarvajanik ( public ) Ganesha idol in Pune . In 1893 , the Indian freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak praised the celebration of sarvajanik Ganesha utsav in his newspaper , Kesari , and dedicated his efforts to launch the annual domestic festival into a large , well - organised public event . Tilak recognized Ganesha 's appeal as `` the god for everybody '' , and according to Robert Brown , he chose Ganesha as the god that bridged `` the gap between Brahmins and non-Brahmins '' , thereby building a grassroots unity across them to oppose British colonial rule . Other scholars state that the British Empire , after 1870 out of fear of seditious assemblies , had passed a series of ordinances that banned public assembly for social and political purposes of more than 20 people in British India , but exempted religious assembly for Friday mosque prayers under pressure from the Indian Muslim community . Tilak believed that this effectively blocked the public assembly of Hindus whose religion did not mandate daily prayers or weekly gatherings , and he leveraged this religious exemption to make Ganesh Chaturthi to circumvent the British colonial law on large public assembly . He was the first to install large public images of Ganesha in pavilions in Bombay Presidency , and other celebratory events at the festival . God Ganesha : political obstacle remover Why should n't we convert the large religious festivals into mass political rallies ? -- Lokmanya Tilak , Kesari , 8 September 1896 According to Richard Cashman , Tilak recruited and passionately committed himself to god Ganesha after the 1893 Hindu - Muslim communal violence in Bombay and the Deccan riots , when he felt that the British India government under Lord Harris had repeatedly taken sides and not treated Hindus fairly because Hindus were not well organized . In Tilak 's estimate , Ganesha worship and processions were already popular in rural and urban Hindu populations , across social castes and classes in Baroda , Gwalior , Pune and most of the Maratha region in the 18th century . In 1893 , Tilak helped expand Ganesh Chaturthi festival into a mass community event and a hidden means for political activism , intellectual discourse , poetry recitals , plays , concerts , and folk dances . In Goa , Ganesha Chaturthi predates the Kadamba era . The Goa Inquisition had banned Hindu festivals , and Hindus who did not convert to Christianity were severely restricted . However , Hindu Goans continued to practice their religion despite the restrictions . Many families worship Ganesha in the form of patri ( leaves used for worshiping Ganesha or other gods ) , a picture drawn on paper or small silver idols . In some households Ganesha idols are hidden , a feature unique to Ganesh Chaturthi in Goa due to a ban on clay Ganesha idols and festivals by the Jesuits as part of the Inquisition . Celebrations ( edit ) Artist preparing Ganesha 's image for the festival in Margao , Goa Public preparations for the festivities begin months in advance . Local Mandapa or Pandal 's are usually funded either from donations by local residents or hosted by businesses or community organizations . The making of the Murti in Maharashtra usually begins with `` Padya pooja '' or worshipping the feet of Lord Ganesh . The Murti 's are brought to `` pandals '' on the day or a day before the festival begins . The pandals have elaborate decoration and lighting . At home , the festival preparation includes purchases such as puja items or accessories a few days in advance and booking the ganesh murti as early as a month beforehand ( from local artisans ) . The murti is brought home either a day before or on the day of the ganesh chaturthi itself . Families decorate a small , clean portion of the house with flowers and other colourful items before installing the idol . When the Murti is installed , it and its shrine are decorated with flowers and other materials . On the day of the festival , The ceremonial installation of the clay murti ( idol ) is done along with chans of holy mantras and pooja including bhajans during a certain auspicious period of the day . The food offerings to Ganesha include 21 modaka ( shown ) , a type of wrapped dessert . This is also the prasada to the community . In preparation for the festival , artisans create clay models of Ganesha for sale . The Murti 's range in size from ⁄ inch ( 1.9 cm ) for homes to over 70 ft ( 21 m ) for large community celebrations . The date for the festival is usually decided by the presence of Chaturthi Thithi . The festival is held during `` Bhadrapada Madyahanaa Purvabaddha '' . If the chaturthi thiti begins at night on previous day and gets over by morning on next day then the next day is observed as vinayaka chaturthi . In the consecration ceremony , a priest performs a Prana Pratishtha to invite Ganesha like a guest . This is followed by the 16 - step Shodashopachara ritual , ( Sanskrit : Shodash , 16 ; Upachara , process ) during which coconut , jaggery , modaks , durva grass and red hibiscus ( Jaswand ) flowers are offered to the idol . Depending on the region and timezone , the ceremony commences with hymns from the Rigveda , the Ganapati Atharvashirsa , the Upanishads , and the Ganesha stotra ( prayer ) from the Narada Purana are chanted . In Maharashtra as well as Goa , Aartis are performed with friends and family , typically in the morning and evening . India ( edit ) The Lalbaugcha Raja ( the most renowned version of Ganesha in Mumbai ) in procession . In India , Ganesha Chaturthi is primarily celebrated at home and in public by local community groups in the central and western states of Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Gujarat and Goa and the southern states of Karnataka , Kerala , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Eastern states of Odisha and Tamil Nadu . At home ( edit ) At homes in Maharashtra , families install small clay statues for worship during the festival . The Murti is worshiped in the morning and evening with offerings of flowers , durva ( strands of young grass ) , karanji and modaks ( jaggery and coconut flakes wrapped in rice flour dumplings ) . The worship ends with the singing of an aarti in honour of Ganesha , other Gods and Saints . In Maharashtra the Marathi aarti `` Sukhakarta Dukhaharta '' , composed by the 17th century saint , Samarth Ramdas is sung . Family traditions differ about when to end the celebration . Domestic celebrations end after 1 ⁄ , 3 , 5 , 7 or 11 days . At that time the Murti is ceremoniously brought to a body of water ( such as a lake , river or the sea ) for immersion . In Maharashtra , Ganeshotsav also incorporates other festivals , namely Hartalika and the Gauri festival , the former is observed with a fast by women on the day before Ganesh Chaturthi whilst the latter by the installation of Murti 's of Gauris . In Goa , Ganesh Chaturthi is known as Chavath in Konkani and Parab or Parva ( `` auspicious celebration '' ) ; it begins on the third day of the lunar month of Bhadrapada . On this day Parvati and Shiva are worshiped by women , who fast . Instruments such as ghumots , Crash cymbals ( ताळ ( taal ) in Konkani ) and pakhavaj ( an Indian barrel - shaped , two - headed drum ) are played during the rituals . The harvest festival , Navyachi Pancham , is celebrated the next day ; freshly - harvested paddy is brought home from the fields ( or temples ) and a puja is conducted . Communities who ordinarily eat seafood refrain from doing so during the festival . In Karnataka the Gowri festival precedes Ganesha Chaturthi , and people across the state wish each other well . In Andhra Pradesh , Ganesha Murti'so of clay ( Matti Vinayakudu ) and turmeric ( Siddhi Vinayakudu ) are usually worshiped at home with plaster of Paris Murti 's In public ( edit ) Ganesha Visarjan in Mumbai Ganpati idol in Pune Public celebrations of the festival are popular , and are organised by local youth groups , neighborhood associations or groups of tradespeople . Funds for the public festival are collected from members of the association arranging the celebration , local residents and businesses . The Ganesha idols and accompanying statues are installed in temporary shelters , known as mandaps or pandals . The festival features cultural activities such as singing , theater and orchestral performances and community activities such as free medical checkups , blood - donation sites and donations to the poor . Ganesh Chaturthi , in addition to its religious aspects , is an important economic activity in Mumbai , Surat , Pune , Hyderabad , Bangalore and Chennai . Many artists , industries , and businesses earn a significant amount of their living from the festival , which is a stage for budding artists . Members of other religions also participate in the celebration . In Tamil Nadu the festival , also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi or Pillayar Chaturthi , falls on the fourth day after the new moon in the month of Āvaṇi in the Tamil calendar . The idols are usually made of clay or papier - mâché , since plaster of Paris idols have been banned by the state government. . Idols are also made of coconuts and other organic products . They are worshiped for several days in pandals , and immersed in the Bay of Bengal the following Sunday . In Kerala the festival is also known as Lamboodhara Piranalu , which falls in the month of Chingam . In Thiruvananthapuram a procession marches from the Pazhavangadi Ganapathi Temple to Shankumugham Beach , with tall statues of Ganesha made from organic items and milk immersed in the sea . Abroad ( edit ) Ganesha Chaturthi is celebrated in the UK by British Hindu population living there . The Hindu Culture and Heritage Society , a Southall - based organisation , celebrated Ganesha Chaturthi for the first time in London in 2005 at the Vishwa Hindu Temple ; the idol was immersed in the River Thames at Putney Pier . Another celebration , organised by a Gujarati group , has been celebrated in Southend - on - Sea and attracted an estimated 18,000 devotees . Annual celebrations are also held on the River Mersey in Liverpool . The Philadelphia Ganesha Festival is one of the most popular celebrations of Ganesha Chaturthi in North America , and it is also celebrated in Canada , Mauritius , Malaysia and Singapore . The Mauritius festival dates back to 1896 , and the Mauritian government has made it a public holiday . In Malaysia and Singapore , the festival is more commonly known as Vinayagar Chaturthi because of the large Tamil - speaking Hindu minority . In Metropolitan France , Ganesh Chaturthee remains the main Hindu religious festival . The first Hindu Temple dedicated to Ganesh on Continental France opened in 1985 and the first procession took place in 1995 . Since then , every year , the La Chapelle Quarters of Paris are the sight of a major procession with thousands of pilgrims and visitors . The organisation is mainly conducted by the Tamil speaking Sri Lanka community and the pilgrims are mostly Tamil Hindus from Sri Lanka and to a lesser extent Hindi - speaking Hindus from ( ( Mauritius ) ) . Foods ( edit ) Modaka are sweet dumplings , the traditional offerings and prasada in Ganesh Chaturthi . Left : raw with fillings , Right : cooked . The primary sweet dish during the festival is modak ( modak in Marathi and Konkani , modakam or kudumu in Telugu , modaka or kadubu in Kannada , kozhakatta or modakkam in Malayalam and kozhukattai or modagam in Tamil ) . A modak is a dumpling made from rice or wheat flour , stuffed with grated coconut , jaggery , dried fruits and other condiments and steamed or fried . Another popular sweet dish is the karanji ( karjikai in Kannada ) , similar to modak in composition and taste but in a semicircular shape. This sweet meal is called Nevri in Goa and is synonymous with Ganesh festival amongst the Goans and the Konkani diaspora . In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana modak , laddu , vundrallu ( steamed , coarsely - ground rice - flour balls ) , panakam ( a jaggery - , black pepper - and cardamom - flavored drink ) , vadapappu ( soaked moong lentils ) and chalividi ( a cooked rice flour and jaggery mixture ) are offered to Ganesha . These offerings are known as naivedya , and a plate of modak traditionally holds 21 pieces of the sweet . In Goa , modak and a Goan version of idli ( sanna ) is popular . Panchakajjaya is an offering made to Lord Ganesha during this festival in parts of Karnataka.It is a mixture of desiccated coconut , roasted bengal gram powder , sugar , ghee and sesame . Different versions of panchakajjaya are made . Roasted bengal gram , green gram , roasted chana dal ( putani ) or aval can be used 17 ) ) . Environmental impact ( edit ) The Madras High Court ruled in 2004 that immersion of Ganesh idols is unlawful because it incorporates chemicals that pollute the sea water . In Goa the sale of plaster - of Paris Ganesha idols has been banned by the state government and celebrants are encouraged to buy traditional , artisan - made clay idols . Recent initiatives to produce traditional clay Ganesha idols in Hyderabad have been sponsored by the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board . Due to environmental concerns , a number of families now avoid bodies of water and let the clay statue disintegrate in a barrel of water at home . After a few days , the clay is spread in the home garden . In some cities a public , eco-friendly process is used for the immersion . Gallery ( edit ) Ganesh idol at a public pandal in Hyderabad A Ganesha idol in a home during the festival Procession in Mumbai Procession in Pune Procession in Surat Immersion in sea , Chennai Immersion of idol in Bangalore See also ( edit ) Maharashtra portal Cultural depictions of elephants Durga Puja Mantrapushpanjali Ganesha Jayanti Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The transformation of Ganesh Chaturthi into a major annual religious and politically significant procession event started in 1894 . According to Aslam Syed , the Ganesha statue immersion ritual in the western states of India may have grown because the annual gathering and procession by Shia Muslims on Muharram was allowed by the colonial British government in the 19th and early 20th century , and after the ritual mourning of the death of the 7th century Imam , they would immerse Tazia ( Taboots ) into river or ocean . The Hindus expanded their own Ganesha processions by walking through the streets , joyfully dancing and reciting their scriptural verses and ended their procession with a ceremonial immersion of Ganesh . The colonial British government attempted to introduce procession license , to Muslims only , which Hindu leaders presented as evidence of discriminatory oppression by the Muslims and the British . The Hindu leaders such as Tilak defied any attempts to selectively stop the Hindu congregational gathering and processions associated with Ganesh Chaturthi . The right to organize processions and immersion rituals of Tazia by Muslims , and Ganesha by Hindus , have remained a religious and equal rights issue ever since , particularly when the religious calendars overlap . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ganesh Chaturthi : Hindu Festival , Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : Darra Goldstein ( 2015 ) . The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets . Oxford University Press . pp. 82 , 254 , 458 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 931361 - 7 . Jump up ^ K.T. Achaya ( 2001 ) . A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food . Oxford University Press . pp. 68 -- 69 , 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 565868 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Taylor ; Frederick I. Case ( 2013 ) . The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions . University of Illinois Press . p. 332 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 09433 - 0 . Jump up ^ Heras 1972 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Getty 1936 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence A. Babb ( 1975 ) . The Divine Hierarchy : Popular Hinduism in Central India . Columbia University Press . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 08387 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Christian Roy ( 2005 ) . Traditional Festivals : A Multicultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 178 -- 180 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 089 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ramesh Dutt Ramdoyal ( 1990 ) . Festivals of Mauritius . Editions de l'Océan Indien . pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` Festivals , Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius '' . Mauritius Tourism Authority . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ganesh Chaturthi in Tenerife Jump up ^ Royina Grewal ( 2009 ) . The Book of Ganesha . Penguin Books . pp. 143 -- 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 306760 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Paul B. Courtright ( 1985 ) . Ganesa . Oxford University Press . pp. 230 -- 237 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503572 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Trimbak Vishnu Parvate ( 1958 ) . Bal Gangadhar Tilak : A Narrative and Interpretative Review of His Life , Career and Contemporary Events . Navajivan . pp. 96 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Sohoni , Ashutosh ( 2011 ) . `` Ganesh Temple at Tasgaon : Apotheosis of Maratha Temple Architecture '' . South Asian Studies . Informa UK Limited . 27 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 73 . doi : 10.1080 / 02666030.2011. 556011 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Michael 1983 , pp. 99 - 102 . ^ Jump up to : Rigveda Mandala 2 , Hymn 2.23. 1 , Wikisource , Quote : गणानां त्वा गणपतिं हवामहे कविं कवीनामुपमश्रवस्तमम् । ज्येष्ठराजं ब्रह्मणां ब्रह्मणस्पत आ नः शृण्वन्नूतिभिः सीद सादनम् ॥ १ ॥ ; For translation , see Grimes ( 1995 ) , pp. 17 - 19 Jump up ^ Sanskrit Original : नि षु सीद गणपते गणेषु त्वामाहुर्विप्रतमं कवीनाम् । न ऋते त्वत्क्रियते किं चनारे महामर्कं मघवञ्चित्रमर्च ॥ ९ ॥ -- Rigveda 10.112. 9 ; Wikisource Jump up ^ Alain Daniélou ( 1954 ) , The meaning of Ganapati , The Adyar library bulletin XV III . Madras : The Adyar Library , pages 110 - 111 Jump up ^ Grimes 1995 , pp. 17 - 19 , 201 . Jump up ^ Michael 1983 , pp. 107 - 109 . Jump up ^ Michael 1983 , pp. 109 - 110 . ^ Jump up to : Kapoor , Subodh . The Indian Encyclopaedia . Cosmo Publications . p. 2514 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7755 - 257 - 7 . Jump up ^ Richard I. Cashman ( 1975 ) . The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra . University of California Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02407 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robin Jeffrey ( 1990 ) . India : rebellion to republic , selected writings 1857 - 1990 . Stirling . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 8120711075 . Jump up ^ Kaur , R. ( 2003 ) . Performative politics and the cultures of Hinduism : Public uses of religion in western India . Anthem Press , page 38 - 48 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Thomas R. ; Metcalf , Barbara Daly . A Concise History of India . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63027 - 4 . , Metcalf and Metcalf , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Momin , A.R. , The Legacy Of G.S. Ghurye : A Centennial Festschrift , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Brown , Robert L. ( 1991 ) . Ganesh : Studies of an Asian God . Albany : State University of New York . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0657 - 1 . Jump up ^ For Tilak as the first to use large public images in maṇḍapas ( pavilions or tents ) see : Thapan , p. 225 . Thapan , Anita Raina ( 1997 ) . Understanding Gaņapati : Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult . New Delhi : Manohar Publishers . ISBN 81 - 7304 - 195 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Aslam Syed ( 2014 ) . David Jones ; Michele Marion , eds . The Dynamics of Cultural Counterpoint in Asian Studies . SUNY Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 5191 - 6 . Jump up ^ Shabnum Tejani ( 2008 ) . Indian Secularism : A Social and Intellectual History , 1890 - 1950 . Indiana University Press . pp. 58 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 22044 - 0 . Jump up ^ HC 's 2 - hour immersion breather for home Pujas The Times of India ( 7 October 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Peter van der Veer ( 2015 ) . Handbook of Religion and the Asian City : Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty - First Century . University of California Press . pp. 95 -- 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 96108 - 1 . Jump up ^ Richard I. Cashman ( 1975 ) . The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra . University of California Press . p. 75 with footnote 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02407 - 6 . Jump up ^ Richard I. Cashman ( 1975 ) . The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra . University of California Press . pp. 70 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02407 - 6 . Jump up ^ Richard I. Cashman ( 1975 ) . The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra . University of California Press . pp. 75 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02407 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cashman , Richard I. ( 1975 ) . The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra . Berkeley and Los Angeles , California : University of California Press . pp. 75 -- 91 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02407 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Of fervour & Traditions '' . http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ . TOI . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Andhra laddu - maker eyes to break own Guinness Record with 8000 kg laddu '' . Daily News and Analysis India . Daily News and Analysis India . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 ... ready for delivery tomorrow to an 80 - feet tall Ganesha Murti put up by Visakha Integrated Social Welfare Association supported by NRIs at the Gajuwaka area in Visakhapatnam . Jump up ^ `` Rituals Explained '' . thehindutemple.org . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kolte , R.R. , Kulkarni , R.S. , Shinde , P.V. , Padvekar , H.K. , Magadum , V.G. and Apate , S.A. , Studies on the ethno - medicinal plants used on the occasion of festivals with special reference to Ratnagiri district from Maharashtra state ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` What is the significance of ' durva ' in Ganesh Poojan ? '' . http://www.sanatan.org/ . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sharma , Usha ( 2008 ) . Festivals In Indian Society ( 2 Vols . Set ) . New Delhi : Mittal publications . p. 144 . ISBN 81 - 8324 - 113 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shanbag , Arun ( 2007 ) . Prarthana : A Book of Hindu Psalms . Arlington , MA : Arun Shanbag . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9790081 - 0 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pattanaik , Devdutt ( 2011 ) . 99 thoughts on Ganesha : ( stories , symbols and rituals of India 's beloved elephant - headed deity ) . Mumbai : Jaico Pub House . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8495 - 152 - 3 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Goa , Daman and Diu ( India ) . Directorate of Archives , Archaeology , and Museum . Purabhilekh - puratatva : Journal of the Directorate of Archives , Archaeology and Museum , Volume 2 . Panaji - Goa : The Directorate , 1984 . p. 94 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` GANESH CHATURTHI or CHOVOTH '' . http://www.goatourism.gov.in . Government of Goa . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Singbal , Anwesha . `` Bringing the local beat back '' . http://www.thegoan.net/ . The Goan . Archived from the original on 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Courtright , P.B. ( 1988 ) . The Ganesh Festival in Maharashtra : Some Observations . The Experience of Hinduism : Essays on Religion in Maharashtra , 84 -- 86 . Jump up ^ `` Kolhapur Muslims mark Ganesha festival with Hindu brothers in mosque '' . Oneindia . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tv9 Gujarat -- Hindu - Muslim celebrates Ganesh Chaturthi together , Ahmedabad '' . TV9 ( Gujarati ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hindu , Muslim families celebrate Ganesh Puja '' . India Today . Headlines Today . 24 August 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ganeshchaturthigifts.com/ganesh-chaturthi-pooja.html Jump up ^ http://www.ganeshotsavam.org/ Jump up ^ `` Thousands turn out for Hindu Festival at Shoebury East Beach '' . Southend Standard . 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . It is thought as many as 18,000 people attended from across Essex , Kent , Middlesex , London , the Midlands and even India . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- UK -- England -- Merseyside -- River marks religious ceremony '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Echo : Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news , sports and what 's on '' . liverpoolecho . Jump up ^ Kalyana Ramanathan ; Indira Kannan ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Non-resident gods '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mauritius takes the day off for Ganesh Chaturthi '' . aglobalworld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Patrick Eisenlohr ( 2006 ) . Little India : Diaspora , Time , and Ethnolinguistic Belonging in Hindu Mauritius . University of California Press . p. 153 . ISBN 9780520248793 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hindus celebrate Vinayagar Chathurthi '' . The Malaysian Times . 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ganesh Chaturthi festival fervour grips Goa '' . http://indianexpress.com/ . PTI . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa , Daman and Diu : district gazetteer , Volume 1 . Goa , Daman and Diu ( India ) . Gazetteer Dept. 1979 . p. 258 . Jump up ^ Ferro - Luzzi , G.E. , 1977 . The logic of South Indian food offerings . Anthropos , ( H. 3. / 4 ) , pp. 529 - 556 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- South Asia -- Ganesha immersions ruled unlawful '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Special Correspondent . `` Goa bans plaster of Paris Ganesha idols '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Editor . `` The Environmentally Friendly Ganesh '' . chakranews.com . Jump up ^ `` Ganesha immersion : temple 's awareness campaign finds many takers '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Zha , Bagish K. ( 20 September 2013 ) . `` Eco-friendly ' Ganesh Visarjan ' save water and soil from getting polluted in Indore '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Grimes , John A. ( 1995 ) , Ganapati : Song of the Self , SUNY Series in Religious Studies , Albany : State University of New York Press , ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2440 - 5 Michael , S.M. ( 1983 ) . `` The Origin of the Ganapati Cult '' . Asian Folklore Studies . 42 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 116 . doi : 10.2307 / 1178368 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ganesh Chaturthi . Ganesha Forms Mahaganapati Bala Ganapati Haridra Ganapati Heramba Uchchhishta Ganapati Kangiten Epithets Worship Ganapatya Ganesh Chaturthi Ganesh Jayanti Sankashti Chaturthi Ganesha Temples Ganesha in world religions Ashtavinayaka Temples Morgaon Siddhatek Pali Mahad Theur Lenyadri Ozar Ranjangaon Legends and Texts Ganesha Purana Mudgala Purana Ganapati Atharvashirsa Ganesha Sahasranama Ganesha stories Associated deities Gana Consorts of Ganesha Vinayakas Vinayaki Shiva Parvati Kartikeya See also Hinduism Hindu mythology Modak Ganesha at Wikimedia Commons Festivals in the Hindu calendar Major festivals Chhath Diwali Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Holi Galungan ( Bali ) Kartik Purnima Kali Puja Krishna Janmashtami Maha Shivaratri Makar Sankranti Nyepi ( Bali ) Navratri Ayudha Puja Durga Puja Vijayadashami Onam Pongal Rama Navami Thaipusam Vat Purnima Mesha Sankranti Bhratri Dwitiya Dhanteras Ratha - Yatra Dashahara Anant Chaturdashi Guru Purnima Buddha Jayanti Hanuman Jayanti Regional New Year Bihu ( Assamese ) Cheti Chand ( Sindhi ) Gudi Padwa ( Marathi , Konkani ) Nyepi ( Bali ) Pana Sankranti ( Oriya ) Pohela Boishakh ( Bengali ) Puthandu ( Tamil ) Ugadi ( Telugu , Kannada ) Vaisakhi ( North & Central India , Nepal ) Vishu ( Malayali ) Holy days Akshaya Tritiya Amalaka Ekadashi Vaikuntha Ekadashi Kamada Ekadashi Shravana Putrada Ekadashi Shayani Ekadashi Pausha Putrada Ekadashi Varuthini Ekadashi Prabodhini Ekadashi Ekadashi Gowri Habba Karva Chauth Mahalakshmi Vrata Nirjala Ekadashi Raksha Bandhan Sankranti Nag Panchami Savitri Brata Amavasya Sharad Purnima Kartik Purnima Datta Jayanti Pradosha Holy periods Chaturmas Dhanurmas Pitru Paksha Uttarayana Dakshinayana Hindu festivals Bal Gangadhar Tilak Life events and movements Indian Independence Movement Indian National Congress Indian National Congress - Freedom Era All India Home Rule League Swadeshi movement Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav Kesari ( newspaper ) Nationalist Movements in India Swaraj Purna Swaraj Pune Philosophy Swadeshi Swaraj Education Deccan Education Society Fergusson College Willingdon College Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce Kirti M. Doongursee College Chintamanrao College of Commerce Influences Bhagavad Gita Hinduism Associates Lala Lajpat Rai Bipin Chandra Pal Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vasudev Balwant Phadke Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Vishnushastri Chiplunkar Legacy Tilak Maharashtra University Tilak Maidan Stadium Tilak Nagar metro station Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir Books The Arctic Home in the Vedas The Orion ( book ) Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya Influenced Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Mahatma Gandhi Subhash Chandra Bose Chapekar brothers Commons Wikiquotes Wikisource texts Bengali Hindus Society Groups Babu Bangal Bhadralok Ghoti Castes Aguri Bagdi Baidya Baishya Kapali Baishya Saha Barujibi Bauri Brahmin Chunaru Dom Gandhabanik Subarna Banik Hari Kaibartya Kansabanik Karmakar Kayastha Mahato Mahishya Malla Namasudra ( Namassej ) Pirali Brahmin Pundra Sadgop Shunri Yogi Religion Books Bhagavad Gita Chandi Panchali Sects Brahmo Kartabhaja Shaiva Shakta Vaishnava Orders Adi Brahmo Samaj Ananda Marga Bharat Sevashram Sangha Brahmo Conference Organisation Brahmo Samaj Gaudiya Math International Society for Krishna Consciousness Matua Mahasangha Ramakrishna Math Ramakrishna Mission Ramakrishna Order Ramakrishna Sarada Math Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Sadharan Brahmo Samaj Self - Realization Fellowship Sri Aurobindo Ashram Vedanta Society World Brahmo Council Yogoda Satsanga Society of India Festivals Poila Baisakh Rabindra Jayanti Akshaya Tritiya Buddho Purnima Shashthi Savitri Brata Ambubachi Mela Dhamrai Jagannath Roth Jhulan Purnima Janmashtami Bhadu Ganesh Chaturthi Vishwakarma Puja Durga Puja Lakshmi Puja Diwali Kali Puja Bhai Phonta Nabanna Jagaddhatri Puja Kalpataru Day Swami Vivekananda 's Birthday Makar Sankranti Maghotsab Saraswati Puja Maha Shivaratri Dol Purnima Holi Gajan Pratapaditya Utsav Ekadashi Kumbh Mela Gangasagar Baruni Snan Culture Music Rabindra Sangeet Shyama Sangeet Kirtan Dance Gaudiya Nritya Rabindra Nritya Natya Literature Vaishnava Padavali Mangal - Kavya Panchali Kallol Hungry generation Folk Culture Folk Art Dhokra Sholapith Folk Dance Raibenshe Chhau Paika Dhamail Folk Dance Alkap Gombhira Kavigan Others Bengali Hindu mythology and culture Bengali Hindu diaspora Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganesh_Chaturthi&oldid=803892979 '' Categories : Hindu festivals Religious festivals in India Ganesha Non-Gregorian August observances Non-Gregorian September observances Festivals in Maharashtra Festivals in Telangana Observances set by the Indian National Calendar Religious festivals in Nepal Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL EngvarB from April 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 10 : 03 . 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About Wikipedia	who is ganesh the god who is celebrated at the ganesh chaturthi festival	[ "The festival celebrates Lord Ganesha as the God of New Beginnings and the Remover of Obstacles[5][6] and is observed throughout India, especially in the states of Maharashtra, Goa,Telangana, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh,[1][7] and is usually celebrated privately at home in states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.[8] Ganesh Chaturthi is also observed in Nepal and by the Hindu diaspora elsewhere such as in the Trinidad, Suriname, Fiji, Mauritius[9], United States and in Europe[4][10] (in Tenerife)[11].", "The festival celebrates Lord Ganesha as the God of New Beginnings and the Remover of Obstacles[5][6] and is observed throughout India, especially in the states of Maharashtra, Goa,Telangana, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh,[1][7] and is usually celebrated privately at home in states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.[8] Ganesh Chaturthi is also observed in Nepal and by the Hindu diaspora elsewhere such as in the Trinidad, Suriname, Fiji, Mauritius[9], United States and in Europe[4][10] (in Tenerife)[11]." ]	[ "the God of New Beginnings", "the Remover of Obstacles" ]
8405425108614539699	Escape (The Piña Colada Song)	Escape ( the Piña Colada song ) - wikipedia Escape ( the Piña Colada song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' Single by Rupert Holmes from the album Partners in Crime B - side `` Drop It '' Released September 21 , 1979 Format 7 '' Recorded 1979 Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 35 ( album version ) 3 : 50 ( single version ) Label Infinity Records Songwriter ( s ) Rupert Holmes Producer ( s ) Rupert Holmes , Jim Boyer Rupert Holmes singles chronology `` Let 's Get Crazy Tonight '' ( 1978 ) `` Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' ( 1979 ) `` Him '' ( 1980 ) `` Let 's Get Crazy Tonight '' ( 1978 ) `` Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' ( 1979 ) `` Him '' ( 1980 ) `` Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' is a song written and recorded by British - born American singer Rupert Holmes for his album Partners in Crime . As the lead single for the album , the pop song was recommended by Billboard for radio broadcasters on September 29 , 1979 , then added to prominent US radio playlists in October -- November . Rising in popularity , the song peaked at the end of December to become the last US number one song of the 1970s . The song is featured in many films such as Shrek and Guardians of the Galaxy , and NBC 's Third Watch . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Reception 3 Background and writing 4 Personnel 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 See also 7 References Content ( edit ) The song speaks , in three verses and three choruses , of a man who is bored with his current relationship because it has become routine and he desires some variety . One night , he reads the personal advertisements in the newspaper and spots an ad that catches his attention : a woman who is seeking a man who , among other little things , must like piña coladas . Intrigued , he takes out an ad in reply and arranges to meet the woman `` at a bar called O'Malley's '' , only to find upon the meeting that the woman is actually his current partner . The song ends on an upbeat note , showing that the two lovers realized they have more in common than they had suspected , and that they do not have to look any further than each other for what they seek in a relationship . Reception ( edit ) After its release as a single , the song became immediately popular , though initial sales were slow due to the song 's actual title , `` Escape '' , going unnoticed in the place of the oft - repeated cocktail . Holmes reluctantly agreed to rename the song `` Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' . The song shot up through the charts , becoming the last number - one Billboard Hot 100 hit of 1979 ( and the last number one song of the 1970s ) . `` Escape '' returned to number one again on the Billboard Hot 100 charts during the second week of 1980 , having been displaced for a week by KC and the Sunshine Band 's `` Please Do n't Go '' . Thus it is the only pop song to ascend to # 1 on the Billboard pop charts in two different decades . The song was the 11th best selling single of 1980 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Background and writing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recorded for Holmes 's Partners in Crime ( 1979 ) album , the song came from an unused track for which Holmes wrote temporary or `` dummy '' lyrics : This version , `` The Law of The Jungle '' , was released as part of his Cast of Characters ( 2005 ) box set and was inspired by a want - ad he read whilst idly scanning the personals one day . As Holmes put it , `` I thought , ' what would happen to me if I answered this ad ? ' I 'd go and see if it was my own wife who was bored with me . '' The title of the song was originally going to be `` People Need Other People '' , which was written years earlier for Holmes ' own amusement . The chorus originally started with `` if you like Humphrey Bogart '' , which Holmes changed at the last minute , replacing the actor with the name of the first exotic cocktail that came to mind . The original lyrics said , `` If you like Humphrey Bogart and getting lost in the rain . '' On the way to the session the next morning I read the lyrics to a cab driver and asked him if he got the twist ending before I got to it . He said no , and he thought the story was good . When I got to the session , I turned to my guitarist , Dean Bailin , and said , `` I 've just written a lyric . It 's a story song . I do n't want you to get ahead of it , so I 'm going go on mic and sing the song without stopping . If I do n't sing a line perfectly I 'm not going to stop because I want you to hear this song in one listening . Pay attention to the lyric because I want to see if it catches you by surprise . '' Holmes regards the song with a mixture of pride and chagrin : while it has made him wealthy and famous , it drew attention away from his more serious musical works . He does not care for the drink ; he once said on the Uncle Floyd Show that piña coladas taste like Kaopectate . The bar `` O'Malley's '' that is referenced is an actual bar . The bar is in Greenport , Long Island , along the famous North Fork Wine Trail Personnel ( edit ) Rupert Holmes -- vocals , keyboards , synthesizer Dean Bailin -- guitar Frank Gravis -- bass Leo Adamian -- drums Steve Jordan -- `` double drumming '' with Adamian Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 -- 80 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 10 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Position Canada 156 Chart ( 1980 ) Position Australia 47 Canada 19 US Billboard Hot 100 11 See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1979 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1980 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Single Picks '' . Billboard. 91 ( 39 ) : 74 . September 29 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Singles Radio Action : Playlist Top Add Ons '' . Billboard. 91 ( 45 ) : 21 . November 10 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . January 12 , 1980 . Jump up ^ If a decade is measured instead by the traditional definition of a ten - year period starting on 1 January in a year whose last digit is `` 1 '' and ending on 31 December in a year whose last digit is `` 0 '' , then Chubby Checker 's `` The Twist '' is the only pop song to ascend to # 1 on the Billboard pop charts in two different decades , once on 19 September 1960 ( inside the decade 1 January 1951 - 31 December 1960 ) , and again on 13 January 1962 ( inside the decade 1 January 1961 - 31 December 1970 ) . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 1980 - Billboard Year End Charts '' . Bobborst.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Rupert Holmes '' . Songfacts . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Rupert Holmes -- Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 top 30 : 15 oktober 2016 Radio2 '' . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Rupert Holmes '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Rupert Holmes -- Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Pop Singles '' Billboard December 20 , 1980 : TIA - 10 Preceded by `` Babe '' by Styx Billboard Hot 100 number one single December 22 -- 29 , 1979 Succeeded by `` Please Do n't Go '' by KC and the Sunshine Band Preceded by `` Please Do n't Go '' by KC and the Sunshine Band Billboard Hot 100 number one single January 12 , 1980 Succeeded by `` Rock with You '' by Michael Jackson Preceded by `` Babe '' by Styx Canadian RPM Singles Chart number - one single January 12 -- 19 , 1980 Succeeded by `` Rapper 's Delight '' by The Sugarhill Gang ( hide ) Rupert Holmes Studio albums Partners in Crime Soundtrack albums Lake Freeze -- The Raccoons Songtrack Musicals Drood Curtains Singles `` Terminal '' `` Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' `` Him '' Related articles `` My Father 's Song '' `` Timothy '' Remember WENN Say Goodnight , Gracie Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escape_ ( The_Piña_Colada_Song ) &oldid = 842648543 '' Categories : 1979 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs about alcohol Rupert Holmes songs Songs written by Rupert Holmes 1979 songs Infinity Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 19 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings if you like piña colada's	[ "\"Escape (The Piña Colada Song)\" is a song written and recorded by British-born American singer Rupert Holmes for his album Partners in Crime. As the lead single for the album, the pop song was recommended by Billboard for radio broadcasters on September 29, 1979,[2] then added to prominent US radio playlists in October–November.[3] Rising in popularity, the song peaked at the end of December to become the last US number one song of the 1970s." ]	[ "British-born American singer Rupert Holmes" ]
-2149035432271840506	Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry	Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry - Wikipedia Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes First meeting October 16 , 1897 Michigan 34 , Ohio State 0 Latest meeting November 26 , 2016 Ohio State 30 , Michigan 27 ( 2OT ) Next meeting November 25 , 2017 , Ann Arbor Statistics Meetings total 113 All - time series Michigan leads , 58 -- 48 -- 6 Largest victory Michigan 86 , Ohio State 0 ( 1902 ) Longest win streak Michigan , 9 ( 1901 -- 1909 ) Current win streak Ohio State , 5 ( 2012 -- present ) The Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry , known as The Game by some followers , is an American college football rivalry game played annually by the Wolverines of the University of Michigan and the Buckeyes of The Ohio State University . It has attracted particular national interest over the last four decades as most of the games have determined the Big Ten Conference title and the resulting Rose Bowl match ups , and many have influenced the outcome of the national college football championship . The game was ranked by ESPN in 2000 as the greatest North American sports rivalry . The two Midwest state schools first met in 1897 , and the rivalry has been played annually since 1918 . The game has been played at the end of the regular season since 1935 ( with exceptions in 1942 , 1986 , and 1998 ) . Since 1918 , the game 's site has alternated between Columbus , Ohio , and Ann Arbor , Michigan ( Michigan hosts it in odd years and Ohio State in even years ) , and has been played in Ohio Stadium since 1922 and Michigan Stadium since 1927 . Through 2010 , Ohio State and Michigan have decided the Big Ten Conference championship between themselves on 22 different occasions , and have affected the determination of the conference title an additional 27 times . For many years , the game aired on ABC , usually in the 12 p.m. time slot . Beginning with the 2017 season , the game will air on Fox as a result of that network acquiring the Big Ten 's tier 1 rights in the most recent broadcasting contract . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series history 1.1 Early years ( 1897 -- 1949 ) 1.2 `` Snow Bowl '' and Woody Hayes ( 1950 -- 68 ) 1.3 `` Ten - Year War '' : Hayes vs Schembechler ( 1969 -- 78 ) 1.4 Schembechler vs Bruce ( 1979 -- 87 ) 1.5 Michigan Domination ( 1988 -- 2000 ) 1.6 Enter Jim Tressel ( 2001 -- 07 ) 1.6. 1 2006 : No. 1 vs. No. 2 1.7 Sea change at Michigan ( 2008 -- 10 ) 1.8 A carousel of coaches ( 2011 -- present ) 2 Big Ten expansion 3 In popular culture 4 Accomplishments by the two rivals 5 Game results 5.1 Big Ten games 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series history ( edit ) Early years ( 1897 -- 1949 ) ( edit ) When the University of Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time in 1897 , the Toledo War was within the memories of some still living , and the short - lived border war may have fueled the rivalry between the two opposing teams . The inaugural game , held at Ann Arbor , resulted in a lopsided victory for Michigan , with the Wolverines posting a 34 -- 0 win over Ohio State 's Buckeyes . The teams did not meet in 1898 or 1899 , but played again in 1900 . The first game foretold a long Michigan winning streak , with Michigan winning or tying every game from 1897 to 1912 and thereby compiling a 12 -- 0 -- 2 record before the contest was postponed for several years . The Ohio State Alma Mater `` Carmen Ohio '' was written on the train ride home to Columbus following the 1902 contest , which saw Ohio State lose to Michigan 86 -- 0 . The lyrics and melody ( Spanish Chant ) have remained largely unchanged since its conception . Ohio State became a member of the Big Ten Conference in 1912 . In 1917 , Michigan rejoined the conference after a ten - year absence . In 1918 , the teams played their first conference matchup , with Michigan prevailing 14 -- 0 and lodging its eleventh shutout over the Buckeyes . The rivalry has been renewed annually every year since then . In 1919 , the Buckeyes ( led by legendary halfback Chic Harley ) won their first game in the series , beating the Wolverines 13 -- 3 . The Buckeyes won the following two contests as well , to bring the series record to 13 -- 3 -- 2 . Ohio State was the opponent in the dedication game at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor . Harley 's prowess spurred the university to campaign to build a stadium for Ohio State football . The stadium was completed in 1922 , and the first of many historic games in Ohio Stadium took place on October 21 , 1922 , the day the stadium was dedicated in Columbus . In front of a record 71,000 fans , the Wolverines posted another shutout of the home team Buckeyes , 19 -- 0 . According to lore , there was a wager on the outcome of this game , and yellow flowers on a blue background still exist today in the upper part of the stadium 's rotunda . Michigan won the next five games before OSU picked up the final two victories of the decade . At the end of the 1920s , the series stood at 19 -- 5 -- 2 in favor of Michigan . A football signed by Woody Hayes and gifted to Gerald Ford that lists the scores of the Michigan -- Ohio State game from 1932 -- 34 , the three years that Ford played on Michigan 's varsity team . Michigan won three of four contests between 1930 and 1933 , claiming the national championship twice . In 1934 , Francis Schmidt came on as the head coach for Ohio State . The team had lost nine of the previous 12 Michigan - OSU contests , and when a reporter asked Schmidt if Ohio State could beat Michigan that year , he replied , `` Of course we can win , Michigan puts their pants on one leg at a time just like we do '' . The Buckeyes thereupon ran off four straight shutout victories against Michigan , outscoring the Wolverines 114 -- 0 from 1934 to 1937 . Schmidt 's quote spawned an OSU tradition -- since 1934 , every Ohio State player receives a gold pants pendant after a victory against Michigan . Michigan won the three games from 1938 to 1940 . The 1940 game , won by Michigan , 40 -- 0 , was the benchmark performance of what some consider to be the greatest Michigan team in history , and was the final collegiate game of the legendary tailback tandem of Tom Harmon and Paul Kromer . In 1941 , Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time with each team ranked in the AP Poll , which had started in 1936 . The 14th - ranked Buckeyes played the 5th - ranked Wolverines to a 20 -- 20 tie in Ann Arbor . In 1945 , Michigan quarterback Howard Yerges led Michigan to a 7 - 3 victory over Ohio State . Yerges played for Ohio State in 1943 as a freshmen ( freshmen were eligible to play during wartime ) and then transferred to Michigan in 1944 making one of three players to play on both sides in the rivalry . Five more times during the 1940s , the teams were both ranked for their annual matchup . Michigan won five of the next seven games before playing to their second tie of the decade in 1949 . The series record stood at 30 -- 12 -- 4 at the mid-century mark . `` Snow Bowl '' and Woody Hayes ( 1950 -- 68 ) ( edit ) One of the more famous games in the rivalry is the 1950 contest , colloquially known as the Snow Bowl . Eighth - ranked Ohio State , coached by Wes Fesler , was scheduled to host the game on November 25 in Columbus amidst one of the worst blizzards on Ohio record . The Buckeyes , who led the Big Ten , were granted the option to cancel the game against Michigan , which would have , by default , given the Buckeyes the Big Ten title outright . Ohio State refused , and the game was set to be played . Amid howling snow and wind , in a famous example of a `` field position '' game , the teams exchanged 45 punts , often on first down , in hopes that the other team would fumble the ball near or into their own end zone . Ohio State 's Vic Janowicz , who would claim the Heisman Trophy that year , punted 21 times for 685 yards and also kicked a field goal in the first quarter for the Buckeyes ' only points . Michigan capitalized on two blocked punts , booting one out of the back of the end zone for a safety and recovering another one in the end zone for a touchdown just before halftime . Despite failing to gain a single first down or complete a single forward pass , Michigan gained a 9 -- 3 victory , securing the Big Ten title and a Rose Bowl berth . Heavy criticism of Fesler 's play calling led to his resignation and the hiring of Woody Hayes as his successor . Between 1951 and 1968 under Hayes , the Buckeyes won 12 of 18 contests , including a 1957 victory in Michigan Stadium , the first game in the series attended by over 100,000 fans . In 1958 , Ohio State had a 20 -- 14 lead towards the end of the game . On the final play , Michigan fullback Gene Sisinyak ran the ball from the one - yard line for what might have been a game - winning touchdown , but Ohio State defensive tackle Dick Schafrath hit Sisinyak , forcing a fumble . In the 1968 game , Ohio State won 50 -- 14 , outscoring its foe 29 -- 0 in the second half and attempting an unsuccessful two - point conversion attempt on its final touchdown . In the post-game interview Hayes was asked why he went for two points with an already insurmountable 50 -- 14 lead and he replied , `` because I could n't go for three '' . The victory gave top - ranked Ohio State the Big Ten title for the first time in seven years en route to an AP national championship . The Buckeyes had also narrowed the series margin to 37 -- 24 -- 4 . `` Ten - year War '' : Hayes vs. Schembechler ( 1969 -- 78 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Ten Year War Wolverines coach Bump Elliott resigned after the 1968 loss and Michigan hired Miami ( Ohio ) head coach Bo Schembechler , who had previously been an assistant at Ohio State under Hayes , to revitalize its football program . On November 22 , 1969 , Hayes led his top - ranked Buckeyes into Michigan Stadium to face Schembechler 's Wolverines in the first matchup between two coaches who would come to define the rivalry between the two programs . The Buckeyes brought a 22 - game winning streak into Ann Arbor , but behind an inspiring 60 - yard punt return by Barry Pierson that set up a Wolverine touchdown in the second quarter , and a defense that intercepted Ohio State six times ( three by Pierson ) , the Wolverines won a defensive battle ( both teams were scoreless in the second half ) for a 24 -- 12 upset . The contest was the first in the famous `` Ten - Year War '' between Hayes and Schembechler , which pitted some of OSU 's and UM 's strongest teams against one another . Four times between 1970 and 1975 , Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup . The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once , a 10 -- 7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20 , 1971 . The Michigan graduating class of 1975 shared or won the Big Ten championship every season , yet went to the Rose Bowl only once , in 1972 . They only lost or tied with Ohio State during the regular season in that period . In 1973 , both teams entered undefeated , with the winner guaranteed a trip to the Rose Bowl . The rivals played to a 10 -- 10 tie in Ann Arbor on November 24 , and the athletic directors of the other Big Ten institutions were forced to vote on the Big Ten representative for the bowl game . In a secret ballot , Ohio State won the vote , to the outrage of Michigan athletic officials and fans . Schembechler argued that Michigan was robbed of its on - field achievements , and for months afterward , Ohio State newspapers were flooded with angry Wolverine letters and threats of lawsuits . Woody coined the phrase `` That state up north '' and `` That team up north '' , so he would not have to say the word `` Michigan '' . He was famous for his intense hatred of all things Michigan and according to legend , once refused to get gas in an empty tank , saying : `` No , goddammit ! We do NOT pull in and fill up . And I 'll tell you exactly why we do n't . It 's because I do n't buy one goddam drop of gas in the state of Michigan ! We 'll coast and PUSH this goddam car to the Ohio line before I give this state a nickel of my money ! '' During the `` Ten - Year War , '' Ohio State and Michigan shared the Big Ten title six times . Between 1976 and 1978 , Michigan won the game each year , and Ohio State failed to score a touchdown in each of those contests . Woody Hayes was fired at the end of the 1978 season after punching an opposing player during the Gator Bowl , which ended the `` War . '' The 1978 game was won by Michigan , 14 -- 3 , giving Schembechler a record of 5 -- 4 -- 1 against Hayes . At the end of the Hayes tenure , the series stood at 42 -- 28 -- 5 . Schembechler vs. Bruce ( 1979 -- 87 ) ( edit ) Earle Bruce took over for Hayes and led the Buckeyes to a 5 -- 4 record against Schembechler 's Wolverines between 1979 and 1987 , perhaps the most balanced stretch of the rivalry , during which neither team won more than two consecutive games . In 1987 , Bruce was fired in the week before the Michigan game due to a poor season record , but was allowed to coach anyway , and the inspired Buckeyes ( each wearing a sweatband labeled `` Earle '' ) won an upset over the heavily favored Wolverines . After the game , Bo Schembechler told Bruce , `` I always mind losing to Ohio State but I did n't mind so much today . '' After 1987 , the series stood at 46 -- 33 -- 5 in favor of UM . Michigan domination ( 1988 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) The 13 games during John Cooper 's tenure as Buckeye coach were dominated by Michigan , as the Wolverines went 10 -- 2 -- 1 during the stretch . Schembechler coached Michigan through the 1989 season and then turned over the reins to one of his assistants , Gary Moeller , who led the team for five seasons before another longtime Michigan assistant , Lloyd Carr , became the head coach in 1995 . The most notorious matchups of the era took place in 1993 , 1995 , and 1996 , in which Ohio State entered the game each year undefeated . The Buckeyes had a 9 -- 0 -- 1 record heading into the 1993 game and were looking to claim an outright Big Ten title against a Michigan team that had already lost four times . Michigan receiver Mercury Hayes and running backs Jon Ritchie , Che Foster , and Ed Davis each scored a touchdown as the Wolverines shocked the Buckeyes , 28 -- 0 . After the game , Cooper said : `` This is one of the most embarrassing games I 've ever been involved with . '' `` They outplayed us on offense , on defense , and in the kicking game . If you 'd told me we would come up here and get beat 28 -- 0 , I 'd have probably stayed home . '' In 1995 , # 2 Ohio State was led by eventual Heisman Trophy winner Eddie George and future National Football League ( NFL ) stars Orlando Pace , Terry Glenn , Mike Vrabel , Shawn Springs , and Rickey Dudley . Glenn insisted there was n't anything special about the Wolverines : `` Michigan 's nothing , '' he said . Perhaps inspired by this remark , the Wolverines manhandled the Buckeyes at the line of scrimmage from the very first play . Michigan senior running back Tim Biakabutuka amassed 313 yards rushing in Michigan 's 31 -- 23 upset . The Buckeyes had high expectations again entering the 1996 contest . They boasted an unblemished 10 -- 0 record and were ranked # 2 in the nation as they entered the finale with 7 -- 3 Michigan . When Ohio State jumped to a 9 -- 0 halftime lead , the OSU crowd sensed a special finish and perhaps a rise to # 1 . The Wolverines ' defense shut the Buckeyes out in the second half while Brian Griese replaced the struggling Scott Dreisbach and led Michigan to 13 unanswered points and another victory over their rivals , 13 -- 9 . The game would turn out to be the Buckeyes ' only loss of the season and ended up costing them a chance of the national championship . In 1997 , Ohio State hoped to return the favor : the 10 -- 0 Wolverines sat atop the AP Poll entering their matchup with the 10 -- 1 Buckeyes , who were ranked # 4 . Spearheaded by the play of eventual Heisman winner Charles Woodson , who ran a punt back for a touchdown , intercepted a pass in the Ohio State end zone , and caught a 37 - yard pass that set up freshman running back Anthony Thomas ' touchdown run , the Wolverines prevailed , 20 -- 14 . The Wolverines then defeated Washington State in the Rose Bowl by a 21 -- 16 score , winning their first national championship since 1948 . Ohio State came back with a win in the 1998 contest , but Michigan went on to win in 1999 and 2000 . Senior quarterback Tom Brady hit sophomore receiver Marquise Walker for the game - winning touchdown pass with five minutes to go to for a 24 -- 17 victory in 1999 . In the 2000 game , Michigan grabbed a 31 -- 12 lead and held on to win , 38 -- 26 . Michigan junior quarterback Drew Henson went 14 for 25 passing for 303 yards and three scores and added a touchdown run . At the end of the 2000 season , Cooper was fired . While he consistently fielded strong teams , his 2 -- 10 -- 1 record against Michigan , including his failure to ever win in Ann Arbor , was , along with disciplinary problems and a losing record in bowl games , a major contributor to his dismissal . Michigan students held a `` John Cooper Day '' celebration in Ann Arbor on February 10 , 2001 in mock celebration of Cooper 's record in the rivalry . Enter Jim Tressel ( 2001 -- 07 ) ( edit ) James Laurinaitis attempts to tackle Brandon Minor . In 2001 , Youngstown State head football coach Jim Tressel took over as Buckeye head coach . Unlike his predecessor John Cooper , Tressel put a special emphasis on the rivalry . In his introductory speech at halftime of a January basketball game , against Michigan , he said `` I can assure you that you will be proud of our young people , in the classroom , in the community , and most especially in 310 days in Ann Arbor , Michigan on the football field . '' In his first year , Tressel registered the Buckeyes ' first defeat of the Wolverines in Ann Arbor in 14 years , by a 26 -- 20 score . Led by senior running back Jonathan Wells , the Buckeyes raced to a 23 -- 0 halftime lead . With Wells out , Michigan mounted a second half comeback that fell just short . The next year , Tressel achieved what Cooper could not : Beating Michigan in consecutive years with a 14 -- 9 victory . The game was decided on the last play when defensive back Will Allen intercepted a pass at the two yard line as time expired to clinch the victory . The Buckeyes were led by freshman running back Maurice Clarett , who ran for 119 yards and one touchdown . He also had a key reception to set up Maurice Hall 's game - winning score . The Buckeyes went on to win the national championship that season , as they defeated Miami in the Fiesta Bowl . In 2003 , Michigan struck back and won the 100th meeting between the historical rivals by a score of 35 -- 21 in Ann Arbor . Senior running back Chris Perry , a Heisman finalist , had 154 yards rushing and two touchdowns to lead the Wolverines to the victory . Braylon Edwards contributed seven catches for 130 yards and two big touchdowns . The game 's attendance was 112,118 , the largest crowd ever for an NCAA football game at the time . In 2004 , the 6 -- 4 Buckeyes defeated the heavily favored 9 -- 1 Wolverines , 37 -- 21 , behind the leadership of quarterback Troy Smith and true freshman receiver Ted Ginn , Jr . The Buckeyes added another win in the 2005 game by overcoming a 21 -- 12 deficit with less than eight minutes in the game . In the closing minutes of the game , the Buckeye offense scored two touchdowns to claim a 25 -- 21 victory . Smith threw for 300 yards and completed 73 % of his passes . Ginn had a game high nine catches for 89 yards . 2006 : No. 1 vs. No. 2 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game Game of the Century ( in 2006 ) Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes ( 11 -- 0 ) ( 11 -- 0 ) 39 42 Head coach : Lloyd Carr Head coach : Jim Tressel AP Coaches BCS AP Coaches BCS Total Michigan 7 7 10 15 39 Ohio State 7 21 7 7 42 Date November 18 , 2006 Season 2006 Stadium Ohio Stadium Location Columbus , Ohio On November 18 , 2006 , Ohio State and Michigan met for their annual showdown , each carrying an 11 -- 0 record . For the first time in the history of the rivalry , the two rivals faced off while holding the top two spots in the Bowl Championship Series rankings . Ohio State won the game by a score of 42 -- 39 and became the outright Big Ten champion , earning the right to play for a national championship at the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale , Arizona . Michigan struck first with a touchdown run by junior running back Mike Hart , but the Buckeyes then scored 21 unanswered points , and at halftime , they were up 28 -- 14 . Thanks to an interception and a fumble recovery by junior defensive tackle Alan Branch , Michigan made it 35 -- 31 Ohio State with 14 minutes to go in the fourth quarter . But after appearing to have forced Ohio State into a fourth - down situation with six minutes to go , junior outside linebacker Shawn Crable was called for roughing the passer , giving the Buckeyes a fresh set of downs . Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith then passed to Brian Robiskie for a touchdown , increasing the Buckeyes ' lead to 42 -- 31 with five minutes remaining in the game . After Ohio State was called for pass interference on a failed fourth - down attempt , giving Michigan an automatic first down , junior quarterback Chad Henne found senior tight end Tyler Ecker for a 16 - yard touchdown with two minutes to go to cut the OSU lead to 42 -- 37 . Senior wide receiver Steve Breaston caught the two - point conversion to bring the Wolverines within a field goal . Michigan needed to recover the ensuing onside kick , but they failed to do so . The Buckeyes ran out the clock for the victory , and a trip to the BCS national championship game . Troy Smith completed 71 % of his passes for 316 yards and four touchdowns , essentially clinching the Heisman trophy . Ginn caught eight passes for 104 yards and a touchdown . Ohio State running back Antonio Pittman ran for 139 yards on 18 carries for a 7.7 yards - per - carry average . Michigan running back Mike Hart carried the ball 23 times for 142 yards and three touchdowns against a stout Buckeye defense . Chad Henne had 267 yards , two touchdowns , and no turnovers on a 60 % completion percentage . Neither performance was , however , sufficient to turn the tide in favor of the Wolverines . The game was highly touted by ESPN / ABC ( there was a game countdown clock for a week before kickoff ) and was viewed by the largest television audience for a regular - season college football game since 1993 , averaging 21.8 million viewers . The victory marked the first time in 43 years that the Buckeyes had won three consecutive games in the series . The game gained even more significance when , on the eve of the meeting , Michigan head coach and former Ohio State assistant coach Bo Schembechler died . Schembechler was honored with a video tribute at Ohio Stadium as well as a moment of silence before kickoff . Half an hour after the game ended , the Ohio Lottery PICK 4 evening drawing was 4 -- 2 -- 3 -- 9 , matching the final score of the game and paying out up to $5,000 per winner , for a total payout of $2.2 million . Following the game , there was a chance of a rematch in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game , but Florida was chosen over Michigan to be Ohio State 's opponent . Sea change at Michigan ( 2008 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Terrelle Pryor ( right ) eludes Brandon Graham with a stiff arm . Lloyd Carr retired as coach at Michigan following the 2007 season and another loss to Ohio State . Tressel had compiled a 6 -- 1 record against Carr 's Michigan teams , leaving Carr with a 6 -- 7 career record against Ohio State . In December 2007 , Michigan hired West Virginia head coach Rich Rodriguez to take over the football program . Rodriguez , known for his expertise in the spread offense , represented a significant departure from the Wolverines ' traditional offensive style . Furthermore , both Carr and his predecessor Gary Moeller had been apprenticed by the now - legendary Schembechler , and Rodriguez 's hiring marked the first time in 40 years that a Michigan football team would not be coached by a member of the `` Schembechler school . '' The 2008 game , Rodriguez 's first against the Buckeyes , featured an Ohio State team that needed a win to secure at least a share of the Big Ten championship for the fourth straight year . Michigan by contrast entered the game with a 3 -- 8 record , having already suffered more losses than in any other season in its history . The Buckeyes posted a 42 -- 7 win , and scored their largest margin of victory over Michigan since 1968 . Ohio State won 21 -- 10 in the 2009 game to extend their winning streak against Michigan to six games , their longest in the rivalry 's history , and improve Jim Tressel 's record versus Michigan to 8 -- 1 . Ohio State wore throwback uniforms to commemorate their 1954 national championship team . The 2009 meeting also saw Buckeye guard Justin Boren , who had transferred to Ohio State from Michigan in 2008 , become the third player in school history to play for both teams ( J.T. White and Howard Yerges , Jr. being the others ) and only the second to play for both teams in the rivalry game . In 2010 , Ohio State again prevailed , 37 -- 7 . A carousel of coaches ( 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) Michigan on offense against Ohio State during the 2011 game in Ann Arbor Rodriguez was fired following Michigan 's 2010 season , ending Michigan 's flirtation with the spread -- and with non - `` Michigan Man '' coaches . Rodriguez was succeeded by Brady Hoke , who served as Michigan 's defensive line coach from 1995 to 2002 . Hoke held head coaching positions at Ball State from 2003 to 2008 and San Diego State from 2009 to 2010 before returning to Michigan . Meanwhile , in Columbus , the Ohio State football program came under NCAA investigation in early 2011 for an incident in which several prominent players were discovered to have traded memorabilia for tattoos . Evidence surfaced that Tressel had known about the situation but had not reported it to school compliance officials , and that the abuses were more widespread and longstanding than originally reported . On May 30 , 2011 , Tressel resigned as head coach and former Buckeye player and assistant coach Luke Fickell was appointed interim head coach for the 2011 season . In July 2011 , in response to the ongoing NCAA investigation , Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season , including the win over Michigan , leaving Tressel with a final record against Michigan of 8 -- 1 , with a win streak of six . Michigan won the 2011 meeting , 40 -- 34 , which was the first between two first - year coaches since the 1929 match - up of Harry Kipke and Sam Willaman . The Wolverines were led by junior quarterback Denard Robinson who accounted for 337 total yards rushing and passing , and five touchdowns . On November 28 , 2011 , Urban Meyer , who had served as an assistant at Ohio State from 1986 to 1987 , was named the 24th head coach for the Buckeyes , replacing Fickell . In the 2012 matchup , OSU 's junior running back Carlos Hyde ran for 146 yards and the fourth - ranked Buckeyes , trailing at halftime , shut down No. 20 Michigan 's offense in the second half to prevail 26 -- 21 and cap a 12 -- 0 season . In 2013 , Ohio State came to Michigan Stadium with an 11 -- 0 record ( 7 -- 0 Big Ten ) and ranked # 3 in the BCS standings . Michigan was a disappointing 7 -- 4 ( 3 -- 4 Big Ten ) . In spite of the seeming mismatch , the game remained close and with 32 seconds remaining Michigan scored to bring the score to 42 -- 41 . Michigan attempted a two - point conversion for the lead , but Devin Gardner 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Tyvis Powell , and Ohio State escaped with the win . Michigan entered the 2014 contest with a 5 -- 6 record and needed a win against Ohio State to become bowl eligible . Ohio State had a 10 -- 1 record ( 7 -- 0 in the Big Ten ) , and was holding onto hope that they would be selected as one of the top four teams in the nation and gain a spot in the first ever College Football Playoff . The game was tied at 21 until the fourth quarter when Ohio State scored three touchdowns ( two on offense and one on defense ) to go up 42 -- 21 . The Game ended 42 -- 28 . During the contest , OSU quarterback J.T. Barrett suffered a broken ankle and left the game in favor of third - string sophomore quarterback , Cardale Jones . Ohio State would go on to win the inaugural College Football Playoff and national championship . Three days after the game , Michigan head coach Brady Hoke was fired and Michigan began searching for Hoke 's successor . On December 30 , 2014 , Jim Harbaugh , former quarterback for Michigan from 1983 to 1986 , was introduced by the University of Michigan as the school 's new head football coach . The 2015 game , in Ann Arbor , marked Jim Harbaugh 's first game as a head coach in the rivalry . His Michigan team was 9 -- 2 coming into the game and Ohio State was 10 -- 1 . For the first time since 2006 , both teams were ranked in the top 10 , with Ohio State at # 8 and Michigan at # 10 . The first half was close , with Michigan scoring a touchdown shortly before halftime to narrow Ohio State 's lead to 14 -- 10 . Ohio State , however , scored touchdowns on each of its first 4 possessions in the second half , while Michigan could only muster a single field goal . The final score was 42 -- 13 , in favor of Ohio State . The 2016 game pitted the third - ranked Wolverines against the second - ranked Buckeyes , only the second time that the matchup featured programs both ranked in the nation 's top three . Michigan led 10 -- 7 at halftime and extended its lead to 17 -- 7 early in the third quarter . An Ohio State touchdown cut the deficit to 17 -- 14 heading to the fourth quarter . The Buckeyes kicked a field goal in the final seconds of regulation to tie the game and force overtime . The game marked the first overtime in the series between the two teams . Ohio State defeated Michigan for the fifth consecutive time , winning , 30 -- 27 , in double overtime . Big Ten expansion ( edit ) Main article : 2010 -- 14 Big Ten Conference realignment In 2010 , the Big Ten Conference announced that the University of Nebraska would be joining the Big Ten the following year , and that the Big Ten would be split into two divisions . When rumors surfaced that Ohio State and Michigan would be placed in different divisions , concerns arose that the teams might no longer play the last game of the regular season to avoid potential back - to - back games if each team won their division and earned the right to play in the Big Ten Championship Game . Fans bombarded the athletic directors of both schools , as well as the Big Ten commissioner with emails , creating pressure to keep The Game as the regular season finale . Ultimately , Michigan was placed in the Legends Division and Ohio State in the Leaders Division . The Michigan -- Ohio State game became a `` protected crossover '' game , to be played every year at the end of the regular season . The game became a division matchup in 2014 under the Big Ten 's geographical realignment . Michigan and Ohio State were both placed in the East Division . In popular culture ( edit ) United States National Guard soldiers in Baghdad , Iraq , in November 2009 show that the Michigan -- Ohio State rivalry reaches far and wide . During the mid-2000s , ESPN aired several commercials describing certain situations that would be `` normal , if it was n't for sports '' . One commercial featured a man in an Ohio State shirt making out with a woman wearing a Michigan shirt . An ESPNU commercial air portrayed a couple on a blind date that appears to be successful until it becomes clear that she is from Michigan and he is a fan of Ohio State . In 2006 , as part of their `` Midwest Midterm Midtacular '' , The Daily Show visited Ohio State University and made fun of the rivalry on the final night by having correspondent Rob Riggle report while wearing a Michigan sweatshirt . This brought boos , jeers , and a few laughs from the OSU audience . After the sketch was over , Jon Stewart compared the rivalry to the disputes between Sunni and Shiite Muslims . The 2007 HBO documentary Michigan vs. Ohio State : The Rivalry focused on the rivalry , chiefly the `` Ten - Year War '' through the present . The book Myth Directions by Robert Asprin , who attended Michigan , features a thinly veiled version of the Ohio State vs. Michigan game , parodying both sides and their fanaticism regarding the event . The 1942 movie The Male Animal , based on a play of the same name by Ohio State alumni James Thurber and Elliott Nugent , also features a version of the game . In 2011 , 10 - year - old Grant Reed of Columbus was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor . Not liking to use the word `` cancer '' , Reed ( whose parents are both Ohio State alums and himself is an Ohio State fan ) decided to call his cancer `` Michigan '' , since `` Ohio State is always going to beat Michigan '' . The move of calling his cancer `` Michigan '' got the support of his parents , Ohio State head coach Urban Meyer ( who Reed later got to meet ) , and even some Michigan fans , including Michigan head coach Brady Hoke . After his last chemotherapy treatment in 2013 which placed him in remission , Reed now tells people that he `` beat Michigan '' . Accomplishments by the two rivals ( edit ) Team Michigan Ohio State National titles 11 8 Bowl appearances 45 47 CFP appearances 0 Postseason bowl record 21 -- 24 22 -- 25 Rose Bowl appearances 20 14 Rose Bowl wins 8 7 Big Ten Division titles 0 5 Big Ten titles 42 35 Consensus All - Americans 81 83 Heisman Trophies 7 All - time program record 935 -- 334 -- 36 886 -- 322 -- 53 All - time win percentage . 730 . 724 Game Results ( edit ) Rankings are from the AP Poll . Michigan victories Ohio State victories Ties Vacated wins No . Date Location Winner Score 1897 Ann Arbor Michigan 34 -- 0 1900 Ann Arbor Tie 0 -- 0 1901 Columbus Michigan 21 -- 0 1902 Ann Arbor Michigan 86 -- 0 5 1903 Ann Arbor Michigan 36 -- 0 6 1904 Columbus Michigan 31 -- 6 7 1905 Ann Arbor Michigan 40 -- 0 8 1906 Columbus Michigan 6 -- 0 9 1907 Ann Arbor Michigan 22 -- 0 10 1908 Columbus Michigan 10 -- 6 11 1909 Ann Arbor Michigan 33 -- 6 12 1910 Columbus Tie 3 -- 3 13 1911 Ann Arbor Michigan 19 -- 0 14 1912 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 15 1918 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 16 1919 Ann Arbor Ohio State 13 -- 3 17 1920 Columbus Ohio State 14 -- 7 18 1921 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 0 19 1922 Columbus Michigan 19 -- 0 20 1923 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 0 21 1924 Columbus Michigan 16 -- 6 22 1925 Ann Arbor Michigan 10 -- 0 23 1926 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 16 24 1927 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 0 25 1928 Columbus Ohio State 19 -- 7 26 1929 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 27 1930 Columbus Michigan 13 -- 0 28 1931 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 29 1932 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 10 30 1933 Ann Arbor Michigan 13 -- 0 31 1934 Columbus Ohio State 34 -- 0 32 1935 Ann Arbor Ohio State 38 -- 0 33 1936 Columbus Ohio State ( # 18 ) 21 -- 0 34 1937 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 19 ) 21 -- 0 35 1938 Columbus Michigan ( # 17 ) 18 -- 0 36 1939 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 14 37 1940 Columbus Michigan ( # 7 ) 40 -- 0 38 1941 Ann Arbor Tie 20 -- 20 39 1942 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 21 -- 7 40 1943 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 45 -- 7 41 1944 Columbus Ohio State ( # 3 ) 18 -- 14 42 1945 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 7 -- 3 43 1946 Columbus Michigan ( # 8 ) 58 -- 6 44 1947 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 21 -- 0 45 1948 Columbus Michigan ( # 1 ) 13 -- 3 46 1949 Ann Arbor Tie 7 -- 7 47 1950 Columbus Michigan 9 -- 3 48 1951 Ann Arbor Michigan 7 -- 0 49 1952 Columbus Ohio State 27 -- 7 50 1953 Ann Arbor Michigan 20 -- 0 51 1954 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 7 52 1955 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 17 -- 0 53 1956 Columbus Michigan ( # 9 ) 19 -- 0 54 1957 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 31 -- 14 55 1958 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 20 -- 14 56 1959 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 14 57 1960 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 7 -- 0 58 1961 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 20 No . Date Location Winner Score 59 1962 Columbus Ohio State 28 -- 0 60 1963 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 10 61 1964 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 10 -- 0 62 1965 Ann Arbor Ohio State 9 -- 7 63 1966 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 3 64 1967 Ann Arbor Ohio State 24 -- 14 65 1968 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 14 66 1969 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 12 ) 24 -- 12 67 1970 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 20 -- 9 68 1971 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 10 -- 7 69 1972 Columbus Ohio State ( # 9 ) 14 -- 11 70 1973 Ann Arbor Tie 10 -- 10 71 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 12 -- 10 72 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 14 73 1976 Columbus Michigan ( # 4 ) 22 -- 0 74 1977 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 14 -- 6 75 1978 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 14 -- 3 76 1979 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 18 -- 15 77 1980 Columbus Michigan ( # 10 ) 9 -- 3 78 1981 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 9 79 1982 Columbus Ohio State 24 -- 14 80 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 24 -- 21 81 1984 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 21 -- 6 82 1985 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 6 ) 27 -- 17 83 1986 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 26 -- 24 84 Ann Arbor Ohio State 23 -- 20 85 1988 Columbus Michigan ( # 12 ) 34 -- 31 86 1989 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 28 -- 18 87 1990 Columbus Michigan ( # 15 ) 16 -- 13 88 1991 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 31 -- 3 89 1992 Columbus Tie 13 -- 13 90 1993 Ann Arbor Michigan 28 -- 0 91 1994 Columbus Ohio State ( # 22 ) 22 -- 6 92 1995 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 18 ) 31 -- 23 93 Columbus Michigan ( # 21 ) 13 -- 9 94 1997 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 20 -- 14 95 1998 Columbus Ohio State ( # 7 ) 31 -- 16 96 1999 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 10 ) 24 -- 17 97 2000 Columbus Michigan ( # 19 ) 38 -- 26 98 2001 Ann Arbor Ohio State 26 -- 20 99 2002 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 14 -- 9 100 2003 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 35 -- 21 101 Columbus Ohio State 37 -- 21 102 2005 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 25 -- 21 103 2006 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 42 -- 39 104 2007 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 7 ) 14 -- 3 105 2008 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 42 -- 7 106 2009 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 21 -- 10 107 Columbus Ohio State ( # 12 ) 37 -- 7 108 2011 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 15 ) 40 -- 34 109 2012 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 26 -- 21 110 2013 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 42 -- 41 111 2014 Columbus Ohio State ( # 6 ) 42 -- 28 112 2015 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 8 ) 42 -- 13 113 2016 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 30 -- 27 114 2017 Ann Arbor Series : Michigan leads 58 -- 48 -- 6 Big Ten games ( edit ) In Big Ten Conference play , Ohio State leads the series 48 -- 46 -- 4 through the 2016 meeting . Michigan was a charter member of the Big Ten in 1896 before leaving the league after the 1906 football season . Ohio State began league play with the 1913 season , and Michigan returned for the 1917 season . The 1918 matchup between the two schools was the first between them with both as Big Ten members . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ohio State has vacated all 12 of its victories and its Big Ten Conference championship from the 2010 season . These 12 wins are not included in Ohio State 's all - time record , nor is the 2010 Michigan -- Ohio State contest counted in the series record between the two teams . See Wikipedia : WikiProject College football / Vacated victories for an explanation of how vacated victories are recorded . See also ( edit ) List of most played rivalries in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ludlow , Randy ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ohio State vacates wins from 2010 football season , places program on probation '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Dispatch Printing Co . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NCAA.com Staff and Wire Reports ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ohio State cited for failure to monitor '' . NCAA.com . NCAA . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Low , Chris ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` What does vacating wins really mean ? '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paschall , David ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Rolled back : Tide below . 500 for 2000s '' . TimesFreePress.com . Chattanooga Publishing Company , Inc . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John ( July 4 , 2009 ) . `` Vacated Wins Do Not Equal Forfeits '' . NBCSports.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BuckeyeXtra : `` Ohio State notebook : OSU , Michigan losses wo n't ruin The Game '' Jump up ^ The Oxford Press : `` The Game defines coaching careers '' Jump up ^ Associated Press : `` Ohio , Michigan Kids Dream of ' The Game ' '' Jump up ^ `` The 10 greatest rivalries '' . The End of the Century . ESPN.com . January 3 , 2000 . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Big Game Decides Big Ten Title '' , University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library Jump up ^ Landis , Bill ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ohio State vs. Michigan football rivalry to be televised on FOX during 2017 season '' . Cleveland.com . Jump up ^ COLLEGE FOOTBALL HALL OF FAME UNVEILS NEW EXHIBIT : `` THE BUCKS AND THE BLUE '' , National Football Foundation , April 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` UM vs OSU 1897 game '' . Jump up ^ The Five Greatest Traditions Of Ohio State Football Archived December 2 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , by Mike Furlan . Retrieved on November 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ABP3 . `` BUCKEYE FANS ONLY : About Coach Woody Hayes '' . Jump up ^ `` Great quotes about Michigan - Ohio State rivalry -- Page 2 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 College Football Rivalries 2 and 1 ... '' . Sporting News . September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Layden , Tim ( December 4 , 1995 ) . `` Run For The Roses '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MGoBlue : Big Ten Champs ! Football Beats Buckeyes in Big House '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gough , Paul ( November 20 , 2006 ) . `` Ohio State , Mich . run up ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 Ohio State 42 , No. 2 Michigan 39 '' . Yahoo Sports . Jump up ^ `` Winning Ohio lottery number : 4239 '' , Associated Press , November 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lineman who left Michigan to play for Ohio State in 2009 '' . ESPN.com. April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maag , Christopher ( November 27 , 2010 ) . `` Ohio State Routs Michigan to Share Big Ten Title '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` SI investigation reveals eight - year pattern of violations under Tressel '' . CNN . May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rivals.com Football Recruiting -- Expect prospects to roll into Columbus now '' . Jump up ^ `` Instant analysis : Ohio State 26 , Michigan 21 '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NCAA College Football Polls and Rankings for Week 13 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Without College sports , this wo n't be disgusting . November 16 , 2006 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ OSU MICHIGAN ESPN COMMERCIAL . September 25 , 2009 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) . Midwest Midterm Midtacular -- Goodbye , Columbus ( TV - Series ) . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Official HBO Michigan Vs. Ohio State : The Rivalry page Jump up ^ Amy Saunders . `` Young fan of Buckeyes beats cancer '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ `` Kid nicknames cancer ' Michigan ' then beats it '' . Newsradio WTAM 1100 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Wolverines Index '' . Sports-References.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes Index '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Football Championship History '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Bowl History '' . CollegeFootballPoll.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Bowl History '' . CollegeFootballPoll.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Rankings '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Wolverines All - America Selections '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes All - America Selections '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Heisman Trophy Winners '' . NationalChamps.net . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UM vs OSU All - Tme Results '' . Jump up ^ Randy Ludlow . `` Ohio State vacates wins from 2010 football season , places program on probation '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Membership History Big Ten Conference Official Site '' . External links ( edit ) OSU vs UM -- a history of the rivalry sponsored by the libraries of both universities Michigan Wolverines football Venues Washtenaw County Fairgrounds ( 1883 -- 1892 ) Regents Field ( 1893 -- 1905 ) Ferry Field ( 1906 -- 1926 ) Michigan Stadium ( 1927 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Chicago ( defunct ) Michigan State ( Paul Bunyan Trophy ) Minnesota ( Little Brown Jug ) Notre Dame Ohio State ( The Ten Year War ) Illinois Culture & lore Early years Yost era Kipke years Crisler years Oosterbaan years Elliott years Short punt The Ten Year War 1922 Vanderbilt game Snow Bowl 1969 Ohio State game 1973 Ohio State game Miracle at Michigan 2006 Ohio State game 2007 Appalachian State game Biff `` The Victors '' Marching band Michigan IMG Sports Network People Head coaches Trainers Players All - Americans NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Michigan Wolverines rivalries Football Illinois Michigan State Minnesota Notre Dame Ohio State Chicago ( defunct ) Basketball Duke Michigan State Other Michigan State ( hockey ) Michigan State ( soccer ) Ohio State Buckeyes football Venues Recreation Park ( 1890 -- 1897 ) Ohio Field ( 1898 -- 1921 ) Ohio Stadium ( 1922 -- present ) Woody Hayes Athletic Center ( practice ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Illinois ( Illibuck ) Michigan ( The Ten Year War ) Penn State Culture & lore History Brutus Buckeye `` Across the Field '' `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' `` Carmen Ohio '' Neutron Man Marching band Snow Bowl ( 1950 ) 1969 Michigan game 1973 Michigan game The Kick `` Holy Buckeye '' 2006 `` Game of the Century '' Block O `` Hang On Sloopy '' The Ten Year War WBNS - TV WBNS WBNS - FM Ohio State IMG Sports Network People Head coaches All - Century Team Yearly statistical leaders NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Big Ten Conference football rivalries Conference Illinois -- Michigan Illinois -- Northwestern Illinois -- Ohio State Illinois -- Purdue Indiana -- Michigan State Indiana -- Purdue Iowa -- Minnesota Iowa -- Nebraska Iowa -- Wisconsin Maryland -- Penn State Maryland -- Rutgers Michigan State -- Penn State Michigan -- Michigan State Michigan -- Minnesota Michigan -- Ohio State Minnesota -- Nebraska Minnesota -- Penn State Minnesota -- Wisconsin Nebraska -- Wisconsin Ohio State -- Penn State Non-conference Alabama -- Penn State Chicago -- Michigan Chicago -- Purdue Colorado -- Nebraska Illinois -- Missouri Indiana -- Kentucky Iowa -- Iowa State Johns Hopkins -- Maryland Kansas -- Nebraska Maryland -- Navy Maryland -- Virginia Maryland -- West Virginia Miami -- Nebraska Michigan State -- Notre Dame Michigan -- Notre Dame Missouri -- Nebraska Nebraska -- Oklahoma Nebraska -- Texas Northwestern -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Purdue Penn State -- Pittsburgh Penn State -- Syracuse Penn State -- West Virginia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michigan -- Ohio_State_football_rivalry&oldid = 801966094 '' Categories : Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Big Ten Conference rivalries Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Pages using sports rivalry series table with a win parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 02 : 39 . 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-8734497475589076665	Bridget Jones's Diary (film)	Bridget Jones 's Diary ( film ) - wikipedia Bridget Jones 's Diary ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Bridget Jones 's Diary Theatrical release poster Directed by Sharon Maguire Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Jonathan Cavendish Screenplay by Richard Curtis Andrew Davies Helen Fielding Based on Bridget Jones 's Diary 1996 novel by Helen Fielding Starring Renée Zellweger Hugh Grant Colin Firth Jim Broadbent Embeth Davidtz Gemma Jones Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Stuart Dryburgh Edited by Martin Walsh Production companies Little Bird StudioCanal Working Title Films Distributed by Miramax Films ( North America ) Universal Pictures ( International ) Release date 13 April 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 13 ) ( UK / US ) 10 October 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 10 ) ( France ) Running time 97 minutes Country United Kingdom United States France Language English Budget $25 million Box office $281.9 million Bridget Jones 's Diary is a 2001 British - American - French romantic comedy film directed by Sharon Maguire and written by Richard Curtis , Andrew Davies , and Helen Fielding . It is based on Fielding 's novel of the same name , which is a reinterpretation of Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice . The adaptation stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget , Hugh Grant as the caddish Daniel Cleaver , and Colin Firth as Bridget 's `` true love '' , Mark Darcy . Production began in August 2000 and ended in November 2000 , and took place largely on location in London and the Home Counties . The film premiered on 4 April 2001 in the UK and was released to theatres on 13 April 2001 simultaneously in the UK and in the US . Bridget Jones 's Diary received positive reviews and was a commercial success , grossing over $280 million worldwide . Zellweger was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the film . A sequel , Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , was released in 2004 and another sequel , Bridget Jones 's Baby , was released in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Bridget Jones 's Diary : Music from the Motion Picture 6.1. 1 Track listing 6.2 Bridget Jones 's Diary 2 : More Music from the Motion Picture and Other V.G. Songs 6.2. 1 Track listing 6.2. 2 Chart positions 7 DVD and VHS release 8 Connection to Pride and Prejudice 9 Musical adaptation 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Bridget Jones ( Renée Zellweger ) is 32 years old , single , very accident - prone , and worried about her weight . She works in publicity at a book publishing company in London where her main focus is fantasising about her boss , Daniel Cleaver ( Hugh Grant ) . At a New Year party hosted by her parents , she re-encounters Mark Darcy ( Colin Firth ) , the barrister son of her parents ' friends . They had known each other as children . After their initial encounter , Mark thinks that Bridget is a fool and vulgar and Bridget thinks that he is arrogant and rude , and is disgusted by his novelty Christmas jumper . After overhearing Mark grumble to his mother about her attempts to set him up with `` a verbally incontinent spinster who smokes like a chimney , drinks like a fish and dresses like her mother '' , she decides to turn her life around . She starts her own diary , which covers all her attempts to stop smoking , lose weight and find her Mr. Right . Bridget and Daniel begin to flirt heavily at work , first over email , ahead of an important book launch , at which Bridget bumps into Mark and his glamorous but haughty colleague Natasha ( Embeth Davidtz ) . Bridget leaves with Daniel and they have dinner , despite the fact that he is a notorious womaniser with a questionable personality , of which Bridget is aware . Bridget learns from Daniel that he and Mark have a history and , as a result , hate each other . Daniel informs Bridget of their falling - out , telling her that Mark broke their friendship by sleeping with his fiancée . Bridget is invited to a family party , and she takes Daniel along as her `` plus one '' . They spend the day before the party at a country house hotel , where Mark and Natasha are also staying . Daniel , having to spend the day working , is not able to attend and sends Bridget to the party alone . However , his dubious character becomes clearer to Bridget when she returns home from the party to find Daniel with another woman , a colleague of his , Lara ( Lisa Barbuscia ) , and Bridget cuts ties with him soon after . Bridget begins to search for a new job and after landing a job in television , quits her role at the publishing house without giving notice . Daniel makes a desperate attempt to convince Bridget to stay , only for her to retort that she would `` rather have a job wiping Saddam Hussein 's arse . '' Bridget has a long - standing invitation to a friend 's dinner party , where she is the only single person and distraught to see Mark and Natasha seated at the table . During the party , Mark privately confesses to Bridget that , despite her faults , he likes her `` just the way she is . '' He later helps Bridget to achieve an exclusive TV interview in a landmark legal case . Bridget begins to develop feelings for Mark , and he comes to her rescue at her birthday dinner party at her flat in Borough , which she is disastrously attempting to cater for herself . Daniel drunkenly visits , temporarily claiming Bridget 's attention . Mark leaves the party , but returns to face Daniel . Mark punches Daniel and the two fight . They end up in a nearby restaurant and finally smash through the window , landing on the street . Mark wins the battle and knocks Daniel out . Bridget chides Mark for being mean and he leaves , but after an insensitive appeal by Daniel , she also rejects him emphatically . In the meantime , Bridget 's mother , Pamela ( Gemma Jones ) temporarily leaves Bridget 's father , Colin ( Jim Broadbent ) and begins an affair with a perma - tanned shopping channel presenter named Julian . After the affair is over and she has reconciled with Colin , she returns to the Jones family home and unintentionally reveals a truth : that Mark and Daniel 's falling - out resulted from Daniel ( who was Mark 's best friend at Cambridge University ) seducing Mark 's wife , not the other way around , as Daniel had led Bridget to believe . At the Darcys ' ruby wedding anniversary party the same day , Bridget confesses her feelings for Mark , only to find out that he and Natasha are both leaving to accept jobs in New York . Bridget interrupts the toast to their pending engagement with a stuttering but moving speech about England losing one of its finest men . Her words clearly have an effect on Mark , but he still flies to New York , though with obvious misgivings . Bridget 's friends rally to repair her broken heart with a surprise trip to Paris , and just as they are about to leave , Mark appears at Bridget 's flat . When they are about to kiss for the first time , Bridget goes to her bedroom to change into sexier underwear . While Bridget is changing , Mark peeks at her diary , in which she has written many insults about him . Bridget returns to find that he has left . Realising that he had read her diary and that she might potentially lose him again , Bridget runs outside after him in the snow with a thin sweater and tiger skin - print underwear . Unable to find him , she is disheartened and is about to return home when Mark appears having bought a new diary for Bridget in order `` to make a fresh start . '' They kiss in the snow - covered streets . Bridget then notes that `` nice boys do n't kiss like that , '' to which Mark , contrary to his uptight nature , retorts `` Oh yes they fucking do . '' Cast ( edit ) Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones Colin Firth as Mark Darcy Hugh Grant as Daniel Cleaver Jim Broadbent as Mr. Colin Jones Gemma Jones as Mrs. Pamela Jones Celia Imrie as Una Alconbury James Faulkner as Uncle Geoffrey Shirley Henderson as Jude James Callis as Tom Sally Phillips as Sharon `` Shazzer '' Lisa Barbuscia as Lara Donald Douglas as Admiral Darcy Charmian May as Mrs. Darcy Paul Brooke as Mr. `` Tits Pervert '' Fitzherbert Embeth Davidtz as Natasha Glenville Patrick Barlow as Julian Felicity Montagu as Perpetua Neil Pearson as Richard Finch Dolly Wells as Woney Also , Salman Rushdie and Jeffrey Archer have cameos in the film , which pokes fun at Archer 's hack writer reputation . Honor Blackman also has a cameo as a party guest . Christopher Kouros also made an appearance as the singing Greek chef in the restaurant fight scene . Andrew Davies , screenwriter of the 1995 television adaptation of Pride and Prejudice , collaborated on the screenplays for the 2001 and 2004 Bridget Jones films , in which Crispin Bonham - Carter ( Mr. Bingley ) and Lucy Robinson ( Mrs. Hurst ) appeared in minor roles . The self - referential in - joke between the projects convinced Colin Firth to accept the role of Mark Darcy , as it gave him an opportunity to ridicule and liberate himself from his Pride and Prejudice character . Production ( edit ) Working Title Films acquired the film rights of the novel in 1997 before it became a best - seller . Casting ( edit ) Actresses who were considered for the role of Bridget Jones were Helena Bonham Carter , Cate Blanchett , Emily Watson , Rachel Weisz and Cameron Diaz . Toni Collette declined the role because she was on Broadway starring in The Wild Party at the time . Kate Winslet was also considered , but the producers decided she was too young . Zellweger 's participation to the film was announced in late May 2000 which concluded a two - year search . Producer Eric Fellner explained that she `` brings enormous character and conviction to the part '' . Maguire said of Zellweger , `` I saw in Renee a gift few people have , that she was able to straddle comedy and emotion . '' Zellweger worked on her accent with Barbara Berkery , who had helped Gwyneth Paltrow for Shakespeare in Love . She also gained 20 pounds for the part . To prepare for the role , Zellweger worked at the producers ' request at London book publishers Picador as a trainee in the publicity department . Before the film was released , a considerable amount of controversy surrounded the casting of the American Zellweger as what some saw as a quintessentially British heroine . However , her performance , including her south - eastern English accent , is widely considered to be of a high standard . In July 2000 , the leading male roles were given to Colin Firth and Hugh Grant . The director of the film , Sharon Maguire , is one of Fielding 's friends , on whom the film 's character `` Shazza '' or `` Shazzer '' ( English shorthand for Sharon ) was reportedly based . In the film , Shazza is played by Sally Phillips . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on 1 August 2000 and concluded on 14 November 2000 . The crew spent six weeks shooting in and around London . Locations used included Shad Thames where Bridget and Daniel have their first date , the Royal Courts of Justice , St Pancras railway station and Tower Bridge . Scenes were filmed at Stoke Park in Buckinghamshire where Bridget and Daniel ventured to for their mini-break . Wrotham Park in Hertfordshire served as the Darcys ' home . Stansted Airport doubled as JFK Airport in New York , while Syon House in Brentford featured as the venue for the anniversary party . The crew filmed for four days at Snowshill in Gloucestershire which featured as the home of Bridget Jones 's family . After six weeks of shooting on location , the crew moved to Shepperton Studios in Surrey . Reception ( edit ) The film holds an 81 % approval rating on aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 6.9 / 10 , based on 154 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Though there was controversy over the choice of casting , Zellweger 's Bridget Jones is a sympathetic , likable , funny character , giving this romantic comedy a lot of charm . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , calculated an average score of 66 , based on 33 reviews , considered to be `` generally favorable reviews '' . Critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 out of 4 possible stars . The film is recognised by American Film Institute in these lists : 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Romantic Comedy Film Awards and nominations ( edit ) Renée Zellweger was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role , the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress , the Empire Award for Best Actress , the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , the MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss ( shared with Colin Firth ) , the Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role , the Teen Choice Award for Choice Chemistry ( shared with Hugh Grant ) , the Teen Choice Award for Choice Liplock ( shared with Grant ) , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress . Firth won the European Film Awards Audience Award for Best Actor and the European Film Award -- Jameson People 's Choice Award -- Best Actor and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and the Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Grant won the Evening Standard British Film Awards ' Peter Sellers Award for Comedy and was nominated for the Empire Award for Best British Actor , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , and the European Film Award -- Jameson People 's Choice Award -- Best Actor . Richard Curtis , Andrew Davies , and Helen Fielding were nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . The film was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Film , the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , and the Satellite Award for Best Film -- Musical or Comedy . Soundtrack ( edit ) Bridget Jones 's Diary : music from the Motion Picture ( edit ) Bridget Jones 's Diary : Music from the Motion Picture UK cover Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 3 April 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 03 ) Genre Mixed Length 59 : 54 Label Mercury Records ( Europe ) Universal Music Group ( US ) Producer Nick Angel Various artists chronology Bridget Jones 's Diary : Music from the Motion Picture Bridget Jones 's Diary 2 : More Music from the Motion Picture and Other V.G. Songs String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Singles from Bridget Jones 's Diary : Music from the Motion Picture `` Out of Reach '' Released : 9 April 2001 `` It 's Raining Men '' Released : April 30 , 2001 The film 's soundtrack was composed by Patrick Doyle . It also features two hit songs that were released as singles , `` Out of Reach '' by Gabrielle and `` It 's Raining Men '' by Geri Halliwell . The single became Halliwell 's fourth consecutive number - one hit single in UK Singles Chart and it became her most successful solo single to date . `` Feels Like Sex '' , another song from the album was originally slated as the lead single , but after `` It 's Raining Men '' was offered to Halliwell , the song was released as the first single , and was added to Scream if You Wanna Go Faster . Halliwell 's version received positive reviews by music critics , experienced international success and hit the top ten in over two dozen countries around the world , going to number one in several of them , although it did not fare as well on the American charts . However , in the United Kingdom , `` It 's Raining Men '' debuted at number - one on the UK Singles Chart and stayed there for two weeks . It became Halliwell 's fourth consecutive number - one single in the UK , selling 155,000 units in its first week and 80,000 in its second week . Overall the single went on to sell 440,000 copies in Britain alone , becoming the 13th best seller of 2001 and Halliwell 's most successful single worldwide . The song was a big success in France , it sold over 812,000 copies , it was certified `` Diamond '' by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) . With this song , Geri Halliwell won the International Song of the Year award at the 2002 NRJ Music Awards in France . A remix of the song , The Almighty Mix from the Toshiba - EMI series `` Dance Mania '' , volume 20 was also featured in the 2002 Japanese video games , DDRMAX2 Dance Dance Revolution 7thMix and Dance Dance Revolution EXTREME . This version of the song was used as the theme song in the advertisements for New Talent Singing Awards Vancouver Audition 2003 . In July 2006 the song entered at seventy - nine on the Mexican Digital Sales Chart , spending two weeks inside the Top 100 . Halliwell was inspired by the 1980 film Fame for the video . She said , `` I was just watching Fame on video and I thought what a great excuse '' . During the video she also does ballet . Track listing ( edit ) Worldwide edition `` Out of Reach '' by Gabrielle `` Respect '' by Aretha Franklin `` It 's Raining Men '' by Geri Halliwell `` Have You Met Miss Jones ? '' by Robbie Williams `` I 'm Every Woman '' by Chaka Khan `` Do n't Get Me Wrong '' by The Pretenders ( UK bonus track ) `` Kiss That Girl '' by Sheryl Crow `` Killin ' Kind '' by Shelby Lynne `` Someone Like You '' by Dina Carroll `` Not of This Earth '' by Robbie Williams `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' by Andy Williams ( UK bonus track ) `` Love '' by Rosey `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' by Diana Ross & Marvin Gaye `` Dreamsome '' by Shelby Lynne `` It 's Only a Diary '' by Patrick Doyle `` Pretender Got My Heart '' by Alisha 's Attic `` All by Myself '' by Jamie O'Neal `` Woman Trouble '' by Artful Dodger & Robbie Craig featuring Craig David ( UK and France bonus track ) `` Ring Ring Ring '' by Aaron Soul U.S. edition `` Killin ' Kind '' by Shelby Lynne `` Kiss That Girl '' by Sheryl Crow `` Love '' by Rosey `` Have You Met Miss Jones ? '' by Robbie Williams `` All by Myself '' by Jamie O'Neal `` Just Perfect '' by Tracy Bonham `` Dreamsome '' by Shelby Lynne `` Not of This Earth '' by Robbie Williams `` Out of Reach '' by Gabrielle `` Someone Like You '' by Dina Carroll `` It 's Raining Men '' by Geri Halliwell `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' by Diana Ross & Marvin Gaye `` I 'm Every Woman '' by Chaka Khan `` Pretender Got My Heart '' by Alisha 's Attic `` It 's Only a Diary '' by Patrick Doyle Soundtrack chart positions Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Canadian Albums ( Nielsen Soundscan ) 13 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 5 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 5 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 French Albums ( SNEP ) 6 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 37 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Albums ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard 200 36 US Top Internet Albums ( Billboard ) 8 US Top Soundtracks ( Billboard ) 14 Preceded by Moulin Rouge ! by Various artists Australian ARIA Albums Chart number - one album 13 August -- 9 September 2001 17 -- 23 September 2001 Succeeded by A Funk Odyssey by Jamiroquai Bridget Jones 's Diary 2 : More Music from the Motion Picture and Other V.G. Songs ( edit ) Bridget Jones 's Diary 2 : More Music from the Motion Picture and Other V.G. Songs CD cover Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 29 October 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 29 ) Genre Mixed Length 72 : 53 Label Mercury Records Producer Dave Allen Various artists chronology Bridget Jones 's Diary : Music from the Motion Picture String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Bridget Jones 's Diary 2 : More Music from the Motion Picture and Other V.G. Songs Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason soundtrack String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Track listing ( edit ) `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' by The Dramatics `` Someone Like You '' by Van Morrison `` My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gonna Get It ) '' by En Vogue `` My Funny Valentine '' by Elvis Costello `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' by Diana Ross `` Yes '' by McAlmont and Butler `` Woman '' by Neneh Cherry `` Without You '' by Nilsson `` Do What You Gotta Do '' by Nina Simone `` Say What You Want '' by Texas `` Brass in Pocket '' by The Pretenders `` Out of Reach ( Acoustic Version ) '' by Gabrielle `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' by The Shirelles `` Let 's Get It On '' by Marvin Gaye `` Waterfalls '' by TLC `` Angels '' by Robbie Williams `` It Should Have Been Me '' by Yvonne Fair `` Ooo Baby Baby '' by Smokey Robinson & The Miracles `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' by Dina Carroll `` Passionate Kisses '' by Mary Chapin Carpenter Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 67 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 97 DVD and VHS release ( edit ) The VHS was released in 2001 containing over 35 minutes of bonus material which includes : Deleted Scenes , Exclusive Interviews , Bridget 's Guide to `` Getting It Right '' . There was also a VHS of `` The Making of Bridget Jones '' . In 2001 , the film was released on DVD containing brand new bonus material and in 2011 a Blu - ray version of the film was released . A Collective Edition of the film was released in 2004 with new bonus material including ; The Bridget Phenomenon , The Young And The Mateless , Portrait Of The Makeup Artist , Domestic and International TV Spots , Bridget Jones : The Edge Of Reason Theatrical Trailer , Bridget Jones 's Diary Reviews and A Guide to Bridget Britishism . Connection to Pride and Prejudice ( edit ) Fielding has stated in many interviews that her novel was based upon both Jane Austen 's work Pride and Prejudice and its popular 1995 BBC adaptation . This was also reflected in the decision to cast Colin Firth as Darcy , since he played the ' real ' Mr. Darcy in the BBC adaptation of Pride and Prejudice . This is not the film 's only connection to that serial -- the screenplay was co-written by Andrew Davies , who had written the adaptation of Austen 's novel for the BBC . Musical adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Bridget Jones ' Diary ( musical ) The film version is currently being adapted into a musical , set to hit London 's West End , although no date has been set . British musician Lily Allen has written the score and lyrics , and Stephen Daldry , best known for his Tony award - winning work on the West End and Broadway productions of Billy Elliot , will be directing , joined by his co-worker Peter Darling , who will serve as choreographer . An official cast for the production has not yet been announced , but workshops for the show have already begun with television actress and current star of Legally Blonde , Sheridan Smith , in the title role . See also ( edit ) Film portal Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , the sequel My Lovely Sam Soon , a Korean series with some thematic and narrative similarities References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2 April 2001 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Acting Credits , www.movies.nytimes.com . Accessed 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ DVD commentary with Sharon Maguire Jump up ^ Steiner , Susie ( 31 March 2001 ) . `` Twice Shy '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Faillaci , Sara ( 16 October 2003 ) . `` Me Sexy ? '' . Vanity Fair ( Italy ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridget Jones 's Diary : Production Notes '' . Cinema.com . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hart , Hugh ( 8 April 2001 ) . `` A Part With Meat on Its Bones '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 2 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Ron ( 11 January 2002 ) . `` For Emily Watson , Acting Success Came In ` Waves ' '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In brief : Rachel Weisz too beautiful for Bridget Jones '' . The Guardian . 16 March 2001 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hochman , David ( 17 December 1999 ) . `` Reel World : Bridget Jones CastinFeurl = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,272123,00.html '' . Entertainment Weekly . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Toni Collette Online - Magazines '' . Tonicollette.org . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Renée wins Bridget role '' . BBC News . 24 February 2000 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Loewenstein , Lael ( 28 March 2001 ) . `` Review : ' Bridget Jones 's Diary ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grant defends beleaguered Bridget Jones star '' . The Guardian . 3 May 2000 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoye , Sue ( 8 March 2000 ) . `` Bridget Jones is back and funny as ever '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hale , Ellen ( April 12 , 2001 ) . `` Zellweger 's Bridget is ' bang on ' to Brits , if a bit posh '' . USA Today . Tysons Corner , Virginia . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Zellweger 's accent was a point of great discussion among those attending on opening night , many of whom admitted to trying to find flaws in her performance . Most agreed that at times her accent was too upper - class for her background ... Wrote Christopher Tookey , of the Daily Mail ... ' Those who predicted Renee Zellweger would n't be able to do English accent about to eat words . ' Jump up ^ Boyle , Simon ( 17 October 2015 ) . `` Bridget Jones 's Dialect conundrum as Renee Zellweger FORGETS how to do character 's accent '' . Mirror . London , England . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Renee 's plummy English accent became one of Bridget 's best known characteristics in the films ... Jump up ^ Graham , Bob ( April 1 , 2001 ) . `` Renee Zellweger 's Identity Switch / Texas actress managed to perfect an English accent for ' Bridget Jones ' '' . SFGate . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Zellweger brought the accent off , ( Hugh ) Grant now says , but ' there was a phase at the beginning when she was a little bit like Princess Margaret ... But even the most brutal British journalists , who are kind of snooty , have seen screenings in London and have had to eat humble pie . She 's impeccable . ' Jump up ^ Janine Dallas Steffan ( 17 April 2000 ) . `` Seen , Heard , Said '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` moviescript '' . moviescript . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Stoke Park film history ' Stokepark.com , Retrieved 21 / 03 / 2013 Jump up ^ ' Bridget Jones ' Diary Locations ' at Gloucestershire On Screen Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . Roger Ebert. 2001 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Justin Myers ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Official Charts Flashback 1999 : Geri Halliwell -- Look At Me '' . Official Charts . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Raining Men '' . Foreverspice.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications ( Singles ) du SNEP ( Bilan par Artiste ) -- Search for `` HaliwellG . '' `` . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 30 November 2007 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Diamond - année 2002 '' . Disque en France . Archived from the original on 12 December 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Daily : Geri Halliwell - AP Archive '' . Aparchive.com . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Original Soundtrack - Bridget Jones 's Diary Awards . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack : Bridget Jones 's Diary '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Bridget Jones 's Diary '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- BRIDGET JONES 'S DIARY 2 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Firth '' . Vanity Fair ( Italy ) . 16 October 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Stage Musical Version of `` Bridget Jones 's Diary '' Is in the Works - Playbill.com `` . Archived from the original on 17 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bridget Jones 's Diary ( film ) Bridget Jones 's Diary on IMDb Bridget Jones 's Diary at Box Office Mojo Bridget Jones 's Diary at Rotten Tomatoes Bridget Jones 's Diary at British Comedy Guide Bridget Jones Online Archive Related topic navboxes Bridget Jones by Helen Fielding Novels Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 1999 ) Films Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) Bridget Jones 's Baby ( 2016 ) Other Bridget Jones ' Diary ( musical ) Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice Characters Bennet family Elizabeth Bennet Fitzwilliam Darcy William Collins Lady Catherine de Bourgh Mr. Wickham Films Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy ( 2003 ) Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 film ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Television Pride and Prejudice ( 1958 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1967 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1980 ) Trishna ( 1985 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1995 ) Lost in Austen ( 2008 ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2013 ) Novels Darcy 's Story ( 1995 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Mr. Darcy 's Daughters ( 2003 ) Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman An Assembly Such as This ( 2003 ) Duty and Desire ( 2004 ) These Three Remain ( 2005 ) Austenland ( 2007 ) Love , Lies and Lizzie ( 2009 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2009 parody ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls ( 2010 parody ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2011 ) Other First Impressions ( 1959 musical ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1993 musical ) `` Beyond a Joke '' ( 1997 ) Stolthet och fördom ( 2011 opera ) The Lizzie Bennet Diaries ( 2012 web series ) Austenland ( 2013 film ) See also Pride & Prejudice ( soundtrack ) Pemberley List of literary adaptations Richard Curtis Film Written and directed Love Actually ( 2003 ) The Boat That Rocked ( 2009 ) About Time ( 2013 ) Written only The Tall Guy ( 1989 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Bean ( 1997 ) Notting Hill ( 1999 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Trash ( 2014 ) Television TV films Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) Blackadder : Back & Forth ( 1999 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) Red Nose Day Actually ( 2017 ) Series Blackadder ( 1983 - 1989 ) Mr. Bean ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) The Vicar of Dibley ( 1994 -- 2007 ) The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency ( 2008 ) Other `` Vincent and the Doctor '' ( Doctor Who episode , 2010 ) Other Comic Relief The Atkinson People ( 1979 ) Dead on Time ( 1983 ) No Pressure ( 2010 ) Empire Award for Best British Film Shallow Grave ( 1996 ) Trainspotting ( 1997 ) The Full Monty ( 1998 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1999 ) Notting Hill ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Love Actually ( 2004 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2005 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2006 ) United 93 ( 2007 ) Atonement ( 2008 ) RocknRolla ( 2009 ) Harry Brown ( 2010 ) Kick - Ass ( 2011 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2012 ) Sightseers ( 2013 ) The World 's End ( 2014 ) Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) Spectre ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) GND : 4707407 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget_Jones%27s_Diary_(film)&oldid=814261506 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films Bridget Jones 2000s romantic comedy films English films British romantic comedy films French films French comedy films French romance films Best British Film Empire Award winners Screenplays by Richard Curtis Films based on Pride and Prejudice Films based on British novels Films set in London Films shot in Gloucestershire Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey StudioCanal films Working Title Films films Directorial debut films Films scored by Patrick Doyle Films produced by Eric Fellner Films directed by Sharon Maguire Films produced by Tim Bevan American romantic comedy films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown EngvarB from September 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 19 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what year did bridget jones diary come out	[ "Bridget Jones's Diary is a 2001 British-American-French romantic comedy film directed by Sharon Maguire and written by Richard Curtis, Andrew Davies, and Helen Fielding. It is based on Fielding's novel of the same name, which is a reinterpretation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. The adaptation stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget, Hugh Grant as the caddish Daniel Cleaver, and Colin Firth as Bridget's \"true love\", Mark Darcy. Production began in August 2000 and ended in November 2000, and took place largely on location in London and the Home Counties. The film premiered on 4 April 2001 in the UK and was released to theatres on 13 April 2001 simultaneously in the UK and in the US." ]	[ "2001" ]
-8534185197343588978	Siege of Vicksburg	Siege of Vicksburg - Wikipedia Siege of Vicksburg Jump to : navigation , search Siege of Vicksburg The Siege of Vicksburg by Kurz and Allison Date May 18 -- July 4 , 1863 Location Warren County , Mississippi 32 ° 20 ′ 36.96 '' N 90 ° 51 ′ 3.96 '' W / 32.3436000 ° N 90.8511000 ° W / 32.3436000 ; - 90.8511000 Coordinates : 32 ° 20 ′ 36.96 '' N 90 ° 51 ′ 3.96 '' W / 32.3436000 ° N 90.8511000 ° W / 32.3436000 ; - 90.8511000 Result Union victory Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton Units involved Army of the Tennessee Army of Mississippi Strength ∼ 77,000 ∼ 33,000 Casualties and losses 4,835 total ( 766 killed 3,793 wounded 276 captured / missing ) 32,697 total ( 3,202 killed / wounded / missing 29,495 surrendered ) Vicksburg Location within the state of Mississippi Vicksburg Location within the state of Mississippi Show map of Mississippi Show map of the US Show all Vicksburg Campaign OPERATIONS AGAINST VICKSBURG ( December 1862 - January 1863 ) : Sinking of USS Cairo Chickasaw Bayou Arkansas Post Yazoo Pass Steele 's Bayou Expedition Grierson 's Raid ( Battle of Newton 's Station ) GRANT 'S OPERATIONS AGAINST VICKSBURG ( March 29 - July 4 , 1863 ) : Grand Gulf Snyder 's Bluff Port Gibson Raymond Jackson Champion Hill Big Black River Bridge Milliken 's Bend Young 's Point Lake Providence Richmond Goodrich 's Landing Helena Vicksburg Jackson Expedition The Siege of Vicksburg ( May 18 -- July 4 , 1863 ) was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War . In a series of maneuvers , Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate Army of Mississippi , led by Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton , into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi . Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River ; therefore , capturing it completed the second part of the Northern strategy , the Anaconda Plan . When two major assaults ( May 19 and 22 , 1863 ) against the Confederate fortifications were repulsed with heavy casualties , Grant decided to besiege the city beginning on May 25 . After holding out for more than forty days , with no reinforcement and supplies nearly gone , the garrison finally surrendered on July 4 . The successful ending of the Vicksburg Campaign significantly degraded the ability of the Confederacy to maintain its war effort , as described in the Aftermath section of the campaign article . Some historians -- e.g. , Ballard , p. 308 -- suggest that the decisive battle in the campaign was actually the Battle of Champion Hill , which , once won by Grant , made victory in the subsequent siege a foregone conclusion . This action ( combined with the surrender of Port Hudson to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks on July 9 ) yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Union forces , who would hold it for the rest of the conflict . The Confederate surrender on July 4 , 1863 , is sometimes considered , when combined with Gen. Robert E. Lee 's defeat at Gettysburg by Maj. Gen. George Meade and retreat beginning the same day , the turning point of the war . It cut off the states of Arkansas , Louisiana , and Texas from the rest of the Confederate States , effectively splitting the Confederacy in two for the duration of the war . The Union victory also permanently severed communication between the balance of the Confederacy and the Trans - Mississippi Department . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 1.2 Fortifications 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Siege 3.1 Assaults 3.2 Siege operations 3.3 Command changes 3.4 Louisiana operations 3.5 Crater at the Third Louisiana Redan 3.6 Capture 4 Aftermath 5 Battlefield preservation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main article : Vicksburg Campaign Further information : Western Theater of the American Civil War and American Civil War Grant 's operations against Vicksburg Confederate Union After crossing the Mississippi River south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg and driving northeast , Grant won battles at Port Gibson and Raymond and captured Jackson , the Mississippi state capital , on May 14 , 1863 , forcing Pemberton to withdraw westward . Attempts to stop the Union advance at Champion Hill and Big Black River Bridge were unsuccessful . Pemberton knew that the corps under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman was preparing to flank him from the north ; he had no choice but to withdraw or be outflanked . Pemberton burned the bridges over the Big Black River and took everything edible in his path , both animal and plant , as he retreated to the well - fortified city of Vicksburg . The Confederates evacuated Hayne 's Bluff , which was occupied by Sherman 's cavalry on May 19 , and Union steamboats no longer had to run the guns of Vicksburg , now being able to dock by the dozens up the Yazoo River . Grant could now receive supplies more directly than by the previous route , which ran through Louisiana , over the river crossing at Grand Gulf and Bruinsburg , then back up north . Over half of Pemberton 's army had been lost in the two preceding battles and many in Vicksburg expected General Joseph E. Johnston , in command of the Confederate Department of the West , to relieve the city -- which he never did . Large masses of Union troops were on the march to invest the city , repairing the burnt bridges over the Big Black River ; which Grant 's forces crossed on May 18 . Johnston sent a note to his general , Pemberton , asking him to sacrifice the city and save his troops , something Pemberton would not do . ( Pemberton , a Northerner by birth , was probably influenced by his fear of public condemnation if he abandoned Vicksburg . ) Pemberton , trying to please Jefferson Davis , who insisted that Vicksburg and Port Hudson must be held , and to please Johnston , who thought both places worthless militarily , had been caught in the middle , a victim of a convoluted command system and his own indecisiveness . Too dispirited to think clearly , he chose to back his bedraggled army into Vicksburg rather than evacuate the city and head north where he might have escaped to campaign again . When he chose to take his army into Vicksburg , Pemberton sealed the fate of his troops and the city he had been determined to defend . -- Vicksburg , Michael B. Ballard . Fortifications ( edit ) As the Confederate forces approached Vicksburg , Pemberton could put only 18,500 troops in his lines . Grant had over 35,000 , with more on the way . However , Pemberton had the advantage of terrain and fortifications that made his defense nearly impregnable . The defensive line around Vicksburg ran approximately 6.5 miles , based on terrain of varying elevations that included hills and knobs with steep angles for an attacker to ascend under fire . The perimeter included many gun pits , forts , trenches , redoubts , and lunettes . The major fortifications of the line included Fort Hill , on a high bluff north of the city ; the Stockade Redan , dominating the approach to the city on Graveyard Road from the northeast ; the 3rd Louisiana Redan ; the Great Redoubt ; the Railroad Redoubt , protecting the gap for the railroad line entering the city ; the Square Fort ( Fort Garrott ) ; a salient along the Hall 's Ferry Road ; and the South Fort . Opposing forces ( edit ) Army Commanders at Vicksburg Maj. Gen . Ulysses S. Grant , Army of the Tennessee , USA Lt. Gen . John C. Pemberton , Army of Mississippi , CSA Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's Union Army of the Tennessee brought five corps to the siege : IX Corps , under Maj. Gen. John Parke ; XIII Corps , under Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand ; XV Corps , under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman ; XVI Corps ( detachment ) , under Maj. Gen. Cadwallader C. Washburn ; XVII Corps , under Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson . Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton 's Confederate Army of Mississippi inside the Vicksburg line consisted of four divisions , under Maj . Gens. : Carter L. Stevenson ; John H. Forney ; Martin L. Smith ; John S. Bowen . Siege ( edit ) Assaults ( edit ) May 19 assaults on Vicksburg May 22 assaults on Vicksburg Grant wanted to overwhelm the Confederates before they could fully organize their defenses and ordered an immediate assault against Stockade Redan for May 19 . Troops from Sherman 's corps had a difficult time approaching the position under rifle and artillery fire from the 36th Mississippi Infantry , Brig. Gen. Louis Hébert 's brigade -- they had to negotiate a steep ravine protected by abatis and cross a 6 - foot - deep ( 1.8 m ) , 8 - foot - wide ( 2.4 m ) ditch before attacking the 17 - foot - high ( 5.2 m ) walls of the redan . This first attempt was easily repulsed . Grant ordered an artillery bombardment to soften the defenses and at about 2 p.m. , Sherman 's division under Maj. Gen. Francis P. Blair tried again , but only a small number of men were able to advance even as far as the ditch below the redan . The assault collapsed in a melee of rifle fire and hand grenades lobbing back and forth . The failed Federal assaults of May 19 damaged Union morale , deflating the confidence the soldiers felt after their string of victories across Mississippi . They were also costly , with casualties of 157 killed , 777 wounded , and 8 missing , versus Confederate casualties of 8 killed and 62 wounded . The Confederates , assumed to be demoralized , had regained their fighting edge . Grant planned another assault for May 22 , but this time with greater care ; they would first reconnoiter thoroughly and soften up the defenses with artillery and naval gunfire . The lead units were supplied with ladders to ascend the fortification walls . Grant did not want a long siege , and this attack was to be by the entire army across a wide front . Despite their bloody repulse on May 19 , Union troops were in high spirits , now well - fed with provisions they had foraged . On seeing Grant pass by , a soldier commented , `` Hardtack '' . Soon all Union troops in the vicinity were yelling , `` Hardtack ! Hardtack ! '' The Union served hardtack , beans , and coffee the night of May 21 . Everyone expected that Vicksburg would fall the next day . Union forces bombarded the city all night , from 220 artillery pieces and naval gunfire from Rear Adm. David D. Porter 's fleet in the river , and while causing little property damage , they damaged Confederate civilian morale . On the morning of May 22 , the defenders were bombarded again for four hours before the Union attacked once more along a three - mile front at 10 a.m. Sherman attacked once again down the Graveyard Road , with 150 volunteers ( nicknamed the Forlorn Hope detachment ) leading the way with ladders and planks , followed by the divisions of Blair and Brig. Gen. James M. Tuttle , arranged in a long column of regiments , hoping to achieve a breakthrough by concentrating their mass on a narrow front . They were driven back in the face of heavy rifle fire . Blair 's brigades under Cols . Giles A. Smith and T. Kilby Smith made it as far as a ridge 100 yards from Green 's Redan , the southern edge of the Stockade Redan , from where they poured heavy fire into the Confederate position , but to no avail . Tuttle 's division , waiting its turn to advance , did not have an opportunity to move forward . On Sherman 's far right , the division of Brig. Gen. Frederick Steele spent the morning attempting to get into position through a ravine of the Mint Spring Bayou . McPherson 's corps was assigned to attack the center along the Jackson Road . On their right flank , the brigade of Brig. Gen. Thomas E.G. Ransom advanced to within 100 yards of the Confederate line , but halted to avoid dangerous flanking fire from Green 's Redan . On McPherson 's left flank , the division of Maj. Gen. John A. Logan was assigned to assault the 3rd Louisiana Redan and the Great Redoubt . The brigade of Brig. Gen. John E. Smith made it as far as the slope of the redan , but huddled there , dodging grenades until dark before they were recalled . Brig. Gen. John D. Stevenson 's brigade advanced well in two columns against the redoubt , but their attack also failed when they found their ladders were too short to scale the fortification . Brig. Gen. Isaac F. Quinby 's division advanced a few hundred yards , but halted for hours while its generals engaged in confused discussions . On the Union left , McClernand 's corps moved along the Baldwin Ferry Road and astride the Southern Railroad of Mississippi . The division of Brig. Gen. Eugene A. Carr was assigned to capture the Railroad Redoubt and the 2nd Texas Lunette ; the division of Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus was assigned the Square Fort . Carr 's men achieved a small breakthrough at the 2nd Texas Lunette and requested reinforcements . By 11 a.m. , it was clear that a breakthrough was not forthcoming and the advances by Sherman and McPherson were failures . Just then , Grant received a message from McClernand , which stated that he was heavily engaged , the Confederates were being reinforced , and he requested a diversion on his right from McPherson 's corps . Grant initially refused the request , telling McClernand to use his own reserve forces for assistance ; Grant was mistakenly under the impression that McClernand had been lightly engaged and McPherson heavily , although the reverse was true . McClernand followed up with a message that was partially misleading , implying that he had captured two forts -- `` The Stars and Stripes are flying over them . '' -- and that another push along the line would achieve victory for the Union Army . Although Grant once again demurred , he showed the dispatch to Sherman , who ordered his own corps to advance again . Grant , reconsidering , then ordered McPherson to send Quinby 's division to aid McClernand . As our line of battle started and before our yell had died upon the air the confederate fortifications in our front were completely crowded with the enemy , who with an answering cry of defiance , poured into our ranks , one continuous fire of musketry , and the forts and batteries in our front and both sides , were pouring in to our line , an unceasing fire of shot and shell , with fearful results , as this storm of fire sent us , intermixed with the bursting shells and that devilish rebel yell , I could compare to nothing but one of Dante 's pictures of Hell , a something too fearful to describe . Daniel A. Ramsdell , Ransom 's Brigade Sherman ordered two more assaults . At 2 : 15 p.m. , Giles Smith and Ransom moved out and were repulsed immediately . At 3 p.m. , Tuttle 's division suffered so many casualties in their aborted advance that Sherman told Tuttle , `` This is murder ; order those troops back . '' By this time , Steele 's division had finally maneuvered into position on Sherman 's right , and at 4 p.m. , Steele gave the order to charge against the 26th Louisiana Redoubt . They had no more success than any of Sherman 's other assaults . In McPherson 's sector , Logan 's division made another thrust down the Jackson Road at about 2 p.m. , but met with heavy losses and the attack was called off . McClernand attacked again , reinforced by Quinby 's division , but with no success . Union casualties were 502 killed , 2,550 wounded , and 147 missing , about evenly divided across the three corps . Confederate casualties were not reported directly , but are estimated to be under 500 . Grant blamed McClernand 's misleading dispatches for part of the poor results of the day , storing up another grievance against the political general who had caused him so many aggravations during the campaign . Siege operations ( edit ) Siege of Vicksburg . Corps and division commanders are shown for the period June 23 -- July 4 . Historian Shelby Foote wrote that Grant `` did not regret having made the assaults ; he only regretted that they had failed . '' Grant reluctantly settled into a siege . On May 25 , Lt. Col. John A. Rawlins issued Special Orders No. 140 for Grant : `` Corps Commanders will immediately commence the work of reducing the enemy by regular approaches . It is desirable that no more loss of life shall be sustained in the reduction of Vicksburg , and the capture of the Garrison . Every advantage will be taken of the natural inequalities of the ground to gain positions from which to start mines , trenches , or advance batteries ... '' Grant wrote in his memoirs , `` I now determined upon a regular siege -- to ' out - camp the enemy , ' as it were , and to incur no more losses . '' Federal troops began to dig in , constructing elaborate entrenchments ( the soldiers of the time referred to them as `` ditches '' ) that surrounded the city and moved closer and closer to the Confederate fortifications . With their backs against the Mississippi and Union gunboats firing from the river , Confederate soldiers and citizens alike were trapped . Pemberton was determined to hold his few miles of the Mississippi as long as possible , hoping for relief from Johnston or elsewhere . A new problem confronted the Confederates . The dead and wounded of Grant 's army lay in the heat of Mississippi summer , the odor of the deceased men and horses fouling the air , the wounded crying for medical help and water . Grant first refused a request of truce , thinking it a show of weakness . Finally he relented , and the Confederates held their fire while the Union recovered the wounded and dead , soldiers from both sides mingling and trading as if no hostilities existed for the moment . After this truce , Grant 's army began to fill the 12 - mile ring around Vicksburg . In short time it became clear that even 50,000 Union soldiers would not be able to effect a complete encirclement of the Confederate defenses . Pemberton 's outlook on escape was pessimistic , but there were still roads leading south out of Vicksburg unguarded by Federal troops . Grant found help from Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck , the Union general - in - chief . Halleck quickly began to shift Union troops in the West to meet Grant 's needs . The first of these reinforcements to arrive along the siege lines was a 5,000 man division from the Department of the Missouri under Maj. Gen. Francis J. Herron on June 11 . Herron 's troops , remnants of the Army of the Frontier , were attached to McPherson 's corps and took up position on the far south . Next came a three division detachment from the XVI Corps led by Brig. Gen. Cadwallader C. Washburn on June 12 , assembled from troops at nearby posts of Corinth , Memphis , and LaGrange . The final significant group of reinforcements to join was the 8,000 man strong IX Corps from the Department of the Ohio , led by Maj. Gen. John G. Parke , arriving on June 14 . With the arrival of Parke , Grant had 77,000 men around Vicksburg . In an effort to cut Grant 's supply line , Confederates in Louisiana under Major General John G. Walker attacked Milliken 's Bend up the Mississippi on June 7 . This was mainly defended by recently enlisted United States Colored Troops . Despite having inferior weaponry , they fought bravely and finally repulsed the Confederates with help from gunboats , although at horrible cost ; the defenders lost 652 to the Confederate 185 . The loss at Milliken 's Bend left the Confederates with no hope for relief but from the cautious Johnston . We have our trenches pulled up so close to the enemy that we can throw hand grenades over into their forts . The enemy do not dare show their heads above the parapet at any time , so close and so watchful are our sharpshooters . The town is completely invested . My position is so strong that I feel myself abundantly able to leave it so and go out twenty or thirty miles with force enough to whip two such garrisons . Ulysses S. Grant , writing to George G. Pride , June 15 , 1863 Pemberton was boxed in with lots of munitions and little food . The poor diet was showing on the Confederate soldiers . By the end of June , half were out sick or hospitalized . Scurvy , malaria , dysentery , diarrhea , and other diseases cut their ranks . At least one city resident had to stay up at night to keep starving soldiers out of his vegetable garden . The constant shelling did not bother him as much as the loss of his food . As the siege wore on , fewer and fewer horses , mules , and dogs were seen wandering about Vicksburg . Shoe leather became a last resort of sustenance for many adults . During the siege , Union gunboats lobbed over 22,000 shells into the town and army artillery fire was even heavier . As the barrages continued , suitable housing in Vicksburg was reduced to a minimum . A ridge , located between the main town and the rebel defense line , provided a diverse citizenry with lodging for the duration . Over 500 caves , known locally as `` bombproofs , '' were dug into the yellow clay hills of Vicksburg . Whether houses were structurally sound or not , it was deemed safer to occupy these dugouts . People did their best to make them comfortable , with rugs , furniture , and pictures . They tried to time their movements and foraging with the rhythm of the cannonade , sometimes unsuccessfully . Because of the citizens ' burrowing , the Union soldiers gave the town the nickname of `` Prairie Dog Village . '' Despite the ferocity of the Union fire against the town , fewer than a dozen civilians were known to have been killed during the entire siege . Command changes ( edit ) One of Grant 's actions during the siege was to settle a lingering rivalry . On May 30 , General McClernand wrote a self - adulatory note to his troops , claiming much of the credit for the soon - to - be victory . Grant had been waiting six months for him to slip , ever since they clashed early in the campaign , around the Battle of Arkansas Post . He had received permission to relieve McClernand in January 1863 but waited for an unequivocal provocation . Grant finally relieved McClernand on June 18 . He so diligently prepared his action that McClernand was left without recourse . McClernand 's XIII Corps was turned over to Maj. Gen. Edward Ord , recovered from a wound sustained at Hatchie 's Bridge . In May 1864 , McClernand was restored to a command in remote Texas . Another command change occurred on June 22 . In addition to Pemberton at his front , Grant had to be concerned with Confederate forces in his rear under the command of Joseph E. Johnston . He stationed one division in the vicinity of the Big Black River Bridge and another reconnoitered as far north as Mechanicsburg , both to act as a covering force . By June 10 , the IX Corps , under Maj. Gen. John G. Parke , was transferred to Grant 's command . This corps became the nucleus of a special task force whose mission was to prevent Johnston , gathering his forces at Canton , from interfering with the siege . Sherman was given command of this task force and Brig. Gen. Frederick Steele replaced him at the XV Corps . Johnston eventually began moving to relieve Pemberton and reached the Big Black River on July 1 , but he delayed a potentially difficult encounter with Sherman until it was too late for the Vicksburg garrison , and then fell back to Jackson . Sherman would eventually pursue Johnston and ( re ) capture Jackson on July 17 . Louisiana operations ( edit ) `` Whistling Dick '' was the name given to this specific Confederate 18 pounder because of the peculiar noise made by its projectiles . It was part of the defensive batteries facing the Mississippi River at Vicksburg . On May 28 , 1863 , its fire sank the USS Cincinnati . Throughout the siege Union and Confederate forces kept busy in a supporting role on the Louisiana side of the Mississippi River . Lt. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith , commander of the Trans - Mississippi Department , received a telegraph from Pemberton on May 9 requesting a movement against Grant 's communication lines along the Mississippi River . Grant had established important supply depots at Milliken 's Bend , Young 's Point , and Lake Providence within Smith 's jurisdiction , but Smith failed to recognize the importance of Pemberton 's situation . It was not until June when Smith finally decided to take action on Pemberton 's request , directing Maj. Gen. Richard Taylor to `` do something '' in favor of the Vicksburg garrison . Taylor commanded the District of Western Louisiana and developed a three - pronged campaign against Grant 's three supply depots . All three of Taylor 's assaults were defeated ( see Battle of Milliken 's Bend , Battle of Young 's Point and Battle of Lake Providence ) . In response to the growing Confederate activity in the area , Grant decided to dispatch troops from the Vicksburg trenches across the river . The presence of Maj. Gen. John G. Walker 's Confederate division on the Louisiana side was of particular concern ; its presence could possibly aid a Confederate escape from Vicksburg . Therefore , Brig. Gen. Alfred W. Ellet 's Mississippi Marine Brigade and Joseph A. Mower 's brigade from Sherman 's corps were ordered to the vicinity of Milliken 's Bend . Mower and Ellet were to cooperate against Walker 's division , which was stationed in the vicinity of Richmond , Louisiana . Richmond also happened to be an important supply line providing Vicksburg with food from Louisiana . On June 15 , Ellet and Mower defeated Walker and destroyed Richmond , Louisiana . Ellet 's men returned to De Soto Point and constructed an artillery battery targeting an iron foundry recasting spent Union artillery shells . Construction was begun on June 19 , which placed a 20 - pounder Parrott rifle in a casemate of railroad iron . The targeted foundry was destroyed on June 25 and the next day a second Parrott gun was added to the battery , which continued to harass the defenders until the garrison 's surrender . Additional Confederate activity in Louisiana occurred on June 29 at Goodrich 's Landing . Confederates attacked a plantation and army training center run by former slaves . The Confederates destroyed the plantations and captured over a hundred former slaves before disengaging in the face of Ellet 's Marines . Confederate raids such as these were disruptive and caused damage , but they were only minor setbacks and showed the Confederates could cause only momentary disturbances in the area . Crater at the third Louisiana Redan ( edit ) Fighting at the crater at the Third Louisiana Redan Late in the siege , Union troops tunneled under the 3rd Louisiana Redan and packed the mine with 2,200 pounds of gunpowder . The explosion blew apart the Confederate lines on June 25 , while an infantry attack made by troops from Logan 's XVII Corps division , followed the blast . The 45th Illinois Regiment ( known as the `` Lead Mine Regiment '' ) , under Col. Jasper A. Maltby , charged into the 40 - foot ( 12 m ) diameter , 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) deep crater with ease , but were stopped by recovering Confederate infantry . The Union soldiers became pinned down while the defenders also rolled artillery shells with short fuses into the pit with deadly results . Union engineers worked to set up a casemate in the crater in order to extricate the infantry , and soon the soldiers fell back to a new defensive line . From the crater left by the explosion on June 25 , Union miners worked to dig a new mine to the south . On July 1 , this mine was detonated but no infantry attack followed . Pioneers worked throughout July 2 and 3 to widen the initial crater large enough for an infantry column of four to pass through for future anticipated assaults . However , events the following day negated the need for any further assaults . Capture ( edit ) Shirley 's House , also known as the White House , during the siege of Vicksburg , 1863 . Union troops of Logan 's division set about as engineers and sappers to undermine Confederate fortifications but they had to stay under cover for fear of Confederate sharpshooters . On July 3 , Pemberton sent a note to Grant regarding the possibility of negotiations for peace . Grant , as he had done at Fort Donelson , first demanded unconditional surrender . But Grant reconsidered , not wanting to feed 30,000 hungry Confederates in Union prison camps , and offered to parole all prisoners . Considering their destitute state , dejected and starving , he never expected them to fight again ; he hoped they would carry home the stigma of defeat to the rest of the Confederacy . In any event , it would have occupied his army and taken months to ship that many prisoners north . Pemberton officially surrendered his army on July 4 . Most of the men who were paroled on July 6 were exchanged and received back into the Confederate Army on August 4 , 1863 , at Mobile Harbor , Alabama . They were back in Chattanooga , Tennessee , by September and some fought in the Battles for Chattanooga in November and against Sherman 's invasion of Georgia in May 1864 . The Confederate government protested the validity of the paroles on technical grounds and the issue was referred to Grant who , in April 1864 , was general in chief of the Army . The dispute effectively ended all further prisoner exchanges during the war except for hardship cases . Surrender was formalized by an old oak tree , `` made historical by the event . '' In his Personal Memoirs , Grant described the fate of this luckless tree : It was but a short time before the last vestige of its body , root and limb had disappeared , the fragments taken as trophies . Since then the same tree has furnished as many cords of wood , in the shape of trophies , as the ' True Cross ' . Troops of John A. Logan 's division enter Vicksburg on July 4 The surrender was finalized on July 4 , Independence Day , a day Pemberton had hoped would bring more sympathetic terms from the United States . Although the Vicksburg Campaign continued with some minor actions , the fortress city had fallen and , with the surrender of Port Hudson on July 9 , the Mississippi River was firmly in Union hands and the Confederacy split in two . President Lincoln famously announced , `` The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea . '' Union casualties for the battle and siege of Vicksburg were 4,835 ; Confederate were 32,697 ( 29,495 surrendered ) . The full campaign , since March 29 , claimed 10,142 Union and 9,091 Confederate killed and wounded . In addition to his surrendered men , Pemberton turned over to Grant 172 cannons and 50,000 rifles . Aftermath ( edit ) Further information : Vicksburg Campaign § Aftermath Folk tradition holds that the Fourth of July ( Independence Day ) holiday was not celebrated by Vicksburg until World War II . This claim is false , for large Independence Day celebrations were held as early as 1907 . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) Vicksburg National Military Park U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Military Park Statue of General Grant at Vicksburg National Military Park Location Vicksburg , Mississippi & Delta , Louisiana , USA Area 1,852.75 acres ( 749.78 ha ) Built February 21 , 1899 ( February 21 , 1899 ) Architectural style Greek Revival Visitation 703,484 ( 2005 ) NRHP reference # 66000100 Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 The works around Vicksburg are now maintained by the National Park Service as part of Vicksburg National Military Park . The park , located in Vicksburg , Mississippi , and Delta , Louisiana ( flanking the Mississippi River ) , also commemorates the greater Vicksburg Campaign which led up to the battle . Reconstructed forts and trenches evoke memories of the 47 - day siege that ended in the surrender of the city . Victory here and at Port Hudson , farther south in Louisiana , gave the Union control of the Mississippi River . The park includes 1,325 historic monuments and markers , 20 miles ( 32 km ) of historic trenches and earthworks , a 16 - mile ( 26 km ) tour road , a 12.5 - mile ( 20.1 km ) walking trail , two antebellum homes , 144 emplaced cannons , the restored gunboat USS Cairo ( sunk on December 12 , 1862 , on the Yazoo River ) , and the Grant 's Canal site , where the Union Army attempted to build a canal to let their ships bypass Confederate artillery fire . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Mississippi portal Vicksburg Campaign Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1863 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Commemoration of the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Vicksburg National Military Park Armies in the American Civil War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service . Grant 's army arrived at the outskirts of Vicksburg on May 19 , but formal siege operations began with Grant 's Special Order No. 140 on May 25 ( Simon , p. 267 ) . Jump up ^ See : Rawley , pp. 145 - 169 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Esposito , text for map 105 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 171 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 251 ; Grabau , pp. 343 - 46 ; Catton , pp. 198 - 200 ; Esposito , text for map 106 . Jump up ^ Ballard , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 467 - 68 . Jump up ^ IX Corps : joined from the Department of the Ohio , June 14 to 17 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 468 ; Ballard , p. 327 - 32 . Jump up ^ Bearss , vol . III , pp. 778 - 80 ; Ballard , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Ballard , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Ballard , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 171 ; Foote , p. 384 ; Smith , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Ballard , p. 338 - 39 ; Bearss , vol . III , pp. 815 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ballard , p. 339 - 40 ; Bearss , vol . III , pp. 819 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ballard , p. 340 - 43 . Jump up ^ Ballard , p. 343 - 44 ; Bearss , vol . III , pp. 836 - 38 . Jump up ^ Ballard , pp. 344 - 45 . Jump up ^ Ballard , pp. 344 - 46 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 469 ; Bearss , vol . III , p. 869 ; Kennedy , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Foote , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Simon , pp. 267 - 68 . Jump up ^ Grant , ch . XXXVII , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 253 ; Foote , p. 412 ; Catton , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Bearss , vol . III , pp. 860 - 61 ; Foote , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Bearss , vol . III , pp. 963 , 1071 - 79 . Jump up ^ `` Milliken 's Bend '' , National Park Service ( NPS ) https://web.archive.org/web/20140814001420/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/la011.htm ; Bearss , vol . III , pp. 1175 - 87 . Jump up ^ Bearss , vol . III , p. 875 . Jump up ^ Korn , pp. 149 - 52 ; Catton , p. 205 ; Ballard , pp. 385 - 86 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 139 ; Foote , p. 412 . Jump up ^ Bearss , vol . III , pp. 875 - 79 ; Ballard , pp. 358 - 59 ; Korn , pp. 147 - 48 . Jump up ^ Esposito , text for map 107 . Jump up ^ `` Vicksburg NMP : Young 's Point '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vicksburg NMP : Battle of Richmond '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vicksburg NMP : US Mississippi Marine Brigade '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABPP : Goodrich 's Landing '' . Nps.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140102043148/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp//battles/la014.htm Jump up ^ Grabau , pp. 428 - 38 ; Bearss , vol . III , pp. 908 - 30 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 254 - 55 . Jump up ^ `` Vicksburg '' . Civil War Trust . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Lillian , The Roster of Confederate Soldiers of Georgia , Longino and Porter , 1994 ; Bearss , vol III , pp. 1309 - 11 . Jump up ^ Grant , ch . XXXVIII , p. 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Ballard , pp. 398 - 99 . Jump up ^ Historian Michael G. Ballard , in his Vicksburg campaign history , pp. 420 - 21 , claims that this story has little foundation in fact . Although it is unknown whether city officials sanctioned the day as a local holiday , Southern observances of July 4 were for many years characterized more by family picnics than by formal city or county activities . Jump up ^ Waldrep , Christopher ( 2005 ) . Vicksburg 's Long Shadow : The Civil War Legacy Of Race And Remembrance . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 0742548688 . References ( edit ) Ballard , Michael B. Vicksburg , The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2893 - 9 . Bearss , Edwin C. The Campaign for Vicksburg. 3 vols . Dayton , OH : Morningside House , 1985 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89029 - 312 - 6 . Catton , Bruce . The Centennial History of the Civil War . Vol. 3 , Never Call Retreat . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1965 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 46990 - 8 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Foote , Shelby . The Civil War : A Narrative . Vol. 2 , Fredericksburg to Meridian . New York : Random House , 1958 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49517 - 9 . Gabel , Christopher R. , Staff ride handbook for the Vicksburg Campaign , December 1862 - July 1863 . Fort Leavenworth , Kan. : Combat Studies Institute Press , 2001 . OCLC 47296103 . Grabau , Warren E. Ninety - Eighty Days : A Geographer 's View of the Vicksburg Campaign . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 068 - 6 . Grant , Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant . 2 vols . Charles L. Webster & Company , 1885 -- 86 . ISBN 0 - 914427 - 67 - 9 . Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Korn , Jerry , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . War on the Mississippi : Grant 's Vicksburg Campaign . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4744 - 4 . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Smith , Jean Edward . Grant . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84927 - 5 . Simon , John Y. , ed . The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant . Vol. 8 , April 1 -- July 6 , 1863 . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 0884 - 3 . National Park Service battle description CWSAC Report Update Various resources from the University Libraries Division of Special Collections , The University of Alabama . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading ( edit ) Ballard , Michael B. Grant at Vicksburg : The General and the Siege . Carbondale , IL : Southern Illinois University Press , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 3240 - 3 . Bearss , Edwin C. Receding Tide : Vicksburg and Gettysburg : The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War . Washington , DC : National Geographic Society , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0510 - 1 . Groom , Winston . Vicksburg , 1863 . New York : Knopf , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26425 - 1 . Rawley , James A. ( 1966 ) . Turning Points of the Civil War . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . OCLC 44957745 . Shea , William L. and Terrence J. Winschel . Vicksburg is the Key : The Struggle for the Mississippi River . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9344 - 1 . Solonick , Justin S. ( 7 April 2015 ) . Engineering Victory : The Union Siege of Vicksburg . Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 3392 - 9 . Winschel , Terrence J. Triumph & Defeat : The Vicksburg Campaign. Campbell , CA : Savas Publishing Company , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 882810 - 31 - 7 . Winschel , Terrence J. Triumph & Defeat : The Vicksburg Campaign , Vol. 2 . New York : Savas Beatie , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 21 - 9 . Winschel , Terrence J. Vicksburg : Fall of the Confederate Gibraltar . Abilene , TX : McWhiney Foundation Press , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893114 - 00 - 5 . Woodworth , Steven E ... ed . Grant 's Lieutenants : From Cairo to Vicksburg . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1127 - 4 . Woodworth , Steven E ... Jefferson Davis and His Generals : The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0461 - 8 . Woodworth , Steven E ... Nothing but Victory : The Army of the Tennessee , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41218 - 2 . 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Grant Hidden categories : Use American English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 18 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many union soldiers fought in the battle of vicksburg	[ "\n\n\n\nSiege of Vicksburg\n\n\n\nThe Siege of Vicksburg by Kurz and Allison\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nMay 18 – July 4, 1863[1]\n\n\nLocation\nWarren County, Mississippi\n32°20′36.96″N 90°51′3.96″W / 32.3436000°N 90.8511000°W / 32.3436000; -90.8511000Coordinates: 32°20′36.96″N 90°51′3.96″W / 32.3436000°N 90.8511000°W / 32.3436000; -90.8511000\n\n\nResult\nUnion victory[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n United States\n Confederate States\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n Ulysses S. Grant\n John C. Pemberton \n\n\nUnits involved\n\n\nArmy of the Tennessee\nArmy of Mississippi\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n∼ 77,000[3]\n∼ 33,000\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n4,835 total\n(766 killed\n 3,793 wounded\n 276 captured/missing)[4]\n\n32,697 total\n(3,202 killed/wounded/missing\n 29,495 surrendered)[4]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVicksburg\n\n\n\n\nLocation within the state of Mississippi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVicksburg\n\n\n\n\nLocation within the state of Mississippi\n\n\n\nShow map of MississippiShow map of the USShow all\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "33,000" ]
-8077570458961597659	Jackson Avery	Jackson Avery - wikipedia Jackson Avery Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( May 2012 ) Jackson Avery Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery First appearance `` Invasion '' 6x05 , October 15 , 2009 ( as recurring cast ) `` With You I 'm Born Again '' 7x01 , September 23 , 2010 ( as main cast ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Jesse Williams Information Nickname ( s ) Pretty Boy Mr. Green Eyes Jackie Gunther ( by Arizona ) Angry Avery Plastic Possee ( with Mark Sloan ) Occupation Attending Plastic surgeon Attending ENT surgeon Chairman of Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Chief of Plastic Surgery M.D F.A.C.S. Family Robert Avery ( father ) Catherine Avery ( mother ) Harper Avery ( grandfather ) Richard Webber ( stepfather ) Maggie Pierce ( stepsister ) Spouse ( s ) April Kepner ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Lexie Grey Stephanie Edwards Children Samuel Norbert Avery ( son , with April ; deceased ) Harriet Kepner - Avery ( daughter with April ) Jackson Avery , M.D. is a fictional character from ABC prime time medical drama , Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Jesse Williams . The character was created by series creator and executive producer , Shonda Rhimes . He was introduced in season six , episode 5 , `` Invasion '' as a former surgical resident from Mercy West Medical Center when it merges with Seattle Grace Hospital . Williams initially appeared as a recurring cast member , and was later promoted to a series regular in season seven . The character 's focal storyline involved his attempt to fit in at his new work environment , and trying to finding his own successes , instead of riding on the coattails of his famous family name . The character has also had significant romances with Lexie Grey and Stephanie Edwards . He was married but is now divorced to April Kepner . The couple had a child , Samuel Avery , who died soon after birth . However , the pair have a daughter , Harriett , who was not named after Catherine much to her dismay . She was conceived prior to the divorce . Dr. Avery later becomes a member of the board of directors at the newly established , Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , and is the current chairman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Relationships 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Jackson Avery is the grandson of Harper Avery , one of the most famous surgeons in the country and the namesake of the prestigious Harper Avery Award . He grew up hearing about the nobility of being a surgeon at his grandfather 's dinner table , which inspired him to become a surgeon . He was raised by a single mother , after his father `` ran off to God knows where because he could n't stand the pressure of being an Avery . '' His family never pushed him academically because he was ' just the pretty one ' , so he pushed himself . Jackson is initially a surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital . He joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the merger of the two hospitals , alongside April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) , Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) , and Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) . Jackson 's grandfather tries to convince him to take a position at Massachusetts General Hospital when he is admitted to Seattle Grace , but Jackson refuses . In the aftermath of a hospital shooting , Jackson 's sleep is disturbed and he and April move into fellow resident Meredith Grey 's ( Ellen Pompeo ) house . For some time , the loss of Percy in the shooting affects his quality of work and his mood . The seventh season gradually displays Jackson 's interest in Meredith 's sister , Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) and they start a relationship . Dr. Avery starts working with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , despite Sloan having been in a relationship with Lexie . However , Lexie can not stand the fact that the two of them are working together , and when she later shows that she still has feelings for Sloan , Avery breaks up with her . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Jackson , prepare for their board certifications as they prepare for fellowships they plan on joining . The night before taking the exam , Jackson and the virgin April have sexual intercourse . Though April is confused because she broke the promise she made to Jesus to stay a virgin , the two of them are under stress and they have sex again during their exams . During the exam , Jackson is supported by his mother Catherine ( Debbie Allen ) , who happens to be a tester at the exams . Jackson , Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , and Alex Karev eventually pass their exam , while April fails . Although Jackson has true feelings for her , she pushes him away because she believes that he feels guilty for having sex with her . In the season eight finale , Jackson reveals to April that he is taking the position at Tulane Medical Center , despite feeling sick for leaving Seattle Grace Mercy West and her behind . As a celebration of the conclusion of their residencies , the former chief of surgery Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) organizes his annual dinner for them . The eighth season ends with Avery , Karev , Kepner , and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang , who are victims of an aviation accident that kills Lexie and eventually Mark . After the accident , Dr. Avery stays at Seattle Grace and continues his work in plastic surgery . He and Dr. Kepner continue a sexual relationship , although April frets about the indiscretion to her faith until she believes she is pregnant . When told about the baby , Dr. Avery proposes to her and she accepts , promising her the fairytale wedding she has always wanted . As it turns out , the pregnancy was false and the couple break up before announcing the news of their engagement to the rest of the staff . As a means to avoid each other , the two doctors decide to each bring a date to Dr. Bailey 's wedding selecting this date for each of them , both of which are interns . At the end of the wedding , Stephanie ( Jerrika Hinton ) the intern and Jackson have sex in his car , after affirming how their relationship was supposed to be merely professional . Shortly afterwards he tells April he is sleeping with Stephanie and even though she is crushed she thanks him for telling her the truth . It is hinted that Jackson is still in love with April when she turns to him for dating advice and he shows signs of jealousy but they manage to reestablish their friendship . When the hospital faces a financial crisis , Jackson 's mom Catherine agrees to invest in the hospital via the Harper Avery foundation on the condition that Dr. Avery become the new chairman . The board ( at Jackson 's prompting ) later renames the hospital Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Matthew and April get engaged but at the wedding , Jackson realizes he still loves her and stands up professing his love . Faced with a huge decision , April winds up choosing Jackson over Matthew and they run out of her wedding together . However , April begins to panic over her decision , though she still chooses to drive away with Jackson . When April comes to believe that they have made a regrettable decision in running away from her wedding together , Jackson proposes to her and they elope . They keep their marriage a secret from the rest of the hospital staff , because of a new rule at the hospital restricting staff fraternization . Jackson 's ex-girlfriend Stephanie feels especially betrayed because of how Jackson left her . Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son 's elopement with April , and the fact that there was n't a prenuptial agreement to protect the Avery family fortune . They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement . Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views about the way their children should be raised in respect to religion . Soon after their fight , April realizes she is pregnant . April and Jackson 's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2 , and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth . Jackson believes that termination is the best option , however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long . They scheduled an induction for the next day , at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby 's death certificate , which is too hard for the couple to bear . April does n't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle , while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancee the night before . They decide to give birth to the baby via induction termination at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then . She gives birth to Samuel Norbert Avery and he passes away shortly after birth . In the series 11 finale April announces to Jackson that she is leaving with Owen Hunt to be a trauma surgeon in the army - something she says she wants to do in order to properly grieve for their son ; after initial refusal from Jackson he lets her go , but is left wondering what to do in order to grieve for himself . Over passing months April and Jackson only have few opportunities talking to one another . After discussions over the phone via facetime , April announces to Jackson that she is lengthening her service time , meaning she will be staying for a further few months ; before Jackson can express his disgust at this , gunfire and explosions are heard at April 's base camp , leaving her to quickly terminate the call . Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home to Seattle . On Valentine 's Day April returns to the hospital where she and Jackson embrace in the foyer . In season 12 , their marriage begins to fall apart and they grow estranged . In episode 11 , they file for a civil divorce . After their divorce is finalized , April reveals that they are expecting another child . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) In February 2009 , Michael Ausiello hinted at the possibility of central character , Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) having another sibling . The series had released a casting call for an actor that could pass as biracial , and the casting was postponed until season six . Williams 's casting was announced in late August 2009 . Though his name is not given , the character 's arc was expected to last several episodes . Williams described his audition as a `` simple process . '' He got the information on his birthday , August 5 , went in the next day to read for the role , despite not knowing what part he had auditioned for . Williams learned he got the job a week later . In late 2009 , a casting call for a young Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) and a young Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , who would appear in flashbacks fueled rumors that Jackson could be Meredith 's half - brother . Williams later shot down the rumor saying that Meredith would have noticed if her mother were pregnant . Matt Webb Mitovich noted Williams 's absence from the `` Seattle Grace : On Call '' webseries as a sign of big plans for the character . In the episode , `` Perfect Little Accident , '' which premiered on March 4 , 2010 , Jackson is revealed to be the grandson of the legendary Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) . Shonda Rhimes hinted at the possibility of Williams and his co-star Sarah Drew becoming series regulars in her blog post about the season finale in May 2010 , and Rhimes does not deny the possibility . Williams 's promotion was eventually confirmed in June 2010 . Characterization ( edit ) The character 's profile on official ABC website describes Jackson as `` hardworking , driven , observant '' and `` eager . '' However , at times , Jackson can be too confident and `` overly competitive , '' and very `` stubborn . '' He has a habit of teasing his coworkers . Williams revealed to Essence.com that his character is very `` ambitious . He does n't takes sides or deal with any drama . He 's there to work and not really get involved in the pettiness . '' When compared to himself , Williams Jackson is way more `` cavalier , '' and bold . Matt Webb Mitovitch described Jackson as having a `` sense of entitlement , '' while Williams described Jackson 's demeanor as `` swagger . '' Because his work environment is extremely competitive , Jackson acts as if he belongs and refuses to second guess himself . Upon arrival at Seattle Grace , he is `` kind of a wise ass surgeon . '' He feels he is an `` invader '' in the new team and `` he decides to deal with it kind of aggressively and not shy away from it and show his personality . He is very confident and likes to say what is on his mind . '' Williams also said : `` Jackson is more of a lone wolf . He 's not really built to go seek support and a shoulder to cry on . '' `` He 's always been trying to make it on his own . Jackson does n't want to live off his legacy and his name , which also conflicts with him wanting to be close to his mother . '' Relationships ( edit ) Jackson immediately clashes with Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) due their competitive natures . The immediate tension between the duo leads to speculation about a potential romance . Yang and Avery compete for the same cases , and in the episode , `` Invest in Love , '' for the first time , Jackson witnesses Cristina taking charge of a situation , and he admires her ; he looks at her differently . At a party , when Jackson is a bit drunk , he opens up about how attractive he finds Cristina and kisses her . Jackson is unaware of Yang 's relationship with Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , so the attraction is natural . Williams does not worry about fans of the couple hating his character because he understands that fans are n't really supposed to like the Mercy Westers ; Jackson is in the enemy camp and `` has to take his lumps . '' Williams said the kiss was a `` pretty relatable crime of passion . '' The kiss does n't have any immediate effects on Owen and Cristina 's romance and it remains secret . Jackson and Cristina develop a sort of mutual understanding as they tend to push one another to be better . Speaking of Jackson 's past relationship with Lexie Grey , Williams said : `` He tried to be safe and wise and not deal with girls , really , when he first focused on transitioning into Seattle Grace from Mercy West . He kept his head down , got his work done and did n't get caught up with banging nurses or anything . But he could n't help himself with Lexie once they got close ; he really kind of fell for her . He made himself vulnerable probably to the least available person in the hospital , because he knew that she had a longstanding relationship with Mark . He knew he should n't head in that direction , but he went against his better judgment and got burned for it . '' `` They are both kind of suckers for love ( ... ) they both get caught up in their own momentum ( ... ) he 's all about his job and pressure from his grandfather but then he gets bowled over with this platonic relationship . Avery just ca n't help himself with Lexie . '' At the end of the eighth season , April and Jackson 's friendship evolved into an intimate relationship : `` I thought they were going to be able to walk the line of staying on the friendship side of things . What they have is kind of really unique and organic in the world of Grey 's Anatomy -- two genders in a completely platonic , wholesome , pleasant and productive relationship / friendship . Who is to say that has to end ? '' In the ninth season , Jackson started a relationship with intern Stephanie Edward . Williams gave his insight : `` That 's a relationship that is fun , light , and no strings attached . She 's sweet . She 's funny . They are n't bogged down by these big notions of each other . Jackson later declares his love for April at her wedding to EMT Matthew . They get married and have a child together , but he dies shortly after birth . They are now divorced , but April is newly pregnant . In the present , April has just given birth to a baby girl , and it seems to have made them closer . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2013 ) Margaret Lyons of Entertainment Weekly wrote the addition of Avery 's character to the show was one of the 10 reasons she loves Grey 's Anatomy again : `` Dr. Avery was n't quite clicking as part of the ensemble when Jesse Williams first joined the cast . But now ? Oh , mama . He 's flirty -- to a fault -- but he 's also a decent dude , and the show was in need of a seriously single male character . '' His bromance with mentor Mark Sloan has been positively received . Janalen Samson of BuddyTV commented : `` these scenes with Jesse Williams are proving to be gems . I do love a good Bromance and these two actors are bringing the love and the funny in spades . The pairing was included in Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 . Reviewing the first part of the ninth season , Lyons said : `` Avery 's mom is more interesting than he is . '' He was listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jesse Williams as Jackson Avery '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Jesse Williams cast in ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' exclusive : Jesse Williams gets full - time upgrade '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' exclusive : Does Mer have another MIA sibling ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jesse Williams Addresses Meredith 's Brother Rumor '' . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jesse Williams Heats Up ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Essence . Time Inc . October 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Nowalk ( writer ) ; Bill D'Elia ( director ) ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` Perfect Little Accident '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 16 . ABC . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss answers your burning season finale questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Williams Talks Joining The ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast '' . Access Hollywood . NBCUniversal Television Distribution . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Jesse Williams on Jackson 's Personal , Professional Battles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jesse Williams on Catherine Avery 's Arrival and `` Jaxie 's '' Future `` . TV Guide . Lions Gate Entertainment . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Patty ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` The Betty Interview : Jesse Williams '' . BettyConfidential . p. 2 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jesse Williams Dissects the Jackson - Cristina Kiss '' . TV Guide . Lions Gate Entertainment . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Preview : Jesse Williams Talks Jackson , April , Lexie and the ' Bittersweet ' Finale '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Lorena ; Benson , Kristin ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Jesse Williams : I 'm Excited For Jackson To Grow His Relationship With Lexie On ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ! '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Sean ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Q&A : Jesse Williams on Becoming the New Boss '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : 10 Reasons We Love It Again ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Fan Columnist : Love Is All You Need '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 '' . Zap2it . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Jackson Avery at ABC.com Jackson Avery on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_Avery&oldid=799943490 '' Categories : Fictional characters from California Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional surgeons Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional African - American people Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2012 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2012 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from June 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 19 : 01 . About Wikipedia	who does jackson marry on grey's anatomy	[ "At the end of the eighth season, April and Jackson's friendship evolved into an intimate relationship: \"I thought they were going to be able to walk the line of staying on the friendship side of things. What they have is kind of really unique and organic in the world of Grey’s Anatomy – two genders in a completely platonic, wholesome, pleasant and productive relationship/friendship. Who is to say that has to end?\"[14] In the ninth season, Jackson started a relationship with intern Stephanie Edward. Williams gave his insight: \"That's a relationship that is fun, light, and no strings attached. She's sweet. She's funny. They aren't bogged down by these big notions of each other.[16] Jackson later declares his love for April at her wedding to EMT Matthew. They get married and have a child together, but he dies shortly after birth. They are now divorced, but April is newly pregnant. In the present, April has just given birth to a baby girl, and it seems to have made them closer." ]	[ "April" ]
-7206997542082323434	Italian units of measurement	Italian units of measurement - wikipedia Italian units of measurement Jump to : navigation , search A number of units of measurement were used in Italy to measure length , mass , capacity , etc . Since 1862 , the metric system has been compulsory ( with the exception of Milan , which had already adopted the metric system by 1803 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical Roman measurements 2 System of Units Before the Metric Adoption 2.1 Length 2.1. 1 Venice 2.1. 2 Milan 2.1. 3 Turin 2.1. 4 Bologna 2.1. 5 Florence 2.1. 6 Genoa 2.1. 7 Rome 2.1. 8 Naples 2.1. 8.1 Distance 2.1. 9 Palermo 2.1. 10 Modena 2.1. 11 Parma 2.1. 12 Roman States 2.1. 12.1 Architects 2.1. 13 Sardinia 2.1. 13.1 Distance 2.1. 13.2 Genoa 2.1. 14 Venetian Lombardy 2.1. 14.1 Distance 2.1. 15 Tuscany 2.1. 15.1 Distance 2.2 Mass 2.2. 1 Venice 2.2. 2 Milan 2.2. 3 Turin 2.2. 4 Bologna 2.2. 5 Florence 2.2. 6 Genoa 2.2. 7 Rome 2.2. 8 Naples 2.2. 8.1 Gold , silver , silk , spices , drugs and pigments 2.2. 8.2 Apothecaries ' weights 2.2. 9 Palermo 2.2. 10 Parma 2.2. 11 Roman States 2.2. 11.1 Genoa 2.2. 11.2 Piedmont 2.2. 12 Venetian Lombardy 2.2. 12.1 Gold and silver 2.2. 12.2 Tuscany 2.3 Area 2.3. 1 Modena 2.3. 2 Parma 2.3. 3 Modena 2.3. 4 Roman States 2.3. 5 Sardinia 2.3. 6 Venetian Lombardy 2.3. 7 Tuscany 2.4 Capacity 2.4. 1 Dry 2.4. 1.1 Modena 2.4. 1.2 Parma 2.4. 1.3 Roman States 2.4. 1.4 Sardinia 2.4. 1.4. 1 Genoa 2.4. 1.4. 2 Turin 2.4. 1.5 Tuscany 2.4. 2 Liquid 2.4. 2.1 Modena 2.4. 2.2 Roman States 2.4. 2.2. 1 Genoa 2.4. 2.2. 2 Piedmont 2.4. 2.3 Tuscany 2.4. 2.3. 1 Wine 2.4. 2.3. 2 Oil 2.4. 3 Venice 2.4. 4 Milan 2.4. 5 Turin 2.4. 6 Bologna 2.4. 7 Florence 2.4. 8 Genoa 2.4. 9 Rome 2.4. 10 Naples 2.4. 10.1 Liquid 2.4. 10.2 Dry 2.4. 11 Palermo 2.4. 12 Venetian Lombardy 3 Metric Adoption in Milan 3.1 Length 3.2 Mass 3.3 Capacity 4 References Historical Roman measurements ( edit ) See also : Ancient Roman units of measurement System of units before the metric adoption ( edit ) Length ( edit ) Units varied from one province or city to another . 1 piede liprando ( foot ) = 0.51377 m . 1 punto ( point ) = 1 / 144 piede liprando 1 oncia ( inch ) = 1 / 12 piede liprando 1 canna = 4 piede liprando 1 trabucco = 6 piede liprando 1 miglio ( mile ) = 4333 1 / 3 piede liprando Venice ( edit ) 1 braccio = 0.683 m 1 piede = 0.348 m . Milan ( edit ) 1 braccio = 12 once = 0.595 m 1 brabucco = 6 piedi . Turin ( edit ) 1 trabucoo = 6 piedi liprandi = 3.096 m 1 raso = 0.6 m 1 piede = 0.293 m . Bologna ( edit ) 1 braccio = 0.64 m 1 piede = 0.38 m . Florence ( edit ) 1 braccio = 2 palmi - 0.583 m . Genoa ( edit ) 1 palmo = 0.248 m . Rome ( edit ) 1 canna = 10 palmi = 2.234 m . Naples ( edit ) Units used in Naples include : 1 canna = 10 palmi ( or 8 palmi ) = 2.646 m . 1 oncia = 5 minuti 1 palmo = 12 oncie = 10.381 in 1 pertica ( a.k.a. passo ) = 7 1 / 2 palmi . Distance ( edit ) 1 miglio = 7000 palmo = 1.147 miles . Palermo ( edit ) 1 canna = 10 palmi = 2.065 m . Modena ( edit ) 1 cavezzo = 6 piede 1 piè = 20.593 in 1 braccio = 22.741 in . Parma ( edit ) 1 punto = 12 atomi 1 oncia = 12 punti 1 braccio di legno = 12 oncie 1 pertica = 6 braccia 1 braccio = 21.344 in 1 pie = 22.428 in . Roman states ( edit ) Units used in the Roman State included : 1 commercial palmo = 8.796 in 1 mercer 's palmo = 8.347 in 1 architect 's palmo = 8.79 in 1 pié = 11.592 in 1 pié ( at Ancona ) 15.384 in 1 canna = 78.4 in 1 braccio of Rome = 0.732 in 1 braccio of Ancona = 35 1 / 3 in . Architects ( edit ) 1 palmo = 12 oncie of 10 decimi each . 1 canna = 10 palmi 1 catena = 10 stajoli = 25 1 / 2 palmi 1 architect 's pie ( foot ) = 16 once = 11.72 in . Sardinia ( edit ) Units used in Sardinia include : 1 punto = 12 atomi 1 oncia = 12 punti 1 piè liprando = 12 oncie = 20.228 in 1 raso = 14 oncie . In Turin and Piedmont 6 piede liprando = 1 trabucco , and one pertica was equal to 2 trabucci . Distance ( edit ) Units include : 1 miglio = 4333 1 / 3 piede liprando = 1.3835 mile . Genoa ( edit ) In Genoa , units include : 1 piè manuale = 2 / 3 piè liprando 1 palmo = 5 1 / 3 oncie 1 braccio = 2 1 / 3 palmi 1 canna = about 9 palmi Venetian Lombardy ( edit ) 1 punto = 12 atomi 1 oncia = 12 punti 1 braccio = 12 oncie 1 braccio = 2 piede 1 piè = 15.61 in ( at Milan ) and 13.69 in ( at Venice ) Distance ( edit ) 1 miglio = 1 kilometre = 0.6214 mile . Tuscany ( edit ) 1 soldo = 12 denari 1 palmo = 10 soldi = 11.49 in 1 braccio = 2 palmi 1 canna = 4 braccia 1 architect 's canna = 5 braccia Distance ( edit ) 1 miglio = 2833 1 / 3 braccia = 1.0277 mile Mass ( edit ) A number of units were used in Italy to measure mass , varying from one region to another . One libbra ( pound ) was equal to between 307 and 398 g . 1 grano ( grain ) = 1 / 6912 libbra 1 denaro ( scruple ) = 1 / 288 libbra 1 ottavo ( drachm ) = 1 / 96 libbra 1 oncia ( ounce ) = 1 / 12 libbra 1 rubbo = 25 libbra 1 cantaro = 150 libbra Venice ( edit ) 1 libbra grossa = 12 once = 0.477 kg 1 libbra sottile = 0.301 kg . Milan ( edit ) 1 libbra grossa = 28 once = 0.763 kg . Turin ( edit ) 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.369 kg . Bologna ( edit ) 1 libbra mercantile = 12 once = 0.362 kg . Florence ( edit ) 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.3395 kg . Genoa ( edit ) 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.317 kg . Rome ( edit ) 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.339 kg . Naples ( edit ) 1 rotolo = 0.861 kg 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.321 kg . Gold , silver , silk , spices , drugs and pigments ( edit ) 1 trapeso = 20 accini 1 dramma = 3 trapesi ( a.k.a. scrupoli ) 1 oncia = 10 dramme 1 libbra = 12 oncie . Apothecaries ' weights ( edit ) 1 scrupolo = 20 accini 1 drachma = 3 scrupoli 1 oncia = 10 drachme 1 libbra = 12 oncie . Palermo ( edit ) 1 cantaro = 100 rotoli = 79.34 kg 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.317 kg . Parma ( edit ) 1 denaro = 24 grani 1 oncia = 24 denari 1 libbra = 12 oncie 1 rubbio = 25 libbre 1 libbra = 0.7197 lb . Roman states ( edit ) 1 denaro = 24 grani 1 oncia = 24 denari 1 libbra = 12 oncie . 1 libbra = 0.7477 lb in Rome , 0.7984 in Bologna , 0.7277 in Ancona In Bologna , 1 carato = 4 grani ; 1 ferlino = 10 carati ; 1 ottavo = 2 ferlini ; 1 oncia 8 ottavi ; 1 libbra = 12 oncie . Genoa ( edit ) 1 denaro = 24 grani 1 oncia = 24 denari 1 libbra = 12 oncie = 0.70021 lb ( in peso grosso it was 1 / 10 higher ) 1 rottolo = 1 1 / 2 libbre . Piedmont ( edit ) 1 grano = 24 granotini 1 denaro = 24 grani 1 ottavo = 3 denai 1 oncia = 8 ottavi 1 libbra = 12 oncie = 0.81332 lb 1 marco ( for gold and silver ) = 2 / 3 libbra 1 apothecaries ' libbra = 1 1 / 4 marco . Venetian Lombardy ( edit ) 1 denaro = 10 grani 1 grosso = 10 denari 1 oncia = 10 grossi 1 libbra metrica = 10 oncie = 1 kilogramme = 2.2046 lb 1 rubbio = 10 libbre Gold and silver ( edit ) 1 denaro = 24 grani 1 oncia = 24 denari 1 marco = 8 oncie = 7.5562 troy ounce . Tuscany ( edit ) 1 denaro = 24 grani 1 dramma = 3 denari 1 oncia = 8 dramme 1 libbra = 12 oncie = 0.7486 lb . Area ( edit ) Several units were used in Italy to measure area , varying from one region to another . One giornata ( also known as a quadrao ) was equal to 38 m . One tavolo was equal to 1 / 100 giornata . Modena ( edit ) 1 cavezzo = 36 piede 1 tavola = cavezzi 1 biolca = 72 tavole 1 biolca = 7009 acre . Parma ( edit ) 1 staro = 12 tavola 1 biolca = 6 stari of 288 pertica 1 biolca = 75.28 acre Modena ( edit ) 1 oncia = 16 ferlini 1 libbra ( a.k.a. lira ) = 12 oncie 1 libbra = 0.7044 lb . Roman States ( edit ) 1 rubbio = 370300 architect 's palmi 4.5658 acres . Sardinia ( edit ) 1 giormata ( in Piedmont ) = 100 pertica = 0.9393 acre . Venetian lombardy ( edit ) 1 tornatura = 100 palmi = 1 are = 0.0247 acre . 1 campo = 0.6881 acre . Tuscany ( edit ) 1 saccato = 16500 braccia = 1.389 acre . Capacity ( edit ) Two main systems , dry capacity and wet capacity were used in Italy to measure capacity . Dry ( edit ) Several units were used in Italy to measure dry capacity . These units varied from one province or city to another . One mine varied from 12 to 120 litre . Modena ( edit ) 1 sacco = 2 staja 1 stajo = 1.9978 bushels . Parma ( edit ) 1 mina = 8 quarteroli 1 stajo ( a.k.a. staro ) = 2 mine 1 stajo = 1.334 bushels . Roman states ( edit ) 1 scorzo = 4 quatucci 1 starello = 1 3 / 8 scorzi 1 quarta = 4 starelli 1 rubbio = 4 quarta . In Rome , 1 rubbio = 8.355 bushels ; in Ancona , 7.974 bushels . In Bologna , 4 quarticini = 1 quarterone ; 4 quarterone = 1 stajo ; 2 staja = 1 corba ; 1 corba = 2.232 bushels ( 20.7617 gallons , liquid ) . Sardinia ( edit ) Genoa ( edit ) 1 quarto = 12 gombette 1 mina = 8 quarti = 2.4804 gallons . Turin ( edit ) 1 copello = 20 cucchiari 1 quartière = 4 copelli 1 mina = 2 quartière 1 stajo = 2 mine 1 sacco = 3 staje = 3.2635 bushels . Tuscany ( edit ) 1 quartuccio = 2 bussoli 1 mezzetta = 2 quartucci 1 metadella = 2 mezzetta 1 quarto = 4 metadelle 1 mina = 2 quarti 1 stajo = 2 mine 1 sacco = 3 staja 1 moggio = 8 sacci 1 moggio = 16.5904 bushels . Liquid ( edit ) Several units were used in Italy to measure liquid capacity . These units varied from region to region . One barile da vino was equal to 45.6 l . One barile da olio was equal to 33.4 l . Modena ( edit ) 1 fiasco = 2 boccali 1 barile = 20 fiasci 1 fiasco = 0.55028 gallon Roman states ( edit ) 1 foglietta = 4 quartucci 1 boccale = 4 fogliette 1 barile = 32 boccale 1 botte = 16 barile 1 barile ( wine ) = 15.412 gallon 1 barile ( oil ) = 15.185 gallon 1 soma = 18.49 gallons in Ancona = 43.386 gallons in Rome . In Bologna , 4 fogliette = 1 boccale , 15 boccale = 1 quarterone , 4 quarterone = 1 corba and boccale = 0.346 gallon . Genoa ( edit ) 1 barile = 90 amole = 50 pinte 1 mezzaruòla = 2 barilli 1 barile = 17.084 gallons . Piedmont ( edit ) 1 boccale = 2 quartini 1 pinta = 2 boccali 1 rubbio = 6 pinte = 2.4804 gallons 1 brenta = 6 rubbi 1 carro = 10 brente . Tuscany ( edit ) Wine ( edit ) 1 mezzetta = 2 quartucci 1 boccale = 1 mezzette 1 fiasco = 2 boccale 1 barile = 20 fiasci = 12.0444 gallons = 133 1 / 3 libbre in weight ( barile of spirits weights 120 libbre ) Oil ( edit ) 1 barile = 16 fiasci = 120 libbre in weight 1 soma = 2 barile . Venice ( edit ) 1 moggio = 8 mezzeni = 333.3 litres . Milan ( edit ) 1 moggio = 8 stala = 146.2 litres . 1 brenta = 96 boccali = 75.6 litres . Turin ( edit ) 1 sacco = 5 mine = 115.3 litres . 1 carro = 10 brente = 493.11 litres . Bologna ( edit ) 1 corba = 2 staia = 60 boccali = 78.6 litres . Florence ( edit ) 1 monggio = 8 sacca = 584.7 litres . 1 barile ( vino ) = 20 fiaschi = 45.6 litres . 1 barile ( olio ) = 16 fiaschi = 33.43 litres . Genoa ( edit ) 1 mina = 116.5 litres 1 barile = 70 litres . Rome ( edit ) 1 rubblo = 22 socrzi = 294.5 litres . 1 barile = 32 boccali = 75.5 litres . Naples ( edit ) 1 botte ( vino ) = 12 barili = 523.5 litres . 1 tomolo = 55.54 litres . Liquid ( edit ) For oil , wine and spirits : 1 barile = 60 caraffi 1 botta = 12 barile 1 carro = 2 botti 1 caraffa ( for wine and spirits ) = 0.1929 gallons For oil : 1 quarto = 6 misurelle 1 stajo = 16 quarti = 20 pignate ( sometimes ) = 2.61633 gallons 1 salma = 16 staja . Dry ( edit ) 1 tomolo = 24 misure = 1.5646 bushels 1 carro = 36 tomoli . Palermo ( edit ) 1 salma = 4 bisace = 16 tomoli = 275 litres . Venetian lombardy ( edit ) 1 pinta = 10 coppi = 0.26418 gallon ( or French litre ) . 1 mina = 10 pinte 1 soma = 10 mine Metric Adoption in Milan ( edit ) Length ( edit ) Milan adopted metric system as early as 1803 , with the following names : metro = m palmo = dm dito = cm atomo = mm . Mass ( edit ) Milan adopted metric system as early as 1803 , with the following names : libbra nuova = kg oncia = hg grosso = dag denar = g grano = dg Capacity ( edit ) Milan adopted metric system as early as 1803 , with the following names : soma = hl mina = dal pinta = l coppo = dl References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Washburn , E.W. ( 1926 ) . International Critical Tables of Numerical Data , Physics , Chemistry and Technology . New York : McGraw - Hil Book Company , Inc . pp. 8 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zkErAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA417&dq=international%20critical%20tables%201926&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q=international%20critical%20tables%201926&f=false . ^ Jump up to : Cardarelli , F. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units , Weights and Measures . Their SI Equivalences and Origins . London : Springer . pp. 87 , 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4471 - 1122 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , F.W. ( 1891 ) . Weights Measures and Money of All Nations . New York : D. Appleton & Company . pp. 53 , 54 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , F.W. ( 1891 ) . Weights Measures and Money of All Nations . New York : D. Appleton & Company . p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , F.W. ( 1891 ) . Weights Measures and Money of All Nations . New York : D. Appleton & Company . p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , F.W. ( 1891 ) . Weights Measures and Money of All Nations . New York : D. Appleton & Company . pp. 63 , 64 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , F.W. ( 1891 ) . Weights Measures and Money of All Nations . New York : D. Appleton & Company . p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , F.W. ( 1891 ) . Weights Measures and Money of All Nations . New York : D. Appleton & Company . pp. 80 , 81 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , F.W. ( 1891 ) . Weights Measures and Money of All Nations . New York : D. Appleton & Company . p. 76 . ( hide ) Systems of measurement Current General International System of Units ( SI ) UK imperial system US customary units Myanmar Indian Specific Apothecaries ' Avoirdupois Troy Astronomical Electrical Temperature Natural atomic geometrised Gaussian Lorentz -- Heaviside Planck quantum chromodynamical Stoney Background Metric Overview Introduction Outline History Metrication UK / US Overview Comparison Foot -- pound -- second ( FPS ) Historic Metric metre -- kilogram -- second ( MKS ) metre -- tonne -- second ( MTS ) centimetre -- gram -- second ( CGS ) gravitational quadrant -- eleventh - gram -- second ( QES ) ( hebdometre -- undecimogramme -- second ( HUS ) ) Europe Byzantine Cornish Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French ( Trad . Mesures usuelles ) German Greek Hungary Icelandic Irish Scottish Italian Latvia Luxembourgian Maltese Norwegian Ottoman Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Spanish Swedish Switzerland Welsh Winchester measure Asia Afghan Cambodian Chinese Hindu Hong Kong India Indonesian Japanese Korean Mongolian Omani Philippine Pegu Singaporean Sri Lankan Syrian Taiwanese Tatar Thai Vietnamese Africa Algerian Ethiopian Egyptian Eritrean Guinean Libyan Malagasy Mauritian Moroccan Seychellois Somalian South African Tunisian Tanzanian North America Costa Rican Cuban Haitian Honduran Mexico Nicaraguan Puerto Rican South America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan Ancient Arabic Biblical and Talmudic Egyptian Greek Hindu Indian Mesopotamian Persian Roman List articles Humorous ( FFF system ) Obsolete Unusual Other N - body Modulor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_units_of_measurement&oldid=824908956 '' Categories : Italian culture Units of measurement by country Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 08 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the system of measurement used in italy	[ "A number of units of measurement were used in Italy to measure length, mass, capacity, etc. Since 1862, the metric system has been compulsory (with the exception of Milan, which had already adopted the metric system by 1803).[1] [2]" ]	[ "metric system" ]
3636914336863520394	Fried Green Tomatoes	Fried Green Tomatoes - wikipedia Fried Green Tomatoes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fried Green Tomatoes ( disambiguation ) . Fried Green Tomatoes Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Avnet Produced by Jon Avnet Norman Lear Screenplay by Fannie Flagg Carol Sobieski Based on Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Fannie Flagg Starring Kathy Bates Jessica Tandy Mary Stuart Masterson Mary - Louise Parker Cicely Tyson Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Geoffrey Simpson Edited by Debra Neil - Fisher Production company Act III Communications Avnet / Kerner Productions Electric Shadow Productions Fried Green Tomatoes Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 27 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 27 ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $11 million Box office $119.4 million Fried Green Tomatoes is a 1991 comedy - drama film based on the novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Fannie Flagg . Directed by Jon Avnet and written by Flagg and Carol Sobieski , it stars Kathy Bates , Jessica Tandy , Mary Stuart Masterson , and Mary - Louise Parker . It tells the story of a Depression - era friendship between two women , Ruth and Idgie , and a 1980s friendship between Evelyn , a middle - aged housewife , and Ninny , an elderly woman . The centerpiece and parallel story concerns the murder of Ruth 's abusive husband , Frank , and the accusations that follow . It received a generally positive reception from film critics and was nominated for two Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Differences between the film and novel 4 Production 4.1 Conception and casting 4.2 Setting 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Awards and honors 7 Soundtrack 7.1 Track listing 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Evelyn Couch , a timid , unhappy housewife in her forties , meets elderly Ninny Threadgoode in an Anderson , Alabama , nursing home . Over several encounters with Evelyn , Ninny tells her the story of the now abandoned town of Whistle Stop , and the people who lived there . The film 's subplot concerns Evelyn 's dissatisfaction with her marriage , her life , her growing confidence , and her developing friendship with Ninny . The narrative switches several times between Ninny 's story , which is set between World War I and World War II , and Evelyn 's life in 1980s Birmingham . Ninny 's story begins with tomboy Idgie Threadgoode , the youngest of the Threadgoode children , whom Ninny describes as her sister - in - law . Idgie 's close relationship with her charming older brother , Buddy , is cut short when he is hit by a train and killed . Devastated , she recedes from formal society for much of her childhood and adolescence until Buddy 's former girlfriend , the straitlaced Ruth Jamison , intervenes at the request of the concerned Threadgoode family . Idgie initially resists Ruth 's attempts at friendship , but gradually a deep attachment develops between them . Ruth leaves Whistle Stop to marry Frank Bennett and moves to Valdosta , Georgia . Idgie tries to forget her but later visits her house to find her pregnant and subject to physical abuse from Frank . Against his wishes and violent attempts to stop her , she returns to Whistle Stop with Idgie , where her baby , a boy whom she names Buddy , Jr. , is born . Papa Threadgoode gives Idgie money to start a business so she can care for Ruth and Buddy , Jr . She and Ruth open the Whistle Stop Cafe , employing the family cook , Sipsey , and her son , Big George , who excel with a barbecue that becomes popular with their patrons . Frank eventually returns to Whistle Stop to kidnap Buddy , Jr. , but his attempt is thwarted by an unseen assailant , and he is later reported missing . Once his truck appears at the bottom of a nearby drying lake without its owner , Idgie is immediately a suspect , as she had publicly threatened violence against him for beating Ruth . She is detained along with Big George for his murder by Grady Kilgore , the local sheriff , who offers to release her and pin the crime solely on Big George ; she refuses to sacrifice him . During the subsequent trial , the local minister , Reverend Scroggins , has no problem lying , providing Idgie and Big George with sound alibi for the time of Frank 's disappearance . Taking into account his reputation for getting drunk , the judge rules his death an accident and dismisses the case . Idgie and Big George are cleared of all charges . After the trial , Ruth is diagnosed with cancer , becomes very ill , and eventually dies . Following her death , the café closes . Over time , many Whistle Stop residents eventually move away , bringing Ninny to the end of her story , but not before the revelation of what really happened to Frank . Sipsey killed him with a blow to the head with a heavy cast iron frying pan while trying to prevent him from kidnapping Buddy , Jr . Idgie got Big George to barbecue Frank 's body , which was later served to an investigator from Georgia searching for him . The investigator ate with gusto , proclaiming his meal the best pork barbecue he 'd ever tasted . Evelyn discovers that during Ninny 's temporary stay at the nursing home , her house was condemned and torn down . Evelyn , having become friends with her , offers her a room in her house which she accepts . As they walk away from the empty lot where her house used to be , they pass Ruth 's grave , freshly adorned with a jar of honey , a honeycomb , and a card which reads , `` I 'll always love you , the Bee Charmer '' . The Bee Charmer is Ruth 's old nickname for Idgie , and the note reveals that she is still alive . Cast ( edit ) Kathy Bates as Evelyn Couch Mary Stuart Masterson & Nancy Moore Atchison as Imogene `` Idgie '' Threadgoode Mary - Louise Parker as Ruth Jamison Jessica Tandy as Ninny Threadgoode Cicely Tyson as Sipsey Chris O'Donnell as Buddy Threadgoode Stan Shaw as Big George Gailard Sartain as Ed Couch Timothy Scott as Smokey Lonesome Gary Basaraba as Grady Kilgore Lois Smith as Mama Threadgoode Danny Nelson as Papa Threadgoode Jo Harvey Allen as Women 's Awareness Teacher Macon McCalman as Prosecutor Richard Riehle as Reverend Scroggins Raynor Scheine as Curtis Smoot Grace Zabriskie as Eva Bates Reid Binion as Young Julian Nick Searcy as Frank Bennett Constance Shulman as Missy Differences between the film and novel ( edit ) Unlike the novel , the film does not make the lesbian romance between the two central characters explicit , instead leaving the relationship between Idgie and Ruth ambiguous . The DVD contains an audio commentary in which the director acknowledges the relationship and points out that a scene between Idgie and Ruth engaging in a food fight was intended to be seen as symbolic love - making . At the time of the film 's debut , it was criticized by reviewers and activists for what was seen as `` glossing over '' the lesbian relationship . However , it won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation for best feature film with lesbian content . It shows examples of discrimination against African Americans , women , and the disabled , but the novel 's examination of sexuality - based prejudice through a robust lesbian plot , is made more ambiguous . Though in the book , Idgie and Ninny are two separate characters , at the end of the film it 's largely hinted that they are one and the same , although this runs counter to Ninny 's earlier comment that `` I was practically adopted by the Threadgoodes ; I married her ( Idgie 's ) brother , Cleo '' . Production ( edit ) Conception and casting ( edit ) Avnet first read the novel in 1987 . He was introduced to it by producer Lisa Lindstrom , with whom he worked on television films Heat Wave and Breaking Point . Although he wanted her to give him a synopsis of the story , she insisted he read the book and like her , he loved it . He decided to turn the story into a film and pitched the idea to Norman Lear 's company , Act III Communications , who were interested and gave him a small budget for a screenwriter . He hired Carol Sobieski who had written the screenplay for 1982 's Annie . She wrote a draft for it as a musical , which he was unhappy with . Sobieski left the project and he hired Flagg , who had been surprised that anyone would want to turn the novel into a film , to develop the script . Although she had some screenwriting experience , she found the process of turning her own novel into a script a strange one . The job was made somewhat easier by the work done by Sobieski and Avnet in choosing which characters from the book were going to be featured , but she found it difficult and also left the project , after writing 70 pages of the screenplay . With no money left to hire another writer , Avnet took the script over himself and spent the next 2 -- 3 years developing it . Flagg gave her blessing to the final draft . Avnet wrote the film with Jessica Tandy in mind ; she expressed excitement about making the film . He had worked with Kathy Bates and Chris O'Donnell on the 1990 film Men Do n't Leave before offering them the roles of Evelyn Couch and Buddy Threadgoode respectively . When Bates read the script she loved the characters and was particularly keen to work with Tandy . Mary - Louise Parker was casting director David Rubin 's first choice for the role of Ruth Jamison . She read for the part several times , initially unhappy with her own tests . When she read along with Mary Stuart Masterson , they -- and the producers -- agreed that they had good chemistry . Setting ( edit ) Inside the Whistle Stop Cafe , Juliette , Georgia . Avnet hired Barbara Ling as production designer . Scouting for a location , she found Juliette , Georgia , a town that was , according to Avnet , nearly deserted . The building chosen to be the Whistle Stop Café was formerly an antique and hardware store . It was redesigned as a cafe , with a horseshoe shaped counter to allow for optimal camera angles . After the release of the film , Juliette saw an influx of tourists and , with Jon Avnet 's encouragement , locals opened the Whistle Stop Café , recreated to mirror the film set . Although `` Whistle Stop Café '' is now a registered trademark , other establishments have appeared using that name . While writing the novel , Flagg based Whistle Stop on Irondale , Alabama , and the café on a real - life restaurant , the Irondale Café . She was a frequent visitor there which was formerly owned by her great - aunt . The scene where Idgie goes to collect honey from a beehive for Ruth was originally intended to be performed by a stunt double . However , after the latter backed out at the last minute , Masterson volunteered to do it herself . The footage of her covered in a swarm of live bees is seen in the final version of the film . The steam locomotive used in the film is A&WP 290 , then in use pulling steam excursions for the New Georgia Railroad . Release ( edit ) The film was given a limited release in the US on December 27 , 1991 , opening in five theaters . It got a wide release four weeks later on January 24 , 1992 , in 673 theaters . It ran for 19 weeks in total , with its widest release having been 1,331 theaters . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film grossed a total of $82,418,501 in the United States alone , and took in $37,000,000 outside the US , bringing the total to $119,418,501 worldwide . In its opening weekend it earned $105,317 , and at its wide release opening weekend it earned $5,235,940 , which was 6.4 percent of its total gross . According to Box Office Mojo , it ranked at no . 11 for all films released in the US in 1991 , and no . 5 for PG ‐ 13 rated films released that year . Critical reception ( edit ) The film was generally well received by critics . Film review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gave it a `` fresh '' score of 73 % based on 41 reviews . Critics enjoyed the narrative , but found it conventional and predictable . The adaptation of the separate narrative of book to the screen was criticised by Time Out as `` clumsy '' , Roger Ebert praised the performances , Janet Maslin praised the costume and production design and Emanuel Levy praised the cinematography and score . The cast drew praise for their performances , particularly Masterson and Tandy . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film was nominated at the 64th Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Jessica Tandy ) and for Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium ( Fannie Flagg and Carol Sobieski ) . At the 46th British Academy Film Awards in 1992 , Tandy was nominated for the Best Actress award , and Bates was nominated as Best Actress in a Supporting Role . Both also received Golden Globe nominations for their work , and the film got a Best Picture ( Comedy or Musical ) nomination . At the 28th Guldbagge Awards in Sweden , it was nominated for the Best Foreign Film award . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Evelyn Couch : `` Face it girls , I 'm older and I have more insurance . '' -- Nominated 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Fried Green Tomatoes Studio album by Various Artists Released December 31 , 1991 Genre Soundtrack Length 39 : 24 Label MCA Fried Green Tomatoes : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film , and featured a new song by Patti LaBelle . For the original score , composed by Thomas Newman , see Fried Green Tomatoes ( score ) . Track listing ( edit ) `` I 'll Remember You '' ( Grayson Hugh ) -- 5 : 08 `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' ( Paul Young ) -- 4 : 34 `` Cherish '' ( Hip Hop Version ) ( Jodeci ) -- 3 : 58 `` Danger Heartbreak Dead Ahead '' ( Taylor Dayne ) -- 3 : 20 `` Rooster Blues '' ( Peter Wolf ) -- 3 : 15 `` Barbecue Bess '' ( Patti LaBelle ) -- 2 : 54 `` If I Can Help Somebody '' ( Aaron Hall ) -- 3 : 49 `` Cool Down Yonder '' ( Marion Williams ) -- 3 : 10 `` Cherish '' ( Movie Version ) ( Jodeci ) -- 2 : 29 `` Ghost Train '' ( Main Title ) ( Thomas Newman ) -- 3 : 11 `` Visiting Ruth '' ( Newman ) -- 1 : 46 `` A Charge To Keep I Have '' ( Newman ) -- 1 : 50 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Green Tomatoes ' : Why a Little Film Bloomed : Movies : Film starts slowly at the box office but word of mouth , themes , strong cast ignite interest in the $11 - million work '' . Los Angeles Times . February 10 , 1992 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rockler , Naomi R. ( March 22 , 2001 ) , `` A Wall on the Lesbian Continuum : Polysemy and Fried Green Tomatoes '' , Women 's Studies in Communication , 24 , retrieved June 15 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Levy , Emanuel ( January 6 , 2006 ) , Fried Green Tomatoes , Emanuel Levy , retrieved June 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ Pryor , Kelli ; Isaak , Sharon ( February 28 , 1992 ) , `` Women in Love '' , Entertainment Weekly , Time , retrieved February 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ Vickers , Lu ( June 1994 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes Excuse me , did we see the same movie ? '' , Jump Cut , 39 : 25 -- 30 , retrieved February 12 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Avnet , Jon ( 1998 ) , Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Universal Studios ^ Jump up to : Kenny , J.M. ( director ) ( December 15 , 1998 ) , Moments of Discovery : The Making of Fried Green Tomatoes ( DVD ) , Universal Studios Home Video , retrieved April 4 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Park , Irby ( May 7 , 2003 ) , `` Fannie Flagg Captivates Audience at City Book Event '' , The Chattanoogan , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Little Town Where Movie was Made Finally Gets Café , Fried Tomatoes '' , Rome News - Tribune , April 13 , 1992 , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Zganjar , Leslie ( November 1 , 2002 ) , `` The Whistle Stop name is just too popular '' , Birmingham Business Journal , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Nolan , Michael ( October 20 , 2002 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes At The Irondale Cafe '' , American Profile , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , Box Office Mojo , retrieved April 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , Rotten Tomatoes , retrieved April 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 10 , 1992 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes '' , Chicago Sun - Times , Sun - Times Media Group , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( December 27 , 1991 ) , `` Women Finding Strength In Women '' , The New York Times , The New York Times Company , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) Awards '' , The New York Times , The New York Times Company , retrieved June 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) '' . Swedish Film Institute . March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fried Green Tomatoes Fried Green Tomatoes on IMDb Fried Green Tomatoes at AllMovie Fried Green Tomatoes at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Jon Avnet Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) The War ( 1994 ) Up Close & Personal ( 1996 ) Red Corner ( 1997 ) Uprising ( 2001 ) 88 Minutes ( 2007 ) Righteous Kill ( 2008 ) Have a Little Faith ( 2011 ) Three Christs ( 2017 ) GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film -- Wide Release Longtime Companion / The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1991 ) Fried Green Tomatoes / Frankie and Johnny ( 1992 ) Philadelphia ( 1994 ) Go Fish / The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1995 ) Boys on the Side ( 1996 ) Bound ( 1997 ) In & Out ( 1998 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1999 ) Being John Malkovich ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) The Mexican ( 2002 ) The Hours ( 2003 ) Bend It Like Beckham ( 2004 ) Kinsey ( 2005 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) Milk ( 2009 ) A Single Man ( 2010 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2011 ) Beginners ( 2012 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2013 ) Philomena ( 2014 ) The Imitation Game ( 2015 ) Carol ( 2016 ) Moonlight ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fried_Green_Tomatoes&oldid=812328815 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s LGBT - related films 1990s mystery films American films American comedy - drama films American female buddy films American LGBT - related films American mystery films Cannibalism in fiction Directorial debut films Films scored by Thomas Newman Films based on American novels Films directed by Jon Avnet Films set in the 1920s Films set in the 1930s Films set in the 1980s Films set in Alabama Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films about domestic violence Lesbian - related films LGBT - related comedy - drama films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 07 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the bee charmer in fried green tomatoes	[ "Evelyn discovers that during Ninny's temporary stay at the nursing home, her house was condemned and torn down. Evelyn, having become friends with her, offers her a room in her house which she accepts. As they walk away from the empty lot where her house used to be, they pass Ruth's grave, freshly adorned with a jar of honey, a honeycomb, and a card which reads, \"I'll always love you, the Bee Charmer\". The Bee Charmer is Ruth's old nickname for Idgie, and the note reveals that she is still alive." ]	[ "Idgie" ]
4356419706737291892	Palestine Liberation Organization	Palestine Liberation organization - wikipedia Palestine Liberation organization Jump to : navigation , search `` PLO '' redirects here . For other uses , see PLO ( disambiguation ) . Palestine Liberation Organization منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية Munaẓẓamat at - Taḥrīr al - Filasṭīniyyah Abbreviation PLO Chairman Mahmoud Abbas Founded 28 May 1964 Headquarters Ramallah , West Bank Ideology Palestinian nationalism Anthem Fida'i Politics of Palestine Political parties Elections State of Palestine This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Palestine Officeholders whose status is disputed are shown in italics Government ( show ) State of Palestine government ( Ramallah ) President : Mahmoud Abbas Prime Minister : Rami Hamdallah Hamas government ( Gaza ) National symbols ( show ) Flag National anthem Legislative Council ( show ) Palestinian National Council Palestinian Legislative Council Current members Speaker Aziz Duwaik Elections ( show ) Elections Electoral districts Political parties PLO political parties Next Palestinian general election Administrative divisions ( show ) Governorates Foreign relations ( show ) Foreign relations Palestinian Authority passport Palestinian Ambassador to the United Nations Fatah -- Hamas reconciliation process Israeli -- Palestinian peace process International recognition The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ; Arabic : منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية ‎ , Munaẓẓamat at - Taḥrīr al - Filasṭīniyyah ( help info ) ) is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the `` liberation of Palestine '' through armed struggle , with much of its violence aimed at Israeli civilians . It is recognized as the `` sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people '' by over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations , and has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations since 1974 . The PLO was considered by the United States and Israel to be a terrorist organization until the Madrid Conference in 1991 . In 1993 , the PLO recognized Israel 's right to exist in peace , accepted UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338 , and rejected `` violence and terrorism '' . In response , Israel officially recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people . However , the PLO has employed violence in the years since 1993 , particularly during the 2000 - 2005 Second Intifada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Ideology 2.1 Secularism versus adherence to Islam 3 Organization 3.1 Structure 3.2 Institutions 3.3 Challenged representation 3.4 PLO versus PA 3.5 Internal politics 3.5. 1 2015 struggle for power 4 Political status 4.1 Status at the United Nations 4.1. 1 Observer status 4.1. 2 2011 application for UN state membership 4.1. 3 ′ Non-member observer state ′ status 4.2 Diplomatic representation 5 Peace process 5.1 Ten Point Program 5.2 First Intifada 5.3 Oslo Accords 6 Legal actions against the PLO 7 History and armed actions 7.1 Early actions 7.2 War of attrition 7.3 Black September in Jordan 7.4 Lebanon and the Lebanese Civil War 7.5 Tunis 7.6 Second Intifada 8 Wealth controversy 9 Membership 9.1 Executive Committee Chairmen 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 External links 12.1 Official sites 12.2 Documents 12.3 Analysis 12.4 General Founding At its first summit meeting in Cairo in 1964 , the Arab League initiated the creation of an organization representing the Palestinian people . The Palestinian National Council convened in Jerusalem on 28 May 1964 . Concluding this meeting the PLO was founded on 2 June 1964 . Its stated goal was the `` liberation of Palestine '' through armed struggle . Ideology The ideology of the PLO was formulated in the founding year 1964 in the Palestinian National Covenant . The document is a combative anti-Zionist statement dedicated to the `` restoration of the Palestinian homeland '' . It has no reference to religion . In 1968 , the Charter was replaced by a comprehensively revised version . Until 1993 , the only promoted option was armed struggle . From the signing of the Oslo Accords , negotiation and diplomacy became the only official policy . In April 1996 , a large number of articles , which were inconsistent with the Oslo Accords , were wholly or partially nullified . At the core of the PLO 's ideology is the belief that Zionists had unjustly expelled the Palestinians from Palestine and established a Jewish state in place under the pretext of having historic and Jewish ties with Palestine . The PLO demanded that Palestinian refugees be allowed to return to their homes . This is expressed in the National Covenant : Article 2 of the Charter states that '' Palestine , with the boundaries it had during the British mandate , is an indivisible territorial unit '' , meaning that there is no place for a Jewish state . This article was adapted in 1996 to meet the Oslo Accords . Article 20 states : '' The Balfour Declaration , the Mandate for Palestine , and everything that has been based upon them , are deemed null and void . Claims of historical or religious ties of Jews with Palestine are incompatible with the facts of history and the true conception of what constitutes statehood . Judaism , being a religion , is not an independent nationality . Nor do Jews constitute a single nation with an identity of its own ; they are citizens of the states to which they belong '' . This article was nullified in 1996 . Article 3 reads : '' The Palestinian Arab people possess the legal right to their homeland and have the right to determine their destiny after achieving the liberation of their country in accordance with their wishes and entirely of their own accord and will '' . The PLO has always labelled the Palestinian people as Arabs . This was a natural consequence of the fact that the PLO was an offshoot of the Arab League . It also has a tactical element , as to keep the backing of Arab states . Over the years , the Arab identity remained the stated nature of the Palestinian State . It is a reference to the '' Arab State '' envisioned in the UN Partition Plan . Secularism versus adherence to Islam The PLO and its dominating faction Fatah are often contrasted to more religious orientated factions like Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad ( PIJ ) . All , however , represent a predominant Muslim population . Practically the whole population of the Territories is Muslim , most of them Sunni . Only some 50,000 ( ca 1 % ) of the 4.6 million Palestinians in the occupied Palestinian territories ( OPT ) are Palestinian Christian . The National Charter has no reference to religion . Under President Arafat , the Fatah - dominated Palestinian Authority adopted the 2003 Amended Basic Law , which stipulates Islam as the sole official religion in Palestine and the principles of Islamic sharia as a principal source of legislation . The draft Constitution , which never materialized , contains the same provisions . At the time , the Palestine Legislative Council ( PLC ) did not include a single Hamas member . The draft Constitution was formulated by the '' Constitutional Committee '' , appointed with the approval of the PLO . Organization Structure Orient House , the former PLO headquarters in Jerusalem The PLO incorporates a range of generally secular ideologies of different Palestinian movements `` committed to the struggle for Palestinian independence and liberation , '' hence the name of the organization . It formally is an umbrella organization that includes `` numerous organizations of the resistance movement , political parties , and popular organizations . '' From the beginning , the PLO was designed as a government in exile , with a parliament , the Palestine National Council ( PNC ) , chosen by the Palestinian people , as the highest authority in the PLO , and an executing government ( EC ) , elected by the PNC . In practice , however , the organization was rather a hierarchic one with a military - like character , needed for its function as liberation organization , the `` liberation of Palestine '' . Beside a Palestinian National Charter , which describes the ideology of the PLO , a constitution , named `` Fundamental Law '' , was adopted , which dictates the inner structure of the organization and the representation of the Palestinian people . A draft Constitution was written in 1963 , to rule the PLO until free general elections among all the Palestinians in all the countries in which they resided could be held . The Constitution was revised in 1968 . Institutions The Palestinian National Council has 740 members and the Executive Committee or ExCo has 18 members . The Palestinian Central Council or CC or PCC , established by the PNC in 1973 , is the second leading body of the PLO . The CC consists of 124 members from the PLO Executive Committee , PNC , PLC and other Palestinian organizations . The EC includes 15 representatives of the PLC . The CC functions as an intermediary body between the PNC and the EC . The CC makes policy decisions when PNC is not in session , acting as a link between the PNC and the PLO - EC . The CC is elected by the PNC and chaired by the PNC speaker . The PNC serves as the parliament for all Palestinians inside and outside of the Occupied Palestinian Territory , including Jerusalem . The PLO is governed internally by its `` Fundamental Law '' , which describes the powers and the relations between the organs of the PLO . Ahmad Shukeiri was the first Chairman of the PLO Executive Committee from 1964 to 1967 . In 1967 , he was replaced by Yahia Hammuda . Yasser Arafat occupied the function from 1969 until his death in 2004 . He was succeeded by Mahmoud Abbas ( also known as Abu Mazen ) . According to an internal PLO document , the current PNC remains in function if elections are not possible . In absence of elections , most of the members of the PNC are appointed by the Executive Committee . The document further states that `` the PNC represents all sectors of the Palestinian community worldwide , including numerous organizations of the resistance movement , political parties , popular organizations and independent personalities and figures from all sectors of life , including intellectuals , religious leaders and businessmen '' . Challenged representation As of 2015 , there have not been elections for many years , neither for the PNC , nor for the EC , the PCC and the President of the State of Palestine . The Executive Committee has formally 18 members , including its Chairman , but in past years many vacant seats in the Executive remained empty . Moreover , Hamas , the largest representative of the inhabitants of the Palestinian Territories alongside Fatah , is not represented in the PLO at all . The results of the last parliamentary elections for the PLC , held in the Territories in 2006 , with Hamas as the big winner while not even a member of the PLO , `` underlined the clear lack of a popular mandate by the PLO leadership '' , according to PASSIA . Individual elected members of the PLC representing Hamas , however , are automatically members of the PNC . The representative status of the PLO has often been challenged in the past . It was for example doubted in 2011 by a group of Palestinian lawyers , jurists and legal scholars , due to lack of elections . They questioned the PLO 's legitimacy to alter the status and role of the Organisation in respect of their status within the UN . They demanded immediate and direct elections to the Palestine National Council to '' activate representative PLO institutions in order to preserve , consolidate , and strengthen the effective legal representation of the Palestinian people as a whole '' , before changing the status within the UN . PLO versus PA The 1993 - 1995 Oslo Accords deliberately detached the Palestinian population in the Occupied Palestinian Territories from the PLO and the Palestinians in exile by creating a Palestinian Authority ( PA ) for the Territories . A separate parliament and government were established . Mahmoud Abbas was one of the architects of the Oslo Accords . Although many in the PLO opposed the Oslo Agreements , the Executive Committee and the Central Council approved the Accords . It marked the beginning of the PLO 's decline , as the PA came to replace the PLO as the prime Palestinian political institution . Political factions within the PLO that had opposed the Oslo process were marginalized . Only during the Hamas - led PA Government in 2006 - 2007 , the PLO resurfaced . After Hamas had taken over Gaza in 2007 , Abbas issued a decree suspending the PLC and some sections of the Palestinian Basic Law , and appointing Salam Fayyad as Prime Minister . The PLO managed to overcome the separation by keeping the power in PLO and PA in one hand , upheld by Yasser Arafat . In 2002 , Arafat held the functions Chairman of the PLO / Executive Committee and Chairman of Fatah , the dominating faction within the PLO , as well as President of the Palestinian National Authority . He also controlled the Palestinian National Security Forces . Internal politics On 4 February 1969 , Fatah founder Arafat was elected Chairman of the PLO in Cairo . Since , Fatah has been the dominant factor within the PLO , which still continues in 2015 . Under pressure from the international community led by Israel and US , and from inside his own party Fatah , Arafat partially transferred some of his strongly centralized power in 2003 , causing strong tensions within the Palestinian leadership . Arafat appointed Mahmoud Abbas as prime minister , but this resulted in disputes about the transfer of tasks and responsibilities . Abbas was strongly supported by the US and the international community , because he was supposed to be more willing to give far - reaching concessions to Israel . While Arafat had retained most of his power and a power struggle within Fatah continued , the leadership was criticised for corruption and nepotism . After Arafat 's death , Abbas increasingly gained exclusive powers within both PLO and PA as well as in Fatah , until he had acquired the same power as was previously held by Arafat . Critics say that Abbas even got more powers than Arafat . Abbas is criticized for his autocratic rule and refusal to share powers and plans with other Palestinians . In the absence of a functioning parliament and Executive , he even began to issue his own laws . Senior representative of Abbas ' Fatah faction and former Fatah minister of prisoner affairs Sufian Abu Zaida complained that Abbas appointed himself as the chief judge and prosecutor , making a mockery of the Palestinian judicial system . There appeared reports of widespread corruption and nepotism within the Palestinian Authority . Only Hamas - ruled Gaza has a more or less functioning parliament . 2015 struggle for power See also : Politics of the Palestinian National Authority With a de facto defunct parliament and Executive , Mahmoud Abbas increasingly gained exclusive powers within both PLO and PA as well as in Fatah . After the announcement in August 2015 of Abbas ' resignation as Chairman of the Executive Committee and of nine other members as well , many Palestinians saw the move as just an attempt to replace some members in the Executive Committee , or to force a meeting of the PNC and remain in their jobs until the PNC decides whether to accept or to reject their resignations . Met with fierce criticism by many Palestinian factions , a session of the PNC , who had to approve the resignations , was postponed indefinitely . Political status The Palestine Liberation Organization is recognized by the Arab League as `` the sole and legitimate representative of the Palestinian people '' , and by the United Nations as `` the representative of the Palestinian people '' . The PLO was designated a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987 , but in 1988 a presidential waiver was issued which permitted contact with the organization . Most of the rest of the world recognized the PLO as the legitimate representatives of the Palestinian people from the mid-1970s onwards ( after the PLO 's admission to the UN as an observer . ) Israel considered the PLO to be a terrorist organization until the Madrid Conference in 1991 . In 1993 , PLO chairman Yasser Arafat recognized the State of Israel in an official letter to its prime minister , Yitzhak Rabin . In response to Arafat 's letter , Israel decided to revise its stance toward the PLO and to recognize the organization as the representative of the Palestinian people . This led to the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993 . Status at the United Nations Further information : State of Palestine , International recognition of the State of Palestine , List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations § United Nations General Assembly observers , and Category : Permanent Observers of Palestine to the United Nations Observer status The United Nations General Assembly recognized the PLO as the `` representative of the Palestinian people '' in Resolution 3210 and Resolution 3236 , and granted the PLO observer status on 22 November 1974 in Resolution 3237 . On 12 January 1976 the UN Security Council voted 11 -- 1 with 3 abstentions to allow the Palestinian Liberation Organization to participate in a Security Council debate without voting rights , a privilege usually restricted to UN member states . It was admitted as a full member of the Asia group on 2 April 1986 . After the Palestinian Declaration of Independence the PLO 's representation was renamed Palestine . On 7 July 1998 , this status was extended to allow participation in General Assembly debates , though not in voting . 2011 application for UN state membership When President Mahmoud Abbas submitted an application for UN state membership , in September 2011 , Palestinian lawyers , jurists and legal scholars expressed their concern that the change of Palestine 's status in the UN ( since 1988 designated as `` Palestine '' in place of `` Palestine Liberation Organization '' ) could have negative implications on the legal position of the Palestinian people . They warned for the risk of fragmentation , where the State of Palestine would represent the people within the UN and the PLO represent the people outside the UN , the latter including the Palestinians in exile , where refugees constitute more than half of the Palestinian people . They were also afraid of the loss of representation of the refugees in the UN . In Resolution 67 / 19 of November 2012 , Palestine was at last awarded non-member observer State status , but the General Assembly maintained the status of the PLO . ′ Non-member observer state ′ status By September 2012 , with their application for full membership stalled due to the inability of Security Council members to ' make a unanimous recommendation ' , the PLO had decided to pursue an upgrade in status from `` observer entity '' to `` non-member observer state '' . On 29 November 2012 , Resolution 67 / 19 passed , upgrading Palestine to `` non-member observer State '' status in the United Nations . The new status equates Palestine 's with that of the Holy See . Diplomatic representation Main article : Foreign relations of the Palestine Liberation Organization See also : Category : Ambassadors of Palestine The Palestine Information Office was registered with the Justice Department of the United States as a foreign agent until 1968 , when it was closed . It was reopened in 1989 as the Palestine Affairs Center . The PLO Mission office , in Washington D.C was opened in 1994 , and represented the PLO in the United States . On 20 July 2010 , the United States Department of State agreed to upgrade the status of the PLO Mission in the United States to `` General Delegation of the PLO '' . Peace process Further information : Palestinian views on the peace process § Yasser Arafat and the PLO Initially , as a guerrilla organization , the PLO performed actions against Israel in the 1970s and early 1980s , regarded as terroristic activities by Israel and regarded as a war of liberation by the PLO . In 1988 , however , the PLO officially endorsed a two - state solution , contingent on terms such as making East Jerusalem capital of the Palestinian state and giving Palestinians the right of return to land occupied by Palestinians prior to 1948 , as well as the right to continue armed struggle until the end of `` The Zionist Entity . '' In 1996 , the PLO nullified the articles of the PLO 's Charter , or parts of it , which called for the destruction of Israel and for armed resistance . Ten Point Program Following the failure of the armies of Egypt and Syria to defeat Israel in the October 1973 Yom Kippur War , which broke the status quo existing since the June 1967 Six Day War , the PLO began formulating a strategic alternative . Now , they intended to establish a '' national authority '' over every territory they would be able to reconquer . From 1 to 9 June 1974 , the Palestine National Council held its 12th meeting in Cairo . On 8 June , the Ten Point Program was adopted . The Program stated : The Liberation Organization will employ all means , and first and foremost armed struggle , to liberate Palestinian territory and to establish the independent combatant national authority for the people over every part of Palestinian territory that is liberated . This will require further changes being effected in the balance of power in favour of our people and their struggle . By '' every part of Palestinian territory that is liberated '' was implicitly meant the West Bank and Gaza Strip , albeit presented as an interim goal . The final goal remained '' completing the liberation of all Palestinian territory '' and '' recover all their national rights and , first and foremost , their rights to return and to self - determination on the whole of the soil of their homeland '' . Also UN Resolution 242 was still rejected . While clinging to armed struggle as the prime means , the PLO no longer excluded peaceful means. Therefore , the Ten Point Program was considered the first attempt by the PLO at peaceful resolution . In October 1974 , the Arab League proclaimed the PLO '' the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people in any Palestinian territory that is liberated '' , and also the UN recognized the PLO . From then , the diplomatic road was prepared . On the other hand , the Program was rejected by more radical factions and eventually caused a split in the movement . First Intifada Main article : First Intifada In 1987 , the First Intifada broke out in the West Bank and Gaza Strip . The Intifada caught the PLO by surprise , and the leadership abroad could only indirectly influence the events . A new local leadership emerged , the Unified National Leadership of the Uprising ( UNLU ) , comprising many leading Palestinian factions . After King Hussein of Jordan proclaimed the administrative and legal separation of the West Bank from Jordan in 1988 , the Palestine National Council adopted the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in Algiers , proclaiming an independent State of Palestine . The declaration made reference to UN resolutions without explicitly mentioning Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 . A month later , Arafat declared in Geneva that the PLO would support a solution of the conflict based on these Resolutions . Effectively , the PLO recognized Israel 's right to exist within pre-1967 borders , with the understanding that the Palestinians would be allowed to set up their own state in the West Bank and Gaza . The United States accepted this clarification by Arafat and began to allow diplomatic contacts with PLO officials . The Proclamation of Independence did not lead to statehood , although over 100 states recognised the State of Palestine . Oslo Accords In 1993 , the PLO secretly negotiated the Oslo Accords with Israel . The accords were signed on 20 August 1993 . There was a subsequent public ceremony in Washington D.C. on 13 September 1993 with Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin . The Accords granted Palestinians the right to self - government on the Gaza Strip and the city of Jericho in the West Bank through the creation of the Palestinian Authority . Yasser Arafat was appointed head of the Palestinian Authority and a timetable for elections was laid out . The headquarters of the PLO were moved to Ramallah on the West Bank . Legal actions against the PLO Further information : Leon Klinghoffer and Sokolow et al v. Palestine Liberation Organization et al The PLO has been sued in the United States by families of those killed or injured in attacks by Palestinians . One of those lawsuits was settled prior to going to trial , while another went to trial . The PLO was found liable and ordered to pay a judgment of $655.5 million US dollars , however that verdict was overturned on appeal for a lack of US federal jurisdiction over actions committed overseas . History and armed actions Early actions The PLO began their militancy campaign from its inception with an attack on Israel 's National Water Carrier in January 1965 . The group used guerrilla tactics to attack Israel from their bases in Jordan ( including the West Bank ) , Lebanon , Egypt ( Gaza Strip ) , and Syria . The most notable of what were considered terrorist acts committed by member organizations of the PLO were : The 1970 Avivim school bus massacre by the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( DFLP ) , killed nine children , three adults and crippled 19 . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine , the second - largest PLO faction after al - Fatah , carried out a number of attacks and plane hijackings mostly directed at Israel , most infamously the Dawson 's Field hijackings , which precipitated the Black September in Jordan crisis . In 1972 , the Black September Organization carried out the Munich massacre of Israeli Olympic athletes . In 1974 , members of the DFLP seized a school in Israel and killed a total of 26 students and adults and wounded over 70 in the Ma'alot massacre . The 1975 , Savoy Hotel hostage situation killing 8 hostages and 3 soldiers , carried out by Fatah . The 1978 , Coastal Road massacre killing 37 Israelis and wounding 76 , also carried out by Fatah . War of attrition From 1967 to September 1970 the PLO , with passive support from Jordan , fought a war of attrition with Israel . During this time , the PLO launched artillery attacks on the moshavim and kibbutzim of Bet Shean Valley Regional Council , while fedayeen launched numerous attacks on Israeli forces . Israel raided the PLO camps in Jordan , including Karameh , withdrawing only under Jordanian military pressure . This conflict culminated in Jordan 's expulsion of the PLO to Lebanon in July 1971 . Black September in Jordan Main article : Black September in Jordan The PLO suffered a major reversal with the Jordanian assault on its armed groups in the events known as Black September in 1970 . The Palestinian groups were expelled from Jordan , and during the 1970s , the PLO was effectively an umbrella group of eight organizations headquartered in Damascus and Beirut , all devoted to armed struggle against Zionism or Israeli occupation , using methods which included direct clashing and guerrilla warfare against Israel . After Black September , the Cairo Agreement led the PLO to establish itself in Lebanon . Lebanon and the Lebanese civil War Main articles : Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon and Lebanese Civil War In the late 1960s , and especially after the expulsion of the Palestinian militants from Jordan in Black September events in 1970 -- 1971 , Lebanon had become the base for PLO operations . Palestinian militant organizations relocated their headquarters to South Lebanon , and relying on the support in Palestinian refugee camps , waged a campaign of attacks on the Galilee and on Israeli and Jewish targets worldwide . Increasing penetration of Palestinians into Lebanese politics and Israeli retaliations gradually deteriorated the situation . By the mid-1970s , Arafat and his Fatah movement found themselves in a tenuous position . Arafat increasingly called for diplomacy , perhaps best symbolized by his Ten Points Program and his support for a UN Security Council resolution proposed in 1976 calling for a two - state settlement on the pre-1967 borders . But the Rejectionist Front denounced the calls for diplomacy , and a diplomatic solution was vetoed by the United States . In 1975 , the increasing tensions between Palestinian militants and Christian militias exploded into the Lebanese Civil War , involving all factions . On 20 January 1976 , the PLO took part in the Damour massacre in retaliation to the Karantina massacre . The PLO and Lebanese National Movement attacked the Christian town of Damour , killing 684 civilians and forcing the remainder of the towns population to flee . In 1976 Syria joined the war by invading Lebanon , which began the 29 ‐ year Syrian occupation of Lebanon , and in 1978 Israel invaded South Lebanon , in response to the Coastal Road Massacre , executed by Palestinian militants based in Lebanon . The population in the West Bank and Gaza Strip saw Arafat as their best hope for a resolution to the conflict . This was especially so in the aftermath of the Camp David Accords of 1978 between Israel and Egypt , which the Palestinians saw as a blow to their aspirations to self - determination . Abu Nidal , a sworn enemy of the PLO since 1974 , assassinated the PLO 's diplomatic envoy to the European Economic Community , which in the Venice Declaration of 1980 had called for the Palestinian right of self - determination to be recognized by Israel . Opposition to Arafat was fierce not only among radical Arab groups , but also among many on the Israeli right . This included Menachem Begin , who had stated on more than one occasion that even if the PLO accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242 and recognized Israel 's right to exist , he would never negotiate with the organization . This contradicted the official United States position that it would negotiate with the PLO if the PLO accepted Resolution 242 and recognized Israel , which the PLO had thus far been unwilling to do . Other Arab voices had recently called for a diplomatic resolution to the hostilities in accord with the international consensus , including Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat on his visit to Washington , DC in August 1981 , and Crown Prince Fahd of Saudi Arabia in his 7 August peace proposal ; together with Arafat 's diplomatic maneuver , these developments made Israel 's argument that it had `` no partner for peace '' seem increasingly problematic . Thus , in the eyes of Israeli hard - liners , `` the Palestinians posed a greater challenge to Israel as a peacemaking organization than as a military one '' . After the appointment of Ariel Sharon to the post of Minister of defence in 1981 , the Israeli government policy of allowing political growth to occur in the occupied West Bank and Gaza strip changed . The Israeli government tried , unsuccessfully , to dictate terms of political growth by replacing local pro-PLO leaders with an Israeli civil administration . In 1982 , after an attack on a senior Israeli diplomat by Lebanon - based Palestinian militants in Lebanon , Israel invaded Lebanon in a much larger scale in coordination with the Lebanese Christian militias , reaching Beirut and eventually resulting in ousting of the PLO headquarters in June that year . Low - level Palestinian insurgency in Lebanon continued in parallel with the consolidation of Shia militant organizations , but became a secondary concern to Israeli military and other Lebanese factions . With ousting of the PLO , the Lebanese Civil War gradually turned into a prolonged conflict , shifting from mainly PLO - Christian conflict into involvement of all Lebanese factions -- whether Sunni , Shia , Druze , and Christians . Tunis In 1982 , the PLO relocated to Tunis , Tunisia after it was driven out of Lebanon by Israel during Israel 's six - month invasion of Lebanon . Following massive raids by Israeli forces in Beirut , it is estimated that 8,000 PLO fighters evacuated the city and dispersed . On 1 October 1985 , in Operation Wooden Leg , Israeli Air Force F - 15s bombed the PLO 's Tunis headquarters , killing more than 60 people . It is suggested that the Tunis period ( 1982 -- 1991 ) was a negative point in the PLO 's history , leading up to the Oslo negotiations and formation of the Palestinian Authority ( PA ) . The PLO in exile was distant from a concentrated number of Palestinians and became far less effective . There was a significant reduction in centres of research , political debates or journalistic endeavours that had encouraged an energised public presence of the PLO in Beirut . More and more Palestinians were abandoned , and many felt that this was the beginning of the end . Second Intifada Main article : Al - Aqsa Intifada The Second or Al - Aqsa Intifada started concurrently with the breakdown of July 2000 Camp David talks between Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak . The Intifada never ended officially , but violence hit relatively low levels during 2005 . The death toll , including both military personnel and civilians , of the entire conflict in 2000 -- 2004 is estimated to be 3,223 Palestinians and 950 Israelis , although this number is criticized for not differentiating between combatants and civilians . Members of the PLO have claimed responsibility for a number of attacks against Israelis during the Second Intifada . In February 2015 in a civil case considered by a US federal court the Palestinian Authority and Palestine Liberation Organization were found liable for the death and injuries of US citizens in a number of terrorist attacks in Israel from 2001 to 2004 . The damages are to be $655.5 million . Wealth controversy According to a 1993 report by the British National Criminal Intelligence Service , the PLO was `` the richest of all terrorist organizations '' , with $8 -- $10 billion in assets and an annual income of $1.5 - $2 billion from `` donations , extortion , payoffs , illegal arms dealing , drug trafficking , money laundering , fraud , etc . '' Membership This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Present members include : Fatah -- Largest faction , secular , left - wing nationalist . The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( PFLP ) -- Second largest , radical left militant and communist The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( DFLP ) -- Third largest , communist The Palestinian People 's Party ( PPP ) -- Socialist The Palestine Liberation Front ( PLF , Abu Abbas faction ) -- Minor left - wing faction The Arab Liberation Front ( ALF ) -- Minor faction , aligned to the Iraqi - led Ba'ath Party As - Sa'iqa -- Syrian - controlled Ba'athist faction The Palestinian Democratic Union ( Fida ) -- Minor democratic socialist , two - state solution , non militant faction The Palestinian Popular Struggle Front ( PPSF , Samir Ghawsha faction ) -- minor socialist faction The Palestinian Arab Front ( PAF ) -- minor pro-Fatah , former Iraqi Ba'athist faction Former member groups of the PLO include : The Palestinian Liberation Front ( PLF , Abu Nidal Ashqar wing ) The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command ( PFLP - GC ) The Revolutionary Palestinian Communist Party ( RPCP ) Executive Committee Chairmen Ahmad Shukeiri ( 2 June 1964 -- 24 December 1967 ) Yahya Hammuda ( 24 December 1967 -- 2 February 1969 ) Yasser Arafat `` Abu Amar '' ( 4 February 1969 -- 11 November 2004 ) ( in exile in Jordan to April 1971 ; Lebanon 1971 -- December 1982 ; and Tunis December 1982 -- May 1994 ) Mahmoud Abbas `` Abu Mazen '' ( From 29 October 2004 -- present ) ( acting ( for Arafat ) until 11 November 2004 ) See also PLO Negotiation Affairs Department Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority Palestinian political violence Proposals for a Palestinian state Palestinian territories Palestinian Liberation Army Fatah -- Hamas conflict Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Violence in the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Palestinian expulsion from Kuwait ' Ndrangheta Rejectionist Front References Jump up ^ Arabs Create Organization For Recovery of Palestine The New York Times ; 29 May 1964 ; `` JERUSALEM , ( Jordanian Sector ) 28 May ( Reuters ) - The creation of Palestine liberation organization was announced today ... '' ^ Jump up to : `` In West Bank , Ramallah looks ever more like capital '' . 30 November 2010 -- via Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Abbas : Referendum law is ' obstacle to peace ' - Middle East - Jerusalem Post '' . Jpost.com. 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ National Anthems . `` Palestine '' . Jump up ^ Beyer , Lisa ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Arafat : A Life in Retrospect - TIME '' . Content.time.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Fatah Palestinian movement '' . BBC News . 2009 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Arafat 's Palestinian Authority Became an `` Entity Supporting Terrorism '' `` . Jcpa.org. 2001 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) '' . Adl.org. 1993 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` PLO to Limit Attacks , Arafat Says '' . Articles.latimes.com. 2000 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Arafat 's Vision of Peace : - A Textual Analysis - The Washington Institute for Near East Policy '' . Washingtoninstitute.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) Palestinian political organization '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Madiha Rashid al Madfai , Jordan , the United States and the Middle East Peace Process , 1974 -- 1991 , Cambridge Middle East Library , Cambridge University Press ( 1993 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 41523 - 3 . p. 21 : `` On 28 October 1974 , the seventh Arab summit conference held in Rabat designated the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and reaffirmed their right to establish an independent state of urgency . '' Jump up ^ Geldenhuys , Deon ( 1990 ) . Isolated states : a comparative analysis . Cambridge University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40268 - 9 . The organisation has also been recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by well over 100 states ... Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3210 . `` Invites the Palestine Liberation Organization , the representative of the Palestinian people , to participate in the deliberations of the General Assembly on the question of Palestine in plenary meetings . '' Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 . `` Having heard the statement of the Palestine Liberation Organization , the representative of the Palestinian people , ... '' Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3237 ^ Jump up to : U.S. Code TITLE 22 > CHAPTER 61 > § 5201 . Findings ; determinations , Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School . Retrieved 5 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Rachel Ehrenfeld . `` FUNDING EVIL , How Terrorism Is Financed -- and How to Stop It '' ( PDF ) . Eufunding.org.uk \ accessdate = 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kim Murphy . `` Israel and PLO , in Historic Bid for Peace , Agree to Mutual Recognition , '' Los Angeles Times , 10 September 1993 . ^ Jump up to : The PLO and the crisis of representation . Mazen Masri , Muftah , 15 October 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations - Palestine National Charter of 1964 '' . 2010 - 11 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : The Palestinian National Charter : Resolutions of the Palestine National Council July 1 - 17 , 1968 , on Avalon ^ Jump up to : Letter From President Yasser Arafat to President Clinton , Miftah.org , 13 January 1998 ^ Jump up to : 2003 Amended Basic Law Art . 1 : '' Palestine is part of the larger Arab world , and the Palestinian people are part of the Arab nation . '' ; Art . 4 : '' Islam is the official religion in Palestine . Respect for the sanctity of all other divine religions shall be maintained ; The principles of Islamic Shari'a shall be a principal source of legislation. ; Arabic shall be the official language . '' Jump up ^ Palestinian Christians in the Holy Land and the Diaspora . Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem , 21 October 2014 Jump up ^ Palestinian Christians in the Holy Land . Institute for Middle East Understanding , 17 December 2012 Jump up ^ The revision of the third draft of the constitution of the State of Palestine ( Art . 5 and 7 ) . 15 May 2003 ^ Jump up to : Draft Palestine Constitution . MidEastWeb , 25 March 2003 Jump up ^ The draft of the Palestinian Constitution . Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research ( PSR ) , February 2001 Jump up ^ Palestinian Constitution . Palestinian National Authority , April 2003 ^ Jump up to : Palestine Liberation Organization . Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations Jump up ^ The Draft Constitution of the Palestine Liberation Organization ( 1963 ) Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . See Article 4 . The Jerusalem Fund Jump up ^ Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) : Constitution . Text of the 1968 Constitution on JVL ^ Jump up to : Memo : Distinction between PLO , PA , PNC , PLC . Al Jazeera , The Palestine Papers , 5 February 2006 . Available on . Internal PLO document from Mazen Masri , legal researcher , to the PLO Negotiations Support Unit . See also note 4 in the pdf . Jump up ^ See the 1996 list of members : Members of the PLO Central Council as of 1996 . At middleeastreference.org.uk Jump up ^ `` PLO Central Council Members '' ( PDF ) . Passia.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Pineschi ( 1997 - 02 - 01 ) . The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1987 - 1988 . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 9041103414 . Jump up ^ Tom Lansford , Political Handbook of the World 2014 , p. 1634 . CQ Press , March 2014 Jump up ^ `` Mahmoud Abbas elected chairman of PLO '' . nbcnews.com. 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Mahmoud Abbas '' . BBC News . 2012 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ PLO vs. PA Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 9 . Passia , September 2014 ^ Jump up to : Palestinian lawyers affirm essential role of PLO at UN . Ma'an News Agency , 13 October 2011 Jump up ^ Profile : Mahmoud Abbas . BBC , 5 November 2009 Jump up ^ Who 's Who in the Arab World 2007 - 2008 . Walter de Gruyter , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Arafat vs Abbas . Al - Ahram Weekly , 17 -- 23 July 2003 , Issue No. 647 Jump up ^ `` The Morning Record - Google News Archive Search '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Fatah Wins Control Of Palestine Group - Article - Nytimes.Com '' . Select.nytimes.com. 1969 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Arafat urges overhaul of Palestinian government . CNN , 15 May 2002 Jump up ^ Arafat urged to end corruption after unrest . Chris McGreal , The Guardian , 20 July 2004 Jump up ^ Corruption in Palestine : A Self - Enforcing System . Tariq Dana , Al - Shabaka , 18 August 2015 ^ Jump up to : Critics slam Mahmoud Abbas ' PLO resignation as ' farce ' . Mel Frykberg , Al Jazeera , 28 August 2015 ^ Jump up to : What the U.S. Does Not Want to Know About Abbas . Khaled Abu Toameh , Gatestone Institute , 29 June 2013 Jump up ^ Report Highlights Corruption in Palestinian Institutions . Hazem Balousha , Al - Monitor , 6 May 2013 Jump up ^ The Legislative Status in the Palestinian Territory . Birzeit University , December 2012 . '' Article 43 of the Amended Basic Law grants the President the power to issue decrees that have the power of law in cases of necessity that can not be delayed ... Towards 9 January 2009 , laws used to be sent by fax or email to the PNA President for approval within 30 days . Otherwise , laws would automatically enter into force . According to the new Law on the Official Gazette , these were published in the Official Gazette . After 9 January 2009 , however , no laws have been sent to the President 's Office for approval and promulgation . In this context , Mr. Barham went over major laws passed by the Gaza - based PLC . '' Jump up ^ Purported Abbas resignation from PLO Executive Committee ridiculed as ′ silly show ′ . Khaled Abu Toameh , Jerusalem Post , 23 August 2015 Jump up ^ Abbas heats up Palestinian politics in PLO reshuffle bid . Nidal al - Mughrabi and Ali Sawafta , Reuters , 27 August 2015 Jump up ^ PNC chair confirms controversial session postponed . Ma'an News Agency , 9 September 2015 Jump up ^ Resolution 3210 ( XXIX ) . Invitation to the Palestine Liberation Organization Archived 3 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... UNGA , 14 October 1974 `` Invites the Palestine Liberation Organization , the representative of the Palestinian people , to participate in the deliberations of the General Assembly on the question of Palestine in plenary meetings . '' Jump up ^ 22 USC CHAPTER 61 -- ANTI-TERRORISM -- PLO Archived 28 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Office of the Law Revision Counsel ( United States ) . Retrieved 5 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Hajjar , 2005 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Israel - PLO recognition - Exchange of letters between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat / Arafat letter to Norwegian FM ( Non-UN documents ) ( 9 September 1993 ) '' . 28 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` At the threshold of peace Mutual recognition ends 3 decades of strife between Israel and PLO ISRAELI - PLO PEACE TALKS '' . Retrieved 6 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations . `` Status of Palestine at the United Nations '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . : `` On 2 April 1986 , the Asian Group of the U.N. decided to accept the PLO as a full member . '' Jump up ^ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( 2002 ) . `` Government structures '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . : `` At present , the PLO is a full member of the Asian Group of the United Nations '' . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 52 / 250 : Participation of Palestine in the work of the United Nations Archived 22 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( 1998 ) : `` Palestine enjoys full membership in the Group of Asian States '' . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly ( 9 December 1988 ) . `` United Nations General Assembly Resolution 43 / 177 '' . UN Information System on the Question of Palestine . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Law and Practice of the United Nations '' . google.com . Jump up ^ General Assembly Votes Overwhelmingly to Accord Palestine ' Non-Member Observer State ' Status in United Nations . UN press release , 29 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` A / 67 / L. 28 of 26 November 2012 and A / RES / 67 / 19 of 29 November 2012 '' . Unispal.un.org . Archived from the original on 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Palestine : What is in a name ( change ) ? - Inside Story . Al Jazeera Jump up ^ Non-member States having received a standing invitation to participate as observers in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly and maintaining permanent observer missions at Headquarters Archived 9 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Official UN website Jump up ^ The Palestinian Diaspora : Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland , By Helena Lindholm Schulz , Juliane Hammer , Routledge , 2003 p. 81 Jump up ^ Mozgovaya , Natasha. ( 2010 - 07 - 22 ) U.S. upgrades status of Palestinian mission in Washington Israel News Broadcast . Haaretz . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ William L. Cleveland , A History of the Modern Middle East , Westview Press ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4048 - 9 . Jump up ^ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations , Decisions and Actions Related to the Palestine National Charter Archived 12 December 2012 at Archive.is ^ Jump up to : The PLO at the Crossroads -- Moderation , Encirclement , Future Prospects . See par . The PLO on the Road to `` Moderation '' . Sameer Abraham , MER 80 , Volume : 9 , September / October 1979 ^ Jump up to : Text of the Ten Point Program Archived 25 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , 8 June 1974 . On UNISPAL Jump up ^ The PNC Program of 1974 , 8 June 1974 . On the site of MidEastWeb for Coexistence R.A. -- Middle East Resources . Page includes commentary . Jump up ^ Yasser Arafat obituary Archived 11 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , socialistworld.net ( Committee for a Worker 's International ) 11 November 2004 . Retrieved 5 December 2006 . Jump up ^ King Hussein , Address to the Nation , Amman , Jordan , 31 July 1988 . On the Royal Hashemit Court 's official site in tribute to King Hussein . Retrieved 5 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Violent Globalisms '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of the Palestinians '' . google.com . Jump up ^ Weiser , Benjamin ( 12 August 1997 ) . `` A Settlement With P.L.O. Over Terror On a Cruise '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Michael ( 12 August 1997 ) . `` PLO Settles Klinghoffer Suit Over Achille Lauro Murder '' -- via www.wsj.com . Jump up ^ Court Throws Out $655.5 Million Terrorism Verdict Against Palestinian Groups , B. Weiser , Aug. 31 , 2016 , The New York Times Jump up ^ Arab - Israeli Conflict , Encarta Archived 28 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ben - Tzedef , Eviatar ( 2008 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Inferno at Karameh '' . nfc ( in Hebrew ) . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Smith , op . cit. , p. 357 Jump up ^ Smith , op . cit. , 376 Jump up ^ Shaul Mishal , Ranan D. Kuperman , David Boas ( 2001 ) . Investment in Peace : Politics of Economic Cooperation Between Israel , Jordan , and the Palestinian Authority . Sussex Academic Press , ISBN 1 - 902210 - 88 - 3 p 64 Jump up ^ Helena Cobban , The Palestinian Liberation Organisation : People , Power and Politics , p3 Jump up ^ Rashid Khalidi , The Iron Cage , The Story of the Struffle for Palestinian Statehood , p 180 Jump up ^ Rashid Khalidi , The Iron Cage , The Story of the Struffle for Palestinian Statehood , p164 Jump up ^ `` Palestinian Groups Are Found Liable at Manhattan Terror Trial '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ The Palestine Liberation Organization : Terrorism and Prospects for Peace in the Holy Land , Daniel Baracskay , 2011 , page 83 , Praeger Security International , ISBN 9780313381515 Jump up ^ `` 13 IMCWP , Contribution of the Palestinian PP ( En . ) '' . Solidnet.org. 2011 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Palestinian Factions , CRS Report for Congress , Aaron D. Pina , 8 June 2005 : `` Damascus based faction that is politically close to Syria and is a Marxist group that suspended its participation in the PLO after the 1993 Israel - Palestinian Declaration of Principles . The PFLP - GC split from the PFLP ( established by Dr. George Habbash ) in 1968 , claiming it wanted to focus more on fighting and less on politics . '' Bibliography Hajjar , Lisa ( 2005 ) . Courting conflict : the Israeli military court system in the West Bank and Gaza ( Illustrated ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520241947 . Yezid Sayigh , `` Struggle Within , Struggle Without : the Transformation of PLO politics since 1982 , '' International Affairs vol. 65 , no . 2 ( spring 1989 ) pages 247 -- 271 . External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : PLO Charter / Covenant Official sites PLO Negotiations Affairs Department Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations Documents Statement of Proclamation of the Organization ( 1964 ) Palestinian National Charter ( 1968 ) published by The Avalon Project at Yale Law School Palestinian National Charter ( 1968 ) on Wikisource Palestinian National Charter ( 1964 ) published by the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations PLO Political Program Adopted at the 12th Session of the Palestine National Council Cairo , 8 June 1974 published by the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations ) Decisions and Actions related to the Palestine National Charter ( 1996 ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 18 January 2008 ) published by the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations ) Constitution of the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) ( 1968 ) Analysis Commentary on the Palestine National Charter published by the Jewish Virtual Library Dean Peter F. Krogh Discusses the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives General PLO in Oxford Islamic Studies Online Palestinian Factions CRS Report for Congress , Aaron D. Pina , 8 June 2005 Brief history of the Palestine Liberation Organization by GlobalSecurity.org Collection of Documents , Biographies and other information on the Palestine Liberation Organization published by the Jewish Virtual Library The Palestinian Vision of Peace ( 2002 ) as stated by the PLO Negotiations Affairs Department Documents regarding the Soviet Ministry of Defense 1983 special operation requested by Yasir Arafat : delivery of two German - built coast guard cutters belonging to the PLO from Syria to Tunis -- ( PDF in Russian ) from the Soviet Archives ( 2 ) collected by Vladimir Bukovsky Photo enlargement shows Palestinians marching in West Berlin , 15 November 69 . Collection of over 150 PLO posters Palestine - P.L.O. Information bulletin Archive . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the goal of the palestine liberation organization	[ "At its first summit meeting in Cairo in 1964, the Arab League initiated the creation of an organization representing the Palestinian people.[20] The Palestinian National Council convened in Jerusalem on 28 May 1964. Concluding this meeting the PLO was founded on 2 June 1964. Its stated goal was the \"liberation of Palestine\" through armed struggle.[21]" ]	[ "the \"liberation of Palestine\" through armed struggle" ]
-1612482979826347051	Passport stamp	Passport stamp - wikipedia Passport stamp Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Passport stamps from the King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah on a Philippine passport . All dates from the passport stamps of Saudi Arabia are written in the Hijra Calendar . A passport stamp is a rubber stamp inked impression received in one 's passport upon entering or exiting a country . Passport stamps may occasionally take the form of sticker stamps , such as entry stamps from Japan . Depending on nationality , a visitor may not receive a stamp ( unless specifically requested ) , such as an EU / EFTA citizen travelling to an EU / EFTA country , Albania or Macedonia . Most countries issue exit stamps in addition to entry stamps . A few countries issue only entry stamps , including Australia , Canada , United States , New Zealand , Ireland , the United Kingdom , and El Salvador . Hong Kong , Macau , and Israel do not stamp passports upon entry nor exit , but issue landing slips instead . Visas may also take the form of passport stamps . Contents 1 Use 2 Overview of passport stamps of countries 2.1 Asia 2.1. 1 Bangladesh 2.1. 2 Cambodia 2.1. 3 China 2.1. 4 Hong Kong 2.1. 5 India 2.1. 6 Indonesia 2.1. 7 Israel 2.1. 8 Japan 2.1. 9 Jordan 2.1. 10 Laos 2.1. 11 Macau 2.1. 12 Malaysia 2.1. 13 Myanmar 2.1. 14 Nepal 2.1. 15 Pakistan 2.1. 16 Philippines 2.1. 17 Saudi Arabia 2.1. 18 Singapore 2.1. 19 Sri Lanka 2.1. 20 South Korea 2.1. 21 Taiwan 2.1. 22 Thailand 2.1. 23 Timor - Leste 2.1. 24 United Arab Emirates 2.1. 25 Vietnam 2.2 Africa 2.2. 1 Egypt 2.2. 2 French overseas departments ( Mayotte and Réunion ) 2.2. 3 Ghana 2.2. 4 Nigeria 2.2. 5 Morocco 2.2. 6 South Africa 2.2. 7 Swaziland 2.2. 8 Tunisia 2.3 Europe 2.3. 1 Schengen Area 2.3. 2 Albania 2.3. 3 Andorra 2.3. 4 Belarus 2.3. 5 Bulgaria 2.3. 6 Croatia 2.3. 7 Cyprus 2.3. 8 Czech Republic 2.3. 9 Germany 2.3. 10 Ireland 2.3. 11 Kosovo 2.3. 12 Liechtenstein 2.3. 13 Monaco 2.3. 14 Poland 2.3. 15 Romania 2.3. 16 Russia 2.3. 17 San Marino 2.3. 18 Serbia 2.3. 19 Switzerland 2.3. 20 Turkey 2.3. 21 Ukraine 2.3. 22 United Kingdom 2.4 North America 2.4. 1 Canada 2.4. 2 Cuba 2.4. 3 French overseas departments and collectivities 2.4. 4 Haiti 2.4. 5 Mexico 2.4. 6 United States 2.5 Oceania 2.5. 1 Australia 2.5. 2 Fiji 2.5. 3 French overseas territories ( French Polynesia , New Caledonia , Wallis and Futuna ) 2.5. 4 New Zealand 2.6 South America 2.6. 1 Argentina 2.6. 2 Brazil 2.6. 3 Chile 2.6. 4 Colombia 2.6. 5 Peru 2.6. 6 Venezuela 3 Countries not issuing exit immigration stamps 3.1 No exit control 3.2 Formal exit control without passport stamping 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Use ( edit ) Immigration authorities usually place stamps in passports at a port of entry or border crossing , as part of their immigration control or customs procedures . This endorsement can serve many different purposes . In the United Kingdom the immigration stamp in the passport includes the formal `` leave to enter '' granted on entry to the country to a person who is subject to immigration control . Alternatively , the stamps activates and / or acknowledges the continuing leave conferred in the individual 's entry clearance . Other authorities , such as those in Schengen Member States , simply stamp a passport with a date stamp that does not indicate any duration and this stamp is taken to mean either that the person is deemed to have permission to remain for three months or an alternative period as shown on their visa . In Japan , the passport entry sticker also contains a QR code that allows the immigration official to electronically collect information related to that entry . Most countries have different stamps for arrivals and departures to make it easier for officers to quickly identify the movements of the person concerned . The colour of the ink or the style of stamp may also provide such information . In many cases passengers on cruise ships do not receive passport stamps because the entire vessel has been cleared into port . It is often possible to get a souvenir stamp , though requires finding the immigration office by the dock . In many cases officials are used to such requests and will cooperate . Also , as noted below , some of the smallest European countries will give a stamp on request , either at their border or tourist office , charging at most a nominal fee . Overview of passport stamps of countries ( edit ) Asia ( edit ) Bangladesh ( edit ) Entry and exit stamps are sealed on passports for all citizens upon arrival at or departure from Bangladesh . Handwritten scroll numbers on the stamp make it easier to track a person 's complete journey - a Bangladeshi leaving Bangladesh would receive a scroll number upon exit ; upon entry , the scroll number would be used to summon related journey information of the traveler . The same is the case for foreigners , except that the scroll number is given on entry and then used on exit . The stamps are always in black except the date , which is in red . The stamps contain an arrow exiting a door to denote departure or an arrow entering a door for arrival on the top left corner , and the image of the mode of transportation on the top right corner . Rectangular stamps for entry and oval stamps for exit make it visually easier to trace movements . Entry and exit stamps at Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport on a Bangladeshi passport . Bangladeshi visa in a U.S. passport . Cambodia ( edit ) Entry stamp at Bavet land border crossing on the Cambodia - Vietnam border . Pre-sticker visas together with older type of passport stamps at Siem Reap airport . Exit stamp issued at Siem Reap International Airport China ( edit ) Entry stamp at Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport in an old People 's Republic of China passport . Entry and exit stamps at Dongguan in an old People 's Republic of China passport . ( Noted that there were no English on stamps . ) Entry and exit stamps at Fuzhou Changle International Airport in an old Thai passport . Entry and exit stamps at Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport in a Thai passport . Entry and exit stamps at Shanghai Pudong International Airport on an Italian passport . Entry and exit stamps at Beijing Capital International Airport in a Republic of Korea passport . Hong Kong ( edit ) The Hong Kong Immigration Department used to stamp the passports of visitors entering and leaving Hong Kong ( residents using their Hong Kong Identity Card did not receive a stamp ) . Just prior to and after the 1997 transfer of sovereignty from the UK to the People 's Republic of China , arrival and departure stamps were identical at all ports of entry . For the next 15 years or so , the ink colour of the stamp differentiated the administrative division of the point of entry : Stamps issued within New Territories ( Sha Tau Kok Control Point , Man Kam To Control Point , Lo Wu Control Point , Lok Ma Chau Control Point , Lok Ma Chau Spur Line Control Point and Shenzhen Bay Control Point by land , Tuen Mun Ferry Terminal Control Point by sea ) are in red ink . Stamps issued within Kowloon ( Hung Hom Control Point by trains , Ocean Terminal Control Point and China Ferry Terminal Control Point by sea ) are in green ink . Stamps issued within Hong Kong Island ( Hong Kong - Macau Ferry Terminal Control Point , by either sea or air ) are in purple ink . Stamps issued within Islands District ( Hong Kong International Airport Control Point by air ) are in black ink . Beginning 19 March 2013 , landing slips are issued to visitors on arrival in Hong Kong instead of passport stamps , and on departure from Hong Kong no slips or passport stamps are issued ( being unable to present the landing slip on departure does not affect a traveller 's ability to clear immigration ) . However , in exceptional circumstances , stamps may still be applied . Entry stamp at Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal in a Thai passport . Exit stamp at Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal in a Thai passport . Entry and exit stamps at Hong Kong International Airport and the Hong Kong -- Macau Ferry Terminal in a U.S. passport . Old style entry and exit stamps at Hong Kong International Airport and Lo Wu Control Point in an old Thai passport . ( Noted that there were no Bauhinia on stamps and exit stamps were in oval . ) Landing slip since March 2013 India ( edit ) India uses the differentiation in passport stamp colours - entry in blue , exit in red - to quickly trace a passenger 's movements . The stamp can be rectangular , circular or oval . Entry stamp to India at Mumbai airport in an Indian passport . Entry stamp in an Indian passport at Delhi Airport . Entry stamp issued to a citizen of Germany at Delhi airport Exit stamp in an Indian passport at Delhi Airport . Exit stamp in an Indian passport at Delhi Airport . Exit stamp in an Indian passport at Delhi Airport . Exit stamp issued to a citizen of Germany at Delhi airport Indonesia ( edit ) Entry and exit stamps at Ngurah Rai International Airport and Juanda International Airport in a Thai passport . Israel ( edit ) See also : Visa requirements for Israeli citizens Traveling with passports containing Israeli entry / exit stamps to certain Arab nations may lead to a denial of entry , because of the Arab League boycott of Israel . Since January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a piece of paper instead . Passports are still ( as of February 2013 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , the passports are still stamped ( as of February 2014 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Entry stamp to Israel from Taba in an Israeli passport . An Israeli entry stamp in a U.S. passport at Ben Gurion Airport . Entry and exit stamps in a German passport at Ben Gurion Airport ( entry : right ; exit : left ) . Japan ( edit ) Temporary visitor landing permission sticker and exit stamp at Fukuoka Airport in a Thai passport . Temporary visitor landing permission sticker and exit stamp at Haneda Airport in a Thai passport . Temporary visitor landing permission sticker and exit stamp at Kansai International Airport in a Thai passport . Temporary visitor landing permission sticker and exit stamp at New Chitose Airport in a Thai passport . Temporary visitor landing permission stickers and exit stamps at Narita Airport and Naha Airport in a British National ( Overseas ) passport . Temporary visitor landing permission sticker at Chubu Centrair International Airport and exit stamp at Fukuoka Airport in a Republic of Korea passport . Return stamp at Haneda airport in a Japanese passport . Departure and re-entry stamps for a foreign resident of Japan in a British passport . Jordan ( edit ) Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority visa in a U.S. passport . Entry stamp in a U.S. passport at Wadi Araba Crossing . Exit stamp in an Israeli passport at Wadi Araba Crossing . Laos ( edit ) Entry and exit stamps at the Thai -- Lao Friendship Bridge . Macau ( edit ) Immigration stamps applied by Macau 's immigration service under Portuguese administration had slightly different borders depending on whether the person arrived by land , sea , or air . After the transfer of sovereignty from Portugal to China in 1999 , passport stamps naming the points of entry and departure were introduced , but all in the same ink color . Beginning of 9 July 2013 , the Public Security Police Force of Macau no longer stamps passport and instead , visitors will receive a printed arrival card instead . Arrival Card replacing existent passport stamps . Former entry stamp at Macau International Airport . Former entry and exit stamps at Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal , Macau . Former entry and exit stamps at Taipa Temporary Ferry Terminal in a Philippine passport . Malaysia ( edit ) Malaysian immigration authorities apply stamps for both entry and exit in all foreign passports and non-biometric Malaysian passports without in - built microchips . Biometric Malaysian passports are usually not stamped as all movements in and out of the country are recorded electronically in the microchip . Malaysian entry stamps for non-citizens and non-residents are rectangular and stamped in blue or black . They bear the date of entry , point of entry and terms of entry . Entry stamps for residents are also stamped in blue ink but have an oval shape and bear the date and point of entry . Exit stamps are triangular and stamped in red . They bear the date and point of departure . A peculiarity is the autonomy of the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak in immigration affairs . Foreigners who travel to the two states from Peninsular Malaysia are required to fill in immigration forms and get new stamps on their passports . There is also immigration control for travel between Sabah and Sarawak . Previously , Malaysian citizens from the Peninsular were required to present their passports and have them stamped as well ; while they are currently still subjected to immigration control , passports are no longer required for social visits not more than three months . Between 1998 and 2011 , foreigners who entered Malaysia via train from Singapore were cleared electronically without their passports being stamped . The change was due to the dispute between Malaysia and Singapore regarding Malaysian - owned railway land in Singapore . The Malaysian railway operator , Keretapi Tanah Melayu ( KTM ) had its intercity rail southern terminus at Tanjong Pagar railway station in downtown Singapore , which also housed the border controls of both Malaysia and Singapore for rail passengers before 1998 . In 1998 , Singapore moved its immigration checkpoint northward to Woodlands Train Checkpoint near the actual Malaysia - Singapore border but Malaysia refused to move its checkpoint , resulting in the anomaly that passengers travelling towards Malaysia were granted entry to Malaysia before passing through Singapore exit controls . Instead of passport stamps , foreigners were given disembarkation cards stamped with `` KTM Tg Pagar , Singapura '' and the date of entry , which would be collected upon departure from Malaysia and a handwritten note indicating the entry would be endorsed in the passport along with the exit stamp . Passengers travelling to Singapore were not affected as Malaysian exit controls were carried out on board trains at the Johor Bahru railway station , where immigration officers endorsed passports by stamping or handwriting . The anomaly was resolved on 1 July 2011 , when Tanjong Pagar railway station was closed and Woodlands Train Checkpoint became the railway terminus in Singapore with co-location of border control facilities of both countries . Foreigners entering Malaysia by rail have their passports checked and stamped by Malaysian immigration officers at Woodlands Train Checkpoint after clearing Singapore exit controls . Standard entry stamp , this one at Tawau Port , Sabah , allowing three months ' stay . Entry stamp into Sarawak at Merapok checkpoint on the Sabah - Sarawak border , with written date for limit of stay . Entry stamp for citizens before biometric passports were introduced . This is at former Subang International Airport . Standard exit stamp , at Johor Bahru exit to Singapore . Entry and exit stamps at Penang International Airport in a Thai passport Entry and exit stamps Penang International Airport in an American passport Myanmar ( edit ) With the introduction of e-visas , entry stamps into Myanmar at the airports of Yangon , Mandalay and Naypyidaw , the only three entry checkpoints where e-visas are allowed , have been modified to indicate such method of entry . Entry ( left ) and exit stamps issued at the Yangon International Airport . The entry stamp is for people using e-visas . E-visas are issued via letter prior to arrival and are shown to the immigration officer , and not stuck to passports like conventional visas . Entry stamp at Yangon International Airport for entries using conventional visas . The visas are stickers stuck on another page of the passport . Entry stamp for day - trip into Tachileik from Mae Sai , Thailand , on the Friendship Bridge . Exit stamp issued at Tachileik when leaving on the Friendship Bridge . Note that the stamp specifically names Mae Sai as destination . Nepal ( edit ) Nepal is one of the few countries which use sticker stamps . Nepalese immigration authorities use separate Arrival and Departure stickers for entry and exit on all types of passports . Entry sticker on arriving at Tribhuvan International Airport , Kathmandu . Exit sticker stamp at Tribhuvan International Airport , Kathmandu . Pakistan ( edit ) Pakistan has different exit and entry stamps at different airports . Multi color entry stamp at Karachi airport . Entry stamp at Lahore airport . Philippines ( edit ) At airports , red ink is used for arrivals / entry and green is used for departure / exit . As a general rule , passports of all travellers regardless of their nationality ( including Filipino passport holders ) , need to be stamped at both entry and exit points . The attending officer also writes down the flight number and stamps the passenger 's boarding pass upon departure with the same stamp that is used for departure . The shape and / or designs of the stamps are changed every five to six years . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Saudi entry stamps are in black or blue ink . Entry stamps are in oval shape while exit stamps are rounded rectangular . All dates written on the stamps are in the Hijra calendar , and it is written in Arabic . There is no English on the stamps , except for the `` EXIT '' or `` ENTRY '' written on the stamps . Passport stamps from the King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah on a Philippine passport . Singapore ( edit ) Singapore entry stamps are in blue or black and either rectangular for those entitled to 14 days , rounded rectangular for those entitled to 30 days stay , or hexagonal for those entitled to 90 day stay . Exit stamps are circular and in green . Both depict the date of entry / exit and entry stamps also state the terms of entry and permitted duration of stay . Both entry and exit stamps do not name the point of entry / exit but indicate them by the use of letters of the alphabet - `` A '' is used for entry by air , namely through Changi Airport or Seletar Airport ; `` S '' by sea though the Singapore Cruiseship Terminal or Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal ; `` T '' by land via the Tuas Checkpoint ; and `` W '' by land via the Woodlands Checkpoint . The entry stamp has the letter running along the border of the stamp together with a code number while the exit stamp has a single letter marked in the center of the stamp . Entry stamp at Changi Airport in an old Thai Passport Exit stamp at Changi Airport Entry and exit by sea , at the Singapore Cruise Center . Entry stamp into Singapore via Tuas Checkpoint in a Malaysian Passport Exit stamp in a Malaysian Passport for leaving Singapore to Tanjung Kupang in Johor , Malaysia , via the Tuas Checkpoint Entry stamp at Singapore via Woodlands Train Checkpoint in a Malaysian Passport Exit stamp in a Malaysian Passport for leaving Singapore to Johor Bahru via Woodlands Train Checkpoint Sri Lanka ( edit ) Entry stamp at Bandaranaike International Airport Exit stamp at Bandaranaike International Airport South Korea ( edit ) Entry stamp is square shaped and stamped with magenta ink . Exit stamp is round shaped and stamped with cyan ink . Exit stamp is omitted to every passenger since 1 November 2016 . Entry stamp is only omitted to Republic of Korea travel document holder since 10 February 2011 . Each stamp is only given on one 's request . Entry and exit stamps at Incheon International Airport , depicting aircraft . Entry and exit stamps at Busan Port , depicting sea vessels . An exit stamp at Incheon International Airport in a Republic of Korea passport . An exit stamp at Gimhae International Airport in a Republic of Korea passport ( given upon request ) . An entry stamp at Gimhae International Airport in a Republic of Korea passport ( given upon request ) . Taiwan ( edit ) A set of new passport stamps was used from February 10 , 2013 . The Chinese characters on the new stamps are inscribed by Yang - Zi Dong , a famous calligrapher in Taiwan . Entry and exit stamps at Kaohsiung International Airport in a U.S. passport . Entry stamp in a passport at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport , Taiwan. ( R.O.C. ) Exit stamp in a passport at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport , Taiwan. ( R.O.C. ) A void exit stamp in a passport at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport , Taiwan. ( R.O.C. ) An entry stamp at Taoyuan International Airport in a Republic of Korea passport . An exit stamp at Taoyuan International Airport in a Republic of Korea passport . Thailand ( edit ) Immigration stamps applied by Thailand 's Immigration Bureau are stamped on all passports upon arrival at or departure from Thailand . All stamps are made in blue ink . Entry stamps are rectangular and exit stamps are triangular . Stamps bear the date and point of entry / exit , as well as a letter running along the border of the stamp accompanying a code number . Entry stamps for foreigners also state expiry date . From 11 April 2012 , an automatic gate system was initiated at Suvarnabhumi Airport to scan certain Thai passports . Therefore , there is no need to stamp on scanned Thai passports . Entry and exit stamps at Betong land border crossing on Malaysia -- Thailand border . Entry and exit stamps at Don Mueang International Airport in an old Thai passport . Entry stamp at Thai -- Lao Friendship Bridge in a Thai passport . Exit stamp at Thai -- Lao Friendship Bridge in a Thai passport . Entry and exit stamps at Phuket International Airport . Entry stamp at Sadao land border crossing on Malaysia -- Thailand border . Exit stamp at Sadao land border crossing on Malaysia -- Thailand border . Entry stamp at Satun land border crossing on Malaysia -- Thailand border . Exit stamp at Satun land border crossing on Malaysia -- Thailand border . Entry and exit stamps at Suvarnabhumi Airport . Visa on arrival stamp on a Taiwanese passport . Timor - Leste ( edit ) Timor - Leste uses a full page blue stamp along with a red date entry stamp on entry . Exit stamps are a black oval . Passport stamp of the country Timor - Leste United Arab emirates ( edit ) The UAE use oval blue stamps on entry , along with a smaller blue rectangular stamp showing the valid length of stay . Exit stamps are a green oval . Entry and exit stamps at Abu Dhabi International Airport . Vietnam ( edit ) Vietnam passport stamps rectangular and name the point of entry , date of entry and whether the person is exiting or entering the country by using an arrow out of or into an box similar to the Schengen passport stamps . Mode of entry is indicated by an icon and also differentiated by the colour of the stamp - blue for air , red for land crossings . The permitted length of stay is printed with a separate stamp and the final date handwritten . Exit stamp from the road border crossing at Moc Bai . Entry and exit stamps at Noi Bai International Airport , Hanoi . Entry and exit stamps at Tan Son Nhat International Airport , Ho Chi Minh City . Africa ( edit ) Egypt ( edit ) Free entry stamp to Sinai in Egypt from Eilat in a US passport . Egyptian visa with entry and exit stamps from Cairo International Airport . French overseas departments ( Mayotte and Réunion ) ( edit ) When arriving in and departing from the French overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion , French Border Police officers stamp travellers ' travel documents according to the following rules : Persons whose travel documents are to be stamped Persons whose travel documents are not to be stamped Third - country nationals ( unless covered by an exemption listed in the right hand column ) EU , EEA and Swiss citizens Family members of EU / EEA / Swiss citizens holding a residence permit issued by an EU / EEA member state or Switzerland Andorran , Monégasque and San Marinese citizens Heads of state and dignitaries whose arrival has been officially announced in advance through diplomatic channels Pilots and members of aircraft crews Seamen ( only when their ship calls in and in the area of the port of call ) Crew and passengers of cruise ships Ghana ( edit ) An entry stamp to Ghana as seen in a U.S. Passport . A Ghana exit stamp Nigeria ( edit ) An entry stamp to Nigeria as seen in a Nigerian Passport at Seme Border . A Nigerian exit stamp as seen in a Nigerian Passport at Lagos . Morocco ( edit ) Passport entry stamp from the port of Tangier , Tanger in French . Shown in a Canadian Passport . Exit stamp at the border crossing between Beni - Anzar and Melilla , in a US passport . South Africa ( edit ) A South African entry stamp as seen in a Nigerian Passport issued for study purposes . An entry stamp to South Africa issued for vacation purposes . A South African exit stamp at Johannesburg - OR Tambo Swaziland ( edit ) Passport stamp from Swaziland Tunisia ( edit ) Tunisia stamps passports on entry and exit . In the photo below , the red stamp indicates the entry date , while the black stamp indicates the exit date . In addition , tourists are required to purchase an exit stamp which is placed near the regular stamps by the passport control official . The exit stamp can be purchased at any post office for 30 TND . Entry and exit stamps at Tunis - Carthage Airport . Europe ( edit ) Schengen Area ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schengen Area passport stamps . See also : Schengen Area All 26 European countries within the Schengen Area have entry and exit stamps of a uniform design . As of April 2016 , at a national level , 11 Schengen countries ( Estonia , Finland , Greece , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Portugal , Slovakia and Spain ) have developed computer databases recording entries and exits of third - country nationals ( i.e. travellers who are not EU , EEA or Swiss citizens ) at external border crossing points . However , on a Schengen - wide level , there is no centralised computer database that tracks entries and exits at all of the external border crossing points of the 26 Schengen countries , nor are entry and exit records from national databases shared between countries . As a result , law enforcement officials continue to rely on checking passport stamps as the primary way to check that travellers who do not have the right of free movement have not exceeded their length of permitted stay in the Schengen Area . There are no systematic immigration checks when travelling between Schengen countries ( i.e. crossing the internal borders of the Schengen Area ) . Passport stamps are never issued when travelling between Schengen countries , even when immigration checks between Schengen countries are temporarily re-introduced . When travelling to / from a non-Schengen country ( i.e. crossing the external borders of the Schengen Area ) , the rules on stamping travel documents are as follows : Persons whose travel documents are to be stamped Persons whose travel documents are not to be stamped Third - country nationals ( unless covered by an exemption listed in the right hand column ) Family members not holding a residence card issued under Article 10 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC who are accompanying or joining EU , EEA and Swiss citizens exercising the right of freedom of movement Family members ( regardless of whether or not they hold a residence card issued under Article 10 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC ) who are not travelling together with and not joining EU , EEA and Swiss citizens exercising the right of freedom of movement Citizens of EU and EFTA member states exercising the right of freedom of movement Third - country nationals holding residence cards issued under Article 10 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC , but only if they are being accompanied by a family member who is a citizen of an EU or EFTA state exercising their right of freedom of movement and presenting the residence card Andorran , Monégasque and San Marinese citizens Heads of state and dignitaries whose arrival has been officially announced in advance through diplomatic channels Pilots and members of aircraft crews Seamen ( only when their ship calls in and in the area of the port of call ) Crew and passengers of cruise ships Logbook recording which border guards are assigned passport stamps at an external border crossing point in Spain . Border officials are required , by law , to stamp the travel documents of third country nationals who do not qualify for one of the exemptions listed in the right hand column , even when border controls have been relaxed . Exceptionally , if stamping a person 's travel document would cause serious difficulties ( such as political persecution ) , border officials can instead issue a sheet of paper detailing the person 's name , travel document number and entry date and location . However , in practice , border officials do not always stamp the travel documents of travellers as legally required . If a person who should have received an entry stamp can not show one either upon request by a law enforcement officer or upon leaving the Schengen Area to a border official , the officer can presume that the person has been staying illegally in the Schengen Area and can expel him / her , unless the person can demonstrate using credible evidence ( such as transport tickets and accommodation receipts ) that he / she has not exceeded his / her permitted length of stay in the Schengen Area . Also , whilst by law persons enjoying the right of freedom of movement are not to receive a passport stamp , in practice , upon request , a stamp may be given - see the gallery below for an example of an entry stamp being issued upon request by an EU citizen . Similarly , although by law heads of state are not to receive a passport stamp , in practice , this is not always followed ; when arriving for the 37th G8 summit in Deauville , United States President Barack Obama had his passport stamped at Deauville -- Saint - Gatien Airport . Although , according to EU rules , third country nationals who hold residence permits must not have their travel documents stamped , France nonetheless requires third country nationals holding a visa de long séjour valant titre de séjour ( a long - stay visa serving additionally as a residence permit for up to one year ) to receive a passport stamp upon their first entry to the Schengen Area as a part of the process to validate the visa as a residence permit ; without an entry stamp , the process can not be completed . Third - country nationals who otherwise fulfil all the criteria for admission into the Schengen area must not be denied entry for the sole reason that there is no remaining empty space in their travel document to affix a stamp ; instead , the stamp should be affixed on a separate sheet of paper . Entry and exit stamps are applied in black ink , except for the red date stamp and a two - digit security code in the middle . The two - digit security code must be changed at least once a month , although some Schengen countries ( such as Greece ) change security codes every day . The stamps bear the country abbreviation within a circle of stars in the top left hand corner , the name of the entry / exit border crossing point at the bottom , and an icon in the top right hand corner to denote the mode of entry / exit . Below the name of the border crossing point is an identifying number - a record is kept of the identity of the border officer to whom a given stamp is assigned at any given time . Entry stamps are rectangular and have an arrow into a square , while exit stamps are rectangular with rounded corners and have an arrow out of a square . The stamps do not indicate any duration of stay . Border guards are required to ensure the secure storage of passport stamps in locked safes between shifts . Border posts are advised to set out clear responsibilities and instructions for the distribution and use of passport stamps . According to European Commission recommendations and guidelines , stamps should be affixed in travel documents by border officials in the following manner : in chronological order in a horizontal position in a clear and straight manner ( i.e. with enough ink and not over the edge of a page ) the exit stamp should be affixed in the proximity of the entry stamp no stamp should be affixed over another stamp or over the machine readable zone of a visa if the travel document contains a single - entry Schengen visa , the stamp should be affixed over the edge of the visa , but without affecting the legibility of the conditions and security features of the visa if the travel document contains a multiple - entry Schengen visa , the stamp should be affixed on the page facing the one on which the visa is affixed The obligation imposed by European law on national border authorities to stamp travel documents of certain travellers should not prevent the development of automated border control systems which are then made available to those who are required to have their travel documents stamped when crossing the external border of the Schengen Area . One solution is to dedicate separate lanes to third - country nationals and to have a border guard physically positioned next to the automated border gates used by these lanes who can stamp travel documents where required : this has been adopted by the Finnish Border Guard at the automated border gates in Helsinki Airport , where eligible users ( who are required to receive a passport stamp ) include holders of Canadian , Japanese , South Korean and United States biometric passports , and in the Port of Helsinki , where eligible users ( who are required to receive a passport stamp ) include Russian citizens , as well as by the Portuguese Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras at the automated border gates in Lisbon Airport where eligible users ( who are required to receive a passport stamp ) include holders of Angolan and Brazilian passports and holders of diplomatic / service passports ) . A similar but slightly different solution has been adopted by the Dutch Royal Marechaussee at the Privium iris recognition automated border gates at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport , where eligible users include registered EU / EEA / Swiss citizens , US citizens who are Global Entry members , and all nationals who are holders of diplomatic passports , as well as by the German Federal Police at the ABG Plus iris recognition automated border gates at Frankfurt Airport where eligible users include registered EU / EEA / Swiss citizens and US citizens who are Global Entry members : when eligible third - country nationals use Privium / ABG Plus , after their iris is scanned and verified , a different gate / door / turnstile opens to that for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens and the third - country national user is directed to a lane which leads them to the front of the queue for manual passport checks at immigration desks , where the border guard stamps the user 's passport . Another possible solution would be to design the automated border gates to print a paper slip with an entry or exit stamp on it , as well as the user 's name and travel document number , whenever the user is a traveller who is subject to the requirement to have his / her travel document stamped . Uniform design of Schengen member states ' passport stamps Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Sandefjord Airport in Norway . ( Note that the stamp is in a British passport , hence it was issued on special request . ) Entry stamp for rail travel , issued in Nickelsdorf at the Austro - Hungarian border before Hungary joined the Schengen Area . Entry stamp for road travel , issued in Doirani at the Greek - Macedonian border . Entry stamp for ferry travel , issued at the port of Amsterdam IJmond in the Netherlands . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Prague Ruzyně Airport in the Czech Republic . Exit stamp for rail travel , issued in Bad Schandau at the Czech - German border before the Czech Republic joined the Schengen Area . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Korczowa at the Polish - Ukrainian border . Exit stamp for ferry travel , issued at the port of Helsinki in Finland . Passport stamps by Schengen member state Austria Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Berg . Entry stamp for rail travel , issued in Hohenau an der March . Entry stamp for rail travel , issued in Kittsee . Entry stamp for road travel , issued in Kleinhaugsdorf . Entry stamp for rail travel , issued in Nickelsdorf . Entry stamp for rail travel , issued in Spielfeld . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Vienna International Airport . Entry stamp for road travel , issued in Wullowitz . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Wullowitz . Belgium Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Brussels Airport . Czech Republic Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Prague Airport . Denmark Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Copenhagen Airport . Estonia Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Narva . Finland Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Helsinki Airport . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Helsinki Airport ( old style ) . Exit stamp for sea travel , issued at the Port of Helsinki . Entry stamp for road travel , issued in Imatra . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Imatra . Entry stamp for road travel , issued in Nuijamaa . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Vaalimaa . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Vaalimaa ( old style ) . Two entry stamps for train travel in Vainikkala ( old 2013 and new 2014 style ) . France Entry stamp for rail travel , issued at the juxtaposed controls at London St Pancras International railway station . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Nice Côte d'Azur Airport Exit stamp for rail travel , issued at Paris Gare du Nord . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport . Germany Exit stamp for rail travel , issued in Bad Schandau . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Berlin Tegel Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Cologne Bonn Airport . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Frankfurt ( Oder ) . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Frankfurt Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Frankfurt - Hahn Airport . Entry stamp for road travel , issued in Guben . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Guben . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Munich Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Munich Airport . Greece Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Athens Airport . Entry stamp for road travel , issued in Doirani . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Kipoi . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Mykonos Airport . Hungary Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Budapest Airport ( Terminal 1 ) . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Budapest Airport ( Terminal 2 ) . Entry stamp for rail travel , issued in Gyékényes . Exit stamp for rail travel , issued in Kelebia . Exit stamp for rail travel , issued in Záhony . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Beremend . Iceland Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Keflavík International Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Keflavík International Airport . Italy Exit stamp for sea travel , issued in Civitavecchia . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Milan Malpensa Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Rome Ciampino Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Rome Fiumicino Airport . Latvia Entry stamp for road travel , issued in Grenctāle ( pre-Schengen stamp with Schengen design ) . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Riga Airport ( pre-Schengen stamp with Schengen design ) . Lithuania Entry stamp for rail travel , issued in Kena . Entry stamp for road travel , issued in Saločiai ( pre-Schengen stamp with Schengen design ) . Luxembourg Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Luxembourg Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Luxembourg Airport . Malta Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Malta Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Malta Airport . Netherlands Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport . Entry stamp for sea travel , issued in Amsterdam Ijmond . Exit stamp for sea travel , issued at Europoort . Norway Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Oslo Gardermoen Airport . Entry stamp for air travel , issued in Sandefjord Airport . Poland Entry stamp for air travel , issued at John Paul II International Airport Kraków -- Balice . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Korczowa . Entry stamp for road travel , issued in Słubice ( pre-Schengen stamp with Schengen design ) . Portugal Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Lisbon Airport . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Lisbon Airport ( old style ) . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Porto Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Porto Airport ( old style ) . Slovakia Entry stamp for rail travel , issued in Štúrovo ( pre-Schengen stamp with Schengen design ) . Slovenia Entry stamp for rail travel , issued in Dobova . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Rigonce . Spain Entry stamp for sea travel , issued in Algeciras . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Barcelona Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Barcelona Airport . Entry stamp for sea travel , issued in Gran Canaria . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Madrid Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Málaga Airport . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Seville Airport . Exit stamp for sea travel , issued in Tarifa . Sweden Exit stamp for sea travel , issued in Nynäshamn . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Stockholm Arlanda Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Stockholm Arlanda Airport ( old style ) . Switzerland Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Geneva Airport . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Geneva Airport . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Zurich Airport . Albania ( edit ) Entry stamp for air travel issued at Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza . Exit Stamp for ferry travel Andorra ( edit ) Entry from France or Spain requires no formalities . However a souvenir stamp is issued on request at the border . Belarus ( edit ) Belarus is a member of the Union State of Russia and Belarus but , like Russia , still has its own passport stamps . The passport stamp has the state 's name in the Belorusian language : Republic of Belarus , date and name of the checkpoint . Entry stamp in Brest ( January 2000 ) . Bulgaria ( edit ) Although Bulgaria is a European Union member state , it has not yet joined the Schengen Area . Nonetheless , it has adopted the common Schengen design for passport stamps . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passport stamps of Bulgaria . Entry stamp for road travel issued in Gyueshevo at the border with Macedonia . Exit stamp for air travel issued at Sofia Airport . Croatia ( edit ) After joining the European Union on 1 July 2013 , Croatia adopted the common Schengen design for passport stamps , even though Croatia is still not a member of the Schengen passport - free area . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passport stamps of Croatia . Entry stamp for rail travel , issued at Savski Marof . Exit stamp for rail travel , issued at Savski Marof . Exit stamp for road travel , issued in Terezino Polje . Cyprus ( edit ) Although Cyprus is a European Union member state , it has not yet joined the Schengen Area . Nonetheless , it has adopted the common Schengen design for passport stamps . Entry stamp for air travel issued in Paphos International Airport . Exit stamp for air travel issued in Paphos International Airport . Czech Republic ( edit ) Entry stamp for vehicle travel at Náchod in January 2000 . Germany ( edit ) Refused entries ( Zurückweisung ) are stamped in the passports , too . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passport stamps of Germany . Entry at airport Entry by car Exit by rail Pre-Schengen German passport stamp Ireland ( edit ) Arrival stamp for air travel issued at Dublin Airport . Kosovo ( edit ) Entry and Exit stamps from Pristina International Airport Adem Jashari . Liechtenstein ( edit ) Liechtenstein follows the Swiss immigration rules and normally does not stamp the passports of visitors . However , for a nominal fee this can be done at the Liechtenstein Center tourist office . Monaco ( edit ) The border with France is completely open . However , a souvenir stamp is given on request at the tourist office . Poland ( edit ) Entry for transit stamp at Kudowa - Zdrój ( border with Czech Rep . ) , February 2000 Romania ( edit ) Romania is not currently a member of the Schengen Area , however , being in the European Union since 2007 , Romanian entry and exit stamps have been harmonised with the format of the stamps issued by Schengen states . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passport stamps of Romania . Exit stamp for train travel , issued at Curtici on the Schengen border with Hungary . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Henri Coandă International Airport . Exit stamp at Henri Coandă International Airport in a U.S. passport . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Timisoara Airport . Exit stamp for road travel , issued at Turnu , Arad on the border with Hungary . Exit stamp for air travel , issued at Timisoara Airport shortly before the Entry of Romania in the EU . Russia ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passport stamps of Russia . Entry and exit stamps are placed in passports regardless of citizenship ; Russian passports are stamped as well as foreign ones , except the Internal Passports , with which Russian citizens may travel to a few countries of the CIS . The stamp shows the name of the country ( КПП below the country name stands for checkpoint - контрольно - пропускной пункт ) , the date , the name of the checkpoint and the personal code of the immigration official applying the stamp . Stamp colours and series ( the last number following the date ) change every time in few years , currently the colour of the stamps is blue of 6 series , but it can be orange or crimson as well . Entry or exit is designated by a direction of an angle bracket in the stamp : if it points to the right , that denotes exit . Ukrainian passport stamps are identical to the Russian stamps and have the same information . They can be stamped in green , red , orange , blue , pink and sometimes black ink . Exit ( left ) and entry ( right ) stamps at St. Petersburg Pulkovo airport ( 1995 - 1998 ) in a Soviet passport ( Russian Federation citizenship ) . Exit stamp for vehicle travel at Torfyanovka ( border with Finland ) ( 2005 ) . Exit ( left ) and entry stamps issued at Moscow Sheremetyevo Airport . Circled number `` 2 '' indicates travelling with a child using parent 's passport ( 2006 ) . Entry Stamp ( right ) and Exit Stamp ( left ) for boat travel issued at Saint Petersburg Port in an American passport ( 2006 ) . Exit stamp for air travel issued at Moscow Sheremetyevo Airport ( 2009 ) . New design exit stamp for air travel issued at St. Petersburg Pulkovo airport ( 2016 ) . Right : entry stamp for rail travel issued between Vyborg and St Petersburg . Left : exit stamp for rail travel issued at Aksarayskaya station . Placed on a transit visa in a Swedish passport ( 2016 ) San Marino ( edit ) Even though there is an open border agreement with Italy , visitors can have their passport stamped by the San Marino authority at the passport office in the city centre for a small fee . San Marino entry stamp Visum 1978 Serbia ( edit ) entry stamp for road travel , issued in Kelebia Switzerland ( edit ) Although Switzerland is not a European Union member state , it is part of the Schengen Area and so it has adopted the common Schengen design for passport stamps . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passport stamps of Switzerland . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Geneva Airport before the entry of Switzerland in the Schengen zone . Entry stamp for air travel , issued at Zurich Airport after the entry of Switzerland in the Schengen zone . Turkey ( edit ) Entry and exit stamps from Istanbul Atatürk Airport Entry stamp from Sarp ( border with Georgia ) Exit stamp from Sabiha Gökçen Airport Ukraine ( edit ) Ukrainian passport stamps resemble Russian stamps . They bear the country 's name , mode of travel ( ship , train , vehicle , plane ) , code of the immigration officer , chevron ( facing to the right for entry , to the left for exit ) , date , serial code ( probably periodic ) , name of the checkpoint and its code . All are written in the Ukrainian language . Entry stamp from Kiev Boryspil international airport in an Israeli passport ( 2015 ) Entry stamp from Odessa international airport in an old Israeli passport ( 2013 ) Entry stamp from Tsekynivka port ( on the Dnister riverine border with Moldova ) ( 2011 ) Exit stamp from the Bolgan checkpoint ( border with Moldova ) ( 2009 ) Exit stamp from the Krakovetz checkpoint ( old style ) in Kazakh passport ( 1999 ) United Kingdom ( edit ) The UK Border Force only stamps the travel documents of travellers entering the UK from outside the Common Travel Area who do not have the right of abode in the UK or are not exercising the right to freedom of movement . Travellers arriving in the UK from the Channel Islands , Ireland and the Isle of Man are not subject to immigration checks as they are travelling within the Common Travel Area . However , travel from the European mainland ( e.g. France ) is still subject to immigration checks , as the UK is not part of the Schengen Area , even though it is a European Union member state . There are no routine exit checks when departing from the UK for a destination outside the Common Travel Area by air , rail or sea . Instead , airline / rail / ferry companies obtain passengers ' travel document information at check - in or on departure and transmit the information electronically to the UK Border Force . However , from time to time spot checks are carried out by the UK Border Force ( in this case , travel documents are not stamped ) . The following table shows which travellers arriving in the UK from outside the Common Travel Area receive a passport stamp : Category of persons Travel document to be stamped on arrival in the UK British and Commonwealth citizens with the right of abode No EU , EEA and Swiss citizens exercising the right of freedom of movement No Family members of EU , EEA and Swiss citizens with an EEA Family Permit ( first arrival in the UK ) Yes Family members of EU , EEA and Swiss citizens with an EEA Family Permit ( subsequent arrivals in the UK ) Optional Family members of EU , EEA and Swiss citizens with a residence card No All other persons not covered in a category above Yes UK passport stamps are in black ink and bear the name of the entry point , as well as the immigration officer 's identification number . If the traveller is a non-visa national who does not hold entry clearance , the passport stamp includes the conditions of the leave to enter granted . If the traveller is the holder of visa / entry clearance or an EEA Family Permit or a person exempt from immigration control ( e.g. a diplomat ) , he / she receives an open date passport stamp ( i.e. a stamp that does not contain any leave conditions ) . Moreover , this entry passport stamp is stamped on the right edge of the visa / entry clearance during the traveller 's first entry to indicate that the document has been used even if the document is valid for multiple entries . In the case of general aviation flights arriving in the UK from outside the Common Travel Area , travellers may not be inspected by the UK Border Force on arrival ( depending on the risk assessment conducted on the basis of the travellers ' information submitted in advance via the General Aviation Report ( GAR ) form ) and may be ' remotely cleared ' instead . In this case , no passport stamp is received . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passport stamps of the United Kingdom . Passport stamp with 6 months ' leave to enter issued at Heathrow Airport to a non-visa national . Passport stamp with 6 months ' leave to enter issued at the Channel Tunnel to a non-visa national . Passport stamp with 6 months ' leave to enter issued at the juxtaposed controls at Paris Gare du Nord to a non-visa national . Passport stamp with 6 months ' leave to enter issued at Heathrow Airport in London to a visa national from Russia . No restrictions , thus , allowed to work . Old style passport stamp issued at Durham Tees Valley Airport to a non-visa national with leave conditions laid out . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Entry stamp at Lewiston -- Queenston Bridge , Ontario . Entry stamp at Montréal - Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport . Entry stamp at Rainbow Bridge , Ontario on a Colombian passport . Entry Stamp issued by Canada Immigration at Toronto - Lester B. Pearson International Airport This stamp is used by immigration officers for passengers who need secondary immigration checks . Entry stamp at Dorval International Airport in Montreal , which is Pierre Elliott Trudeau 's airport former name . This stamp is used by passport control officers at Canada 's international airports . Canada Border Services Agency entry stamp at John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in Hamilton , Ontario Cuba ( edit ) Entry and Exit stamps from Cayo Coco Airport . French overseas departments and collectivities ( edit ) When arriving in and departing from the French overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and the French overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin and Saint Pierre and Miquelon , French Border Police officers stamp travellers ' travel documents according to the following rules : Persons whose travel documents are to be stamped Persons whose travel documents are not to be stamped Third - country nationals ( unless covered by an exemption listed in the right hand column ) EU , EEA and Swiss citizens Family members of EU / EEA / Swiss citizens holding a residence card issued under Article 10 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC issued by an EU / EEA member state or Switzerland ( when entering / leaving Guadeloupe / Martinique / Saint Pierre and Miquelon ) Family members of EU / EEA / Swiss citizens holding a residence card issued by an EU / EEA member state or Switzerland ( when entering / leaving Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin ) Andorran , Monégasque and San Marinese citizens Heads of state and dignitaries whose arrival has been officially announced in advance through diplomatic channels Pilots and members of aircraft crews Seamen ( only when their ship calls in and in the area of the port of call ) Crew and passengers of cruise ships Whilst the rules for stamping travel documents of travellers arriving in and departing from the French overseas departments / collectivities mentioned above are based upon the rules which apply in metropolitan France and the Schengen Area ( see the section above ) , important differences exist between the two sets of rules . For example , when crossing the external border of the Schengen Area , only family members of EU / EEA / Swiss citizens who hold a residence card issued under Article 10 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC and who are accompanying or joining their EU , EEA and Swiss citizen family member exercising the right of freedom of movement are exempt from having their travel documents stamped , whereas in the French overseas departments / collectivities mentioned above , more generous rules apply -- when entering / leaving Guadeloupe / Martinique / Saint Pierre and Miquelon , a family member of an EU / EEA / Swiss citizen who holds a residence card issued by an EU / EEA member state or Switzerland under Article 10 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC is exempt from having his / her travel document stamped regardless of whether he / she is accompanying / joining his / her EU / EEA / Swiss citizen family member ; when entering / leaving Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin , a family member of an EU / EEA / Swiss citizen who holds a residence card issued by an EU / EEA member state or Switzerland is exempt from having his / her travel document stamped regardless of whether he / she is accompanying / joining his / her EU / EEA / Swiss citizen family member and regardless of whether the residence card was issued under Article 10 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC . Another example relates to third - country nationals who hold a residence permit issued by a Schengen member state -- when crossing the external border of the Schengen Area , his / her travel document should not be stamped , but when entering / leaving a French overseas department / collectivity , whilst he / she is not required to hold a visa for a short stay not exceeding 90 days in a 180 - day period , his / her travel document will be stamped upon entry and exit . Another exception applies in the case of the French overseas collectivity of Saint Martin -- - travellers who in principle are subject to the obligation to have their travel documents stamped but who have cleared immigration control in Sint Marteen will not have their passport stamped when they enter / leave the French side of Saint Martin . The design of passport stamps issued in the French overseas departments / collectivities differs from those issued in metropolitan France / the Schengen Area . Entry stamps issued in French overseas departments / collectivities are rectangular , whilst exit stamps are hexagonal . Entry stamp at the port of Pointe - à - Pitre ( Guadeloupe ) in a Swedish passport . Exit stamp at Pointe - à - Pitre International Airport ( Guadeloupe ) in a Swedish passport Entry ( top ) and exit ( bottom ) stamps at the ferry dock in Saint - Pierre ( Martinique ) in a Swedish passport . Currently Saint - Pierre uses stamps from the port of Fort - de-France . Entry stamp in Saint Barthélemy . Entry stamp at Saint - Pierre Haiti ( edit ) Entry and exit stamps from Toussaint Louverture International Airport , Port - au - Prince . Mexico ( edit ) Entry stamp from Tijuana , Baja California land border crossing . United States ( edit ) Entry stamp at San Francisco International Airport . USA stamp at Champlain -- St. Bernard de Lacolle Border Crossing . American stamp from John F. Kennedy International Airport in a U.S. Passport . American stamp in a U.S. Passport . The actual deadline to leave the U.S. for those admitted on a non-immigrant status is written at the bottom of the stamp , placed in the passport ( when entering by air or sea ) or on a green I - 94W form stapled into the passport , With the introduction of Automated Passport Control ( APC ) , entries are not always stamped into passports of travelers using the kiosks ( especially US passports ) . There are custom slips printed out from the machine , which are stamped by immigration and then handed over to customs . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The Australian government no longer provides a Port and Date Stamp in travelers ' passports on departure from Australia without a request . If travelers need exit stamps in their passports , they must ask the Customs and Border Protection officer when they depart Australia . Entry stamps are still given to non-Australian passport holders and on request for Australian passport holders . Travellers using SmartGate ( available to bearers aged 16 years or older who hold an ePassport issued by Australia , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , Hong Kong , Macau , PR China , Singapore , Switzerland , Taiwan , United Kingdom or the United States of America . ) will not have their passports stamped on arrival in Australia . ( Airline crew who meet the eligibility requirements can choose to use arrivals SmartGate rather than being manually processed through the crew lane but Australian and New Zealand ePassport holders travelling on military orders are not eligible to use arrivals SmartGate . ) Entry stamp at Coolangatta Airport Exit stamp at Coolangatta Airport Fiji ( edit ) Entry stamp at Nadi International Airport in Fiji . Exit stamp at Nadi International Airport . French overseas territories ( French Polynesia , New Caledonia , wallis and futuna ) ( edit ) When arriving in and departing from the French overseas territories of French Polynesia , New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna , French Border Police officers stamp travellers ' travel documents according to the following rules : Persons whose travel documents are to be stamped Persons whose travel documents are not to be stamped Third - country nationals ( unless covered by an exemption listed in the right hand column ) EU , EEA and Swiss citizens Family members of EU / EEA / Swiss citizens holding a residence permit issued by an EU / EEA member state or Switzerland Andorran , Monégasque and San Marinese citizens Heads of state and dignitaries whose arrival has been officially announced in advance through diplomatic channels Pilots and members of aircraft crews Seamen ( only when their ship calls in and in the area of the port of call ) Crew and passengers of cruise ships When travelling between the French overseas territories situated in the Pacific Ocean ( for example , when travelling directly by plane from New Caledonia to French Polynesia ) , unless qualifying for one of the exemptions in the right hand column in the table above , a traveller will receive a passport stamp in his / her travel document upon departure from New Caledonia and another stamp upon arrival in French Polynesia . Whilst the rules for stamping travel documents of travellers arriving in and departing from the French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean are based upon the rules which apply in metropolitan France and the Schengen Area ( see the section above ) , important differences exist between the two sets of rules . For example , when crossing the external border of the Schengen Area , only family members of EU / EEA / Swiss citizens who hold a residence card issued under Article 10 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC and who are accompanying or joining their EU , EEA and Swiss citizen family member exercising the right of freedom of movement are exempt from having their travel documents stamped , whereas in the French overseas territories in the Pacific , more generous rules apply -- a family member of an EU / EEA / Swiss citizen who holds a residence permit issued by an EU / EEA member state or Switzerland is exempt from having his / her travel document stamped regardless of whether he / she is accompanying / joining his / her EU / EEA / Swiss citizen family member and regardless of whether his / her residence permit was issued under Article 10 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC . Another example relates to third - country nationals who hold a residence permit issued by a Schengen member state - when crossing the external border of the Schengen Area , his / her travel document should not be stamped , but when entering / leaving a French overseas territory in the Pacific , whilst he / she is not required to hold a visa for a short stay not exceeding 90 days in a 180 - day period , his / her travel document will be stamped upon entry and exit . The design of passport stamps issued in the French overseas territories in the Pacific differs from those issued in metropolitan France / the Schengen Area . Entry stamps issued in French overseas territories in the Pacific are rectangular , whilst exit stamps are hexagonal . Entry stamp at Fa'a'ā International Airport in French Polynesia . Exit stamp at Fa'a'ā International Airport in French Polynesia . Entry stamp at La Tontouta International Airport in New Caledonia . Exit stamp at La Tontouta International Airport in New Caledonia . Older style exit stamp at La Tontouta International Airport in New Caledonia . New Zealand ( edit ) On arrival in New Zealand , travellers who are neither New Zealand nor Australian citizens or permanent residents who are granted entry into the country will receive a ' Visitor Visa ' rectangular stamp in their travel document . New Zealand and Australian permanent residents will receive a ' Resident Visa ' red stamp in their travel document . These stamps were formerly known as Visitor and Resident Permits . New Zealand and Australian citizens do not have their passports stamped on arrival in New Zealand unless specifically requested . Travellers using SmartGate ( available to holders of a New Zealand , Australian , United Kingdom or United States ePassport aged 16 years or over ) will not have their passports stamped on arrival in New Zealand . For all travellers , passports are not stamped on departure from New Zealand ( regardless of nationality , and whether using an immigration desk or SmartGate . General Entry stamp ( given upon request to NZ / Australian passport holders ) Visitors Visa Entry stamp ( for all non-NZ / Australian passport holders without residency in either country ) Resident Visa Entry Stamp ( non-NZ / Australian Passport Holder - but with Residency in either country ) South America ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) Entry and exit stamps from the Argentina - Brazil border at Puerto Iguazu . Shown here in an U.S. Passport . Brazil ( edit ) When a holder of a Brazilian Passport enters or exits Brazil they will not receive a passport stamp . However , other nationals will go through customs and receive a stamp for both entry and exit . When entering Brazil by car from another country such as Argentina or Paraguay , few people go through customs and thus rarely receive stamps in their passport . Brazilian entry and exit stamps in a US Passport , opposite from the visa . Near a French and American stamp . Brazilian entry stamp in an US passport . Brazilian exit stamp in an US passport . Entry and exit stamps , issued at São Paulo Airport . Chile ( edit ) Chilean entry stamp in a New Zealand passport , issued by the PDIat Santiago Airport . Chilean exit stamp in a New Zealand passport , issued by the PDI at the Paseo los Liberadores border crossing . Colombia ( edit ) Entry stamp from El Dorado Airport Exit stamp from El Dorado Airport Exit tax exemption stamp issued by the Aeronautica Civil at El Dorado Airport Peru ( edit ) Peruvian entry stamp in a New Zealand passport , issued at Lima Airport . Part of a UK entry stamp is visible in the top part . Peruvian exit stamp in a New Zealand passport , issued at Lima Airport . Part of a UK entry stamp is visible in the bottom part , as is part of a Chilean stamp in the right . Venezuela ( edit ) Entry stamp to Santiago Mariño Intl . Airport ; Margarita Island , Venezuela Exit stamp Simón Bolívar Intl . Airport ; Caracas , Venezuela Countries not issuing exit immigration stamps ( edit ) In some countries , there is no formal control by immigration officials of travel documents upon exit . Consequently , exit stamps are not placed in passports . Exit may be recorded by immigration authorities via information provided to them by carriers when the passenger departs from the country . No exit control ( edit ) USA Canada Mexico ( by air ) Bahamas Ireland United Kingdom ( UK Border Force officers do not carry out systematic checks of travel documents on passengers travelling to a destination outside the Common Travel Area by air , rail or sea ( though from time to time spot checks are carried out - in this case passports are not stamped ) ; instead , airline / rail / ferry companies obtain passengers ' travel document information at check - in or on departure and transmit the information electronically to the UK Border Force ) Formal exit Control without passport stamping ( edit ) Australia Hong Kong New Zealand Macau Serbia ( for foreigners ; Serbian passports are stamped on exit only , and foreign passports on entry only ) South Korea ( since 1 November 2016 ) Panama ( only at Panamanian airports ; different entry and exit stamps are made at the checkpoint with Costa Rica ) Costa Rica El Salvador However , in some of these countries , a departure card is collected . See also ( edit ) Gallery of passport stamps by country or territory Passport tax stamp ( Wikidata ) Notes ( edit ) ^ 5 Caribbean Ports to Get Your Passport Stamped ^ Cruise Tales -- 2015 South and East Caribbean # 6 : In Search of Passport Stamps ^ Immigration Department . `` Non-stamping Immigration Clearance Arrangement for Visitors ( with effect from 19 March 2013 ) '' . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . ^ Tens of thousands of hours can be saved by non-stamping immigration clearance ^ `` Tanjong Pagar : Talks ' break down ' '' , New Straits Times , pp. 1 , 7 , 31 July 1998 ^ `` Automatic gates to ease congestion at Suvarnabhumi Airport '' . Bangkok . MCOT. 21 March 2012 . ^ Arrêté du 4 février 2015 relatif aux documents et visas exigés pour l'entrée des étrangers sur le territoire de Mayotte ^ Arrêté du 26 juillet 2011 relatif aux documents et visas exigés pour l'entrée des étrangers sur le territoire de la Guadeloupe , la Guyane , la Martinique , La Réunion et de la collectivité de Saint - Pierre - et - Miquelon ( Annexe I ) ^ `` EXIT STAMP - Entry into force on 1st of October 2014 '' . 2014 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . ^ `` Commission Staff Working Document : Impact Assessment Report on the establishment of an EU Entry Exit System , pg. 11 '' ( PDF ) . 2016 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . ^ Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing an Entry / Exit System ( EES ) to register entry and exit data of third country nationals crossing the external borders of the Member States of the European Union , pg. 2 ^ Communication from the European Commission to the European Parliament and the Council : Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council , pg. 6 ^ Current state of play in relation to innovated border management in the EU ^ Council of the European Union : Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area ^ Council of the European Union : Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area ( Replies from Bulgaria , France , Iceland , Italy , Norway and Portugal ) ^ Council of the European Union : Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area ( Reply from Greece ) ^ Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament , the Council , the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Preparing the next steps in border management in the European Union , p. 5 . ^ ( 1 ) Note that the European Commission is planning to introduce a Schengen - wide Entry / Exit System ( EES ) in 2015 that automatically registers the entries and exits of third country nationals . ^ Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third - country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation ( EC ) No 562 / 2006 , p. 9 ^ Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third - country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation ( EC ) No 562 / 2006 ( COM ( 2009 ) 489 , p. 7 ) ^ Regulation ( EC ) No 562 / 2006 , Article 10 ( 3 ) ^ Regulation ( EC ) No 562 / 2006 , Article 8 ( 3 ) ^ US Department of State : Schengen Fact Sheet ^ Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third - country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation ( EC ) No 562 / 2006 , p. 5 ^ Regulation ( EC ) No 562 / 2006 , Article 11 ) ^ Le directeur régional des douanes suspendu Archived June 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/particuliers/F39.xhtml ^ Article 4.5 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards ( C ( 2006 ) 5186 ) ^ Regulation ( EC ) No 562 / 2006 , Annex IV ^ Schengen Catalogue : External borders control recommendations and best practices ^ http://cwtjet.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Automated_Border_Control_Gates.17161248.pdf ^ http://www.raja.fi/facts/news_from_the_border_guard/1/0/expanded_use_of_automated_border_control_gates_at_the_west_terminal_54569 ^ http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Images_News/ABC_Conference_Report.pdf ^ Art 10 ( 3 ) of Regulation ( EC ) No 562 / 2005 recognises that an entry or exit stamp may be recorded on a sheet of paper indicating the traveller 's name and travel document number ( rather than inside the traveller 's travel document ) where stamping the travel document would cause ' serious difficulties ' for the traveller . It could be argued that at a particular border crossing point the state of facilities are such that to deny travellers subject to the stamping obligation access to automated border gates and to require them to be processed manually by border guards would constitute ' serious difficulties ' for such persons . ^ Liechtenstein Center ^ `` Exit checks fact sheet '' . Border Force and Home Office . 29 March 2015 . ^ UK Border Force Operations Manual : EEA Nationals & their family members ^ UK Border Force Operations Manual : Persons exempt from control ^ `` An inspection of General Aviation and General Maritime ( February -- July 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration . January 2016 . pp. 15 -- 27 . ^ Arrêté du 18 avril 2012 relatif aux documents et visas exigés pour l'entrée des étrangers sur le territoire des collectivités de Saint - Barthélemy et de Saint - Martin ( Annexe I ) ^ http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/getting-a-visa/article/foreign-nationals-holding-ordinary ^ Arrêté du 29 décembre 2011 relatif aux documents et visas exigés pour l'entrée des étrangers sur le territoire de la Polynésie française ( Annexe I ) ^ http://www.polynesie-francaise.pref.gouv.fr/Les-services-de-l-Etat/Securite/La-Police-aux-frontieres ^ Arrêté du 22 juillet 2011 relatif aux documents et visas exigés pour l'entrée des étrangers sur le territoire de la Nouvelle - Calédonie ( Annexe I ) ^ Arrêté du 26 juillet 2011 relatif aux documents et visas exigés pour l'entrée des étrangers sur le territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna ( Annexe I ) ^ `` departing or arriving '' . Australian Customs and Border Protection Service . Australian Government . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . ^ http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Serbia/RS_Law_State_Border_Protection.pdf References ( edit ) Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third - country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation ( EC ) No 562 / 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders ( Schengen Borders Code ) . European Commission . 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 26 . Regulation ( EC ) No 562 / 2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders ( Schengen Borders Code ) External links ( edit ) PassportStamp A site for recording passport stamp visits Passport stamps from the whole world - 181 countries , 748 scans Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passport_stamp&oldid=803922533 '' Categories : Passports Passport stamps International travel documents Identity documents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 14 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do you get stamps in your passport	[ "A passport stamp is a rubber stamp inked impression received in one's passport upon entering or exiting a country. Passport stamps may occasionally take the form of sticker stamps, such as entry stamps from Japan. Depending on nationality, a visitor may not receive a stamp (unless specifically requested), such as an EU/EFTA citizen travelling to an EU/EFTA country, Albania or Macedonia. Most countries issue exit stamps in addition to entry stamps. A few countries issue only entry stamps, including Australia, Canada, United States, New Zealand, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and El Salvador. Hong Kong, Macau, and Israel do not stamp passports upon entry nor exit, but issue landing slips instead. Visas may also take the form of passport stamps." ]	[ "upon entering or exiting a country" ]
8436557222767743855	Atlanta Braves	Atlanta Braves - wikipedia Atlanta Braves Jump to : navigation , search `` Braves '' redirects here . For other uses , see Brave ( disambiguation ) . Atlanta Braves 2017 Atlanta Braves season Established in 1871 Based in Atlanta since 1966 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1876 -- present ) East Division ( 1994 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 6 10 21 29 31 35 41 44 47 42 Colors Navy blue , scarlet red , white Name Atlanta Braves ( 1966 -- present ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Boston Braves ( 1941 -- 1952 ) Boston Bees ( 1936 -- 1940 ) Boston Braves ( 1912 -- 1935 ) Boston Rustlers ( 1911 ) Boston Doves ( 1907 -- 1910 ) Boston Beaneaters ( 1883 -- 1906 ) Boston Red Caps ( 1876 -- 1882 ) Boston Red Stockings ( 1871 -- 1875 ) Other nicknames The Bravos , The Team of the 90s , America 's Team Ballpark SunTrust Park ( 2017 -- present ) Turner Field ( 1997 -- 2016 ) Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( 1966 -- 1996 ) a.k.a. Atlanta Stadium ( 1966 -- 1976 ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Braves Field ( 1915 -- 1952 ) a.k.a. National League Park ( 1936 -- 1941 ) Fenway Park ( 1914 -- 1915 ) South End Grounds ( 1894 -- 1914 ) Congress Street Grounds ( 1894 ) South End Grounds ( 1871 -- 1894 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 3 ) 1914 1957 1995 NL Pennants ( 17 ) 1877 1878 1883 1891 1892 1893 1897 1898 1914 1948 1957 1958 1991 1992 1995 1999 East Division titles ( 12 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2013 West Division titles ( 5 ) 1969 1982 1991 1992 1993 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2012 Front office Owner ( s ) Liberty Media Manager Brian Snitker General Manager John Coppolella President of Baseball Operations John Hart The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball franchise based in the Atlanta metropolitan area . The franchise competes in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . The Braves played home games at Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996 , and Turner Field from 1997 to 2016 . Since 2017 , their home stadium has been SunTrust Park , a new stadium 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of downtown Atlanta in the Cumberland neighborhood of Cobb County . The Braves play spring training games in Lake Buena Vista , Florida . In January 2017 , the Braves announced a formal agreement to move their spring training home to North Port , Florida . The `` Braves '' name , which was first used in 1912 , originates from a term for a Native American warrior . They are nicknamed `` the Bravos '' , and often referred to as `` America 's Team '' in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007 , giving the team a nationwide fan base . From 1991 to 2005 , the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball , winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times ( omitting the strike - shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions ) , and producing the greatest pitching rotation in the history of baseball . The Braves won the NL West 1991 -- 93 and the NL East 1995 -- 2005 , and they returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010 . The Braves advanced to the World Series five times in the 1990s , winning the title in 1995 . Since their debut in the National League in 1876 , the franchise has won 17 divisional titles , 17 National League pennants , and three World Series championships -- in 1914 as the Boston Braves , in 1957 as the Milwaukee Braves , and in 1995 in Atlanta . The Braves are the only Major League Baseball franchise to have won the World Series in three different home cities . The Braves and the Chicago Cubs are the National League 's two remaining charter franchises . The Braves were founded in Boston , Massachusetts , in 1871 , as the Boston Red Stockings ( not to be confused with the American League 's Boston Red Sox ) . The team states it is `` the oldest continuously operating professional sports franchise in America . '' After various name changes , the team eventually began operating as the Boston Braves , which lasted for most of the first half of the 20th century . Then , in 1953 , the team moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin , and became the Milwaukee Braves , followed by the final move to Atlanta in 1966 . The team 's tenure in Atlanta is noted for Hank Aaron breaking Babe Ruth 's career home run record in 1974 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Boston ( 1871 -- 1952 ) 1.1. 1 1871 -- 1913 1.1. 2 1914 : Miracle 1.1. 3 1915 -- 1953 1.2 Milwaukee ( 1953 -- 1965 ) 1.3 Atlanta ( 1966 -- present ) 1.3. 1 1966 -- 1974 1.3. 2 1976 -- 1977 : Ted Turner buys the team 1.3. 3 1978 -- 1990 1.3. 4 1991 -- 2004 : Division dominance 1.3. 4.1 1991 -- 1994 1.3. 4.2 1995 -- 2004 1.3. 4.3 Cy Young dominance 1.3. 5 2005 : A new generation 1.3. 6 2006 : Struggles 1.3. 7 Sale to Liberty Media 1.3. 8 2007 : More struggles 1.3. 9 2009 : The return of solid pitching 1.3. 10 2010 : Cox 's final season 1.3. 11 2011 : Fredi González takes over 1.3. 11.1 September collapse 1.3. 12 2012 : Chipper 's last season 1.3. 13 2013 : Braves win the East 1.3. 14 2014 : Losing season 1.3. 15 2015 -- 2016 : Rebuilding 1.3. 16 2017 : SunTrust Park 2 World Series championships 3 Major rivalries 3.1 New York Mets 3.2 Philadelphia Phillies 4 Uniforms 5 Logos 6 Achievements 6.1 Awards 6.2 Team records 6.3 Team captains 6.4 Retired numbers 6.5 Braves Hall of Fame 6.6 Baseball Hall of Famers 6.7 Ford C. Frick Award recipients ( broadcasters ) 6.8 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 8 Minor league affiliates 9 Home attendance at Turner Field 10 Radio and television 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Citations 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Atlanta Braves Boston ( 1871 -- 1952 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Boston Braves 1871 -- 1913 ( edit ) 1873 Boston Red Stockings team picture ; it finished first with a record of 43 -- 16 The Cincinnati Red Stockings , established in 1869 as the first openly all - professional baseball team , voted to dissolve after the 1870 season . Player - manager Harry Wright , with brother George and two other Cincinnati players , then went to Boston , Massachusetts at the invitation of Boston Red Stockings founder Ivers Whitney Adams to form the nucleus of the Boston Red Stockings , a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( NAPBBP ) . The original Boston Red Stockings team and its successors can lay claim to being the oldest continuously playing team in American professional sports . ( The only other team that has been organized as long , the Chicago Cubs , did not play for the two years following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 . ) Two young players hired away from the Forest City club of Rockford , Illinois , turned out to be the biggest stars during the NAPBBP years : pitcher Al Spalding ( founder of Spalding sporting goods ) and second baseman Ross Barnes . Led by the Wright brothers , Barnes , and Spalding , the Red Stockings dominated the National Association , winning four of that league 's five championships . The team became one of the National League 's charter franchises in 1876 , sometimes called the `` Red Caps '' ( as a new Cincinnati Red Stockings club was another charter member ) . The Boston Red Caps played in the first game in the history of the National League , on Saturday , April 22 , 1876 , defeating the Athletics , 6 -- 5 . 1888 Boston Beaneaters Although somewhat stripped of talent in the National League 's inaugural year , Boston bounced back to win the 1877 and 1878 pennants . The Red Caps / Beaneaters were one of the league 's dominant teams during the 19th century , winning a total of eight pennants . For most of that time , their manager was Frank Selee . Boston came to be called the Beaneaters in 1883 , while retaining red as the team color . The 1898 team finished 102 -- 47 , a club record for wins that would stand for almost a century . Stars of those 1890s Beaneater teams included the `` Heavenly Twins '' , Hugh Duffy and Tommy McCarthy , as well as `` Slidin ' '' Billy Hamilton . Hugh Duffy played with the franchise from 1892 to 1900 and won the third Triple Crown in MLB history The team was decimated when the American League 's new Boston entry set up shop in 1901 . Many of the Beaneaters ' stars jumped to the new team , which offered contracts that the Beaneaters ' owners did not even bother to match . They only managed one winning season from 1900 to 1913 , and lost 100 games five times . In 1907 , the Beaneaters ( temporarily ) eliminated the last bit of red from their stockings because their manager thought the red dye could cause wounds to become infected ( as noted in The Sporting News Baseball Guide during the 1940s when each team 's entry had a history of its nickname ( s ) . The American League club 's owner , Charles Taylor , wasted little time in adopting Red Sox as his team 's first official nickname ( up to that point they had been called by the generic `` Americans '' ) . Media - driven nickname changes to the Doves in 1907 and the Rustlers in 1911 did nothing to change the National League club 's luck . The team became the Braves for the first time in 1912 . Their owner , James Gaffney , was a member of New York City 's political machine , Tammany Hall , which used an Indian chief as their symbol . 1914 : Miracle ( edit ) Main article : 1914 Boston Braves season Two years later , the Braves put together one of the most memorable seasons in baseball history . After a dismal 4 -- 18 start , the Braves seemed to be on pace for a last place finish . On July 4 , 1914 , the Braves lost both games of a doubleheader to the Brooklyn Dodgers . The consecutive losses put their record at 26 -- 40 and the Braves were in last place , 15 games behind the league - leading New York Giants , who had won the previous three league pennants . After a day off , the Braves started to put together a hot streak , and from July 6 through September 5 , the Braves went 41 -- 12 . On September 7 and 8 , the Braves took two of three games from the New York Giants and moved into first place . The Braves tore through September and early October , closing with 25 wins against six losses , while the Giants went 16 -- 16 . They were the only team , under the old eight - team league format , to win a pennant after being in last place on the Fourth of July . They were in last place as late as July 18 , but were close to the pack , moving into fourth on July 21 and second place on August 12 . Starting pitcher Bill James was 2 -- 0 in the 1914 World Series , and the Braves recorded the first sweep in World Series history Despite their amazing comeback , the Braves entered the World Series as a heavy underdog to Connie Mack 's Philadelphia A 's . Nevertheless , the Braves swept the Athletics -- the first unqualified sweep in the young history of the modern World Series ( the 1907 Series had one tied game ) to win the world championship . Meanwhile , Johnny Evers won the Chalmers Award . The Braves played the World Series ( as well as the last few games of the 1914 season ) at Fenway Park , since their normal home , the South End Grounds , was too small . However , the Braves ' success inspired owner Gaffney to build a modern park , Braves Field , which opened in August 1915 . It was the largest park in the majors at the time , with 40,000 seats and a very spacious outfield . The park was novel for its time ; public transportation brought fans right to the park . 1915 -- 1953 ( edit ) After contending for most of 1915 and 1916 , the Braves only twice posted winning records from 1917 to 1932 . The lone highlight of those years came when Judge Emil Fuchs bought the team in 1923 to bring his longtime friend , pitching great Christy Mathewson , back into the game . However , Mathewson died in 1925 , leaving Fuchs in control of the team . Fuchs was committed to building a winner , but the damage from the years prior to his arrival took some time to overcome . The Braves finally managed to be competitive in 1933 and 1934 under manager Bill McKechnie , but Fuchs ' revenue was severely depleted due to the Great Depression . Looking for a way to get more fans and more money , Fuchs worked out a deal with the New York Yankees to acquire Babe Ruth , who had started his career with the Red Sox . Fuchs made Ruth team vice president , and promised him a share of the profits . He was also granted the title of assistant manager , and was to be consulted on all of the Braves ' deals . Fuchs even suggested that Ruth , who had long had his heart set on managing , could take over as manager once McKechnie stepped down -- perhaps as early as 1936 . At first , it appeared that Ruth was the final piece the team needed in 1935 . On opening day , he had a hand in all of the Braves ' runs in a 4 -- 2 win over the Giants . However , that proved to be the only time the Braves were over . 500 all year . Events went downhill quickly . While Ruth could still hit , he could do little else . He could not run , and his fielding was so terrible that three of the Braves ' pitchers threatened to go on strike if Ruth were in the lineup . It soon became obvious that he was vice president and assistant manager in name only and Fuchs ' promise of a share of team profits was hot air . In fact , Ruth discovered that Fuchs expected him to invest some of his money in the team . Seeing a franchise in complete disarray , Ruth retired on June 1 -- only six days after he clouted what turned out to be the last three home runs of his career . He had wanted to quit as early as May 12 , but Fuchs wanted him to hang on so he could play in every National League park . The Braves finished 38 -- 115 , the worst season in franchise history . Their . 248 winning percentage is the third - worst in baseball history , and the second - worst in National League history ( behind only the 1899 Cleveland Spiders ) . Fuchs lost control of the team in August 1935 , and the new owners tried to change the team 's image by renaming it the Boston Bees . This did little to change the team 's fortunes . After five uneven years , a new owner , construction magnate Lou Perini , changed the nickname back to the Braves . He immediately set about rebuilding the team . World War II slowed things down a little , but the team rode the pitching of Warren Spahn to impressive seasons in 1946 and 1947 . Spahn ( right ) with Johnny Sain In 1948 , the team won the pennant , behind the pitching of Spahn and Johnny Sain , who won 39 games between them . The remainder of the rotation was so thin that in September , Boston Post writer Gerald Hern wrote this poem about the pair : First we 'll use Spahn then we 'll use Sain Then an off day followed by rain Back will come Spahn followed by Sain And followed we hope by two days of rain . The poem received such a wide audience that the sentiment , usually now paraphrased as `` Spahn and Sain and pray for rain '' , entered the baseball vocabulary . However , in the 1948 season , the Braves actually had the same record in games that Spahn and Sain started that the team had overall , in terms of winning percentage . The 1948 World Series , which the Braves lost in six games to the Indians , turned out to be the Braves ' last hurrah in Boston . In 1950 , Sam Jethroe became the team 's first African American player , making his major league debut on April 18 . Amid four mediocre seasons , attendance steadily dwindled until , on March 13 , 1953 , Perini , who had recently bought out his original partners , announced he was moving the team to Milwaukee , where the Braves had their top farm club , the Brewers . Milwaukee had long been a possible target for relocation . Bill Veeck had tried to return his St. Louis Browns there earlier the same year ( Milwaukee was the original home of that franchise ) , but his proposal had been voted down by the other American League owners . Milwaukee ( 1953 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) See also : History of the Atlanta Braves § Milwaukee Milwaukee went wild over the Braves , who were welcomed as genuine heroes . The Braves finished 92 -- 62 in their first season in Milwaukee , and drew a then - NL record 1.8 million fans . The success of the team was noted by many owners . Not coincidentally , the Philadelphia Athletics , St. Louis Browns , Brooklyn Dodgers , and New York Giants would leave their original hometowns within the next five years . Milwaukee Braves cap logo As the 1950s progressed , the reinvigorated Braves became increasingly competitive . Sluggers Eddie Mathews and Hank Aaron drove the offense ( they would hit a combined 1,226 home runs as Braves , with 850 of those coming while the franchise was in Milwaukee ) , often aided by another power hitter , Joe Adcock , while Warren Spahn , Lew Burdette , and Bob Buhl anchored the rotation . The 1956 Braves finished second , only one game behind the Brooklyn Dodgers . In 1957 , the Braves celebrated their first pennant in nine years spearheaded by Aaron 's MVP season , as he led the National League in home runs and RBI . Perhaps the most memorable of his 44 round - trippers that season came on September 23 , a two - run walk - off home run that gave the Braves a 4 -- 2 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals and clinched the League championship . The team then went on to its first World Series win in over 40 years , defeating the powerful New York Yankees of Berra , Mantle , and Ford in seven games . One - time Yankee Burdette , the Series MVP , threw three complete game victories against his former team , giving up only two earned runs . In 1958 , the Braves again won the National League pennant and jumped out to a three games to one lead in the World Series against the New York Yankees once more , thanks in part to the strength of Spahn 's and Burdette 's pitching . But the Yankees stormed back to take the last three games , in large part to World Series MVP Bob Turley 's pitching . The 1959 season saw the Braves finish the season in a tie with the Los Angeles Dodgers , both with 86 -- 68 records . Many residents of Chicago and Milwaukee were hoping for a Sox - Braves Series , as the cities are only about 75 miles ( 121 km ) apart , but it was not to be because Milwaukee fell in a best - of - 3 playoff with two straight losses to the Dodgers . The Dodgers would go on to defeat the Chicago White Sox in the World Series . Milwaukee Braves logo ( 1953 -- 1956 ) The next six years were up - and - down for the Braves . The 1960 season featured two no - hitters by Burdette and Spahn , and Milwaukee finished seven games behind the Pittsburgh Pirates , who ultimately were to win the World Series that year , in second place , one year after the Braves were on the winning end of the 13 - inning near - perfect game of Pirates pitcher Harvey Haddix . The 1961 season saw a drop in the standings for the Braves down to fourth , despite Spahn recording his 300th victory and pitching another no - hitter that year . Aaron hit 45 home runs in 1962 , a Milwaukee career high for him , but this did not translate into wins for the Braves , as they finished fifth . The next season , Aaron again hit 44 home runs and notched 130 RBI , and Spahn was once again the ace of the staff , going 23 -- 7 . However , none of the other Braves produced at that level , and the team finished in the lower half of the league , or `` second division '' , for the first time in its short history in Milwaukee . The Braves were somewhat mediocre as the 1960s began , but fattened up on the expansion New York Mets and Houston Colt . 45s . To this day , the Milwaukee Braves are the only major league team who played more than one season and never had a losing record . Perini sold the Braves to a Chicago - based group led by William Bartholomay in 1962 . Almost immediately Bartholomay started shopping the Braves to a larger television market . Keen to attract them , the fast - growing city of Atlanta , led by Mayor Ivan Allen , Jr. constructed a new $18 million , 52,000 - seat ballpark in less than one year , Atlanta Stadium , which was officially opened in 1965 in hopes of luring an existing major league baseball and / or NFL / AFL team . After the city failed to lure the Kansas City A 's to Atlanta ( the A 's would move to Oakland in 1968 ) , the Braves announced their intention to move to Atlanta for the 1965 season . However , an injunction filed in Wisconsin kept the Braves in Milwaukee for one final year . In 1966 , the Braves completed the move to Atlanta . Eddie Mathews is the only Braves player to have played for the organization in all three cities that they have been based in . Mathews played with the Braves for their last season in Boston , the team 's entire tenure in Milwaukee , and their first season in Atlanta . Atlanta ( 1966 -- present ) ( edit ) 1966 -- 1974 ( edit ) The Braves were a . 500 team in their first few years in Atlanta ; 85 -- 77 in 1966 , 77 -- 85 in 1967 , and 81 -- 81 in 1968 . The 1967 season was the Braves ' first losing season since 1952 , their last year in Boston . In 1969 , with the onset of divisional play , the Braves won the first - ever National League West Division title , before being swept by the `` Miracle Mets '' in the National League Championship Series . They would not be a factor during the next decade , posting only two winning seasons between 1970 and 1981 -- in some cases , fielding teams as bad as the worst Boston teams . The fence over which Hank Aaron hit his 715th career home run still exists outside of Turner Field . In the meantime , fans had to be satisfied with the achievements of Hank Aaron . In the relatively hitter - friendly confines and higher - than - average altitude of Atlanta Stadium ( `` The Launching Pad '' ) , he actually increased his offensive production . Atlanta also produced batting champions in Rico Carty ( in 1970 ) and Ralph Garr ( in 1974 ) . In the shadow of Aaron 's historical home run pursuit , was the fact that three Atlanta sluggers hit 40 or more home runs in 1973 -- Darrell Evans , Davey Johnson and , of course , Aaron . By the end of the 1973 season , Aaron had hit 713 home runs , one short of Ruth 's record . Throughout the winter he received racially motivated death threats , but stood up well under the pressure . The next season , it was only a matter of time before he set a new record . On April 4 , opening day , he hit No. 714 in Cincinnati , and on April 8 , in front of his home fans and a national television audience he finally beat Ruth 's mark with a home run to left - center field off left - hander Al Downing of the Los Angeles Dodgers . Aaron spent most of his career as a Milwaukee and Atlanta Brave before asking to be traded to the Milwaukee Brewers , while Ruth finished his career as a Boston Brave . In fact , until Barry Bonds eclipsed the 714 home runs hit by Babe Ruth in 2006 , the top two home run hitters in Major League history had at one time been Braves . 1976 -- 1977 : Ted Turner buys the team ( edit ) Media magnate Ted Turner purchased the team in 1976 , and played a large role in the team 's operation . In 1976 , the team was purchased by media magnate Ted Turner , owner of superstation WTBS , as a means to keep the team ( and one of his main programming staples ) in Atlanta . The financially strapped Turner used money already paid to the team for their broadcast rights as a down - payment . It was then that Atlanta Stadium was renamed Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium . Turner quickly gained a reputation as a quirky , hands - on baseball owner . On May 11 , 1977 , Turner appointed himself manager , but because MLB passed a rule in the 1950s barring managers from holding a financial stake in their teams , Turner was ordered to relinquish that position after one game ( the Braves lost 2 -- 1 to the Pittsburgh Pirates to bring their losing streak to 17 games ) . Turner used the Braves as a major programming draw for his fledgling cable network , making the Braves the first franchise to have a nationwide audience and fan base . WTBS marketed the team as `` The Atlanta Braves : America 's Team '' , a nickname that still sticks in some areas of the country , especially the South . Among other things , in 1976 Turner suggested the nickname `` Channel '' for pitcher Andy Messersmith and jersey number 17 , in order to promote the television station that aired Braves games . Major League Baseball quickly nixed the idea . 1978 -- 1990 ( edit ) Phil Niekro played with the Braves from 1964 to 1983 and in 1987 ; he holds the MLB record for most wins by a knuckleball pitcher After three straight losing seasons , Bobby Cox was hired for his first stint as manager for the 1978 season . He promoted 22 - year - old slugger Dale Murphy into the starting lineup . Murphy hit 77 home runs over the next three seasons , but he struggled on defense , unable to adeptly play either catcher or first base . In 1980 , Murphy was moved to center field and demonstrated excellent range and throwing ability , while the Braves earned their first winning season since 1974 . Cox was fired after the 1981 season and replaced with Joe Torre , under whose leadership the Braves attained their first divisional title since 1969 . Strong performances from Bob Horner , Chris Chambliss , pitcher Phil Niekro , and short relief pitcher Gene Garber helped the Braves , but no Brave was more acclaimed than Murphy , who won both a Most Valuable Player and a Gold Glove award . Murphy also won an MVP award the following season , but the Braves began a period of decline that defined the team throughout the 1980s . Murphy , excelling in defense , hitting , and running , was consistently recognized as one of the league 's best players , but the Braves averaged only 65 wins per season between 1985 and 1990 . Their lowest point came in 1988 , when they lost 106 games . The 1986 season saw the return of Bobby Cox as general manager . Also in 1986 , the team stopped using their Indian - themed mascot , Chief Noc - A-Homa . 1991 -- 2004 : division dominance ( edit ) 1991 -- 1994 ( edit ) Greg Maddux , Tom Glavine , and John Smoltz combined for six Cy Young Awards during their time in the Braves pitching rotation Cox returned to the dugout as manager in the middle of the 1990 season , replacing Russ Nixon . The Braves finished the year with the worst record in baseball , at 65 -- 97 . They traded Dale Murphy to the Philadelphia Phillies after it was clear he was becoming a less dominant player . Pitching coach Leo Mazzone began developing young pitchers Tom Glavine , Steve Avery , and John Smoltz into future stars . That same year , the Braves used the number one overall pick in the 1990 MLB draft to select Chipper Jones , who became one of the best hitters in team history . Perhaps the Braves ' most important move was not on the field , but in the front office . Immediately after the season , John Schuerholz was hired away from the Kansas City Royals as general manager . The following season , Glavine , Avery , and Smoltz would be recognized as the best young pitchers in the league , winning 52 games among them . Meanwhile , behind position players David Justice , Ron Gant and unexpected league Most Valuable Player and batting champion Terry Pendleton , the Braves overcame a 39 -- 40 start , winning 55 of their final 83 games over the last three months of the season and edging the Los Angeles Dodgers by one game in one of baseball 's more memorable playoff races . The `` Worst to First '' Braves , who had not won a divisional title since 1982 , captivated the city of Atlanta ( and the entire southeast ) during their improbable run to the flag . They defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in a very tightly contested seven - game NLCS only to lose the World Series , also in seven games , to the Minnesota Twins . The series , considered by many to be one of the greatest ever , was the first time a team that had finished last in its division one year went to the World Series the next ; both the Twins and Braves accomplished the feat . Despite the 1991 World Series loss , the Braves ' success would continue . In 1992 , the Braves returned to the NLCS and once again defeated the Pirates in seven games , culminating in a dramatic game seven win . Francisco Cabrera 's two - out single that scored David Justice and Sid Bream capped a three - run rally in the bottom of the ninth inning that gave the Braves a 3 -- 2 victory . It was the first time in post season history that the tying and winning runs had scored on a single play in the ninth inning . The Braves lost the World Series to the Toronto Blue Jays , however . In 1993 , the Braves signed Cy Young Award winning pitcher Greg Maddux from the Chicago Cubs , leading many baseball insiders to declare the team 's pitching staff the best in baseball . The 1993 team posted a franchise - best 104 wins after a dramatic pennant race with the San Francisco Giants , who won 103 games . The Braves needed a stunning 55 -- 19 finish to edge out the Giants , who led the Braves by nine games in the standings as late as August 11 . However , the Braves fell in the NLCS to the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . In 1994 , in a realignment of the National League 's divisions following the 1993 expansion , the Braves moved to the Eastern Division . This realignment was the main cause of the team 's heated rivalry with the New York Mets during the mid-to - late 1990s . The player 's strike cut short the 1994 season , prior to the division championships , with the Braves six games behind the Montreal Expos with 48 games left to play . 1995 -- 2004 ( edit ) The Braves returned strong the following strike - shortened ( 144 games instead of the customary 162 ) year and beat the Cleveland Indians in the 1995 World Series . This squelched claims by many Braves critics that they were the `` Buffalo Bills of Baseball '' ( January 1996 issue of Beckett Baseball Card Monthly ) . With this World Series victory , the Braves became the first team in Major League Baseball to win world championships in three different cities . With their strong pitching as a constant , the Braves appeared in the 1996 and 1999 World Series ( losing both to the New York Yankees , managed by Joe Torre , a former Braves manager ) , and had a streak of division titles from 1991 to 2005 ( three in the Western Division and eleven in the Eastern ) interrupted only in 1994 when the strike ended the season early . Pitching was not the only constant in the Braves organization -- Cox was the Braves ' manager , while Schuerholz remained the team 's GM until after the 2007 season when he was promoted to team president . Terry Pendleton finished his playing career elsewhere , but returned to the Braves system as the hitting coach . In October 1996 , Time Warner acquired Ted Turner 's Turner Broadcasting System and all of its assets , including its cable channels and the Atlanta Braves . Over the next few years , Ted Turner 's presence as owner of the team would diminish . The 1995 World Series Commissioner 's Trophy on display in the Ivan Allen Jr . Braves Museum and Hall of Fame at Turner Field A 95 -- 67 record in 2000 produced a ninth consecutive division title . However , a sweep by the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Division Series prevented the Braves from reaching the NL Championship Series . In 2001 , Atlanta won the National League East division yet again , swept the Houston Astros in the NLDS , then lost to the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Championship Series four games to one . One memorable game the Braves played that year came on September 21 , when they played rival New York Mets in the first major professional sporting event held in New York City since 9 / 11 . In 2002 , 2003 and 2004 , the Braves won the Eastern division again , but lost in the NLDS in all three years in the same fashion : 3 games to 2 to the San Francisco Giants , Chicago Cubs , and Houston Astros . Cy young dominance ( edit ) Six National League Cy Young Awards in the 1990s were awarded to three Braves pitchers : In 1991 , left - handed pitcher Tom Glavine received his first award . Right - handed pitcher Greg Maddux won four in a row , three of them with the Braves from 1993 through 1995 . His first award came in 1992 with the Cubs . In 1996 , right - handed pitcher John Smoltz received his only Cy Young Award . In 1998 , Glavine won his second . 2005 : a new generation ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Atlanta Braves season In 2005 , the Braves won the Division championship for the 14th consecutive time from 1991 to 2005 . 14 consecutive division titles stands as the record for all major league baseball . The 2005 title marked the first time any MLB team made the postseason with more than 4 rookies who each had more than 100 ABs ( Wilson Betemit , Brian McCann , Pete Orr , Ryan Langerhans , Jeff Francoeur ) . Catcher Brian McCann , right fielder Jeff Francoeur , and pitcher Kyle Davies all grew up in the suburbs of Atlanta . The large number of rookies to debut in 2005 were nicknamed the `` Baby Braves '' by fans and became an Atlanta - area sensation , helping to lead the club to a record of 90 -- 72 . However , the season would end on a sour note as the Braves lost the National League Division Series to the Astros in four games . In Game 4 , with the Braves leading by 5 in the eighth inning , the Astros battled back with a Lance Berkman grand slam and a two - out , ninth inning Brad Ausmus home run off of Braves closer Kyle Farnsworth . The game did not end until the 18th inning , becoming the longest game in playoff history at 5 hours 50 minutes . Chris Burke ended the marathon with a home run off of Joey Devine . After the 2005 season , the Braves lost their long - time pitching coach Leo Mazzone , who left to go to the Baltimore Orioles . Roger McDowell took his place in the Atlanta dugout . Unable to re-sign shortstop Rafael Furcal , the Braves acquired shortstop Édgar Rentería from the Boston Red Sox . 2006 : struggles ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Atlanta Braves season Andruw Jones at bat for the Braves in 2006 In 2006 , the Braves did not perform at the level they had grown accustomed to . Due to an offensive slump , injuries to their starting rotation , and subpar bullpen performances , the Braves compiled a 6 -- 21 record during June , the worst month ever in Atlanta with a winning percentage of . 222 ; this was only better than the woeful Boston Braves in May 1935 ( 4 -- 20 ) with a . 166 winning percentage . After the break , the Braves came out with their bats swinging , setting many franchise records . They won five straight , sweeping the Padres and taking two from the Cardinals , tallying a total of 65 runs in that span . The 65 runs in five games is the best by the franchise since 1897 , when the Boston Beaneaters totaled 78 , including 25 in one game and 21 in another , from May 31 -- June 3 ; the 2006 Braves also became the first team since the 1930 New York Yankees to score ten runs or more in five straight games . The Braves had a total of 81 hits during their five - game run and 98 hits in their last six games , going back to an 8 -- 3 victory over Cincinnati on July 9 , the last game before the All - Star break . Additionally , Chipper Jones was able to maintain a 20 - game hitting streak and tie Paul Waner 's 69 - year - old Major League record with a 14 - game extra-base hit streak . However , on September 18 , the New York Mets ' win over the Florida Marlins mathematically eliminated the Braves from winning the NL East , ending the Atlanta Braves ' 11 - year reign over the NL East . On September 24 , the Braves ' loss to the Colorado Rockies mathematically eliminated the Braves from winning the NL Wild Card , making 2006 the first year that the Braves would not compete in the postseason since 1990 , not counting the strike - shortened 1994 season . Also , a loss to the Mets on September 28 guaranteed the Braves their first losing season since 1990 . Although the Braves won two of their last three games against the Astros , including rookie Chuck James besting Roger Clemens , Atlanta finished the season in third place , one game ahead of the Marlins , at 79 -- 83 . Sale to Liberty Media ( edit ) In December 2005 , team owner Time Warner , who inherited the Braves after purchasing TBS in 1996 , announced it was placing the team for sale . Liberty Media began negotiations to purchase the team . In February 2007 , after more than a year of negotiations , Time Warner agreed to a deal that would sell the Braves to Liberty Media Group ( a company which owned a large amount of stock in Time Warner , Inc . ) , pending approval by 75 percent of MLB owners and the Commissioner of Baseball , Bud Selig . The deal included the exchange of the Braves , valued in the deal at $450 million , a hobbyist magazine publishing company , and $980 million cash , for 68.5 million shares of Time Warner stock held by Liberty Media , then worth approximately $1.48 billion . Team President Terry McGuirk anticipated no change in the current front office structure , personnel , or day - to - day operations of the Braves . Liberty Media is not expected to take any type of `` active '' ownership in terms of day - to - day operations . On May 16 , 2007 , Major League Baseball 's owners approved the sale of the Braves from Time Warner to Liberty Media . The Braves are one of three Major League Baseball teams under corporate ownership ( and the only NL team with this distinction ) ; the other two franchises are the American League ( AL ) 's Seattle Mariners ( which are owned by Nintendo of America ) and the Toronto Blue Jays ( which are owned by Rogers Communications ) . 2007 : more struggles ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Atlanta Braves season Brian McCann bats for Atlanta in July 2007 On July 5 , Chipper Jones surpassed Dale Murphy for the Atlanta club record of 372 home runs by belting two against the Los Angeles Dodgers . After struggling during the second half of the 2007 season , Atlanta finished over . 500 and missed the post season again . On October 12 , 2007 , John Schuerholz stepped down as General Manager to take over as team president . Assistant GM Frank Wren took over as General Manager . 2009 : the return of solid pitching ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Atlanta Braves season Kenshin Kawakami pitching for the Braves in 2009 On December 4 , 2008 , the Atlanta Braves received Javier Vázquez and Boone Logan , while the Chicago White Sox received prospects catcher Tyler Flowers , shortstop Brent Lillibridge , third baseman Jon Gilmore and pitcher Santos Rodriguez . On January 13 , 2009 , the Braves signed Japanese pitcher Kenshin Kawakami to a three - year deal , and two days later signed free agent pitcher Derek Lowe to a four - year contract . During the course of the offseason , the Braves signed veteran pitcher and former Brave Tom Glavine , while losing long - time Brave John Smoltz to the Boston Red Sox . On February 25 , 2009 , just before the start of spring training , Atlanta agreed to terms on a one - year contract with free - agent outfielder Garret Anderson . The additional outfield depth allowed the Braves to trade Josh Anderson to the Detroit Tigers for minor league pitcher Rudy Darrow on March 30 , 2009 . On June 3 , 2009 , the Braves acquired Nate McLouth from the Pittsburgh Pirates for prospects Jeff Locke , Charlie Morton and Gorkys Hernández . They also released veteran pitcher Tom Glavine . On July 10 , 2009 , the Braves traded outfielder Jeff Francoeur to the New York Mets for outfielder Ryan Church . On July 31 , 2009 , hours before the trade deadline , the Braves and Boston Red Sox swapped 1st basemen : Atlanta dealt Casey Kotchman to Boston and reacquired Adam LaRoche , whom the Braves had traded away during the 2006 -- 07 off - season to Pittsburgh . The Braves made a late - season surge , coming within 2 games of the wild card leading Colorado Rockies in late September . On October 1 , 2009 with the Braves four games back , Colorado beat the Milwaukee Brewers 9 -- 2 to clinch the wild card spot and end the Braves ' 2009 postseason hopes . 2010 : Cox 's final season ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Atlanta Braves season Braves manager Bobby Cox retired in 2010 after 25 years of management The 2010 Atlanta Braves Season features the Braves ' attempt to reclaim a postseason berth for the first time since 2005 . The Braves were once again skippered by Bobby Cox , now in his 25th and final season managing the team . The Braves started the 2010 season slowly and had a nine - game losing streak in April . Then they had a nine - game winning streak from May 26 through June 3 , the Braves longest since 2000 when they won 16 in a row . On May 31 , the Atlanta Braves defeated the then - first place Philadelphia Phillies at Turner Field to take sole possession of first place in the National League East standings , a position they had maintained through the middle of August . The last time the Atlanta Braves led the NL East on August 1 was in 2005 . On July 13 , 2010 at the 2010 MLB All - Star Game in Anaheim , Braves catcher Brian McCann was awarded the All - Star Game MVP Award for his clutch two - out , three - run double in the seventh inning to give the National League its first win in the All - Star Game since 1996 . He became the first Brave to win the All - Star Game MVP Award since Fred McGriff did so in 1994 . The Braves made two deals before the trade deadline to acquire Álex González , Rick Ankiel and Kyle Farnsworth from the Toronto Blue Jays and Kansas City Royals , giving up shortstop Yunel Escobar , pitchers Jo - Jo Reyes and Jesse Chavez , outfielder Gregor Blanco and three minor leaguers . On August 18 , 2010 they traded three pitching prospects for first baseman Derrek Lee from the Chicago Cubs . On August 22 , 2010 against the Chicago Cubs , Mike Minor struck out 12 batters across 6 innings ; an Atlanta Braves single game rookie strikeout record . The Braves dropped to second in the NL East in early September , but won the NL Wild Card . They lost to the San Francisco Giants in the National League Division Series in four games . Every game of the series was determined by one run . After the series - clinching victory for the Giants in Game 4 , Bobby Cox was given a standing ovation by the fans , also by players and coaches of both the Braves and Giants . 2011 : Fredi González takes over ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Atlanta Braves season Braves closer Craig Kimbrel pitching in 2011 On October 13 , 2010 , the Atlanta Braves announced that Fredi González would replace long - time Braves manager Bobby Cox as manager of the team in 2011 . The announcement came just two days after the 2010 Braves were eliminated from the postseason . It was also announced that pitching coach Roger McDowell , third - base coach Brian Snitker , and bullpen coach Eddie Pérez would retain their current positions , while former hitting coach Terry Pendleton would replace Glenn Hubbard as the first - base coach and newcomer Carlos Tosca would become the new bench coach . Hubbard and former bench coach Chino Cadahia were not offered positions on the new coaching staff . Larry Parrish was hired as hitting coach on October 29 , 2010 . On November 16 , 2010 in an offseason trade , the Braves acquired Dan Uggla from the Florida Marlins in exchange for left - handed reliever Mike Dunn and infielder Omar Infante . According to Elias Sports Bureau , the Braves had an all - time franchise win - loss record over . 500 for the first time since 1923 after their win over the Houston Astros on June 11 , 2011 . The Braves franchise became the third franchise in MLB history to reach 10,000 wins with their win over the Washington Nationals on July 15 , 2011 . On July 31 , 2011 , just sixteen days after registering their 10,000 th win , the Florida Marlins defeated the Braves by a score of 3 -- 1 , handing the team the 10,000 th loss in franchise history . The Braves become only the second team in big league history with 10,000 losses after the Philadelphia Phillies reached the plateau in 2007 . Players from the Braves ' farm system , such as Freddie Freeman and Brandon Beachy , played regularly with the big league club , while Julio Teherán , Randall Delgado , and Mike Minor were called up for spot starts . With late season injuries to starters Jair Jurrjens and Tommy Hanson , these three young pitchers made their way into the starting rotation in their absence . Eight players made their major league debuts for the team in 2011 . September collapse ( edit ) The Braves led the National League Wild Card standings for much of the 2011 season , with the division - rival Philadelphia Phillies firmly in control of first place in the National League East . The Braves entered the final month of the regular season 25 games above . 500 with a record of 80 -- 55 and an 8 ⁄ - game lead in the Wild Card standings . The nearest team trailing them , the St. Louis Cardinals , who also trailed the National League Central - leading Milwaukee Brewers by 8 ⁄ games at the time , were considered a long - shot to gain a spot in the postseason . Just days prior on August 26 , the Cardinals found themselves 10 ⁄ games behind and in third place . With 27 games to play , the Braves went 9 -- 18 in September to finish the season with a record of 89 -- 73 . The Cardinals , meanwhile , went 18 -- 8 to finish at 90 -- 72 . Braves closer Craig Kimbrel , who had not surrendered a single earned run in July or August , carried a 4.76 ERA in September with three blown saves . After being dominant in his role for much of the season , Braves setup man Jonny Venters posted a 5.11 September ERA . These sharp declines in both relievers led many critics to question the handling of the bullpen by Braves manager Fredi González . Veteran starter Derek Lowe posted a win - loss record of 0 -- 5 in September with an ERA of 8.75 . Shortly into the offseason , Lowe would be traded to the Cleveland Indians . The Braves starters lasted six or more innings only three times over the last 23 games . Over the last five games , all of which were losses for the Braves , the team managed to score only seven runs . Braves catcher Brian McCann , often regarded as the best offensive catcher in the Majors , hit only . 183 with two home runs in September . The offense as a whole hit for only a . 235 batting average and a . 300 on - base percentage in September , both second - worst in the National League . The . 195 RISP average by Braves hitters was second worst in the Majors . Hitting coach Larry Parrish was fired two days following the last game of the season . 2012 : Chipper 's last season ( edit ) Chipper Jones salutes the crowd at Turner Field prior to his final regular season game on September 30 , 2012 . Jones announced he would retire after 19 seasons with the Braves In 2012 , the Braves began their 138th season after an upsetting end to the 2011 season . On March 22 , the Braves announced that third baseman Chipper Jones would retire following the 2012 season after 19 Major League seasons with the team . The Braves also lost many key players through trades or free agency , including pitcher Derek Lowe , shortstop Alex González , and outfielder Nate McLouth . To compensate for this , the team went on to receive many key players such as outfielder Michael Bourn , along with shortstops Tyler Pastornicky and Andrelton Simmons . To fill the void of a quality starting pitcher left by Lowe ( as well as a mid-season injury to Brandon Beachy ) , manager Fredi González elected relief pitcher Kris Medlen to the starting pitching rotation . The Braves went on to win every game Medlen started , setting the MLB record for most consecutive wins when a single pitcher starts ( total of 23 ) . Atlanta stayed close to the Washington Nationals in the race to win the National League East title . They also stayed on top of the National League Wild Card race . Washington ended up winning their first division title in franchise history , but the Braves remained in first place of the NL wild card race . Keeping with a new MLB rule for the 2012 season , the top two wild card teams in each league must play each other in a playoff game before entering into the Division Series . The Braves played the St. Louis Cardinals in the first ever Wild Card Game . The Braves were behind 6 -- 3 in the bottom of the eighth inning when Andrelton Simmons hit a fly ball to left field that dropped in between the Cardinals shortstop and left fielder . Umpire Sam Holbrook called Simmons out , citing the infield fly rule . Had an infield fly not been called , Simmons would have been credited with a single and Atlanta would have had the bases loaded with one out . Fans at Turner Field began to litter the field with debris , prompting the game to be delayed for 19 minutes . The Braves lost the game 6 -- 3 , ending their season . 2013 : Braves win the East ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Atlanta Braves season Evan Gattis catching for the Braves in 2013 During the offseason following a gut wrenching exit against the St. Louis Cardinals in the Wild Card Game , the Braves spent the 2012 -- 2013 offseason revamping and retooling their offense . The Braves turned heads across baseball by acquiring B.J. Upton from the Tampa Bay Rays , signing him to a 5 - year $75.25 million contract and making him their starting center fielder , and uniting him with his younger brother Justin Upton from the Arizona Diamondbacks in a seven player trade that sent fan favorite utility man Martín Prado to the Diamondbacks , they also filled a need for a new Third Baseman in Chris Johnson after the retirement of Chipper Jones the previous year . The Braves began the 2013 season with a hot start in April by going 17 -- 9 for the month , which saw the emergence of rookie sensation Evan Gattis , while taking hold of first place in the National League East division , a lead they would never relinquish for the rest of the season . The Braves suffered many injuries to key players throughout the season , including injuries to Jason Heyward , Brian McCann , Freddie Freeman , Eric O'Flaherty , Jonny Venters , Ramiro Pena and others , but found a way to win despite these blows to the team . Leading up to the All Star break , First Baseman Freddie Freeman was voted in to play for the 2013 National League All - Star Team , in the 2013 All Star Game , which he did not play . The Braves also witnessed the emergence of rookie pitcher Julio Teherán after much hype during Spring training . From July 26 to August 10 , the Braves won 14 games in a row . The winning streak was the longest of its kind since April -- May 2000 . On June 28 , 2013 the Atlanta Braves retired former third baseman Chipper Jones ' jersey , number 10 , before the game against the Arizona Diamondbacks . He was honored before 51,300 fans at Turner Field in Atlanta . He served as a staple of the Braves franchise for 19 years before announcing his retirement at the beginning of the 2012 season . Chipper Jones played his last regular season game for the Braves on September 30 , 2012 . The Braves opened up a 15 - game lead on the Washington Nationals in the National League East on September 3 , 2013 , riding that lead en route to its first division title since 2005 , the last of 14 straight division titles . This was also Braves manager Fredi González 's first division title since beginning his managerial career in 1990 ; including his first since becoming the manager of the Braves after the 2010 season . The Braves clinched the 18th division title in team history on September 22 , 2013 after a Nationals loss to the Marlins in the first game of a double header ; the Braves also won their game that day , beating the Chicago Cubs 5 -- 2 at Wrigley Field . After clinching the division title , they lost to the Dodgers 3 -- 1 in the Division Series . 2014 : losing season ( edit ) Jason Heyward runs the bases in 2014 On November 11 , 2013 , the Braves announced that they would vacate Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County , in the northwest suburbs outside of Atlanta in 2017 . The move is to follow the expiration of the Braves ' 20 - year lease on Turner Field in 2016 . The new stadium is to be constructed in a public / private partnership . During the offseason the Braves signed few of their young talents to multi year contracts ; Craig Kimbrel ( 4 years / $42 M ) , Freddie Freeman ( 8 years / $135 M ) , Kris Medlen ( 1 year / $5.8 M ) , Jason Heyward ( 2 years / $13.3 M ) , Julio Teherán ( 6 years / $32.4 M ) and Andrelton Simmons ( 7 years / $58 M ) . The Braves finished the season in a distant second place with a 79 -- 83 record , which was their first losing season since 2008 and only their third since 1990 . 2015 -- 2016 : rebuilding ( edit ) Prior to the 2015 season , the Braves fired their General Manager Frank Wren , and John Hart replaced him as interim general manager , choosing to only take the title of President of Baseball Operations . The Braves promptly traded Gold Glove Award winner Jason Heyward to the St. Louis Cardinals along with pitcher Jordan Walden for pitchers Shelby Miller and Tyrell Jenkins . Hart would then trade All Star left fielder Justin Upton to the San Diego Padres for Max Fried , Jace Peterson , Dustin Peterson , and Mallex Smith . Catcher Evan Gattis and minor league prospect James Hoyt were traded to the Houston Astros for minor leaguers Mike Foltynewicz , Rio Ruiz , and Andrew Thurman . A day before the season began , the Braves made a final trade involving former All - Star Craig Kimbrel and outfielder Melvin Upton Jr ... They were traded to the San Diego Padres for outfielders Cameron Maybin and Carlos Quentin along with two minor league players . By the beginning of the season , the Braves did 11 trades in all . Prior to the start of the 2016 regular season , the Braves continued their offseason rebuilding by trading Andrelton Simmons to the Los Angeles Angels for Erick Aybar , and pitching prospects Sean Newcomb and Chris Ellis and $2.5 million . They agreed to 1 year contracts with Kelly Johnson , Chris Withrow , and Arodys Vizcaino , and agreed to terms on a minor league contract for Carlos Torres and Jeff Francoeur . The Braves would end up purchasing the Major League contract of Francoeur . On April 13 , 2016 , Hector Olivera was arrested and charged with the assault of a woman at the team hotel when the Braves were in Washington D.C. facing the Nationals . He was placed on Administrative Leave by Major League Baseball and was placed on the Braves Restricted List until further disciplinary action is given . The Braves began the season on a nine - game losing streak , which is the worst opening by the franchise since 1988 , when they dropped the first 10 games of that season . After a 9 -- 28 start in 2016 , Fredi González was fired on May 17 and replaced by third base coach Brian Snitker as interim general manager . Snitker replaced González once before in the 2006 -- 07 off - season as the Braves third base coach when González left the Braves to manage the Marlins . The Braves finished the season 68 -- 93 and in last place in NL East . During the 2016 off - season , the Braves signed pitchers R.A. Dickey and Bartolo Colón and promoted interim manager Brian Snitker to full - time manager . For a full season - by - season list , see List of Atlanta Braves seasons . 2017 : SunTrust park ( edit ) SunTrust Park prior to its first regular season game The Braves opened their new stadium , SunTrust Park , on April 14 , 2017 with a four - game sweep of the San Diego Padres . World Series championships ( edit ) Over its 138 seasons , the Braves franchise has won a total of three World Series Championships , one in each of the three cities they have played in . Season Manager Opponent Series Score Record 1914 ( Boston ) George Stallings Philadelphia Athletics 4 -- 0 94 -- 59 1957 ( Milwaukee ) Fred Haney New York Yankees 4 -- 3 95 -- 59 1995 ( Atlanta ) Bobby Cox Cleveland Indians 4 -- 2 90 -- 54 Total World Series championships : 3 Major rivalries ( edit ) New York Mets ( edit ) Main article : Braves -- Mets rivalry The Braves -- Mets rivalry is a rivalry between the two teams , featuring the Braves and the New York Mets as they both play in the National League East . Although their first major confrontation occurred when the Mets swept the Braves in the 1969 NLCS , en route to their first World Series championship , the first playoff series won by an expansion team ( also the first playoff appearance by an expansion team ) , the rivalry did not become especially heated until the 1994 season when division realignment put both the Mets and the Braves in the NL East division . During this time the Braves became one of the most dominant teams in professional baseball , earning 14 straight division titles through 2005 , including five world series berths , and one world series championship during the 1995 season . The rivalry remained heated through the early 2000s . Philadelphia Phillies ( edit ) While their rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies lacks the history and hatred of the Mets , it has been the more important one in the last decade . Between 1993 and 2013 , the two teams reigned almost exclusively as NL East champions , the exceptions being in 2006 , when the Mets won their first division title since 1988 ( no division titles were awarded in 1994 due to the player 's strike ) , and in 2012 , when the Washington Nationals claimed their first division title since 1981 when playing as the Montreal Expos . The Phillies 1993 championship was also part of a four - year reign of exclusive division championships by the Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates , their in - state rivals . While rivalries are generally characterized by mutual hatred , the Braves and Phillies deeply respect each other . Each game played ( 18 games in 2011 ) is vastly important between these two NL East giants , but at the end of the day , they are very similar organizations . Overall , the Braves have one more National League East division title than the Phillies , having won 12 times each since 1969 , with the Braves holding it for eleven consecutive years from 1995 through 2005 . Uniforms ( edit ) The Braves currently have five different game baseball uniform combinations . The home uniforms consist of a standard white uniform , a red , military appreciation jersey worn with the standard white pants , and a cream alternate uniform . The road uniforms consist of a standard gray uniform , and an alternate navy blue jersey worn with the standard gray pants . The white home uniform , introduced in 1987 , is the primary home uniform . The jersey has `` Braves '' written in script across the chest with the tomahawk logo underneath . The jersey also includes piping around the collar and down the front of the jersey and around the bottom of the sleeves . Player numbers appear on the back of the jersey with a nameplate above . The Braves script , player numbers , and piping are red with a navy blue border . The tomahawk is primarily red with blue and yellow detail and a navy blue border . The white pants have identical piping to the jersey about the belt loops and down the outside seam of the pants . The player names consist of navy blue lettering sewn to a white nameplate . The player names originally used vertically arched lettering but , since 2006 , the team has used radially arched lettering . The white uniform is paired with the standard home cap . It is a red brimmed , navy blue cap with a white embroidered `` script A '' logo . The home batting helmet is identical to the primary home cap . The gray road uniforms are the primary road uniform . The uniforms are identical to the white home uniforms with the exception of the `` Braves '' script , which is replaced by the `` Atlanta '' script . Player names are sewn to a gray nameplate . The primary uniforms are very similar to the uniforms that the Braves wore from 1946 to 1965 -- during their latter years in Boston and throughout their tenure in Milwaukee . The red , military appreciation jersey was introduced on February 5 , 2014 . The jerseys feature navy blue piping with a white border , the Braves script in blue with white stars , and the American Flag on the left sleeve . The updated red jerseys will not include the tomahawk logo . The jerseys will be worn for five home games in 2014 : April 26 vs. the Cincinnati Reds ( military family night ) , June 13 vs. the LA Angels of Anaheim ( celebrating the Army ) , July 26 vs. the San Diego Padres ( celebrating the Marines ) , Aug. 30 vs. the Miami Marlins ( celebrating the Navy ) , and September 19 vs. NY Mets ( celebrating the Air Force ) . The jerseys will be paired with camouflage caps . The military appreciation jerseys replace the red jerseys introduced in 2005 . Worn with the white pants , these jerseys included the same elements as the white jerseys , with the Braves script , player numbers , and piping in navy blue with a white border . The tomahawk was primarily blue , with red and yellow detail and a white border . The player names consisted of white lettering sewn to a red nameplate . These jerseys were paired with an alternate home cap , which was a red brimmed , navy blue cap with a red , embroidered `` script A '' logo with a tomahawk , outlined in white . The alternate cap did not have a matching batting helmet . The red alternate jerseys were worn for Sunday home games from 2005 to 2011 . The only exceptions to this were the opening game of the 2005 NLDS , which was played on a Wednesday , and on Memorial Day in 2006 . The 2006 Memorial Day game is also the only time the red jerseys were paired with the primary home cap . With the introduction of the cream uniform in 2012 , the red jerseys were worn for Friday night home games from 2012 to 2013 . However , the Braves chose to wear the traditional white jerseys for their 2012 home opener , which took place on Friday , April 13 . The cream alternate uniforms were introduced in February 2012 as a tribute to the Braves ' first season in Atlanta in 1966 . The jersey includes the `` Braves '' script across the breastplate , but the player number replaces the tomahawk underneath the `` Braves '' script on the left placket . Player numbers and the `` Braves '' script are in red with a navy blue border . The player names consist of navy blue lettering sewn to a cream nameplate . The jersey has a thin , navy piping about the collar and down the front of the jersey . There is no piping around the sleeves . The cream pants include piping identical to the jersey down the outside seam . The left sleeve of the jersey has a `` crossed tomahawk '' logo that replaces the `` screaming Indian '' logo that appeared on the 1966 jerseys . The new logo has two , primarily red , crossed tomahawks . Underneath the tomahawks is a blue circle outlined in red , with `` 1876 '' in red above ( commemorating the year the franchise was founded ) , and `` Atlanta Braves '' in white below . The cream uniforms are paired with the standard home cap and are worn for Saturday and Sunday home games . The alternate navy blue road jerseys were introduced on opening night of the 2008 season against the Washington Nationals . Worn with the gray road pants , the jerseys feature the `` Atlanta '' script on the breastplate in navy blue with a white outline . The tomahawk is primarily navy blue with red and yellow detail and a white border . The player numbers are blue with white borders and the player names are white letters sewn to a navy blue nameplate . The navy blue jerseys have no piping either on the sleeves or around the collar . From 1987 to 2008 , the red brimmed , primary home cap was also worn on the road . However , when the navy blue jerseys were introduced in 2008 , they were paired with a navy blue cap , similar to the team 's road cap worn from 1966 to 1971 . While the red brimmed cap was still primarily worn with the gray road uniforms , the team sometimes wore the navy blue cap with the gray jerseys , and the red brimmed cap was occasionally worn with the navy blue jerseys . The red brimmed home batting helmets were also worn on the road from 1987 through 2008 . Beginning in 2009 , the navy blue cap became the official road cap and was paired with a navy blue road batting helmet . Unlike the home uniforms , which are worn based on a schedule , the road uniforms are chosen on game day by the starting pitcher . However , they are also subject to Major League Baseball rules requiring the road team to wear uniforms that contrast with the uniforms worn by the home team . Due to this rule , the gray uniforms are worn when the home team chooses to wear navy blue , and sometimes when the home team chooses to wear black . Logos ( edit ) From 1912 to 1989 the Braves logo consisted of the head of an Indian warrior . From 1912 to 1956 it was an Indian with a headdress , and thereafter a laughing Indian with a mohawk and one feather in his hair . In 1990 the logo was changed to just the word `` Braves '' in cursive with a tomahawk below it . Further information : Native American mascot controversy § Atlanta Braves Achievements ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) Main article : Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders Team records ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Braves team records Team captains ( edit ) Johnny Evers 1914 -- 1917 Eddie Mathews 1965 -- 1966 Hank Aaron 1969 -- 1974 Dale Murphy 1987 -- 1990 Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Braves have retired eleven numbers in the history of the franchise , including most recently Chipper Jones ' number 10 in 2013 , John Smoltz 's number 29 in 2012 , Bobby Cox 's number 6 in 2011 , Tom Glavine 's number 47 in 2010 , and Greg Maddux 's number 31 in 2009 . Additionally , Hank Aaron 's 44 , Dale Murphy 's 3 , Phil Niekro 's 35 , Eddie Mathews ' 41 , Warren Spahn 's 21 and Jackie Robinson 's 42 , which is retired for all of baseball with the exception of Jackie Robinson Day , have also been retired . The color and design of the retired numbers reflect the uniform design at the time the person was on the team , excluding Robinson . Dale Murphy OF Retired June 13 , 1994 Bobby Cox Retired August 12 , 2011 Chipper Jones 3B Retired June 28 , 2013 Warren Spahn Retired December 11 , 1965 Smoltz Retired June 8 , 2012 Greg Maddux Retired July 17 , 2009 Phil Niekro Retired August 6 , 1984 Eddie Mathews 3B Retired July 26 , 1969 Hank Aaron RF Retired April 15 , 1977 Tom Glavine Retired August 6 , 2010 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 Of the ten Braves whose numbers have been retired , all who are eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame have been elected with the exception of Murphy , whose eligibility has expired . Jones is not eligible until 2018 . Braves Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Ivan Allen , Jr . Braves Museum and Hall of Fame Baseball Hall of famers ( edit ) Main article : List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame Atlanta Braves Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Boston Braves Earl Averill Dave Bancroft Dan Brouthers John Clarkson * Jimmy Collins Hugh Duffy * Johnny Evers Burleigh Grimes Billy Hamilton Billy Herman Rogers Hornsby Joe Kelley King Kelly Ernie Lombardi Rabbit Maranville Rube Marquard Tommy McCarthy Bill McKechnie Joe Medwick Kid Nichols * Jim O'Rourke Charley Radbourn Babe Ruth Frank Selee * * Al Simmons George Sisler Casey Stengel Ed Walsh Lloyd Waner Paul Waner Deacon White Vic Willis * * George Wright Harry Wright Cy Young Milwaukee Braves Eddie Mathews Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Warren Spahn Atlanta Braves Hank Aaron Orlando Cepeda Bobby Cox Tom Glavine Greg Maddux * * * Phil Niekro Gaylord Perry John Schuerholz * * John Smoltz Bruce Sutter Joe Torre Hoyt Wilhelm Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Braves cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Hall of Fame plaque depiction is without a cap . In Schuerholz ' case , this is because he was elected as an executive . * * * No cap insignia on Hall of Fame plaque . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( broadcasters ) ( edit ) Atlanta Braves Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Milo Hamilton Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Braves . Georgia Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Georgia Sports Hall of Fame Braves in the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame No . Player Position Tenure Notes -- Paul Richards GM 1967 -- 1972 -- John Schuerholz GM President 1990 -- 2007 2007 -- present -- Skip Caray Broadcaster 1976 -- 2008 -- George Stallings Manager 1913 -- 1920 Born in Augusta Dale Murphy OF 1976 -- 1990 Jo - Jo White Coach 1963 -- 1966 Born in Red Oak 5 , 31 Whit Wyatt Coach 1958 -- 1967 Born in Kensington , attended Georgia Tech 6 Bobby Cox Manager 1978 -- 1981 1990 -- 2010 10 Chipper Jones 3B / LF 1993 -- 2012 13 Blue Moon Odom Elected mainly on his performance with Oakland A 's , grew up in Macon 29 John Smoltz 1988 -- 1999 2001 -- 2008 32 Ernie Johnson Broadcaster 1950 , 1952 -- 1958 1962 -- 1999 35 Phil Niekro 1964 -- 1983 , 1987 36 Bob Hendley 1961 -- 1963 Born in Macon 44 Hank Aaron RF 1954 -- 1974 Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Atlanta Braves roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 19 R.A. Dickey 26 Mike Foltynewicz 61 Max Fried 64 Luiz Gohara 51 Sean Newcomb 49 Julio Teherán Bullpen 57 Rex Brothers 39 Sam Freeman 58 Luke Jackson 53 Jim Johnson 46 Ian Krol 67 A.J. Minter 52 Jose Ramirez 50 Lucas Sims 63 Daniel Winkler 45 Matt Wisler Closer 38 Arodys Vizcaíno Catchers 25 Tyler Flowers 20 David Freitas 24 Kurt Suzuki Infielders 18 Matt Adams 1 Ozzie Albies 17 Johan Camargo 5 Freddie Freeman 13 Adonis García 2 Micah Johnson 14 Rio Ruiz 7 Dansby Swanson Outfielders 16 Lane Adams 11 Ender Inciarte 27 Matt Kemp 22 Nick Markakis 8 Jace Peterson Pitchers -- Jesse Biddle 36 Aaron Blair 62 Mauricio Cabrera 56 Jason Hursh 60 Akeel Morris 30 Jason Motte Manager 43 Brian Snitker Coaches 65 Alan Butts ( bullpen catcher ) 59 José Castro ( assistant hitting ) 33 Chuck Hernandez ( pitching ) 9 Terry Pendleton ( bench ) 12 Eddie Pérez ( first base ) 32 Marty Reed ( bullpen ) 68 Braeden Schlehuber ( bullpen catcher ) 28 Kevin Seitzer ( hitting ) -- Dave Wallace ( special assistant to pitching ) 37 Ron Washington ( third base ) 66 José Yepez ( bullpen catcher ) 60 - day disabled list -- Jacob Lindgren 69 Armando Rivero 23 Danny Santana 33 active , 6 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated September 12 , 2017 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliates ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Braves minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Gwinnett Braves International League Lawrenceville , Georgia AA Mississippi Braves Southern League Pearl , Mississippi Advanced A Florida Fire Frogs Florida State League Kissimmee , Florida Rome Braves South Atlantic League Rome , Georgia Rookie Danville Braves Appalachian League Danville , Virginia GCL Braves Gulf Coast League Lake Buena Vista , Florida DSL Braves Dominican Summer League Dominican Republic Home attendance at Turner Field ( edit ) Home Attendance at Turner Field Year Total Attendance Game Average Stadium Capacity by % Major League Rank by # Major League Rank by % 1997 3,464,488 42,771 1998 3,360,860 41,492 1999 3,284,897 40,554 2000 3,234,304 39,930 2001 2,823,530 34,858 69.6 % 12th 15th 2002 2,603,484 32,142 64.2 % 13th 14th 2003 2,401,084 30,393 60.7 % 10th 14th 2,327,565 29,399 58.7 % 16th 21st 2005 2,521,167 31,126 62.9 % 16th 19th 2006 2,550,524 31,488 63.6 % 14th 16th 2007 2,745,207 33,891 67.7 % 14th 16th 2008 2,532,834 31,270 62.4 % 14th 19th 2009 2,373,631 29,304 58.5 % 15th 17th 2,510,119 30,989 61.9 % 13th 17th 2011 2,372,940 30,037 60.4 % 15th 20th 2012 2,420,171 29,879 60.1 % 15th 21st 2013 2,548,679 31,465 63.3 % 13th 21st 2014 2,354,305 29,065 58.4 % 18th 23rd 2015 2,001,392 25,017 50.3 % 24th 28th 2016 2,020,914 24,949 50.3 % 22nd 28th Radio and television ( edit ) Main articles : List of Atlanta Braves broadcasters , Braves TBS Baseball , and Atlanta Braves Radio Network After years of stability , the Braves have faced a period of transition in their radio and television coverage . The 2007 season was the last for Braves baseball on the TBS Superstation . TBS showed 70 games throughout the country , then cleared the decks to make way for a new national broadcast package that began in earnest with the 2007 postseason , and expanded to Sunday afternoon games in 2008 . Until his dismissal in 2009 , Chip Caray , one of the Braves ' current broadcasters , called play - by - play for the national package , which includes the Division Series every season and alternating coverage of the ALCS and NLCS . Caray is joined by Joe Simpson , who has provided color commentary for the Braves since 1992 . Braves baseball had been on TBS since it was WTCG in 1972 and had been a cornerstone of the national superstation since it began in 1976 . WPCH - TV / Peachtree TV , formerly WTBS Atlanta , still carried Braves games after 2007 , but only in parts of the Southern United States . After the transfer of the channel 's operations from Time Warner to Meredith Corporation , all Peachtree TV games were simulcast on Fox Sports South outside of the Peachtree TV coverage area in 2011 and 2012 . On February 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Fox Sports South and SportSouth ( now called Fox Sports Southeast ) would carry every regionally televised Braves game exclusively , ending the team 's partnership with WPCH - TV after 40 years . After the 2004 season , longtime radio flagship station 750 WSB was replaced by WGST 640AM . Due to WGST 's weak signal at night , which fails to cover the entire Atlanta metropolitan area , all games began to be simulcast on FM radio when the rights were transferred . The games first appeared on 96.1 WKLS ( formerly `` 96 Rock '' ) in 2005 , but moved to country music station 94.9 WUBL ( `` 94.9 The Bull '' ) in 2007 after WKLS underwent a change in format from classic rock to active rock and became Project 9 -- 6 -- 1 . As of the 2009 season , the Braves returned to WKLS on the FM frequency but remained on WGST on AM . It was announced that for the 2010 season , the Braves will be flagshipped on WCNN 680 The Fan and in Atlanta on the AM dial and WNNX 100.5 FM . The Atlanta Braves radio network currently serves 134 radio stations across the Southern United States , including 20 in Alabama , 4 in Florida , 68 in Georgia , 1 in Mississippi , 13 in North Carolina , 14 in South Carolina , and 14 in Tennessee . Since 2009 , the radio announcers have been former Brewers announcer Jim Powell and Don Sutton . Sutton was released after the 2006 season and called Washington Nationals games on television from 2007 to 2008 , but he has since returned for the 2009 season . Longtime Braves voices Skip Caray and Pete Van Wieren were the primary play - by - play voices of Braves baseball until Skip 's sudden death on August 3 , 2008 , and Van Wieren 's retirement after the 2008 season . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Braves were founded in 1871 . The Cubs are a full season older ( originally formed as the Chicago White Stockings in 1870 ) , Chicago did not sponsor a White Stockings team for two seasons due to the Great Chicago Fire . The Braves have played more consecutive seasons . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry M. ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Braves sale is approved '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Offices '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Atlanta Braves . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Braves leaving Turner Field for Cobb County '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Atlanta Braves . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Braves eye new Spring Training complex in North Port '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Atlanta Braves . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murdock , Zack ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Atlanta Braves pick Sarasota County for spring training '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yanks celebrate ninth straight East title '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Braves have set lofty benchmark '' . MLB.com , September 13 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Story of the Braves '' . Atlanta Braves . November 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Events of Saturday , April 22 , 1876 . Retrosheet . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Noble , Marty ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` MLB carries on strong , 200,000 games later : Look what they started on a ballfield in Philadelphia in 1876 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . ( B ) aseball is about to celebrate its 200,000 th game -- ( in the division series on ) Saturday ( October 1 , 2011 ) ... Jump up ^ Thorn , John ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Why Is the National Association Not a Major League ... and Other Records Issues '' . OurGame.MLBlogs.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . The National Association , 1871 -- 1875 , shall not be considered as a ' major league ' due to its erratic schedule and procedures , but it will continue to be recognized as the first professional baseball league . Jump up ^ Kaese , Harold The Boston Braves , Northeaster University Press , 1948 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 Boston Braves Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 New York Giants Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Neft , Johnson and Deutsch , The World Series , The Dial Press , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Neyer , Rob ( 2006 ) . Rob Neyer 's Big Book of Baseball Blunders . New York : Fireside . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8491 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bodley , Hal ( September 16 , 1993 ) . `` Pirates OK new realignment '' . USA Today . p. 1C . The Pirates will switch from the East next season . They opposed the move last week when realignment was approved , but agreed to allow Atlanta to move to the East . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Lisa ( July 8 , 2003 ) . `` Crazy scene at Shea takes luster off Mets - Braves rivalry '' . New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : The subway series : the Yankees , the Mets and a season to remember . St. Louis , Mo. : The Sporting News . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89204 - 659 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( October 17 , 2000 ) . `` From Wild Card to World Series '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Baseball Record Book , 2007 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Pelline , Jeff ( September 23 , 1995 ) . `` Time Warner Closes Deal for Turner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` Time Warner considers Braves sale '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Burke , Monte ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` Braves ' New World -- Forbes Magazine '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Braves excited by news of team sale '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Atlanta Braves . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` GM Schuerholz was Braves ' guiding force '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowman . Mark. `` Atlanta adds Vazquez to new - look staff , Braves complete deal for durable veteran starter , reliever Logan '' . mlb.com , December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers acquire Josh Anderson from Atlanta Braves '' MLB.com , March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.mlb.com '' . MLB.mlb.com . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barry M. Bloom . `` MLB.mlb.com '' . MLB.mlb.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sports.espn.go.com '' . ESPN . July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sports.espn.go.com '' . ESPN . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Bowman . `` MLB.mlb.com '' . MLB.mlb.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scores.espn.go.com '' . ESPN . August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves act quickly , name Gonzalez skipper '' . Atlanta.braves.mlb.com . October 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- Elias Says : Sports Statistics -- Stats from the Elias Sports Bureau -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Game Recap -- Nationals v Braves ajc.com '' . Ajc.stats.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Florida vs. Atlanta Recap : Marlins beat Atlanta 3 -- 1 , Braves ' 10,000 th loss '' . Sports Illustrated . July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Atlanta team statistics for 2010 , 2011 . baseball-reference.com . Accessed May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves collapsed before playoffs '' . ESPN . 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy of a Collapse ( Or Three ) '' . MLB Blog Buzz . September 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology of Braves ' collapse '' . AJC. 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe dealt to Tribe for Minor League reliever '' . atlantabraves.com. 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves complete colossal collapse , lose to Phils '' . CBS Sports . 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parrish let go as Braves hitting coach '' . atlantabraves.com. 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` B.J. Upton introduced in Atlanta after signing deal '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Upton introduced , takes his place with Braves '' . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves beat Miami Marlins for 14th straight win '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Braves retire Chipper 's No. 10 before game '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves overcome injuries to capture National League East title '' . Jump up ^ `` The Braves are leaving Turner Field after the 2016 season '' . NBCSports.com . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Braves plan to build new stadium in Cobb '' . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Atlanta Braves Plan On Moving Into New $672 Million Ballpark In Cobb Co . -- Forbes '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves announce plans to move to new stadium '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ The Marietta Daily Journal -- Braves headed to Cobb in 2017 Jump up ^ `` Stunning news : Atlanta Braves moving to Cobb '' . Jump up ^ Braves leaving Turner Field , building new stadium in Cobb Co . -- Atlanta News , Weather , Traffic , and Sports FOX 5 Archived November 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Braves ship Heyward to Cards in 4 - player deal '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Braves trade Gattis to Astros for 3 prospects '' . Jump up ^ `` Padres acquire Kimbrel , M. Upton from Braves '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves ' Hector Olivera arrested for assault '' . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) . `` R.A. Dickey Is n't Done ; Signs One - Year Deal With Atlanta Braves '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL : Atlanta Braves officially sign pitcher Bartolo Colon '' . savannahnow.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 16 , 1993 ) . `` Pirates Relent on New Alignment '' . New York Times . p . B14 . Jump up ^ Collier , Gene ( September 27 , 1993 ) . `` Pirates , Phillies Have Owned the Outgoing NL East Division '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Jeff . `` If Braves send message to Phillies , it will be done nicely '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves to honor military with alternative jerseys '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves introduce alternate jersey '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves ' home - red jerseys dropped from lineup '' . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees ' Mariano Rivera Is the Last No. 42 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pahigian , Josh ; Kevin O'Connell ( 2004 ) . The Ultimate Baseball Road - trip : A Fan 's Guide to Major League Stadiums . Globe Pequot . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 159 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves Attendance '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB NOTEBOOK : FSN reaches agreement with Peachtree TV to broadcast 45 Braves games in 2011 ; Ex-Braves Jones signs with Yanks '' . Albanyherald.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Braves ' TV deal changes ; games move off Peachtree TV Atlanta Journal - Constitution , February 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ Press Release - `` Atlanta Braves and Clear Channel Announce Move to Project 9 -- 6 -- 1 for 2009 Games . '' March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Affiliate Radio Stations braves.com : Schedule '' . Atlanta.braves.mlb.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Carroll ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sutton rejoins Braves ' broadcast team '' . Ajc.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportingnews.com '' . Sportingnews.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Bowman ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Atlanta.braves.mlb.com '' . Atlanta.braves.mlb.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Wilkinson , Jack ( 2007 ) . Game of my Life : Atlanta Braves . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59670 - 099 - 4 . Green , Jr. , Ron ( 2008 ) . 101 Reasons to Love the Braves . Stewart , Tabori & Chang . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58479 - 670 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Atlanta portal Baseball portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlanta Braves . Atlanta Braves official website Team index page at Baseball Reference Milwaukee Braves informational website Sports Illustrated Atlanta Braves Page ESPN Atlanta Braves Page History of the Boston Braves on MassHistory.com Achievements Preceded by Philadelphia Athletics 1913 World Series Champions Boston Braves 1914 Succeeded by Boston Red Sox 1915 Preceded by New York Yankees 1956 World Series Champions Milwaukee Braves 1957 Succeeded by New York Yankees 1958 Preceded by Toronto Blue Jays 1993 World Series Champions Atlanta Braves 1995 Succeeded by New York Yankees ( show ) Achievements Preceded by Chicago White Stockings 1876 National League Champions Boston Red Caps 1877 and 1878 Succeeded by Providence Grays 1879 Preceded by Chicago White Stockings 1882 National League Champions Boston Beaneaters 1883 Succeeded by Providence Grays 1884 Preceded by Brooklyn Bridegrooms 1890 National League Champions Boston Beaneaters 1891 -- 1893 Succeeded by Baltimore Orioles 1894 Preceded by Baltimore Orioles 1896 National League Champions Boston Beaneaters 1897 and 1898 Succeeded by Brooklyn Superbas 1899 Preceded by New York Giants 1913 National League Champions Boston Braves 1914 Succeeded by Philadelphia Phillies 1915 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1947 National League Champions Boston Braves 1948 Succeeded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1949 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1956 National League Champions Milwaukee Braves 1957 and 1958 Succeeded by Los Angeles Dodgers 1959 Preceded by Cincinnati Reds 1990 National League Champions Atlanta Braves 1991 and 1992 Succeeded by Philadelphia Phillies 1993 Preceded by Philadelphia Phillies 1993 National League Champions Atlanta Braves 1995 and 1996 Succeeded by Florida Marlins 1997 Preceded by San Diego Padres 1998 National League Champions Atlanta Braves 1999 Succeeded by New York Mets 2000 Preceded by Colorado Rockies 2009 National League Wild Card Atlanta Braves Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2011 Atlanta Braves Formerly the Boston Red Stockings , Boston Red Caps , Boston Beaneaters , Boston Doves , Boston Rustlers , Boston Bees , Boston Braves and the Milwaukee Braves Based in Atlanta , Georgia Franchise History Boston Braves Museum & Hall of Fame Award winners & league leaders Records No - hitters Seasons Owners and executives Managers Opening Day Starters Atlanta Boston and Milwaukee First - round draft picks Ballparks South End Grounds Congress Street Grounds South End Grounds Fenway Park Braves Field Milwaukee County Stadium Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Turner Field SunTrust Park Spring training St. Petersburg Athletic Park Braves Field Municipal Stadium Champion Stadium New spring training stadium ( future ) Culture Continental League Ted Turner Braves Bleacher Creature Chief Noc - A-Homa Homer Rally Braves TBS Baseball The Slugger 's Wife Big Three Hank Aaron : Chasing the Dream Trouble with the Curve Lore 1897 Temple Cup Hank Aaron 's 715th home run 1959 NL tie - breaker series Francisco Cabrera game Grand Slam Single 2012 NL Wild Card Game Fort Bragg Game Rivalries New York Mets Key personnel Owner : John C. Malone ( Liberty Media ) General Manager : John Coppolella Club President : John Schuerholz Manager : Brian Snitker World Series Championships ( 3 ) 1914 1957 1995 National League Championships ( 17 ) 1877 1878 1883 1891 1892 1893 1897 1898 1914 1948 1957 1958 1991 1992 1995 1999 World 's Championship Series Championships ( 1 ) 1892 National Association Championships ( 4 ) 1872 1873 1874 1875 Division titles ( 17 ) National League East 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2013 National League West 1969 1982 1991 1992 1993 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2012 Minor league affiliates AAA : Gwinnett Braves AA : Mississippi Braves A Adv. : Florida Fire Frogs A : Rome Braves Rookie Adv. : Danville Braves Rookie : GCL Braves DSL Braves Broadcasting Television Fox Sports South Fox Sports Southeast Radio Sports Radio 680 The Fan AM News Radio 106.7 FM Radio Network Seasons ( 146 ) 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Links to related articles Atlanta Braves retired numbers 3 Dale Murphy 6 Bobby Cox 10 Chipper Jones 21 Warren Spahn 29 John Smoltz 31 Greg Maddux 35 Phil Niekro 41 Eddie Mathews 44 Hank Aaron 47 Tom Glavine World Series Navigation Boxes Boston Braves 1914 World Series champions Ted Cather Joe Connolly Charlie Deal Josh Devore Johnny Evers Larry Gilbert Hank Gowdy Bill James Les Mann Rabbit Maranville Herbie Moran Dick Rudolph Butch Schmidt Paul Strand Lefty Tyler Bert Whaling Possum Whitted Manager George Stallings Regular season Milwaukee Braves 1957 World Series champions 1 Del Crandall 4 Red Schoendienst 5 Félix Mantilla 7 Del Rice 9 Joe Adcock 10 Bob Buhl 12 Bob Hazle 14 Frank Torre 15 Carl Sawatski 16 Dave Jolly 17 Taylor Phillips 18 John DeMerit 20 Don McMahon 21 Warren Spahn ( CYA ) 22 Gene Conley 23 Johnny Logan 25 Nippy Jones 30 Bob Trowbridge 32 Ernie Johnson 33 Lew Burdette ( World Series MVP ) 34 Juan Pizarro 41 Eddie Mathews 43 Wes Covington 44 Hank Aaron ( NL MVP ) 48 Andy Pafko Manager 2 Fred Haney Coaches 3 Johnny Riddle 8 Connie Ryan 31 Charlie Root 35 Bob Keely Regular season Atlanta Braves 1995 World Series champions 2 Rafael Belliard 4 Jeff Blauser 7 Dwight Smith 8 Javy López 9 Marquis Grissom 10 Chipper Jones 11 Charlie O'Brien 12 Eddie Pérez 16 Mike Mordecai 17 Luis Polonia 18 Ryan Klesko 20 Mark Lemke 23 David Justice 24 Mike Devereaux ( NLCS MVP ) 26 Alejandro Peña 27 Fred McGriff 29 John Smoltz 30 Ed Giovanola 31 Greg Maddux 33 Steve Avery 38 Greg McMichael 43 Mark Wohlers 47 Tom Glavine ( World Series MVP ) 50 Kent Mercker 51 Pedro Borbón , Jr . 52 Brad Clontz Manager 6 Bobby Cox Coaches Third Base Coach 22 Jimy Williams Bench Coach 26 Jim Beauchamp Hitting Coach 28 Clarence Jones First Base Coach 39 Pat Corrales Bullpen Coach 42 Ned Yost Pitching Coach 54 Leo Mazzone Coach 59 Frank Fultz Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series 19th Century Championship Navigation Boxes Boston Red Caps 1877 National League Champions Tommy Bond Lew Brown Andy Leonard John Morrill Tim Murnane Jim O'Rourke Harry Schafer Ezra Sutton Deacon White George Wright Manager : Harry Wright Boston Red Caps 1878 National League Champions Tommy Bond Jack Burdock Andy Leonard Jack Manning John Morrill Jim O'Rourke Pop Snyder Ezra Sutton George Wright Manager : Harry Wright Boston Beaneaters 1883 National League Champions Charlie Buffinton Jack Burdock Mert Hackett Mike Hines Joe Hornung John Morrill Paul Radford Edgar Smith Ezra Sutton Jim Whitney Sam Wise Managers Jack Burdock John Morrill Boston Beaneaters 1891 National League Champions Steve Brodie Charlie Bennett John Clarkson Charlie Ganzel Charlie Getzein Herman Long Bobby Lowe Billy Nash Kid Nichols Joe Quinn Harry Staley Harry Stovey Tommy Tucker Manager : Frank Selee Boston Beaneaters 1892 National League Champions Charlie Bennett John Clarkson Hugh Duffy Charlie Ganzel King Kelly Herman Long Bobby Lowe Tommy McCarthy Billy Nash Kid Nichols Joe Quinn Harry Staley Jack Stivetts Harry Stovey Tommy Tucker Manager : Frank Selee Boston Beaneaters 1893 National League Champions Charlie Bennett Cliff Carroll Hugh Duffy Charlie Ganzel Hank Gastright Herman Long Bobby Lowe Tommy McCarthy Bill Merritt Billy Nash Kid Nichols Harry Staley Jack Stivetts Tommy Tucker Manager Frank Selee Boston Beaneaters 1897 National League Champions Bob Allen Marty Bergen Jimmy Collins Hugh Duffy Charlie Ganzel Billy Hamilton Fred Klobedanz Ted Lewis Herman Long Bobby Lowe Kid Nichols Chick Stahl Jack Stivetts Jim Sullivan Fred Tenney George Yeager Manager : Frank Selee Boston Beaneaters 1898 National League Champions Marty Bergen Jimmy Collins Hugh Duffy Billy Hamilton Fred Klobedanz Ted Lewis Herman Long Bobby Lowe Kid Nichols General Stafford Chick Stahl Jack Stivetts Fred Tenney Vic Willis George Yeager Manager : Frank Selee Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did atlanta braves win the world series	[ "From 1991 to 2005, the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball, winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times[6][7] (omitting the strike-shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions), and producing the greatest pitching rotation in the history of baseball. The Braves won the NL West 1991–93 and the NL East 1995–2005, and they returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010. The Braves advanced to the World Series five times in the 1990s, winning the title in 1995. 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7635355730470362648	Beauty and the Beast (musical)	Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stage adaptation . For the Disney animated film of the same name , see Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) . For the Disney live - action film of the same name , see Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Beauty and the Beast Vocal Selections cover art Music Alan Menken Lyrics Howard Ashman Tim Rice Book Linda Woolverton Productions 1993 Houston ( tryout ) 1994 Broadway 1995 Los Angeles 1995 Melbourne 1995 Toronto 1995 Vienna 1995 US Tour 1995 Tokyo 1997 Mexico City 1997 London 1997 Stuttgart 1998 Buenos Aires 1999 Beijing 1999 US Tour 1999 Madrid 2001 UK Tour 2001 US Tour 2002 São Paulo 2004 Seoul 2005 Sweden Tour 2005 Budapest 2005 Manila 2005 Netherlands Tour 2005 Oberhausen 2006 Israel Tour 2007 Helsinki 2007 Antwerp 2007 Mexico City 2007 Madrid 2008 Johannesburg 2008 Moscow 2009 São Paulo 2009 Milan 2010 US Tour 2010 Buenos Aires 2010 Germany Tour 2012 Spain Tour 2013 Paris 2014 Oslo 2014 International Tour 2014 Moscow 2015 India Tour 2015 The Hague 2016 Ghent Beauty and the Beast is a musical with music by Alan Menken , lyrics by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice , and book by Linda Woolverton . Adapted from Walt Disney Pictures ' Academy Award - winning 1991 animated musical film of the same name -- which in turn had been based on the classic French fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont -- Beauty and the Beast tells the story of a cold - blooded prince who has been magically transformed into an unsightly creature as punishment for his selfish ways . To revert into his true human form , the Beast must first earn the love of a bright , beautiful young woman whom he has imprisoned in his enchanted castle before it is too late . Critics , who hailed it as one of the year 's finest musicals , immediately noted the film 's Broadway musical potential when it was first released in 1991 , encouraging Disney CEO Michael Eisner to venture into Broadway . All eight songs from the animated film were reused in the musical , including a resurrected musical number which had been cut from the motion picture . Original songwriter Menken composed six new songs for the production alongside lyricist Rice , replacing Ashman who had died during production of the film . Woolverton , who had written the film 's screenplay , adapted her own work into the musical 's libretto , and specifically expanded upon the characterization of the Beast . Woolverton also expanded the storylines of the castle staff from servants who had already been transformed into household objects into humans who were gradually turning into inanimate objects . Costumes were designed by Ann Hould - Ward , who based her creations on both the animators ' original designs as well as the Rococo art movement after researching how clothing and household objects looked during the 18th century . After completing tryouts in Houston , Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway on April 18 , 1994 , starring Susan Egan and Terrence Mann as the eponymous Belle and Beast , respectively . The musical opened to mixed reviews from theatre critics , but was a massive commercial success and well received by audiences . Beauty ran on Broadway for 5,461 performances for thirteen years ( 1994 - 2007 ) , becoming Broadway 's tenth longest - running production in history . The musical has grossed more than $1.4 billion worldwide and played in thirteen countries and 115 cities . It has also become a popular choice for high school productions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and inception 2 Development 2.1 Writing and screen - to - stage modifications 2.2 Casting 2.3 Musical numbers and choreography 2.4 Set and costumes 2.5 Lighting and special effects 3 Plot 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 4 Productions 4.1 Original Broadway production 4.2 Original London production 4.3 National tours 4.4 Other productions 4.5 International productions 4.6 Amateur productions 5 Characters 6 Musical numbers 7 Instrumentation 8 Cast information 9 Recordings 10 Junior version 11 Critical reception 12 Awards and nominations 12.1 Original Broadway production 12.2 Original London production 13 Impact and legacy 14 References 15 External links Background and inception ( edit ) Still recovering from Walt Disney 's demise , Disney 's animated films continued to experience a noticeable decline in quality while struggling to attain critical and commercial success during the 1970s and 1980s . The Walt Disney Company CEO Michael Eisner was hired to ensure the performance of the studio 's next animated projects , despite having virtually no animation experience . Eisner himself had been a theatre major in college . Eisner 's first hire as Disney 's CEO was theatrical producer Peter Schneider , who subsequently became responsible for hiring more artists who shared similar theatrical backgrounds to contribute to the studio 's next animated releases , among them lyricist Howard Ashman and his long - time collaborator , composer Alan Menken . Ashman and Menken had previously amassed great live musical success with their Off - Broadway production Little Shop of Horrors , but the performance of Ashman 's first Broadway venture Smile had been disappointing . Eager to redeem himself , Ashman agreed to work on Disney 's animated film The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , which he and Menken would famously decide to approach as though they were scoring a Broadway musical . Upon release , The Little Mermaid was a massive critical and commercial success , garnering two Academy Awards , both of them for Ashman and Menken 's original music . Disney established a successful renaissance period , during which Ashman and Menken became responsible for teaching the art of transforming traditional animated films into animated musicals . Disney CEO Michael Eisner eventually green - lit a Broadway adaption of Beauty and the Beast . Inspired by Mermaid 's success , production on an animated musical adaptation of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' fairy tale began shortly afterward , during which Ashman finally confessed to Menken that he was dying of AIDS , a secret he had been keeping from the studio in fear of being discriminated against or fired . Before the film had even been completed , executive vice president Ron Logan suggested to Eisner that he consider adapting Beauty and the Beast for Broadway , an idea Eisner quickly deflected . While the film , written by screenwriter Linda Woolverton , was premiering at the New York Film Festival , an ailing Ashman was being cared for at St. Vincent 's Hospital ; the lyricist succumbed to his disease four days later on March 14 , 1991 , dying eight months before the film 's November release . Beauty and the Beast became the last project on which Menken worked with Ashman . The film was released to immediate critical acclaim and commercial success , outperforming The Little Mermaid by becoming the highest - grossing animated film in history , as well as the first animated film to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture . Once again , Academy Awards were won for Ashman and Menken 's music . Several critics noticed the film 's live musical potential , among them prolific New York Times theatre critic Frank Rich . Lamenting the Broadway selection at the time , Rich famously praised the songwriting duo for having written `` ( t ) he best Broadway musical score of 1991 '' , while hailing the film as a `` better ( musical ) ... than anything he had seen on Broadway '' in 1991 . Rich 's review would ultimately provide Eisner and Katzenberg with the confidence needed to seriously consider the film as a potential Broadway project . Disney was also inspired by the successes of Broadway musicals such as Cats , Les Misérables and The Phantom of the Opera , strongly believing their production could be just as profitable . Virtually unknown at the time , Robert Jess Roth was appointed the production 's director based on his various successes directing live shows at the Disney theme parks . Eisner and Katzenberg had opted against hiring a more established director in order to retain creative control over the project , believing that an A-list director would likely feel more inclined to challenge their vision . Roth himself had previously pursued Eisner about investing in a Broadway show -- originally suggesting a stage adaptation of Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) -- only to have his idea declined , citing cost of investment and time concerns . However , Eisner invited Roth to ask him about pursuing Broadway again in the future once he had finished directing three additional Disney theme park shows . Ultimately impressed with Roth 's adaptation of The Nutcracker , Eisner finally suggested an adaptation of Beauty and the Beast , inspired by the success of a condensed stage version of the film at Disneyland , although briefly discouraged by the idea of having humans instantly transformed into inanimate objects live . Since the film had not yet been released on home video , Roth spent an entire day re-watching Beauty and the Beast in theaters while brainstorming how to present its fantastical elements onstage , and eventually worked with choreographer Matt West and set designer Stan Meyer on their own proposal , with contributions from Menken and Woolverton . In a hotel in Aspen , Roth convinced Eisner and Katzenberg to green - light a Broadway adaptation of Beauty and the Beast using a combination of 140 storyboards , costume sketches , fabric swatches and demonstrating one illusion . Eisner retained final approval over all creative elements of the production , `` from the lowest chorus swing performer to the director , stars and design team . '' Menken was initially skeptical of Roth 's qualifications , as he had never directed a Broadway show before . Meanwhile , the producers were concerned that audiences might not be interested in seeing the same story that they had enjoyed on film on Broadway . Among the skeptics was theatrical producer Steven Suskin , author of Opening Night and Broadway , who argued that the production was more likely to be successful in reverse : `` ( The movie is ) basically written as a theater piece . I 'm sure it would 've worked in the theater first , and it then would 've worked in the movies , '' believing audiences would have difficulties accepting a new version of such an immensely popular work . Beauty and the Beast became Disney 's first Broadway venture , although a stage adaptation of Disney 's animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) had premiered in New York in 1979 , produced by Radio City Music Hall Productions , Inc . Theatre Under the Stars ' executive director Frank Young campaigned heavily to have the show open in Houston , even getting Governor Ann Richards involved in order to secure the stage rights . Development ( edit ) Writing and Screen - to - stage modifications ( edit ) Roth summarized Beauty and the Beast as a story about `` seeing past the exterior of a person and into his or her heart '' . Woolverton learned that Disney had commissioned her to adapt the animated film she had written into a Broadway musical while she was vacationing with her family in Maui , and her initial response to the idea was `` Yikes . '' In the process of adapting her own animated screenplay into a full - length , two - act libretto for the stage , Woolverton contributed several distinct changes to the material , specifically instilling more emotional `` depth '' into each main character . The writer expanded the story by both `` fleshing out '' each character and allowing room for new musical numbers . Namely , Woolverton made the Beast a more threatening yet sympathetic figure ; the writer expanded upon his characterization by developing the Beast into `` a fuller character '' , aided by the addition of his own song , `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . Meanwhile , the book - loving Belle was adapted into a more headstrong and determined heroine . Belle and the Beast 's relationship benefits from a new scene Woolverton wrote specifically for the stage , during which the couple read in the castle 's library ; Belle introduces the Beast to the tale of King Arthur and reads the book to him , to which the Beast responds by showing genuine vulnerability for the first time . In 1993 , Woolverton explained to the Los Angeles Times that `` the mythology in the story would be changed to explain , for example , a 6 - foot - tall candelabra . '' Perhaps Woolverton 's most significant modification involves the enchanted objects , and the decision to have the enchantress ' spell gradually transform the castle 's staff of loyal servants into household objects throughout the entire duration of the musical , as opposed to having already done so immediately at the beginning . Essentially , becoming completely inanimate if the spell is not broken in time would equate to each character dying , which ultimately augments the story 's drama . Consequently , this plot decision enhanced the story into a tale about people being forced to make difficult decisions , as opposed to solely a story of a man struggling to retain his humanity , in turn providing the audience with an opportunity to care about the supporting characters dramatically . Generally , Woolverton 's book remained quite faithful to the original text ; the plot is essentially the same , but particular detail has been added in order to `` flesh out '' the story . The feather duster and wardrobe characters -- only minor characters in the animated film -- were broadened into fully realized supporting characters and named for the first time ; Woolverton named them Babette and Madame de la Grande Bouche , respectively . Taking her job seriously , Woolverton worked relentlessly on revising the script , and often took the cast 's suggestions into consideration ( though not always yielding to their opinions ) . Despite the musical having been based on a pre-existing story by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont , Woolverton retains a sole writing credit for her work . Casting ( edit ) Actress Susan Egan was cast as Broadway 's original Belle based on her refreshing ability to play the role both comically and as an ingenue . The role served as her Broadway debut , garnering her a Tony Award nomination . Broadway producers are usually eager to cast big - named performers in their musicals , but Katzenberg , famous at the time for avoiding working with actors of such caliber , decided against this practice for Beauty and the Beast . Eisner concluded that most of the film 's original voice actors would be too busy to reprise their roles onstage . In her Broadway debut , then - 22 - year - old actress Susan Egan was cast as the musical 's original Belle . Egan , who had not yet seen the film , had been auditioning for several other Broadway projects at the time -- namely My Fair Lady , Carousel and Grease -- in which she was much more interested . Despite longing to originate a Broadway role , the actress was initially reluctant to audition for Beauty and the Beast because she thought that `` it was a terrible idea for Disney to put a cartoon on Broadway . '' Additionally , Egan felt she was not attractive enough to play a character touted `` the most beautiful girl in the village '' , but her agent managed to convince her otherwise . Without any film to reference , Egan determined that Belle is supposed to be a `` quirky '' character and approached her funnier than how she is depicted in the film , in turn garnering laughs from the producers -- who were amused by her unique interpretation -- and eventually earning several callbacks . Meanwhile , her competition of 500 actresses , many of whom were simply offering imitations of voice actress Paige O'Hara 's original performance , continued to be eliminated . Egan 's final week of auditions , during which she sang for Menken for the first time , was particularly challenging . On her last day of auditioning , Egan auditioned opposite several different actors trying out for the roles of the Beast and Gaston . As the day concluded , Roth directed Egan to approach the role as `` a straight ingénue '' , and she was ultimately cast upon proving capable of playing Belle both straight and comically . Only afterward did Egan celebrate by finally renting and watching the entire film for the first time . Although Egan did not feel particularly pressured about the role , she was grateful to be surrounded by a supporting cast of veteran Broadway performers . Actor Terrence Mann was cast as the Beast . Mann had previously performed as Javert in Les Misérables , for which he was nominated for a Tony Award . For his final audition for Disney management , Mann performed for a large audience comprising Disney executives and secretaries in a theatre located on 42nd Street , which he felt was in stark contrast to the usual method of auditioning for six to eight people in a dark theatre . Actor Gary Beach was cast as Lumiere . Beach had seen Beauty and the Beast premiere at the El Capitan Theatre , prior to which he had watched a stage rendition of the film , and thoroughly enjoyed both . Beach was particularly drawn to Jerry Orbach 's rendition of `` Be Our Guest '' in his role as Lumiere , thinking , `` Now why ca n't I get a part like that '' . Two years later , Beach received a call from casting director Jay Binder inviting him to play Lumiere during their workshop of Beauty and the Beast , but kept turning down the offer due to having prior commitments to an upcoming show starring comedian Carol Burnett . It was only at Burnett 's insistence that Beach finally accepted . Amidst a cast of relatively obscure actors , Tom Bosley , famous for his roles on the television series Happy Days and Murder , She Wrote , became the show 's most recognizable performer when he was cast as Belle 's father Maurice . Musical numbers and choreography ( edit ) An entirely new song entitled `` A Change in Me '' was written specially for Toni Braxton when the R&B singer joined the production in the role of Belle in 1998 , and has been included in the musical ever since . All eight of the film 's original songs were retained for the Broadway adaptation . The song `` Human Again '' had originally been written for the film , but it was ultimately abandoned due to time and story constraints ; the musical number was finally resurrected for and included in the production . Composer Alan Menken , who had both scored and written the film 's songs alongside lyricist Howard Ashman , returned to the project to write six new songs for the musical . Lyricist Tim Rice joined Menken to co-write the new numbers , replacing Ashman who had died in 1991 , before the film was released . Both Menken and Rice initially approached the project with some resistance ; Menken 's emotional attachment to the music he had written with Ashman made him fear Disney 's vision of a Broadway musical would transform Beauty and the Beast into an attraction too similar to what one would find at Walt Disney World . Meanwhile , Rice , who had previously worked as composer Andrew Lloyd Webber 's lyricist on the Broadway musicals Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita , was hesitant to replace Ashman in fear of worsening Beauty and the Beast . Notably , Rice had similarly replaced Ashman to write the remaining songs for Disney 's Aladdin ( 1992 ) after the lyricist died . Ultimately , the collaboration resulted in approximately half of the Broadway score having co-writing credits by Menken and Ashman , while the remaining half are Menken and Rice compositions . The Menken - Rice songs are sometimes billed as `` additional songs composed by ( Alan ) Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice . '' On working on the musical without Ashman , Menken explained that `` The main challenge ... was blending the lyrics of Tim Rice with those of Howard . In the end , the finished score has a quality all its own ; a hybrid between '' Ashman and Rice 's styles . Elaborating on the main difference between writing songs for the stage as opposed to film , Menken stated that the lack of close - ups and montages in a live musical production creates a requirement for more singing material in order `` to provide the same kind of illumination that intimate facial expression provides . '' Most of the new material focused on character development , such as Gaston 's `` Me '' , Belle 's `` Home '' and the Beast 's `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . Some new songs , Maurice 's fatherly ballad `` No Matter What '' and Gaston , Lefou , and Monseuir 's D'Arque villainous number `` Maison des Lunes '' , for example , were written to serve as `` time - servers '' . In 1998 , a seventh song entitled `` A Change in Me '' was written four years into production 's run specifically for R&B singer Toni Braxton when she joined the cast to play Belle , and appears during the show 's second act . The idea for the song originated while Braxton was still in negotiations with Disney to appear in the show for a total of three months , but various circumstances led to the singer constantly delaying signing the contract . It was not until Braxton had dinner with Menken , Rice and West that she finally agreed to sign the contract under the condition that a brand new song be written specifically for her , which an intoxicated Rice had drunkenly offered and promised . When confronted by Roth about his promise upon learning of it from Braxton a few days later , within 24 hours Rice successfully discovered a location within the musical in which to include a new song , specifically `` Where Belle tells Maurice about how the time that she spent with the Beast in his castle has changed her . '' That song ultimately became the ballad `` A Change in Me '' , which lyrically addresses the ways in which Belle 's initial motivations have ultimately changed during her imprisonment , explaining to Maurice that she has matured and no longer longs for what she originally cited in `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' . Braxton premiered the song in the form of a live performance on The Rosie O'Donnell Show . Both the song and Braxton 's performance were well received , and `` A Change in Me '' has been included in the musical ever since . Eisner especially enjoyed the song , demanding that it be included in international productions as well , to which he personally traveled in order to teach it to the cast . Music supervision was handled by Michael Kosarin , with sound design by John Petrafesa Jr . Unlike in the film , Belle actually performs and dances alongside the enchanted objects during `` Be Our Guest '' , which resembles `` a high - energy Vegas number '' similar to the musical Ziegfeld Follies . The original Broadway cast recording of Beauty and the Beast was released by Walt Disney Records in 1994 . Similar cast albums followed suit , including Australian and Japanese recordings in 1994 and 1996 , respectively . `` A Change in Me '' has yet to be included on any official English - language cast recordings . Set and costumes ( edit ) Stanley Meyer designed the production 's set . Following Disney 's instructions `` to make the animated film come to life '' , Meyer 's set was very much a literal interpretation of the film . Meyer found it `` tricky '' to translate two - dimensional environments into a three - dimensional world . The West Wing 's appearance mirrors that of its resident the Beast , being hideous on the outside but beautiful when the audience is finally taken inside of it . In stark contrast to popular musicals The Phantom of the Opera and Into the Woods , Beauty and the Beast 's set resembles a hybrid of Gothic Victorian and Louis Quinze . Disney hired costume designer Ann Hould - Ward to design the musical 's costumes because the studio enjoyed a `` certain aesthetic '' she had used in her previous work , and thus allowed her much creative freedom . Roth was particularly impressed with the designer 's contributions to the musicals Sunday in the Park With George and Into the Woods . Hould - Ward accepted Disney 's offer because she was interested in seeing exactly how a corporate company producing a Broadway musical for the first time would `` change the Broadway world . '' Conceptualization began in summer 1992 . For research purposes , Disney encouraged Hould - Ward to reference the animated film ; she also researched clothing worn throughout the late 18th century , during which the original fairy tale was written , and spent one year discovering how household items looked during the mid-1700s . Additionally , Hould - Ward visited with Beauty and the Beast 's original animators , spending one week learning how they created their characters to ensure that they would be recognizable to those who had seen the film . However , the designer also decided that her own creations would not exactly replicate the film 's . Basing the costumes on the Rococo art movement , Hould - Ward presented her initial ideas to Eisner and then - Disney president Frank Wells . Once approved , Hould - Ward and her team spent the following year creating prototypes of each major costume . With an unusually long work schedule of two years , Hould - Ward recalled that `` this kind of timeline ... was n't the norm in a Broadway musical '' at the time . The process of designing Beauty and the Beast 's costumes was more collaborative between designer and actor than most other Broadway productions Hould - Ward had previously worked on , and she frequently sought input from the cast to make sure they were able to move . Designing Belle 's costumes was an `` easy '' task for Hould - Ward ; the character is initially dressed in standard Disney heroine attire until replaced by more elaborate costumes once Belle meets the Beast . Hould - Ward based the character 's famous yellow ballgown on several historic portraits . The gown became the first costume built for the production in order to accommodate Disney 's mandate to market the dress in photoshoots and commercials starring Egan and Mann , six months prior to rehearsals . Weighing 45 pounds , the dress is a combination of various patterns and materials , including a hoop skirt , silk , brocade , beading , flowers and bows . Too large to fit inside Egan 's dressing room after the ballroom sequence , undressing required assistance from three backstage crew members who used wires to hoist the dress up into the rafters , where it would be stored until the next performance . A lot of time was spent designing the Beast 's costume , the creation of which was especially challenging due to requirements to `` allow enough of the performer to show through . '' Hould - Ward 's initial designs for the Beast were constantly rejected by Katzenberg , who reiterated that she `` put the movie onstage '' until the producer realized that the excessive prosthetics were limiting Mann 's vocal performance . A wire frame was also used to maintain the costume 's shape , which evokes heavy metal fashion until ultimately substituted for a black Oscar de la Renta - inspired velvet suit when the Beast finally transforms back into a prince . Hould - Ward designed the leads ' costumes from the perspective of her daughter Leah , explaining , `` when Leah comes to see it , she remembers from the movie that the Beast was in that blue jacket . Leah expects that blue jacket , and if you do n't give it to her , she and a lot of other ten - year - olds are going to be sad '' . At the same time , the designer wanted her creations to be equally as interesting on an intellectual level for parents to enjoy also . The challenge of designing Belle and the Beast 's costumes paled in comparison to the difficulty of creating the enchanted objects , a combination of intricate wiring , prosthetics and pyrotechnics . Scale was the most prominent `` obstacle '' for Hould - Ward 's to overcome : `` The problem was the presentation of an actor as a life - sized teapot when the characters in the film were so little in comparison '' . Because the castle 's enchanted staff is slowly transforming into objects , shown at various stages of transformation without ever completely becoming the objects themselves , Hould - Ward was required to create several different costumes for each character in order to depict the transformation as the show progresses . Meanwhile , the costume of Lumiere alone was built by a team of forty people , including a creator of the prosthetic candle , hair and Vacuform specialist ; the pyrotechnician , man responsible for equipping the costume 's pyro unit with butane and man operating the butane tank were each separate people . While transforming animation into real life , Hould - Ward also worked on incorporating the human body each costume , explaining , `` I wanted the reality of the real person rather than the fantasy of the object ... The essence of my job is to allow my real actors to take you to this fantastical place . '' A system of wired frames was used to help the actors support their characters ' heavy garments . Such elaborate costumes had never been designed for a Broadway production before . Cogsworth 's costume features a fully functioning clock on his face . Meanwhile , Madame de la Grande Bouche was the production 's most expensive costume . The musical originally relied on heavy prosthetics and elaborate costumes in an attempt to make the musical resemble the film as closely as possible . In an attempt to replicate the film 's famous movie poster , Egan was dressed in flats while Mann was positioned on stilts to establish a more dramatic height difference . According to Egan , the studio `` did n't trust the audience 's ability to suspend disbelief , something theater - goers are routinely asked to do . '' However , the company finally began to relent as the production neared Houston tryouts after a final run - through during which the actors did not wear costumes ; thus , the prosthetics were gradually lessened and replaced by make up for the Beast and enchanted objects during 1993 previews . The elaborate costumes resulted in their fair share of technical difficulties , malfunctions and performance restrictions , many of which manifested during the seven - week tryouts in Houston . The costumes left little room for the performers to change between scenes , and air conditioners were fastened to them to regulate their temperatures . In general , the weight of the enchanted objects ' costumes limited their dancing . Chiropractors and therapists remained on standby to assist Fowler , whose Mrs. Potts costume required her to always keep one arm in the air . Beach compared holding up the two propane tanks used to represent Lumiere 's candles to carrying two hams around a grocery store two and a half hours . To build his stamina , Beach would carry the tanks during rehearsal . Beach 's hand caught fire during one performance , which he did not notice until Mann subtly pointed it out using `` furtive head nods '' . While dancing , the inertia of Egan 's heavy ballgown caused its skirt to constantly pull her in the opposite direction of whichever way she turned . Mann likened performing in the Beast 's costume to wearing several heavy winter coats , comparing the wig to `` four Angora cats and gaffer taping them to your head and then running around the block 10 or 12 times . '' Disney was outraged when , after their first performance at the Palace Theatre , The New York Times published caricaturist Al Hirschfeld 's line drawing interpretation of Belle and the Beast 's pose , in which Belle 's yellow gown was colored pink , and the Beast 's tuxedo appeared greenish as opposed to royal blue . When Disney confronted Hirschfeld , the artist defended his work , explaining , `` The costumes may have been blue and yellow , but they made me feel green and pink . '' Hould - Ward adjusted the costumes to accommodate the locations as the production traveled to various theaters . Lighting and special effects ( edit ) Lighting designer Natasha Katz was hired to work on Beauty and the Beast . When Disney first approached Katz to offer her the job , several of Katz 's cohorts -- specifically other lighting designers -- attempted to discourage her from accepting in fear of changing the appearance of musical theatre forever . In hindsight , Katz defended Disney 's work , explaining , `` Beauty and the Beast did n't bring theatre back to New York , but it did change the dynamic , no question about it , of the business . '' Known for assisting David Copperfield with his illusions , Roth hired Jim Steinmeyer to work on Beauty and the Beast . Steinmeyer had previously contributed to the musical Merlin . The Beast 's transformation sequence during the second act was much - discussed . It took about 11 weeks to set the design . Plot ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) On a cold winter 's night , an old beggar woman comes to a young spoiled prince 's castle , offering him a single rose in return for shelter . But the prince turns her away solely for her appearance . The old woman warns him not to be fooled by appearances , as true beauty lies within , only to be rejected again . She then transforms into a beautiful enchantress and turns the prince into a hideous Beast and his servants into various household objects . She gives him the rose to use as an hour - glass . The only way he can break the spell is to learn to love another and earn her love in return by the time the last petal falls ( `` Prologue '' ) . Ten years later , a beautiful young girl named Belle makes her way into town one morning in order to get a book from the local bookseller . On the way she expresses her wish to live in a world like her books , full of adventure , while the townspeople note her unparalleled beauty but find her love of books odd ( `` Belle '' ) . Belle has also attracted the attention of Gaston ( the local hunter and town hero ) , who admires her only for her beauty . Belle , however , is not oblivious to her peers ' views of her . She voices her concerns about it to her eccentric father and inventor , Maurice who assures her that she is anything but strange ( `` No Matter What '' ) . The two then put the finishing touches on his invention and Maurice heads off to an invention fair donning a scarf knitted for him by Belle ( `` No Matter What ( Reprise ) '' ) , but becomes lost in the woods and attacked by a pack of wolves . After surviving a wolf attack , he enters the Beast 's castle where the servants , including Lumière , a maître d ' turned into a candelabra , Cogsworth , the head of household turned into a clock , Babette , a maid turned into a feather duster that still seems to retain her flirtatious tendencies , Mrs. Potts , the head of the kitchen turned into a teapot , and Chip , her son turned into a teacup . They welcome him , but the horrid Beast arrives and locks Maurice away in the dungeon for trespassing . Back in town , Gaston proposes to Belle , which she politely rejects ( `` Me '' ) . Appalled by Gaston 's forwardness , Belle once again voices her need for a life outside this provincial life ( `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' ) . Gaston 's sidekick , LeFou , returns from the woods wearing the scarf Belle knitted for Maurice . Belle realizes her father is in danger and heads into the woods to look for him . She ends up at the castle where she finds her father locked away in a dungeon . She makes a deal with the Beast , Maurice goes free but she remains instead . They agree and Maurice is sent back to town without being allowed to say goodbye . Belle is given a guest room and ordered by the Beast to join him for dinner . She mourns her situation ( `` Home '' ) , but Mrs. Potts and Madame de la Grande Bouche , an operatic wardrobe , attempt to cheer her up ( `` Home ( Reprise ) '' ) . Back in town , at the local tavern , Gaston sulks at his loss of a bride . LeFou and the patrons attempt to cheer him up ( `` Gaston '' ) , when Maurice rushes in claiming a Beast has Belle locked away , they laugh at him but Gaston formulates a plan ( `` Gaston ( Reprise ) '' ) . Back at the castle , the Beast grows impatient as Belle has yet to join him for dinner . Cogsworth informs him she refuses to come , after a shouting match between Belle and the Beast ( which ends in a victory for Belle ) he tells her if she can not eat with him then she will not eat at all . In his quarters , he sulks and notes his fate should the spell not break ( `` How Long Must This Go On ? '' ) . Eventually , Belle does become hungry and ventures into the kitchen where the servants offer her dinner despite their master 's orders . They treat her to an amazing cabaret show ( `` Be Our Guest '' ) . After dinner , Belle gets a tour of the castle courtesy of Cogsworth and Lumière , her curiosity leads her to enter the West Wing , a place the Beast told her was forbidden . Mesmerized by a mysterious rose floating in a bell jar , she reaches out to touch it but before she can , the Beast stops her and orders her to get out accidentally shoving her in the process . Fearing for her life , Belle flees from the castle . Realizing his deadly mistake , the Beast knows he will be a monster forever if he can not learn to love her ( `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) In the woods , Belle is attacked by wolves and is only rescued when the Beast comes to her aid , but he is injured during the fight and collapses ( `` Entr'acte / Wolf Chase '' ) . Instead of taking the chance to run home Belle helps him back to the castle . She cleans his injuries and after a brief argument about whose fault this is , the Beast thanks her for her kindness and thus their friendship is born . Wanting to give her a thank - you gift , the Beast gives Belle his huge library , which excites her . She notes a change in the Beast 's personality as the servants note a change in Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( `` Something There '' ) . They express their hope of being human once more ( `` Human Again '' ) while Belle asks the Beast to accompany her to dinner that night . Back in the village , Gaston meets with the asylum owner Monsieur D'Arque . They plan to lock Maurice away to blackmail Belle into marrying Gaston ( `` Maison des Lunes '' ) . In the castle , the Beast and Belle attend a lovely dinner and personal ball , where they dance together in the ballroom ( `` Beauty and the Beast '' ) . The Beast , who plans to tell Belle he loves her , asks Belle if she is happy here , to which she responds positively but notes that she misses her father . He offers her his Magic Mirror to view him . She sees that Maurice is sick and lost in the woods and fears for his life . But even though the Beast knows there 's only a few hours left till the last petal falls from the rose , he allows Belle to leave in order to save her father ; she departs after a tearful goodbye ( `` If I Ca n't Love Her ( Reprise ) '' ) . Belle finds her father and brings him back to their house in the village . After she is able to nurse him back to health , she explains the transformation she seems to have gone through while she was with the Beast ( `` A Change in Me '' ) . A mob arrives , led by Gaston to take Maurice to the asylum . Belle proves her father 's sanity by showing the townspeople the Beast is real using the Magic Mirror , but does n't realize the error in her gesture . The townspeople immediately fear the Beast , but Belle insists he 's gentle and kind . Gaston catches her tone and recognizes the Beast as his rival for Belle 's affections and organizes the mob to kill the Beast ( `` Mob Song '' ) . In order to warn the Beast , Belle and Maurice decide to beat the mob to the castle . However , Gaston and the mob had already reached the castle before Belle and Maurice did . At the castle , the servants are able to keep the lynch mob at bay , but Gaston breaks through and finds the Beast in his tower . He engages in a fight with him , mercilessly beating and taunting him ( `` Battle '' ) . The Beast has lost the will to live at Belle 's departure . As Gaston moves in for the killing blow , Belle arrives . The Beast immediately turns on Gaston and is prepared to kill him , but spares his life after seeing the fear in his eyes . The Beast and Belle are reunited , but this reunion is cut short as Gaston fatally stabs the Beast . This act of violence causes Gaston to lose his footing and he falls to his death . On the balcony , Belle assures the Beast he 'll live but they both know she is helpless to save him . She begs him not to leave her because she has found home in his company ( `` End Duet '' ) , but despite this , he dies ; Belle sobs on his body and says she loves him just before the last rose petal falls . A transformation takes place ( `` Transformation '' ) and the Beast is alive and human once more . Though Belle does n't recognize him for the first time , she looks into his eyes and sees the Beast within and they kiss . The two of them sing of how their lives have changed because of love and they dance once more as the company , now changed back to their human form , gathers in the ballroom ( `` Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) '' ) . Productions ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast premiered in a joint production of Theatre Under The Stars and Disney Theatrical at the Music Hall , Houston , Texas , from November 28 , 1993 , through December 26 , 1993 . Original Broadway production ( edit ) The musical opened on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on April 18 , 1994 , and ran there until September 5 , 1999 . The show then transferred to the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 11 , 1999 , with an official opening date of November 16 , 1999 . The musical closed on July 29 , 2007 , after 46 previews and 5,461 performances , and is Broadway 's tenth - longest running production in history ( as of January 2017 ) . The production holds the record of being the longest running production at both the Palace Theatre , where it opened , and the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre , where it closed its Broadway run . The production cost an estimated $12 million , arguably higher , becoming the most costly Broadway musical at the time . However , some analysists estimate the cost to be closer to $20 million . Directed by Robert Jess Roth with choreography by Matt West and assisted by Dan Mojica , the original Broadway cast included Susan Egan as Belle , Terrence Mann as the Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière and Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts . Orchestrations were by Danny Troob ( after his own orchestrations and arrangements of the film ) , scenic designer was Stan Meyer , costume designer Ann Hould - Ward , lighting designer Natasha Katz , sound was by T. Richard Fitzgerald , hair designer David H. Lawrence , and prosthetics were by John Dods . Illusions were by Jim Steinmeyer and John Gaughan , and pyrotechnic design was by Tyler Wymer . The Broadway production closed to make way for Disney 's next musical venture , The Little Mermaid . With Disney set to open its Broadway version of The Little Mermaid on November 3 , 2007 , at the time , it was believed that having two Disney princess films on Broadway at the same time would divide audiences and cause competition between the two shows . At this point , Disney also had three other shows running at the same time : The Lion King , Tarzan , and Mary Poppins . It was reported that Disney Theatrical planned to revive the show on Broadway for the 2008 holiday season , but Disney did not pursue this . Original London production ( edit ) The West End production opened at London 's Dominion Theatre on April 29 , 1997 , starring Julie - Alanah Brighten as Belle and Alasdair Harvey as the Beast . It also featured Burke Moses as Gaston , Derek Griffiths as Lumiere , Mary Millar as Mrs. Potts , Norman Rossington as Maurice , Barry James as Cogsworth , Di Botcher as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Richard Gauntlett as LeFou , and Rebecca Thornhill as Babette . Over the course of the production , notable replacements included Michelle Gayle and Annalene Beechey as Belle , John Barrowman and Earl Carpenter as the Beast , Alex Bourne as Gaston , and Billy Boyle and Terry Doyle as Maurice . The production ended on December 11 , 1999 . The production won the 1998 American Express Award for Best New Musical Olivier Award , against other nominees Enter the Guardsman , The Fix and Lady in the Dark . National tours ( edit ) The show had four US national tours . The first opened on November 15 , 1995 , and closed in 1999 . It featured Kim Huber as Belle , Fred Inkley as the Beast , Patrick Page as Lumiere and Paige Davis as Babette . Patrick Page and Paige Davis met and fell in love during the tour . A second national tour opened in 1999 with Susan Owen as Belle and Grant Norman as The Beast . This production closed in 2003 . The third national tour opened in 2001 and closed in 2003 . This production starred Jennifer Shraeder as Belle and Roger Befeler as the Beast with Marc G. Dalio as Gaston . Notable replacements on the tours have included Sarah Litzsinger , Erin Dilly and Danyelle Bossardet as Belle . The three touring companies visited 137 venues in 90 North American cities . About 5.5 million people in the United States and Canada saw these tours . The fourth national tour of Beauty and the Beast began February 2010 , opening in Providence , Rhode Island , starring Liz Shivener as Belle and Justin Glaser as the Beast . Under the direction of the original Broadway creative team , the show featured all new sets and costumes . The tour was the longest in the show 's history , running until July 2016 . The UK National tour ( prior to the closure of the West End Production in 1999 ) began on November 2 , 2001 , at the Empire Theatre in Liverpool with stops in Bristol , Birmingham , Dublin , Southampton , Manchester and ended on April 12 , 2003 , at the Playhouse Theatre in Edinburgh . The tour starred Annalene Beechey ( reprising her role from the London production ) as Belle , Alistair Robins as the Beast , Ben Harlow as Gaston , Julia Goss as Mrs. Potts , Stephen Matthews as Lumiere Barry James ( reprising his role from the London production ) as Cogsworth , Billy Boyle ( reprising his role from the London production ) as Maurice , Karen Davies as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Kate Graham ( reprising her role from the London production ) as Babette , Anthony Clegg as LeFou , and Oliver Taylor ( reprising his role from the London production ) and Sion Eifion sharing the role of Chip . Notable replacements included Dianne Pilkington as Belle , Alex Bourne as the Beast , Earl Carpenter as Gaston , Marilyn Cutts as Mrs. Potts , Richard Tate as Maurice , and Drew Varley as LeFou . Madison Sqaure Garden Starrs Alan Bosley as Gaston Other productions ( edit ) Los Angeles A Los Angeles production opened at the Shubert Theatre on April 12 , 1995 , and closed on September 29 , 1996 . Most of the original Broadway cast , including Susan Egan , Terrence Mann , Gary Beach , Beth Fowler , Burke Moses and Tom Bosley reprised their roles . Notable replacements included James Stacy Barbour as the Beast . The sets in this production were widely considered to be the largest out of all the musical 's productions in the world . After the show closed in Los Angeles , all of the sets were transferred for the production in Mexico City in 1997 . Canada The Toronto production opened at the Princess of Wales Theatre on August 8 , 1995 , and closed in 1998 . The production starred Kerry Butler as Belle and Chuck Wagner as the Beast , and Terry Doyle as Maurice . Notable replacements included Melissa Thomson as Belle and Steve Blanchard as the Beast . The lesser known Halifax production at the Neptune Theatre was the longest running production in the theatre 's history . International productions ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast has been performed in more than 30 countries , including Argentina , Australia , Austria , Belgium , Brazil , Canada , China , Egypt , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , India , Indonesia , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Japan , Lebanon , Mexico , Netherlands , Norway , Philippines , Qatar , Romania , Russia , Singapore , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Taiwan , Thailand , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and United States . Over 35 million people have seen the show worldwide and it has grossed more than $1.7 billion . On July 15 , 1995 , the musical began its original Australian run in Melbourne at The Princess Theatre , before moving on to Sydney . The original Australian cast included Michael Cormick as The Beast , Rachael Beck as Belle , Hugh Jackman as Gaston , and Ernie Bourne as Maurice . In 1995 , the musical opened in Japan and is performed by the Shiki Theatre Company . The musical continues to tour Japan . In December 1997 , the musical opened in Stuttgart at the Palladium Theatre , Stuttgart and played there until December 22 , 2000 . Leah Delos Santos played Belle and Uwe Kröger played the Beast and Marc G. Dalio played Gaston . In 1999 , the musical opened in China . On March 4 , 2005 , Beauty and the Beast had its Scandinavian premiere at The Göteborg Opera with Fred Johanson as the Beast and Annica Edstam as Belle . On June 16 , 2005 , the musical began its Philippine run at the Meralco Theater . Produced by Atlantis Productions , it featured KC Concepcion alternating with Karel Marquez as Belle , Jett Pangan as the Beast , and Calvin Millado as Gaston . In South America , Argentina was the first country to produce it , with Marisol Otero as Belle , Juan Rodó as Beast , Diego Jaraz as Gaston , Gustavo Monje as LeFou , Pablo Lizaso as Lumière , Mónica Nuñez as Mrs. Potts , Omar Pini as Cogsworth , Alejandra Radano as Babette and Rodolfo Valss as Maurice . It ran from November 26 , 1998 , at the Teatro Ópera in Buenos Aires until August 15 , 1999 , before opening again in 2010 . Brazil was the second country to host the musical . Disney had plans to bring it to the country in 1999 , after the success in Argentina , but nobody really knew if it would work . Three years later , in 2002 , Beauty and the Beast finally opened in Brazil at Teatro Abril , one of the biggest theaters in the country . It was a huge hit , for more than one and a half years , it was presented with Kiara Sasso playing Belle and Saulo Vasconcelos playing the Beast . In 2009 , a new Belle and a new Beast were cast , Lissah Martins and Ricardo Vieira , as the musical came back to Brazil , Kiara Sasso was playing Maria in The Sound of Music . Beauty and the Beast remained for six months at Teatro Abril . Even though the play was brought back as a way to try to recoup some of the money lost in Brazil 's version of Miss Saigon , this second incarnation of Beauty and the Beast failed to create any critical buzz , or to be a box office success . In Spain there have been three productions of the show . The first one , based on the original Broadway production , had its Madrid debut on December 2 , 1999 , at Teatro Lope de Vega . The original cast included Xenia Reguant ( later replaced by Julia Möller ) as Belle , Carlos Marín ( later replaced by Joe Luciano ) as Beast , Lisardo Guarinos ( later replaced by Manuel Bandera ) as Gaston , Víctor Ullate Roche as LeFou , Germán Torres as Lumière , Kirby Navarro as Mrs. Potts , David Venancio Muro as Cogsworth , Dulcinea Juárez as Babette , Laura Inclán as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Miguel de Grandy as Maurice . After a successful run of 27 months and about 900 performances , the production finally closed on March 3 , 2002 , becoming the longest - running musical ever in Madrid at that time . In 2007 , a second version produced by Stage Entertainment premiered on October 3 , at Teatro Coliseum , Madrid , for a limited run of six months , but the closing was postponed due to a successful season . The original cast included Julia Möller reprising her role as Belle ( later replaced by María Adamuz ) , David Ordinas as Beast , Pablo Puyol as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Armando Pita as Lumière , Angels Jiménez as Mrs. Potts ( later replaced by Rita Barber ) , Esteban Oliver as Cogsworth , Silvia Luchetti as Babette , María José Oquendo as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Lorenzo Valverde as Maurice . The production closed on January 11 , 2009 , and was transferred to Barcelona , where it ran from February 26 , 2009 , to January 10 , 2010 , at BTM , with some changes in the cast , including Mercè Martínez as Mrs. Potts , Marta Capel as Babette , Patricia Paisal as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Albert Muntanyola as Maurice . In 2012 , the Stage Entertainment version was relaunched as a touring production , beginning performances on September 6 , at Teatro Calderón , Valladolid . The original cast of this third Spanish production included Talía del Val as Belle , Ignasi Vidal as Beast , Daniel Diges as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Diego Rodríguez as Lumière , Mone as Mrs. Potts , Frank Capdet as Cogsworth , Marta Capel as Babette , Eva Diago as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Enrique R. del Portal as Maurice . In 2005 , Disney and Stage Entertainment produced a new version of the show using brand new sets and costumes . After touring the Netherlands and playing in Antwerp , Belgium , Disney and Stage Entertainment brought the show to Berlin , Germany , in 2006 after a ( approx . ) one - year run at the Metronom Theater in Oberhausen . This production opened in 2007 in Madrid , Spain , and in 2009 in Milan , Italy , with Arianna as Belle and Michel Altieri as the Beast . The Broadway production played a second time in Mexico City beginning in September 2007 and in Hiroshima , Japan , beginning in February 2008 . The Broadway production opened in South Africa in September 2008 and ran until March 2009 . In 2004 , Disney began to license the show to other companies for touring , and the show has been performed by professional and amateur companies in many countries . On October 24 , 2013 , Beauty and the Beast opened at Théâtre Mogador in Paris , France . Beginning October 2014 , Disney Theatrical Productions , NETworks and Broadway Entertainment Group launched an international tour in celebration of Beauty and the Beast 's 20th anniversary on stage . The tour opened at the Zorlu Center in Istanbul , Turkey , and closed in January 2016 at Dubai World Trade Centre , having visited Turkey , United Arab Emirates , Greece , Italy , Philippines , Thailand , Singapore , Indonesia , China , Taiwan , Egypt , Lebanon , Romania , and Qatar . In December 2015 , Beauty and the Beast came back to the Netherlands for a run at Circustheater in The Hague . In 2016 , Disney and Marmelade produced an updated version for the Flemish Region of Belgium . The original cast included Josje Huisman as Belle , Jan Schepens as Beast , Dieter Troubleyn as Gaston , Peter Van de Velde as Lumière , Frank Hoelen as Maurice , Ivan Pecnik as Cogsworth ( called Tickens ) , Eline De Munck as Babette , Peter Thyssen as LeFou , Barbara Dex as Mrs. Potts and Saskia Schäfer as Madame de la Grande Bouche ( called La Commodia ) . The show premiered on December 10 , 2016 , at Flanders Expo in Ghent . Amateur productions ( edit ) The show 's rights became available ( in association with Josef Weinberger Ltd . ) to amateur performing groups and regional musical societies . The show has been performed in numerous countries , by theatre companies of both an amateur and professional level . In 2010 Tipperary Musical Society staged the Irish amateur premiere of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , for which it was nominated for 4 AIMS Awards ( Association of Irish Musical Societies ) including Best Overall Show in Ireland and winning one , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( John Murphy for the part of Gaston ) . Belle was played by Bridget Nolan and Beast was played by Derek Ryan . Characters ( edit ) Character Description Beast / Prince A Prince transformed into a terrifying beast for his lack of compassion ; short - tempered and commanding , but with a warm , loving heart buried far beneath his gruff exterior . Belle A vibrant , intelligent young beauty who wants much more in life than living in a small town . She is perceived to be quite odd . Maurice Belle 's loving , eccentric inventor father . Gaston The story 's antagonist . The vain , egotistical , narcissistic , ultra-masculine villain determined to marry Belle . Le Fou Gaston 's bumbling sidekick . Lumière A suave , French , debonair enchanted candelabra . The maître d ' of the castle . Cogsworth A tightly wound , enchanted stuffy mantle clock and head of the Beast 's castle . Mrs. Potts A kind - hearted , maternal enchanted teapot . The head of the castle 's kitchen . Babette A saucy , flirtatious featherduster who seeks Lumière 's affections . The maid of the castle . Madame de la Grande Bouche A former opera diva turned into a wardrobe Monsieur D'Arque The freaky , scheming proprietor of the local insane asylum , the Maison des Lunes . Chip A young teacup ; Mrs. Potts ' son . Ensemble Silly Girls , Enchanted Objects , Townspeople , Tavern Patrons , Mob . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I Overture * # -- Orchestra Prologue -- Narrator Belle -- Belle , Gaston , LeFou , Silly Girls , Ensemble No Matter What * # - Maurice , Belle No Matter What ( Reprise ) / Wolf Chase * # -- Maurice Me * # -- Gaston , Belle Belle ( Reprise ) -- Belle Home * -- Belle Home ( Reprise ) * -- Mrs. Potts Gaston † -- LeFou , Gaston , Ensemble Gaston ( Reprise ) † -- Gaston , LeFou How Long Must This Go On ? * # -- Beast Be Our Guest † -- Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Madame de la Grand Bouche , Company If I Ca n't Love Her * # -- Beast Act II Entr'acte / Wolf Chase * -- Orchestra Something There -- Belle , Beast , Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Cogsworth Human Again * ‡ -- Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Madame de la Grande Bouche , Babette , Cogsworth , Enchanted Objects Maison Des Lunes * # - Gaston , LeFou , Monsieur D ' Arque Beauty and the Beast -- Mrs. Potts If I Ca n't Love Her ( Reprise ) * # -- Beast A Change in Me * § # -- Belle The Mob Song -- Gaston , Ensemble The Battle * - The Company Home ( Reprise II ) * -- Belle End Duet / Transformation * -- Beast , Belle Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) -- The Company * New song or instrumental cue † Expanded vocal or instrumental content , using either cut lyrics by Ashman or dance arrangements by Glen Kelly , or both . ‡ `` Human Again '' was written by Menken and Ashman for the movie , but was cut , due to the complications it made on the film 's timeline . It was repurposed for the Broadway play , and on account of the musical 's great success , an entirely new animated sequence based on the Broadway version was set to this song and inserted into 2002 's Special Edition DVD release . § `` A Change in Me '' was written into the show in 1998 for the debut of Toni Braxton and was retained thereafter . # not in the Junior Broadway show Instrumentation ( edit ) Music Theatre International offers two orchestrations for Beauty and the Beast . The principal , larger orchestration is based on the original Broadway orchestration . It is scored for three synthesizers , a drum kit , a percussion section , double bass , three woodwind players , three French horns in F , two trumpets in B - flat , trombone , divided violins , cellos , and harp . The first woodwind player doubles on flute and piccolo , the second on English horn and oboe , and the third on clarinet , bass clarinet , and flute . The trombonist doubles on bass trombone and tuba . The original Broadway orchestration featured two additional woodwind players . The first played flute and piccolo , the second oboe and English horn , the third piccolo , flute and clarinet in B - flat , the fourth piccolo , flute , clarinet in B - flat and bass clarinet in B - flat , and the fifth on bassoon and contrabassoon . The excised reed parts were used for the synthesizer parts upon their removal for the licensed orchestration . The optional reduced orchestration is scored for two synthesizers , a percussion section , double bass , three woodwind players , a trumpet , a French horn , and solo violin and cello . Cast information ( edit ) Original Broadway Cast Belle -- Susan Egan Beast -- Terrence Mann Lumière -- Gary Beach Cogsworth -- Heath Lamberts Mrs. Potts -- Beth Fowler Gaston -- Burke Moses LeFou -- Kenny Raskin Chip -- Brian Press Babette -- Stacey Logan Madame de la Grande Bouche -- Eleanor Glockner Maurice -- Tom Bosley Monsieur D'Arque -- Gordon Stanley Silly Girls -- Paige Price , Sarah Solie Shannon , Linda Talcott Notable Broadway cast replacements ( approximate dates given where available ) Belle : Sarah Uriarte Berry ( 1995 -- 1996 & 2006 ) , Kerry Butler ( 1996 -- 1997 ) , Deborah Gibson ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , Toni Braxton ( 1998 -- 1999 ; first African American to play Belle on Broadway ) , Andrea McArdle ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Sarah Litzsinger ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2003 & 2006 ) , Jamie - Lynn Sigler ( 2002 -- 2003 , Broadway debut ) , Megan McGinnis ( 2003 -- 2004 ) , Christy Carlson Romano ( 2004 ) , Ashley Brown ( 2005 -- 2006 , Broadway debut ) , Anneliese van der Pol ( 2007 , Broadway debut , closing cast ) . A total of seventeen actresses have played the part of Belle in the Broadway production , with Litzsinger playing it the longest . Beast : Jeff McCarthy ( 1995 -- 1997 & 2004 ) , Chuck Wagner ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , James Barbour ( 1998 -- 1999 ) , Steve Blanchard ( who played the Beast for the last eight years of the Broadway run ) . Lumière : Lee Roy Reams ( 1995 ) , Meshach Taylor ( 1998 -- 1999 , Broadway debut ) , Paul Schoeffler ( 2001 ) , Bryan Batt ( 2001 -- 2002 ) , Patrick Page ( 1999 -- 2001 & 2003 ) , Jacob Young ( 2006 , Broadway debut ) , John Tartaglia ( 2006 -- 2007 ) , David DeVries ( closing cast ) Cogsworth : Peter Bartlett , Jonathan Freeman ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Gaston : Marc Kudisch ( 1995 ) , Steve Blanchard ( 1997 -- he later played Beast ) , Christopher Sieber ( 2001 ) , Donny Osmond ( 2006 & final Broadway performance ) Chip : Jonathan Bleicher ( 1997 - 1999 ) , Nick Jonas ( 2002 ) , Jeremy Bergman ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , Trevor Braun ( Longest - running Chip ) , Harrison Chad , Henry Hodges , Andrew Keenan - Bolger Babette : Ann Mandrella ( 2007 closing cast ) Recordings ( edit ) The Original Broadway Cast Recording was released on April 26 , 1994 . The CD included Susan Egan as Belle , Terrence Mann as Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière and Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts . The Original Australian Cast Recording was released in 1995 . The principal cast included Rachael Beck as Belle , Michael Cormick as Beast , Hugh Jackman as Gaston , Ernie Bourne as Maurice , Toni Lamond as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Grant Smith as Lumière , Robyn Arthur as Mrs. Potts and Bert Newton as Cogsworth . The Original Vienna Cast Recording was released in 1996 . The principal cast included Ethan Freeman as Beast , Caroline Vasicek as Belle , Kevin Tarte as Gaston , Viktor Gernot as Lumière , Ann Mandrella as Babette , and Rosita Mewis as Mrs. Potts . The Original London Cast Recording was released in 1997 . The principal cast included Julie - Alanah Brighten as Belle , Alasdair Harvey as Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Derek Griffiths as Lumière and Mary Millar as Mrs. Potts . The Original Stuttgart Cast Recording was released in 1998 . The principal cast included Uwe Kroger as Beast and Leah Delos Santos as Belle and Ann Mandrella as Babette . The Original Madrid Cast Recording was released in 1999 . The principal cast included Xenia Reguant as Belle , Carlos Marín as Beast , Lisardo Guarinos as Gaston , Víctor Ullate Roche as LeFou , Germán Torres as Lumière , David Venancio Muro as Cogsworth and Kirby Navarro as Mrs. Potts . A second cast recording for the new production was released in May 2008 , starring Julia Möller as Belle , David Ordinas as Beast , Pablo Puyol as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Armando Pita as Lumière , Esteban Oliver as Cogsworth and Angels Jiménez as Mrs. Potts . Junior version ( edit ) A `` junior '' version of the musical for middle and high school students was published by MTI . This version only included a selected number of the songs , including `` Belle '' , `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' , `` Home '' , `` Home ( Tag ) '' , `` Gaston '' , `` Gaston ( Reprise ) '' , `` Be Our Guest '' , `` Something There '' , `` Human Again '' , `` Beauty and the Beast '' , `` The Mob Song '' , `` Home ( Reprise ) '' , and `` Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) '' . Also in `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' , The Silly Girls take Belle 's part in the beginning of the song instead of Belle having to sing the whole song . Also in `` Something There '' , Madame de la Grande Bouche and Babette sing as well . Critical reception ( edit ) Reception towards the tryouts in Houston were so enthusiastic that the production was extended for two weeks . Jerome Weeks of Variety responded to the show with a positive review , praising the performances of Egan , Mann and Moses , as well as the Beast 's new song `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . At the same time , Weeks felt that the production `` gets close to slipping into a big - budget kiddie show or magic act with its overdone showbiz glitz and sparkly stage - illusion effects '' at times , but in the end predicted that `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could well be the big new musical hit this Broadway season has been waiting for . '' However , in 1994 , Beauty and the Beast finally premiered on Broadway to reviews that ranged from mixed to negative , leaving critics mostly unimpressed . Reactions from the New York theatre community and Broadway producers were particularly harsh , ridiculing Disney for deciding to produce the musical themselves as opposed to enlisting traditional theatre companies . Egan recalled that `` the same five families ( had ) produced Broadway shows for a hundred years and Disney shook that up . '' Nearly universally panned by theatre critics , they concurred that Beauty and the Beast was a `` great spectacle , but not great theater '' . Likening the musical to the Empire State Building , David Richards of The New York Times called the show `` hardly a triumph of art , but it 'll probably be a whale of a tourist attraction . '' While awarding specific praise towards its musical numbers , choreography , costumes and cast -- particularly Mann 's ability to `` convey the delicacy of awakening love '' despite the physical demands of his costume , at the same time Richards criticized the production 's set and special effects for lacking subtlety , ultimately accusing them of leaving little `` to the imagination '' . Richards concluded , `` The result is a sightseer 's delight , which is n't the same thing as a theatergoer 's dream . '' Also writing for The New York Times , Vincent Canby disparaged the musical entirely as `` relentlessly bland , busy , upbeat and robotlike '' , criticizing the production for resembling `` a dinner theater . '' Canby felt that the new Menken - Rice songs were `` inferior '' to the originals , likened the special effects to Fourth of July sparklers , criticized the sound engineering for ranging from too loud to barely audible , and panning Woolverton 's book for failing to supplement her screenplay . Minor praise was awarded to the performances of Lamberts , Beach and Fowler , as well as Mann 's climactic beast - to - prince transformation . In addition to predicting that Beauty and the Beast would be derided by traditional Broadway theatre - goers and critics alike , Variety writer Jeremy Gerard was largely negative in his own review . While admitting that the production `` boasts several real pluses '' , Gerard criticized the show for appearing `` bloated , padded , gimmick - ridden , tacky and ... utterly devoid of imagination . '' The critic voiced his strong disapproval of the costumes while dismissing the set as `` something designed to be seen by people in moving seats , maybe at Disneyland '' , panning West 's choreography and ultimately deriding Roth 's directing and blocking of actors who `` look generally like they 're following dotted lines on the stage . '' Critics agreed that Roth 's direction and West 's were equally uninspired . In a mixed review with a headline reading `` Beauty and the Beast is n't magical in the least , even if it does bristle with magic tricks '' , New York 's John Simon wrote that the production resembles `` a belated infomercial '' for the film by which he was bored , yet impressed by its special effects and illusions . Simon also felt that the actors struggled to resemble their animated counterparts despite Hould - Ward 's , criticizing Egan 's acting , Woolverton 's dialogue and the new Menken - Rice numbers while praising Moses ' , Beach 's and Fowler 's performances . Audiences did not share critics ' negative opinions , and the musical famously resonated with the public and families . Children were especially delighted by the idea of their favorite movie performed on stage by live actors . Subsequent productions have gradually attracted kinder remarks ; the national tours in particular have been well received . Reviewing a performance of the musical at the Shubert Theatre in Los Angeles in 1995 , Tom Jacobs of Variety wrote , `` Born in Hollywood as an animated film , Disney 's version of ' Beauty and the Beast ' has returned home as an opulent stage musical , a year after its Broadway bow . Both good and bad choices have been made in adapting the 1991 film , but with its outstanding performances , fantastic production values and memorable score , this show should warm the hearts of all but the most curmudgeonly theatergoers . '' However , Jacobs felt that the production suffered from the lack of danger felt watching the film . After having been left unimpressed upon viewing the original Broadway production , Variety 's Matt Wolf was pleasantly surprised by the musical 's West End debut one year later . Awards and nominations ( edit ) `` Be Our Guest '' was used as the commercial for the 1994 Tony Awards . Michael Goldstein of New York correctly predicted that Mann would earn a Tony Award nomination for his performance . Despite having been nominated for a total of nine individual awards , Beauty and the Beast was ultimately shunned at the ceremony , winning only one award -- Best Costume Design -- for Hould - Ward . Nominated for the Tony Award for Best Musical , the production famously lost to Stephen Sondheim 's Passion , which is considered to be his own version of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' fairy tale . In 1995 , some of Hould - Ward 's costumes , namely Lumiere , were put on display in Nordstrom stores . Meanwhile , Belle and the Beast 's ballroom costumes were exhibited at Westside Pavilion , and Mrs. Potts and LeFou appeared at South Coast Plaza . Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1994 Tony Awards Best Musical Nominated Best Book of a Musical Linda Woolverton Nominated Best Original Score Alan Menken , Howard Ashman , and Tim Rice Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Terrence Mann Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Susan Egan Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Gary Beach Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Robert Jess Roth Nominated Best Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Won Best Lighting Design Natasha Katz Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Terrence Mann Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Susan Egan Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Burke Moses Nominated Outstanding Choreography Matt West Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Danny Troob Nominated Outstanding Lyrics Howard Ashman and Tim Rice Nominated Outstanding Music Alan Menken Nominated Outstanding Sound Design T. Richard Fitzgerald Nominated Outstanding Special Effects Jim Steinmeyer and John Gaughan Nominated Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1998 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won Best Theatre Choreographer Matt West Nominated Best Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Nominated Impact and Legacy ( edit ) Largely due to audience reception , Beauty and the Beast remains one of Broadway 's biggest successes of the current era . Beauty and the Beast established itself as a musical that could survive on Broadway despite its unenthusiastic reviews . Several detractors had thought that musicals like Beauty and the Beast would be a one - time event , but the results ultimately turned out to be quite the opposite . According to theatrical producer Stuart Oken , Disney 's success with Beauty and the Beast is responsible for today 's biggest Broadway hits and making the medium `` better than it has ever been '' . The groundbreaking performance of Beauty and the Beast inspired other major Hollywood studios to produce Broadway renditions of some of their own films . Disney soon began to commission Broadway adaptations of several of the studio 's most popular musical films , namely The Lion King ( 1997 ) , Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) , Tarzan ( 2006 ) , The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) , Newsies ( 2012 ) and Aladdin ( 2014 ) , in addition to producing the musical Aida . After completing her run in Beauty and the Beast , Egan would famously go on to voice Meg in Disney 's animated musical Hercules ( 1997 ) , establishing herself as a popular voice and film actress . Following the success of `` Human Again '' , the song was later incorporated into reissues of the animated film in the form of an animated musical sequence . Beauty and the Beast is considered to be Broadway 's first legitimate family show , responsible for birthing an entirely new generation of young theatregoers . The family demographic of the musical established inspired international productions of Aladdin and Matilda . According to The Complete Book of 1990s Broadway Musicals author Dan Dietz , `` the show 's resounding success opened the floodgates for a spate of ... productions based on Disney and other family - oriented films '' , transforming Broadway into `` a theme park with a parade of musicals aimed at kids and teenagers . '' Dietz believes that the plethora of Broadway musicals that came after Beauty and the Beast have unfortunately resembled `` feel - good family show ( s ) whose goal was to emulate its film source . '' Additionally , the success of the musical inspired a legion of Broadway productions geared towards young women , including Hairspray ( 2002 ) , Wicked ( 2003 ) , Legally Blonde ( 2007 ) , Matilda ( 2013 ) and Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella ( 2013 ) . While these musicals flourished on Broadway , it seems as though more serious , adult - oriented fare struggled to perform as well . New York theatre critic Howard Kissel famously despised `` the Kiddy Komponent of New York theatergoing '' spearheaded by the successful 13 - year Broadway run of Beauty and the Beast . The success of Beauty and the Beast inspired Eisner invest in his own theatre to house future stage adaptations of the studio 's animated classics . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dietz , Dan ( 2016 ) . The Complete Book of 1990s Broadway Musicals . United States : Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 154 -- 156 . ISBN 9781442272149 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Grossman , Julie ( 2015 ) . Theater , Film , And Their Hideous Progeny : Adaptation and ElasTEXTity . Palgrave Macmillan UK . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 39902 - 1 . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard. Bye Bye , Birdie . Hello , Rent `` TIME magazine , May 15 , 2008 . Reported in its May 15 , 2008 issue that this musical ranked as the fourth most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Eagan , Daniel ( 2010 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . United Kingdom : A&C Black . p. 808 . ISBN 9780826429773 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty & The Beast from Screen to Stage '' . Thread By Thread : Costumes on Screen . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Riedel , Michael ( 2015 ) . Razzle Dazzle : The Battle for Broadway . United States : Simon and Schuster . pp. 384 -- 388 . ISBN 9781451672183 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` History of The Walt Disney Stuios '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Studios . Disney . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davenport , Ken ( 2016 ) . Candid Conversations With Broadway Pros : , Volume 3 . United States : Lulu Press , Inc . ISBN 9781329876491 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Veness , Susan ( 2015 ) . The Hidden Magic of Walt Disney World : Over 600 Secrets of the Magic Kingdom , Epcot , Disney 's Hollywood Studios , and Disney 's Animal Kingdom . United States : F + W Media , Inc. p. 155 . ISBN 9781440587801 -- via Google Docs . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Michael ( March 14 , 1994 ) . `` Broadway 's New Beast '' . New York . pp. 42 -- 45 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Lemon , Brendan ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Looking into the heart of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . The Smith Center . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weeks , Jeremy ( December 12 , 1993 ) . `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Culwell , Logan ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Where Are the Stars of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Now ? '' . Playbill . Playbill Inc . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Filichia , Peter ( 2011 ) . Broadway Musical MVPs : 1960 - 2010 : The Most Valuable Players of the Past 50 Seasons . United States : Applause Theatre & Cinema . ISBN 9781557839305 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Rauzi , Robin ( May 8 , 1993 ) . `` ' Beast ' on Stage : Will It Work ? : Theater : Some are wondering if Disney 's saturation with the hit movie will prevent its resale as a live musical '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Mark A. ( 2014 ) . The World of Musicals : An Encyclopedia of Stage , Screen , and Song ( 2 volumes ) . United States : ABC - CLIO . p. 65 . ISBN 9781440800979 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Matthew ( April 18 , 2004 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Talkin ' Broadway . TALKIN ' BROADWAY . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hischak , Thomas S. ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to the American Musical : Theatre , Film , and Television . United States : Oxford University Press . p. 56 . ISBN 9780195335330 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Gerard , Jeremy ( April 19 , 1994 ) . `` Review : ' Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Tom ( April 17 , 1995 ) . `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tomada , Nathalie ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` 20 reasons to watch Beauty and the Beast '' . Philstar.com . Philstar . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Gaile ( March 16 , 1995 ) . `` BY DESIGN : A Beastly Assignment : How to make a human - sized teapot and a candelabra ? Ann Hould - Ward used fancy wiring , prosthetics and pryotechnics to make the stage production of ' Beauty and the Beast ' come alive '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & the Beast '' . StageAgent . StageAgent.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stadler , Nancy ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Gary Beach and Terrence Mann remember `` Beauty and the Beast '' ' s trip from the screen to the stage `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , John ( May 2 , 1994 ) . `` Hairy Fairy Tale '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . pp. 72 -- 75 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Susan Egan : Belle , Meg , Glamour and Goop - Part 1 '' . The Mouse Castle . Mouse Castle Media . July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : North , Jesse ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Susan Egan on her dirt - catching days as a Disney Princess and humble motherhood '' . Stage Rush . Stage Rush . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Everett , William A ; Laird , Paul R ( 2015 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Broadway Musical . United States : Rowman & Littlefiel . p. 32 . ISBN 9781442256699 . ^ Jump up to : Tan , Corrie ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken : Q&A with the music maestro behind Disney 's Beauty And The Beast '' . The Straights Times . Singapore Press Holdings Ltd . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast -- Show History '' . Music Theatre International . MTI Enterprises , Inc . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Be Our Guest ' for the ultimate love story -- ' Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ' returns to Eisenhower Auditorium Feb. 23 '' . PennState . The Pennsylvania State University . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ehren , Christine ( October 7 , 1998 ) . `` Toni Braxton Premieres Beauty ' s New Song , Oct. 7 On ' Rosie ' '' . Playbill . Playbill , Inc . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Tune Thursday : How `` A Change in Me '' wound up being added to Broadway 's `` Beauty & the Beast '' `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Page to Screen : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) '' . The Literary Omnivore . July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baker , C. Daniel ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Toni Braxton Decoded : `` Family Values '' Help Put Struggling Singer Back in Spotlight -- Are you a fan of the Grammy winning diva ? `` . Black Enterprise . Black Enterprise . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgins , Paul ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Beauty ' was no beast for costume designer '' . The Orange County Register . The Orange County Register . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Andrew ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ann Hould - Ward 's costumes give ' Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , ' at the Saenger Theater Dec. 29 - Jan. 3 '' . The Times - Picayune . NOLA Media Group . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Conter , Jenna ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast comes to Halifax - will you be their guest ? '' . Metro News . Free Daily News Group Inc . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , Susan . `` How Beauty and the Beast Prepared Me For # TheDress '' . Susan Egan . Susan Egan . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Victoria ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` An Interview with Natasha Katz '' . The Interval . The Interval . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , David ( April 19 , 1994 ) . `` Review / Theater : Beauty and the Beast ; Disney Does Broadway , Dancing Spoons and All '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haun , Harry ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Bye Bye Beauty '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` '' High School Musical 5 & 6 '' ? ! `` Beauty & the Beast '' headed back to Broadway ? ! `` . www.jimhillmedia.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Lights Up London 's West End Tonight '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. April 29 , 1997 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul . `` REVIEW : MUSICAL ' Beauty and the Beast ' Dominion Theatre , London '' The Independent , 14 May 1997 , retrieved January 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Theatrecrafts.com , Retrieved February 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winners 1998 '' . Olivier Awards . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Theater Review : Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( San Francisco ) Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` New Beauty and Beast Tour Now Playing Providence ; Peoria Is Next '' Playbill , February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` MTI Will License Disney 's Aida and Beauty and the Beast for Regional and Amateur Markets '' Archived 2009 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , September 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ http://sv.opera.se/forestallningar/skonheten-och-odjuret-2004-2005/ Jump up ^ South Africa production Archived 2008 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . beautyandthebeast.co.za , accessed September 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST to Make French - Language Debut in Paris , October 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Creative Team of Beauty and the Beast Will Reunite for International Tour '' . Playbill. April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast musical comes to Dubai '' . Gulf News . November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Disney 's Beauty and the Beast returns to Belgium beautyandthebeast.be , accessed December 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' josef-weinberger.com , accessed September 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ Beauty and the Beast Broadway Playbill Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast at IBDB.com '' . www.ibdb.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( January 28 , 2003 ) . `` One `` Soprano '' Exits , Another Returns `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David Lefkowitz ; Robert Simonson . `` Schoeffler to Light Up Bway 's Beauty and the Beast , March 21 - May 13 '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Bartlett '' . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Andrew Bleicher - Playbill '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty ' Moving From Palace To the Fontanne '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . July 14 , 1999 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Rick ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Sigmund Romberg / Beauty and the Beast '' . NewsOK . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( April 24 , 1994 ) . `` SUNDAY VIEW ; Is Broadway Ready for a Disney World Show ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Howard Kissel , Daily News Theater Critic , Dies at 69 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makagon , Daniel ( 2004 ) . Where the Ball Drops : Days and Nights in Times Square . United States : University of Minnesota Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780816642755 -- via Google Books . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) . Information about Regional US and International productions Indianapolis Civic Theatre ( Production Photos ) Theatre Cedar Rapids Beauty and the Beast ( Production Photos ) Cedar Rapids , IA Chattanooga Theatre Centre ( Production Photos ) Chattanooga , TN Music Theatre Louisville ( Archive Page ) Louisville , KY Actor 's Playhouse ( Review ) Coral Gables , FL Finnish version , 2007 , Helsinki City Theatre Helsinki , Finland Mexican Production Mexico Others Beauty and the Beast on Tour Beauty and the Beast Belgium Beauty and the Beast at the Internet Broadway Database Beauty and the Beast info page on StageAgent.com - Beauty and the Beast plot summary and character descriptions Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Theatrical Productions Animated Disney film adaptations Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Tarzan ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) Frozen ( 2017 ) Pinocchio ( 2017 ) Disney live - action film adaptations Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) High School Musical on Stage ! ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! ( 2008 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Other adaptations King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 2000 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Peter and the Starcatcher ( 2009 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 2014 ) Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) Evita ( 1978 ) Songbook ( 1979 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1980 ) Cats ( 1981 ) Poppy ( 1982 ) Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) 42nd Street ( 1984 ) Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Follies ( 1987 ) Candide ( 1988 ) Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) Crazy for You ( 1993 ) City of Angels ( 1994 ) Once on This Island ( 1995 ) Jolson ( 1996 ) Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) Honk ! ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(musical)&oldid=819004358 '' Categories : Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) 1994 musicals Broadway musicals West End musicals Musicals based on films Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Walt Disney Theatrical Fantasy theatre Works based on Beauty and the Beast Musicals by Tim Rice Plays based on fairy tales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles with IBDb links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Ripoarisch Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 21 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how long did beauty and the beast run on broadway	[ "After completing tryouts in Houston, Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway on April 18, 1994, starring Susan Egan and Terrence Mann as the eponymous Belle and Beast, respectively. The musical opened to mixed reviews from theatre critics, but was a massive commercial success and well received by audiences. Beauty ran on Broadway for 5,461 performances for thirteen years (1994 - 2007)[2], becoming Broadway's tenth longest-running production in history. The musical has grossed more than $1.4 billion worldwide and played in thirteen countries and 115 cities.[citation needed] It has also become a popular choice for high school productions.[3]" ]	[ "thirteen years (1994 - 2007)" ]
2470859451264912421	List of FA Cup Finals	List of FA Cup finals - wikipedia List of FA Cup finals Jump to : navigation , search For more details on this topic , see FA Cup Final . The Blackburn Rovers team which won the FA Cup in 1884 . Team captain James Brown ( front row , centre ) holds the trophy . The Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup , is a knockout competition in English football , organised by and named after The Football Association ( the FA ) . It is the oldest existing football competition in the world , having commenced in the 1871 -- 72 season . The tournament is open to all clubs in the top 10 levels of the English football league system , although a club 's home stadium must meet certain requirements prior to entering the tournament . The competition culminates at the end of the league season usually in May with the FA Cup Final , officially named The Football Association Challenge Cup Final Tie , which has traditionally been regarded as the showpiece finale of the English football season . All of the final venues , apart from four , have been in London with most being played at the original Wembley Stadium , which was used from 1923 until the stadium closed in 2000 . The other venues that were used for the final prior to 1923 were Kennington Oval , Crystal Palace , Stamford Bridge and Lillie Bridge , all in London , Goodison Park in Liverpool and Fallowfield Stadium and Old Trafford in Manchester . The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final for six years ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction . Other grounds have been used for replays , which until 1999 took place if the initial match ended in a draw . The new Wembley Stadium has been the permanent venue of the final since 2007 . As of 2017 , the record for the most wins is held by Arsenal with 13 victories . The cup has been won by the same team in two or more consecutive years on ten occasions , and four teams have won consecutive finals more than once : Wanderers , Blackburn Rovers , Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal . The cup has been won by a non-English team once . The cup is currently held by Arsenal , who defeated Chelsea in the 2017 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Finals 2.1 Key 2.2 Results 3 Results by team 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see History of the FA Cup . Tottenham Hotspur captain Arthur Grimsdell displays the cup to fans on the Tottenham High Road after Spurs ' victory in the 1921 final , the first win by a London - based team for 20 years . The winners of the first tournament were Wanderers , a team of former public schoolboys based in London , who went on to win the competition five times in its first seven seasons . The early winners of the competition were all teams of wealthy amateurs from the south of England , but in 1883 , Blackburn Olympic became the first team from the north to win the cup , defeating Old Etonians . Upon his team 's return to Blackburn , Olympic captain Albert Warburton proclaimed : `` The Cup is very welcome to Lancashire . It 'll have a good home and it 'll never go back to London . '' With the advent of professionalism at around the same time , the amateur teams quickly faded from prominence in the competition . The leading professional clubs formed The Football League in 1888 . Since then , one non-league team has won the cup . Tottenham Hotspur , then of the Southern League , defeated Sheffield United of The Football League to win the 1901 final . A year later Sheffield United returned to the final and won the cup , which then remained in the hands of Northern and Midland clubs until Tottenham won it again in 1921 . In 1927 , Cardiff City , a team which plays in the English football league system despite being based in Wales , won the cup , the only non-English club to do so . Scottish club Queens Park reached the final twice in the early years of the competition . Newcastle United enjoyed a brief spell of FA Cup dominance in the 1950s , winning the trophy three times in five years , and in the 1960s , Tottenham Hotspur enjoyed a similar spell of success , with three wins in seven seasons . This marked the start of a successful period for London - based clubs , with 11 wins in 22 seasons . Teams from the second tier of English football , at the time called the Second Division , experienced an unprecedented run of cup success between 1973 and 1980 . Sunderland won the cup in 1973 , Southampton repeated the feat in 1976 , and West Ham United won in 1980 , the most recent victory by a team from outside the top division . Finals ( edit ) Until 1999 , a draw in the final would result in the match being replayed at a later date ; since then the final has always been decided on the day , with a penalty shootout as required . As of 2017 a penalty shoot - out has been required on only two occasions , in the 2005 and 2006 finals . The competition did not take place during the First and Second World Wars , other than in the 1914 -- 15 season , when it was completed , and the 1939 -- 40 season , when it was abandoned during the qualifying rounds . Key ( edit ) Key to list of winners ( R ) Replay * Match went to extra time Match decided by a penalty shootout after extra time Winning team won the Double Italics Team from outside the top level of English football ( since the formation of The Football League in 1888 ) All teams are English , except where marked ( Scottish ) or ( Welsh ) . Results ( edit ) FA Cup winners Season Winners Score Runners -- up Venue Attendance 1871 -- 72 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1871 -- 72 Wanderers 1 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1872 -- 73 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1872 -- 73 Wanderers 2 -- 0 Oxford University Lillie Bridge 3,000 1873 -- 74 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1873 -- 74 Oxford University 2 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1874 -- 75 Royal Engineers 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1874 -- 75 ( R ) Royal Engineers 2 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,000 1875 -- 76 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1875 -- 76 Wanderers 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,500 1875 -- 76 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1875 -- 76 ( R ) Wanderers 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 1,500 1876 -- 77 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1876 -- 77 Wanderers 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Oxford University Kennington Oval 3,000 1877 -- 78 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1877 -- 78 Wanderers 3 -- 1 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 4,500 1878 -- 79 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1878 -- 79 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval 5,000 1879 -- 80 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1879 -- 80 Clapham Rovers 1 -- 0 Oxford University Kennington Oval 6,000 1880 -- 81 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1880 -- 81 Old Carthusians 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 4,000 1881 -- 82 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1881 -- 82 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Kennington Oval 6,500 1882 -- 83 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1882 -- 83 Blackburn Olympic 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 8,000 1883 -- 84 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1883 -- 84 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 4,000 1884 -- 85 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1884 -- 85 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 12,500 1885 -- 86 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1885 -- 86 Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,000 1885 -- 86 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1885 -- 86 ( R ) Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Racecourse Ground ! Racecourse Ground 12,000 1886 -- 87 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1886 -- 87 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,500 1887 -- 88 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1887 -- 88 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Preston North End Kennington Oval 19,000 1888 -- 89 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1888 -- 89 Preston North End 3 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Kennington Oval 22,000 1889 -- 90 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1889 -- 90 Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 The Wednesday Kennington Oval 20,000 1890 -- 91 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1890 -- 91 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Notts County Kennington Oval 23,000 1891 -- 92 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1891 -- 92 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Kennington Oval 32,810 1892 -- 93 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1892 -- 93 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Everton Fallowfield Stadium 45,000 1893 -- 94 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1893 -- 94 Notts County 4 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park 37,000 1894 -- 95 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1894 -- 95 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 42,560 1895 -- 96 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1895 -- 96 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Crystal Palace 48,836 1896 -- 97 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1896 -- 97 Aston Villa 3 -- 2 Everton Crystal Palace 65,891 1897 -- 98 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1897 -- 98 Nottingham Forest 3 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 62,017 1898 -- 99 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1898 -- 99 Sheffield United 4 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 73,833 1899 -- 1900 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1899 -- 1900 Bury 4 -- 0 Southampton Crystal Palace 68,945 1900 -- 01 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1900 -- 01 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 Sheffield United Crystal Palace 110,820 1900 -- 01 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1900 -- 01 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Sheffield United Burnden Park 20,470 1901 -- 02 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1901 -- 02 Sheffield United 1 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 76,914 1901 -- 02 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1901 -- 02 ( R ) Sheffield United 2 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 33,068 1902 -- 03 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1902 -- 03 Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County Crystal Palace 63,102 1903 -- 04 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1903 -- 04 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers Crystal Palace 61,374 1904 -- 05 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1904 -- 05 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 101,117 1905 -- 06 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1905 -- 06 Everton 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 75,609 1906 -- 07 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1906 -- 07 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Everton Crystal Palace 84,594 1907 -- 08 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1907 -- 08 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 74,697 1908 -- 09 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1908 -- 09 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Bristol City Crystal Palace 71,401 1909 -- 10 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1909 -- 10 Newcastle United 1 -- 1 Barnsley Crystal Palace 77,747 1909 -- 10 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1909 -- 10 ( R ) Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Barnsley Goodison Park 69,000 1910 -- 11 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1910 -- 11 Bradford City 0 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 69,068 1910 -- 11 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1910 -- 11 ( R ) Bradford City 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Old Trafford 58,000 1911 -- 12 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1911 -- 12 Barnsley 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 54,556 1911 -- 12 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1911 -- 12 ( R ) Barnsley 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane 38,555 1912 -- 13 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1912 -- 13 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Sunderland Crystal Palace 121,919 1913 -- 14 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1913 -- 14 Burnley 1 -- 0 Liverpool Crystal Palace 72,778 1914 -- 15 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1914 -- 15 Sheffield United 3 -- 0 Chelsea Old Trafford 49,557 1919 -- 20 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1919 -- 20 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Stamford Bridge 50,018 1920 -- 21 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1920 -- 21 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Stamford Bridge 72,805 1921 -- 22 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1921 -- 22 Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 Preston North End Stamford Bridge 53,000 1922 -- 23 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1922 -- 23 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 126,047 1923 -- 24 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1923 -- 24 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,695 1924 -- 25 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1924 -- 25 Sheffield United 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,763 1925 -- 26 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1925 -- 26 Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,447 1926 -- 27 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1926 -- 27 Cardiff City 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,206 1927 -- 28 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1927 -- 28 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,041 1928 -- 29 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1928 -- 29 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,576 1929 -- 30 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1929 -- 30 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,488 1930 -- 31 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1930 -- 31 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Birmingham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,406 1931 -- 32 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1931 -- 32 Newcastle United 2 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,298 1932 -- 33 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1932 -- 33 Everton 3 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,950 1933 -- 34 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1933 -- 34 Manchester City 2 -- 1 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,258 1934 -- 35 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1934 -- 35 Sheffield Wednesday 4 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,204 1935 -- 36 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1935 -- 36 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Sheffield United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,384 1936 -- 37 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1936 -- 37 Sunderland 3 -- 1 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,495 1937 -- 38 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1937 -- 38 Preston North End 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,497 1938 -- 39 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1938 -- 39 Portsmouth 4 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,370 1945 -- 46 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1945 -- 46 Derby County 4 -- 1 ! * 4 -- 1 * Charlton Athletic Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1946 -- 47 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1946 -- 47 Charlton Athletic 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1947 -- 48 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1947 -- 48 Manchester United 4 -- 2 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1948 -- 49 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1948 -- 49 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,500 1949 -- 50 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1949 -- 50 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1950 -- 51 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1950 -- 51 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1951 -- 52 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1951 -- 52 Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1952 -- 53 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1952 -- 53 Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1953 -- 54 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1953 -- 54 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1954 -- 55 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1954 -- 55 Newcastle United 3 -- 1 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1955 -- 56 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1955 -- 56 Manchester City 3 -- 1 Birmingham City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1956 -- 57 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1956 -- 57 Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1957 -- 58 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1957 -- 58 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1958 -- 59 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1958 -- 59 Nottingham Forest 2 -- 1 Luton Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1959 -- 60 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1959 -- 60 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1960 -- 61 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1960 -- 61 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1961 -- 62 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1961 -- 62 Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1962 -- 63 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1962 -- 63 Manchester United 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1963 -- 64 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1963 -- 64 West Ham United 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1964 -- 65 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1964 -- 65 Liverpool 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1965 -- 66 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1965 -- 66 Everton 3 -- 2 Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1966 -- 67 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1966 -- 67 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1967 -- 68 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1967 -- 68 West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1968 -- 69 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1968 -- 69 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1969 -- 70 Chelsea 2 -- 2 ! * 2 -- 2 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1969 -- 70 ( R ) Chelsea 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Old Trafford 62,078 1970 -- 71 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1970 -- 71 Arsenal 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1971 -- 72 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1971 -- 72 Leeds United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1972 -- 73 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1972 -- 73 Sunderland 1 -- 0 Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1973 -- 74 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1973 -- 74 Liverpool 3 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1974 -- 75 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1974 -- 75 West Ham United 2 -- 0 Fulham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1975 -- 76 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1975 -- 76 Southampton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1976 -- 77 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1976 -- 77 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1977 -- 78 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1977 -- 78 Ipswich Town 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1978 -- 79 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1978 -- 79 Arsenal 3 -- 2 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1979 -- 80 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1979 -- 80 West Ham United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1980 -- 81 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1980 -- 81 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 2 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,000 1981 -- 82 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1981 -- 82 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1981 -- 82 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1981 -- 82 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 90,000 1982 -- 83 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1982 -- 83 Manchester United 2 -- 2 ! * 2 -- 2 * Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1982 -- 83 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1982 -- 83 ( R ) Manchester United 4 -- 0 Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1983 -- 84 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1983 -- 84 Everton 2 -- 0 Watford Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1984 -- 85 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1984 -- 85 Manchester United 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1985 -- 86 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1985 -- 86 Liverpool 3 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1986 -- 87 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1986 -- 87 Coventry City 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1987 -- 88 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1987 -- 88 Wimbledon 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,203 1988 -- 89 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1988 -- 89 Liverpool 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,500 1989 -- 90 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1989 -- 90 Manchester United 3 -- 3 ! * 3 -- 3 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1989 -- 90 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1989 -- 90 ( R ) Manchester United 1 -- 0 Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1990 -- 91 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1990 -- 91 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Nottingham Forest Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1991 -- 92 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1991 -- 92 Liverpool 2 -- 0 Sunderland Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1992 -- 93 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1992 -- 93 Arsenal 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,347 1992 -- 93 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1992 -- 93 ( R ) Arsenal 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 62,267 1993 -- 94 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 4 -- 0 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,634 1994 -- 95 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1994 -- 95 Everton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,592 1995 -- 96 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,007 1996 -- 97 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1996 -- 97 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Middlesbrough Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,160 1997 -- 98 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,183 1998 -- 99 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,101 1999 -- 2000 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1999 -- 2000 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 78,217 2000 -- 01 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2000 -- 01 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 72,500 2001 -- 02 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Chelsea Millennium Stadium 73,963 2002 -- 03 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2002 -- 03 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Southampton Millennium Stadium 73,726 2003 -- 04 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2003 -- 04 Manchester United 3 -- 0 Millwall Millennium Stadium 71,350 2004 -- 05 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2004 -- 05 Arsenal 0 -- 0 ! 0 -- 0 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 71,876 2005 -- 06 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2005 -- 06 Liverpool 3 -- 3 ! 3 -- 3 West Ham United Millennium Stadium 71,140 2006 -- 07 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2006 -- 07 Chelsea 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,826 2007 -- 08 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2007 -- 08 Portsmouth 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,874 2008 -- 09 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2008 -- 09 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,391 2009 -- 10 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,335 2010 -- 11 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2010 -- 11 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Stoke City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,643 2011 -- 12 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2011 -- 12 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,041 2012 -- 13 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2012 -- 13 Wigan Athletic 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 86,254 2013 -- 14 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2013 -- 14 Arsenal 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Hull City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,345 2014 -- 15 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2014 -- 15 Arsenal 4 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,283 2015 -- 16 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2015 -- 16 Manchester United 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,619 2016 -- 17 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,472 A . ^ The official attendance for the 1923 final was reported as 126,047 , but the actual figure is believed to be anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000 . Results by team ( edit ) Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence . Additionally , Queen 's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887 . Results by team Club Wins First final won Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total final appearances Arsenal 13 1930 2017 7 2001 20 Manchester United 12 1909 2016 7 2007 19 Tottenham Hotspur 8 1901 1991 9 Liverpool 7 1965 2006 7 2012 14 Chelsea 7 1970 2012 5 2017 12 Aston Villa 7 1887 1957 2015 11 Newcastle United 6 1910 1955 7 1999 13 Blackburn Rovers 6 1884 1928 1960 8 Everton 5 1906 1995 8 2009 13 Manchester City 5 1904 2011 5 2013 10 West Bromwich Albion 5 1888 1968 5 1935 10 Wanderers 5 1872 1878 0 -- 5 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1893 1960 1939 8 Bolton Wanderers 1923 1958 1953 7 Sheffield United 1899 1925 1936 6 Sheffield Wednesday 1896 1935 1993 6 West Ham United 1964 1980 2006 5 Preston North End 1889 1938 5 1964 7 Old Etonians 1879 1882 1883 6 Portsmouth 1939 2008 5 Sunderland 1937 1973 1992 Nottingham Forest 1898 1959 1991 Bury 1900 1903 0 -- Huddersfield Town 1922 1922 1938 5 Derby County 1946 1946 1903 Leeds United 1972 1972 1973 Oxford University 1874 1874 1880 Royal Engineers 1875 1875 1878 Southampton 1976 1976 2003 Blackpool 1953 1953 1951 Burnley 1914 1914 1962 Cardiff City 1927 1927 2008 Charlton Athletic 1947 1947 1946 Barnsley 1912 1912 1910 Clapham Rovers 1880 1880 1879 Notts County 1894 1894 1891 Blackburn Olympic 1883 1883 0 -- Bradford City 1911 1911 0 -- Coventry City 0 -- Ipswich Town 1978 1978 0 -- Old Carthusians 1881 1881 0 -- Wigan Athletic 2013 2013 0 -- Wimbledon 1988 1988 0 -- Leicester City 0 1969 Birmingham City 0 1956 Crystal Palace 0 2016 Queen 's Park 0 1885 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 Bristol City 0 1909 Fulham 0 Hull City 0 2014 Luton Town 0 1959 Middlesbrough 0 1997 Millwall 0 Queens Park Rangers 0 1982 Stoke City 0 2011 Watford 0 1984 A. ^ Sheffield Wednesday 's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday . B. ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons , but the current incarnation of the club contends that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours ( including the FA Cup win ) of Wimbledon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( 7 January 2005 ) . `` FA Cup trophy 's sale to set football memorabilia record '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup Summary -- Contents '' . The Football Club History Database . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FA Competition Administration '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 21 May 2000 ) . `` Football : FA Cup Final : Calamity for James as Di Matteo makes history '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 1983 ) . Encyclopedia of British Football . Willow Books . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218049 - 9 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lyles , Christopher ( 5 January 2008 ) . `` FA Cup by numbers '' . Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Peter ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` Cardiff in footsteps of FA Cup giants '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 27 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 February 2005 ) . `` FA Cup in danger of losing lustre '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of The FA Challenge Cup '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Stuart ( 2008 ) . Nationwide Football Annual 2008 -- 2009 . SportsBooks Ltd . pp. 132 , 134 -- 143 . ISBN 1 - 899807 - 72 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bateson , Bill ; Sewell , Albert ( 1992 ) . News of the World Football Annual 1992 -- 93 . Harper Collins . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 85543 - 188 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The F.A. Cup -- Bolton 's Victory -- Record Crowds '' . The Times . News International . 30 May 1923 . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 5 '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2001 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Merton to be given Dons trophies '' . BBC Sport. 2 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) The FA Cup Archive at TheFA.com England FA Challenge Cup Finals at RSSSF.com ( hide ) FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 History Trophy List of finals Third - fourth place matches Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FA_Cup_Finals&oldid=793833254 '' Categories : FA Cup FA Cup Finals Lists of association football matches Association football in England lists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from January 2013 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Magyar Română Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 07 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the most fa cup finals	[ "As of 2017, the record for the most wins is held by Arsenal with 13 victories.[2] The cup has been won by the same team in two or more consecutive years on ten occasions, and four teams have won consecutive finals more than once: Wanderers, Blackburn Rovers, Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal.[2] The cup has been won by a non-English team once. The cup is currently held by Arsenal, who defeated Chelsea in the 2017 final." ]	[ "Arsenal" ]
1662290941490042725	Tres Zapotes	Tres Zapotes - wikipedia Tres Zapotes Jump to : navigation , search The Olmec heartland . Tres Zapotes is a Mesoamerican archaeological site located in the south - central Gulf Lowlands of Mexico in the Papaloapan River plain . Tres Zapotes is sometimes referred to as the third major Olmec capital ( after San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán and La Venta ) , but the Olmec phase is only a portion of the site 's history , which continued through the Epi - Olmec and Classic Veracruz cultural periods . The 2000 - year existence of Tres Zapotes as a cultural center is unusual , if not unique , in Mesoamerica . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 History 2.1 Olmec 2.2 Epi - Olmec 2.3 Classic era 3 Stela C 4 Site layout and societal organization 5 Tres Zapotes museum 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Location ( edit ) The site is located near the present - day village of Tres Zapotes , west of Santiago Tuxtla , Veracruz at the western edge of the Los Tuxtlas Mountains on the banks of the Rio Hueyapan ( a small stream ) . The area is a transition point between the Los Tuxtlas Mountains and the Papaloapan River delta and allowed the inhabitants to take advantage of the forested uplands as well as the swamps and streams of the flatlands . Scarcely 10 km ( 6 mi ) to the east stands Cerro el Vigía , an extinct volcano and important source of basalt and other volcanic stone , sandstone , and clay . The nearby small site of Rancho la Cobata , on the northern flank of Cerro El Vigía , may have functioned as a monument workshop -- most of the basalt stonework at Tres Zapotes was crafted from the colossal , `` spheroid '' , smooth - faced boulders found even today at the summit of Cerro El Vigía . Some of these boulders are more than 3 meters in diameter . A vessel from Tres Zapotes ' Epi - Olmec period , 300 BCE to 250 CE . History ( edit ) Olmec ( edit ) Founded some time in the centuries before 1000 BCE , Tres Zapotes emerged as a regional center early in the Middle Formative period , perhaps 900 - 800 BCE , roughly coinciding with the decline of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan . The earliest public architecture yet detected has been dated to the end of the Middle Formative , perhaps 500 BCE . It is thought that the two colossal heads date from this period . It was near Tres Zapotes that the first colossal head was discovered in 1862 by José Melgar . To date , two have been found locally , labeled `` Monument A '' and Monument Q `` . Smaller than the colossal heads at San Lorenzo , they measure slightly less than 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) high . Together with the cruder and significantly larger head at Rancho la Cobata , these colossal heads show evidence of a local style of dress and sculpture , differing from that of San Lorenzo and La Venta . And , unlike the Olmec site of La Venta , Tres Zapotes was not abandoned at the close of the Middle Formative period , c. 400 BCE , nor was it immediately affected by the folding of the Olmec culture in the eastern Olmec heartland . However , during the next several hundred years , the Olmec culture at Tres Zapotes and on the western edge of the Olmec heartland would be gradually transformed into what has come to be called the Epi - Olmec ( or post-Olmec ) culture . Epi - Olmec ( edit ) Most of the monumental sculpture at Tres Zapotes is epi - Olmec , dating from the Late Formative period . These sculptures show , as do Tres Zapotes ceramics , a continuity with and yet a gradual change away from Olmec patterns . Tres Zapotes Stela D depicts a scene that is framed by the mouth of a monster , similar to the framing of La Venta 's much more ancient Altar 4 -- but while the Olmec altar refers to a mythical event , Stela D 's content is historical in nature . This framing device can also be seen Izapa Stela 2 which was carved at much the same time as Stela D . This and other similarities have led some archaeologists to suggest that Izapa heavily influenced Tres Zapotes ' Epi - Olmec artistic conventions , or even that Tres Zapotes Epi - Olmec styles developed from the Izapan style . However , recent scholarship instead highlights `` their descent from a common ancestor , the Olmec culture , with some sharing of motifs and techniques in an evolving co-tradition '' . Despite similarities with earlier Olmec sculptures , though , Tres Zapotes Epi - Olmec sculpture appears to lack the artisanship , refinement , and detail of its San Lorenzo and La Venta predecessors . This is only partially attributable to the coarser local Cerro El Vigía basalt . It was during this Epi - Olmec period that a new Mesoamerican writing system appeared at Tres Zapotes : the Isthmian ( or Epi - Olmec ) script , as well as some of the earliest dates in the Long Count calendar format . The back of Stela C The bars and circles show the Mesoamerican Long Count date of 7.16. 6.16. 18 . The glyphs surrounding the date are one of the few surviving examples of Epi - Olmec script . Classic era ( edit ) Although the Classic era , starting roughly 300 CE , saw continued mound construction and Tres Zapotes remained a regional center , the era nonetheless brought a perceptible decline in Tres Zapotes ' fortunes , as the centers of the new Classic Veracruz culture grew in prominence and size . Tres Zapotes may have been abandoned by 900 CE , although there was a smaller and later occupation . Stela C ( edit ) In 1939 , archaeologist Matthew Stirling discovered at Tres Zapotes the bottom half of Stela C . This stela was carved from basalt , with one side showing an Olmec - style engraving that has been variously characterized as an abstract were - jaguar or a ruler on a throne . On other side was the oldest Mesoamerican Long Count calendar date yet unearthed . This date , 7.16. 6.16. 18 , correlates in our present - day calendar to September 3 , 32 BCE , although there was some controversy over the missing baktun , the first digit , which Marion Stirling , Matthew 's wife , had contended was a ' 7 ' . Her judgment was validated in 1969 when the top half of the stela was found . Since 1939 , only one older long - count date has been discovered , Stela 2 from Chiapa de Corzo , Chiapas , with a date of 7.16. 3.2. 13 ( 36 BCE ) . The back of Stela C is engraved with one of the few surviving examples of Epi - Olmec script . A 1965 study concluded that Stela C , unlike most other basalt stonework at Tres Zapotes , was similar to the basalt used for La Venta Stela 3 and the basalt columns surrounding La Venta Complex A , which themselves have been traced to Punta Roca Partida , on the Gulf Coast at the northern side of the Los Tuxtlas Mountains . The Epi - Olmec period site plan of Tres Zapotes , highlighting the four mound groups Site layout and societal organization ( edit ) Over 160 mounds , platforms , and similar structures have been identified at Tres Zapotes , most of these being low residential platforms . The major Epi - Olmec period structures are the prosaically - named Groups 1 , 2 , and 3 , and the similarly structured Nestepe Group ( also known as Group 4 ) . Group 2 is more or less in the center of the residential core with the other three spaced almost 1 km ( 1 mi ) away from Group 2 and from each other . This equidistant spacing likely reflects a decentralized political structure , each mound group the creation of a separate faction within Tres Zapotes society . This is in contrast to La Venta , for example , where the heavily centralized public architecture reflected a centralized rulership . At La Venta three of the four colossal heads were grouped together at the entrance to the ceremonial precinct while the fourth was at the edge of the large central plaza . The two Tres Zapotes heads were not in the central Group 2 , but rather Monument A was located in Group 1 and Monument Q in the Nestepe Group . Tres Zapotes 's four mound groups are similar in design to those of Cerro de las Mesas , featuring a large plaza surrounded by several mounds , including a pyramidal or conical mound on the west end and a long mound on the north . The longer mounds likely supported administrative buildings and / or elite residences . The smaller mounds featured the residences of the lesser elites and temples . Although similar in composition , the mound groups varied widely in scale and complexity . The relatively simple Nestepe group 's mounds were under 3 m ( 10 ft ) tall and the plaza covered about 11⁄2 hectares ( 31⁄2 acres ) . On the other hand , Groups 2 and 3 featured mounds up to 12 m ( 39 ft ) high with plazas covering 4 hectares . It is expected that this variation reflected differences in the various factions ' access to labor and the duration of their period of influence . Tres Zapotes museum ( edit ) There is a museum in the village of Tres Zapotes so that tourists and scholars alike can view the Olmec heads as well as half of the Stela C ( the other half being in Mexico City ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stirling , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Pool , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Pool , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Williams and Heizer , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Diehl , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Pool , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Pool , p. 152 . Jump up ^ The Late Formative period stretches from 400 BCE until roughly 200 CE . Jump up ^ Pool , p. 250 - 251 . Jump up ^ See Coe ( 1965 ) , p. 769 and 773 , who also conversely suggests that possibility that the Izapan style developed from Epi - Olmec . Jump up ^ Pool , p. 255 . Diehl , p. 183 , is also unenthusiastic concerning significant Izapan influences at Tres Zapotes . Jump up ^ Diehl , p. 183 . Williams and Heizer state that the Cerro El Vigía basalt is `` exceptionally coarse - grained '' , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Diehl , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Williams and Heizer , p. 21 , and p. 7 . Jump up ^ Pool , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Pool , p. 249 - 250 . References ( edit ) Coe , Michael D. ( 1965 ) . `` The Olmec Style and Its Distribution '' . In Robert Wauchope . Handbook of the Middle American Indian . 3 . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . pp. 739 -- 775 . Coe , Michael D. ; Richard A. Diehl ; Peter Furst ; Kent V. Reilly III ; Linda Schele ; Carolyn Tate ; Karl A. Taube ( 1996 ) . The Olmec World : Ritual and Rulership . Princeton , NJ : Harry N Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 6311 - 6 . Coe , Michael ; Snow , Dean ; Benson , Elizabeth ( 1986 ) Atlas of Ancient America , Facts on File , New York . Diehl , Richard A. ( 2004 ) . The Olmecs : America 's First Civilization . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 02119 - 8 . Evans , Susan Toby ( 2004 ) . Ancient Mexico & Central America - Archaeology and Culture History . New York : WW Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05127 - 5 . Pool , Christopher A. ( 2007 ) . Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78882 - 3 . Stirling , Matthew W. ( 1967 ) . `` Early History of the Olmec Problem '' ( PDF ) . In Elizabeth P. Benson ( Ed . ) . Dumbarton Oaks Conference on the Olmec , October 28th and 29th , 1967 . Washington , DC : Dumbarton Oaks . pp. 1 -- 8 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 15 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Williams , Howel ; Heizer , Robert F. ( 1965 ) `` Sources of Rocks Used in Olmec Monuments '' , in Sources of Stones Used in Prehistoric Mesoamerican Sites , University of California Department of Anthropology . External links ( edit ) The DeLanges visit Tres Zapotes - 18 photos from Tres Zapotes . Catemaco Guide : Tres Zapotes Museum , photo gallery & slideshow FAMSI : Tepango Valley Survey Coordinates : 18 ° 28 ′ N 95 ° 26 ′ W / 18.467 ° N 95.433 ° W / 18.467 ; - 95.433 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tres_Zapotes&oldid=773847612 '' Categories : Olmec sites Epi - Olmec sites Los Tuxtlas Former populated places in Mexico Archaeological sites in Veracruz Museums in Veracruz Archaeological museums in Mexico Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Lietuvių Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2017 , at 19 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what number does the bars of tres zapotes represent	[ "In 1939, archaeologist Matthew Stirling discovered at Tres Zapotes the bottom half of Stela C. This stela was carved from basalt, with one side showing an Olmec-style engraving that has been variously characterized as an abstract were-jaguar or a ruler on a throne.[13] On other side was the oldest Mesoamerican Long Count calendar date yet unearthed. This date, 7.16.6.16.18, correlates in our present-day calendar to September 3, 32 BCE, although there was some controversy over the missing baktun, the first digit, which Marion Stirling, Matthew's wife, had contended was a '7'. Her judgment was validated in 1969 when the top half of the stela was found." ]	[ "7.16.6.16.18" ]
-58552162043993431	Dallas Cowboys	Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they only missed the playoffs twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 5.6 Green Bay Packers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 TDs ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season Logos and uniforms Logo The Cowboys ' script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . In 2017 , the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , only to rescind soon after . In 2015 , the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform , featuring a variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' alternates with white pants and socks . The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent Thursday Night Football games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons . The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform - white pants combination which was first used on December 10 , 2017 against the Giants . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey ) . In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas . 2004 -- 2006 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2007 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 70 -- 42 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 14 -- 7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense , which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 64 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 13 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers ( and the New England Patriots ) are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The 49ers lead the series all - time series with a record of 15 -- 13 -- 1 . Green Bay Packers Main article : Cowboys - Packers rivalry The Cowboys -- Packers rivalry is rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the Green Bay Packers . It is one of the best known intra-conference rivalry games in the NFL . The two teams do not play every year ; instead , they play once every three years due to the NFL 's rotating division schedules , or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions , they would play the ensuing season . The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games . The all time regular seasons series record is 15 -- 13 in favor of the Packers , and the postseason series is tied 4 -- 4 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush Running backs 21 Ezekiel Elliott 45 Rod Smith Wide receivers 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 88 Dez Bryant 14 Lance Lenoir 10 Ryan Switzer 83 Terrance Williams Tight ends 80 Rico Gathers 84 James Hanna 89 Blake Jarwin 87 Geoff Swaim 82 Jason Witten Offensive linemen 71 La'el Collins T / G 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T Defensive linemen 76 Richard Ash DT / DE 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 56 Datone Jones DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 93 Benson Mayowa DE 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 68 Daniel Ross DT 99 Charles Tapper DE Linebackers 58 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 54 Jaylon Smith MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 24 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS 31 Byron Jones FS / CB 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 32 Orlando Scandrick CB 26 Duke Thomas CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / SS Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 6 Chris Jones P Reserve lists 18 Brian Brown WR ( Future ) 81 K.D. Cannon WR ( Future ) 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . ) -- Marqueston Huff FS ( Future ) 62 Jarron Jones T ( Future ) 28 Jameill Showers FS / SS ( Future ) -- Jason Thompson SS ( Future ) 67 Joe Vellano DT ( Future ) 39 Marquez White CB ( Future ) 34 Trey Williams RB ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 75 Byron Bell T / G 23 Bené Benwikere CB 19 Brice Butler WR 64 Jonathan Cooper G / C 59 Anthony Hitchens MLB / OLB 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS 73 Joe Looney C / G 46 Alfred Morris RB 55 Stephen Paea DT 51 Kyle Wilber OLB / MLB Restricted FAs 95 David Irving DT / DE 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 41 Keith Smith FB Exclusive - Rights FAs 3 Zac Dysert QB 92 Brian Price DT Rookies in italics Roster updated March 5 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 46 Active , 10 Inactive , 15 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Adderley , Herb Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Alworth , Lance Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Haley , Charles Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Irvin , Michael Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 -- Jones , Jerry Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 -- Landry , Tom Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 74 Lilly , Bob Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 81 Owens , Terrell Terrell Owens WR 2006 - 2008 2018 -- Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 20 Renfro , Mel Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 -- Schramm , Tex Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 22 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Smith , Jackie Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Staubach , Roger Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Wright , Rayfield Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front Office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Director of Salary Cap & Player Contracts -- Adam Prasifka Vice President Player Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Executive , College Scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Kellen Moore Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Sanjay Lal Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Doug Nussmeier Offensive Line -- Paul Alexander Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Offensive Assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator / Defensive Line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Linebackers -- Ben Bloom Defensive Backs / Passing Game Coordinator -- Kris Richard Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Ken Amato Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith O'Quinn Assistant Special Teams -- Doug Colman Support Staff Director of Advance Scouting & Special Projects -- Judd Garrett Strength and Conditioning Director of Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Strength and Conditioning -- Markus Paul Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith → Coaching Staff and Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television See also : Dallas Cowboys Radio Network As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for he and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also American football portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scales , Kristi ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : Why the Cowboys Are Wearing a New Uniform Color - Combination on Sunday '' . 5PointsBlue.com . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . The Cowboys do not have an all - blue set of Color Rush . But they do have their navy jerseys ( PMS 289 C ) which are normally worn with silver pants ( Metallic Silver PMS 8180 C ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Fingertip Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . Dallas Cowboys . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Takes Naming Rights Of Stadium ; Now AT&T Stadium '' . Dallas Cowboys . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . National Football League . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Attendance Records -- 2015 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Dallas Cowboys . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team History : 1999 Dallas Cowboys '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Valuable Teams In The NFL '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law Nation ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) , The Story of Dallas Cowboys 1992 3rd Super Bowl , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Pearlman on the unbelievable story of the implosion of the Dallas Cowboys '' . the Guardian . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Coaches '' . Cowboysplus.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` CowBuzz : Cowboys Unveil New ColorRush Uniform For Thanksgiving Day Game '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ DawnMacelli ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Packers - Cowboys : A Playoff Rivalry As Old As The Super Bowl Itself '' . Blogging The Boys . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Green Bay reaches the top of NFL playoff rivalries '' . newsok.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . Official website NFL.com -- Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . 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About Wikipedia	last time dallas cowboys went to super bowl	[ "\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "1995" ]
9017701562158766226	Field goal	Field goal - wikipedia Field goal Jump to : navigation , search This article is about field goals in gridiron football . For field goals in rugby league and rugby union , see Field goal ( rugby ) . For field goals in basketball , see Field goal ( basketball ) . Execution of a field goal . A field goal ( FG ) is a means of scoring in American football and Canadian football . To score a field goal the team in possession of the ball must place kick , or drop kick , the ball through the goal , i.e. , between the uprights and over the crossbar . American football requires that a field goal must only come during a play from scrimmage , while Canadian football retains open field kicks and thus field goals may be scored at any time from anywhere on the field and by any player . The vast majority of field goals , in both codes , are placed kicked . Drop kicked field goals were common in the early days of Gridiron football but are almost never done in modern times . In most leagues , a successful field goal awards three points ( a notable exception is in six - man football where , due to the difficulty of making a successful field goal because of the small number of players available to stop the opposing team from attempting a block , a field goal is worth four points ) . A field goal may also be scored through a fair catch kick , but this is extremely rare . Since a field goal is worth only three points , as opposed to a touchdown , which is worth six points , it is usually only attempted in specific situations ( see Strategy ) . The goal structure consists of a horizontal crossbar suspended 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the ground , with two vertical goalposts 18 feet 6 inches ( 5.64 m ) apart extending vertically from each end of the crossbar . In American football the goals are centered on each end line ; in Canadian football the goals are centered on each goal line . Contents ( hide ) 1 Strategy 2 How field goals are kicked 3 Successful field goals 4 Missed field goals 5 Blocked field goals 6 History 7 Longest field goal records 7.1 NFL 7.2 CFL 7.3 College football 7.4 U Sports 7.5 High school 7.6 Independent amateur 7.7 Independent Women 's Football League 8 Longest missed field goal return records 8.1 NFL 8.2 CFL 8.3 NCAA 8.4 U Sports 9 References 10 External links Strategy ( edit ) As a field goal is worth only three points , while a touchdown scores at least six ( which usually becomes seven with a successful conversion , and potentially 8 with a two - point conversion ) , teams will generally attempt a field goal only in the following situations : It is fourth down ( third down in Canadian rules ) , especially if the offense is more than a yard or two from a new first down , and within about 45 yards of the goal posts . In the first half , there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play . In the second half , there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play , and the team on offense needs three points to win or tie ( four points in a few leagues given special circumstances ) . The game is in overtime , and a FG is the quickest , easiest , and least risky way to end the match . Except in desperate situations , a team will generally attempt field goals only when keeping a drive alive is unlikely , and its kicker has a significant chance of success , as a missed field goal results in a turnover at the spot of the kick ( in the NFL ) or at the line of scrimmage ( in the NCAA ) . In American high school rules and Canadian football , where a missed field goal is treated the same as a punt , most teams still opt not to attempt field goals from very long range since field goal formations are not conducive to covering kick returns . Even under ideal conditions , the best professional kickers historically had difficulty making kicks longer than 50 yards consistently ( the NFL record is 65 yards and the CFL record , 62 yards ) . If a team chooses not to attempt a field goal on their last down , they can punt to the other team . A punt can not score any points in American football unless the receiving team touches the ball first and the kicking team recovers it ( though it can result in a single in Canadian football ) , but it may push the other team back toward its own end . The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards , a record set by Matt Prater on December 8 , 2013 . The previous record was 63 , originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam , Sebastian Janikowski , and David Akers . High school , college and most professional football leagues offer only a three - point field goal ; however , some professional leagues have encouraged more rare kicks through four - point field goals . NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three ( much like Australian rules ' Super Goal or basketball 's three - point line ) , a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League . Similarly , the sport of arena football sought ( unsuccessfully ) to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points ; it failed , since only one kicker ( Brian Mitchell ) was able to do it with any semblance of proficiency . ( In six - man football , where there is no offensive line , all field goals are worth four points instead of the usual three . ) The overall field goal percentage during the 2010 NFL season was 82.3 . In comparison , Jan Stenerud , one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( along with Ray Guy ) , had a career field goal percentage of 66.8 from 1967 to 1985 . How field goals are kicked ( edit ) Play media Video of a successful field goal try . When a team decides to attempt a field goal , it will generally line up in a very tight formation , with all but two players lined up along or near the line of scrimmage : the placekicker and the holder . The holder is usually the team 's punter or backup quarterback . Instead of the regular center , a team may have a dedicated long snapper trained especially to snap the ball on placekick attempts and punts . The holder usually lines up seven to eight yards behind the line of scrimmage , with the kicker a few yards behind him . Upon receiving the snap , the holder holds the ball against the ground vertically , with the stitches away from the kicker . The kicker begins his approach during the snap , so the snapper and holder have little margin for error . A split - second mistake can disrupt the entire attempt . Texas A&M attempts to kick a field goal against the Citadel in 2006 . The measurement of a field goal 's distance is from the goalpost to the point where the ball was positioned for the kick by the holder . In American football , where the goalpost is located at the back of the end zone ( above the end line ) , the ten yards of the end zone are added to the yard line distance at the spot of the hold . In the early days of the sport , placekickers approached the ball straight on , with the toe making first contact with the ball . The technique of kicking the ball `` soccer - style '' , by approaching the ball at an angle and kicking it with the instep , was introduced by kicker Pete Gogolak in the 1960s . The Hungarian - born Gogolak , reflecting his roots in European soccer , observed that kicking the ball at an angle could cover more distance than kicking straight on . Successful field goals ( edit ) If there is any time left in the half , the method of resuming play after a successful field goal varies between leagues . National Football League The scored - against team receives a kickoff . National Collegiate Athletic Association The scored - against team receives a kickoff . National Federation of High Schools The scored - against team can choose to either receive a kickoff or kick off themselves . ( In practice , almost all choose to receive . ) Canadian Football League The scored - against team may elect to either kick off , receive a kickoff , or scrimmage from the 35 - yard line . The option of scrimmaging from the 35 yard line was eliminated for the 2009 CFL season , but the change proved unpopular and was reversed the following year . Football Canada The scored - against team may elect to scrimmage the ball at its own 35 - yard line , kick off from its own 35 - yard line , or require the scoring team to kick off from its 45 - yard line . Missed field goals ( edit ) A missed field goal is said to be `` no good '' if the kicked ball does not cross between the uprights and / or over the crossbar of the goal posts . If it misses to the posts ' left it may be called `` wide left '' and `` wide right '' if it misses to the posts ' right . A field goal attempt may be described as `` short '' if it does not have sufficient distance to go over the cross bar . Some commentators will only describe a field goal attempt as being short if it appears to have been aimed correctly while others will describe an attempt appearing to lack both accuracy and distance as being both wide and short . If a field goal attempt is missed and does not go out of bounds , a defensive player may catch the ball and return it , like a punt or kickoff . This type of play usually occurs during an extremely long field goal attempt due to the distance the defense must travel to reach the returner . If there is a significant likelihood of a miss and the strategic game situation warrants it , the defense places a player downfield , in or near their end zone , to catch the ball . The risk in this is that the return man may be tackled deep in his own territory , at a considerably worse position than he could have gotten by letting the ball go dead ( see below ) ; furthermore , should the returner fumble the ball , the kicking team can recover it and gain a new set of downs ( the advantage is that the kicking team is lined up very close together to stop kick blockers , and not spread across the field like a kickoff or punt team , and is therefore in poor position to defend the return ) . Thus , teams will usually return a kick only towards the end of a half ( when the kick will be the final play ) or in a particularly desperate situation . If a ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar , but lands in the field of play , the ball is considered dead and can not be returned . ( This is not the case in arena football , where large `` rebound nets '' surround the goal posts for the explicit purpose of keeping the ball in play . ) However , if the ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar and continues into the goal , the score counts . Situations where the defense does not return a missed field goal vary between leagues and levels of play : National Football League Missed field goals attempted from the defending team 's 20 - yard line or closer result in the defense taking possession at their 20 - yard line . Missed field goals attempted from behind the 20 - yard line result in the opposing team taking possession at the spot of the kick . ( Until 1994 , the opposing team would take possession at the line of scrimmage , unless the kick was attempted from inside the 20 - yard line , in which case the opposing team would take possession at the 20 - yard line . ) NCAA The opposing team takes possession at the line of scrimmage rather than at the spot of the kick . If the line of scrimmage is inside the 20 - yard line , the opposing team takes possession at the 20 . High school Under NFHS ( high school ) rules , a field goal attempt is no different from any other scrimmage kick ( punt , drop kick ) . If the field goal attempt is no good and enters the end zone it is a touchback . If the ball becomes dead on the field the defensive team will next put the ball in play from that point . If a field goal is blocked behind the line of scrimmage either team may pick it up and return it ( see below ) . Canadian football If the defense does not return a missed field goal out of the end zone , or if a missed field goal attempt goes out the back of end zone , then the kicking team scores a single point . This sometimes results in the team on defense stationing their punter behind the goal posts to punt the ball out of the end zone , in case of a missed field - goal attempt , to preserve a victory or tie . Also , a missed field goal may be played by any onside player on the kicking team , ( onside players being the kicker and anyone behind him at the time of the kick ) . It is risky to have anyone positioned behind the kicker when the ball is being kicked since those player ( s ) would be unable to help prevent the defending players from blocking the kick ; however , on occasion teams might intentionally miss a field goal in hope of recovering the ball in the end zone for a touchdown . Returning a missed field goal is much more likely in Canadian football than in American rules for a few reasons . First , since the goal posts are on the goal line in front of a 20 - yard end zone ( rather than at the back of a 10 - yard end zone ) , a missed field goal is much less likely to go out of bounds while in the air . Also , not returning the ball out of the end zone results in the defense conceding a single point , which may be crucial in a close game . Moreover , the wider field of the Canadian game makes the average return longer ( in terms of yardage ) . However , many Canadian football coaches judge that conceding a single and taking possession at the 35 - yard line is preferable to returning a missed field goal and avoiding a single at the cost of poor field position . Blocked field goals ( edit ) The San Francisco 49ers block a field goal attempt by Philadelphia Eagles kicker David Akers on October 12 , 2008 , and return it for a touchdown . The Fresno State Bulldogs block a Texas A&M field goal attempt . Occasionally , the defense will succeed in blocking a field goal . If a blocked field goal is in or behind the neutral zone , it is treated like a fumble and can be advanced by either team . Beyond the neutral zone , a blocked kick is treated like a punt and can be advanced only by the defense , unless a defensive player fumbles the ball , after which an offensive player can advance it . History ( edit ) In the early days of football , kicking was highly emphasized . In 1883 , the scoring system was devised , with field goals counting for 5 points , and touchdowns and conversions worth 4 apiece . In 1897 , the touchdown was raised to 5 points while the conversion was lowered to 1 point . Field goals were devalued to 4 points in 1904 , and then to the modern 3 points in 1909 . The touchdown was changed to 6 points in 1912 in American football ; the Canadian game followed suit in 1956 . The spot of the conversion has also changed through the years . In 1924 , NCAA rules spotted the conversion at the 3 - yard line , before moving it back to the 5 - yard line in 1925 . In 1929 , the spot was moved up to the 2 - yard line , which the NFL had done until 2014 . In 1968 , the NCAA diverged from the NFL rules in moving the spot back to the original 3 - yard line . Canadian rules originally spotted the conversion at the 5 - yard line , which remains closer than in the American code as the goalposts are at the front of the end zone . In 2015 , to make conversion kicks harder , the NFL and CFL moved the spot of the kick to the 15 and 25 - yard lines , respectively . In addition , the CFL moved the spot for a two - point conversion up to the 3 - yard line to entice more teams to go for 2 points as opposed to one . The goalposts were originally located on the goal line ; this led to many injuries and sometimes interfered with play . The NCAA moved the goal posts to the rear of the end zone in 1927 . The NFL ( still following NCAA rules at the time ) followed suit , but moved the posts back to the goal line starting in the 1932 NFL Playoff Game , a change made necessary by the size of the indoor Chicago Stadium and kept when the NFL rules stopped mirroring the NCAA rules in 1933 . The NFL kept the post at the goal line until 1974 , when they were moved back to the rear of the end zone . This was partly a result of the narrowed hashmark distance made in 1972 , which had made for easier field - goal angles . The Canadian game still has posts on the goal line . The width of the goalposts and the hashmarks have also varied throughout the years . In 1959 , the NCAA goalposts were widened to 23 feet 4 inches ( 7.11 m ) , the standard width for high school posts today . In 1991 , the college goalposts were reduced in width to 18 ft 6 in ( 5.64 m ) , matching the NFL . For the 1991 and 1992 seasons , this meant potentially severe angles for short field goal attempts , since the hashmark width remained at 53 ft 4 in ( 16.26 m ) . In 1993 , the NCAA narrowed the distance between the hashmarks to 40 ft ( 12.19 m ) , matching what was the width of hashmarks in the NFL from 1945 through 1971 ; the NFL narrowed the hashmarks in 1972 to goalpost width at 18.5 feet ( 5.64 m ) . In the CFL , the hashmarks are 51 feet ( 16 m ) , but the field is 195 feet ( 59 m ) in width , 35 feet ( 11 m ) wider than the American field . The NFL increased the height of the uprights above the crossbar to 20 feet ( 6.10 m ) in 1966 and 30 feet ( 9.14 m ) in 1974 . In 2014 , they were raised five feet to 35 feet ( 10.67 m ) after the adoption of a proposal by New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick . The `` slingshot '' goalpost , with a single post curving to support the crossbar , was invented by Jim Trimble and Joel Rottman in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The first were built by Alcan and displayed at Expo 67 , the World 's fair in Montreal . The NFL had standardized the goalposts in 1966 and adopted the slingshot for the 1967 season ; the NCAA later adopted the same rule , but later allowed the use of `` offset '' goalposts , with two posts rather than one ( which were the norm prior to the invention of the `` slingshot '' goalposts ) . The CFL was the first league to use the new goalposts ; they made their debut in the 2nd game of the CFL 's Eastern Conference final in 1966 ( which was played at Montreal 's Autostade as Landsdowne Park ( now TD Place Stadium ) , the home of Ottawa Rough Riders , was undergoing renovations ) , and were used in the Grey Cup the next week at Vancouver 's Empire Stadium . Three schools in Division I FBS currently use dual - support posts : Florida State , LSU , and Washington State . A special exemption was allowed by the NFL for the New Orleans Saints to use the offset goalposts during the 2005 season , when they used LSU 's stadium for home games after Hurricane Katrina . Goalposts at the professional level today are sometimes equipped with a camera mounted to the stanchion immediately behind the center of the crossbar . Since these cameras are both above and slightly behind the crossbar , a field goal attempt will be judged good if it strikes this equipment . In 1989 , the NCAA banned the kicking tee for field goals and extra points , requiring kicks from the ground . During the 2011 NFL season , a record 90 field goals of 50 yards or longer were made . In 2012 , this record was increased to 92 field goals of 50 yards or longer . Longest field goal Records ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As recorded in Guinness World Records : The record for a field goal at any level is 69 yards . It was kicked by Ove Johansson of the Abilene Christian University Wildcats in the 1976 game against East Texas State University Lions ( now Texas A&M University -- Commerce ) in Shotwell Stadium , Abilene , Texas . NFL ( edit ) The longest field goal made was 64 yards by Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos on December 8 , 2013 . The longest field goal attempt in an NFL game was 76 yards by Sebastian Janikowski on September 28 , 2008 . In the history of the NFL regular season , only 18 field goals have been made from at least 60 yards : Distance Kicker Team Result Opposition Date Notes Location Elevation Weather 64 yards Matt Prater Denver Broncos 51 -- 28 Tennessee Titans December 8 , 2013 End of 1st half Sports Authority Field at Mile High 5,280 ft ( 1,610 m ) 13 ° F ; Sunny ; Wind : S at 3 mph ; Humidity : 72 % 63 yards Tom Dempsey New Orleans Saints 19 -- 17 Detroit Lions November 8 , 1970 Born with a stub for a right foot . Game - winning kick as time expired . Detroit kicker Errol Mann had kicked a field goal with : 08 remaining to give Lions the lead . Tulane Stadium 16 ft ( 4.9 m ) 63 yards Jason Elam Denver Broncos 37 -- 24 Jacksonville Jaguars October 25 , 1998 First field goal to tie record ; soccer - style kicker Mile High Stadium 5,280 ft ( 1,610 m ) 63 yards Sebastian Janikowski Oakland Raiders 23 -- 20 Denver Broncos September 12 , 2011 Left - footed Sports Authority Field at Mile High 5,280 ft ( 1,610 m ) Light rain early 63 yards David Akers San Francisco 49ers 30 -- 22 Green Bay Packers September 9 , 2012 Left - footed ; end of first half ; ball bounced off crossbar before crossing the plane Lambeau Field 640 ft ( 200 m ) 70 ° F ; Mostly Cloudy ; Wind : N at 7 mph ; Humidity : 43 % 62 yards Matt Bryant Tampa Bay Buccaneers 23 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles October 22 , 2006 Game - winning kick as time expired Raymond James Stadium 35 ft ( 11 m ) 62 yards Stephen Gostkowski New England Patriots 33 -- 8 Oakland Raiders November 19 , 2017 Right - footed ; kicked as time expired at the end of the first half Azteca Stadium 7,280 ft ( 2,220 m ) 63 ° F ; Mostly Cloudy 61 yards Sebastian Janikowski Oakland Raiders 9 -- 23 Cleveland Browns December 27 , 2009 Left - footed FirstEnergy Stadium 580 ft ( 180 m ) 61 yards Jay Feely Arizona Cardinals 16 -- 19 ( OT ) Buffalo Bills October 14 , 2012 Right - footed ; longest game - tying field goal with 1 : 09 remaining in the 4th quarter , missed a 38 - yard field goal that would have won the game at the end of regulation University of Phoenix Stadium 1,150 ft ( 350 m ) Retractable roof closed 61 yards Justin Tucker Baltimore Ravens 18 -- 16 Detroit Lions December 16 , 2013 Right - footed ; game - winning field goal with 43 seconds remaining ; sixth field goal of the game Ford Field 601 ft ( 183 m ) Dome 61 yards Greg Zuerlein St. Louis Rams 18 -- 21 ( OT ) Minnesota Vikings November 8 , 2015 Right - footed TCF Bank Stadium 869 ft ( 265 m ) 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) ; sunny 61 yards Jake Elliott Philadelphia Eagles 27 -- 24 New York Giants September 24 , 2017 Right - footed ; game winning kick as time expired . Second game of NFL career . Lincoln Financial Field 39 ft ( 12 m ) 91 ° F ( 33 ° C ) ; sunny 60 yards Steve Cox Cleveland Browns 9 -- 12 Cincinnati Bengals October 21 , 1984 Straight - ahead kick ; on AstroTurf Riverfront Stadium 490 ft ( 150 m ) 60 yards Morten Andersen New Orleans Saints 17 -- 20 Chicago Bears October 27 , 1991 Left - footed ; on AstroTurf ; first 60 - yard kick done indoors Louisiana Superdome Sea level Dome 60 yards Rob Bironas Tennessee Titans 20 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts December 3 , 2006 Right - footed ; game winner with six seconds remaining LP Field 400 ft ( 120 m ) 60 yards Dan Carpenter Miami Dolphins 10 -- 13 Cleveland Browns December 5 , 2010 End of 1st half Sun Life Stadium 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) 77 ° F ( 25 ° C ) , wind SW at 14 mph ( 23 km / h ) 60 yards Greg Zuerlein St. Louis Rams 19 -- 13 Seattle Seahawks September 30 , 2012 In his rookie season ; longest field goal in third quarter ; also kicked a 58 - yard field goal in the first quarter Edward Jones Dome 466 ft ( 142 m ) Dome 60 yards Chandler Catanzaro Arizona Cardinals 18 -- 33 Buffalo Bills September 25 , 2016 Longest field goal in career New Era Field 600 ft ( 180 m ) Prior to Dempsey 's 1970 kick , the longest field goal in NFL history was a 56 - yard field goal by Bert Rechichar in 1953 . A 55 - yard field goal , achieved by a drop kick , was recorded by Paddy Driscoll in 1924 , and stood as the unofficial record until that point ; some sources indicate a 54 - yarder by Glenn Presnell in 1934 as the record , due to the inability to precisely verify Driscoll 's 55 - yarder . In a pre-season NFL game between the Denver Broncos and the Seattle Seahawks on August 29 , 2002 , Ola Kimrin kicked a 65 - yard field goal . However , because pre-season games are not counted toward official records , this accomplishment is not the official record . CFL ( edit ) 62 yards , Paul McCallum , Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Edmonton Eskimos , October 27 , 2001 60 yards , Dave Ridgway , Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers , September 6 , 1987 College football ( edit ) 69 yards , Ove Johansson , Abilene Christian vs. East Texas State on October 16 , 1976 . ( NAIA ) 67 yards , Tom Odle , Fort Hays State vs. Washburn , 1988 . ( NCAA ) 67 yards , Joe Williams , Wichita State vs. Southern Illinois , 1978 . ( NCAA Division I ) 67 yards , Russell Erxleben , Texas vs. Rice , 1977 . ( NCAA Division I ) 67 yards , Steve Little , Arkansas vs. Texas , 1977 . ( NCAA Division I ) 65 yards , J.T. Haxall , Princeton vs. Yale , 1882 . All of the above kicks were successful with the use of a kicking tee , which was banned by the NCAA after the 1988 season . 65 yards , Martin Gramatica , Kansas State vs. Northern Illinois , 1998 - without a tee The longest known drop - kicked field goal in college football was a 62 - yard kick from Pat O'Dea , an Australian kicker who played on the Wisconsin Badgers football team . O'Dea's kick took place in a blizzard against Northwestern on November 15 , 1898 . U Sports ( edit ) The longest field goal in U Sports football history is 59 yards , by Niko Difonte of Calgary Dinos , playing against the UBC Thunderbirds on November 11 , 2017 . The field goal was the final and winning play of the 81st Hardy Cup . High school ( edit ) 68 yards , Dirk Borgognone , Reno High School vs. Sparks High School ( Nevada ) , September 27 , 1985 67 yards , Austin Rehkow , Central Valley High School ( Spokane Valley , Washington ) vs. Shadle Park High School ( Spokane , Washington ) , October 18 , 2012 , game - tying FG with : 02 left in 4th quarter ( CV would go on to win 62 - 55 ) . ( tied with two others ) 62 yards , David Rosenbaum , Woodrow Wilson High School ( Washington , D.C. ) vs. Spingarn High School , October 3 , 2003 . While no records are kept , considered to be the longest extra point scored . Penalties due to excessive celebration , unsportsmanlike conduct , and taunting . Independent amateur ( edit ) 68 yards , Fabrizio Scaccia , Treasure Coast Bobcats ( FL ) , March 29 , 2009 ( world record for a kick without the aid of a tee , which was banned for field goal and extra point attempts in the NCAA in 1989 ) Independent women 's football League ( edit ) 44 yards , Sarah Oliver , California Quake vs. New Mexico Menace , April 26 , 2008 . Longest missed field goal return Records ( edit ) NFL ( edit ) Field goal returns are rare in the NFL , since an attempt with sufficient distance that misses the uprights will automatically be dead . Returns are possible when a field goal is short , but in that case returners will usually down the ball so as to scrimmage from the spot of the kick . Normally , a return will only be attempted when there is not enough time left in the half to run a play from scrimmage . Nevertheless , four field goals have been returned for at least 107 yards in the 21st century : Distance returned Returner Team Opposing kicker Opposing team Distance attempted Date Location 109 yards Antonio Cromartie San Diego Chargers Ryan Longwell Minnesota Vikings 58 yards November 4 , 2007 Metrodome 108 yards Devin Hester Chicago Bears Jay Feely New York Giants 52 yards November 12 , 2006 Giants Stadium 108 yards Nathan Vasher Chicago Bears Joe Nedney San Francisco 49ers 52 yards November 13 , 2005 Soldier Field 107 yards Chris McAlister Baltimore Ravens Jason Elam Denver Broncos 57 yards September 30 , 2002 Ravens Stadium CFL ( edit ) Because the goalposts in Canadian football are on the goal line , and because downing the ball in the end zone results in the kicking team scoring a single point , field goal returns are much more common . The longest missed field goal return in the CFL is 131 total yards . Against the Montreal Alouettes on August 22 , 1958 , the Toronto Argonauts ' Boyd Carter ran 15 yards , then threw a lateral to Dave Mann , who then returned it for the final 116 yards . This return , which started 21 yards behind the goal line , was during the era of 25 - yard end zones ( which made the maximum theoretical missed field return distance 134 yards in those days ) and therefore can not be met or exceeded on the modern field with 20 - yard end zones . Since the shortening of the end zones in the CFL in 1986 , a field goal has been returned for the maximum 129 yards on two occasions : by Tristan Jackson of the Saskatchewan Roughriders on July 14 , 2012 and by Trent Guy of the Montreal Alouettes on September 23 , 2012 . NCAA ( edit ) In NCAA college football , only five missed field goals returns for touchdowns have ever been returned 100 yards or more : September 17 , 1966 : Don Guest ( California Golden Bears ) , 108 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47 - yard field goal attempt by Washington State . September 28 , 1968 : Richie Luzzi ( Clemson Tigers ) , 108 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47 - yard field goal attempt by Georgia . September 7 , 2013 : Odell Beckham Jr . ( LSU Tigers ) , 109 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 59 - yard field goal attempt by UAB . November 30 , 2013 : Chris Davis , Jr . ( Auburn Tigers ) , 109 - yard return for a touchdown after what would have been a tie - breaking 57 - yard field goal attempt by Alabama fell short as time expired , what some writers and fans call the greatest play in college football history . September 3 , 2016 : Brandon Wilson ( Houston Cougars ) , 109 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 53 - yard field goal attempt by Oklahoma . U Sports ( edit ) In U Sports football , like in the CFL , the longest possible missed field goal return is 129 yards , and this has occurred three times . Jeremy Botelho of the Manitoba Bisons playing against the Simon Fraser Clansmen on September 11 , 2009 Jedd Gardner of the Guelph Gryphons playing against the McMaster Marauders on October 8 , 2010 Tunde Adeleke of the Carleton Ravens playing against the Ottawa Gee - Gees on October 5 , 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://static.nfl.com/static/content/public/image/rulebook/pdfs/4_2012_Field.pdf ^ Jump up to : Battista , Judy ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Kickers Are Becoming Ca n't - Miss Performers '' . The New York Times . p . SP4 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.cornellbigred.com/News/football/2007/10/29/DartNotes102907.asp?path=football Jump up ^ http://static.nfl.com/static/content/public/image/rulebook/pdfs/14_2013_Scoring.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/FR14.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Canadian Amateur Rule Book for Tackle Football '' ( PDF ) . Vancouver Mainland Football League . Football Canada . p. 19 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Touchdown for Canada ! '' . En Ville . ( Montreal , Quebec , Canada ) . March 18 , 1967 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-02-05/sports/fl-rottman-goal-post-super-bowl-0205-20100205_1_slingshot-post-orange-bowl Jump up ^ http://tech.mit.edu/V109/N1/foot.01s.html Jump up ^ `` No More Tee Party '' . CNN . September 4 , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : NFL Player Stats - Field Goals Made , 50 + Yards Jump up ^ See the article on Johansson . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000294584/article/matt-prater-breaks-fieldgoal-record-with-64yarder Jump up ^ Chase , Chris . `` Raiders attempt 76 - yard field goal '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Long field goals '' . www.profootballhof.com . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Field '' . Sports Venue info . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Living With 63 Yards -- And Beyond '' . ESPN . November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : CFL , `` Regular Season All - Time Records '' , retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated Almanac , 2011 edition ; `` NCAA FBS ( 1 - A ) Alltime Individual Leaders '' , pg. 242 Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/DI/2008/FBS%20compiled.pdf Jump up ^ Hall of Fame Inductee Search : Pat `` Kangaroo Kicker '' O'Dea Jump up ^ `` Niko DiFonte with a 59 - yard field goal to win '' . ^ Jump up to : `` CIS Football Records '' . Canadian Interuniversity Sport . Jump up ^ Santoro , Joe ( 2005 ) . For a moment in time , he was The Kid Who Made The Kick . RGJ.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 67 - yard field goal ; Vick 's flat tire ; ' Tebowing ' trademark . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenks , Jayson. ( 2012 ) . ( 2 ) Central Valley 's Austin Rehkow kicks state - record 67 - yard field goal . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Nathan . ( 2012 ) . ( 3 ) Austin Rehkow Incredible RECORD 67 - Yard Field Goal ! ! ! Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/2003/oct/04/sports/sp-hs62xp5 Jump up ^ `` Faces in the Crowd . '' Sports Illustrated ( April 20 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Catherine B Vivo ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) , Quake - # 81 Sarah `` Ollie '' Oliver Field Goal Record 04 - 26 - 08 , retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 Jump up ^ `` San Diego 's Cromartie sets NFL record with 109 - yard FG return '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hester 's record return pushes Bears past sleeping Giants '' . Associated Press . ESPN . November 12 , 2006 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vasher 's 108 - yard return lifts Bears over 49ers '' . Associated Press . ESPN . November 13 , 2005 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens beat Broncos in every way possible '' . Associated Press . ESPN . September 30 , 2002 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://cfl.ca/video/index/id/76119 Jump up ^ http://cfl.ca/article/hes-the-guy-129-yard-touchdown-seals-win-for-als ^ Jump up to : `` How rare is missed field goal returned for touchdown ? '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Low , Chris ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Yards to Glory , SEC version '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bacon , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Auburn - Alabama : The Greatest Play in College Football History ? '' . Here&Now . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro , Mike ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Auburn - Alabama is greatest ending in sports history '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeMarchi , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Is the 2013 Iron Bowl ( Alabama vs. Auburn ) the Most Dramatic Finish to a Football Game of All - Time ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lupica , Mike ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` End of Auburn vs. Alabama is one second in college football that will be talked about forever '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma vs. Houston - Play - By - Play - September 3 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official NFL Field Goal Records ( hide ) Gridiron football concepts Codes American Glossary History Early Modern Rules Canadian American -- Canadian comparison Burnside rules Glossary Arena Indoor 9 - man 8 - man 6 - man Flag Touch Street / Backyard Powderpuff Wheelchair Rules of gridiron football codes Levels of play Youth / midget Pop Warner AYF High school Varsity Junior varsity College Club Sprint Semi-pro Professional Practice squad Women 's International Field Lines Yard lines Hash marks Goal line Sidelines Line of scrimmage Field goal range Spaces End zone Red zone Neutral zone Coffin corner Flat Gap Hole Pocket Scoring Touchdown One - point conversion Two - point conversion Field goal Safety Single ( rouge ) Turnovers Fumble Interception Muffed punt Turnover on downs Downs First down Three - and - out Fourth down conversion Dead ball Play clock Timeout Kneel Spike Time warnings 3 min . 2 min . 1 min . Clock management Running out the clock Untimed play Garbage time Statistics Carry Completion Rushing yards Passing yards Passer rating Total quarterback rating Reception Receiving yards Pass deflected Sack Return yards Total offense Yards after catch Yards from scrimmage All - purpose yardage Touchdown pass Practice Two - a-days Oklahoma drill Three - cone drill Film session Officiating Official ( American , Canadian ) Chain crew Penalty Penalty flag Instant replay Miscellaneous Ball Coaching tree Concussions Equipment 12th man Letterman Overtime Running up the score Touchdown celebration Gatorade shower Tuck rule Uniform number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_goal&oldid=815431683 '' Categories : American football plays American football terminology Canadian football terminology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 20 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the record for the longest field goal in the nfl	[ "The longest field goal made was 64 yards by Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos on December 8, 2013.[14] The longest field goal attempt in an NFL game was 76 yards by Sebastian Janikowski on September 28, 2008.[15]" ]	[ "Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos" ]
6768974037627749161	List of Madagascar (franchise) characters	List of Madagascar ( franchise ) characters - wikipedia List of Madagascar ( franchise ) characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters that have appeared in the Madagascar films , the television series The Penguins of Madagascar , and the Netflix series All Hail King Julien . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 2 Main characters 2.1 Alex 2.2 Marty 2.3 Melman Mankiewicz 2.4 Gloria 2.5 The Penguins 2.5. 1 Skipper 2.5. 2 Kowalski 2.5. 3 Rico 2.5. 4 Private 2.6 The Lemurs 2.6. 1 King Julien XIII 2.6. 2 Maurice 2.6. 3 Mort 2.7 Mason and Phil 2.8 Circus Zaragoza Animals 2.8. 1 Vitaly 2.8. 2 Gia 2.8. 3 Stefano 2.8. 4 Sonya 2.8. 5 The Andalusian Triplets 2.8. 6 The Dancing Dogs 2.8. 7 Manu and Maya 3 Secondary characters 3.1 Ted 3.2 Zuba 3.3 Florrie 3.4 Moto Moto 3.5 Okapi Girl 3.6 North Wind 3.6. 1 Classified 3.6. 2 Short Fuse 3.6. 3 Eva 3.6. 4 Corporal 4 Antagonists 4.1 Nana 4.1. 1 Mr. Chew 4.2 The Fossa 4.3 Makunga 4.3. 1 Teetsi 4.4 Captain Chantel DuBois 4.4. 1 DuBois ' Men 4.5 Dave / Dr. Octavius Brine 4.5. 1 Dave 's Henchmen 5 Characters in The Penguins of Madagascar TV series 5.1 Marlene 5.2 Alice 5.3 Pervis McSlade 5.4 Zoo Doctor 5.5 Chuck Charles 5.6 Rat King 5.6. 1 Sewer Rats 5.7 Officer X 5.8 Joey 5.9 Leonard 5.10 Hans 5.11 Dr. Blowhole 5.12 Rhonda 5.13 Bada and Bing 5.14 Burt 5.15 Roger 5.16 Max 5.17 Duck Family 5.17. 1 Mother Duck 5.17. 2 Eggy 5.17. 3 Ramona , Bradley and Samuel 5.18 Fred 5.19 Roy 5.20 Pinky 5.21 Darla 5.21. 1 Carol and Jillian 5.22 Shelly 5.23 Becky and Stacy 5.24 Randy 5.25 Muffy , Buffy , and Fluffy 5.26 Clemson 5.27 Lulu 5.28 Doris 5.29 Savio 5.30 The Vesuvius Twins 5.31 Cecil and Brick 5.32 Archie 5.33 Amarillo Kid 5.34 Miss Perky 5.35 Granny Squirrel 5.36 Barry 5.37 Frankie 5.38 The Red Squirrel 5.39 The Broches 5.39. 1 Mike 5.39. 2 Duane 5.39. 3 Eddie 5.40 Frances Alberta 5.41 Kitka 5.42 Nurse Shawna W. Smith 5.43 Special Agent Buck Rockgut 5.44 Hunter 5.45 Uncle Nigel 5.46 Blue Hen 5.47 Manfredi and Johnson 6 Characters in All Hail King Julien 6.1 Clover 6.2 Masikura 6.3 Maggie the Unwashed 6.4 Prince Barty 6.5 Princess Julienne 6.6 Uncle King Julien XII 6.7 Ted 6.8 Willie 6.9 Xixi 6.10 Hector 6.11 Horst 6.12 Dorothy 6.13 Pancho 6.14 Sage Moondancer 6.15 Tammy 6.16 Todd 6.17 Timo 6.18 Mom - Bot 6.19 King Joey 6.20 Becca 6.21 Abner 6.22 Karl 6.22. 1 Chauncey 6.23 Crimson 6.24 Rob McTodd ( Nurse Phantom ) 6.25 Vigman Wildebeests 6.26 Dr. S 6.27 Fred the Giant Scorpion 6.28 Pam Simonsworthington 6.29 Jarsh - Jarsh 6.30 Koto 6.31 Grandpa Mort 6.32 Captain Ethan 6.33 Andy Fairfax 7 Merry Madagascar characters 7.1 Donner 7.2 Cupid 8 Reception 9 References Concept and creation ( edit ) Tom McGrath explained in an interview that the intention of Madagascar was not to take a political stance on whether `` zoos are bad and the wild is better , or that the wild is bad , '' but to show `` the most extreme ' fish out of water ' story that ( they ) could do '' . McGrath stated `` the basic irony to the story is that , you think animals do belong in the wild , but if they 're so accustomed to civility , they would n't know where food even came from , '' and the animals were meant to `` love the zoo and to love where they are because they 've got '' 5,000 square feet ( 460 m ) `` right off Fifth Avenue '' . McGrath also described , during the research of Madagascar , they `` found these crazy , weird animals that were already cartoons in their own right . '' Main characters ( edit ) Alex ( edit ) Alex Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Ben Stiller ( films and TV specials ) Wally Wingert ( first video game and spin - offs ) Quinn Dempsey Stiller ( cub ) Declan Swift ( cub ) Crispin Freeman ( second and third video games , All Hail King Julien ) Information Species African lion Alex ( born Alakay ) is a male African lion . Alex is headstrong , protective and self - proclaimed leader of his friends . He is best friends with Marty the zebra ( Chris Rock ) . He is used to the life of comfort in the zoo , but learns to adapt to the wild . He 's smart , quick thinking and fast on his feet . He is a dancer by nature , often impressing others with his aerobatic feats . He does tend to be a little self - absorbed , often not seeing the problems of others above his own . Alex enjoys his life at the zoo and has plenty of friends and is surprised when hearing Marty 's wish to leave and live in the wild ( or run free in Connecticut as stated in the movie ) . As a cub , Alex was born on an African wildlife reserve and named Alakay . He has brown and yellow fur , whiskers , a black nose , a big mane , and a long tufted tail . He was the son of the alpha lion , Zuba ( Bernie Mac ) , and was constantly given lessons on hunting , though he displayed no interest in the activity . During one of the sessions , Alex was captured by poachers , but the crate he was contained in fell into a river and eventually floated to New York . He is found by humans who renamed him Alex and took to the Central Park Zoo . In Madagascar , after Marty , Alex 's best friend , leaves in an effort to take a train to the wild , Alex , Gloria the hippopotamus ( Jada Pinkett Smith ) , and Melman the giraffe ( David Schwimmer ) pursue him and are shot with tranquilizer darts by humans . The animal - rights activists pressure the zoo into releasing them back into the wild , but on the ship to the preserve , Alex and his friends fall into the ocean . They wash ashore on Madagascar , and , while Marty is excited to be free , Alex wishes to go home . He grows very hungry after days of being unable to eat , not realizing that steak is animal flesh . Hunger drives Alex into a crazed state , and after almost killing Marty in hunger ( by biting him on the butt when he thought it was a piece of steak ) , in a moment of lucidity , he goes into self - imposed exile , barricading himself in the fossa territory of the island . Marty pursues him , unwilling to leave his friend , but is attacked by the fossa , the native predators of Madagascar . Alex works to defend Marty , and is later given sushi by the penguins to satiate his hunger . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Alex encounters his parents , Zuba and Florrie ( Sherri Shepherd ) , who are overjoyed to see their son and he becomes co-alpha lion alongside his father . Zuba assumes Alex is strong after hearing he is the `` King '' of New York and arranges a rite of passage into the pride . Makunga ( Alec Baldwin ) , Zuba 's rival , persuades Alex to challenge Teetsi during the Alex 's rite of passage . Teetsi was revealed to be a bulky , strong lion and Alex is quickly defeated by him . To keep from banishing Alex , Zuba transfers his control to Makunga , and in turn , he , Florrie , and Alex are banished . Zuba soon grows unaccepting of Alex after realizing he is not a fierce warrior . The next day , the watering hole is shown to be dried up and Alex leaves with Marty to find out the cause . They leave the safety of the reserve , prompting Zuba to follow Alex and bring him back . Alex discovers that the stranded New Yorkers had created a dam , and through the use of dancing , he is recognized by the attacking New Yorkers . With the help of others , the dam is destroyed and they return to the preserve . His father learns to respect his habits , and they remain in Africa instead of flying home with the penguins . In The Penguins of Madagascar in a Christmas Caper , a stuffed animal Alex is seen briefly and its head is quickly dismembered by Nana 's toy poodle , Mr. Chew . Alex has small cameos with his friends celebrating Christmas and singing a version of `` Jingle Bells '' . The fact that Alex loses the challenge to Teetsi and is spanked by Nana in Madagascar gives him the impression he is a horrible fighter , but this is not true , because ( in the Nana case ) , she only gets Alex by surprise , but was more visible when in Madagascar 2 , he has a short , but equilibrated fight against Nana . Alex is shown to have a superhuman level of interior physical strength , seeing that he broke the zoo 's public telephone , and lifts Melman , Marty and Gloria with relative ease . Alex made another appearance in `` The Return of the Revenge of Dr. Blowhole . '' Wally Wingert reprises his role from the video games . In the show , he appeared as a hallucination `` spirit guide '' to help Skipper , whose memories had been stolen by the evil Dr. Blowhole . At first , Skipper thought he was very talkative and annoying , but soon he accepted his guidance , especially when he had to face Blowhole when he got back to New York City . A running gag in the episode is that Skipper 's friends are confused and convinced he 's crazy when they see him talk to Alex , since only Skipper can see him . After Dr. Blowhole was defeated , Alex 's spirit guide form disappeared . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , it opens on Alex 's birthday and after a present from his friends of a mud New York he is determined to get the penguins from Monte Carlo . Alex creates four phases and after a fight with his friends they are exposed and are pursued by Captain Chantel DuBois . After cutting the DuBois ' snare they fly back to New York until they crash in a trainyard . Alex is determined to get back home and tries to fix the plane but fails . Then he persuades Gia a jaguar to let them on the train , with whom he is smitten upon first sight . After being let on the train Alex , Marty , Melman and Gloria realized that this was a ticket home . After a failing performance in Rome he gives a pep talk and has the circus spiced up to get the circus promoter for a tour in America . Stefano told Alex why Vitaly the Siberian tiger was grouchy . Alex teaches Gia trapeze , and they begin to fall deeply in love . The London performance was better and they go to America . DuBois came to `` take home '' Alex but gets shot out of a cannon . Alex tells them why they had to join the circus . Alex gives another pep talk to his friends and Julien that they were wrong and they decide to go back until DuBois comes . Awakening , Alex realizes they are back in the zoo with iron cage links between them . Luckily the circus came and rescued him . But DuBois is still determined to get Alex 's head and is taking Stefano . But Alex saves the day ( with Gia 's help ) by saving Stefano , a sea lion , and defeating DuBois . Marty ( edit ) Marty Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Chris Rock ( films and TV specials ) Phil LaMarr ( video games ) Thomas Stanley ( foal ) Information Species Plains zebra Marty is a male plains zebra who used to live at the Central Park Zoo , and is a good friend of Alex the lion . He once had an iPod before Alex accidentally broke it . Marty likes seaweed on a stick . Marty is a hopeless optimist ; he usually sees the brighter side of many things , taking every situation in stride . He has black and white stripes , a furry coat , a mane , and a tufted tail . He strives to be unique , which proves difficult when he meets his own kind in Africa , who look and act almost exactly the same . Marty is best friends with Alex and the two are rarely at odds . His carefree lifestyle tends to get on the nerves of his friends , but mostly serves to impress them ; he is the one who helps hold the group together when things seem to get down . Marty lived a life of comfort in the zoo . After his tenth birthday had come and gone , meaning that his life was already half over , Marty decided that never having seen the wild , he must travel to the wild , for at least a short time . In the movie , Alex says he 's black with white stripes , as he has 30 black , and only 29 white , but this was partly because Alex had to give an explanation as to why he was licking Marty , as he thought he was the steak in his dream . The film begins on Marty 's 10th birthday ( middle - aged for a zebra ) . His friends try to give him a great birthday , but somehow , Marty wants more . He escapes the Central Park Zoo , where he had lived for the past ten years , and makes a dash for the wild . His friends , Alex , Melman the giraffe , and Gloria the hippopotamus , flag him down , but as they are about to take him back to the zoo , police officers and animal control officers appear in all directions , tranquilize the animals , and send them on a ship to a wildlife preserve in Kenya . The penguins take over the ship and the four friends are washed up on the shores of Madagascar . Once on the island , Marty had his dream fulfilled . Marty sets up a `` bar '' on the island , known as Casa del Wild ( in English Home of the Wild ) . Alex is mad at Marty for getting them shipped to the wild , but he later apologises to Marty and actually begins to enjoy himself on the island . Unfortunately , his enjoyment brings on his killer instincts , causing him to attack the resident lemurs and his friends , including Marty . Alex does not `` go savage '' for long , and after regaining his senses , he runs away from his friends out of regret . Soon after that , Marty learns the hard way that the wild is not what it seems to be , and how hard it really is for many animals to live there with so many predators and other dangers . Realising the consequences brought upon by his impulsive actions , such as sacrificing his and the other 's lives at the Zoo ( the one safe place they called home ) and the misfortune he caused his best friend , Marty comes to truly regret his birthday wish . However , after learning of the penguins having hijacked a boat and are offering the zoo animals a trip back home , Marty immediately runs after Alex in hopes to save his friend . Alex is later able to rejoin his friends as they head back to the zoo . Marty , along with his friends , has only a few small cameos in The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper . He , Alex , and Gloria are seen at the beginning decorating Melman 's neck with Christmas lights . At the end , he , his friends , and almost all the other zoo animals are seen singing their own version of `` Jingle Bells '' . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Marty ( along with Alex , Melman , Gloria , the lemurs , and the penguins ) finds himself stranded in Africa after a failed attempt at flying to New York . There , he joins a herd of zebra that all look and sound exactly like him . While he enjoys this new lifestyle at first , he quickly becomes depressed when it becomes evident he has no individuality in a herd . Marty also becomes upset when Alex is unable to tell him apart from the other zebras . Ultimately , Alex is able to make amends by picking Marty out of the herd ( later revealed to be due to the bite mark left on his backside from the previous film , and the fact that he is black with white stripes , while the other zebras are all white with black stripes . ) Marty accompanies his friend to unblock a dam set by stranded New Yorkers in the jungle ( which causes the watering hole to dry up ) . When Alex is caught , Marty gets the other animals to help rescue him . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , Marty joins the circus along with the others . His circus act is cannon along with Stefano the sea lion . In the middle of the film , you can tell he loves the afro . At the end of the film , it is shown that Marty is dancing in his afro ( along with the others ) to the tune Afro Circus / I like to Move it . Melman Mankiewicz ( edit ) Melman Mankiewicz Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by David Schwimmer ( films and TV specials ) Stephen Stanton ( video games ) Zachary Gordon ( calf ) Information Species Reticulated giraffe Melman Mankiewicz ( Giacomo Manica ) is a male reticulated giraffe . He has a furry coat , whiskers , a snout , a long neck , brown spots , horns , and a tufted tail . He is somewhat of a hypochondriac , having doses of medicine for meals and doctor 's appointments frequently . He even complains about having brown spots on his neck ( the spots , in real life , are natural ) . He is skittish most of the time , but often has moments of profound clarity . His experience being medicated has given him insight regarding how to treat sick or injured animals who might otherwise give up hope and dig a hole , waiting to die in it . His love for Gloria is deep , and is always a gentleman to her ; to Marty and Alex , he 's just another one of the `` awkward '' guys . Melman had a residence at the Central Park Zoo , where he received constant medical treatment for problems that were all psychosomatic . He would undergo MRIs , CAT scans , injections , flu shots , and be put into braces and crutches for no particular purpose at all . In the Central Park Zoo , Melman was used to his cushy life taking pills and undergoing treatments . One night , Marty the Zebra escaped and Melman immediately informed Alex of this . In a flashback in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , there is a hint that he had a crush on Gloria as a child ( as he seems uncomfortable when she comments that Alex is cute ) . When the animals nearly die trying to fly back to New York in a salvaged air plane , he screams he is in love with Gloria ; she is asleep and does not hear . In Africa , Melman is horrified to learn that once a giraffe becomes sick , it has no way to survive and therefore must simply wait in a hole to die . He takes the position of Witch Doctor to cure sick animals , introducing them to Western medicine and giving them longer and better lives . While he proves to be a very good witch doctor , he is informed by another giraffe that Melman has a brown spot on his shoulder , one which the previous Witch Doctor seemed to have gotten and `` was gone '' two days later . Thinking he only has two days to live , Melman initially waits in a hole , but then takes King Julien 's advice and goes to declare his love to Gloria . He finds her on a date and simply tells her date what a wonderful girl Gloria is and to treat her right . When the watering hole dries up and King Julien decides to sacrifice an animal for the water gods , Melman offers himself . He is saved at the last moment , when Gloria tells him that she loves him back , and the two become a couple ; it becomes apparent the `` brown spot '' was not fatal ( the previous Witch Doctor is found alive and well , the brown spot in fact being a natural giraffe spot ) ; however , there is not a scene where Melman is told of this . It is assumed that he figured it out when his `` time '' came and went and he was fine . He was last seen dancing off into the sunset with Gloria , Alex and Marty . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , Melman and Gloria are still together . They and the other animals go to Monte Carlo to find the penguins . Once inside the hotel , Melman , Alex and Marty argue over who should be the leader of the group . They are crushed by Gloria 's weight and they fall into the casino . Whilst escaping the hotel with the other animals , they are pursued by DuBois . On the way they lose DuBois and manage to reach the Hotel Ambassador . While boarding the plane , Melman is grabbed by the neck when DuBois appears . Alex with a little help from Mort , cuts the rope and saves Melman . Above the skies of France , the plane 's engine fails and it crash lands into a suburban rail yard . Whilst running from the authorities who are closing in on them , Melman gives Alex the idea of boarding the train containing the circus . Upon arrival in Rome , Melman and the group realize how terrible the circus was . En route to London , Melman and the others are discussing how terrible the circus was before Alex tells them about his newfound inspiration . Melman and Gloria create a dancing tightrope act that is performed in London . When Melman and his friends are pursued by DuBois , the circus discover their true identities . Gloria ( edit ) Gloria Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Jada Pinkett Smith ( films and TV specials ) Bettina Bush ( video games ) Willow Smith ( calf ) Information Species Hippopotamus Gloria is a female hippopotamus who resided in the Central Park Zoo as an attraction , all the while being good friends with Alex and Marty , and Melman 's girlfriend ( as of Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ) . She has gray skin , a snout , short arms and legs , black fingernails , an enormously fat belly , and a short stubby tail . Gloria also has a triangular belly button . She acts as the older sister to the gang , often putting her foot down when the boys start to lose control . As she is a hippo , Gloria 's weight and her large belly caused some problems , such as in the second film when she tripped and caused the volcano ledge to break under Melman , though she saved him . In the third film , Gloria got stuck in a vent when the group was entering the casino and then she fell through a glass window . As a hippopotamus , Gloria is another animal in the Central Park Zoo and was one of the many attractions , drawing crowds that enjoyed seeing her swim about in her water tank . She would also receive the star treatment as one of the zoo 's main attractions and attend Marty 's birthday party . At this party , Marty announced his wish upon blowing out the candles on his cake : to go to the wild . Gloria , Alex and Melman tried to have Marty come to his senses by telling him life out in the wilds was savage and difficult , whereas life in the zoos was adequate . Marty was unhappy at hearing this , and Gloria told Alex to go to console Marty . Later that night , Marty acted out his wish and headed straight for the Terminal Station to take a train and go to Connecticut , where Marty heard wide open spaces were found . Gloria urged both Alex and Melman to come with her to find Marty and bring him back before any people would notice . They were found , regardless , along with Mason and Phil , the two chimps , and a troupe of secretive penguins , all ending up tranquilized with darts . When they all came to , they found themselves in crates bound for Africa . When the penguins hijack the ship , the crates fall into the ocean and wash up on the island of Madagascar . After some confusion , they start to set up their own society and attract the attention of a lemur colony . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Gloria expresses a desire to join in the zoo breeding program , in the hopes of finding a boyfriend . When the animals crash land in Africa , she attracts the attention of a hippo named Moto Moto . Though she thinks he is the ideal boyfriend at first , she realizes that he only loves her for her belly , where as Melman loves her for who she is . Realizing that she loves Melman back , she convinces him not to sacrifice himself into the volcano and Gloria grabs him by the horn and says , `` It 's crazy to think that I had to go half way around the world to find the perfect guy was right next door ... '' and then joins the other animals in rescuing Alex from Nana . Gloria returns in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted with Melman , the couple find their way as they contribute to the circus ' success with a spectacular tightrope act . The penguins ( edit ) Skipper ( edit ) Skipper Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Tom McGrath Information Species Adélie penguin Skipper is the leader of the Adélie penguins ( despite their color - schemes not matching the real species ) and is the main character in the TV show . He has dark , sapphire - blue eyes and his body is wider than those of the other three penguins . Like the rest of the penguins , he has no idea what is expected of the penguin species , other than to `` smile and wave . '' At one point , Private used a bird biology book to tell the other penguins how to act , but since the penguins usually need the chimpanzees Phil and Mason to translate for them , it was unclear how either he or Private were able to read the biology book , which is presumably written in English . In the first Madagascar movie , Skipper is the mastermind behind a plot to escape the confines of the zoo and leave for Antarctica . Kowalski , Rico , and Private are his accomplices in this plot . They dig under their enclosure until they reach Marty the zebra , thinking it to be the South Pole . Skipper explains to Marty that they are attempting to escape the zoo because penguins do not belong there in captivity . He then orders his accomplices to continue tunneling . Late that night , Skipper and the other penguins are caught by a SWAT team , as are six other animals found outside the zoo . The penguins are tranquilized and put into a crate to be transferred . When they awake , Skipper is confused at the lettering on the crate where they are being held and orders Mason to read it ; Mason 's companion Phil reads it . According to the box , they are all bound for a wildlife preserve in Africa , despite the cold climate penguins need . Skipper orders Rico to pick the lock on the crate where they are held , whereupon the four penguins knock out the crew and take command of the ship , commandeering it to reach Antarctica . Skipper and his mates finally reach Antarctica and are sorely disappointed by the barren , desolate terrain ( as evidenced by Private 's exclamation , `` Well , this sucks ... '' ) Skipper has the ship return quickly from the South Pole , where it crashes into the beaches of Madagascar and a much warmer climate . Upon arriving , he and the other three encounter Gloria and Melman , and see that Alex and Marty ( whom they refer to as their `` monochromatic friend '' ) are gone . Skipper decides to help rescue Marty from the grim fate of being eaten by the native foossa ( possibly as gratitude for Marty 's silence regarding the escape ) . It is Skipper who helps to distract the foossa while Marty is recovered , and also helps fight off a number of them . Skipper notices later on that Alex is still hungry , not having been able to eat steak , and has Rico prepare sushi for Alex . Skipper then relinquishes control of the ship to Alex , as he no longer needs it , and proceeds to sunbathe on the tropical beaches in comfort . Skipper is asked by Private if they should tell Alex and his friends that the ship is out of gas . Skipper declines , telling his troupe to `` Just smile and wave , boys . Smile and wave . '' In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Skipper and the penguins salvage a crashed airplane to fly back to New York . They fix the plane when it crashes in Africa with the help of `` more thumbs '' ( Mason and Phil ) . At the end of the movie , he marries a bobblehead doll . In The Penguins of Madagascar , the bobble head is nowhere to be seen . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , it is revealed that Skipper , Kowalski , Rico and Private , along with Mason and Phil , have been in Monte Carlo . With Phil dressed as the `` King of Versailles , '' they are able to amass a fortune of jewels , diamonds and gold and plan to buy an aircraft to pick up the `` hippies '' ( Alex , Marty , Gloria , and Melman ) in Africa and return to New York . Things change when Alex and the others rush to Monte Casino , believing that the penguins have abandoned them . Skipper later uses the fortune to help the gang become part of a traveling circus . Skipper is one of the four main characters of The Penguins of Madagascar . In the show , many things are revealed about him and it expands on his character from the movies . In multiple episodes it is shown that Skipper knows karate and is an exceptionally capable fighter . He 's also very strong , as seen in `` Launchtime . '' In `` Crown Fools , '' he states that he had taken down an angry walrus with `` a wing and a prayer and another wing '' . However , in `` Needle Point '' , it is revealed that he has a fear of needles , so in later episodes if he 's injured he 's treated with medical cream or the like . Generally , he is a straight man , displaying a very stereotypical general personality when not in battle : he 's been shown waking his men up early in the morning for training , has given them trials on being able to work without him a number of times , and has been shown to being very hard - boiled . He is , though , soft on his men at times , properly rewarding them and even showing fear and worry when he knows they 're in danger . He becomes especially upset when he believes one of them to be dead . He often tries to hide this part , as he once told Private that he ( Private ) is always bait because he `` is gullible and expendable , '' but later becomes upset when Private is eaten . Although Skipper 's plans and theories often serve as jokes , his most unorthodox theories are sometimes proven true ; the Blowhole existence is the most extreme example of this . Doctor Blowhole is first mentioned in `` Eclipsed '' , when Skipper brings up his plan to extinguish the sun ; this is because the sun was covered by a solar eclipse and , before Mason , Phil , and Kowalski mentioned it , Skipper believed he finally succeeded . Skipper being paranoid often comes up due to his theories , and whether or not he 's right depends on the episode . Often , those around him refuse to follow along , mostly Marlene because she believes Skipper overreacts . He often comes up with theories without basis on new arrivals , usually flying piranha or being a spy for Doctor Blowhole . According to him , there are actually 8 continents , since he counts Atlantis ( and appears to believe it is off the coast of Brazil ) . He once tells Maurice that if he had Skipper 's security clearance , he would believe it too . Skipper indicates that he believes that some new arrivals to the zoo could be flying piranha . In the episode `` Launchtime , '' when he asks Kowalski to search for a place where nearly no lemurs can be found , he states that he can not set foot in Denmark ; when Private questions him on this , he replies by saying `` Well , that 's private , Private , between me and the Danes . '' It is later revealed that the incident in question was caused by Hans the Puffin , revolving around a fish fight and top secret documents that made them both public enemy number one . Skipper has mentioned that there used to be two more penguins ( Manfredi and Johnson , named for two ill - fated characters in the World War II prisoner - of - war saga Stalag 17 ) in addition to himself and the other three ; this is unconfirmed , and these claims have never been adequately explained . When they 're brought up , it 's usually as a warning or an aside remark , as they died in the past during a mission . In `` The Hidden '' , he mentions that they died during a mission when they were attacked by `` flying piranhas '' and that they had to `` bury what was left of them with a tea spoon '' . In `` A Kipper for Skipper , '' when Skipper states that `` relatively few penguins get left behind '' , as the others point out that Manfredi , Johnson , and another penguin were . In `` Roger Dodger , '' he tells Rico that he would take him out if he had to and tells him `` just ask Manfredi and Johnson . '' In `` An Elephant Never Forgets , '' he tells them that while he was training Private that Manfredi and Johnson `` fell for the exploding elephant foot . '' They are also mentioned by Private , who claims that they mistook the hind end of a beluga whale for an escape tunnel . In `` Maurice at Peace , '' it is implied that they were accidentally smothered by the others due to a misinterpretation of a message which actually said to smother them with affection . In `` Smotherly Love , '' it is mentioned that they died a very relaxing death in a day spa . In The Penguins of Madagascar , he uses some Italian words such as `` Sempre all'erta '' ( in `` Haunted Habitat '' ) , `` Bravissimo '' ( in `` The Hidden '' ) , `` Attenzione '' ( in `` Crown Fools '' ) , `` Eccellente '' ( in `` Kingdom Come '' ) , `` Finito ! '' ( in `` Popcorn Panic '' ) and `` Perfetto '' ( in `` An Elephant Never Forgets '' ) . His Italian pronunciation is not perfect . In `` The Falcon and the Snow Job , '' Skipper falls for a female Peregrine falcon named Kitka and they date for a while . Skipper breaks up with her after it is revealed that she had swallowed Fred the squirrel , and in subsequent episodes she was n't heard from or mentioned . Skipper shares a very strong friendship with Marlene , a female Asian Otter who lives across from the penguins and is a main character in the series . Despite their conflicting differences and clashes of personality , the two still remain very close and are able to keep their bond of friendship strong . Marlene is also considered `` privileged '' by Skipper , due to the fact that he thinks of her as a smart , which is rather unusual , considering his otherwise generally scornful opinion of mammals . He sometimes allows her to tag along on missions . As the series The Penguins of Madagascar continues , Skipper starts to realize that Private is following in his footsteps in `` Private and the Winky - Factory . '' Skipper also becomes less sensitive to his enemies Dr. Blowhole and Hans the Puffin . Over the course of the series he likes and trusts them less and less . In the Dr. Blowhole Special `` Blowhole Strikes Back , '' Hans and Skipper are referred to as `` frenemies . '' At the beginning of the episode , Hans surprises Skipper by meeting him in China , and refers to him as such . Kowalski ( edit ) Kowalski Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Chris Miller ( films and other media ) Jeff Bennett ( The Penguins of Madagascar ) Information Species Adélie penguin Kowalski is second - in - command and the tallest of the penguins , forming plans for the group and usually taking notes for Skipper . When Skipper is absent , he takes charge and his rank is First Lieutenant . He has blue eyes and tends to over-analyze situations . Often formulating plans for the group , Kowalski is a loyal supporter of his leader , Skipper . Kowalski had escaped the zoo with the other penguins , but was promptly captured and put into a crate for transfer with his comrades . The crates were all placed on a ship bound for Africa , where all the creatures from the zoo would be kept in a wildlife preserve . While in the crate , Kowalski confessed that he could not read ( he said the words on the side of the box were an `` older code '' , in slight reference to Return of the Jedi ) and asked another transferee , a chimpanzee named Phil , to read the words on the crate . As soon as this was done , the four penguins headed to the ship 's bridge , knocked out the crew and captain , bound them up , and Kowalski plotted the ship 's course to Antarctica . He is the technician of the group and always has his notepad ( and an abacus in the animated series ) . While being able to formulate plans and invent things ( such as a rocket ship out of a trashcan and fireworks , a futuristic rotary saw blade made of energy and multiple random objects , or an intelligence sucking machine from just a cardboard box , a magnet , and a vacuum ) he is shown to have a bit of difficulty deducing simpler machines . At the end of `` Needle Point '' , it is revealed that he has an irrational fear of dentists , which is peculiar in that , as even Private soon states after Kowalski runs off , penguins do not have teeth . He seems to also spout nearly or completely nonsensical words , such as , `` The moo cow may have a chocolate marshmallow '' , or `` I 'll be a bicycle cream cone '' , whenever either hit incredibly hard ( as he did when body checked by a giant rat during a hockey game ) or when shocked severely ( as by Officer X 's stun gun ) . He screamed `` Galileo Galilei '' when he got his injection during `` Needle Point '' . He also loves candy . In the series he is shown to be intelligent but it is not as apparent in the films ( e.g. in Madagascar he does not know how to read , in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa he states that the paper plane would help them fly back to New York and he does not understand that the fuel indicator was indicating that fuel is finished , and in Penguins of Madagascar he wrongly calculated that they arrived in Dublin , Ireland , when in reality they arrived in Shanghai ) . He does most of his calculations on an abacus , although he was briefly in possession of a calculator that was destroyed . He is in love with a dolphin called Doris and recorded a poem for her on DVD which highlighted her apparent non-interest in him in the `` Hot Ice '' episode . ( She was first mentioned in `` Gone in a Flash '' with a photo being shown . ) It has been noted that his inventions have a habit of horribly backfiring regardless of his best intentions . Some of his most significant blunders include : a time machine ( or ' Chronotron ' ) that triggered a temporal rift that nearly destroyed reality and resulted in three of Kowalski appearing in one place ( noticeably , the first Kowalski from the future wanted to stop the ray and the second one wanted it to keep working ) ; a ray designed to return spoiled food to its fresher state that turned Skipper into a chick ; a mind - switching machine ( which backfired in its first use because he forgot to take the warm - blooded / cold - blooded conflict into account when switching Rico with Roger ) ; a device called the `` Chronocurbulator '' that stops time that left time seemingly permanently frozen when it broke down ; a helmet that granted the user the power of telekinesis ; an invisibility ray ( or ' Transparent Matter - Maker ' , called ' Transmatterer ' for short due to copyright issues ) that turned itself invisible before being set to randomly fire ; a mind - reading machine that quickly burnt out due to lack of processing power ; a cloning machine that relied on the Higgs Boson particle for power ; nanites that could reprogram other machines ( these were programmed to not harm a penguin , but this backfired when they locked the penguins in their habitat to ' protect ' them ) ; and the artificially engineered life - form ' Jiggles ' , who consumed the zoo 's fruit and nearly destroyed the zoo when it grew to monstrous size . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , an invention of his called a `` nucular '' reactor ( sic ) is used . As a result of his inventions , he comes off as unhinged , especially when he becomes overly defensive about what he does . Outright called a mad scientist by Skipper , Kowalski often creates things in order to `` show them '' and has , on few occasions , hidden his devices . In `` I Know Why The Caged Bird Goes Insane '' , he becomes increasingly derailed as the episode goes on after being temporarily bound to a wheelchair , mostly because the nursery he was being held in was right next door to the Science Expo , and he makes a few attempts to break out . Kowalski can play a banjo and sing as seen in the episode `` Concrete Jungle Survival '' . Rico ( edit ) Rico Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Jeffrey Katzenberg ( Madagascar ) John DiMaggio ( most media ) Fred Tatasciore ( second video game ) Conrad Vernon ( The Penguins of Madagascar ) Information Species Adélie penguin Rico , third - in - command of the penguins , does not really talk too much . He is similar in physical features to the other penguins in the movies , but he has a tuft of feathers shaped like a Mohawk and a scar of unknown origin on his left cheek in the television series , which makes him easier to distinguish , particularly from Skipper . Rico is the greediest and fattest of the penguins - he will eat almost anything , and thinks constantly of food . Skipper describes him as `` clearly a world - class psychopath '' . Rico appears to be not merely particularly psychotic , but to some degree mentally deficient . In `` Friend in a Box '' Kowalski points a mind - reading device at him which , despite seeming to function perfectly for the other three penguins , picks up only the word ' Fish ' being thought by Rico . According to Skipper , it was a mystery how Rico passed the psych test . On the other hand , in `` Cat 's Cradle '' Skipper tells Rico to demonstrate shutting off all unnecessary brain functions to conserve oxygen , and Rico seems to ' deactivate ' by deflating his entire body . In the first and second film , what little speech Rico used suggested that his native language is Japanese , and his sushi - preparation skills added to this idea . However , in the TV series , he communicated with excitable garbled grunts , but could still manage short sentences in English , and his language further improved by the second season . He has also displayed a fondness for a plastic doll toy called Miss Perky . He 's the team 's weapons expert and his main function is to regurgitate any necessary tools that Skipper may need for a mission . His stomach operates as a hammer space , containing items as large or larger than himself , or that weigh much more than common sense would allow , with no ill effect on himself . He can swallow and regurgitate almost anything from paperclips and explosives , all the way to a running chainsaw and ground - to - air missile . As the show went on , characters could actually reach inside him and pull things out . His stomach even contains a spiral staircase and elevator , and he can swallow other characters and regurgitate them safely , as he has swallowed both Mort and Kowalski . He 's very fond of explosives , and his answer to problems would always be `` Kaboom ! '' , if Skipper did not keep him in line . Rico has little tolerance for `` mushy '' stuff , and often becomes nauseous when Private gets overly emotional and `` lovey - dovey '' about something . On the other hand he seems to be the second most emotional penguin next to Private and is deeply in love with a doll called Ms. Perky . Another characteristic of Rico is that he might be incredibly superstitious , as , after receiving a rather dismal sounding fortune in a fortune cookie , Rico was a victim of pranks by King Julien who was trying to prove it was right . Even after revealing that Julien was behind the accidents , Rico still needed to have him `` take away the curse . '' He is also insanely skilled with knives and bladed objects , able to make sashimi or carve a Christmas tree from ice in a matter of seconds and destroy bowling pin dummies with a chainsaw while blindfolded . Rico 's psychosis needs to be controlled at all times , by Skipper limiting his use of destructive solutions , often involving explosions . Giving him free rein to destroy to his heart 's desire , Rico builds up enough psychotic pressure that he becomes a vortex of destruction , spinning out of control and destroying everything in his path . Kowalski once estimated Rico was capable of destroying the entire zoo in this state . Rico appears to have an outstanding opera voice when excited ( as seen in episodes `` Go Fish '' , `` Herring Impaired '' , `` High Moltage '' , `` Hair Apparent '' , etc . ) . In the episode `` Herring Impaired '' , Rico shows that he can be responsible when his friends need help , and because the other penguins had `` Pisces Dementia '' , Rico had to keep watch over his friends to make sure they do n't have another fish for 24 hours . During the episode Maurice asked that `` Since when did we get four Ricos ? '' showing that Rico is actually known for his appetite for fish and insanity among the other animals . Private ( edit ) Private Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Christopher Knights ( films and video games ) James Patrick Stuart ( The Penguins of Madagascar ) Information Species Adélie penguin Private is the youngest and shortest of the penguins . He has light blue eyes and speaks with a British accent ( though the other penguins think his accent is fake ) . Private has been known to be a rather curious penguin and is much nicer and down - to - earth than the others . In a way , he 's much more childish , enjoying `` Lunacorns '' ( pony dolls based on a show that teaches good morals and friendship ) and often suggesting much nicer plans ( such as asking for something instead of breaking into a habitat or simply telling the truth to others . ) He is often called inexperienced by the others . He has an addiction to Peanut Butter Winkies , first displayed in `` Skorka '' and further elaborated on in later episodes . He was overprotective of the egg in the episode `` Paternal Egg - Stinct '' , though given how his team mates were treating it ( Skipper put it through a dangerous obstacle course , Kowalski tried shock treatments to increase its intelligence , and Rico was flying it with a hang glider ) , this was rational . Private is very good at deciphering code , communications and peace treaties , and in some degrees , common sense . Private has been known to give life lessons ( in `` Mort Unbound '' he tells Mort , `` There is a natural order of things '' and in `` Two Feet High and Rising '' he tells Mort that Julien 's feet `` are just feet ; not love '' ) . Private is emotionally sensitive , and is often portrayed as more observant or down to earth than the others ( noticing when Skipper 's ankle tag had not been taken off , indicating that he did not get a shot or suggesting that Maurice had stumbled back because of being blinded by a camera flash , which Skipper quickly labeled as preposterous though he nevertheless told Kowalski to run a scenario ) as well as having fighting skills on a par with or only slightly below those of Rico and Skipper ( in one episode he is able to block rapid strikes from Skipper and disarm him with his feet while spinning on his head , all while blindfolded ) . On the wall of the Penguin 's HQ is a stuffed fish with a sign `` Private 's First Prize '' ; hiding behind it ( as well as a bunch of electronic precautions ) is his most prized possession : a butterscotch lollipop . Like Kowalski , he loves candy , but eating too much of it causes him to hallucinate . He has an abnormal fear of badgers and cockroaches , as shown in the `` Badger Pride '' and `` Stop Bugging Me '' episodes respectively . When Private is the last available penguin to fix a situation ( such as when it 's revealed that the penguins had spied on the rest of the zoo occupants or during ' Untouchable ' ) , he is able to rise to the occasion and execute a solution that benefits everyone . In the episode `` Cute - Astrophe '' , it is revealed that Private has a `` hyper - cute '' ability , wherein he achieves a state of over 132 % adorability , that will make everyone around him pass out as they can not cope with how absolutely cute he is . At first , Skipper abused the hyper - cute , using it on everyone around them , so Private swore to never use it again after the misuse of the hyper - cute caused chaos around the zoo and nearly got them sent away . Despite his vow , the hyper - cute made appearances in other episodes . This ability was attempted in one episode when Private was moulting , but instead of knocking an observer out with adorability , it frightened and panicked anybody seeing him use the ability . In the `` Concrete Jungle Survival '' episode , Private received the rank of Private First Class after successfully passing a test in the city . He had been just a Private beforehand . In the Christmas special `` Merry Madagascar '' Private finds himself falling in love with Cupid , one of Santa 's reindeer . The relationship is short lived , as Cupid must return and work with Santa . Private reminded her that they would `` Always have Madagascar ! '' as she flew off . Private is the only penguin with known relatives , he has an uncle named Nigel ( though they may not be related ) , and in `` Operation Penguin , '' he mentions his father is named Sam Fishy , though Sam Fishy has yet to be shown onscreen . However , in Penguins of Madagascar , he appeared to have been abandoned as an egg , leading to the possibility that he is an orphan . The lemurs ( edit ) King Julien XIII ( edit ) King Julien XIII Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Sacha Baron Cohen ( films ) Danny Jacobs ( TV series and specials , video games , The Penguins of Madagascar , Madagascar 3 soundtrack ) Keith Ferguson ( first video game ) Information Species Ring - tailed lemur King Julien XIII is an Indian - accented conceited , selfish , fun - loving ring - tailed lemur . As a self - proclaimed lord of the lemurs , Julien ruled over a great colony of lemurs in Madagascar using mostly his charisma and delegating , i.e. telling other people what they should do since he certainly had very little ability to lead . Nevertheless , he shows more intelligence and calmness compared to the other lemurs ( aside from Maurice ) , which is shown when the very word `` Fossa '' drives all of them , except himself and Maurice , into a state of panic . He had parties for his people on Madagascar with much frequency , the likes of which were interrupted constantly by the fossa , which trespassed onto the lemur territory , devouring all that they could catch . In Julien 's early life as seen in All Hail King Julien , he was depicted as the nephew of Uncle King Julien XII , who banned all noisy things to keep the fossa from attacking . After Uncle King Julien XII abdicated to evade a prophecy from being eaten by the Fossa , Julien became the new King of the Lemurs and did things that were opposite his uncle 's rules . He saves his people from the Fossa and got bitten on the butt by the Fossa and he survived . When he learns that his nephew is still alive and is still king , his devious uncle tries to get rid of him and reclaim the throne . When he returned , Uncle King Julien tricks Julien into going into the Fossa territory to find out what they 're planning with Maurice joining him . In the end , Julien discovered his uncle 's plot , glad that Clover chose him over his uncle , and gives his uncle a second chance , by putting him in the Fossa disguise , that is being cuddled by a Fossa girl , much to his uncle 's dismay . The day Alex and his friends came to Madagascar , King Julien and his subjects were enjoying one of their parties when it was invaded by the fossa . When the fossa were scared off by Alex , Julien and his people were hiding in the trees and saw this scene , thinking Alex and his friends were giants from some faraway land , with Julien coming forward and presenting himself as the king of the lemurs -- once he had ascertained they were not dangerous by tempting them with Mort . When asked where the people were , Julien pointed to a skeleton of a man caught in a parachute hanging from a tree . Later that night , Julien had a meeting of the lemurs and other creatures of the jungle in the plane . Julien insisted that if they could make friends with Alex and his friends , the foossa would be scared away for good . Maurice was skeptical about this plan , but Julien insisted that , being king , his ideas were the best . Julien 's plan failed when Alex started to get out of control and try to kill the lemurs and his friends . Although , Alex then turned back to normal and the foossa were scared away with only the actions of the four main characters and the penguins , Julien took the credits for its success . Interestingly though , when it went wrong , he did not foist the idea back onto Maurice . When Alex and his friends were ready to go back to New York , Julien gave them his crown ; he had already made himself a bigger , better one using a leaf - tailed gecko named Stevie . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Julien , along with Maurice and Mort , accompany Alex , Marty , Gloria and Melman to New York on the plane built by the penguins while leaving Stevie in charge until the day he returns . He is in the first class , ordering constant refreshments , and amusing himself with plane crash videos . As the plane crashes down to Africa after running out of fuel and momentum , Julien takes utter pleasure in the feeling of weightlessness caused by the high speed descent . By being in first class , he escapes the crash with a parachute , but loses his crown . Upon arriving in Africa , Julien at first believes they are in New York , and makes himself a new crown . He manages to gain some power while in Africa , although very few characters actually pay attention to him , getting to ride a flock of flamingos with Maurice , then moving on to riding ostriches and finally an elephant . Later , when the reserve 's watering hole dries up , Julien suggests to the animals that they make a sacrifice to `` his good friends , the water gods '' at the volcano to replenish the water . To convince the masses , King Julien enacts his casual conversation with the Water Gods . Later , Julien persuades Melman to volunteer for the sacrifice , who believed he was going to die soon anyway . But when Melman realized he was going to live , he gave up on being a sacrifice , leaving Julien disappointed at his plan 's failure . Mort arrives soon after , followed by a persistent shark that had been attempting to eat him . This shark then falls into the volcano , thus completing the sacrifice , and as Julien comes out of the volcano , he sees the water coming back to the reserve ( due , in fact , to a dam constructed by Nana being destroyed by Alex and Zuba ) , and is convinced of his plan 's success . From this King Julien concludes that the Water Gods like sea food more . Julien appears in The Penguins of Madagascar regularly , often noisily and unintentionally annoying Skipper and pretty much everyone . He is the self - proclaimed `` King of the Zoo '' no doubt due to his former king status on Madagascar . Only Mort and Maurice truly believe and respect him as their king , the rest just show up to his `` proclamation of royal decrees . '' Julien is proven to be a worthy ally in most episodes , since it is he who sometimes saves the day for the penguins ( like in `` Dr. Blowhole 's Revenge '' ) . Julien hates having anyone touch his feet , such as passing a royal decree that anyone who touches his feet would be banished from his kingdom ( the zoo ) . When the sewer rats went to the zoo and tricked the Penguins out of their home , Julien decided to play for the Penguins in a game of Hockey to try and win their home back . They were losing until one of the rats touched his feet , after that he lost it and beat all of them on his own . In the episode `` Crown Fools '' , Julien panics when he loses his crown and obsessively longs for it until it is revealed that he had a spare crown all along ( prompting Marlene , who was trying to make him new crowns all day , to chase him with a crowbar ) . Despite his desire for everyone to listen and do what he wants , he dislikes and ignores Mort , his most loyal follower , who treats him like a god . Mort responds to everything Julien tells him to do as `` I like ... '' followed by whatever Julien said . In the episode `` Haunted Habitat '' he mentioned that he had a dream that he was `` The last mammal on Earth '' . Mort was just happy to be in the dream despite that he was `` road kill '' in it . A recurring gag in The Penguins of Madagascar series is that Julien believes in supernatural beings , which sometimes annoys the other animals . In the episode Misfortune Cookie , Rico gets a fortune cookie that reads `` You will soon meet a fowl end . '' The penguins deny that fortune cookies have any power , despite receiving three accurate fortunes , and dismiss it as superstition . Julien exclaims `` these stitions are super , '' and tries to get the penguins to believe in the supernatural . King Julien actively plots to make a `` foul end '' fortune come true - by his own doing . It is also known that his believing in spirits can be used against him , seeing that Mason and Phil tricks Julien into believing that the `` sky spirits '' are angry with the Julien self - centrism , thing that change Julien 's personality . But when Skipper notices that kind Julien is more annoying than the narcissist Julien , Skipper makes him come back to his original self . It is also shown that Julien gains a super-lemur level of strength if he gets mad . Visible when in `` Miracle on Ice '' , Julien spanked and humiliated the Rat King , after one of his henchmen touched Julien 's feet ; In Happy King Julien Day , Maurice claims that Julien violently used a cane to spank everyone who forgot his self - proclaimed holiday . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , he has a bigger role and falls in love with Sonya the Bear . Also , he saved the day by managing to get back to the circus . Maurice ( edit ) Maurice Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Cedric the Entertainer ( films and TV specials ) John Cothran , Jr. ( first video game ) Fred Tatasciore ( second and third video games ) Kevin Michael Richardson ( television ) Information Species Aye - aye Maurice is an overweight aye - aye , although he lacks the aye - aye 's distinctive middle finger . Maurice is King Julien 's advisor - although Julien seldom listens to him - and often shows skepticism of his ruler 's mad plans . He has a long squirrel - like bushy tail . He lived in a tribe of other lemurs and witnessed newcomers to their home : a quartet of zoo animals . Maurice was suspicious of Alex , a lion , thinking him to be potentially dangerous . Maurice expressed this concern during a meeting of the lemurs and jungle animals , but was ignored by Julien . The next day , Maurice took part in the festival honoring the newcomers , and shortly after explained the trouble with having a lion around . He knew that Alex would need to eat meat , and felt that Alex should leave and go to the carnivore side of the island . Shortly after , Maurice witnessed Gloria , Melman , and Marty working with a group of penguins to fight off the fossa that were attacking the lemur tribe . Maurice had to admit that King Julien 's plan had worked and that fossa would no longer be of any worry . Maurice saw the newcomers out when they decided to leave and was obligated to wave King Julien 's arm for him , as the king was tired of waving it . In the sequel Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Maurice does not have a prominent role , basically agreeing to whatever King Julien says . In the series , he often acts like a strict big brother to Mort and knows him so well that in `` The Penguin Stays in the Picture '' he is shocked to find that Mort only ate half of his popsicle , prompting Skipper to go find him because he suspected Mort went missing , which was correct . He is shown to have many hidden talents in several episodes such as painting and speaking chameleon in `` The Hidden '' and using a yo - yo in `` Friend - in - a-Box . '' In `` The Lost Treasure of the Golden Squirrel , '' his desire to control an army of Julien manservants is revealed . Despite being overweight , he was still able to hold his own when he got into a physical fight with Kowalski and Rico in `` The Lost Treasure of the Golden Squirrel . '' He has shown attraction to Darla the Baboon . Maurice returns in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . Mort ( edit ) Mort Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Andy Richter ( films , TV series and specials , The Penguins of Madagascar ) Dee Bradley Baker ( first video game ) Matt Nolan ( second and third video games ) Information Species Goodman 's mouse lemur Mort is a small cute and cuddly Goodman 's mouse lemur ( in the French version , he is a Bushbaby ) . Though quite timid , Mort can also be shrill and vocal in confrontations . Julien finds Mort incredibly annoying , and does not hesitate in proclaiming so . Despite this , Mort does not show any lasting unhappiness , and his expression changes within the same scene . A running gag is that Mort commonly pukes . Mort has an obsession with Julien 's feet ever since he used them to kick some fossa as seen in the first episode of All Hail King Julien . Mort also has very good money skills as in the episode `` Gimme Gimme Gimme : The Game '' where he cleverly becomes the richest lemur in Madagascar ( all the other lemurs became broke including Julien after getting all their money and possessions but gives it all back after Julien , defeated , says that he had won showing that he believed that it was all a game ) . In the episode `` Oh Captain , Muy Captain ( Part 2 ) '' , is revealed that Mort was a fearsome pirate named Dread Pirate Mort at some point . In the every episode , Mort was able to develop different personalities such as Smart Mort and his Evil Grammy which resulted his personality disorder . During the events of `` Exiled '' , it is revealed that Mort is an immortal transdimentional being and all of his alternate personalities are dimensional counterparts who he defeated and absorbed their life essence . By the end of the season , he marries the mountain lemur Zora but later break up in Season 5 . In The Penguins of Madagascar episode `` Sting Operation '' when the penguins turn into idiots , they had the same obsession for feet just like him , which Julien despises . In his anger , Julien once banished Mort from their habitat at the zoo , forcing Mort to seek a `` cure '' from the Penguins . Mort makes his first appearance in Madagascar , wherein he lives among the other native lemurs under Julien . Julien uses him as a test to see if Alex and the others eat lemurs , and Mort quickly decides that he likes them , as he is later shown to have a tendency to like everything . Later , Julien notes that if Alex does not like fish and still hungers for steak , Mort is `` Plan B '' . Mort is last seen in the film with the other lemurs wishing the zoo animals farewell , and Julien uses him as a makeshift foot - rest . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Mort plays a much smaller role . He attempts to follow Julien and Maurice on the penguins ' plane , but Julien goes to extremes to keep him out of the plane , declaring that Mort had `` scissors and hand cream '' ( he did in fact , have a pair of scissors , however he lacked any hand cream on the journey ) . Mort succeeds in attaching himself to the outside of the plane , where he is seen by Alex ( paroding a scene of The Twilight Zone episode Nightmare at 20.000 feet ) , before falling into the ocean shortly before it crashed . After reaching a shore at Africa , Mort is pursued by a persistent shark , which follows him onto the African preserve . Mort ( still followed by the shark ) finds Julien at a volcano where Melman had just decided that he would not sacrifice himself to return the preserve 's water . The shark accidentally falls into the volcano just as Alex and Zuba destroy the dam blocking the river , thus leading Julien to believe that his plan to give a sacrifice to bring back the water was successful . Mort makes appearances through The Penguins of Madagascar , along with Julien and Maurice . At one point , stuffed `` Mort '' dolls became very popular , and out of jealousy Julien throws them into the skunk habitat . Mort is accidentally shipped back to the factory with the dolls , and must be rescued . In the episode , King Julien also reveals that the only reason he allows Mort to stay with them is so he can express his dislike for Mort in front of him , and keep himself entertained . Mort is also shown to be unhappy with his past self after growing in size and muscle mass due to an invention from Kowalski . After being turned back into his regular self , Mort expresses that he is happy with who he is . In the television series , whenever an animal or object is falling it almost always lands on Mort . Despite the fact that Mort is often treated poorly by King Julien , the other characters show concern for him as Maurice tries to ( if with limited success ) save Mort when he may be in danger to be King Julien 's biggest concern , and Skipper , who refers to Mort as `` sad - eyes '' , dived in the way of the mutant rat overlord to save Mort . In the episode `` Otter Woman '' , all the boys are attracted to Marlene because her fur turned white . Mort tries the same thing in the end of the episode , without success . Mort returned in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . Things he does in it involve vomiting on Alex 's birthday cake , helping Alex defeat Dubois early on in the film , being part of the flying Afro Circus with the other lemurs , and tranquilizing Dubois with knockout darts . Mason and Phil ( edit ) Mason and Phil Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Conrad Vernon ( Mason ) ( Phil is an unvoiced character ) Information Species Chimpanzees Mason and Phil are two sophisticated common chimpanzees at the Central Park Zoo , who prefer to drink cups of coffee and `` read '' the newspaper in the morning . Mason speaks with a stereotypical British accent ; Phil , by contrast , does n't speak at all and communicates entirely through American Sign Language , though whether he is actually deaf is unknown . While Mason is unable to read , Phil can and is used to decipher writing while Mason translates the ASL . Both escape the zoo after Gloria breaks through its outer wall ; Mason mentions Tom Wolfe giving a lecture , and they plan to attend to `` throw poo at him . '' Along with other characters , Phil and Mason are captured and sent to a wildlife reserve . However , their crates are not thrown off the boat , and they are not seen until a final scene , in which they are still in crates waving farewell to the Madagascar natives . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , the chimps call upon chimpanzees living in Africa to help rebuild the wrecked plane that was supposed to fly them back to New York . They later go on strike , asking for maternity leaves and breaks ( Skipper argues that they are all males ) ; eventually , they blackmail Skipper into agreeing . In The Penguins of Madagascar , Mason and Phil are supporting characters in the series , and are shown to be annoyed by Julien 's partying . They attempt to rid him of his ways by tricking Julien into thinking a solar eclipse was a sign that the `` sky spirits '' disapproved of his behavior . They also frequently mention throwing poo and are used to read the English language . Phil may be the most temperamental or `` potty mouthed '' of the two , as after being told there is no checkmate in checkers , he makes several signs which Mason responds with `` You groom your mother with those hands ? ! '' Phil and Mason may also sometimes lose things in the translation of what they are made to read . An instance of this is when the zoo occupants were ordered to make a cake for King Julien , and Mason mistakes `` booger '' for `` sugar '' . This does not mean that Phil is unable to communicate well , even though he is unable to truly speak , he was still able to win over the heart of Lulu , a female chimp visiting from the Hoboken Zoo in New Jersey for a weekend , While Lulu did appear in a later episode where the penguins ended up accidentally finding themselves in the Hoboken Zoo , it is unknown if she keeps in touch with Phil . McGrath explained that originally their `` first scene was just deciphering the code on the shipping label '' . The crew `` got this girl who knew American Sign Language '' to give them hand gestures . They wanted gestures to be `` really frenetic '' , and `` she signed out , ' Tell the tiny pea - brained birds that the sign reads : Ship to ... ' '' . Afterward , the crew returned to the scene where Mason notes Tom Wolfe 's lecture , and she signed `` Can we throw our poo at his stupid white suit ? '' Mason is named after legendary British actor James Mason , whose urbane , sophisticated vocal styling is mimicked by Vernon . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted Mason and Phil have smaller roles and are mostly seen posing as the King of Versailles . They make a cameo appearance on a newspaper in Turbo . Circus Zaragoza animals ( edit ) The animals of Circus Zaragoza are trained circus performers that Alex 's group had met while on the run from Chantel DuBois . Among the animals of Circus Zaragoza are : Vitaly ( edit ) Vitaly Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Bryan Cranston Information Species Siberian tiger Vitaly is a tiger with a Russian accent who leads a traveling circus in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . The tough Vitaly once jumped through flaming rings of fire to excite crowds , constantly pushing himself to the limit by jumping through smaller and smaller rings that seemed impossible for his size while lubricating himself with olive oil . But after losing his confidence and more than a few of his hairs on one fateful attempt which involved a flaming ring that would only fit on the smallest finger ( due to the olive oil being flammable ) , he also lost his passion and his act partially . When Alex and his friends plead with the circus to let them escape on their train , Vitaly is the most resistant , only to be overruled by Gia . When the zoo animals purchase the circus , Vitaly remains the most hostile to their changes to the business , even as the rest of the crew becomes inspired . In London , Vitaly decides to give up and prepares to leave just before the circus ' critical performance . Alex confronts Vitaly and reminds the tiger of his love of performing and while suggesting he uses hair conditioner as a safer lubricant before regaining his courage to jump through the tiny flaming hoop . As a result , Vitaly 's stunt is performed perfectly to open the successful show . With that , a profoundly heartened Vitaly becomes a fast friend of Alex . Even after the zoo animals are exposed and estranged from the circus , Vitaly is the first to support Gia 's proposal to rescue their new friends from the zoo and plays a key role in that operation . Gia ( edit ) Gia Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Jessica Chastain Information Species North American jaguar Gia is a jaguar with an Italian accent who is part of the traveling circus in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . She wears a blue woven floral necklace , has gold eyes and has heart - shaped palms . She is Alex 's love interest who is always on the lookout to discover something new and gets her chance when she convinces a reluctant Alex to teach her the trapeze -- `` Circus Americano '' style . Her only role in the circus before Alex , Marty , Melman and Gloria came around was doing normal cat tricks ( sitting , standing , rolling over ) , but when Alex teaches her trapeze , she performs with him and they move closer . Later on , she and the other circus animals save Alex and the gang from Dubois . Stefano ( edit ) Stefano Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Martin Short Information Species New Zealand sea lion Stefano is a sea lion with an Italian accent and curly whiskers . He is part of the traveling circus in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted and is a happy , fun - loving Italian sea lion who always looks on the brighter side of things . A true entertainer at heart , he is up for any challenge to save the circus , even convincing Alex that the show must go on . Sonya ( edit ) Sonya Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Frank Weller Information Species Eurasian brown bear Sonya is the traveling circus ' most ferocious bear who appears in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . Her tricycle riding act is only topped by her ridiculous tutu . But her biggest trick of all will be casting a spell on King Julien , who is instantly smitten with her . She does not talk , but Julien can understand what she is saying when she growls ( the way she communicates instead ) . While they are in Rome , she and Julien travel to Vatican City where they steal the Pope 's ring after Julien pretends to kiss it and uses it to buy her a Ducati motorbike after they fall down a set of stairs and destroy her tricycle , which she uses in her performance in London . The Andalusian Triplets ( edit ) The Andalusian Triplets Esperanza , Esmeralda and Ernestina Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Paz Vega Information Species Andalusian horses Esperanza , Esmeralda , and Ernestina ( voiced by Paz Vega ) are three of the new characters in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . They are white Andalusian Mares who like Marty and are part of the circus . All their names start with `` E '' and end with `` A '' . When Alex 's group improved the Circus Zaragoza , the Andalusian Triplets bounced on the trampolines during their act while wearing butterfly wings on their outfits . They were listed as `` Horses '' in the credits . The dancing dogs ( edit ) The Dancing Dogs Frankie , Freddie , Jonesy and Shakey Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Nick Fletcher ( Frankie ) Vinnie Jones ( Freddie ) Steve Jones ( Jonesy ) Jules de Jongh ( Shakey ) Information Species Entlebucher Mountain Dog ( Frankie ) Great Dane ( Freddie ) Bernese Mountain Dog ( Jonesy and Shakey ) The Dancing Dogs are a group of six performing dogs with British accents as members of the circus in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . They tend to fight and argue with each other and they hate being called cute and cuddly . The Dancing Dogs consist of Frankie the Entlebucher Mountain Dog ( voiced by Nick Fletcher ) , Freddie the Great Dane ( voiced by Vinnie Jones ) , Jonesy the Bernese Mountain Dog ( voiced by Steve Jones ) , Shakey the Brown Bernese Mountain Dog ( voiced by Jules de Jongh ) , and two unnamed dogs . Only the first three are credited . Manu and Maya ( edit ) Manu and Maya are two performing Indian elephants as members of Circus Zaragoza in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . Their names are revealed in the DVD commentary as well as the fact that they are German . According to Tom McGrath , they are very nice and great to work with . They remain silent in the film due to the fact that their possible dialogue was cut from the film . Secondary characters ( edit ) Ted ( edit ) Ted ( voiced by Bill Fagerbakke ) is a polar bear who lives in the Central Park Zoo . He first appeared in `` The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper '' where he was sad due to be alone during Christmas . This caused Private to want to give him a present . When Skipper denied him his request , Private snuck out into the city to find Ted a gift only to be kidnapped by Nana . After getting Private back , the other penguins decided to invite Ted to their Christmas party where the polar bear had invited the rest of the Zoo as the animals present sing their rendition of `` Jingle Bells . '' He made a brief background cameo in the first movie . In the series , he mainly appears as a background zoo animal . He did play a small role in the episode `` P.E.L.T. '' when Skipper had to provoke and evade a polar predator . Zuba ( edit ) Zuba ( voiced by Bernie Mac in the film , Dan White in the video game ) is a lion who is Alex 's father and the alpha lion of the pride in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa . He was first seen as the Alpha Lion of a pride in the reserve where Alex was born . At first he thinks that Alex has returned to take over , but his wife notices that they both have the same birth mark and realizes that Alex is their son . Zuba is a proud father , but he is somewhat confused as to why his son is interested in dancing . After many events in the movie including Alex failing the rite of passage and shaming his family , Zuba finally accepts Alex . The film was dedicated to Mac 's memory . Florrie ( edit ) Florrie ( voiced by Sherri Shepherd ) is Alex 's mother , Zuba 's mate , and the alpha lioness of the pride in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa . Florrie , unlike Zuba , accepts Alex for what he is . She is not disturbed at all by the fact that Alex prefers to dance instead of fight . Due to this , she acts as the voice of reason and tries to encourage Zuba that it is better that Alex came back to them , dancer or not , as a king . Florrie is never addressed by her name in the film and in the movie 's end credits , she is credited as `` Mom '' . It is presumably in the novelization that her name is revealed . Moto Moto ( edit ) Moto Moto ( voiced by will.i.am in the film , Greg Eagles in the video game ) is a big - bellied , handsome , muscular hippopotamus with a deep voice , whose main hobby is flirting with anything of the female species . Moto Moto is kind , big , chunky and charming . He describes himself as being `` aggressive but friendly '' , and is the way the standard male hippo should look . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , he falls for Gloria as a major plot boost . When they 're dancing in a lake , Gloria realizes that Moto Moto only loves her because of her large body . Gloria breaks up with him as a result , though they remain friends . Moto Moto means `` Hot Hot '' in Swahili ( as mentioned by a Zebra believed to have been Marty in the film ) . Okapi girl ( edit ) An unnamed female Okapi ( voiced by Taraji P. Henson ) appears in Madly Madagascar , whom Marty finds himself in love with . She is not interested until he uses a love potion on himself , causing her and all the other female animals to begin pampering him . She and the other animals lose interest in him after he jumps into a lake to hide from them ( due to becoming overwhelmed by the pampering ) , causing the potion to wash off . North Wind ( edit ) North Wind is an Arctic elite undercover interspecies task force that is dedicated to helping animals that ca n't help themselves . They worked with the Penguins in order to thwart the plans of the villain Dave ( aka Dr. Octavius Brine ) . Among the members of North Wind are : Classified ( edit ) Classified ( voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch ) is a courageous yet slightly arrogant British gray wolf and the team leader of North Wind . He is at loggerheads with Skipper . Skipper calls him Classified , who states his name is n't really `` Classified '' . His name is classified ( as in `` top secret '' ) because he is the leader of the team . He is the North Wind 's counterpart of Skipper . Short Fuse ( edit ) Short Fuse ( voiced by Ken Jeong ) is a Belgian harp seal . He is the North Wind 's explosive and demolitions expert . He is the North Wind 's counterpart of Rico . Eva ( edit ) Eva ( voiced by Annet Mahendru ) is a Russian snowy owl and North Wind 's intelligence analyst . Kowalski has a crush on her . She is the North Wind 's counterpart of Kowalski . Corporal ( edit ) Corporal ( voiced by Peter Stormare ) is a Norwegian polar bear and the muscle of the North Wind team . He seems to like penguins and he freaks out when other penguins are taken . He is the North Wind 's counterpart of Private ( loosely , as he 's also able to fight well , but shows affection at a great level , like Private . ) Antagonists ( edit ) Nana ( edit ) Nana ( voiced by Elisa Gabrielli in the films , Marion Ross in the second video game ) is an elderly lady with a Yiddish accent and the archenemy of Alex the lion . Nana 's personality changes over her appearances . Initially , she appears as a very aggressive old lady with incredible martial arts skills . In The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper , she is shown to be aggressive with anyone , no matter how courteous people are with her . But in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , she appears to be kinder than before , even leading the New Yorkers when she notices that they are in panic , only being aggressive with wild animals ; which she sees as no different from domestic animals . She is also shown to be a soft and grandmotherly figure to the New Yorkers . For example , when a man helps her find her handbag , she says , `` Such a good boy . Nana ca n't survive without it . '' Nana seems to be incredibly resistant to injury , as she was able to have another fight with Alex right after being tugged out of the back of a speeding tour jeep as well as being thrown through the windshield a second time by the penguins , who reversed over her in the jeep after noticing that she did not die . Despite her martial arts skills , she is still portrayed as a `` little old lady '' ; she has a waddling gait , wears dentures , and is knocked onto her back when firing a gun . In the first movie , Nana crosses paths with Alex in Grand Central Station , then brutally assaults him . Throughout the series , she refers to Alex as `` the bad kitty . '' She also hits Melman with her hand bag , causing his head to get stuck in the Grand Central Station Clock . When the animals are surrounded by police , she somehow gets past and kicks Alex in `` the batteries '' ( or his groin ) . She was quickly taken away by police . As shown in the sequel , she was not arrested , she was interviewed as a witness , and states what she thought of Alex : `` He was a very bad kitty . '' Nana is featured in The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper , where she proves that there are times when she is shown to be not only aggressive with animals , but with also people , like when she destroys random merchandise at a kiosk while shopping for her dog , then demands to purchase Private in a very rude tone , when she refuses to pay the taxi driver her fare , when she assaults her doorman for no reason , and even when she does not hold the elevator for Skipper , Kowalski , and Rico . Nana returns in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa . She also becomes the leader of an army of tourists left stranded by the penguins ' schemes . She again crosses paths with Alex , then fights him , and wins again , although Alex puts up much more of a fight this time ( although Alex confesses to his friends that he actually only did it to distract her to get her bag , making Nana 's victory unofficial ) . She often hits Alex and loves her handbag . At the end of the film , Alex gives Makunga Nana 's handbag . When she sees Makunga holding it , she kicks him in the groin , steps on his foot , whacks his hand with a ruler , digs her hand into his ear , arm - burns him , and spanks him before dragging him off the reserve by his ear . According to the DVD commentary , she took Makunga back to New York with her in a kitty cage . Nana 's assault on Alex at Grand Central Station is mentioned by a taxi driver in The Penguins of Madagascar episode `` Zoo Tube '' . Nana does not appear in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . Mr. Chew ( edit ) Mr. Chew is a small , white poodle , fond of chewing and tearing various items apart ( as demonstrated on an Alex plush toy ) . Chew is owned by Nana , and lives in her apartment on the top floor in an apartment complex . Nana purchased Private , mistaking him for a squeaky toy , while he was attempting to find a gift for Ted , and reveals him to be a Christmas present for Mr. Chew . Chew nearly mauled Private , while Nana was watching a football game on TV , but was defeated by Skipper , Kowalski and Rico , who had set out to rescue Private . Nana does not hear the fight , but after she sees the damage ( following hearing Rico 's dynamite stick going off ) , she blames Mr. Chew for destroying her apartment and puts him on a big `` time out '' . Mr. Chew had a cameo appearance in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted when an identical poodle was seen as a head trophy owned by Captain Chantel DuBois . The fossa ( edit ) The fossa ( voiced by Tom McGrath and Eric Darnell in the film , various voices in All Hail King Julien ) appear as medium - sized weasel - like creatures , closely related to mongoose , and rarely speak , instead usually growling and yelping . Throughout Madagascar , they are shown to terrorize the lemurs and attempt to eat them . According to Julien , `` they 're always annoying us ( the lemurs ) by trespassing , interrupting our parties , and ripping our limbs off . '' The fossa are fearful of Alex , and run away when they suspect an attack from him , as well as allow him to take their prey . The fossa are defeated by Alex , Marty , Gloria , Melman , and the penguins and driven into their territory . In `` The Penguins of Madagascar '' episode `` The Terror of Madagascar , '' a baby Fossa ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) was shipped to the Central Park Zoo as part of a zoo - to - zoo tour . Throughout the episode , the baby fossa kept biting King Julien . Because of this , he thought that the fossa was trying to eat him . Kowalski told him that this was the fossa 's way of showing love towards Julien , since he though of him as his father . But , Julien realized this too late , because in order to get rid of the fossa , he shipped in a boa constrictor named Savio to devour him . In order to keep the fossa safe , Julien wanted Savio to eat him instead , but the fossa attacked Savio to protect Julien , much to the penguins ' disappointment . The Fossa are recurring characters in All Hail King Julien . During his reign , King Julien 's uncle King Julien XII had kept the lemur kingdom quiet in order to keep the Fossa from attacking them . His uncle gives Julien the crown after learning that the king of the lemurs will be eaten by the Foosa . But Julien got bitten on the butt , while saving the lemurs and his scream sent boulders falling down and the Foosa run away . Throughout the first movie and the two TV series , there have been male Foosa . In the fifth episode of All Hail King Julien there is a Foosa girl who flirts with Julien and Maurice in a Foosa suit . She is seen in the end cuddling the suit with Julien 's uncle in it who is being punished and sparred by Julien , for sending his nephew to the territory and trying to reclaim the throne . Julien is , at one point , able to tame a Foosa girl named Mary Anne who later becomes a partial leader of the Foosa . Makunga ( edit ) Makunga ( voiced by Alec Baldwin in the film , John Cygan in the video game ) is a male lion with a large black mane styled in a pompadour and green eyes . He is Zuba 's rival and wants to take his place as alpha lion . He also calls Alex pathetic . When asked why he wants to become alpha lion , he replies `` I 'm better looking , I have better hair , I 'm deceivingly smart , and I want everyone else to do what I say '' Makunga usually acts like he thinks he is smart and has good leadership , but he only is trying to become alpha lion because he wants to be in charge . Makunga often looks at other characters while making an evil unnoticed face where he crosses his arms in front of his chest and makes a big smirk , usually when he is planning to do something that is not good ( in this manner , he is very similar to Scar from The Lion King `` ) . His name sounds a little to `` Wakunga '' , ( singular : `` Mkunga '' ) which means `` midwives '' in Swahili . Makunga often challenged Zuba to fights over the alpha lion position , but was easily beaten . One of those fights led to Zuba being distracted while Alex was captured by poachers . Years later , Makunga used Alex in a bid to finally reach the rank of alpha lion where he tricked Alex into challenging his henchman Teetsi . When Alex was defeated , Zuba reluctantly had to give up his alpha lion status and go into exile with his family . Makunga is not a very good leader saying the only solution to the fact that the local water hole was nearly dry was that they all would have to fight for it . This causes doubt about his role as alpha lion , and almost every animal on the reserve wants Zuba back . After the water was restored , he still refused to allow Zuba and Alex to return from banishment . He eventually meets his downfall when being tricked into angering Nana , who attacks Makunga and drags him off the reserve by his ear . The DVD commentary reveals that `` Nana brought Makunga to New York in a kitty cage '' . Teetsi ( edit ) Teetsi ( voiced by Fred Tatasciore ) is Makunga 's henchman and the strongest lion in his group . Makunga tricked Alex by suggesting that he goes up against Teetsi . Alex ended up defeated by Teetsi . Captain Chantel DuBois ( edit ) Captain Chantel DuBois ( voiced by Frances McDormand ) is a Monegasque animal control officer . She is the best animal control officer in Monte Carlo with a perfect success record . She is a big - game hunter and has extraordinary tracking skills , as well as superhuman strength and a habit of mounting the heads of every animal she has caught on her wall . Like Nana , she is incredibly resistant to injury . Throughout the third film , she pursues the Four in hopes of having their heads as trophies , especially Alex 's . The obstabcles DuBois avoid during her and her team 's chase behind the animals ' SUV in Monte Carlo are sliding past some omega - 3 fish being spilled on the road while carrying her scooter up high , driving from one building to the other ( in slow motion ) after jumping off her scooter ( where the animals are preparing to get on the plane ) , and doing some stunts in an office building . She finally captured Alex and the other animals at New York City , and the zoo staff thank her incorrectly believing that she tried to return Alex. She rips up the check they give her where she says that `` It was n't about the money . It was about the lion . '' Alex is caged and DuBois hides a poison filled dart in a foam finger and shoots it at him , but the circus animals , being alerted by King Julien , arrive and rescue him . After a long fight between the animals and DuBois and her henchmen , DuBois is tranquilized by Mort and her men are knocked out . She and her men are last seen shipped to Madagascar with her henchmen ( not similar to the first movie ) which the Penguins did to them , this time with the aid of Aaron Cross and Singapore Police Force , who managed to take all of them down . DuBois ' men ( edit ) DuBois ' Men are four men of Captain DuBois ' animal control officers . They are prone to getting hurt , unlike their boss . However , even when they do get hurt , DuBois can heal them instantly simply by singing `` Non , je ne regrette rien , '' thereby appealing to their patriotism . One is short , one is tall and skinny with a mustache ( on an extra released on the DVD reveals his name is Gerard ) , one is overweight with a goatee and sideburns , and one is also overweight and has a mustache . Dave / Dr. Octavius Brine ( edit ) Dave ( voiced by John Malkovich ) is a villainous and disgruntled octopus who appears in Penguins of Madagascar as the main antagonist . He disguises himself as a human professor under the alias of Dr. Octavius Brine . Dave used to be one of the top attractions at the Central Park Zoo , in which time he entertained children with his clever and funny tricks . However , when Skipper , Kowalski , Rico and Private arrived , they unknowingly stole all his glory due to their cuteness and he was forcibly removed from his home . Afterwards , Dave was shipped to every major Zoo in the world , but the same thing happened again and again and again : penguins getting all the attention while Dave was shunned and ignored . Embittered , Dave now seeks revenge on the penguin species , becoming a mad scientist in the process . Inside his submarine lair , Dave creates the Medusa serum , a green substance that when fired in a ray will transform its target into a physically and mentally disfigured monster . He plans to use it on all the penguins that stole his fame and then unleash the now monstrous penguins on New York city , so that the humans will despise them instead of love them . However , a group of Arctic animals called the `` North Wind '' attempt to foil his plans . At the end of the film , Dave 's plan for revenge is foiled and the vengeful octopus is shrunk by his own ray ( the effects having been reversed by Private ) and gets trapped in a snow globe , where he is admired by a little girl . Dave 's henchmen ( edit ) Dave 's Henchmen are octopuses . They are evil minions who work for Dave and assist him in his plans to rid of all penguins . They do n't speak , but they make a bubbling sound that Dave understands . Each henchman share the first names of famous celebrities . Whenever Dave ordered them to do something , he would say the actor 's first name and an action word that spells out the actors ' full names ( Ex . `` Nicolas , cage them . '' `` Elijah , would you please take them away ? '' `` Halle , bury them . '' ) . About three of these underlings are named after the actors . Characters in the penguins of Madagascar TV series ( edit ) Marlene ( edit ) Marlene ( voiced by Nicole Sullivan in normal form , Dee Bradley Baker in wild form ) is the Central Park Zoo 's only resident Oriental small - clawed otter with primarily brown fur , with a white chest , face , and right foot . Marlene is shown to be both playful and kind towards others , which often conflicts with Skipper 's serious and safety - cautious attitude . Though this is true , the two still share a very strong friendship with one another and still have the ability to keep that certain bond exceedingly strong , making it rather difficult to break . She attempts to find and bring out the best in others through kindness , though is not immune to feeling anger towards Rhonda , a rude walrus apathetic to others , and works to have her transferred ( she regrets the decision after learning Rhonda would be sent to a polar bear reserve , and works doggedly to send her elsewhere ) . Despite having doubts on the penguins ' ways of dealing with issues , Marlene still believes that they can accomplish very difficult tasks . Marlene is known to snore very loudly while asleep , which invokes fear in an alligator named Roger residing in the sewer system beneath her enclosure . Like other residents at the zoo , Marlene is shown to love both popcorn and candy . In order to get candy , she is bribed by Maurice to celebrate King Julien Day and participate in several tasks to keep Julien content . Marlene has also revealed that she won the Internet popularity contest at her past zoo three years in a row ( though was unable to compete at the Central Park Zoo due to a scandal ) and that she considers Christmas in July `` the biggest holiday of the year '' . In `` Otter Gone Wild '' , it is revealed that she was born in captivity . When she sets foot in the outside world , she becomes wild . In her primal state , she briefly becomes infatuated with King Julien , and is capable of posing a significant threat even to the equally - psychotic Rico in a fight , later successfully defeating two enraged badgers who had just given the entire penguin team significant trouble . In `` Otter Things Have Happened '' , the penguins invented a machine that is able to locate anyone 's ideal match at a moment 's notice ; the birds misread the signal her saliva sample gave and present her with Fred the squirrel , upsetting Julien who kidnaps the little guy ( who Marlene has actually started to like ) . When she realizes Fred is not good for her , she dumps Fred and goes back to her single lifestyle . Kowalski , upset that his invention is faulty , throws it out . In the trash the machine begins to show the results of Marlene 's test again ; we see Fred in the area it was picking up , but then are treated to the introduction of a brand new character , Antonio or the `` Otter Bachelor of Central Park '' , a buff , Latino male otter who has a fancy to frequently playing his Spanish guitar . It is not finalized , but it seems that Antonio was the individual who Marlene 's test picked up , not Fred . It is not known yet if the penguins know of Antonio 's existence or if Marlene will get to meet him in future episodes but in `` The Lost Treasure of the Golden Squirrel '' it is shown that Marlene dreams of being in a spacious room surrounded by many otters very similar ( if not exactly like ) Antonio all playing Spanish Guitars . In `` Dr. Blowhole 's Revenge '' , it is shown that she believes Dr. Blowhole is not real . In `` The Return of the Revenge of Dr. Blowhole , '' she saw that he was real , though made no comment concerning any prior disbelief . During `` The Otter Woman '' , an over-chlorinated pool resulted in Marlene 's fur being bleached white , causing her to be mistaken for an arctic mink called `` Arlene , '' resulting in Skipper and Julien becoming infatuated with her before Skipper became convinced that `` Arlene '' had done something horrible to the seemingly missing Marlene . Later , Marlene 's fur was dyed back to its original color by Alice when she noticed what happened to Marlene . In `` Littlefoot , '' Marlene was separated from her feral self thanks to Kowalski 's latest invention , but the separation resulted in her monstrous alter - ego going on the rampage while ' regular ' Marlene was now excessively paranoid and afraid of everything around her . Despite Officer X capturing Marlene 's feral self and taking her to animal control after feral Marlene went on a rampage that destroyed most of New York - earning the name ' Littlefoot ' in the process - , the penguins managed to recombine Marlene 's two selves , making Officer X lose his job again , and the experience of confronting her other self allowing Marlene to gain greater control over her feral side . In `` Badger Pride , '' Marlene had to put up with the attacks from Becky and Stacy Badger ( who are prone to having to put up with badger stereotypes ) and her wild side comes in handy when it came to subduing them . Alice ( edit ) Alice ( voiced by Mary Scheer ) is a zookeeper exclusive to The Penguins of Madagascar . She seems to dislike aspects of her job , and is happy to have a voice - automated robot guide give directions so she can avoid `` annoying tour group questions '' . She also does not understand what people enjoy about watching animals on their computer , saying that they do not do anything interesting . Alice is involved in several aspects of the animal 's well - being . It 's hinted that deep down Alice cares for the zoo animals and only wants what 's best for them as she hates it when people feed the animals popcorn , and posts several signs throughout the zoo after catching a child feeding Marlene a kernel . Though this could just be herself keeping her job safe . Alice is also in charge of gathering the penguins for visits to the veterinarian , and later remarks that they have a dentist appointment ( Private then confusedly states that they do not have teeth ) . Alice and the penguins have a mutual dislike for each other , and she believes that they are scheming ( though she is actually correct in this assumption ) . Though another zookeeper can be heard over her walkie - talkie , voiced by John DiMaggio , Alice is usually the only one ever seen on - screen but occasionally an unnamed zoo worker appears sporadically , though his face is always hidden . Unintentionally , Alice won the zoo 's internet popularity contest when a camera documenting the animals was accidentally pushed toward her dancing and slapping her butt in the kitchen . In `` Miss Understanding '' , she remarked to a know - it - all kid that the zoo had three male penguins and one female , which turned out to be false ( not that she knew or cared , either of which could be true ) . Pervis McSlade ( edit ) Pervis McSlade ( voiced by Gary Cole ) is the zoo commissioner of the Central Park Zoo . Pervis McSlade first appeared in `` In The Line of Doody . '' He is the commissioner for the Central Park Zoo . He was making an appearance to announce the opening of the Children 's Zoo . Skipper saved him from being hit by a pigeon named Frankie . He later appears in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' to make Frances Alberta the new zookeeper of Central Park . When he finds out Frances was building bio mechanical androids to replace the animals with , he fired her . Zoo Doctor ( edit ) This unnamed doctor ( voiced by Brian George in an Asian - Indian accent ) works as a veterinarian at the Central Park Zoo . He works in the `` animal care '' building . Unlike Alice , he seems to be quite fond of animals . He is bald and wears a white lab coat . Skipper often voices dislike of him because of his use of needles and when injured , he has been known to try and downplay the injury rather than visit the vet . Chuck Charles ( edit ) Chuck Charles ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a newsman who works at Channel - 1 . In `` The All Nighter Before Christmas , '' he mentions that he is so used to talking on television that he has forgotten how to talk normally . Due to an unknown reason in `` Goodnight and Good Chuck , '' he was fired and replaced with his rival anchor Pete Peters and he got a new job at the zoo as Alice 's assistant . But he was sat on by Burt , swung out of control by Bada and Bing , tried to get a chameleon off of his face , being dragged away by a vehicle that drove itself , almost got flushed down a toilet , jumped on by Mort , and got sprayed by the amnesia spray by the Penguins . He tried to get his old job back by exposing the Penguins ' operation to the world and he got past Rico , Private and Kowalski . The disc was taken by Pete Peters and Peters aired it . But when the world thought the Penguins ' operation was fake , Pete Peters was fired and Chuck Charles was reinstated . Rat King ( edit ) The Rat King ( voiced by Diedrich Bader ) is a genetically enhanced , muscular lab rat who resides in the sewer . He constantly torments the penguins and never learns his lesson when he 's defeated each time . He even tries to take over their home in a hockey game , but he is defeated by King Julien after Rat King 's fellow rats skated over King Julien 's feet . Also he is matched power with Skipper . Sewer rats ( edit ) Several small sewer rats make appearances on the occasion as the servants of Rat King . They are voiced by Jeff Bennett and Kevin Michael Richardson . Officer X ( edit ) Officer X ( voiced by Cedric Yarbrough ) is a New York animal control officer who has a single - minded focus on removing stray animals from the streets . Officer X is shown to have a superhuman level of strength , crushing a small metal cage with his bare hands and defeating Joey , who even the penguins could not easily beat , head on , leading Skipper to say Officer X can not be human . He first tangles with the penguins when they interfere with his pursuit of a stray cat , the penguins ' friend Max , in the episode `` Cat 's Cradle '' . When asked by Alice what his real name was , X responds that his mother never told him his real name , instead telling him that it was `` classified . '' Officer X was defeated by a Red Rhodesian Slasher that was painted to look like Max . X returns in the episode `` What Goes Around '' when he tries to capture the penguins when they are found out of the zoo on the streets of New York , but the subsequent chase results in X losing his job due to the scale of the damage he had caused and the public 's lack of belief that penguins were responsible for his actions . He was arrested on vandalism charges creating the mess resulting from his and the penguins ' encounter . He returns as an exterminator in `` Stop Bugging Me , '' having been forced to work as an exterminator after his previous rampage . He fights with the penguins who are protecting three cockroaches that Rico befriended . X was ready to enact his revenge , only for Private to cause the cockroaches to crawl into his suit causing him to run off . He also lost his mustache in this episode . In `` The Officer X Factor , '' he replaces Alice for the weekend when she was sent on a vacation . As a zookeeper , he knew about every inch of the zoo to prevent the penguins ' escape into cooler water . He was also expecting that the penguins were going to fly to the East River , but he was defeated there . He landed on the taxi that Alice was returning in as it drives away . Officer X attempted to regain his position in `` Littlefoot '' by capturing the monster currently attacking New York ( the feral version of Marlene that had been separated from her normal self ) , but the penguins sabotaged this effort by recombining the two Marlenes , leaving Rico behind to give the impression that X 's penguin - related `` insanity '' had prompted him to steal a penguin from the zoo . X loses his job again , leaving him upset . His next appearance was in `` A Kipper for Skipper '' where he was working as a fishmonger . When Kowalski , Rico , and Private were arguing over the fish , X captured the three of them . Luckily , they were able to defeat him by dropping a bowling ball on him . He was briefly seen in `` Goodnight and Good Chuck '' in which a video revealing all of the penguins ' covert operations were broadcast worldwide . Officer X watched the news segment in Times Square and truimphantly told anyone who would listen that `` I told you ! '' and `` I 'm not crazy ! '' . He then calls his mother and tells her to turn on the TV to prove his sanity . Unfortunately , everyone else who watches it believes it to be a news hoax due to the sheer impossibility of the scenario and the amusing antics of the penguins in the video . Officer X drops to his knees and cries out in despair when still no one believes him . In `` Snowmageddon '' X is now stacking shelves . When Skipper and Marlene go out for a snack run and a snowstorm traps them in the same shop , X manages to capture Skipper , and ties him up with a licorice whip then cages him under a plastic crate , which he sits on while calling animal control . Marlene helps to free Skipper and thanks to the destruction it can be assumed that X has lost his job again . Joey ( edit ) Joey ( voiced by James Patrick Stuart ) is a bad tempered and hostile red kangaroo with an Australian accent that always refers to himself in the third person who loves beating up anyone who steps foot in his habitat , especially Skipper and Julien . He first appeared in the season one episode , `` Assault and Batteries '' and later on in `` Cat 's Cradle '' when he tried to beat up Officer X but was badly hurt instead . He also appeared to have a big role in `` Skorca ! '' In the season two , episode `` Kanga - Management '' , the Penguins accidentally destroy the Koala habitat , forcing Leonard to temporarily live with Joey until the pen is re-built , to both 's dismay . Eventually , the two settle their differences and become friends , agreeing on their hatred for the penguins . Even though Joey has a pouch that only female kangaroos have , it is assumed by many fans that Joey is a female kangaroo with a masculine voice . Leonard ( edit ) Leonard ( voiced by Dana Snyder ) is an extremely paranoid and nervous koala . He first appeared in `` Night and Dazed '' , where he was shown to be very afraid of the penguins . After being accidentally launched into the city due to Kowalski 's evacuation launcher , the penguins come save him and bring him back to the zoo . He appears again in `` Kanga Management '' in which the penguins accidentally destroy his enclosure , forcing him to temporarily live in Joey 's enclosure . He and Joey eventually become friends due to their hatred for the penguins . In `` Nighty Night Ninja '' , he watches a martial arts film with the penguins while he waits for his home to air out , due to a fish bomb . This causes him to start attacking the other animals in a sleep - walking state the next day . The penguins cure him by making him watch The Lunacorns , and save him from the sewer rats , whom he had attacked earlier . Hans ( edit ) Hans ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) is a puffin with a past history with Skipper that involves a mission in Denmark that somehow resulted in Skipper being declared Public Enemy Number One in the country in question . During `` Huffin & Puffin '' , he appeared in New York , initially apparently wanting to make peace with Skipper , before his true agenda was revealed to be his attempt to take control of the Penguins ' lair for revenge . With Skipper having infiltrated the lair and defeated Hans , he was then shipped to the Hoboken Zoo . He appeared in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' and helped the penguins defeat the animal androids who had taken over the Hoboken Zoo . He appeared in `` The Return of the Revenge of Doctor Blowhole '' , working with Doctor Blowhole as part of a plan to take Skipper 's memories away . Dr. Blowhole ( edit ) Dr. Blowhole ( voiced by Neil Patrick Harris ) is an evil , mad dolphin scientist and supervillain , who plans to take revenge on the human race : In the past , Blowhole was known as `` Flippy '' , and was forced by humans to perform tricks at Coney Island for their own amusement . Dr. Blowhole is Skipper 's arch - nemesis . He only has one ( real ) eye ; his right eye is a robotic one , which hides a scar . He is described by Private and Skipper as being `` pure evil , with skin that 's surprisingly pleasant to the touch '' , which Blowhole claims is because he always moisturizes . He appears to love rubbing it in that he has far superior technology than the penguins do , which usually gets on Kowalski 's nerves . Since he is a dolphin , he gets around by the use of a Segway - type vehicle while on land , which also projects a glass dome around it and Blowhole to turn into an escape vehicle . He also has a habit of referring to the penguins as `` pen - gyoo - wins '' ( it is implied that he only does this to annoy them ) . Dr. Blowhole has a habit of having his deep - voiced computer announce the names of his creations in a dramatic voice ( provided by Jim Cummings ) instead of saying them himself ( i.e. Chrome Claw ) . Unlike most cartoon villains , instead of simply leaving his enemies to die in a deathtrap , he typically stays to oversee their destruction personally , well aware they will likely escape somehow ( telling Julien as much when asked ) , unless he 'd be killed as well if he stays ( such as locking them in his base as it self - destructs ) . In the special , he also proved able to hold his own with the combat - trained Skipper in a short physical fight . Dr. Blowhole is mentioned in the episode `` Eclipsed '' . Blowhole apparently had a plan to extinguish the Sun , as when Private told him that the sun went dark , Skipper believed that Dr. Blowhole had succeeded in his plan , but actually the sun went dark because of a solar eclipse . In `` Roomies '' , Blowhole sends a walrus spy , named Rhonda a.k.a. Agent 12 , to steal Kowalski 's `` plasma cutter '' invention , which acts as a chain saw . The villainous dolphin himself is never seen the episode . Dr. Blowhole kidnaps King Julien , believing him to be Skipper 's best friend , in an effort to lure the flightless force into a trap so that he can annihilate them once and for all . Julien and Blowhole join forces and captures the `` pen - gu - wins '' . After Blowhole reveals his plan to activate a `` Ring of Fire '' that he built in the North Pole to flood the world ( saying it was inspired by a ring of fire he was forced to jump through when he was in captivity ) , Mort appears from the lair 's skylight and frees the penguins after crashing into a control panel . Blowhole then activates the Ring of Fire after throwing Mort from the control panel . He then sends a giant mutated lobster he devised earlier in the episode called Chrome Claw after Skipper and the penguins ( which he 'd mentioned he was planning to create during their previous encounter ) but they manage to defeat it . After a short battle with Skipper , Blowhole is betrayed by Julien , who claims to have been a double agent the entire time , and the `` Ring of Fire '' ( which the media has dubbed the `` Hoop of Heat '' , much to Blowhole 's anger ) is deactivated . Blowhole escapes , promising revenge . Doctor Blowhole was referenced in `` Invention Intervention '' , where Skipper assumed that Kowalski 's out - of - control invisible invisibility ray was actually created by Blowhole , commenting that his arch - nemesis had become far more intelligent -- if harder to follow given the lack of motive behind such an attack -- since their last confrontation . In `` The Return of the Revenge of Dr. Blowhole '' , Dr. Blowhole helps Skipper 's rival , Hans the Puffin , escape the Hoboken Zoo so he can lure Skipper into a trap . Once he ambushed him , he uses his clown - shaped `` Mind Jacker '' to steal Skipper 's memories so he can use them to infiltrate the penguins ' lair so he can turn them into his monster slaves using his `` Diaboligizer '' . When he is about to blast the penguins with the Diaboligizer , he misfires , causing it to hit King Julien 's MP3 player infused with Kowalski 's experimental power cell ( which Julien foolishly thought was a battery ) . The mix of the three resulted in a giant MP3 monster , which made everyone near it sing uncontrollably . Blowhole soon decides to use the creature to his advantage by winning it over with his beautiful singing voice . Once he was in control , he started using it to destroy New York City . Fortunately , Skipper returned to New York with the help of a spirit guide in the form of Alex the lion as seen earlier in the movie . Skipper distracted Blowhole while the penguins took out the source of the monster 's power . With Blowhole foiled again and the monster back to normal , he tried to escape , but Skipper activated the Mind Jacker on Blowhole , wiping out his memories . He was soon returned to Coney Island under his old name of Flippy the Dolphin , where he was forced to jump through the Ring of Fire once again . He is also mentioned in `` The Big S.T.A.N.K '' , where he was the reason that S.T.A.N.K was created , to lure him to the toilet - shaped stink bomb , but the project was abandoned with the realization that dolphins do n't use toilets . He was mentioned again in `` Operation : Big Blue Marble '' when Skipper suggested Blowhole as a suspect for the recent environmental chaos and random weather conditions that they were experiencing , but Kowalski confirmed that Blowhole was still at Coney Island as Flippy . In `` The Penguin Who Loved Me '' , it is revealed that Doris the dolphin ( Kowalski 's love interest ) is his sister and his real name is Francis ( which Red One , one of his Lobster minions , laughed off ) . He only created the name Dr. Blowhole since it earned him more respect . Rhonda ( edit ) Rhonda ( voiced by Kathy Kinney ) is a very rude , unhygenic , lazy and obnoxious walrus ( though she is depicted with buck teeth instead of tusks ) . She appears in the episode `` Roomies '' where she is transferred into Marlene 's habitat . At first Marlene is excited to have another girl to hang out with , but gets annoyed by Rhonda very quickly due to her disgusting and obnoxious behavior . She asks the penguins to ship her out overnight , but stops the shipment after hearing she is getting taken to a polar bear reserve . Instead they send her to the Hoboken Zoo . At the end , we see that she is one of Dr. Blowhole 's agents and stole Kowalski 's plasma cutter . She appears again , as an ally this time , in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' where she Hans , Clemson , Lulu and Savio help the penguins fight off animal androids in the Hoboken Zoo . Bada and Bing ( edit ) Bada and Bing ( voiced by John DiMaggio and Kevin Michael Richardson in Brooklyn accents ) are giant eastern lowland gorillas . Bada is a gray gorilla and Bing is a brown gorilla . First shown in the `` Kingdom Come '' episode when they served as thuggish bodyguards for Maurice , they have been seen displaying softer sides upon other occasions , such as when they looked after Mort in `` The Penguin Stays in the Picture '' while a photographer was there as an unrequested favor to Private , who wanted to be on the cover of the zoo brochure . The two are attacked by a super-enlarged Mort in the episode `` Mort Unbound '' in order for him to get King Julien 's stolen mango back . In `` Truth Ache , '' it is revealed that Bing sleeps with a stuffed rabbit named Mr. Bunny . Burt ( edit ) Burt ( voiced by John DiMaggio in the TV series , Fred Tatasciore in the video games ) is an Indian elephant who was just an extra zoo animal during the beginning of the series , but then evolved into a character of greater focus as the series evolved . He was central to the episode `` An Elephant Never Forgets '' , in which he leaves the zoo to locate a man who had irritated him as a boy by playing his kazoo at the zoo . In the 2005 videogame version of Madagascar , Burt was called Darnell . Burt is shown to be obsessed with peanuts , and when he does not eat them , he goes insane as shown in `` Jungle Law '' . He nearly eats Julien when he mistakes him for a peanut . He played a vital role in the penguins ' defeat of the ruthless boa constrictor Savio due to his sheer size preventing Savio from attacking him , squeezing Savio so that the snake 's previously - swallowed victims were released . Roger ( edit ) Roger ( voiced by Richard Kind ) is the penguins ' American alligator friend who lives in the sewer . They meet him in the episode `` Haunted Habitat '' when Skipper and Marlene go to investigate in the sewer under Marlene 's habitat because of a strange sound . Roger tells the penguins that he is from Florida and that he was the pet of a young boy until he was flushed into the sewers by the boy 's parents . He appears again in `` Roger Dodger '' when the Sewer Rats terrorize him . Kowalski swapped his mind with Rico 's to drive away the Sewer Rats and then had to work to get their minds back into their respectful bodies . In `` Gator Watch , '' the overload of sewage causes problems for Roger at the time when the penguins were visiting him . The penguins had to work to find the right home for him since the `` zoo overlords '' would be surprised at the sudden appearance of Roger . First they tried a park with Roger disguised as a log . A woman recognized him . Then the penguins try to disguise Roger as an exhibit at the museum . Two boys ended up giving Roger away . Another idea was to have Roger pose as a gargoyle at the top of a building . Roger fell off the building and into a populated swimming pool . This caused the entire city to end up in a Gator Watch which ended with Roger getting captured by animal control at a theater . When the penguins worked to free Roger , the location Roger was taken to was the Central Park Zoo where an alligator habitat has been set up by the zoo staff . Since then , he has made background appearances . Max ( edit ) Max ( voiced by Wayne Knight ) is the penguins ' stray tabby cat friend who lives in an alley near Central Park . He first meets the four penguins in the episode `` Launchtime '' when the penguins end up on a rooftop across the street from the zoo instead of on the moon . At first , the penguins thought he was a `` mooncat '' , but at the end they figure out he was just a stray cat . Max is skinny and hopes to catch a bird in his life . He at first wanted to eat the penguins , but was so touched when he was given a can of fish by them that he became their friend instead . He has a very small cameo in `` The Helmet '' . In `` Cat 's Cradle '' , Max tried to escape Officer X . With help from the Penguins , Max and penguins managed to trick Officer X into getting attacked by a wildcat called the Red Rhodesian Slasher . He appears once more in `` Street Smarts '' where Max helps the Penguins retrieve Mort from Elmer by teaching them how to be a dog . In the end , Max and Elmer become close friends , but only because Elmer thinks that Max is a lemur . Duck family ( edit ) The Duck Family are a family of ducks that live in a pond in Central Park . Mother Duck ( edit ) Mother Duck ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is a white duck who is the mother of Bradley , Samuel , Ramona , and Eggy . Eggy ( edit ) Eggy ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is a duckling who is the son of Mother Duck and the brother of Ramona , Samuel and Bradley . In `` Paternal Egg - Stinct , '' Marlene found an abandoned egg in her habitat . She gave it to the penguins to look after . Julien wanted the egg for himself . He called it Julien Junior , or JJ for short . Private called the Pony Twilight Sparkle . At the end , Marlene brings Mother Duck to the penguins to get her duckling back . Unfortunately , the effects of the Penguins ' training goes to a point where Mother Duck asks the Penguins to do something to stop him as seen in `` Hard Boiled Eggy . '' Their attempts to show Eggy the dangerous portion of their missions fails , as the duckling goes on a rampage taking down all the animals in the zoo where Eggy inherits 5 traits . Ramona , Bradley and Samuel ( edit ) Ramona , Bradley and Samuel ( all three voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) are ducklings who are Eggy 's siblings and Mother Duck 's children . Like Eggy 's previous personas before becoming more like Julien in Hard Boiled Eggy , they crave action and mayhem . Fred ( edit ) Fred ( voiced by Fred Stoller ) is a dimwitted squirrel that lives in Central Park and takes everything said literally and has a slow , unemphatic speech pattern . Kowalski met Fred briefly in the `` Otter Gone Wild '' episode , while the full penguin group met him in `` Mask of the Raccoon '' where he is friends with Archie despite the fact that Archie is no good . He dated Marlene in `` Otter Things Have Happened '' , but she broke up with him because what she had thought was him being funny turned out to be just Fred 's ignorance . In `` Field Tripped , '' Julien recruited him to be the ' smart one ' of Julien 's all - mammal penguin - team - equivalent . Fred was part of a treasure hunt in the episode `` The Lost Treasure of the Golden Squirrel '' . Roy ( edit ) Roy ( voiced by Danny Jacobs ) is a short - tempered white rhinoceros , appearing predominantly as an extra zoo animal for the majority of the series . When given more of a role , he often appears to have little - to - no patience for any animal that provokes him , usually responding with threats , such as when a truth - telling Private nearly revealed a secret about him in the `` Truth Ache '' episode involving a `` vacation '' in Tijuana . He plays a pivotal role in the `` April Fools '' episode when he threatens Julien with retaliation for drawing on his backside with a permanent marker . It is revealed that he was working with the penguins to teach Julien a lesson for his constant April Fools ' Day pranks on everyone in August . In `` Antics on Ice '' , it was revealed that he is a fan of the Lunacorns series due to their positive focus on a horned animal . Twice in the episode `` Action Reaction , '' he sat on Julien . Pinky ( edit ) Pinky ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a sassy American flamingo , who usually only appears as an extra zoo animal in the series . Her only main role , so far , has been in her debut episode `` Go Fish . '' In this episode she was used for aerial support when the penguins wanted to take fish from a fish delivery truck . Somehow she wound up getting all the fish for herself by the end of the episode . In the episode `` Operation : Good Deed '' the penguins need one of Pinky 's feathers so that Julien would let Maurice massage Mason . She agrees to give them one after they got her peanuts through a series of additional tasks . Darla ( edit ) Darla ( voiced by Grey DeLisle in a Western accent ) is a very tough , unfriendly , aggressive , tomboyish , determined but also kind - hearted , sweet and caring Guinea baboon . She appears mainly as a background zoo animal . She was first mentioned in `` Assault and Batteries '' , but made her first appearance in `` Out of the Groove '' . In this episode , she stole Julien 's groove after he skunk - bombed her . After several attempts by the Penguins to get the groove back , she finally gives it back when Skipper manages to make Julien apologize . She had her second major role in `` Hair Apparent '' . In this episode , she began pampering Maurice ( thinking he was a male baboon after he got most of his tail fur ripped off , got red paint on his bottom , and got Commissioner McSlade 's toupee stuck on his head making Julien jealous . The penguins later take the wig from Maurice to return it , making Darla angry to find out Maurice is a lemur . By the end of the episode , she decides to pamper Mort instead . Carol and Jillian ( edit ) Carol and Jillian ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) are Darla 's baboon friends who are often seen with her . Shelly ( edit ) Shelly ( voiced by Melissa McCarthy ) is an ostrich who lives in the Central Park Zoo . For most of the series , she only appears as a background zoo animal . Her first major role and her first speaking role so far is in the episode `` Love Takes Flightless '' . In this episode she falls for Rico after he gets her out of cement . She tries to get Rico 's attention by hiding his doll in the dumpster . After seeing how upset Rico was about it , she helps the penguins get it back from the garbage truck . At the end , Shelly gets herself a muscular male doll and becomes happy with it . Becky and Stacy ( edit ) Becky and Stacy ( voiced by Jennette McCurdy and Victoria Justice ) are two American badgers that are residents of the zoo . It has n't been revealed if they are either friends or sisters . They are prone to having to put up with badger stereotypes . Private was initially fearful of badgers , but Becky and Stacy won his heart by giving him Peanut Butter Winkies . After Private left , Becky and Stacy started badgering Marlene into doing wild and crazy things with them . Marlene , annoyed , tells them to stop badgering her . They ended up attacking Marlene due to the use of badger stereotypes . They were eventually defeated when Marlene fell outside the park and went into her wild state . After that incident , Becky and Stacy appear to respect and fear Marlene since they all have a picnic with the penguins in the park with the two of them being held in between wild Marlene 's arms . Becky and Stacy both make a reappearance in `` Tunnel of Love , '' where they fall in love with the beavers and romance interferes with the beavers ' work . Randy ( edit ) Randy ( voiced by Will Friedle ) is a sheep who lives at the Children 's Zoo at the Central Park Zoo . Children are constantly coming to pet him . Many of them have sticky hands due to eating too much candy . In his debut episode `` Ca n't Touch This , '' one kid in particular hits him and rips his fur until finally Randy can not stand the torture any longer resulting in Randy biting the kid . The kid screams , causing Alice to come and see what the problem is . The penguins hear the boy 's cry as well . When they get there and see the child lie to Alice . Alice apologizes , and puts Randy in a cage . Skipper then says they 're going to teach the sheep a lesson for biting a child . Once Randy tells them their story , the Penguins decide to help Randy with his predicament by using various defense methods including : `` Repelling '' Polymer , Static Electricity , and Hypnosis , all of which backfire . Eventually , Randy ends up back in the Petting Zoo , but as a consultation , Skipper and Rico teach him some self - defense combat techniques to prevent anymore accidents . Randy appears again in `` Operation : Neighbor Swap '' where he welcomes the Lemurs into the petting zoo but once Julien gets comfortable , he too grows tired and annoyed of his constant bossing . He helps the penguins formulate a plan to get Julien back to his old habitat . Muffy , Buffy , and Fluffy ( edit ) Muffy , Buffy and Fluffy ( all three voiced by Kristen Schaal ) are three adorable , cute , and cuddly rabbits who reside in the Central Park Children 's Zoo . As shown in the show they appear to be cute and innocent but they happen to be very good fighters ( evident by how they managed to beat up the penguins with ease ) . They made their first appearance in `` Operation : Neighbor Swap , '' when the Lemurs were transferred to the Petting Zoo . When they met the lemurs , they became loyal to King Julien because they heard he was a king ( and because of his `` magnificent '' tail ) . Clemson ( edit ) Clemson ( voiced by Larry Miller ) is a very descriptive and exuberant bamboo lemur who made his first appearance in the episode `` Right Hand Man . '' . After being transferred to the Central Park Zoo , Clemson tried to replace Maurice as Julien 's right hand man by constantly pampering him . Mort ( who had suspected Clemson was evil since he arrived ) found out that Clemson was planning to ship Julien to the Hoboken Zoo so that he could take over as king . The Penguins later turn the tables on him by pushing Clemson into the crate to be sent off . Clemson appeared again in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' where he helped the Penguins fight off the android animals of the Hoboken Zoo . Clemson 's returns in `` King Me '' where he informs the lemurs that Julien ca n't inherite the crown and nearly wins a contest to see who would be king . He was thwarted when the Penguins switched Clemson 's brain with Julien 's . Julien in Clemson 's body then decrees `` Julien '' king right before they are switched back . Clemson is then chased back to Hoboken by Bada and Bing after Julien insulted them while still in Clemson 's body . Lulu ( edit ) Lulu ( voiced by Jane Leeves ) is a female chimpanzee . She first appears in `` Monkey Love '' , in which she was staying at the Central Park Zoo while her habitat in the Hoboken Zoo was being repaired . Once she showed up , Phil fell in love with her . When Mason tries to set the two up , she thinks Mason is asking her out . After several failed attempts by the penguins and King Julien to show off Phil 's skills , Phil explains the whole situation to her in American Sign Language and she agrees to go out with him before she has to leave . She appears again in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' , along with Hans , Savio , Clemson and Rhonda , where she helps the penguins fight off the android animals of the Hoboken Zoo . Doris ( edit ) Doris ( voiced by Calista Flockhart ) is a dolphin who Kowalski has a crush on her who is spoken of in several episodes . As shown in `` Hot Ice , '' Kowalski sees her as a love interest , though it appears to be unrequited ( since Doris wanted someone `` hipper '' ) . Doris makes her first appearance in `` The Penguin who Loved Me '' and is revealed to be the sister of Dr. Blowhole . She wishes for Kowalski to help her free her brother Francis from captivity along with a platypus named Parker . After the penguins and Parker follow Doris to Seaville , they get to Francis ' exhibit where it is revealed he is none other than Dr. Blowhole , who has forgotten who he really is and thinks he 's Flippy because of his memories being wiped out and is now happily performing tricks for people . Parker than betrays the Penguins and Doris when he reveals he works for Dr. Blowhole and takes him back to the base where all the Lobsters are . As they try to restore his memories , Doris and The Penguins storm in and the aforementioned characters get in a fight . Soon enough Doris accidentally finds Blowhole 's Mind Jacker and Parker uses it to restore his memories . Blowhole than captures the Penguins and Doris , and reveals his evil plan is to fire his new weapon `` Project Bad Tidings '' at the moon , flood the entire world and rule it . But after Kowalski tricks him and they foil his plan and manage to escape before the base explodes . As soon as they get back home , Doris tells Kolwaski that she likes him now and they kiss for the first time . Savio ( edit ) Savio ( voiced by Nestor Carbonell ) is an oversized boa constrictor that has attacked the animals on three occasions . When he was initially transferred to the zoo in `` The Big Squeeze '' , the penguins suspected him of being the cause of the disappearance of the lemurs and Marlene , but his cage appeared inescapable ; the only means of departure was a vent that Savio could have used when unfed but would have been unable to access when returning . Skipper realises that he was instead using the vent to access the keypad that controlled his cage locks with his tail , allowing him to open his cage . He was defeated on this occasion when the penguins lured him into Burt 's habitat , with Burt throwing Savio around and squeezing him through the bars to expel his previously - eaten victims . Alice later had Savio transferred to the Hoboken Zoo Savio returned as an enemy in `` All Tied Up With a Boa '' , intending to eat the penguins , the lemurs , and Marlene in revenge for their previous defeat - subsequently intending to regurgitate them and eat them in reverse order to his previous consumption - after immobilising Burt by sending a mouse to the zoo to trick him into running into a wall in panic , but Julien managed to escape by hiding in the popcorn machine and becoming covered in butter , his slippery form resulting in Savio becoming tied up in knots , covered in butter , and sent back to Hoboken . Savio appeared as an ally in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' where he assisted the penguins in defeating the android animals of the Hoboken Zoo . Savio returns again in `` The Terror of Madagascar '' when Julien has him transferred back to the zoo as he had hired him to eat a baby fossa that he believes is trying to eat him , but the fossa is revealed to see Julien as a father figure and defeats Savio by biting him and chases him back to Hoboken ( While annoying Skipper at the idea that the penguins have now not defeated Savio three times & yells in frustration seeing Savio defeated by the fossa instead of them ) . The Vesuvius Twins ( edit ) The Vesuvius Twins ( voiced by Atticus Shaffer ) are two schoolboys from a very wealthy family . They are disliked by all of the animals of the zoo because of how nasty they are . Even though they are repeatedly banned from going near the animals , they usually get around the ban because of their parent 's wealth , e.g. purchasing all of the tickets for an event at the zoo . Private often encourages others to show kindness to the boys , choosing to believe that they are secretly good . Cecil and Brick ( edit ) Cecil and Brick ( voiced by French Stewart and John DiMaggio ) are two criminals that have occasionally run afoul of the Penguins . Archie ( edit ) Archie ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) is a raccoon with a Robin Hood - like motive and a friend of Fred . He first appears in `` Mask of the Raccoon '' where he has been going around stealing from the zoo and supposedly giving to the poor . His plot was exposed by the Penguins upon learning about him from Fred and ends up having to give to the poor . In `` The Big Move , '' Archie appears as a property agent where he tries to sell Rico a house . In this appearance , he is not in his Robin Hood costume and not using a French accent . Amarillo Kid ( edit ) The Amarillo Kid ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a nine - banded armadillo . A long time ago , the Amarillo Kid challenged Private to a game of mini golf , back when Private was one of the best mini golf players and was known as Mr. Tux . Private quit after the game , which ended in a tie , because he had to hit a little possum girl 's ice cream cone ( it was a double scoop ) to tie it up . Though Private admitted that the pressure made him quit after all . Several years later in `` Mr. Tux , '' he arrived at the Central Park Zoo to challenge Private to a game to prove he 's the best . At first , Private refuses to fight him . Enraged by this , the Kid locked down the entire zoo and threatened to blow it up with a thermonuclear reactor . Private battles him , and though the game is close , Private wins with the help of a cricket he had saved early . Ashamed , the Amarillo Kid leaves . The Amarillo Kid later returns in `` Showdown on Fairway 18 , '' but this time has a changed personality . This time , he comes to the Penguins for help when he has lost a mini-golf match against the Gopher Brothers Bo and Gomer and they want his shell ( which the Amarillo Kid used in a wager ) . The Amarillo Kid tells him of the Westchester Putter from Yabogeyhaha , a golden golf putting club which grants its wielder unbeatable power so that even the worst will become the greatest , and he desires to use it in a rematch against the Gophers to save himself . Private and the Amarillo Kid find the Westchester Putter . Through a series of comical foul - ups , they finally claim the Putter . Private hands the Westchester Putter over to the Amarillo Kid on the agreement that he will return it as soon as he has won his rematch . Touched by Private 's kindness , the Amarillo Kid confesses his intentions to steal the Putter for the Gophers in order to save his shell as Private 's emotions egged him & made him feel guilt for what he was preparing to do . He decides to turn over a new leaf , and voluntarily puts the Putter back , saying he 'd rather go shell-less than proving Skipper & Private right that he had n't changed . Just then , the other penguins and the Gophers show up . The Gophers trap the penguins under a chandelier , take the Westchester Putter for themselves , and escape the building , proving that the Amarillo Kid had been telling the truth and they had tricked Skipper and his team into helping them as Kowalski recapped the gophers ' clever ingenuity of their plan . As they make their getaway , the Amarillo Kid stays to free the penguins . The penguins and the Amarillo Kid pursue the Gophers in a mini golf cart chase . Just as it seems the Gophers are going to give the penguins the slip , the Amarillo Kid uses his golfing skills to sabotage their cart and save the Putter . With the Gophers successfully thwarted , the Amarillo Kid thanks Private for believing in him , and they part on good terms ... that is , only after Private reminds the Amarillo Kid remembers he is supposed to give the Westchester Putter back . Miss Perky ( edit ) Miss Perky ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is Rico 's doll girlfriend . Granny Squirrel ( edit ) Granny Squirrel ( voiced by Debbie Reynolds ) first she appeared as a granny of Fred in `` The Lost Treasure of the Golden Squirrel , '' but then the gang believed she is a ghost . Barry ( edit ) Barry ( voiced by Kevin McDonald ) is a strawberry poison - dart frog who first appears in the episode `` Untouchable '' where he is a transfer from the Hoboken Zoo and begins terrorizing the animals by temporarily poisoning Skipper , Kowalski and Rico . Private manages to stop him by putting on a steel suit and hugging him , making Barry realize he only needed a friend . He appears mainly as a background zoo animal in more recent episodes . Frankie ( edit ) Frankie ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a homing pigeon who first appeared on `` Launchtime . '' The Red Squirrel ( edit ) The Red Squirrel ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is an evil red squirrel who appears in the episodes `` The Red Squirrel , '' `` A Visit From Uncle Nigel , '' `` Our Man in Grrfurjiclestan , '' and `` Nuts to You . '' The Broches ( edit ) The Broches are the trio of cockroaches who appears in the episode `` Stop Bugging Me . '' Mike ( edit ) Mike ( voiced by Zand Broumand ) is a member of the Broches . Duane ( edit ) Duane ( voiced by Brian Posehn ) is a member of the Broches . Eddie ( edit ) Eddie ( voiced by Jerry Trainor ) is a member of the Broches . Frances Alberta ( edit ) Frances Alberta ( voiced by Megan Hilty ) is the presumptive head zookeeper at the Hoboken Zoo who appeared in the episode `` The Hoboken Surprise . '' Frances was first shown to be a cheerful zookeeper who had worked to clean up the zoo 's poor conditions , gaining the respect of resident animals Rhonda , Hans , Clemson , Savio , and Lulu . Frances also afforded the animals under her care many amenities , such as fine cuisine , massage chairs , and a fountain of cheese . It is later revealed that Frances never had the respect of her animals , whom she had simply sealed away under the ground and replaced with android look - alikes , all in an effort to meet her demanding standard for cleanliness and to get the attention of Parks Commissioner Pervis McSlade . At the end of the episode , Commissioner McSlade fires her and the Hoboken Police arrests her for making android look - alike animals and assault of a Bartender . Kitka ( edit ) Kitka ( voiced by Kari Wahlgren ) is a female peregrine falcon whom Skipper falls in love with . She only appears in `` The Falcon and the Snow Job '' . Nurse shawna W. Smith ( edit ) Shawna W. Smith ( voiced by Joanna Garcia ) is a zoo nurse who only appears in the episode `` Love Hurts '' . Special agent buck Rockgut ( edit ) Special Agent Buck Rockgut ( voiced by Clancy Brown ) is a rockhopper penguin who first appears in `` The Red Squirrel '' . Hunter ( edit ) Hunter ( voiced by Ciara Bravo ) is a young female leopard seal who does n't eat penguins . She only appears in the episode `` Operation : Antarctica '' . Uncle Nigel ( edit ) Uncle Nigel ( voiced by Peter Capaldi ) is Private 's uncle , who works as a spy for MI6 , and comes to New York to visit his nephew and to find The Red Squirrel . His first , and so far only , appearance is in `` A Visit From Uncle Nigel . '' When around the penguins ( minus Private ) , Nigel acted like a `` posh nancycat '' . This was all part of his cover story . When captured by The Red Squirrel , Nigel was forced to tell Skipper , Kowalski , and Rico that he actually was a spy . It is unknown if Nigel really is Private 's uncle in blood or not ( due to being a different species of penguin ) . Though it is possible that he is either an honorary uncle or perhaps one of Private 's parents was the same species of penguin Nigel is and he is their brother whilst the other parent was the same species as Private . Blue Hen ( edit ) Blue Hen ( voiced by Audrey Wasilewski ) is a chicken who is first introduced in `` Mental Hen '' as a mute animal with psychic powers . Kowalski , being a sceptic , records her and sends the video on internet , hoping someone will figure out that Blue Hen is faking her powers , only for her to gain popularity . She is then revealed to just be extremely intelligent rather than psychic , being able to figure out what 's going to happen with analytical thinking . She can also talk and becomes an enemy of penguins after they find out that she was waiting for someone like Kowalski to expose her so that she can gain popularity and power . Unable to defeat her rationally or by fighting , Kowalski sets up a plan to distract her by singing and dancing seductively , leading her to choose the wrong option . While she starts holding a grudge against Kowalski , she compliments his dancing ability and kisses him . She returns in P.E.L.T as an antagonist . Manfredi and Johnson ( edit ) Manfredi and Johnson ( voiced by James Patrick Stuart and Danny Jacobs ) are penguins who were former members of Skipper 's team . They are typically cited for the nature of their demise or a mistake they made as an example of what can happen if one lets their guard down or neglects their training . The exact method of their demise varies in each instance and in some cases are contradictory : killed by an exploding trap , killed by flying piranhas , losing vital internal organs , etc . They are finally seen in `` The Penguin Who Loved Me '' , in an enclosure in Seaville both with bruises and injuries , but very much alive . However , they have somehow injured their eyes . Manfredi ( the larger sized penguin ) has lost his left foot now replaced by a stick while Johnson ( the Kowalski - sized penguin ) broke his right flipper and seems to have a burn on his body . Johnson noticed the penguins and Doris `` flying out '' of Seaville and banged on the glass panel for help . Unfortunately for them , the penguins never noticed their desperate pleas and swam away saying they were never going to come back ever again . Strangely they do not appear in Penguins of Madagascar , implying that they may have met the four at a much later time . Characters in all Hail King Julien ( edit ) Clover ( edit ) Clover ( voiced by India de Beaufort ) is a green - eyed crowned lemur who is King Julien 's bodyguard . She is smart , cunning , ( mostly ) mature , but tends to be rather paranoid ( comes with the job ) , is brave to the point of recklessness and can be prone to sudden outbursts of violence , but can also be sweet , friendly and kind - hearted towards her friends . In general , she and Maurice tend to be the voice of reason to keep Julien 's crazy ideas in check . After the events of the first episode , Clover becomes his commander . She is the main protector King Julien ( since the other guards ran away ) Despite the fact that she thinks the new king is n't very bright she is fanatically loyal and faithful to him and is even willing to die for her king . Unlike his uncle , Julien treats her with a lot more respect ( for example at the end of episode one he points out that he noticed she was the only one of the guards who did n't run away and because of that his promoting her to commander ) . Her shocked response to the comment implies that uncle Julien never bothered to even compliment her . A running gag is that she acts like she is talking with someone through a radio earpiece . She did n't believe in having a fun life until she slid down the water slide going after Mort during Uncle King Julien XII 's return . In `` Eat Prey Shove '' , it is revealed she writes a rather fan fiction - y romantic book as a hobby . It is also here she meets Sage Moondancer , with whom Clover has a rather complex romantic relationship - while she loves him , his stoic and peaceful nature often irritates her . It takes several seasons for both of them to realize they balance each other out as the perfect weapon . In `` Crimson and Clover , '' it is revealed that Clover has a twin sister named Crimson , with whom she has a long lasting rivalry . Despite their antagonistic behaviour , they still consider each other family and Crimson has helped Clover out on occasion . In the storyline of `` Exiled '' , Clover went on a quest with Sage to find the perfect weapon , only to realize through the teachings of Sage 's annoying mudskipper master that they need each other to be in perfect balance ( after spending a day body - swapped ) . Koto , Sage 's evil brother wanted to force Clover to marry him , and she was ready to make this sacrifice for the life of Julien , but in the end she was freed and was essential in defeating Koto and his army . In Season 5 , when King Julien puts security cameras all over the kingdom , Clover is overjoyed to finally be able to enforce all the long - forgotten ancient laws she never had the chance to . This overzealousness causes everyone in the kingdom to be arrested eventually , with Clover turning herself in too when she got up from the bed on the wrong foot . In episode 12 , she expects Sage to propose to her , but finds out he is marrying her sister , Crimson . Trying to suppress her anger , she stays to help the mountain lemur kingdom , and eventually causes Sage to realize she is his soulmate , hurrying after her and proposing to her . This causes some concern for King Julien , as Clover will leave the kingdom after the marriage , so he tries to train the kingdom into an army , leading to disaster when real foosas attack . In the last episode , the wedding eventually proceeds after some hiccups , such as Julien burying Sage and forgetting where he was , and creating a Frankenstein 's monster version to stand in for the wedding , while Clover reconciles with Crimson and says her goodbye to Julien . She leaves for the mountain lemur kingdom with Sage at the end of the episode after the wedding , explaining her absence in the Madagascar movies . Masikura ( edit ) Masikura ( voiced by Debra Wilson ) is a psychic chameleon who appears once you call her . She sticks her tongue on your head and analyzes you for predictions or reading thoughts . He told Julien 's uncle that the king of the lemurs would be eaten by the Foosa . With that , Uncle King Julien hands over the crown to his nephew and leaves . At the coronation , the Foosa interrupted and take some lemurs with them . Masikura told King Julien , Maurice , and Clover about what happened . King Julien goes to the Foosa territory to save the lemurs , he got bitten on the butt , he shouts and the boulders fall down , scaring the Foosa . Julien was relieved that Masikura was wrong about the Foosa eating him . Masikura appears and say she did n't say the Foosa would n't eat all of him completely and points at his butt . In `` Poll Position '' , King Julien calls Masikura to use her tongue on Xixi 's head to find out who 's the one hater . Masikura denined , but King Julien grabbed her and starts shooting her tongue at Xixi . Her tongue hits Maurice 's head and predicted grape jelly , a funnel , and a pair of woman shoes . Maurice said it was spring break . In `` He Blinded Me with Science , '' Masikura played a big role , where she helps King Julien dance for the sky god Kevin to make it rain . When King Julien meets Timo , a tenrec scientist , he automates everything in the kingdom and they got hooked up on science . Later , King Julien let Masikura go , much to her dismay . She meets Mort in his tree stump and insisted to stay with him . During her stay , Masikura gets creeped out with Mort , saying he `` sleep hugs '' and says that he is a girl . Then , a fire breaks out from the generator , King Julien apologizes to Masikura and he , Maurice , and Clover ask for her help . Masikura believes that if they combined science and the rain that would put out the fire and save the kingdom . Timo makes a makeshift hose and King Julien danced on it to get the water out , thus putting the fire out . Maggie the unwashed ( edit ) ( voiced by Andy Richter ) , Maggie is a poor replacement of Masikura , her predictions are shams and she constantly suffers from extreme flatulence . Maggie seems not to care about other people 's opinion or about anything in general . She is often hired by various villains to be their accessory . Physically , she is identical to Masikura but has a much more pale color and is constantly cross-eyed . Prince Barty ( edit ) Prince Barty ( voiced by John Michael Higgins ) is a ring - tailed lemur who is the father of King Julien XIII and the husband of Princess Julienne . He always acts in a posh and upper - class manner . Like his wife , he does not care much about his son , or the fate of the kingdom , and they are content to live on a remote island as long as the kingdom sends them their regular mango supply . Whenever they visit King Julien , they always live in extreme luxury , serviced by a horde of servants . Often they have `` parties '' for their relatives ( in actuality the relatives are killed by sharks ) . Princess Julienne ( edit ) Princess Julienne ( voiced by Anjelica Huston ) is a ring - tailed lemur who is the mother King Julien XIII and the wife of Prince Barty . She is also the sister of Uncle King Julien . Like her husband , she does not care about her son at all , only that her constant supply of mango is provided on time , so she only shows up whenever there is any emergency in the kingdom that would threaten their income used to support their extravagant lifestyle . King Julien desperately wants their parents approval and love at first , even going as far as to hire Karl to kidnap them - however this turns into a real life - or - death situation due to Karl 's betrayal . After his parents actually start to care about him , Julien gets annoyed by their constant doting and eventually gets them to leave . Uncle King Julien XII ( edit ) Uncle King Julien XII ( voiced by Henry Winkler ) is a ring - tailed lemur who is the uncle of King Julien XIII . As King Julien XIII 's predecessor , King Julien XII is a lazy , strict , paunchy , cowardly , and older lemur oozing smarminess where he had strict rules that kept the lemur kingdom quiet in order to keep the Fossa away . In the first episode , he gives the crown to his nephew , Julien and leaves when he learns from Masikura that the king of the lemurs will be eaten by the Foosa . When King Julien saves the captured lemurs , he got bitten on the butt and is still alive . When King Julien XIII thrives as king , his devious uncle will do any conniving thing to regain the throne . Uncle King Julien returned in the fifth episode , not happy that his nephew is still alive and set to reclaim the throne from him . When King Julien was sliding down the water slide , his uncle turns off the water , leaving his rear end on fire . King Julien then sees his uncle and has a hard time remembering him , much to his annoyance . Maurice helped Julien remember by placing his crown on his uncle 's head . He made up a story and tricked his nephew that he heard the Fossa were planning an attack and Julien volunteers to go to their territory and find out with Maurice in a Fossa disguise . During his absence , Uncle King Julien made changes to his throne room . Mort goes up to the throne room and sees Julien 's uncle . Uncle Julien takes a seriously hatred of Mort . Mort says that Julien , ( the other Julien ) , is the one and only king and is `` a billion times better than him '' , which makes him mad . Uncle Julien orders Clover to destroy Mort , but Mort says he 'd rather be destroyed by `` his King Julien '' and runs off crying . After seeing the changes his nephew made , he orders Clover to close down everything Julien put up . When Clover closed everything down , she chased Mort down the water slide when he was violating the rule against it and she actually enjoyed it . Clover tells Julien 's uncle what happened and says the kingdom is happy for the first time in a long time and vows to help improve when Julien comes back . When Julien 's uncle says that Julien is not coming back , Clover , discovering Julien 's uncle 's plot , angrily forces Uncle Julien to say it again and drags him to the Foosa territory . They see Julien and Maurice in the Fossa suit surrounded by the Fossa . Uncle Julien is unhappy that Clover wants his nephew as king . Before Uncle Julien can hit Clover , she hits Uncle Julien and uses him as bait to attract the Foosa and saves Julien and Maurice , while fighting the Fossa via suit . Julien knows his uncle 's plot to reclaim the throne and is glad that Clover chose him , even though she did n't think the kingdom should be fun 24 / 7 but knows living in fear is worst . While taunting the Fossa with Uncle King Julien still as bait , Maurice wondered about what will they do with him , as he is not to be trusted . Julien says that his uncle is still family and `` family always deserves a second chance . '' He suggests that they should give his uncle `` a chance at a new life . '' The episode ends with Uncle Julien in the Foosa suit that is being cuddled by a Fossa girl much to his dismay . In a later episode he creates his own kingdom , Feartopia , tricks his nephew into giving him all his subjects , and imprisons them there as `` citizens '' ; he is later imprisoned alone inside his own little dystopia . In season 5 , he decided to give up his throne for Zora and flee with her for his joyfullness in which his nephew gave his excuses . According to Masikura in `` Viva Mort , '' Julien 's uncle is the worst king because he did some things to other kingdoms and never apologized . Masikura told King Julien he does n't have to be his uncle , when she is trying to help him apologize to Maurice . In a later plot , Uncle King Julien lures the whole kingdom to another island by faking the end of the world , only to imprison them in a camp and locking his nephew in the `` Iron Booty '' . In the end , Julien frees everyone , and instead locks his uncle inside the camp . Uncle King Julien returns to participate in the Jungle Olympics , enlisting Crimson and Sage on his team , trying to win the games - and the crown . In Exiled , he is revealed to be running gladiatorial games and training foosa with Mary Ann . King Julien and Maurice go undercover in their bad foosa disguise , but Uncle King Julien easily sees through it , and tries to kill them . He joins their effort to save the kingdom when he learns it has been taken over by Koto , though . In the Season 5 episode `` Night Creatures '' , he visits alongside his sister , King Julien 's mother , to investigate the strange beast hauntings in the kingdom , hoping that he can get the crown back if King Julien is declared incompetent to rule . It is revealed though that he himself engineered the beast attacks by feeding gecko milk to King Julien , which causes an allergic transformation in the Julien bloodline . Captured in a cage , he is fed milk and forced to transform himself . He returns in a later episode , where he engineers a plot to cause King Julien to depopulate the kingdom due to the increased arrests thanks to the security cameras he supplied Julien with . However , while watching the events unfold on the cameras , he is smitten by Zora , and starts sending love letters to her . Eventually Maurice locates him in a cave , and King Julien confronts him after he stole the crown , but he admits he no longer wants it , only to live happily with Zora . After Julien introduces him to her , the two are instantly smitten , and they leave , Uncle King Julien promising not to try and kill his nephew anymore . The two show up again in the last episode , attending Clover and Sage 's wedding . Ted ( edit ) Ted , ( voiced by Andy Richter ) , is a Golden Bamboo lemur with a slight accent . Throughout all the series , Ted is shown to be nervous at many times . He says silly things like `` Flipper - doodles '' or `` Maraschino cherries . '' Ted also has a tendency to joy - or fear - tinkle a lot , something he feels the need to exclaim loudly . He has a wife named Dorothy . Their marriage is revealed in the episode ' Diapers are the New Black . ' Dorothy is more interested in the marriage than Ted , considering that he cried at their honeymoon . In the episode ' That Sinking Feeling , ' when everyone thought the island was sinking , Dorothy tackled Hector just because he threw Ted way behind him . Ted makes appearances in most episodes , and played large roles in `` Eat Prey Shove , '' and , `` Diapers are the New Black . '' He was named as Clover 's assistant captain of the Ringtail guard , but due to his cowardly nature ( and because Clover is always around ) he rarely if ever gets to do anything in this position . In `` Poll Position '' when people disliked King Julien , Ted would eat the kumquats off the pole , decreasing the popularity of people liking King Julien . He states it was his dream job and it has become a nightmare , when he ate too many kumquats because more people no longer like him . Maurice asks Julien why he has to eat the kumquats , and Julien answered it 's the `` only thing that brings him joy . '' In `` Eat Prey Shove , '' Ted once covered for Clover when she was sent on a vacation with Mort and Xixi and unknowingly caused the Fossa to take advantage of Clover 's vacation to attack King Julien 's kingdom . In Exiled , Ted stows away on the submarine with King Julien , Maurice and Pancho when they escape the kingdom after Koto 's takeover . On the island inhabited by sultry lady lemurs , Ted is the only one ( due to his devotion to Dorothy ) who does not succumb to their seduction , and consequently , eludes capture . The stress of being alone and hunted causes a split personality to take over Ted , who rescues Maurice and King Julien from the Tentacle . Calling himself Snake , this version of him wears an eyepatch , vest , and has a handlebar moustache . Snake is an extremely competent and fearless fighter , who acts like a 1990s action movie star and often says his name out loud for no reason . In season 5 , being bored with Ted 's indecisive nature , Dorothy convinces Ted to bring Snake out once again with Dr S ' experimental methods . However , she soon finds Snake to be boring due to his one - track mind and lack of curiosity . While shutting down Timo 's water pump , Snake is shocked back to Ted , and Dorothy apologizes to him , saying he is the lemur she married and loves , not Snake . Later , when cameras being placed everywhere in the kingdom lead to an increased number of arrests , Clover deputizes Ted to be the prison 's warden , a job he performs with great delight . In the end , only he ends up being the only not imprisoned lemur in the kingdom after Clover arrests herself . Willie ( edit ) Willie ( voiced by Cody Cameron in Madagascar , Jeff Bennett in All Hail King Julien ) is a lemur who first appears in the first episode as one of the captured lemurs . King Julien saves them from the Foosa . Willie has a tendency to see the worst in everything , and his catchphrase is screaming `` We are all gon na die ! '' whenever there is any crisis at hand . Consequently , King Julien tends to blame Willie for things he is not even responsible for . He goes so far as to often mention him by name whenever he has to make a public appearance to note whatever is troubling the country at the moment , adding `` ... and also , Willie '' and eliciting an enraged `` What the heck , man ? '' from him . Willie was briefly seen in the first film when he was called out during King Julien 's meeting about what to do with Alex , Marty , Melman , and Gloria . He states that he likes them . It is noticeable that he has a different voice and design compared to his appearance in `` All Hail King Julien . '' Xixi ( edit ) Xixi ( voiced by Betsy Sodaro ) is a very trustworthy toucan in news who informs the lemur kingdom on current events . According to King Julien , Xixi also a very trustworthy Toucan in friendship . She covered King Julien 's coronation party but fled when the party was raided by the Foosa in the first episode . She appears again in `` Poll Position '' in which she reports that 99 % of the kingdom thinks the new king ( Julien ) is doing a good job . This report sets both episode plots in motion namely King Julien attempting to locate and turn the hater while also allowing Clover to launch an investigation to find the hater and make sure he is n't trying to recruit more lemurs to his side to cause an uprising . She makes another appearance in `` Eat Pray Shove '' , when she happily accepts to go on a vacation with Clover and Mort . Xixi and Mort enjoy relaxing on the beach , while Clover does n't . Xixi and Mort have a fun time while Clover went off and meet a handsome and muscular lemur . Hector ( edit ) Hector , ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) , is an incredibly moody lemur . According to Maurice , Hector hates everybody and everything . He is also a bit odd . For example , when Clover asked if he did n't want to see King Julien to help him solve his problems , he replies to her that he likes his problems . According to Xixi , he has a very large family . Despite his bitterness , he does admit that King Julien is doing a better job than the previous kings . Hector also adds that he thinks that it is not a great accomplishment as he thinks the previous kings were much more incompetent than Julien was . In the episode ' Poll Position , ' Hector was basically the only one who did not love Julien . After Julien knocked down Hector 's masterpiece , his support went down by unhappiness of Hector 's big family . In another appearance , Hector joined Abner and Becca in using catapults to `` relocate '' everyone from the kingdom whom they did not like , this soon caused the kingdom to lose most of its populace . In Season 5 , he is revealed to be the Minister in charge of Mangoes , a post he fulfilled for a long time successfully protecting his charge from the fruit flies by a flyswatter he is really attached to . In the election battles between Maurice and Mort he is forced to abandon his post , leading to a crisis with the flies abducting everyone , but at the end he is restored to it again . Despite his grumpyness , Hector has a strong sense of logic and is often the only character to see how ridiculous a situation is . His catchphrase is declaring `` Bunch of ding - dongs '' whenever people do something stupid . Horst ( edit ) Horst ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a blue - eyed black lemur . As said by Clover in the episode My Fair Foosa , not much is known about him . Kind of a loner , fears change , and is always seen holding a beverage in a coconut shell . It was also revealed in the same episode that he was married to the fossa named Mary Ann but she mauled him twice because of his snoring . It is Revealed in ' King Julien Superstar ' that he is also known as DJ Glitter - Bunz . He usually interrupts whatever he is saying by taking a long sip from his beverage through a straw before finishing the sentence , annoying others . In Exiled , he and Mary Ann reconcile and get back together once again . In Season 5 , he is shown to be having a picnic with Mary Ann , still loving her despite her hard to suppress urges to eat him . When the other foosa rebel and tie the two to a tree , Horst reveales that due to the many scarring he received while romancing Mary Ann , he can contort and mangle his body to escape his bonds , impressing Mary Ann , who declares her love for him before leaving to restore order amongst the foosa . Dorothy ( edit ) Dorothy , ( voiced by Sarah Thyre ) , is a mongoose lemur who is the wife of Ted . She appears to be at about the same intelligence level of her husband . Dorothy is sweet , caring , and possibly good at cooking . She is a minor character throughout all the series . In the episode ' Diapers are the New Black , ' Dorothy and Ted start creating fraud diapers to make a profit . This leads to Julien getting upset that another brand is stealing customers , so he and Ted get in a competition of diaper - making . Dorothy and Ted 's relationship starts getting better and better in the fourth series . Their marriage is revealed in the third series . In season 5 , Dorothy is bored with Ted 's indecisive nature and ask Dr S ' help to bring out Ted 's more manly alter - ego , Snake . However , Snake is revealed to be rather simple - minded and crude , and at the end Dorothy is happy to get her husband back . Pancho ( edit ) Pancho ( voiced by Danny Jacobs ) is a crowned lemur . He is mentioned in `` Poll Position '' when Xixi mentions him in her report stating that he is looking cozy for he 's canoodling with a new lemur lady and questions if love is in the air . King Julien agrees that he hopes so and states that `` Pancho needs it . '' In Season 4 , it is revealed in ' The Panchurian Candidate ' that Uncle King Julien uses mind - washing to condition Pancho as the perfect assassin , for the scenario if he is ever deposed . Unaware of this , Pancho is activated when he hears the trigger word , to kill King Julien . Thanks to Clover and Maurice , the assassination is averted , but Pancho remains ill at ease and paranoid after this experience . In Exiled , when King Julien and Maurice have to flee the kingdom , they escape in a nuclear submarine piloted by Pancho , who was preparing for this scenario due to his paranoia . Later , he sabotages the blimp of the Russian chimps at King Julien 's orders , and is thrown out of the blimp as a result . He is revealed to have survived though . Pancho is known as a felon ( which according to him is written with a `` ph '' ) to other lemurs , who keep their distance from him . In Season 5 , Pancho 's skills with explosives are often used when destruction is needed , though he often tends to go overboard with violent solutions to problems . Sage Moondancer ( edit ) Sage Moondancer ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a buff and spiritualistic lemur . He tends to speak in spiritualist , hippie - like sentences nobody seems to understand . Despite his great strength and fighting skills , he is a devoted pacifist . He and Clover have a complicated romantic relationship - he is drawn to her but often feels threatened by her aggressiveness . Sage has made lifelong a bond with a great eagle , who comes to his aid or to carry him off when it 's needed ; he can call him via squawking at any time . It is revealed in `` Exiled '' that Sage is from the warlike kingdom of the Mountain Lemurs - he left because he disagrees with their conquering , oppressing ways and chose spiritual peace . Unfortunately , in his absence , his evil brother Koto took over the kingdom and conquered King Julien 's lemurs and all neighboring kingdoms . Sage goes on a quest with Clover to get help , asking for assistance from his mentor , an enigmatic but seemingly crazy mudskipper named Jarsh - Jarsh . In the end , Sage and Clover bond as they realize after a body - swapped experience that they are the perfect weapon , able to balance each other out . Sage defeats Koto in combat , but at Clover 's request spares his life ( though he is squashed under his own statue anyway when he tries to backstab Sage ) . In season 5 , Sage has to leave King Julien 's kingdom to lead his people as their new king , relocating them back to their ancient kingdom . In episode 12 , he engages to Crimson , but ends up realizing that Clover is the life - long mate he was always searching for . In episode 13 , Sage asks King Julien to bury him during his bachelor party so he can meditate . As the king forgets to mark the spot , they can not locate Sage the next day , leading to a fake Sage being made by Dr. S. , but thankfully the real Sage arrives at the wedding eventually and marries Clover . Tammy ( edit ) Tammy ( voiced by Debra Wilson ) is a common brown lemur who is the mother of Todd and the wife of Butterfish . While she loves her son , she tends to pressure him . She is domineering and in every competition tries to push Todd into the foreground , even cheating if it is necessary . Unlike most lemurs , she does not respect King Julien at all . Todd ( edit ) Todd ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a common brown lemur who is the son of Tammy and Butterfish . He is a child prodigy according to his mother , but being forced to perform in every competition seems to have taken a toll on him . Todd is often nervous and has a tic , and when he snaps he can be a terrifying force which can even frighten Mountain lemurs . He and Mort are often rivals because of their similar size , and because his mother often tries to make Todd replace Mort . Timo ( edit ) Timo ( voiced by David Krumholtz ) is a tenrec scientist who is an expert on technology . King Julien first encountered Timo in `` He Blinded Me with Science '' where he replaced the batteries in King Julien 's boom box after it ran out of power during King Julien 's dance to get the Sky God Kevin to bring rain to his kingdom . Upon introducing Timo to the lemurs , King Julien had them receive the technology that was salvaged from Timo 's area . The lemurs get hooked on the technology until a power surge happened that destroyed Timo 's generator and started a fire . With help from Masikura , King Julien , Maurice , Mort , Clover , and Timo were able to find ground water to help stop the fire . In `` Viva Mort , '' Timo invented a device that would help King Julien to make him embarrassed as a way to make it up to Maurice . Due to the device not being plugged in , Maurice was put through the device and embarrassed instead . In `` The Really Really Big Lie , '' King Julien asks Timo to build a giant mechanical gecko to make it believable to cover his lie . The robot gecko went on a rampage , leaving the kingdom in a panic . Timo says that the off switch is on the bunny ears because Todd loves bunnies . King Julien , Maurice , and Clover managed to shut down the mechanical gecko and escaped from a fall . In `` One More Cup , '' King Julien , Maurice , and Mort find a bag of coffee beans and take it to Timo , who made a coffee machine . King Julien drinks the coffee and feels the energy . King Julien and Timo sells the coffee to the lemurs that Julien calls `` Brown Julien '' . In King Julien Superstar , Timo helped King Julien and the gang become famous superstars by `` tuning '' their voices to sound good . In Exiled , Timo is absent during the takeover of the country by Koto 's army , because he is trapped in his home by the domineering Mom - Bot he has built . Extremely possessive of her `` son '' , Mom - Bot constantly berates Timo and wants to control all aspects of his life - it is only with Mort 's help that he is able to shut her down and reprogram her . Afterwards , Timo helps Mort bring out Smart Mort , and builds a gate to Morticus Khan 's dimension as per his plans . In Season 5 , Timo builds pipes to dump all the sewage into the watering hole as per King Julien 's orders - which he then blames him for , leading Clover to arrest him . Later , he builds a pump to funnel the sewage underground , with disastrous results . Mom - Bot ( edit ) Built by Timo , Mom - Bot ( voiced by David Krumholtz ) is a domineering mother figure robot who somewhat resembles an owl , and speaks with a Jewish accent and always offers to bake traditional Jewish cookies to people . She is also armed to the teeth with lasers , rockets and built - in weaponry . Timo built him to be a supporting mother figure to himself , but her programming was glitchy and she basically imprisoned Timo , doting on him constantly , belittling his achievements , and berating him for not having a girlfriend or having a good job . When Mort visits , he is also captured and forced to stay , but they eventually manage to disable Mom - Bot and Timo reprograms her to be less manic - though she still tends to be doting . She helps the two build the portal to Morticus Khan 's dimension , where the Khan attacks and dismembers Mom - Bot , reducing her to a head . In Season 5 , Mom - Bot is still just a head , though Timo carries her around when she has to go somewhere . King Joey ( edit ) King Joey ( voiced by Bill Fagerbakke ) is a jumping rat who is the ruler of Madagascar 's jumping rats . Like his kind , King Joey is not very bright . Clumsy Pete : Clumsy Pete appeared once , in the episode ' The Jungle Games . ' During spear throwing , he failed miserably , causing Xixi to state that King Joey should have put in Efficient Charlie . During harpoon shooting , Clover and Crimson get in a fight , causing them to get eliminated and give the round to Clumsy Pete and the rats by default . But while Clumsy Pete mumbled about which button it is to shoot , he hit his own leg . He was out for the Jungle Games and was never seen or mentioned again . Efficient Charlie : Efficient Charlie , unlike the rest of is kingdom , was surprisingly bright . He was said to always get jobs done . In the episode ' True Bromance , ' when Maurice left the lemur kingdom because he was mad at King Julien , he says that he wished Julien would disappear . Since King Joey was not bright , he thought that Maurice wanted Julien killed . Joey put Lazy Dougie on the job , but Efficient Charlie was put in after Dougie overslept . Charlie was seen preparing to throw Julien off a cliff when Maurice arrived and rescued him . Efficient Charlie was not seen again , but he was mentioned in the episode ' The Jungle Games ' when Xixi said that Charlie should have been in during spear throwing instead of Clumsy Pete . Lazy Dougie : Lazy Dougie was a member of the rat kingdom . He was shown to be very lazy . He only appears once in the episode ' True Bromance . ' He was supposed to have murdered King Julien , but he instead put Efficient Charlie on the job due to him oversleeping . Dougie was not seen or mentioned ever again . Becca ( edit ) Becca ( voiced by Sarah Thyre in a Southern accent ) is a red / orange - eyed black lemur who is Abner 's wife . Becca and Abner encountered King Julien in his alias of `` Banana Guy Mike '' where he had helped them fix their watering hole . She and her husband vowed to get King Julien off his throne to avenge the `` death '' of Banana Guy Mike . They remain strong opposers of King Julien and consider themselves a resistance movement , albeit they are very inept and know not much about the democracy they fight for . In `` Viva Mort , '' Becca and Abner have started the Lemur Alliance Liberation Army ( LALA ) to get revenge on King Julien . They duped Mort into helping them until their movement was discovered by Clover . Though Becca and Abner are thwarted , Clover had to leave to keep King Julien from getting stung by a scorpion that was placed in a package that they had Mort give to him . In a later episode , they and Hector decide to rid the kingdom of all `` unwanted elements '' , via catapulting them outside the walls they built . This eventually leads to only them staying in the kingdom . Abner ( edit ) Abner ( voiced by Diedrich Bader in a Southern accent ) is a blue - eyed lemur who is Becca 's husband and is not very bright . Abner and Becca encountered King Julien in his alias of `` Banana Guy Mike '' where he had helped them with their powers . He and his wife vowed to get King Julien off his throne to avenge the `` death '' of Banana Guy Mike . In `` Viva Mort , '' Abner and Becca have started the Lemur Alliance Liberation Army ( LALA ) to get revenge on King Julien . They duped Mort into helping them until their movement was discovered by Clover . Though Abner and Becca are thwarted , Clover had to leave to keep King Julien from getting stung by a scorpion that was placed in a package that they had Mort give to him . Karl ( edit ) Karl ( voiced by Dwight Schultz ) is a devious fanaloka . He is a card - carrying villain ( literally ) who took it upon himself to become the arch - nemesis of King Julien . Known for his theatrics and love of over-complicated plans , Karl is the kind of villain who rather `` arches '' his nemesis than to actually kill him . It is revealed eventually that he blames Julien for the way he treated him in high school . He is always encountered with his pet hissing cockroach , Chauncey , who is actually his one true friend and companion as well . He tends to make dramatic getaways when thwarted , announcing `` This is not over - not yet , at least . '' After he did some attempts on King Julien 's life where Mort took a blow to every attempt , Karl makes himself known to King Julien and invites him to his lair with the directs on the brochure . After Clover and Maurice are captured , King Julien makes his way to Karl 's lair at a crashed zeppelin where Karl mentions his plans to raise the zeppelin and take over the world with King Julien as his partner . While Karl was ranting about his plans , King Julien manages to free Clover and Maurice . When King Julien , Clover , and Maurice exit the zeppelin , they are confronted by Karl who prepares to fire a laser at him until the balloon carrying the rocks with every wishes that the lemurs wrote on them for the Sky God member Frank falls from the sky and lands on Karl . Seeing his `` Surprise Me '' wish roll against him , King Julien took it as a sign that Frank had helped him defeat Karl . In `` One More Cup , '' it is revealed that Karl survived and returned where he hooked the whole kingdom on caffeine which was part of his plan . He states he watches King Julien fooling around in the Cove of Wonders instead of following his kingly duties . Karl threw a bag of coffee beans in the ocean and knew that Julien would find it because it has the word `` king '' on it . The hyper kingdom threw out King Julien , Maurice , and Clover . With the help of Mort ( who became intelligent from the coffee ) , they plan to destroy Karl 's coffee supply . They approach to Karl 's zeppelin while Smart Mort walks through the fields where he meets jumping rats working there . Karl returns , finding them , and tries to destroy them when the jumping rats break through the door demanding a raise from their boss , even the ones cornering Julien , Maurice , and Clover . Later , Karl surrounds the group and prepares to fire his incinerator at Julien until Smart Mort bites him on the foot . King Julien has the weapon and sees that Karl has Mort in his clutches and says that he has one shot , him or Mort . Julien , having no choice , aims the incinerator at the fields destroying the crops leaving Karl devastated worrying what will Bruce will say when he returns from his vacation . King Julien now aims the laser at Karl who states that it charges . Karl escapes in a hot balloon with Chauncey driving it . Karl vows that he will return and will never stop getting rid of King Julien . In `` Are You There Frank ? It 's Me , Julien , '' Karl creates a special armor that allows him to pose as Frank the Sky God in order to get the Lemurs to oppose Frank 's brother Larry the Volcano God by sacrificing King Julien . With help from Mort operating the Larry armor that Timo built , King Julien repels Karl. in `` revenge of the prom '' Karl reveals that he was in all of Julien 's old high school classes , but Julien never noticed him . In Exiled , Karl unexpectedly saves King Julien and offers to help him take back his kingdom - if only to destroy him later himself . However , King Julien accidentally destroys Karl 's super-weapon , the Karl - Star , and they are both captured by Koto . In Season 5 , it is revealed Karl 's older and domineering brother Bruce has a successful coffee business , and he wants to partner with King Julien - but he ends up buying out Julien and spreading his coffee shops everywhere . Clover and Maurice ally with Karl , who hates his brother for bullying him , and together they ruin his company . At the end it is revealed this was Karl 's plan all along , he knew King Julien would cause Bruce 's downfall . In `` Karlmaggedon '' , Karl decides to retire and announces to leave his role as King Julien 's arch - nemesis to whoever wins the contest - with Fairfax and Pancho , Tammy and Butterfish , Mort and his Grandpa , and King Julien and Clover contesting for the role ( the latter figuring he can be his own nemesis ) . This all turns out to be a ruse , to keep Julien busy while Karl prepares his ultimate weapon , the Karl - Star to destroy Madagascar with lasers . However , at King Julien 's signal , the lemurs use mirrors to make the Karl - Star blow itself up . Julien reveals he expected this from Karl as he always kept bragging about his penchant for using lasers . Defeated , Karl makes good on his promise to retire and travels to Florida with Chauncey on a hot air balloon , admitting that there are no `` not yets '' this time . Chauncey ( edit ) Chauncey ( vocal effects provided by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a Madagascar hissing cockroach who is Karl 's pet and henchman . Chauncey spies on King Julien and reports anything he hears to Karl . In the episode `` The Jungle Rooster '' , King Julien managed to convince Chauncey to join his side . Eventually , Karl tells Chauncey he would never choose Mary Ann over him and they become best friends again . Crimson ( edit ) Crimson ( voiced by India de Beaufort ) a red - furred crowned lemur who is the twin sister of Clover and is the opposite of her . Crimson leaves a trail of destruction everywhere she goes and she wants to marry and then murder King Julien , then move on to another lemur to do the same thing . She even seduces Sage at one point , though only briefly . Later , she allies with Uncle King Julien , aiding him in trying to win his throne back in return for later favors . While competing against Clover in the olympic games , she shows that she still has feelings for her sister when she helps her win . In Exiled , she seems to have abandoned her old boss and moved to an island inhabited with female lemurs , capturing travelers to sacrifice them to a tentacle beast . In Season 5 episode 12 , Clover is expecting Sage to propose to her , and is shocked to find that Sage is inviting her to his wedding - to Crimson ! Clover tries her best to still be supportive to her friend , and eventually Sage comes to the realization he wants to spend with life with Clover , not Crimson . In episode 13 , Crimson shows up during the wedding preparations at the insistence of her ghostly grandmother Rose . She admits to Clover that she was always jealous of her being more successful , and hence tried to prove herself by taking away the things Clover gained - like Sage . Clovers forgives her and the sisters reconcile , with Crimson leading Clover to the altar at the wedding . At the end it is shown she still has not given up on wooing King Julien , though he is not falling for her tricks anymore . Rob McTodd ( nurse Phantom ) ( edit ) Rob McTodd ( voiced by David Koechner ) is a lemur who was King Julien 's old friend . Maurice never liked Rob as he was a bad influence on Julien , and eventually Julien 's parents had him banished . Rob returns years later to reconcile , but secretly plans revenge - revealing that he has aged and lost his good looks , he plans to transplant Julien 's face to his own . Julien still likes Rob and reconciles with him , and while he has taken up odd habits , such as hibernating in a cave , he seems to have adjusted fine to the changes . Rob now calls himself Nurse Phantom and serves as the assistant to Dr S. - his now deformed face and mannerisms a hommage to the Phantom of the Opera . During Exiled , he works with Mort to organize the resistance against Koto . In Season 5 , Robb is seemingly restored to his original appearance , only to suddenly be crushed to death in a series of unlikely accidents after warning King Julien that something weird is going on . However it is revealed later that like everyone else , he was replaced with a robot duplicate by Karl . In the last episode , he plays Igor to Dr S. when they create a fake Sage for the wedding . Vigman Wildebeests ( edit ) Vigman Wildebeests ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a cocky blue wildebeest , he was a rival of Clover 's grandmother . In the episode ' Eye of Clover `` , he enters the tournament and defeats every player . However he is defeated by Clover when he falls into the Pit of Doom . He is often seen in scenes taking place in Heaven , where he has a rematch against Clover 's grandmother Rose . Dr. S ( edit ) Dr. S ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a cobra who works as a self - taught underworld doctor . Though it takes work to get a doctor 's license , Dr. S ' claim is that he ca n't get busted if he practices medicine in his own cave . He was brought to the kingdom by Rob who wanted to use him in his revenge plot , but after reconciling with Julien , the king let them stay . Dr S , while quite the mad scientist , has helped King Julien out in a lot of strange cases with his questionable `` science '' - even bringing the dead to life at one time . He also likes to experiment on willing ( and unwilling ) subjects , though without much maliciousness . His catchphrase is shouting `` Operating out of a CAAAVEEE ! '' which is always accompanied by lightning and thunder . Fred the giant scorpion ( edit ) Fred the Giant Scorpion ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) is a giant scorpion that lives in the desert parts of Madagascar . He apparently had a `` personal problem '' of eating babies , but has reformed . When Clover makes up a story that unfortunately features Fred as the villain ( not knowing that he actually exists ) , it riles him up enough to attack the kingdom . In Exiled , Fred is revealed to have become a guru for a self - help cult . As Clover and Sage are caught up in the cult 's mindwashing , they are approached by Fred , who wants out - it is revealed that he just wanted a quick scam but people believed his fake teachings so much , he could not leave . In the end Clover successfully breaks her indoctrination and makes the cult disband , but Pam and Fred quickly start another quick money - making scheme again . In Season 5 , Fred shows up for the wedding of Sage and Clover , though he has no dialogue . Pam Simonsworthington ( edit ) Pam Simonsworthington , voiced by Grey DeLisle , is a ridiculously fast lemur who wears goggles . She is a female Mongoose lemur . She first appeared in the episode ' The King and Mrs. Mort . ' Since King Julien was being hospitalized , Mort was temporarily the king . Pam arrived at the kingdom and told Mort , who pretended to be Julien , that she was a judge for a contest of which kingdom was the best . Mort showed her around the kingdom nervously . Near the end of the episode , Maurice and Clover do some investigating and find out the truth about Pam . She was a manipulator who ran from kingdom to kingdom marrying kings , robbing the kingdom , and running off . Clover attacks Pam , but she uses her speed to beat Clover up . At the very end , Maurice and Clover round up some kings of other kingdoms , and Clover screams out some of Pam 's nicknames like Stephanie Jeeves or Lilly Teeterwagon . The crocodile ambassador complains to Pam , to which she states that he could n't even give her a proper massage . King Joey just looks confused as usual , and Pam says that he was the easiest one . The shark king complains in shark language . Knowing that she has been caught , Pam uses her super speed to run away . But she is caught in a net trap that Clover made and temporarily captured . The next time she is seen is in the episode ' Cult Fiction , ' and she has changed quite a bit . She has apparently given up her job on manipulating kings and is now part of a fake cult that Fred the giant scorpion created . Clover and Sage , who are looking for a weapon that will save the kingdom from Koto and the mountain lemurs , watch a bit . Sage wants to leave , but Clover is sucked in because all of Fred 's fake wise words make so much sense to her . Clover 's enthusiasm lead to Pam putting her on a higher rank . One night , Fred tells Clover and Sage that everything is fake and he needs their help to escape . They agree , but Clover changes her mind and captures Fred and Sage . But she changes her mind again after a message from Jarsh - Jarsh in a dream and instead deprograms the cult - addicted minds of everyone . Pam however quickly suggests a get - rich scheme to Fred and they start another cult again . In Season 5 , Pam shows up disguised as King Julien 's popularity manager , Eloise . When King Julien starts `` Facewall '' ( a parody of Facebook ) , and gets obsessed who gets more `` Fleeks '' ( likes ) , Eloise steers him to change his views and entourage to be more liked by his people . This causes Julien to hire Todd to his `` posse '' , and fire Clover and Maurice to replace them by a puppet operated by Pancho . However , as the puppet becomes more popular than him , soon the people choose to elect it instead of him , with a disguised Pam planning to marry the puppet and become queen . Clover and Maurice find out though that her `` polls '' were based on asking oblivious children or heavily manipulated . Clover knocks out Eloise , revealing her to be Pam - the first time Clover actually beat her in combat . Pam admits she did not even want the crown anyway , considering the people were stupid enough to elect a puppet . She is locked in jail , and immediately hits on the also imprisoned Pancho . Pam 's personality is very cocky , and she has a loud laugh . Overall , she is not as evil as someone like Koto , but she is still not a very nice person due to her penchant for thievery and manipulation . Jarsh - Jarsh ( edit ) ( Voiced by JB Blanc ) , Jarsh - Jarsh is a mudskipper and Sage 's mentor . When first encountered by Clover , he seemed to be only able to say his name and spit mud at her and waddle on the ground . After testing Clover 's ( very tenuous ) patience this way , he revealed a map that would lead them to the ultimate weapon . In the end it was revealed to have been another of Jarsh - Jarsh 's tests itself . Jarsh - Jarsh then body - swapped Sage and Clover , which lead to Sage experiencing anger and rage , he beat up his mentor when Jarsh - Jarsh mocked him - until Clover , in Sage 's body , intervened . Jarsh - Jarsh then revealed that this was the final test all along - so each of them understands the other and their anger and calmness balance themselves out . In Season 5 , Jarsh - Jarsh shows up in the last episode , attending Sage and Clover 's wedding - Sage had to pick him up as he does not travel by hawk , causing him to be late to his wedding . Koto ( edit ) Koto ( voiced by Maurice LaMarche ) is a mountain lemur , and Sage 's brother . He is the antithesis of his sibling - cruel , domineering , aggressive and manipulative . First appearing at the end of Season 4 , Koto is rescued from a snake by King Julien , who shows him around the kingdom - little suspecting that Koto was simply scouting ahead for a kingdom to take over . At the end of the season , Koto arrives with his mountain lemur army and conquers King Julien 's kingdom , as well as the neighbouring ones like the rats or the crocodiles . He takes Julien 's crown and enslaves the people , forcing them to work on his statue . In Exiled , Koto has to deal with the underground rebellion started by Mort , who eventually escapes . Sage also gives one last try to reconcile with his brother by reminding them of their childhood bond , but Koto mocks his sentiments . When King Julien returns , having raised an army from the friends encountered during his voyage , they are initially successful , but Julien is forced to surrender to save his friends . Koto plans to force Clover into marriage , and execute King Julien at the wedding - however an attack led by Maurice and Mort saves them . Koto has a showdown with his brother Sage , who defeats him but spares his life at Clover 's request . Koto tries to backstab King Julien anyway , which causes his statue to collapse on top of him , ending his reign of terror . In Season 5 , Koto is shown in Frankri - La with the Pineapple and all the characters who died in the series . Grandpa Mort ( edit ) Grandpa Mort ( voiced by Frank Welker ) is a whizened old mouse lemur . Though Mort only has vague memories of him , he indeed seems to be his grandfather , but was imprisoned decades ago due to conspiring against one of King Julien 's ancestors . Grandpa Mort shows up in `` Karlmaggedon '' to offer one of the golden mangoes to Mort , so they can join the contest to become the new nemesis of King Julien . It is revealed at the end of the contest that he only wants to make Mort turn to evil , as is in his blood , and help him fulfill his destiny of destroying King Julien . When Mort refuses , Grandpa Mort reveales the Mort family line always absorbs the essence of the weaker ones , hence ensuring only the most evil remain , and attempts to do the same to Mort . While he succeeds , he then suddenly explodes , with Mort absorbing his essence instead . Captain Ethan ( edit ) Captain Ethan ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) is a rat who is the leader of the pirates that operate in the waters of Madagascar . Lil ' Arms Magee : Lil ' Arms Magee , voiced by Rob Paulson , was a crocodile that worked for Captain Ethan . Magee , along with One - Eyed Simon and No Name Jack , worked for Ethan 's crew of pirates that operated the waters near Madagascar . Magee was first seen in the episode ' O ' Captain my Captain - Part 1 . ' His crew was sparring while King Julien , who had just gotten captured , watched . At the end , Jimmy was thrown overboard due to his lack of fighting skills . Throughout the three episodes that Magee appeared in , he was shown to have tiny arms just like the rest of his kind , and that resulted in stress . For example , when Julien tried to escape , he told Magee that there was a contest to see who could give Ethan the best hug . Magee is sad because he realizes that he would never win . But Julien offers to coach him only because he thinks he can grab the key to the jail cell . Out of all the pirates , Magee was shown to always have the most support for Julien . When Julien became captain and asked pirates questions about what they did , Magee and the other pirates sang him a song . Later , when Mort and Clover invaded to rescue Julien , Magee attacked them along with his mates . Magee was shown to have been knocked out by Clover along with Simon and jack . But later , the pirates woke up and chased down Julien , Mort , and Clover . Ethan was knocked out though , and Julien charmed the rest of the pirates with mangoes and got them to sail away . In the episode ' The Love Gauntlet , ' , when Karl and Chauncey 's plan to drown Julien and his parents in a volcano failed , Karl recruited the pirates to attack them . But Ethan missed Julien on a charge and drowned in the volcano , and Julien charmed the rest of the pirates with trophies to chase Karl and Chauncey away . Magee and his mates decided to give Julien 's parents a ride back to their island later , and Magee was never seen nor mentioned ever again . Horton : Horton is not a well - known character . He is a lemur of the kingdom . Horton appeared once , in the episode ' Diapers are the New Black . ' He is wearing a diaper , and he and other lemurs are making fun of diaper-less lemurs like Ted and Dorothy . Horton is laughing at them , but a few seconds later , his diaper has been stolen . Ted is accused , and a big fight breaks out . Horton 's name is revealed when Clover tells King Julien and Maurice that someone stole his diaper . He is never seen or mentioned again . Jeffrey : Jeffrey is a random lemur of the kingdom . He has no lines . He appeared in the episode ' Fast Food Lemur Nation . ' Jeffrey is not a well - known character . His name is revealed when King Julien says hi to him while he , along with the whole kingdom , was being magnetized by a gigantic magnet . Jeffrey is the same color as most of the kingdom , which is light gray . His status is unknown because he is never seen or mentioned again after that . Andy Fairfax ( edit ) Andy Fairfax ( voiced by Diedrich Bader ) is a bat who is involved in trickery , particularly to sell things . In the episode `` Get Off My Lawn , '' he slyly sells all the lemurs in the kingdom protection scorpions , leaving Clover without a job . He is seen in many episodes selling things to unknowing people , like a comfort Mort in `` Julien 2.0 . '' He and Pancho are often seen together robbing houses , as seen in `` The All Hail King Julien Show . '' Often he uses his charming personality to fool others . Apparently he and Pancho met at a summer camp for grown - ups that lasted for 3 - 5 years . Merry Madagascar characters ( edit ) Donner ( edit ) Donner ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) is the leader of Santa Claus ' reindeer . His name is revealed in `` Santa Claus is Coming To Madagascar '' . Cupid ( edit ) Cupid ( voiced by Nina Dobrev ) is one of Santa Claus ' reindeer who falls in love with Private . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2010 ) Sean Axmaker of Seattle Post-Intelligencer praised the characters , noting the `` marvelous character animation '' and `` the palpable camaraderie between animal buddies '' kept Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa `` rolling '' . Axmaker also commended the voice of Zuba , played by Bernie Mac , saying `` his vocal makeover is so complete that you may not recognize his voice , but you will appreciate the warmth and vivid personality of his creation . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Axmaker , Sean ( May 26 , 2005 ) . `` A moment with ... Tom McGrath , director of ' Madagascar ' '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Madagascar '' Jump up ^ `` Hard Boiled Eggy '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 2 . Episode 6 . June 19 , 2010 . 8 : 17 minutes in . Nickelodeon . Kowalski : He 's putting on an adorably phony British accent . Skipper : Just like the private . Private : Phony ? This is how I really talk . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Feet High and Rising '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 9 . April 7 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Operation : Plush and Cover '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 4 . March 30 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Mort Unbound '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 21 . June 26 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Madagascar ( DVD ) . DreamWorks . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . I heard Tom Wolfe is speaking at Lincoln Center . '' / `` Well of course we 're going to throw poo at him ! Jump up ^ `` Eclipsed '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 20 . June 6 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Madagascar ( DVD ) . DreamWorks . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . They 're always annoying us by trespassing , interrupting our parties , and ripping our limbs off . Jump up ^ `` Crown Fools '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 11 . April 9 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` The Hidden '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 12 . April 18 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : `` Popcorn Panic '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 16 . May 9 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Haunted Habitat '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 3 . March 28 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : `` Happy King Julien Day '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 5 . March 31 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : `` Tangled in the Web '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 10 . April 8 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` All Choked Up '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 14 . April 24 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Needle Point '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 19 . June 6 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Mort Unbound '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 21 . June 26 , 2009 . 4 : 18 minutes in . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Watching All Hail King Julien Jump up ^ Watching All Hail King Jullien ^ Jump up to : Axmaker , Sean ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Want to escape ? ' Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ' sequel is just the ticket '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Madagascar Films Madagascar Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted Penguins of Madagascar TV series The Penguins of Madagascar Episodes Season 1 All Hail King Julien Episodes Short films The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper Merry Madagascar Madly Madagascar Games Madagascar Madagascar : Operation Penguin Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa Madagascar Kartz DreamWorks Super Star Kartz The Penguins of Madagascar : Dr. Blowhole Returns -- Again ! 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Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Madagascar_(franchise)_characters&oldid=837147684 '' Categories : CGI characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Lists of animated film characters Lists of fictional animals in animation Lists of fictional animals by work Universal Studios cartoons and characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from June 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2011 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles to be expanded from February 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano עברית Polski Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 01 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the giraffe from madagascar	[ "Melman Mankiewicz (Giacomo Manica) is a male reticulated giraffe. He has a furry coat, whiskers, a snout, a long neck, brown spots, horns, and a tufted tail. He is somewhat of a hypochondriac, having doses of medicine for meals and doctor's appointments frequently. He even complains about having brown spots on his neck (the spots, in real life, are natural)." ]	[ "Melman Mankiewicz" ]
-8492520359201717478	Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)	Mamluk dynasty ( Delhi ) - wikipedia Mamluk dynasty ( Delhi ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mamluk Dynasty 1206 -- 1290 The Delhi Mamluk Dynasty Capital Delhi Languages Persian ( official ) Religion Sunni Islam Government Sultanate Sultan 1206 -- 1210 Qutb ud - Din Aibak 1287 -- 1290 Muiz ud din Qaiqabad History Established 1206 Disestablished 1290 Preceded by Succeeded by Chauhan Tomara dynasty Ghurid Sultanate Sena Empire Khalji dynasty Today part of India History of the Turkic peoples Pre-14th century Turkic Khaganate 552 -- 744 Western Turkic Eastern Turkic Khazar Khaganate 618 -- 1048 Xueyantuo 628 -- 646 Great Bulgaria 632 -- 668 Danube Bulgaria Volga Bulgaria Kangar union 659 -- 750 Turk Shahi 665 -- 850 Turgesh Khaganate 699 -- 766 Uyghur Khaganate 744 -- 840 Karluk Yabgu State 756 -- 940 Kara - Khanid Khanate 840 -- 1212 Western Kara - Khanid Eastern Kara - Khanid Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848 -- 1036 Qocho 856 -- 1335 Pecheneg Khanates 860 -- 1091 Kimek confederation 743 -- 1035 Cumania 1067 -- 1239 Oghuz Yabgu State 750 -- 1055 Ghaznavid Empire 963 -- 1186 Seljuk Empire 1037 -- 1194 Sultanate of Rum Kerait khanate 11th century -- 13th century Khwarazmian Empire 1077 -- 1231 Naiman Khanate -- 1204 Qarlughid Kingdom 1224 -- 1266 Delhi Sultanate 1206 -- 1526 Mamluk dynasty Khalji dynasty Tughlaq dynasty Golden Horde 1240s -- 1502 Mamluk Sultanate ( Cairo ) 1250 -- 1517 Bahri dynasty Ottoman Empire 1299 -- 1923 Other Turkic dynasties ( show ) in Anatolia Artuqid dynasty Saltuqid dynasty in Azerbaijan Ahmadili dynasty Ildenizid dynasty in Egypt Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty in Fars Salghurid dynasty in The Levant Burid dynasty Zengid dynasty This box : view talk edit The Mamluk Dynasty ( sometimes referred as Slave Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty ) ( Persian : سلطنت مملوک ‎ ) , ( Urdu : غلام خاندان ‎ ) was directed into Northern India by Qutb ud - Din Aibak , a Turkic Mamluk slave general from Central Asia . The Mamluk Dynasty ruled from 1206 to 1290 ; it was the first of five unrelated dynasties to rule as the Delhi Sultanate till 1526 . Aibak 's tenure as a Ghurid dynasty administrator lasted from 1192 to 1206 , a period during which he led invasions into the Gangetic heartland of India and established control over some of the new areas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Sultans 3 Architecture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History The Mamluk , literally meaning owned , was a soldier of slave origin who had converted to Islam . The phenomenon started in the 9th century and gradually the Mamluks became a powerful military caste in various Muslim societies . Mamluks held political and military power most notably in Egypt , but also in the Levant , Iraq , and India . In 1206 , Muhammad of Ghor , Sultan of the Ghurid Empire was assassinated . Since he had no children , his empire split into minor sultanates led by his former mamluk generals . Taj - ud - Din Yildoz became the ruler of Ghazni . Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji got Bengal . Nasir - ud - Din Qabacha became the sultan of Multan . Qutb ud - Din Aibak became the sultan of Delhi , and that was the beginning of the Slave dynasty . Aibak rose to power when a Ghorid superior was assassinated . However , his reign as the Sultan of Delhi was short lived as he died in 1210 and his son Aram Shah rose to the throne , only to be assassinated by Iltutmish in 1211 . The Sultanate under Iltutmish established cordial diplomatic contact with the Abbasid Caliphate between 1228 -- 29 and had managed to keep India unaffected by the invasions of Genghis Khan and his successors . Following the death of Iltutmish in 1236 a series of weak rulers remained in power and a number of the noblemen gained autonomy over the provinces of the Sultanate. Power shifted hands from Rukn ud din Firuz to Razia Sultana until Ghiyas ud din Balban rose to the throne and successfully repelled both external threats to the Sultanate from the Chagatai Khanate invasions and internal threats from the rebellious sultanate nobles . The Khalji dynasty came into being when Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji overthrew the last of the Slave dynasty rulers , Muiz ud din Qaiqabad , the grandson of Balban , and assumed the throne at Delhi . Sultans This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Qutb Minar , an example of the Mamluk dynasty 's works . The first Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty was Qutb ud - Din Aibak ( قطب الدین ایبک ‬ ) , who had the titular name of Sultan ( سلطان ‬ ) and reigned from 1206 to 1210 . He temporarily quelled the rebellions of Nasir - ud - Din Qabacha of Multan and Tajuddin Yildoz of Ghazni . Making Lahore his capital , he consolidated his control over North India through an administrative hold over Delhi . He also initiated the construction of Delhi 's earliest Muslim monuments , the Quwwat - ul - Islam mosque and the Qutb Minar . In 1210 , he died due to injuries received from an accident while playing a game of polo in Lahore ; his horse fell and he was impaled on the pommel of his saddle . He was buried near the Anarkali Bazaar in Lahore . The second Sultan was Aram Shah ( آرام شاہ ‬ ) , who had the titular name of Sultan and reigned from 1210 to 1211 . An elite group of forty nobles named Chihalgani ( `` the Forty '' ) conspired against Aram Shah and invited Shams - ud - din Iltutmish , then Governor of Badaun , to replace Aram . Iltutmish defeated Aram in the plain of Jud near Delhi in 1211 . It is not quite certain what became of Aram . The third Sultan was Shams - ud - din Iltutmish ( شمس الدین التتمش ‬ ) , who had the titular name of Nasir Amir - ul - Mu'minin ( ناصرامیر المؤمنین ‬ ) and reigned from 1211 to 1236 . He shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi and trebled the exchequer . He defeated Nasir - ud - Din Qabacha of Multan and Tajuddin Yildoz of Ghazni , who had declared themselves contenders of Delhi . Mongols invaded India in pursuit of Jalal - ud - din Mangabarni who was defeated at the Battle of Indus by Genghis Khan in 1221 . After Genghis Khan 's death , Iltutmish consolidated his hold on northern India by retaking many of the lost territories . In 1230 , he built the Hauz - i - Shamsi reservoir in Mehrauli , and in 1231 he built Sultan Ghari , which was the first Islamic mausoleum in Delhi . The fourth Sultan was Rukn - ud - din Feroze ( رکن الدین فیروز ‬ ) , who had the titular name of Sultan and reigned from April 1236 to November 1236 . He ruled for only seven months and his mother , Shah Turkan , for all practical purposes was running the government . He abandoned himself to the pursuit of personal pleasure and debauchery , to the considerable outrage of the citizenry . On November 9 , 1236 , both Rukn - ud - din Feroze and his mother Shah Turkan were assassinated by the Chihalgani . The fifth Sultana was Razia al - Din ( رضیہ الدین ‬ ) , who had the titular name of Jalâlat - ud - dîn Raziyâ Sultana ( جلالۃ الدین رضیہ سلطانہ ‬ ) and reigned from 1236 to 1240 . As the first female Muslim ruler in Inda , she initial managed to impress the nobles and administratively handled the Sultanate well . However , she began associating with the African Jamal - ud - Din Yaqut , provoking racial antagonism amongst the nobles and clergy , who were primarily Central Asian Turkic and already resented the rule of a female monarch . She was defeated by the powerful nobleman Malik Altunia whom she agreed to marry . Her half - brother Muiz - ud - din Bahram , however , usurped the throne with the help of the Chihalgani and defeated the combined forces of the Sultana and her husband . The couple fled and reached Kaithal , where their remaining forces abandoned them . They both fell into the hands of Jats and were robbed and killed on October 14 , 1240 . The sixth Sultan was Muiz - ud - din Bahram ( معز الدین بہرام ‬ ) , who had the titular name of Sultan and reigned from 1240 to May 15 , 1242 . During his reign , the Chihalgani became disorderly and constantly bickered among each other . It was during this period of unrest that the Mongols invaded the Punjab and sacked Lahore . Muiz - ud - din Bahram was too weak to take any action against them , and the Chihalgani besiged him in the White Fort of Delhi and put him to death in 1242 . The seventh Sultan was Ala - ud - din Masud ( علاءالدین مسعود ‬ ) , who had the titular name of Sultan and reigned from 1242 to 1246 . He was effectively a puppet for the Chihalgani and did not actually have much power or influence in the government . Instead , he became infamous for his fondness of entertainment and wine . By 1246 , the chiefs had become upset with Ala - ud - din Masud 's increasing hunger for more power and replaced him with his cousin Nasir - ud - din Mahmud , who was another grandson of Iltutmish . The eighth Sultan was Nasir - ud - din Mahmud ( نصیر الدین محمود ‬ ) , who had the titular name of Nasir - ud - din Feroze Shah ( نصیر الدین فیروز شاہ ‬ ) and reigned from 1246 to 1266 . As a ruler , Mahmud was known to be very religious , spending most of his time in prayer and was renowned for aiding the poor and the distressed . It was his Deputy Sultan , Ghiyath - ud - din Balban , who primarily dealt with state affairs . The ninth Sultan was Ghiyath - ud - din Balban ( غیاث الدین بلبن ‬ ) , who had the titular name of Sultan and reigned from 1266 to 1287 . Balban ruled with an iron fist and broke up the Chihalgani group of noblemen . He tried to establish peace and order in India and built many outposts with garrisons of soldiers in areas where there had been disorder . Balban wanted to make sure everyone was loyal to the crown , so he established an efficient espionage system . The tenth and final Sultan was Muiz - ud - din Muhammad Qaiqabad ( معز الدین قیق آباد ‬ ) , who had the titular name of Sultan and reigned from 1287 to 1290 . Being still young at the time , he ignored all state affairs . After four years , he suffered a paralytic stroke and was later murdered in 1290 by a Khalji chief . His three - year - old son Kayumars nominally succeeded him , but the Slave dynasty had ended with the rise of the Khaljis . Architecture The architectural legacy of the dynasty includes the Qutb Minar by Qutb ud - Din Aibak in Mehrauli , the Mausoleum of Prince Nasiru 'd - Din Mahmud , eldest son of Iltumish , known as Sultan Ghari near Vasant Kunj , the first Islamic Mausoleum ( tomb ) built in 1231 , and Balban 's tomb , in the Mehrauli Archaeological Park . See also Tughlaq Dynasty Persianate states Notes Jump up ^ `` Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India '' . Asi.nic.in . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation ( 2006 ) . Peoples of Western Asia . p. 364 . Jump up ^ Bosworth , Clifford Edmund ( 2007 ) . Historic Cities of the Islamic World . p. 280 . Jump up ^ Borrero , Mauricio ( 2009 ) . Russia : A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present . p. 162 . Jump up ^ Walsh , pp. 68 - 70 ^ Jump up to : Anzalone , p. 100 Jump up ^ Sen , Sailendra ( 2013 ) . A Textbook of Medieval Indian History . Primus Books . pp. 72 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 9 - 38060 - 734 - 4 . Jump up ^ George F. Nafziger , Mark W. Walton , Islam at War : A History , ( Praeger Publishers , 2003 ) , 56 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , p. 70 Jump up ^ Anzalone , p. 101 References Anzalone , Christopher ( 2008 ) . `` Delhi Sultanate '' . In Ackermann , M.E. etc . Encyclopedia of World History . 2 . Facts on File . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6386 - 4 . Walsh , J.E. ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of India . Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5658 - 7 . Dynastic Chart The Imperial Gazetteer of India , v. 2 , p. 368 . Further reading Srivastava , A.L. ( 1967 ) . The History of India , 1000 - 1707 A.D. , . Shiva Lal Agarwala . External links Encyclopædia Britannica ( Online Edition ) -- Delhi sultanate Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mamluk Sultanate ( Delhi ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)&oldid=831062716 '' Categories : Former countries in Asia States and territories established in 1206 States and territories disestablished in the 1290s Mamluk dynasty ( Delhi ) Delhi Sultanate Mamluks Turkic dynasties Muslim dynasties of India Empires and kingdoms of Pakistan History of Delhi 13th century in India 1290 disestablishments in Asia 1206 establishments in Asia 13th - century establishments in India 13th - century disestablishments in India Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Former country articles requiring maintenance Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 Unclassified articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский سنڌي Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 14 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is considered as founder of slave dynasty	[ "The Mamluk Dynasty (sometimes referred as Slave Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty) (Persian: سلطنت مملوک‎), (Urdu: غلام خاندان‎) was directed into Northern India by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, a Turkic Mamluk slave general from Central Asia. The Mamluk Dynasty ruled from 1206 to 1290; it was the first of five unrelated dynasties to rule as the Delhi Sultanate till 1526.[5][6][7] Aibak's tenure as a Ghurid dynasty administrator lasted from 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led invasions into the Gangetic heartland of India and established control over some of the new areas.[citation needed]" ]	[ "Qutb ud-Din Aibak, a Turkic Mamluk slave general from Central Asia" ]
5602216705539417253	List of That '70s Show characters	List of that ' 70s show characters - Wikipedia List of that ' 70s show characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for stand - alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of That ' 70s Show characters '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters appearing in the series That ' 70s Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Recurring characters 3 Intended recurring roles 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Eric Forman ( portrayed by Topher Grace ) : The protagonist ; Eric is a nice guy , generally geeky , physically slight , and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . His father , Red , is always hard on him . Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . He decides to become a teacher after high school , and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa , and returns at the series finale , reuniting with Donna . Jackie Burkhart ( portrayed by Mila Kunis ) : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , rich , spoiled , selfish , conceited , and annoying immature girl . She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses , she moves away from her self - centered ways and becomes sweeter . Partly as a result of these changes , she and Donna become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie has dated three of the four males of the group : Kelso , Hyde , and Fez . Michael Kelso ( portrayed by Ashton Kutcher ) : The dim - witted pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks . He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie wants to marry him and he is n't ready , so he runs away to California with Donna in the Season 4 finale . His best friend is Fez . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago , and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . He only appears in five episodes during season eight , including the series finale . Steven Hyde ( portrayed by Danny Masterson ) : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother , making him a foster brother to Eric . Hyde has a witty , blunt , and sarcastic sense of humor , and a rebellious personality . He is also smart , and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha . Hyde later discovers Samantha was still married when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman ( making Hyde , who was presumed white , biracial ) . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first the manager , and later the owner , of the Point Place store . Donna Pinciotti ( portrayed by Laura Prepon ) : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) . Donna is intelligent , good - looking , and a feminist . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother , and with Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Fez ( portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama ) : The foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones seem to be out of control . His secret country of origin is one of the longest - running gags on the show . He is sweet , friendly , perverted , gullible , and rather odd . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer , and looking at pornography . His best friend is Kelso , and he shares a `` younger brother '' type relationship with Hyde and Eric . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series , but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Kitty Forman ( portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp ) : Eric 's mother and Red 's wife , Kitty is a cheerful , doting mother , but can also be assertive when pushed . She is a nurse , and a former smoker . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause . She is also a good mother figure to Eric 's friends . Red Forman ( portrayed by Kurtwood Smith ) : Kitty 's husband , Eric 's and Laurie 's father , and Hyde 's adoptive father . Red is a Navy combat veteran , having served in World War II and the Korean War . Despite his mean exterior , Red occasionally displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting , and fishing . Midge Pinciotti ( portrayed by Tanya Roberts ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend . Midge was the sexy neighborhood mom Eric and his male friends fantasized about when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she is also a kind - hearted woman who develops feminist ideals . She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season , however , returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite . Bob Pinciotti ( portrayed by Don Stark ) : Midge 's husband , Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red . Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , even though Red sees him as a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Laurie Forman ( portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly / Christina Moore ) : Eric 's beautiful but evil older sister . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend , Jackie . Eric , Hyde , and Donna often mock her promiscuity . She also has a strained relationship with her mother , who thinks of her as a freeloader . She leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth . In season five , she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported . In season six , she is portrayed by a different actress , Christina Moore . Leo ( portrayed by Tommy Chong ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked . Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Randy Pearson ( portrayed by Josh Meyers ) : The newest member of the group , who is introduced in the final season . Randy appears laid back , gentle , polite , and a ladies ' man , although later many of his flaws surface . He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna , and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group , Fez does not . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , but she eventually breaks up with him . Recurring characters ( edit ) Suzy Simpson ( played by Alyson Hannigan ) appears in three episodes of season 6 . She is Kelso 's buddy from police academy who is also attracted to him . Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso . Angie Barnett ( played by Megalyn Echikunwoke ) is Steven Hyde 's half - sister . Hyde did not know he had a sister until the 7th season . Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major . Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father 's record store , but Angie did not always like working with him . She dated Kelso , which sometimes annoyed Hyde . Angie got her name because , in the seventh season , all episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs , and `` Angie '' was a song by the Stones . Annette Berkardt ( played by Jessica Simpson ) was Michael Kelso 's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5 . She acts and talks very similar to Jackie , constantly bossing Kelso around . Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie , or `` Blackie . '' Despite this , Jackie and Annette hated each other . Once at The Hub , Jackie said to Annette `` I did not know they let ' slutballs ' in here '' . Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay . Later in the episode , when Annette and Kelso were kissing , Jackie yelled `` Get off my boyfriend ! '' to Annette , even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up . This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie . Beatrice Dorothy `` Bea '' Sigurdson ( née Heprage ) ( played by Betty White ) is Kitty Forman 's mother . Bea seems like a friendly old lady , but is cold and critical , especially of Kitty . She appeared in a few episodes in season five , often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux - friendly manner . She was widowed in `` Your Time is Gonna Come '' when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies . She stays with the Formans for a while after Burt 's death . Bernice Rose Forman ( née Larson ) ( September 16 , 1904 -- January 22 , 1977 ) ( played by Marion Ross ) is Red Forman 's mother . Bernice hated Kitty , and she was always mean to her , because Red married Kitty instead of another woman Bernice liked . She appeared in the episodes `` Sunday , Bloody Sunday '' , `` The Best Christmas Ever '' and `` Grandma 's Dead '' of season 1 , and flashback in the episode `` Halloween '' of season two . In the episode Grandma 's Dead she dies in Eric 's car while he is driving her home . Brooke Leslie Rockwell ( played by Shannon Elizabeth ) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric 's class . The summer after Kelso 's graduation , she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant . Initially , Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child 's life . Eventually , Kelso convinced her to give him another chance . Brooke gave birth to their daughter , Betsy in 1979 . Steven James `` Bud '' Hyde Jr. ( played by Robert Hays ) is Steven Hyde 's stepfather . Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic . Until the end of the 6th season , Steven Hyde thought Bud was his biological father . Bud Hyde abandoned Steven when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this . They temporarily reconciled in season 3 , with Hyde even moving in with him . However , he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna -- forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house . Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again . ( Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde 's car . ) Bertrum Wayne `` Burt '' Sigurdson ( October 4 , 1901 - February 6 , 1978 ) ( played by Tom Poston ) is Kitty Forman 's father . He is often seen avoiding his wife , Bea . In one episode , he bought an ostrich farm , which was right next to a coyote farm . The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house . Burt died in the episode Your Time is Gonna Come . Caroline `` Crazy Caroline '' Dupree ( played by Allison Munn ) was Fez 's girlfriend in season 3 . Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid . She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her , when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so . Caroline was once found hiding in the men 's bathroom looking for Fez . Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her . Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season . She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate , and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez 's Barry White album ( Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez 's knowledge , but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez ) . Caroline appeared again in `` Sheer Heart Attack '' . Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman , so he called Caroline . Later in the episode , Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in . This , as always , made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously . Casey ( played by Luke Wilson ) is Michael Kelso 's brother who was in the military . Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna Pinciotti . During their relationship , there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior , such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey . Donna 's father , Bob , felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore . Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna , so Eric wanted them to break up . When Red Forman and Bob were discussing Casey 's negative influence with Donna and Casey , Casey broke up with Donna , deciding the conflict with Bob and Red to be too much hassle . Donna felt that she and Casey were in love , but Casey felt `` I love you '' is just something you could say and do not have to really mean . Michael Kelso said that his brother Casey got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them . During the summer of 1979 , Casey was teaching physical education at Eric 's old high school , and Eric was in Casey 's class . He likes to call Eric `` Foreplay '' . his last episode was Season 7 's 2120 So . Michigan Ave . Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) is the son of one of Red 's war buddies . Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win `` Eric 's '' goldfish in an egg toss . Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of Season 7 . Before the beginning of Season 8 , Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died . The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor . The original idea was to have Charlie stay on the show the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric , but the actor got an offer for his own show so they killed his character off . Christine St. George ( played by Mary Tyler Moore ) is a talk show host of What 's Up Wisconsin . In the episode `` Sweet Lady '' , Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine 's co-host on the show . She persistently tries to get the job , but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead . After a few episodes , Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her . Earl ( played by Robert Clendenin ) is a friend of Red 's who worked for Red at Price Mart . Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job , so Red fired him . After that , Earl sued Red for wrongful termination , however , Earl arrived too late to his own hearing , so the judge ruled in favor of Red . Later , Earl got a job working at a fast food restaurant , where he is again fired for his poor work ethic ( this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant 's food while on work ) . Earl appears in the episodes `` Red Fired Up '' , `` Roller Disco '' and `` Radio Daze '' . Edna Hyde ( played by Katey Sagal ) is Steven Hyde 's biological mother . She is only in the Season 1 episodes `` Career Day '' , `` Prom Night '' , and `` Punk Chick '' , though she only appears in `` Career Day '' . She plays a large part in `` Career Day '' , playing opposite Hyde when on Career Day , he has to help her in the kitchen ( she was the school chef , `` Gross Edna '' at the time ) . In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as : In Prom Night Edna : `` They 're all gon na laugh at you ! '' ( a reference to the 1976 film Carrie ) Steven : `` Shut up ma , you 're makin ' the night too damn special ! '' In Punk Chick Steven : `` It 's still my suitcase ! '' Edna : `` Nothing in this house is yours ! '' Steven : `` Shut up ! '' Edna then ran off and left Hyde alone , which is why he moved in with the Formans and she is not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde confesses that his parents got back together and ran off . Fenton , also known as Clerk in Season 5 , ( played by Jim Rash ) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a `` half - off sale , a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez 's ass look like an oil painting '' in Fez 's own words . In the fifth season , he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna 's engagement ring . He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season , which later became Fez and Jackie 's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago . At first , Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez , but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter , and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were `` life partners '' , he let them have it . Though Fenton does not state this explicitly , his frequent innuendos about men and his lack of experience with women imply he is gay . Whenever he sees Fez , he says `` Oh , It 's you '' in an evil manner . Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie , who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud when she accidentally floods their apartment . Hilary Robinson ( played by Lara Everly ) is Fez 's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8 . Fez tried to impress her by trying to look cool which intimidated her , but when Jackie explained to her who Fez really was , she fell in love with him . Fez and Hilary dated for a few weeks , before Hilary suddenly decided to become a nun and left Fez . Jack Burkhart ( played by Paul Kreppel ) is the father of Jackie Burkhart . He was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . Joanne ( played by Mo Gaffney ) is a girlfriend of Bob Pinciotti , who appears in Seasons 4 and 5 . She met Bob at the supermarket when Bob , being unable to cook , was about to buy a dozen TV dinners . Joanne decided to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy the TV dinners . She does not get along well with Red . When Red and Joanne first met , they got into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad . Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to work there to put coupons in the dog food bags . Eric would eventually lose that job after Joanne broke up with Bob . Mitch Miller ( played by Seth Green ) is a student in the same class as Eric . Mitch had a feud with Fez and because of this conflict , Mitch published a photo of Fez and Kelso kissing each other in the school newspaper . Mitch had a crush on Donna Pinciotti , and one time Donna went to a wedding with Mitch . Eric was angered when Mitch embarrassed Donna , and Eric and Mitch agreed to fight each other the next day at 5 : 15 PM . Not wanting to fight , Mitch persuaded Eric not to fight with him by offering him a French - made GI Joe called `` GI Jacques '' . Mitch has a father , Charlie Miller , played by Fred Willard . Nina Jo Bartell ( played by Joanna Canton ) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who worked with him at the DMV . Fez lost his virginity to her , but it went badly , so she suggested they needed to do it more often to get better . They broke up a while later because Nina thought he was too needy . Officer Phillip Otis Kennedy II ( played by James Avery ) is Kelso 's training officer when he joins the police force . He appears mostly in the 6th season , playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso . Pam Burkhart ( played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6 ) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6 . Once a serious business lady , she fled to Mexico when Jackie 's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie . Pam Macy ( played by Jennifer Lyons ) is a classmate of the main characters of the show . She has been mentioned in more episodes than she appeared . She appeared in the episodes `` Prom Night '' , `` Romantic Weekend '' , and `` It 's a Wonderful life '' . In `` Prom Night '' , Michael Kelso took Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie . In `` Romantic Weekend '' , Kelso was about to have sex with Pam but was unable to perform , telling his friends `` The buffer would n't buff '' . Pam told this to the whole school , which caused everyone to tease Kelso about it . Pastor Dave ( played by Kevin McDonald ) , Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church . He is overly cheerful and ( incorrectly ) thinks he is up to date with the trends , and is `` hip and cool '' . He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices , and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he 'll go away . Dave is good friends with Kitty , who helps with the church fundraisers , and has an uneasy friendship with Red ( mostly because Red is not used to having friends ) . His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less - pure side of Dave , as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer , and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays ( he later rejoins as the pastor again ) . He appears primarily in Season 3 and 4 , but has a few cameos in Season 2 . Rhonda ( played by Cynthia Lamontagne ) Often called Big Rhonda by her classmates , she was a recurring character during season 4 . She was Fez 's girlfriend during this season . When she and Fez were stuck in the school during a tornado , he was about to have sex with Big Rhonda , but after the tornado was gone , she did not want to anymore . She broke up with Fez after she choked him after he wanted to get to third base , which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso . Like Fez , she loves candy . The episode `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' featured an alternate timeline , where Rhonda went to the prom with Eric ( in this timeline , Eric and Donna were never in a relationship ) . Later in the same episode , she is seen at their 10 - year reunion but now as a trim and beautiful woman ( which Rhonda attributes to being dumped by a gigantic loser like Eric ) . It was also mentioned in the season three episode `` Kitty 's Birthday '' that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured . Roy Keen ( played by Jim Gaffigan ) is the kitchen manager of the Holliday Hotel who employed Eric , Hyde , and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel 's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6 . The character serves as the replacement of Leo who was written out during season 5 , although he had been absent for several episodes . It was mentioned by Hyde that Roy was like a father figure when his father abandoned him . Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low and he goes days without washing his hands . Roy served in the Vietnam War , once describing Eric as `` scrawny , but strong ... like the Vietcong '' . He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people . At one time he got the impression a woman was in love with him , after she insulted him when he got her some butter , and hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers . He once mentioned he was living with a woman , but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret . It is revealed in the season 6 episode `` A Legal Matter '' that he was a police cadet who was oust of the police academy for shooting a police horse . Samantha Hyde ( played by Judy Tylor ) is Hyde 's wife during season 8 . They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas . The two barely knew each other when they got married . Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde . In the episode `` My Fairy King '' , Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else . After this , Hyde and Samantha 's relationship ended . Schatzie is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy . Schatzie was in several episodes of season 5 , was absent for all of season 6 , then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7 . Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose . `` Schatzie '' is German and means `` little treasure '' or `` darling '' ( diminutive of `` Schatz '' ) . Timmy Thompson ( played by Paul Connor ) is a student who went to high school with Eric , Donna , Hyde , Fez , Kelso , and Jackie . To the annoyance of some of the gang , he announces comments to the room that start with `` Heeey ... '' , such as : `` Heeey , Forman and Donna got a motel room and they 're going to do it ! '' `` Heeey , I 'm taking off my pants ! '' `` Heeey , Forman 's on a date with his mom ! '' `` Heeey , Donna 's showed her ass ! '' ( while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera ) . He only has real dialogue in the episode `` Burning Down The House '' . William James `` WB '' Barnett ( played by Tim Reid ) is Steven Hyde 's biological father . Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons , where Kitty discovers that Steven 's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee . Sometimes people call William Barnett by his initials , WB . Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves , a chain of record stores . Barnett put Steven in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter ( and Hyde 's half sister ) , Angie . Barnett is black , which Hyde believes explains his `` coolness , afro and suspicion of the man '' ( it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated `` I do n't know , because they do n't want me to know '' ) . WB 's last on - screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty - first episode of the eighth season , `` Love of My Life '' ( WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season , `` Son and Daughter '' ) . Intended recurring roles ( edit ) Several characters on the series were written as recurring , but made only one appearance . Among them : Tina Pinciotti ( played by Amanda Fuller ) was the younger sister of regular Donna Pinciotti . She first appeared in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , but made no appearances following that , except for a brief mention in the episode `` Vanstock '' . A similar situation occurred with unseen Valerie Pinciotti . The two are later written out with no explanation , as demonstrated in the season seven premiere , when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge 's only daughter Valerie Pinciotti was the older sister of Donna Pinciotti and Tina Pinciotti , who in `` Eric 's Birthday '' was said to be away at college but never mentioned again . Matthew and Rebecca Erdman ( played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt ) were the prudish host parents of Fez . They first appeared in `` Drive - In '' and convince Fez the rock they detest is diabolical by playing KISS album backwards . Fez 's host parents make no further appearances in the show . Buddy Morgan ( played by Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) was introduced in `` Eric 's Buddy '' , and was intended to become a recurring character . However , the introduction of homosexual Buddy as a love interest for Eric ( at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna ) did not go over well with audiences , and Buddy was cut from the show . Melissa ( played by Reagan Gomez - Preston ) appeared in `` Hyde Gets the Girl '' as a potential love interest for Hyde . She was intended to become his on - off girlfriend . Patty ( played by Lindsay Sloane ) appeared in two episodes in the series ' second season . She is introduced in `` Eric Gets Suspended '' along with her best friend , Mary ( played by Melissa Joan Hart ) . The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez . Hyde initially pairs with Mary , and Fez with Patty ; but in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates because he is hitting it off with Patty . Patty then returned in `` Eric and Kitty 's Night Out '' . In the episode , Fez and Patty become boyfriend and girlfriend . Patty 's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character 's appearance in the series . However , with no explanation in the show Patty is not seen or mentioned again . References ( edit ) ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_characters&oldid=814050380 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Wisconsin Lists of American sitcom television characters That ' 70s Show characters Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2009 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays red's mother in that 70s show	[ "Bernice Rose Forman (née Larson) (September 16, 1904 – January 22, 1977) (played by Marion Ross) is Red Forman's mother. Bernice hated Kitty, and she was always mean to her, because Red married Kitty instead of another woman Bernice liked. She appeared in the episodes \"Sunday, Bloody Sunday\", \"The Best Christmas Ever\" and \"Grandma's Dead\" of season 1, and flashback in the episode \"Halloween\" of season two. In the episode Grandma's Dead she dies in Eric's car while he is driving her home." ]	[ "Marion Ross" ]
4986856437297245980	Academy Award for Best Picture	Academy award for Best Picture - wikipedia Academy award for Best Picture Jump to : navigation , search Academy Award for Best Picture Awarded for Best Picture of the Year Country United States Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) First awarded 1929 ( for films released during the 1927 / 1928 film season ) Currently held by The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Website oscars.org The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards presented annually since the awards debuted in 1929 , by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . This award goes to the producers of the film and is the only category in which every member is eligible to submit a nomination . Best Picture is the final award of the night and is considered the most prestigious honor of the ceremony . The Grand Staircase columns at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , where the Academy Awards ceremonies have been held since 2002 , showcase every film that has won the Best Picture title since the award 's inception . As of 2018 , there have been 546 films nominated for Best Picture and 90 winners . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Category name changes 1.2 Recipients 1.3 Best Picture and Best Director 1.4 Nomination limit increased 1.5 Controversies 1.6 Sequel nominations and winners 1.7 Silent film winners 1.8 Version availability 2 Winners and nominees 2.1 1920s 2.2 1930s 2.3 1940s 2.4 1950s 2.5 1960s 2.6 1970s 2.7 1980s 2.8 1990s 2.9 2000s 2.10 2010s 3 Individuals with multiple wins 4 Individuals with multiple nominations 5 Production companies with multiple nominations and wins 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Category name changes ( edit ) At the 1st Academy Awards ceremony ( for 1927 and 1928 ) , there were two categories of awards that were each considered the top award of the night : Outstanding Picture and Unique and Artistic Picture , the former being won by the war epic Wings , and the latter by the art film Sunrise . Each award was intended to honor different and equally important aspects of superior filmmaking . The following year , the Academy dropped the Unique and Artistic Picture award , and decided retroactively that the award won by Wings was the highest honor that could be awarded . Though the award kept the title Outstanding Picture for the next ceremony , the name underwent several changes over the years as seen below . Since 1962 , the award has been simply called Best Picture . 1927 / 28 -- 1928 / 29 : Academy Award for Outstanding Picture 1929 / 30 -- 1940 : Academy Award for Outstanding Production 1941 -- 1943 : Academy Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1944 -- 1961 : Academy Award for Best Motion Picture 1962 -- present : Academy Award for Best Picture Recipients ( edit ) Until 1950 , this award was presented to a representative of the production company . That year the protocol was changed so that the award was presented to all credited producers . This rule was modified in 1998 to apply a limit of three producers receiving the award , after the five producers of Shakespeare in Love had received the award . As of 2014 , the `` Special Rules for the Best Picture of the Year Award '' limit recipients to those who meet two main requirements : Those with screen credit of `` producer '' or `` produced by '' those three or fewer producers who have performed the major portion of the producing functions The rules allow `` bona fide team ( s ) of not more than two people to be considered to be a single ' producer ' if the two individuals have had an established producing partnership for at least the previous five years and as a producing team have produced a minimum of five theatrically released feature motion pictures during that time . The Academy can make exceptions to the limit , as when Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack were posthumously included among the four producers nominated for The Reader . As of 2014 the Producers Branch Executive Committee determines such exceptions , noting they take place only in `` rare and extraordinary circumstance ( s ) . '' Steven Spielberg currently holds the record for most nominations at ten , winning one , while Kathleen Kennedy holds the record for most nominations without a win at eight . Sam Spiegel and Saul Zaentz tie for the most wins with three each . As for the time when the Oscar was given to production companies instead , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer holds the record with five wins and 40 nominations . Best Picture and Best Director ( edit ) The Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Director have been closely linked throughout their history . Of the 90 films that have won Best Picture , 63 have also been awarded Best Director . Only four films have been awarded Best Picture without receiving a Best Director nomination : Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) , Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) , Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) , and Argo ( 2012 ) . The only two Best Director winners to win for films that did not receive a Best Picture nomination were during the early years of the awards : Lewis Milestone for Two Arabian Knights ( 1927 / 28 ) , and Frank Lloyd for The Divine Lady ( 1928 / 29 ) . Nomination limit increased ( edit ) On June 24 , 2009 , AMPAS announced that the number of films to be nominated in the Best Picture award category would increase from five to ten , starting with the 82nd Academy Awards ( 2009 ) . The expansion was a throwback to the Academy 's early years in the 1930s and 1940s , when eight to 12 films were nominated each year . `` Having 10 Best Picture nominees is going to allow Academy voters to recognize and include some of the fantastic movies that often show up in the other Oscar categories but have been squeezed out of the race for the top prize , '' AMPAS President Sid Ganis said in a press conference . `` I ca n't wait to see what that list of 10 looks like when the nominees are announced in February . '' At the same time , the voting system was switched from first - past - the - post to instant runoff voting ( also known as preferential voting ) . Two years after this change , the Academy revised the rule again so that the number of films nominated was between five and ten ; nominated films must earn either 5 % of first - place rankings or 5 % after an abbreviated variation of the single transferable vote nominating process . Bruce Davis , the Academy executive director at the time , said , `` A Best Picture nomination should be an indication of extraordinary merit . If there are only eight pictures that truly earn that honor in a given year , we should n't feel an obligation to round out the number . '' Controversies ( edit ) One point of contention with the award is the lack of consideration of non-English language films for Best Picture . Only nine foreign language films have been nominated in the category : Grand Illusion ( French , 1938 ) ; Z ( French , 1969 ) ; The Emigrants ( Swedish , 1972 ) ; Cries and Whispers ( Swedish , 1973 ) ; The Postman ( Il Postino ) ( Italian / Spanish , 1995 ) ; Life Is Beautiful ( Italian , 1998 ) ; Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( Mandarin Chinese , 2000 ) ; Letters from Iwo Jima ( Japanese , 2006 , but ineligible for Best Foreign Language Film , as it was an American production ) ; and Amour ( French , 2012 ) . Only nine films wholly financed outside the United States have won Best Picture , eight of which were financed , in part or in whole , by the United Kingdom . Those films being : Hamlet ( 1948 ) , Tom Jones ( 1963 ) , A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) , Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) , Gandhi ( 1982 ) , The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) , Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) , and The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) . The ninth film , The Artist , ( 2011 ) was financed by France . In 2017 , at the 89th Academy Awards , presenters Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty read La La Land as the winner of the award . However , they had mistakenly been given the envelope for the `` Best Actress in a Leading Role '' award , which Emma Stone had won for her role in La La Land moments prior . When the mistake was realized , the show 's producers rushed onstage to correct it ; in the resulting chaos , it was La La Land producer Jordan Horowitz who finally announced that Moonlight was the real winner . Sequel nominations and winners ( edit ) Few sequels have been nominated for Best Picture ; two have won : The Godfather Part II and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Other nominees include The Bells of St. Mary 's , The Godfather Part III , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , Toy Story 3 , and Mad Max : Fury Road . Another nominee , Broadway Melody of 1936 , was a follow - up of sorts to previous winner The Broadway Melody . But , beyond the title and some music , there is no story connection to the earlier film . The Silence of the Lambs was adapted from the sequel novel to Red Dragon . The latter had been adapted for film as Manhunter by a different studio . Best Picture nominee The Lion in Winter features Peter O'Toole as King Henry II , a role he had played previously in the film Becket . But Winter is not a sequel to Becket . Clint Eastwood 's Letters from Iwo Jima was a companion piece to his film Flags of Our Fathers , released earlier the same year . These two films depict the same battle from the different viewpoints of Japanese and United States military forces ; the two films were shot back - to - back . Several musical adaptations based on material previously filmed in non-musical form have won Best Picture , including Gigi , West Side Story , My Fair Lady , The Sound of Music , Oliver ! , and Chicago . Silent film winners ( edit ) This article appears to contradict another article . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Artist ( with the exception of a single scene of dialogue , and dream sequence with sound effects ) was the first silent film since Wings to win Best Picture . It was the first silent nominee since 1928 's The Patriot . It was the first Best Picture winner to be shot entirely in black - and - white since 1960 's The Apartment . ( Schindler 's List , the 1993 winner , was predominantly black - and - white but it did contain some color sequences ) . Version availability ( edit ) No Best Picture winner has been lost , though a few such as All Quiet on the Western Front and Lawrence of Arabia exist only in a form altered from their original , award - winning release form . This has usually been due to editing for reissue ( and subsequently partly restored by archivists ) . Other winners and nominees , such as Tom Jones and Star Wars , are widely available only in subsequently altered versions . The Broadway Melody originally had some sequences photographed in two - color Technicolor . This footage survives only in black and white . The 1928 film The Patriot is the only Best Picture nominee that is lost ( about one - third is extant ) . The Racket , also from 1928 , was believed lost for many years until a print was found in Howard Hughes ' archives . It has since been restored and shown on Turner Classic Movies . The only surviving complete prints of 1931 's East Lynne and 1934 's The White Parade exist within the UCLA film archive . Winners and nominees ( edit ) In the list below , winners are listed first in the colored row , followed by the other nominees . Except for the early years ( when the Academy used a non-calendar year ) , the year shown is the one in which the film first premiered in Los Angeles County , California ; normally this is also the year of first release , however , it may be the year after first release ( as with Casablanca and , if the film - festival premiere is considered , Crash ) . This is also the year before the ceremony at which the award is given ; for example , a film exhibited theatrically during 2005 was eligible for consideration for the 2005 Best Picture Oscar , awarded in 2006 . The number of the ceremony ( 1st , 2nd , etc . ) appears in parentheses after the awards year , linked to the article on that ceremony . Each individual entry shows the title followed by nominee . Until 1950 , the Best Picture award was given to the production company ; from 1951 on , it has gone to the producer or producers . The Academy used the producer credits of the Producers Guild of America ( PGA ) until 1998 , when all five producers of Shakespeare in Love made speeches after its win . A three - producer limit has been applied some years since . There was controversy over the exclusion of some PGA - credited producers of Crash and Little Miss Sunshine . The Academy can make exceptions to the limit , as when Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack were posthumously among the four nominated for The Reader . However , now any number of producers on a film can be nominated for Best Picture , should they be deemed eligible . For the first ceremony , three films were nominated for the award . For the following three years , five films were nominated for the award . This was expanded to eight in 1933 , to ten in 1934 , and to twelve in 1935 , before being dropped back to ten in 1937 . In 1945 it was further reduced to five . This number remained until 2009 , when the limit was raised to ten and later adjusted in 2011 , to vary between five and ten . For the first six ceremonies , the eligibility period spanned two calendar years . For example , the 2nd Academy Awards presented on April 3 , 1930 , recognized films that were released between August 1 , 1928 , and July 31 , 1929 . Starting with the 7th Academy Awards , held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . indicates the winner 1920s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1927 / 28 ( 1st ) Wings Paramount Famous Lasky The Racket The Caddo Company 7th Heaven Fox 1928 / 29 ( 2nd ) The Broadway Melody Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Alibi Feature Productions Hollywood Revue Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer In Old Arizona Fox The Patriot Paramount Famous Lasky 1930s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1929 / 30 ( 3rd ) All Quiet on the Western Front Universal The Big House Cosmopolitan Disraeli Warner Bros . The Divorcee Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Love Parade Paramount Famous Lasky 1930 / 31 ( 4th ) Cimarron RKO Radio East Lynne Fox The Front Page The Caddo Company Skippy Paramount Publix Trader Horn Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 1931 / 32 ( 5th ) Grand Hotel Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Arrowsmith Samuel Goldwyn Productions Bad Girl Fox The Champ Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Five Star Final First National One Hour with You Paramount Publix Shanghai Express Paramount Publix The Smiling Lieutenant Paramount Publix 1932 / 33 ( 6th ) Cavalcade Fox 42nd Street Warner Bros . A Farewell to Arms Paramount I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang Warner Bros . Lady for a Day Columbia Little Women RKO Radio The Private Life of Henry VIII London Films She Done Him Wrong Paramount Smilin ' Through Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer State Fair Fox 1934 ( 7th ) It Happened One Night Columbia The Barretts of Wimpole Street Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Cleopatra Paramount Flirtation Walk First National The Gay Divorcee RKO Radio Here Comes the Navy Warner Bros . The House of Rothschild 20th Century Imitation of Life Universal One Night of Love Columbia The Thin Man Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Viva Villa ! Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The White Parade Jesse L. Lasky ( production company ) 1935 ( 8th ) Mutiny on the Bounty Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Alice Adams RKO Radio Broadway Melody of 1936 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Captain Blood Cosmopolitan David Copperfield Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Informer RKO Radio The Lives of a Bengal Lancer Paramount A Midsummer Night 's Dream Warner Bros . Les Misérables 20th Century Naughty Marietta Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Ruggles of Red Gap Paramount Top Hat RKO Radio 1936 ( 9th ) The Great Ziegfeld Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Anthony Adverse Warner Bros . Dodsworth Samuel Goldwyn Productions Libeled Lady Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Columbia Romeo and Juliet Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer San Francisco Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Story of Louis Pasteur Cosmopolitan A Tale of Two Cities Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Three Smart Girls Universal 1937 ( 10th ) The Life of Emile Zola Warner Bros . The Awful Truth Columbia Captains Courageous Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Dead End Samuel Goldwyn Productions The Good Earth Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer In Old Chicago 20th Century - Fox Lost Horizon Columbia One Hundred Men and a Girl Universal Stage Door RKO Radio A Star Is Born Selznick International Pictures 1938 ( 11th ) You Ca n't Take It with You Columbia The Adventures of Robin Hood Warner Bros. - First National Alexander 's Ragtime Band 20th Century - Fox Boys Town Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Citadel Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Four Daughters Warner Bros. - First National Grand Illusion Realization D'Art Cinematographique Jezebel Warner Bros . Pygmalion Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Test Pilot Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 1939 ( 12th ) Gone with the Wind Selznick International Pictures Dark Victory Warner Bros. - First National Goodbye , Mr. Chips Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Love Affair RKO Radio Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Columbia Ninotchka Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Of Mice and Men Hal Roach ( production company ) Stagecoach Walter Wanger ( production company ) The Wizard of Oz Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Wuthering Heights Samuel Goldwyn Productions 1940s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1940 ( 13th ) Rebecca Selznick International Pictures All This , and Heaven Too Warner Bros . Foreign Correspondent Walter Wanger ( production company ) The Grapes of Wrath 20th Century - Fox The Great Dictator Charles Chaplin Productions Kitty Foyle RKO Radio The Letter Warner Bros . The Long Voyage Home Argosy - Wanger Our Town Sol Lesser ( production company ) The Philadelphia Story Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 1941 ( 14th ) How Green Was My Valley 20th Century - Fox Blossoms in the Dust Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Citizen Kane Mercury Here Comes Mr. Jordan Columbia Hold Back the Dawn Paramount The Little Foxes Samuel Goldwyn Productions The Maltese Falcon Warner Bros . One Foot in Heaven Warner Bros . Sergeant York Warner Bros . Suspicion RKO Radio 1942 ( 15th ) Mrs. Miniver Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Invaders Ortus Kings Row Warner Bros . The Magnificent Ambersons Mercury The Pied Piper 20th Century - Fox The Pride of the Yankees Samuel Goldwyn Productions Random Harvest Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Talk of the Town Columbia Wake Island Paramount Yankee Doodle Dandy Warner Bros . 1943 ( 16th ) Casablanca Warner Bros . For Whom the Bell Tolls Paramount Heaven Can Wait 20th Century - Fox The Human Comedy Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer In Which We Serve Two Cities Films Madame Curie Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The More the Merrier Columbia The Ox - Bow Incident 20th Century - Fox The Song of Bernadette 20th Century - Fox Watch on the Rhine Warner Bros . 1944 ( 17th ) Going My Way Paramount Double Indemnity Paramount Gaslight Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Since You Went Away Selznick International Pictures Wilson 20th Century - Fox 1945 ( 18th ) The Lost Weekend Paramount Anchors Aweigh Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Bells of St. Mary 's Rainbow Productions Mildred Pierce Warner Bros . Spellbound Selznick International Pictures 1946 ( 19th ) The Best Years of Our Lives Samuel Goldwyn Productions Henry V Two Cities Films It 's a Wonderful Life Liberty Films The Razor 's Edge 20th Century - Fox The Yearling Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 1947 ( 20th ) Gentleman 's Agreement 20th Century - Fox The Bishop 's Wife Samuel Goldwyn Productions Crossfire RKO Radio Great Expectations J. Arthur Rank - Cineguild Miracle on 34th Street 20th Century - Fox 1948 ( 21st ) Hamlet J. Arthur Rank - Two Cities Films Johnny Belinda Warner Bros . The Red Shoes J. Arthur Rank - Archers The Snake Pit 20th Century - Fox The Treasure of the Sierra Madre Warner Bros . 1949 ( 22nd ) All the King 's Men Robert Rossen Productions Battleground Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer The Heiress Paramount A Letter to Three Wives 20th Century - Fox Twelve O'Clock High 20th Century - Fox 1950s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1950 ( 23rd ) All About Eve 20th Century - Fox Born Yesterday Columbia Father of the Bride Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer King Solomon 's Mines Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Sunset Boulevard Paramount 1951 ( 24th ) An American in Paris Arthur Freed Decision Before Dawn Anatole Litvak and Frank McCarthy A Place in the Sun George Stevens Quo Vadis Sam Zimbalist A Streetcar Named Desire Charles K. Feldman 1952 ( 25th ) The Greatest Show on Earth Cecil B. DeMille High Noon Stanley Kramer Ivanhoe Pandro S. Berman Moulin Rouge John Huston , John Woolf and James Woolf The Quiet Man John Ford and Merian C. Cooper 1953 ( 26th ) From Here to Eternity Buddy Adler Julius Caesar John Houseman The Robe Frank Ross Roman Holiday William Wyler Shane George Stevens 1954 ( 27th ) On the Waterfront Sam Spiegel The Caine Mutiny Stanley Kramer The Country Girl William Perlberg Seven Brides for Seven Brothers Jack Cummings Three Coins in the Fountain Sol C. Siegel 1955 ( 28th ) Marty Harold Hecht Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing Buddy Adler Mister Roberts Leland Hayward Picnic Fred Kohlmar The Rose Tattoo Hal B. Wallis 1956 ( 29th ) Around the World in 80 Days Michael Todd Friendly Persuasion William Wyler Giant George Stevens and Henry Ginsberg The King and I Charles Brackett The Ten Commandments Cecil B. DeMille 1957 ( 30th ) The Bridge on the River Kwai Sam Spiegel 12 Angry Men Henry Fonda and Reginald Rose Peyton Place Jerry Wald Sayonara William Goetz Witness for the Prosecution Arthur Hornblow Jr . 1958 ( 31st ) Gigi Arthur Freed Auntie Mame Jack L. Warner Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Lawrence Weingarten The Defiant Ones Stanley Kramer Separate Tables Harold Hecht 1959 ( 32nd ) Ben - Hur Sam Zimbalist Anatomy of a Murder Otto Preminger The Diary of Anne Frank George Stevens The Nun 's Story Henry Blanke Room at the Top John Woolf and James Woolf 1960s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1960 ( 33rd ) The Apartment Billy Wilder The Alamo John Wayne Elmer Gantry Bernard Smith Sons and Lovers Jerry Wald The Sundowners Fred Zinnemann 1961 ( 34th ) West Side Story Robert Wise Fanny Joshua Logan The Guns of Navarone Carl Foreman The Hustler Robert Rossen Judgment at Nuremberg Stanley Kramer 1962 ( 35th ) Lawrence of Arabia Sam Spiegel The Longest Day Darryl F. Zanuck The Music Man Morton DaCosta Mutiny on the Bounty Aaron Rosenberg To Kill a Mockingbird Alan J. Pakula 1963 ( 36th ) Tom Jones Tony Richardson America America Elia Kazan Cleopatra Walter Wanger How the West Was Won Bernard Smith Lilies of the Field Ralph Nelson 1964 ( 37th ) My Fair Lady Jack L. Warner Becket Hal B. Wallis Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Stanley Kubrick Mary Poppins Walt Disney and Bill Walsh Zorba the Greek Michael Cacoyannis 1965 ( 38th ) The Sound of Music Robert Wise Darling Joseph Janni Doctor Zhivago Carlo Ponti Ship of Fools Stanley Kramer A Thousand Clowns Fred Coe 1966 ( 39th ) A Man for All Seasons Fred Zinnemann Alfie Lewis Gilbert The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming Norman Jewison The Sand Pebbles Robert Wise Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Ernest Lehman 1967 ( 40th ) In the Heat of the Night Walter Mirisch Bonnie and Clyde Warren Beatty Doctor Dolittle Arthur P. Jacobs The Graduate Lawrence Turman Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner Stanley Kramer 1968 ( 41st ) Oliver ! John Woolf Funny Girl Ray Stark The Lion in Winter Martin Poll Rachel , Rachel Paul Newman Romeo and Juliet Anthony Havelock - Allan and John Brabourne 1969 ( 42nd ) Midnight Cowboy Jerome Hellman Anne of the Thousand Days Hal B. Wallis Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid John Foreman Hello , Dolly ! Ernest Lehman Z Jacques Perrin and Ahmed Rachedi 1970s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1970 ( 43rd ) Patton Frank McCarthy Airport Ross Hunter Five Easy Pieces Bob Rafelson and Richard Wechsler Love Story Howard G. Minsky M * A * S * H Ingo Preminger 1971 ( 44th ) The French Connection Philip D'Antoni A Clockwork Orange Stanley Kubrick Fiddler on the Roof Norman Jewison The Last Picture Show Stephen J. Friedman Nicholas and Alexandra Sam Spiegel 1972 ( 45th ) The Godfather Albert S. Ruddy Cabaret Cy Feuer Deliverance John Boorman The Emigrants Bengt Forslund Sounder Robert B. Radnitz 1973 ( 46th ) The Sting Tony Bill , Michael Phillips and Julia Phillips American Graffiti Francis Ford Coppola and Gary Kurtz Cries and Whispers Ingmar Bergman The Exorcist William Peter Blatty A Touch of Class Melvin Frank ( 47th ) The Godfather Part II Francis Ford Coppola , Gray Frederickson and Fred Roos Chinatown Robert Evans The Conversation Francis Ford Coppola Lenny Marvin Worth The Towering Inferno Irwin Allen ( 48th ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Barry Lyndon Stanley Kubrick Dog Day Afternoon Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand Jaws Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown Nashville Robert Altman 1976 ( 49th ) Rocky Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff All the President 's Men Walter Coblenz Bound for Glory Robert F. Blumofe and Harold Leventhal Network Howard Gottfried Taxi Driver Michael Phillips and Julia Phillips 1977 ( 50th ) Annie Hall Charles H. Joffe The Goodbye Girl Ray Stark Julia Richard Roth Star Wars Gary Kurtz The Turning Point Herbert Ross and Arthur Laurents 1978 ( 51st ) The Deer Hunter Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino and John Peverall Coming Home Jerome Hellman Heaven Can Wait Warren Beatty Midnight Express Alan Marshall and David Puttnam An Unmarried Woman Paul Mazursky and Tony Ray 1979 ( 52nd ) Kramer vs. Kramer Stanley R. Jaffe All That Jazz Robert Alan Aurthur Apocalypse Now Francis Ford Coppola , Fred Roos , Gray Frederickson and Tom Sternberg Breaking Away Peter Yates Norma Rae Tamara Asseyev and Alex Rose 1980s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1980 ( 53rd ) Ordinary People Ronald L. Schwary Coal Miner 's Daughter Bernard Schwartz The Elephant Man Jonathan Sanger Raging Bull Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff Tess Claude Berri and Timothy Burrill 1981 ( 54th ) Chariots of Fire David Puttnam Atlantic City Denis Héroux On Golden Pond Bruce Gilbert Raiders of the Lost Ark Frank Marshall Reds Warren Beatty 1982 ( 55th ) Gandhi Richard Attenborough E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy Missing Edward Lewis and Mildred Lewis Tootsie Sydney Pollack and Dick Richards The Verdict Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown ( 56th ) Terms of Endearment James L. Brooks The Big Chill Michael Shamberg The Dresser Peter Yates The Right Stuff Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff Tender Mercies Philip S. Hobel 1984 ( 57th ) Amadeus Saul Zaentz The Killing Fields David Puttnam A Passage to India John Brabourne and Richard B. Goodwin Places in the Heart Arlene Donovan A Soldier 's Story Norman Jewison , Ronald L. Schwary and Patrick Palmer 1985 ( 58th ) Out of Africa Sydney Pollack The Color Purple Steven Spielberg , Kathleen Kennedy , Frank Marshall and Quincy Jones Kiss of the Spider Woman David Weisman Prizzi 's Honor John Foreman Witness Edward S. Feldman 1986 ( 59th ) Platoon Arnold Kopelson Children of a Lesser God Burt Sugarman and Patrick J. Palmer Hannah and Her Sisters Robert Greenhut The Mission Fernando Ghia and David Puttnam A Room with a View Ismail Merchant ( 60th ) The Last Emperor Jeremy Thomas Broadcast News James L. Brooks Fatal Attraction Stanley R. Jaffe and Sherry Lansing Hope and Glory John Boorman Moonstruck Patrick J. Palmer and Norman Jewison 1988 ( 61st ) Rain Man Mark Johnson The Accidental Tourist Lawrence Kasdan , Charles Okun and Michael Grillo Dangerous Liaisons Norma Heyman and Hank Moonjean Mississippi Burning Frederick Zollo and Robert F. Colesberry Working Girl Douglas Wick 1989 ( 62nd ) Driving Miss Daisy Richard D. Zanuck and Lili Fini Zanuck Born on the Fourth of July A. Kitman Ho and Oliver Stone Dead Poets Society Steven Haft , Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas Field of Dreams Lawrence Gordon and Charles Gordon My Left Foot Noel Pearson 1990s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 1990 ( 63rd ) Dances with Wolves Jim Wilson and Kevin Costner Awakenings Walter F. Parkes and Lawrence Lasker Ghost Lisa Weinstein The Godfather Part III Francis Ford Coppola Goodfellas Irwin Winkler 1991 ( 64th ) The Silence of the Lambs Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt and Ron Bozman Beauty and the Beast Don Hahn Bugsy Mark Johnson , Barry Levinson and Warren Beatty JFK A. Kitman Ho and Oliver Stone The Prince of Tides Barbra Streisand and Andrew S. Karsch 1992 ( 65th ) Unforgiven Clint Eastwood The Crying Game Stephen Woolley A Few Good Men David Brown , Rob Reiner and Andrew Scheinman Howards End Ismail Merchant Scent of a Woman Martin Brest 1993 ( 66th ) Schindler 's List Steven Spielberg , Gerald R. Molen and Branko Lustig The Fugitive Arnold Kopelson In the Name of the Father Jim Sheridan The Piano Jan Chapman The Remains of the Day Mike Nichols , John Calley and Ismail Merchant 1994 ( 67th ) Forrest Gump Wendy Finerman , Steve Tisch and Steve Starkey Four Weddings and a Funeral Duncan Kenworthy Pulp Fiction Lawrence Bender Quiz Show Michael Jacobs , Julian Krainin , Michael Nozik and Robert Redford The Shawshank Redemption Niki Marvin 1995 ( 68th ) Braveheart Mel Gibson , Alan Ladd Jr. and Bruce Davey Apollo 13 Brian Grazer Babe Bill Miller , George Miller and Doug Mitchell The Postman ( Il Postino ) Mario Cecchi Gori , Vittorio Cecchi Gori and Gaetano Daniele Sense and Sensibility Lindsay Doran ( 69th ) The English Patient Saul Zaentz Fargo Ethan Coen Jerry Maguire James L. Brooks , Laurence Mark , Richard Sakai and Cameron Crowe Secrets & Lies Simon Channing - Williams Shine Jane Scott 1997 ( 70th ) Titanic James Cameron and Jon Landau As Good as It Gets James L. Brooks , Bridget Johnson and Kristi Zea The Full Monty Umberto Pasolini Good Will Hunting Lawrence Bender L.A. Confidential Curtis Hanson , Arnon Milchan and Michael Nathanson 1998 ( 71st ) Shakespeare in Love David Parfitt , Donna Gigliotti , Harvey Weinstein , Edward Zwick and Marc Norman Elizabeth Alison Owen , Eric Fellner and Tim Bevan Life Is Beautiful Elda Ferri and Gianluigi Braschi Saving Private Ryan Steven Spielberg , Ian Bryce , Mark Gordon and Gary Levinsohn The Thin Red Line Robert Michael Geisler , John Roberdeau and Grant Hill 1999 ( 72nd ) American Beauty Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks The Cider House Rules Richard N. Gladstein The Green Mile Frank Darabont and David Valdes The Insider Pieter Jan Brugge and Michael Mann The Sixth Sense Frank Marshall , Kathleen Kennedy and Barry Mendel 2000s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 2000 ( 73rd ) Gladiator Douglas Wick , David Franzoni and Branko Lustig Chocolat David Brown , Kit Golden and Leslie Holleran Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon William Kong , Hsu Li - kong and Ang Lee Erin Brockovich Danny DeVito , Michael Shamberg and Stacey Sher Traffic Edward Zwick , Marshall Herskovitz and Laura Bickford 2001 ( 74th ) A Beautiful Mind Brian Grazer and Ron Howard Gosford Park Robert Altman , Bob Balaban and David Levy In the Bedroom Graham Leader , Ross Katz , and Todd Field The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Peter Jackson , Fran Walsh and Barrie M. Osborne Moulin Rouge ! Martin Brown , Baz Luhrmann and Fred Baron 2002 ( 75th ) Chicago Martin Richards Gangs of New York Alberto Grimaldi and Harvey Weinstein The Hours Scott Rudin and Robert Fox The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Barrie M. Osborne , Fran Walsh and Peter Jackson The Pianist Roman Polanski , Robert Benmussa and Alain Sarde 2003 ( 76th ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Barrie M. Osborne , Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh Lost in Translation Ross Katz and Sofia Coppola Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World Samuel Goldwyn Jr. , Peter Weir and Duncan Henderson Mystic River Robert Lorenz , Judie G. Hoyt and Clint Eastwood Seabiscuit Kathleen Kennedy , Frank Marshall and Gary Ross ( 77th ) Million Dollar Baby Clint Eastwood , Albert S. Ruddy and Tom Rosenberg The Aviator Michael Mann and Graham King Finding Neverland Richard N. Gladstein and Nellie Bellflower Ray Taylor Hackford , Stuart Benjamin and Howard Baldwin Sideways Michael London 2005 ( 78th ) Crash Paul Haggis and Cathy Schulman Brokeback Mountain Diana Ossana and James Schamus Capote Caroline Baron , William Vince and Michael Ohoven Good Night , and Good Luck Grant Heslov Munich Steven Spielberg , Kathleen Kennedy and Barry Mendel 2006 ( 79th ) The Departed Graham King Babel Alejandro González Iñárritu , Steve Golin and Jon Kilik Letters from Iwo Jima Clint Eastwood , Steven Spielberg and Robert Lorenz Little Miss Sunshine David T. Friendly , Peter Saraf and Marc Turtletaub The Queen Andy Harries , Christine Langan and Tracey Seaward 2007 ( 80th ) No Country for Old Men Scott Rudin , Joel Coen and Ethan Coen Atonement Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner and Paul Webster Juno Lianne Halfon , Mason Novick and Russell Smith Michael Clayton Jennifer Fox , Kerry Orent and Sydney Pollack There Will Be Blood Paul Thomas Anderson , Daniel Lupi and JoAnne Sellar 2008 ( 81st ) Slumdog Millionaire Christian Colson The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Kathleen Kennedy , Frank Marshall and Ceán Chaffin Frost / Nixon Ron Howard , Brian Grazer and Eric Fellner Milk Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks The Reader Anthony Minghella , Sydney Pollack , Donna Gigliotti and Redmond Morris 2009 ( 82nd ) The Hurt Locker Kathryn Bigelow , Mark Boal , Nicolas Chartier and Greg Shapiro Avatar James Cameron and Jon Landau The Blind Side Gil Netter , Andrew A. Kosove and Broderick Johnson District 9 Peter Jackson and Carolynne Cunningham An Education Finola Dwyer and Amanda Posey Inglourious Basterds Lawrence Bender Precious : Based on the Novel ' Push ' by Sapphire Lee Daniels , Sarah Siegel - Magness and Gary Magness A Serious Man Joel Coen and Ethan Coen Up Jonas Rivera Up in the Air Daniel Dubiecki , Ivan Reitman and Jason Reitman 2010s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees ( 83rd ) The King 's Speech Iain Canning , Emile Sherman and Gareth Unwin 127 Hours Danny Boyle , John Smithson and Christian Colson Black Swan Scott Franklin , Mike Medavoy and Brian Oliver The Fighter David Hoberman , Todd Lieberman and Mark Wahlberg Inception Christopher Nolan and Emma Thomas The Kids Are All Right Gary Gilbert , Jeffrey Levy - Hinte and Celine Rattray The Social Network Dana Brunetti , Ceán Chaffin , Michael De Luca and Scott Rudin Toy Story 3 Darla K. Anderson True Grit Joel Coen , Ethan Coen , and Scott Rudin Winter 's Bone Alix Madigan and Anne Rosellini 2011 ( 84th ) The Artist Thomas Langmann The Descendants Jim Burke , Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Scott Rudin The Help Brunson Green , Chris Columbus and Michael Barnathan Hugo Graham King and Martin Scorsese Midnight in Paris Letty Aronson and Stephen Tenenbaum Moneyball Michael De Luca , Rachael Horovitz and Brad Pitt The Tree of Life Sarah Green , Bill Pohlad , Dede Gardner and Grant Hill War Horse Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy 2012 ( 85th ) Argo Grant Heslov , Ben Affleck and George Clooney Amour Margaret Menegoz , Stefan Arndt , Veit Heiduschka and Michael Katz Beasts of the Southern Wild Dan Janvey , Josh Penn and Michael Gottwald Django Unchained Stacey Sher , Reginald Hudlin and Pilar Savone Les Misérables Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward and Cameron Mackintosh Life of Pi Gil Netter , Ang Lee and David Womark Lincoln Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy Silver Linings Playbook Donna Gigliotti , Bruce Cohen and Jonathan Gordon Zero Dark Thirty Mark Boal , Kathryn Bigelow and Megan Ellison 2013 ( 86th ) 12 Years a Slave Brad Pitt , Dede Gardner , Jeremy Kleiner , Steve McQueen and Anthony Katagas American Hustle Charles Roven , Richard Suckle , Megan Ellison and Jonathan Gordon Captain Phillips Scott Rudin , Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca Dallas Buyers Club Robbie Brenner and Rachel Winter Gravity Alfonso Cuarón and David Heyman Her Megan Ellison , Spike Jonze and Vincent Landay Nebraska Albert Berger and Ron Yerxa Philomena Gabrielle Tana , Steve Coogan and Tracey Seaward The Wolf of Wall Street Martin Scorsese , Leonardo DiCaprio , Joey McFarland and Emma Tillinger Koskoff 2014 ( 87th ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , John Lesher and James W. Skotchdopole American Sniper Clint Eastwood , Andrew Lazar , Robert Lorenz , Bradley Cooper and Peter Morgan Boyhood Richard Linklater and Cathleen Sutherland The Grand Budapest Hotel Wes Anderson , Scott Rudin , Steven M. Rales and Jeremy Dawson The Imitation Game Nora Grossman , Ido Ostrowsky and Teddy Schwarzman Selma Christian Colson , Oprah Winfrey , Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner The Theory of Everything Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Lisa Bruce and Anthony McCarten Whiplash Jason Blum , Helen Estabrook and David Lancaster 2015 ( 88th ) Spotlight Blye Pagon Faust , Steve Golin , Nicole Rocklin and Michael Sugar The Big Short Dede Gardner , Jeremy Kleiner and Brad Pitt Bridge of Spies Steven Spielberg , Marc Platt and Kristie Macosko Krieger Brooklyn Finola Dwyer and Amanda Posey Mad Max : Fury Road Doug Mitchell and George Miller The Martian Simon Kinberg , Ridley Scott , Michael Schaefer and Mark Huffam The Revenant Arnon Milchan , Steve Golin , Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Mary Parent and Keith Redmon Room Ed Guiney 2016 ( 89th ) Moonlight Adele Romanski , Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner Arrival Shawn Levy , Dan Levine , Aaron Ryder and David Linde Fences Scott Rudin , Denzel Washington and Todd Black Hacksaw Ridge Bill Mechanic and David Permut Hell or High Water Carla Hacken and Julie Yorn Hidden Figures Donna Gigliotti , Peter Chernin , Jenno Topping , Pharrell Williams and Theodore Melfi La La Land Fred Berger , Jordan Horowitz and Marc Platt Lion Emile Sherman , Iain Canning and Angie Fielder Manchester by the Sea Matt Damon , Kimberly Steward , Chris Moore , Lauren Beck and Kevin J. Walsh 2017 ( 90th ) The Shape of Water Guillermo del Toro and J. Miles Dale Call Me by Your Name Peter Spears , Luca Guadagnino , Emilie Georges and Marco Morabito Darkest Hour Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Lisa Bruce , Anthony McCarten and Douglas Urbanski Dunkirk Emma Thomas and Christopher Nolan Get Out Sean McKittrick , Jason Blum , Edward H. Hamm Jr. and Jordan Peele Lady Bird Scott Rudin , Eli Bush and Evelyn O'Neill Phantom Thread JoAnne Sellar , Paul Thomas Anderson , Megan Ellison and Daniel Lupi The Post Amy Pascal , Steven Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Graham Broadbent , Pete Czernin and Martin McDonagh Individuals with multiple wins ( edit ) 3 wins Sam Spiegel Saul Zaentz 2 wins Arthur Freed Clint Eastwood Dede Gardner Jeremy Kleiner Branko Lustig Albert S. Ruddy Robert Wise Individuals with multiple nominations ( edit ) 10 nominations Steven Spielberg 9 nominations Scott Rudin 8 nominations Kathleen Kennedy 6 nominations Eric Fellner Stanley Kramer 5 nominations Tim Bevan Francis Ford Coppola Clint Eastwood Dede Gardner Frank Marshall 4 nominations Warren Beatty James L. Brooks David Brown Megan Ellison Ethan Coen Donna Gigliotti Peter Jackson Norman Jewison Jeremy Kleiner Sydney Pollack David Puttnam Sam Spiegel George Stevens Irwin Winkler 3 nominations Lawrence Bender Robert Chartoff Joel Coen Bruce Cohen Christian Colson Michael De Luca Steve Golin Brian Grazer Alejandro González Iñárritu Graham King Stanley Kubrick Robert Lorenz Ismail Merchant Barrie M. Osborne Brad Pitt Hal B. Wallis Fran Walsh Robert Wise John Woolf Saul Zaentz Richard D. Zanuck 2 nominations Buddy Adler Robert Altman Paul Thomas Anderson Kathryn Bigelow Jason Blum Mark Boal John Boorman John Brabourne Lisa Bruce Dana Brunetti James Cameron Iain Canning Ceán Chaffin Cecil B. DeMille Finola Dwyer John Foreman Gray Frederickson Arthur Freed Richard N. Gladstein Jonathan Gordon Jerome Hellman Grant Heslov Grant Hill Ron Howard Stanley R. Jaffe Dan Jinks Ross Katz A. Kitman Ho Arnold Kopelson Kristie Macosko Krieger Gary Kurtz Jon Landau Ang Lee Ernest Lehman Daniel Lupi Branko Lustig Mark Johnson Michael Mann Anthony McCarten Frank McCarthy Barry Mendel Arnon Milchan George Miller Doug Mitchell Patrick J. Palmer Julia Phillips Michael Phillips Marc Platt Amanda Posey Christopher Nolan Fred Roos Albert S. Ruddy Tracey Seaward Ronald L. Schwary Martin Scorsese JoAnne Sellar Michael Shamberg Stacey Sher Emile Sherman Bernard Smith Ray Stark Oliver Stone Emma Thomas Jerry Wald Jack L. Warner Harvey Weinstein Douglas Wick Jams Woolf William Wyler Peter Yates Sam Zimbalist Fred Zinnemann Edward Zwick Production companies with multiple nominations and wins ( edit ) Production Company Nominations Wins Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 40 5 Fox 20th Century 20th Century - Fox 26 Warner Bros . First National Warner Bros. - First National 25 Paramount Paramount Famous Lasky Paramount Publix 20 Columbia 12 RKO Radio 11 Samuel Goldwyn Productions 8 Selznick International Pictures 5 Universal Two Cities Films J. Arthur Rank - Two Cities Films Cosmopolitan 0 The Caddo Company 0 Walter Wanger ( production company ) 0 Mercury 0 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 2nd Academy Awards is unique in being the only occasion where there were no official nominees . Subsequent research by AMPAS has resulted in a list of de facto nominees , based on records of which films were evaluated by the judges at the time . Jump up ^ The Academy also announced that A Farewell to Arms came in second , and Little Women third . Jump up ^ The Academy also announced that The Barretts of Wimpole Street came in second , and The House of Rothschild third . Jump up ^ The Academy also announced that The Informer came in second , and Captain Blood third . See also ( edit ) Academy Award portal Book : Academy Awards for Best Picture BAFTA Award for Best Film Independent Spirit Award for Best Film Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture winners List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees List of presenters of the Academy Award for Best Picture List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture List of Academy Award - winning films List of film production companies List of films considered the best Lists of films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How the Oscar Voting System Works '' . People.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2017 : La La Land did n't win Best Picture . But should it have ? '' . Vox . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Moonlight wins Best Picture , not La La Land , after Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway gaffe '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Picture Winners of the 21st Century '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Oscars home is now the Dolby Theatre '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Awards Database -- Best Picture Winners and Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Why SUNRISE : A SONG OF TWO HUMANS is Essential '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who gets the Oscar ? '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Associated Press . February 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy restricts Oscar winners '' . BBC . June 26 , 2001 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` PGA avoids credit limit '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rule Sixteen : Special Rules for the Best Picture of the Year Award '' . Rules for the 86th Academy Awards . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Academy Makes Exceptions for Pollack , Minghella Does this mean more Oscar sympathy for surprise nominee The Reader ? '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Director Facts -- Trivia ( Part 2 ) '' . Filmsite . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Joyce Eng ( 24 June 2009 ) . `` Oscar Expands Best Picture Race to 10 Nominees '' . TV Guide Online . Archived from the original on 8 December 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Poll : Vote on the Oscars Like an Academy Member Archived 2012 - 11 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Rob Richie , Huffington Post , 16 February 2011 Jump up ^ Steve Pond ( 2011 - 06 - 22 ) . `` New Best Picture Rules Could Discard Large Number of Oscar Ballots ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nikki Finke ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) . `` OSCAR SHOCKER ! Academy Builds Surprise & Secrecy Into Best Picture Race : Now There Can Be Anywhere From 5 To 10 Nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . MMC . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Pictures -- Facts & Trivia ( part 2 ) '' . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Pictures -- Genre Biases '' . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ; Edison Hayden , Michael ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' wins best picture after ' La La Land ' mistakenly announced '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Broadway Melody '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . The Technicolor footage for this sequence has since been lost , and only a black - and - white version is now available . Jump up ^ `` Oscar 's Most Wanted '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Racket -- Progressive Silent Film List '' . Silent Era . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` East Lynne Trivia '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Oscars.org ( official Academy site ) Oscar.com ( official ceremony site ) The Academy Awards Database ( official site ) Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Footnote ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony , held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Category Portal Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Film Films Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Women in Non-gendered Categories Book Category Portal Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture&oldid=842713703 '' Categories : Academy Awards Awards for best film Best Picture Academy Award winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles contradicting other articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 05 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the oscar for the best picture	[ "\n\nYear\nFilm\nNominees\n\n\n2010\n(83rd)\n\n\nThe King's Speech\nIain Canning, Emile Sherman and Gareth Unwin\n\n\n127 Hours\nDanny Boyle, John Smithson and Christian Colson\n\n\nBlack Swan\nScott Franklin, Mike Medavoy and Brian Oliver\n\n\nThe Fighter\nDavid Hoberman, Todd Lieberman and Mark Wahlberg\n\n\nInception\nChristopher Nolan and Emma Thomas\n\n\nThe Kids Are All Right\nGary Gilbert, Jeffrey Levy-Hinte and Celine Rattray\n\n\nThe Social Network\nDana Brunetti, Ceán Chaffin, Michael De Luca and Scott Rudin\n\n\nToy Story 3\nDarla K. Anderson\n\n\nTrue Grit\nJoel Coen, Ethan Coen, and Scott Rudin\n\n\nWinter's Bone\nAlix Madigan and Anne Rosellini\n\n\n2011\n(84th)\n\n\nThe Artist\nThomas Langmann\n\n\nThe Descendants\nJim Burke, Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor\n\n\nExtremely Loud & Incredibly Close\nScott Rudin\n\n\nThe Help\nBrunson Green, Chris Columbus and Michael Barnathan\n\n\nHugo\nGraham King and Martin Scorsese\n\n\nMidnight in Paris\nLetty Aronson and Stephen Tenenbaum\n\n\nMoneyball\nMichael De Luca, Rachael Horovitz and Brad Pitt\n\n\nThe Tree of Life\nSarah Green, Bill Pohlad, Dede Gardner and Grant Hill\n\n\nWar Horse\nSteven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy\n\n\n2012\n(85th)\n\n\nArgo\nGrant Heslov, Ben Affleck and George Clooney\n\n\nAmour\nMargaret Menegoz, Stefan Arndt, Veit Heiduschka and Michael Katz\n\n\nBeasts of the Southern Wild\nDan Janvey, Josh Penn and Michael Gottwald\n\n\nDjango Unchained\nStacey Sher, Reginald Hudlin and Pilar Savone\n\n\nLes Misérables\nTim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Debra Hayward and Cameron Mackintosh\n\n\nLife of Pi\nGil Netter, Ang Lee and David Womark\n\n\nLincoln\nSteven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy\n\n\nSilver Linings Playbook\nDonna Gigliotti, Bruce Cohen and Jonathan Gordon\n\n\nZero Dark Thirty\nMark Boal, Kathryn Bigelow and Megan Ellison\n\n\n2013\n(86th)\n\n\n12 Years a Slave\nBrad Pitt, Dede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner, Steve McQueen and Anthony Katagas\n\n\nAmerican Hustle\nCharles Roven, Richard Suckle, Megan Ellison and Jonathan Gordon\n\n\nCaptain Phillips\nScott Rudin, Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca\n\n\nDallas Buyers Club\nRobbie Brenner and Rachel Winter\n\n\nGravity\nAlfonso Cuarón and David Heyman\n\n\nHer\nMegan Ellison, Spike Jonze and Vincent Landay\n\n\nNebraska\nAlbert Berger and Ron Yerxa\n\n\nPhilomena\nGabrielle Tana, Steve Coogan and Tracey Seaward\n\n\nThe Wolf of Wall Street\nMartin Scorsese, Leonardo DiCaprio, Joey McFarland and Emma Tillinger Koskoff\n\n\n2014\n(87th)\n\n\nBirdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)\nAlejandro G. Iñárritu, John Lesher and James W. Skotchdopole\n\n\nAmerican Sniper\nClint Eastwood, Andrew Lazar, Robert Lorenz, Bradley Cooper and Peter Morgan\n\n\nBoyhood\nRichard Linklater and Cathleen Sutherland\n\n\nThe Grand Budapest Hotel\nWes Anderson, Scott Rudin, Steven M. Rales and Jeremy Dawson\n\n\nThe Imitation Game\nNora Grossman, Ido Ostrowsky and Teddy Schwarzman\n\n\nSelma\nChristian Colson, Oprah Winfrey, Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner\n\n\nThe Theory of Everything\nTim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lisa Bruce and Anthony McCarten\n\n\nWhiplash\nJason Blum, Helen Estabrook and David Lancaster\n\n\n2015\n(88th)\n\n\nSpotlight\nBlye Pagon Faust, Steve Golin, Nicole Rocklin and Michael Sugar\n\n\nThe Big Short\nDede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner and Brad Pitt\n\n\nBridge of Spies\nSteven Spielberg, Marc Platt and Kristie Macosko Krieger\n\n\nBrooklyn\nFinola Dwyer and Amanda Posey\n\n\nMad Max: Fury Road\nDoug Mitchell and George Miller\n\n\nThe Martian\nSimon Kinberg, Ridley Scott, Michael Schaefer and Mark Huffam\n\n\nThe Revenant\nArnon Milchan, Steve Golin, Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Mary Parent and Keith Redmon\n\n\nRoom\nEd Guiney\n\n\n2016\n(89th)\n\n\nMoonlight\nAdele Romanski, Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner\n\n\nArrival\nShawn Levy, Dan Levine, Aaron Ryder and David Linde\n\n\nFences\nScott Rudin, Denzel Washington and Todd Black\n\n\nHacksaw Ridge\nBill Mechanic and David Permut\n\n\nHell or High Water\nCarla Hacken and Julie Yorn\n\n\nHidden Figures\nDonna Gigliotti, Peter Chernin, Jenno Topping, Pharrell Williams and Theodore Melfi\n\n\nLa La Land\nFred Berger, Jordan Horowitz and Marc Platt\n\n\nLion\nEmile Sherman, Iain Canning and Angie Fielder\n\n\nManchester by the Sea\nMatt Damon, Kimberly Steward, Chris Moore, Lauren Beck and Kevin J. Walsh\n\n\n2017\n(90th)\n\n\nThe Shape of Water\nGuillermo del Toro and J. Miles Dale\n\n\nCall Me by Your Name\nPeter Spears, Luca Guadagnino, Emilie Georges and Marco Morabito\n\n\nDarkest Hour\nTim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lisa Bruce, Anthony McCarten and Douglas Urbanski\n\n\nDunkirk\nEmma Thomas and Christopher Nolan\n\n\nGet Out\nSean McKittrick, Jason Blum, Edward H. Hamm Jr. and Jordan Peele\n\n\nLady Bird\nScott Rudin, Eli Bush and Evelyn O'Neill\n\n\nPhantom Thread\nJoAnne Sellar, Paul Thomas Anderson, Megan Ellison and Daniel Lupi\n\n\nThe Post\nAmy Pascal, Steven Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger\n\n\nThree Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri\nGraham Broadbent, Pete Czernin and Martin McDonagh\n\n" ]	[ "The Shape of Water" ]
6489061146944127371	Baahubali: The Beginning	Baahubali : the Beginning - Wikipedia Baahubali : the Beginning Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Split long sections of prose into paragraphs . Copy edit , and grammatical corrections are required as well . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Baahubali : The Beginning Theatrical release poster Directed by S.S. Rajamouli Produced by Shobu Yarlagadda Prasad Devineni Written by K.V. Vijayendra Prasad Screenplay by K.V. Vijayendra Prasad S.S. Rajamouli Story by K.V. Vijayendra Prasad Starring Prabhas Rana Daggubati Anushka Shetty Tamannaah Ramya Krishnan Sathyaraj Nassar Music by M.M. Keeravani Cinematography K.K. Senthil Kumar Edited by Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao Production company Arka Media Works Distributed by Telugu : Arka Media Works Tamil : Studio Green UV Creations Sri Thenandal Films Release date 10 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) Running time 158 minutes ( Telugu ) 159 minutes ( Tamil ) Country India Language Telugu Tamil Budget ₹ 180 crore Box office est. ₹ 600 crore Baahubali : The Beginning ( stylized as bāhubali ; English : The One with Strong Arms : The Beginning ) , also known by the initialism BBTB , is an Indian epic historical fiction film directed by S.S. Rajamouli . The film was produced by Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni and was shot as a bilingual in Telugu and Tamil . The film stars Prabhas , Rana Daggubati , Anushka Shetty , and Tamannaah in the lead roles , with Ramya Krishnan , Sathyaraj , and Nassar in supporting roles . The first of two cinematic parts , The Beginning is a tale of the lost rightful heir of the fictional kingdom of Mahishmati , who learns about his true identity while falling in love with a rebellious warrior , who ( among with her group ) intends to rescue the former queen of Mahismati . The film was conceived by Rajamouli 's father K.V. Vijayendra Prasad , who randomly told him a story about Sivagami , a woman who carries a baby in her hand while crossing a river , and a few years later about Kattapa , which intrigued Rajamouli . His fascination with mythology and the tales of Amar Chitra Katha comics further fueled his interest in the story . However , it took the writers three months to finalise the final draft . The soundtrack and background score were composed by M.M. Keeravani while the cinematography , production design , and VFX were handled by K.K. Senthil Kumar , Sabu Cyril and V. Srinivas Mohan respectively . The film was made on a budget of ₹ 180 crore ( US $28 million ) , making it the most expensive Indian film at its time of release . The film opened worldwide on 10 July 2015 , garnering critical acclaim and record breaking box office success . With a worldwide box office gross of ₹ 600 crore ( US $94 million ) , it became the highest - grossing film in India , third highest - grossing Indian film worldwide , and highest - grossing South Indian film , at the time of its release . Its Hindi dubbed version also broke several records by becoming the highest grossing dubbed film in India . Both budget and box office records since has been surpassed by its sequel , Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion . The Beginning is the highest grossing Indian film of 2015 and the fourth highest grossing Indian film of all time . It received several accolades . It won the National Film Award for Best Special Effects and Best Feature Film , becoming the first Telugu film to win the award . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards South , the Telugu version won five awards from ten nominations , including Best Film , Best Director for Rajamouli and Best Supporting Actress for Krishnan . The Beginning became the first Indian film to be nominated for Saturn Awards , receiving five nominations at the 42nd ceremony , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actress for Tamannaah . The film 's second and final cinematic part was released on 28 April 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Visual effects 3.2 Kilikili language 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Re-release 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Distribution 6 Critical reception 7 Box office 7.1 India 7.2 Overseas 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot In the ancient kingdom of Mahismati , Sivagami ( Ramya Krishnan ) emerges from a cave while carrying a baby . She kills two soldiers pursuing her and attempts to wade towards a village across a raging river , but fails and falls in . She clutches a branch , before pleading to the Supreme Lord Parameshvar that `` Mahendra Baahubali must live ! '' and holds the baby in one hand above her head before dying . Local villagers notice the baby and rescue it . Sanga ( Rohini ) and her husband name the infant Sivudu and raise him as their own son . The villagers seal the staircase leading up the waterfall , fearing that someone may come to take away the child . Sivudu ( Prabhas ) grows up to be a strong , adventurous young man who tries to climb the waterfall , with minimal success . After carrying a stone Shiva lingam to the waterfalls , he finds a wooden mask on the ground . Driven to find the owner of the mask , he attempts to climb the waterfall again and succeeds . After his ascent , Sivudu discovers that the mask belongs to Avantika ( Tamannaah ) , a rebellious warrior of a group engaged in guerrilla warfare against Emperor Bhallaladeva ( Rana Daggubati ) of Mahismati . The group , led by Devasena 's brother ( Balireddy Pruthviraj ) , intends to rescue their former queen Devasena ( Anushka Shetty ) who has been imprisoned in the kingdom for the past twenty - five years . Avantika is given the opportunity to rescue the queen . Avantika falls in love with Sivudu after finding out that he climbed the waterfall for her . Sivudu pledges to help her in her mission and sneaks into Mahishmati to rescue Devasena . Sivudu rescues Devasena and flees with her , but is chased down by Bhallaladeva 's son , Bhadra ( Adivi Sesh ) and the king 's royal slave warrior Kattappa ( Sathyaraj ) . After Sivudu beheads Bhadra , Kattappa drops his weapon , realizing that Sivudu is Mahendra Baahubali , the son of late king Amarendra Baahubali . Kattappa narrates the story of Amarendra 's past . Amarendra 's mother had died giving birth to him , while his father had died long before that . His uncle Bijjaladeva ( Nassar ) was deemed unfit to rule due to his crooked nature , however he believes he was denied the throne due to the fact that one of his arms is disabled . Bijjaladeva 's wife Sivagami assumed control of the kingdom with Kattappa 's assistance until a new king could be selected . Amarendra Baahubali was brought up together with Bijjaladeva and Sivagami 's son , his cousin Bhallaladeva . Both young men were trained in arts , science , disguise , politics , and warfare , but they had different approaches towards kingship . Amarendra Baahubali was gracious to everyone , and was loved by the people . Bhallaladeva was violent and achieved his goals by any means possible . It was then discovered that Mahismathi was about to be attacked by an army of savages called Kalakeyas . Bijjaladeva proposed that the prince who killed Inkoshi , the king of Kalakeyas , would be the future king of Mahismati and the chief minister agrees . Sivagami , nevertheless , said that it was prince 's duty to protect and defend their country and orders that Mahismati 's war resources be distributed fairly among the two men . Bijjaladeva used his guile to make sure Bhallaladeva got the maximum war resources . The Kalakeyas were given an opportunity to change their minds . The Kalakeya king Inkoshi rejected Queen Sivagami 's offer and insulted her by saying he will have children with her . An enraged Sivagami said she wants Inkoshi brought to her alive , but with his limbs chopped off , so that she could feed him to the vultures . During the battle , the Kalakeyas used a dirty tactic of using the prisoners of Mahismati as shields . Bhallaladeva plowed through the line of innocent prisoners with his chariot which had blades turning and killed them . Amarendra , on the other hand , caused them to fall down and attacked the Kalakeyas behind them , thus saving the prisoners . When it seems that Mahishmati would end up being defeated , Amarendra inspired his soldiers to fight back and they ended up crushing the enemy . While Amarendra defeated Inkoshi and was about to obey the words of Sivagami by chopping off his limbs , Bhallaladeva swung his weapon from a distance and killed him . Despite Bhallaladeva being the one to kill Inkoshi , Sivagami announced Amarendra Baahubali as the new emperor because of his courage and leadership and also because of the fact that he shielded and protected his own countrymen throughout the war . After the flashback , when asked about Amarendra 's current whereabouts , a tearful Kattappa reveals that Amarendra is dead , and that he is the one who killed him . Cast I was about 7 years old when I started reading comics called ' Amar Chitra Katha ' that are published in India . They 're not about a superhero , but they encompass all the stories of India , the folklore , the mythology , everything . But most of these stories are about Indian historical figures . I was fascinated by the forts , the battles , the kings , I not only used to read those stories but I kept telling those stories to my friends in my own way . -- Rajamouli , on the inspiration for making Baahubali . Main article : List of Baahubali characters Prabhas as Amarendra Baahubali and Mahendra Baahubali alias Sivudu ( Telugu ) / Shivu ( Tamil ) Rana Daggubati as Bhallaladeva ( Telugu ) / Pallvalathevan in ( Tamil ) Anushka Shetty as Devasena ( Telugu ) / Thevasenai ( Tamil ) Ramya Krishnan as Rajamatha ( Queen Mother ) Sivagami ( Telugu ) / Shivakami ( Tamil ) Tamannaah as a rebel warrior Avantika ( Telugu and Tamil ) Sathyaraj as Kattappa ( Telugu and Tamil ) , as a royal slave and warrior Nassar as Bijjaladeva ( Telugu ) / Pingalathevan ( Tamil ) Rohini as Sanga ( Telugu and Tamil ) Meka Ramakrishna as Jayasena , leader of the rebel group and the King of Kunthala Kingdom Tanikella Bharani as Swamiji Adivi Sesh as Bhadra ( Telugu and Tamil ) , son of Bhallaladeva Prabhakar as king of the Kalakeyas Inkoshi ( Telugu ) / Inkhozhi ( Tamil ) Sudeep as Aslam Khan S.S. Rajamouli as spirit seller Nora Fatehi as dancer in green blouse Scarlett Mellish Wilson as dancer in orange blouse Sneha Upadhyay ( cameo ) as dancer in blue blouse Rakesh Varre as Bhallaladeva 's friend Teja Kakumanu as Sakethudu Bharani as Marthanda Subbaraya Sharma Adatya as Raj Guru John Kokken as Kalki Brothers Gabriela Bertante Production Characters in the movie - Bhallaladeva , Baahubali , Kattappa and Avantika Baahubali : The Beginning was produced in Tollywood , the center of Telugu language films in India . As of July 2015 , the film series was considered the most expensive in India . In February 2011 , S.S. Rajamouli announced that Prabhas will star in his upcoming movie . In January 2013 , he announced that the working title as Baahubali and the actual film production started at Rock Gardens in Kurnool on 6 July 2013 . The waterfall scenes in the film were shot at Athirappilly Falls in Kerala , huge sets for the Mahishmati kingdom were constructed at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad and the snow episodes in the film were shot in Bulgaria . The screen writer , K.V. Vijayendra Prasad who wrote stories for most of Rajamouli 's films once again penned the story for Baahubali . The film boasts of one year pre production work where in 15,000 story board sketches for the film were created which is highest for any Indian Film till date . More than 90 percent of the film had visually enhanced shots and according to the producer , more than 600 VFX artists worked for the film from 18 facilities around the world led by Makuta VFX and Firefly in Hyderabad , Prasad Studios in Hyderabad and Chennai , Annapurna Studios in Hyderabad , Tau Films in Malaysia , and Dancing Digital Animation and Macrograph in South Korea . Makuta VFX which had prior experience of working with S.S. Rajamouli was chosen as principal visual effects studio . The cinematography of the movie was done by KK Senthil Kumar for 380 days using Arri Alexa XT camera with Master Prime lens marking Rajamouli 's first film using digital camera . Most of the film was shot in ARRIRAW format in 4 : 3 aspect ratio while ARRIRAW 16.9 was used for slow motion shots at 120 fps . Open Gate format , which can use the full 3.4 K sensor in the camera to produce frames larger than the standard ARRIRAW format was tapped in to get the maximum image quality in VFX shots . For the first time in Indian movies , 4K movie print was rendered with an aspect ratio of 1 : 1.88 as compared to Cinemascope at 1 : 2.35 to get the best cinematic experience in screens that support the 4K projection claimed the Producer . Sabu Cyril , production designer for the film created 10,000 different kinds of weaponry ranging from swords , helmets and armors required for the soldiers . To make the swords light weight Carbon - fibre was used instead of steel , the same material used in manufacture of Helicopter blades claimed the art director . 3D printing technology was used to create the head of 100 foot Bhallaladeva 's character in the movie and flexi foam was used to create amours to make them light weight and to have the look of leather . V. Srinivas Mohan was chosen as visual effects supervisor and Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao was the Editor . PM Satheesh was the sound designer and Peter Hein was responsible for the action sequences . The costume designers were Rama Rajamouli and Prasanthi Tipirneni . The line producer was M.M. Srivalli . Visual effects National Award Winner V. Srinivas Mohan was roped in as Visual effects supervisor for Baahubali . The film boasts of 90 % CGI work which accounts for 2500 VFX shots . Makuta VFX which is based out of Hyderabad was chosen as principal visual effects studio and was responsible for more than 50 % of the computer - generated imagery in the film . The majority of work done by Makuta involved bringing the 1500 foot mystical waterfall to life , creating enormous mountains and huge landscapes including the kingdom of Mahishmati , with its massive temples and courtyards . Creating the mammoth waterfall took nearly 2 years as Makuta has to deal with a lot of complexity in fluid dynamics and simulations . Each frame involving the water fall sequence was treated as creating a new set and employed a different set of methodology claims Makuta . Firefly Creative Studio which is also based out of Hyderabad worked primarily on the avalanche and the war sequences which accounts for nearly 25 minutes of the film . Firefly Creative was also involved in creating underwater VFX shots and in establishing backstories for Kalakeya characters . Tau Films from Malaysia was responsible for creating the CGI bison , while Prasad EFX from Hyderabad was responsible for some shots in pre and post battle episodes involving digital multiplication . Prasad was also responsible for creating a 3D image of Kattappa and mapping his head on to a duplicate actor in one of the scenes . Srushti VFX from Hyderabad was involved in digitally creating some of the shots in the war sequence along with Firefly studios . Annapurna Studios from Hyderabad was chosen as digital intermediate partner for the film which is responsible for generating the digital feed with the best color and audio for editing . For the first time in Indian movies , Academy Color Encoding System workflows were implemented along with Infinitely Scalable Information Storage keeping in mind the mammoth scale of digitally enhanced shots in the film . Arka Media Works , production company of Baahubali , teamed up with AMD to use the state of the art FirePro GPUs W9100 and W8100 during the post production of the film which are capable of rendering 4K content in real time and are considered the best in Industry to date . Reacting to media reports on the same VFX team for Baahubali and Jurassic World , producer Shobu Yarlagadda denied outright any such collaboration , calling such claims an internet rumor . In an interview with Quartz , the co-founder of Makuta VFX stated , `` Most of Baahubali was developed in Hyderabad , home to Tollywood , and used local talent . It was principally a homegrown feature produced by homegrown talent . '' Kilikili language The fictional language Kilikili ( also referred to as Kiliki ) used as the language of the Kalakeyas - a ferocious warrior tribe , was created by Madhan Karky for the film . It is said to be the first fictitious language to be created for an Indian film character . While Karky was pursuing PhD in Australia , he took up a part - time job of teaching and baby - sitting children . During one such interaction , he thought it would be fun to create a new language that could be easily grasped . Basic words were first made up and opposites were represented by word reversals - me was min and you was nim . The language which introduced 100 new words was called `` Click '' to highlight its simplicity . This formed the foundation for Kiliki . Kilikili consists of at least 750 words and more than 40 concrete grammar rules It was designed to be an intuitive language - Karky said he used hard consonants and soft consonants depending on the nature of the word 's meaning . The language was created keeping in mind that the Kalakeya warriors had to be portrayed as terrifying brutes . The language sounds the same in all the versions - Telugu , Tamil , Hindi and Malayalam - of Baahubali . Music Main article : Baahubali : The Beginning ( soundtrack ) Rajamouli 's cousin M.M. Keeravani composed the music for this film and the sound supervision is done by Kalyan Koduri . Release The film released on 10 July 2015 in 4,000 screens worldwide in Telugu , Tamil , Hindi and Malayalam languages . A record number of 1600 screens in Telugu , 1500 screens in Hindi , 350 in Tamil and 225 screens in Malayalam were booked for the release . The film was released in USA a day earlier by BlueSky Cinemas in 135 screens . A premier show was also held on 9 July at Prasads IMAX Hyderabad . The film 's release in Kerala was hindered amidst a close down by a section of theatres over the piracy issue of Malayalm film Premam and released only in few theatres . The Telugu version of the film was presented by K. Raghavendra Rao , Tamil version by K.E. Gnanavel Raja , Sri Thenandal Films and UV Creations , Karan Johar presented the Hindi version and Global United Media presented the Malayalam theatrical version . International version of the film which is 20 mins shorter than the original one , done by Vincent Tabaillon was screened at Busan International Film Festival . Producers of the film have planned to release the film in China in over 5000 screens in November 2015 by E Stars Films . Baahubali will be the biggest release in China for an Indian film , beating PK which was released on 22 May 2015 . The film is also set to release in Japan . Twin Co which is a leading distributor for international films in Japan has acquired the rights for screening of the film . The producer Shobu Yarlagadda who struck the deal at Busan Asian Film Market also revealed his plans to release the movie in Latin America , Germany and European countries . MVP Entertainment is set to release the movie in Thailand , Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Myanmar , and Timor - Leste countries . Sun Distribution acquired the distribution rights of the movie in Latin American countries while Creative Century Entertainment got the rights for Taiwan . In Korea , the movie is scheduled to be released via Entermode Corp . Arka International , which is the sales arm for International release has made arrangements to release the movie in Germany and 70 other territories . The Tamil version of the film faced a controversy relating to a word used in the film . On 22 July 2015 , activists of Dalit group Puratchi Pulikal Iyakkam hurled petrol bombs outside the ' Tamil , Jaya ' multiplex in Madurai screening the Tamil version of the film . Dalit group Puratchi Pulikal Iyakkam protested against the movie featuring a line Pagadaikku Pirandhavan , words considered derogatory against dalits as they are contemptuous terms used by caste Hindus to address members of the Arunthathiyar Dalit sub-caste . Dialogue Writer of Tamil version , Madhan Karky issued an apology for offending Dalits . Re-release As the sequel Baahubali : The Conclusion was released on 28 April 2017 , the producers and distributors re-released the first part ( Hindi ) again on 7 April 2017 . The film was screened at various film festivals like Open Cinema Strand of Busan International Film Festival , Indian Film Festival The Hague , Sitges Film Festival in Spain , Utopiales Film Festival in France , Golden Horse Film Festival in Taipei , Taiwan , Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival in Estonia , L'Etrange International Film Festival in Paris , Five Flavours Film Festival in Poland , Hawaii International Film Festival in Honolulu , Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival in Brussels , Belgium , Cannes Film Festival in France , Transilvania International Film Festival in Romania , Le Grand Rex in Paris , Kurja Polt Horror Film Festival , Festival de Lacamo , 8th BRICS summit , and the 2016 Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India , Goa . The international version of the film was released in China , Japan , Korea , Taiwan , Indonesia , Thailand , Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Myanmar , Philippines , Timor - Leste along with some European and Latin American countries . Marketing Marketing of the film started 2 years before the shoot by S.S. Rajamouli with the audition campaign in Facebook and YouTube . A number of short promotional Making - of videos were released on ArkaMediaworks YouTube channel and the team unveiled first look posters and videos featuring the film 's lead stars on the occasions of their birthdays . The film used an augmented reality application to play the trailer on smart phones and tablets . The crown used by the character of Baahubali in the film was exhibited at Comic Con , Hyderabad as a part of the film 's promotion . A cosplay event was held in which chosen winners were given a chance to visit the sets of the film . The film 's unit also launched a WhatsApp messenger to give regular updates about the film to the subscribers . On 22 July 2015 , Guinness World Records approved the poster created during the audio launch of Baahubali in Kochi on 27 June 2015 as the world 's largest poster . The poster has an area of 4,793.65 m2 ( 51,598.21 ft2 ) and it was achieved by Global United Media Company Pvt Ltd . ( This record has since been broken with a 5,969.61 m2 poster for the film MSG - 2 The Messenger . ) A special skit was performed by the Baahubali team for the event named Memu Saitham to help the victims affected by Cyclone Hudhud . After the film 's release , an interactive quiz was conducted by marketing team on storygag allowing users to find out which Baahubali movie character they were . Producers are also has planning to create a film museum at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad which will showcase the weapons , armours and costumes used by actors in the film which is first of its kind for any Indian movie till date . Museum is expected to be ready before or right after the release of Baahubali : The Conclusion . The film 's website hosts merchandise which includes apparels , accessories and film 's collectibles . It is also one of the films featured in BBC 's documentary on 100 Years of Indian cinema directed by Sanjeev Bhaskar . Distribution In early July 2014 , the film first part 's Karnataka and Ceded ( Rayalaseema ) region distribution rights were sold to a prominent distributor for ₹ 23 crore ( US $3.6 million ) out of which the Ceded region , which included Kadapa , Kurnool , Anantapur , Chittoor and Bellary areas , the rights alone fetched ₹ 14 crore ( US $2.2 million ) At the same time , the film 's Nizam region theatrical distribution rights were purchased by Dil Raju for an amount of ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.9 million ) . only for the first part . Though he did not confirm the price , Dil Raju said in an interview to Deccan Chronicle that he purchased the first part 's Nizam region rights and added that he would acquire the rights of the second part also for this region . BlueSky Cinemas , Inc. acquired the theatrical screening and distribution rights in United States and Canada . Critical reception Critics praised the film for its direction , technical values , and the actors ' performances . Lisa Tsering based on The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` The story has been told many times before -- a child is born destined for greatness and as a man vanquishes the forces of evil -- but in the confident hands of accomplished South Indian director S.S. Rajamouli the tale gets potent new life in Baahubali : The Beginning . '' Allan Hunter , writing for Screen Daily noted that `` The broad brushstrokes storytelling and the director 's over-fondness for slow - motion sequences are among the film 's failings but this is still a rousing film , easily accessible epic . There 's rarely a dull moment in Baahubali : The Beginning , part one of a gung - ho , crowd - pleasing Telugu - language epic that has been shattering box - office records throughout India . '' Mike McCahill of The Guardian rated the film four stars out of five , praising the film , `` Rajamouli defers on the latter for now , but his skilful choreography of these elements shucks off any cynicism one might carry into Screen 1 : wide - eyed and wondrous , his film could be a blockbuster reboot , or the first blockbuster ever made , a reinvigoration of archetypes that is always entertaining , and often thrilling , to behold . '' Suprateek Chatterjee of The Huffington Post wrote , `` However , all said and done , Baahubali : The Beginning is a remarkable achievement . What Rajamouli has pulled off here , despite its flaws , is nothing short of a miracle , especially when you take into account India 's notoriously risk - averse filmmaking environment and when the film ends on a tantalising cliffhanger ( paving the way for Baahubali : The Conclusion , due to release next year ) , one ca n't help but applaud his singularly brave vision . As the cliché goes , a journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step , but it does n't really matter if that first step is shaky as long as it lands firmly and confidently . '' Deepanjana Pal of Firstpost wrote , `` This battle is Rajamouli 's tour de force . It 's elaborate , well - choreographed and has some breathtaking moments . Prabhas and Dagubatti are both in their elements as the warriors who approach warfare in two distinctive styles . The outcome of the battle is no surprise , but there are enough clever tactics and twists to keep the audience hooked . The biggest surprise , however , lies in the film 's final shot , which gives you a glimpse into the sequel that will come out next year . And it 's good enough to make you wish 2016 was here already . '' Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV India rated the film with three stars out of five and stated , `` The spectacular universe that the film conjures up is filled with magic , but the larger - than - life characters that populate its extraordinary expanse do not belong to any known mythic landscape . To that extent , Baahubali , driven by the titular superhero who pulls off mind - boggling feats both in love and in war , throws up many a surprise that is n't altogether meaningless . '' Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express praised the film : `` Right from its opening frames , ' Baahubali ' holds out many promises : of adventure and romance , love and betrayal , valour and weakness . And it delivers magnificently on each of them . This is full - tilt , fully - assured filmmaking of a very high order . ' Baahubali ' is simply spectacular . '' IN her review for The Hindu , Sangeetha Devi Dundoo wrote , `` The war formations that form a chunk of the latter portions of the film are the best we 've seen in Indian cinema so far . These portions are spectacular and show the technical finesse of the cinematographer ( K.K. Senthil Kumar ) and the visual effects teams . The waterfall , the mystical forests and water bodies above the cliffs and the lead pair escaping an avalanche all add to the spectacle . Give into its magic , without drawing comparisons to Hollywood flicks . '' Sukanya Varma of Rediff gave the film four out of five stars , calling it ' mega , ingenious and envelope pushing ! ' . Critic Archita Kashyap based at Koimoi also gave the same ratings , `` Be it the war sequences , or sword fighting ; or a visual spectacle , or pure entertainment it is worth a watch . Kudos to the dedication of SS Rajamouli and his leading men , Prabhas and Rana , for spending years putting this film together . Actually , in its imagination and Indianness , Baahubali might just be a whole new start . '' Rachit Gupta of Filmfare gave the film four stars ( out of 5 ) and summarised , `` Baahubali is truly an epic experience . Had the story not been so jaded , this would 've gone into the history books as an all - time classic . But that 's not the case . It has its set of storytelling flaws , but even those are overshadowed by Rajamouli 's ideas and execution . This is definitely worthy of being India 's most expensive film . It 's a definite movie watching experience . '' Suparna Sharma of Deccan Chronicle praised the second half of the film , writing , `` Rajamouli has reserved all the grander and grandstanding for later , after interval . That 's when the film stands up and begins to strut like an epic . '' Suhani Singh of India Today pointed out that the film is best enjoyed keeping logic at bay . She added , `` SS Rajamouli and his team put up a fascinating wild , wild east adventure . It takes pluck to conceive a world like the one seen in Baahubali and to pull it off on a level which is on par with the international standards . The almost 45 - minute - long battle sequence at the end is not just one of the biggest climaxes , but also the action spectacle rarely seen in Indian cinema . And if Rajamouli can present another one like that in part 2 , then he is on course to register his name in cinema 's history books . We ca n't wait to revisit Mahishmati kingdom . '' Critical reception penned by Shubha Shetty Saha for Mid Day rates the film with four stars out of film , exclaiming , `` While watching Baahubali , you might have to periodically pick up your jaw off the floor . Because this is not merely a movie , it is an unbelievably thrilling fantasy ride . '' The review extends praising the aspects , `` It is to the director 's credit that every aspect of the film -- action , mind - boggling set design and choreography -- lives up to this epic film of gigantic scale . The choreography in the song that has Shiva disrobing Avantika to get her in touch with her feminine side , is an absolute gem . '' Box Office See also : List of highest - grossing Indian films Baahubali : The Beginning on the first day of its release collected ₹ 75 crore ( US $12 million ) worldwide which was the highest opening ever for an Indian film until Kabali surpassed it in 2016 by earning ₹ 87.5 crore ( US $14 million ) . The film collected ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.3 million ) alone from United States on its first day . First weekend collections stood around ₹ 162 crore ( US $25 million ) worldwide from all its versions , the third biggest ever for an Indian film . The film grossed around ₹ 255 crore ( US $40 million ) worldwide in the first week of its release . It became the first South Indian film to gross ₹ 300 crore ( US $47 million ) worldwide , reaching there in 9 days , and subsequently grossed ₹ 401 crore ( US $63 million ) worldwide in 15 days . And has successfully crossed ₹ 500 crore ( US $78 million ) mark in 24 days . By the end of 50 days , International Business Times estimated that the film grossed an approximate ₹ 595 crore ( US $93 million ) crore worldwide . International Business Times later reported that overall collections of the film stood at ₹ 600 crore ( US $94 million ) worldwide as of May 2017 . Baahubali : The Beginning grossed ₹ 518.94 crore ( US $81 million ) in all languages in India alone , and became the highest - grossing movie in India , surpassing PK 's gross of ₹ 440 crore ( US $69 million ) from India . India Baahubali : The Beginning opened to 100 percent occupancy in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and close to 70 percent occupancy in Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Karnataka . It grossed around ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.8 million ) on its first day of release in India from all four versions ( Telugu , Tamil , Malayalam and Hindi ) . The Hindi version earned around ₹ 5 crore ( US $780,000 ) nett which was the highest opening for any film dubbed into Hindi . Baahubali grossed ₹ 49.48 crore ( US $7.7 million ) on the first day in India . The Hindi version grossed around ₹ 19.5 crore ( US $3.0 million ) nett in the first weekend . The Telugu version alone earned around ₹ 65 crore ( US $10 million ) nett in first weekend in India . The film , from all its versions , earned almost ₹ 100 crore ( US $16 million ) nett in its first weekend . It had the fourth biggest opening weekend ever in India . The Hindi version collected around ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.2 million ) nett in its first week . Baahubali : The Beginning grossed more than ₹ 178 crore ( US $28 million ) nett from all its versions in India in the first week . It added a further ₹ 45 crore ( US $7.0 million ) nett in its second weekend to take its total to around ₹ 224 crore ( US $35 million ) nett in ten days . The Hindi version grossed over ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.2 million ) nett in the Mumbai circuit . Overseas The film collected around ₹ 20 crore ( US $3.1 million ) in its first day from the international markets . The film opened on the ninth spot for its weekend , collecting around US $3.5 million with a per - screen average of $15,148 . The film debuted in the ninth position for the US and Canadian box office collecting $4,630,000 for three days and $3,250,000 for the weekend of 10 -- 12 July 2015 Baahubali : The Beginning grossed £ 66,659 from its Telugu version in United Kingdom and Ireland and A $194,405 from its Tamil version in Australia in till its second weekend ( 17 -- 19 July 2015 ) . The film also grossed MYR 663,869 in Malaysia from its Tamil version . The film grossed US $540,000 on its opening weekend in China . It has grossed a total of CN ¥ 7.49 million ( ₹ 7.78 crore ) in the country . The film totally earned $10.94 million at the overseas box office . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by Baahubali : The Beginning At the 63rd National Film Awards , The Beginning won the Best Feature Film , becoming the first Telugu film to win the award , and Best Special Effects . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards South , the Telugu version won five awards from ten nominations , including Best Film , Best Director for Rajamouli and Best Supporting Actress for Krishnan . Both the Tamil and Telugu versions won several awards in their respective categories , including Best Film , Best Director for Rajamouli , and Best Supporting Actress for Krishnan at the 1st IIFA Utsavam . The Beginning became the first Indian film to be nominated for Saturn Awards , receiving five nominations at the 42nd ceremony , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actress for Tamannaah . 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Jump up ^ Movie Review : Baahubali Archived 21 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Filmfare.com ( 10 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Movie review ' Baahubali ' : Tolkien with kadi - patta tadka Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Deccanchronicle.com ( 11 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Baahubali review : It 's best enjoyed when you keep logic far away : Reviews , News -- India Today Archived 21 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved on 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' -- Movie Review -- Entertainment Archived 2 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Mid-day.com . Retrieved on 28 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kabali box office collections : Rajinikanth starrer beats 7 big records of Baahubali ( Bahubali ) '' . International Business Times . 6 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ SS Rajamouli 's ' Baahubali ' mints Rs 60 cr on day one , becomes highest opener Archived 23 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... The Indian Express ( 12 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Opening Weekends -- Baahubali Fourth '' . Box Office India . 14 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` SS Rajamouli 's Baahubali Makes Rs 325Crores in 10 Days '' . NDTV NEWS. 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan 's Bajrangi Bhaijaan establishes Indian dominance as Baahubali breaks more records '' . Archived from the original on 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ India 's ' Baahubali ' Punches Out 401 Crore / $62.6 Million Gross In 15 Days Archived 26 September 2015 at Archive - It . Forbes.com ( 25 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' 4th Weekend Box Office Collection : Prabhas Film Crosses Rs 500 - Crore Mark in 24 Days Archived 6 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Ibtimes.co.in ( 3 August 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' ( Bahubali ) Completes 50 - Day Run in 600 + Theatres in India : SS Rajamouli Sets Another New Record Archived 1 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Ibtimes.co.in ( 30 August 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bahubali 2 Becomes Highest Grosser Of All Time In Five Days Archived 4 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Why Business Of Dubbed Tamil Telugu Not Included Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( 14 August 2015 ) . `` Oops ... ' PK ' Is Not Actually India 's Top - Grossing Movie Ever '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Another Major Benchmark For Bahubali 2 - The Conclusion '' . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' creates history , rakes in Rs 50 crore on its opening day Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis Archived 13 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Dnaindia.com ( 11 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Baahubali Smashes Records With Historic Rs 50 Crores on Opening Day -- NDTV Movies Archived 14 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Movies.ndtv.com ( 11 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top Openings India - All Films All Languages '' . Archived from the original on 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baahubali Scores In Hindi -- Near 100 Crore In All Formats '' . Box Office India . 13 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Baahubali Hindi Trends Like 100 Cr Film On Weekdays Archived 20 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Box Office India . 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali All India First Week Territorial Breakdown '' . Box Office India . 21 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Boxoffice . Boxofficeindia.com ( 31 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bahubali displays might at box office , becomes highest opener of 2015 '' . Business Standard . 11 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` July 10 -- 12 , 2015 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 19 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Canada Box Office '' . The New York Times . Newyork. 13 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Bajrangi Bhaijaan ' a runaway hitBox Office Overseas Report Archived 23 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : Jackie Chan 's ' Skiptrace ' Leaps to $60 Million Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 26 July 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 巴霍巴利王 : 开端 ( 2016 ) '' . cbooo.cn ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rao , Ch Sushil ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Magnum opus Baahubali : Best film of the year '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baahubali ( Bahubali ) 2 ' release date revealed '' . International Business Times . 8 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . External links Official website Baahubali : The Beginning on IMDb Baahubali : The Beginning at Rotten Tomatoes Baahubali : The Beginning at Box Office Mojo Baahubali : The Beginning at Bollywood Hungama National Film Award for Best Feature Film 1953 -- 1960 Shyamchi Aai ( 1953 ) Mirza Ghalib ( 1954 ) Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) Kabuliwala ( 1956 ) Do Aankhen Barah Haath ( 1957 ) Sagar Sangamey ( 1958 ) Apur Sansar ( 1959 ) Anuradha ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bhagini Nivedita ( 1961 ) Dada Thakur ( 1962 ) Shehar Aur Sapna ( 1963 ) Charulata ( 1964 ) Chemmeen ( 1965 ) Teesri Kasam ( 1966 ) Hatey Bazarey ( 1967 ) Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne ( 1968 ) Bhuvan Shome ( 1969 ) Samskara ( 1970 ) Seemabaddha ( 1971 ) Swayamvaram ( 1972 ) Nirmalyam ( 1973 ) Chorus ( 1974 ) Chomana Dudi ( 1975 ) Mrigayaa ( 1976 ) Ghatashraddha ( 1977 ) No Award ( 1978 ) Shodh ( 1979 ) Akaler Shandhaney ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Dakhal ( 1981 ) Chokh ( 1982 ) Adi Shankaracharya ( 1983 ) Damul ( 1984 ) Chidambaram ( 1985 ) Tabarana Kathe ( 1986 ) Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai ( 1987 ) Piravi ( 1988 ) Bagh Bahadur ( 1989 ) Marupakkam ( 1990 ) Agantuk ( 1991 ) Bhagwat Gita ( 1992 ) Charachar ( 1993 ) Unishe April ( 1994 ) Kathapurushan ( 1995 ) Lal Darja ( 1996 ) Thaayi Saheba ( 1997 ) Samar ( 1998 ) Vanaprastham ( 1999 ) Shantham ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Dweepa ( 2001 ) Mondo Meyer Upakhyan ( 2002 ) Shwaas ( 2003 ) Page 3 ( 2004 ) Kaalpurush ( 2005 ) Pulijanmam ( 2006 ) Kanchivaram ( 2007 ) Antaheen ( 2008 ) Kutty Srank ( 2009 ) Adaminte Makan Abu ( 2010 ) Deool and Byari ( 2011 ) Paan Singh Tomar ( 2012 ) Ship of Theseus ( 2013 ) Court ( 2014 ) Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) Kaasav ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Telugu Film 1961 -- 1980 Nartanasala ( 1963 ) Mooga Manasulu ( 1964 ) Antastulu ( 1965 ) Aastiparulu ( 1966 ) Chadarangam ( 1967 ) Sudigundalu ( 1968 ) Bangaru Panjaram ( 1969 ) Dharma Daata ( 1970 ) Tehsildar Gari Ammayi ( 1971 ) Pandanti Kapuram ( 1972 ) Jeevana Tarangalu ( 1973 ) O Seeta Katha ( 1974 ) Jeevana Jyothi ( 1975 ) Soggadu ( 1976 ) Adavi Ramudu ( 1977 ) Mana Voori Pandavulu ( 1978 ) Gorintaku ( 1979 ) 1981 -- 2000 Maa Bhoomi ( 1980 ) Saptapadi ( 1981 ) Meghasandesam ( 1982 ) Neti Bharatam ( 1983 ) Swati ( 1984 ) Pratighatana ( 1985 ) Repati Pourulu ( 1986 ) Padamati Sandhya Ragam ( 1987 ) Swarnakamalam ( 1988 ) Siva ( 1989 ) Sathruvu ( 1990 ) Seetharamaiah Gari Manavaralu ( 1991 ) Gharana Mogudu ( 1992 ) Matru Devo Bhava ( 1993 ) Aame ( 1994 ) Shubha Sankalpam ( 1995 ) Ninne Pelladata ( 1996 ) Sindhooram ( 1997 ) Antahpuram ( 1998 ) Raja ( 1999 ) Nuvve Kavali ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Nuvvu Nenu ( 2001 ) Santosham ( 2002 ) Okkadu ( 2003 ) Varsham ( 2004 ) Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana ( 2005 ) Bommarillu ( 2006 ) Happy Days ( 2007 ) Gamyam ( 2008 ) Magadheera ( 2009 ) Vedam ( 2010 ) Dookudu ( 2011 ) Eega ( 2012 ) Attarintiki Daredi ( 2013 ) Manam ( 2014 ) Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) Pelli Choopulu ( 2016 ) Baahubali Films The Beginning ( 2015 ) The Conclusion ( 2017 ) Soundtrack The Beginning `` Dheevara '' `` Manohari '' The Conclusion `` Saahore Baahubali '' `` Hamsa Naava '' `` Oka Praanam '' TV series The Lost Legends ( 2017 animated ) Novel The Rise of Sivagami ( 2017 ) Graphic novel Battle of the Bold ( 2017 ) Game Baahubali : The Game ( 2017 ) Characters Bhallaladeva Accolades The Beginning Related Mahishmati Kalakeyas S.S. Rajamouli Films directed Student No. 1 ( 2001 ) Simhadri ( 2003 ) Sye ( 2004 ) Chhatrapati ( 2005 ) Vikramarkudu ( 2006 ) Yamadonga ( 2007 ) Magadheera ( 2009 ) Maryada Ramanna ( 2010 ) Rajanna ( 2011 ) Eega ( 2012 ) Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) Produced only Andala Rakshasi ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baahubali:_The_Beginning&oldid=810312527 '' Categories : 2015 films Baahubali Indian films 2010s action films High fantasy films Indian action films Indian epic films Indian war films Multilingual films Telugu - language films Tamil - language films Fictional - language films 2010s Telugu - language films 2010s Tamil - language films Films featuring an item number Films set in ancient India Films shot in Chalakudy Film scores by M.M. Keeravani National Film Award ( India ) winners Films directed by S.S. Rajamouli Films using computer - generated imagery Telugu - language films dubbed in Hindi Telugu - language films dubbed in Malayalam Best Feature Film National Film Award winners Tamil sequel films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template other archives CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles needing cleanup from May 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2017 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский සිංහල کوردی Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 14 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in which kingdom is the story of bahubali series of films mainly set	[ "Baahubali: The Beginning (stylized as bāhubali; English: The One with Strong Arms: The Beginning), also known by the initialism BBTB, is an Indian epic historical fiction film directed by S. S. Rajamouli. The film was produced by Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni and was shot as a bilingual in Telugu and Tamil. The film stars Prabhas, Rana Daggubati, Anushka Shetty, and Tamannaah in the lead roles, with Ramya Krishnan, Sathyaraj, and Nassar in supporting roles. The first of two cinematic parts, The Beginning is a tale of the lost rightful heir of the fictional kingdom of Mahishmati, who learns about his true identity while falling in love with a rebellious warrior, who (among with her group) intends to rescue the former queen of Mahismati." ]	[ "the fictional kingdom of Mahishmati" ]
-5521831421885585975	West Indies	West Indies - wikipedia West Indies Political map of the West Indies The West Indies is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagoes : the Greater Antilles , the Lesser Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago . The region is known as the area running from Florida westward along the Gulf Coast , and then south along the Mexican coast through Central America and then eastward across the northern coast of South America . Indigenous peoples were the first inhabitants of the West Indies . In 1492 , Christopher Columbus became the first European to arrive at the islands , where he is believed by historians to have first set foot on land in the Bahamas . After the first of the voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas , Europeans began to use the term West Indies to distinguish the region from the East Indies of South Asia and Southeast Asia . Contents 1 History 2 Use of the term 3 Countries and territories by archipelago 3.1 Greater Antilles 3.2 Lesser Antilles 3.3 Lucayan Archipelago 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Caribbean Caribbean Basin countries In the late sixteenth century , French , English and Dutch merchants and privateers began their operations in the Caribbean Sea , attacking Spanish and Portuguese shipping and coastal areas . They often took refuge and refitted their ships in the areas the Spanish could not conquer , including the islands of the Lesser Antilles , the northern coast of South America including the mouth of the Orinoco , and the Atlantic Coast of Central America . In the Lesser Antilles they managed to establish a foothold following the colonisation of St Kitts in 1624 and Barbados in 1626 , and when the Sugar Revolution took off in the mid-seventeenth century , they brought in thousands of Africans to work the fields and mills as slave labourers . These Africans wrought a demographic revolution , replacing or joining with either the indigenous Caribs or the European settlers who were there as indentured servants . The struggle between the northern Europeans and the Spanish spread southward in the mid to late seventeenth century , as English , Dutch , French and Spanish colonists , and in many cases their slaves from Africa first entered and then occupied the coast of The Guianas ( which fell to the French , English and Dutch ) and the Orinoco valley , which fell to the Spanish . The Dutch , allied with the Caribs of the Orinoco would eventually carry the struggles deep into South America , first along the Orinoco and then along the northern reaches of the Amazon . Since no European country had occupied much of Central America , gradually the English of Jamaica established alliances with the Miskito Kingdom of modern - day Nicaragua and Honduras , and then began logging on the coast of modern - day Belize . These interconnected commercial and diplomatic relations made up the Western Caribbean Zone which was in place in the early eighteenth century . In the Miskito Kingdom , the rise to power of the Miskito - Zambos , who originated in the survivors of a rebellion aboard a slave ship in the 1640s and the introduction of African slaves by British settlers within the Miskito area and in Belize , also transformed this area into one with a high percentage of persons of African descent as was found in most of the rest of the Caribbean . From the 17th through the 19th century , the European colonial territories of the West Indies were the French West Indies , British West Indies , the Danish West Indies , the Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch West Indies ) , and the Spanish West Indies . In 1916 , Denmark sold the Danish West Indies to the United States for US $25 million in gold , per the Treaty of the Danish West Indies . The Danish West Indies became an insular area of the U.S. , called the United States Virgin Islands . Between 1958 and 1962 , the United Kingdom re-organised all their West Indies island territories ( except the British Virgin Islands and the Bahamas ) into the West Indies Federation . They hoped that the Federation would coalesce into a single , independent nation . However , the Federation had limited powers , numerous practical problems , and a lack of popular support ; consequently , it was dissolved by the British in 1963 , with nine provinces eventually becoming independent sovereign states and four becoming current British Overseas Territories . West Indies or West India was the namesake of several companies of the 17th and 18th centuries , including the Danish West India Company , the Dutch West India Company , the French West India Company , and the Swedish West India Company . West Indian is the official term used by the U.S. government to refer to people of the West Indies . Use of the term ( edit ) The West Indies in relation to continental America . Tulane University professor Rosanne Adderly says : ( T ) he phrase `` West Indies '' distinguished the territories encountered by Columbus or and claimed by Spain from discovery claims by other powers in ( Asia 's ) `` East Indies ''. ... The term `` West Indies '' was eventually used by all European nations to describe their own acquired territories in the Americas. ... considering British Caribbean colonies collectively as the `` West Indies '' had its greatest political importance in the 1950s with the movement to create a federation of those colonies that could ultimately become an independent nation ... Despite the collapse of the Federation ( in the early 1960s ) ... the West Indies continues to field a joint cricket team for international competition . The West Indies cricket team includes participants from Guyana , which is geographically located in South America . Countries and territories by archipelago ( edit ) Greater Antilles ( edit ) Cayman Islands ( United Kingdom ) Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico ( United States ) Lesser Antilles ( edit ) Anguilla ( United Kingdom ) Antigua and Barbuda Aruba ( Netherlands ) Barbados Bonaire ( Netherlands ) British Virgin Islands ( United Kingdom ) Curaçao ( Netherlands ) Dominica Grenada Guadeloupe ( France ) Martinique ( France ) Montserrat ( United Kingdom ) Nueva Esparta ( Venezuela ) Saba ( Netherlands ) Saint Barthélemy ( France ) Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint - Martin ( France ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius ( Netherlands ) Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) Trinidad and Tobago United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) Federal Dependencies of Venezuela ( Venezuela ) Lucayan Archipelago ( edit ) Bahamas Turks and Caicos Islands ( United Kingdom ) See also ( edit ) Geography portal Caribbean Basin Initiative Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act History of the Caribbean History of the British West Indies Spanish colonization of the Americas West Indian References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Caldecott , Alfred ( 1898 ) . The Church in the West Indies . London : Frank Cass and Co. p. 11 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Two telegrams about the sale - The Danish West - Indies '' . The Danish West - Indies . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Garrison , William L. ; Levinson , David M. ( 2014 ) . The Transportation Experience : Policy , Planning , and Deployment . OUP USA . ISBN 9780199862719 . Jump up ^ `` Info Please U.S. Social Statistics '' . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosanne Adderly , `` West Indies '' , in Encyclopedia of Contemporary Latin American and Caribbean Cultures , Volume 1 : A-D ( London and New York : Routledge , 2000 ) : 1584 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subdivisions of the Caribbean . Cromwell , Jesse . `` More than Slaves and Sugar : Recent Historiography of the Trans - imperial Caribbean and Its Sinew Populations . '' History Compass ( 2014 ) 12 # 10 pp 770 -- 783 . Higman , Barry W. A Concise History of the Caribbean . ( 2011 ) Jones , Alfred Lewis ( 1905 ) . `` The West Indies '' . The Empire and the century . London : John Murray . pp. 877 -- 882 . 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Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category GND : 4079228 - 6 LCCN : sh85146187 NARA : 10044864 NDL : 00568542 VIAF : 246535206 Coordinates : 21 ° 59 ′ 00 '' N 79 ° 02 ′ 00 '' W / 21.9833 ° N 79.0333 ° W / 21.9833 ; - 79.0333 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Indies&oldid=853786353 '' Categories : West Indies Historical regions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Ænglisc অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the name west indies come from	[ "Indigenous peoples were the first inhabitants of the West Indies. In 1492, Christopher Columbus became the first European to arrive at the islands, where he is believed by historians to have first set foot on land in the Bahamas. After the first of the voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas, Europeans began to use the term West Indies to distinguish the region from the East Indies of South Asia and Southeast Asia.[citation needed]\n" ]	[ "Europeans began to use the term West Indies to distinguish the region from the East Indies of South Asia and Southeast Asia" ]
7107040409946434623	List of Super Bowl champions	List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were known as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker , the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were only retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 26 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Nineteen different franchises , including teams that relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 - 4 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 74 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) have lost a record five Super Bowls . The New England Patriots ( 5 -- 4 ) , the Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) , and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the 1966 -- 67 Green Bay Packers , the 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins , the 1974 -- 75 and 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers , the 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys , the 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos , and the 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 93 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 04 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.3 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 47 , 24 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 47 , 23 -- 24 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pasadena , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Pasadena , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Pasadena , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium Santa Clara , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Pasadena , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Pasadena , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Glendale , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! ALLTEL Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Glendale , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium Santa Clara , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 X 2018 ! 2017 -- 18 NFC champion at 2017 -- 18 AFC champion 0018 ! -- X 2018 ! To be determined ( TBD ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 000018 ! TBD 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined ( TBD ) City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Inglewood , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven different franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team NFL / NFC teams ( 26 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by season of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Season ( s ) 09G - 04W ! 9 New England Patriots 5 . 556 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 08G - 06W ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08G - 05W ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 5 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08G - 03W ! 8 Denver Broncos 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06G - 05W ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 5 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05G - 04W ! 5 Green Bay Packers . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05G - 04W ! 5 New York Giants . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05G - 03W ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05G - 03W ! 5 Washington Redskins . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05G - 02W ! 5 Miami Dolphins . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04G - 02W ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04G - 00W ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04G - 00W ! 4 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03G - 01W ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03G - 01W ! 3 Seattle Seahawks . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 02G - 02W ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02G - 01W ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02G - 01W ! 2 Chicago Bears . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02G - 00W ! 2 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 000 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 02G - 00W ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02G - 00W ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 02G - 00W ! 2 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 01G - 01W ! 1 New York Jets 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01G - 01W ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01G - 01W ! 1 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01G - 00W ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01G - 00W ! 1 Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01G - 00W ! 1 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00G - 00W ! 0 Cleveland Browns 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Detroit Lions 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in two AFC Championship Games in 1996 and 1999 Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls ; this means Cleveland is the only current NFL city that has neither hosted , nor had its team play in , a Super Bowl . Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Nine teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX . Their last championship was in 1960 . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III was the team 's last championship appearance . While Jacksonville ( joined 1995 ) has never appeared in a Super Bowl , the following eight teams are currently ( as of Super Bowl LI ) experiencing longer droughts since their last appearance . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Super Bowl rematches The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming . Qualcomm Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium and San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . Additionally , although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Culture in History Of The Nfl '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . 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Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . 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Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . 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Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . Associated Press . National Football League . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . 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External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=808915449 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 00 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the last nfl team to win back-to-back super bowls	[ "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5-4), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–74. The Denver Broncos (3–5) have lost a record five Super Bowls. The New England Patriots (5–4), the Minnesota Vikings (0–4), and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the 1966–67 Green Bay Packers, the 1972–73 Miami Dolphins, the 1974–75 and 1978–79 Pittsburgh Steelers (the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the 1988–89 San Francisco 49ers, the 1992–93 Dallas Cowboys, the 1997–98 Denver Broncos, and the 2003–04 New England Patriots. Among those, Dallas (1992–93; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–04) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl." ]	[ "New England Patriots" ]
-8840054110128728439	The Lovely Bones (film)	The Lovely Bones ( film ) - wikipedia The Lovely Bones ( film ) 2009 film based on Alice Sebold 's 2002 novel The Lovely Bones Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Carolynne Cunningham Fran Walsh Peter Jackson Aimee Peyronnet Screenplay by Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Peter Jackson Based on The Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold Starring Mark Wahlberg Rachel Weisz Susan Sarandon Stanley Tucci Michael Imperioli Saoirse Ronan Music by Brian Eno Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Jabez Olssen Production company DreamWorks Pictures Film4 Productions WingNut Films Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date November 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 24 ) ( Royal premiere ) December 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 11 ) ( United States ) December 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 26 ) ( New Zealand ) January 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States United Kingdom New Zealand Language English Budget $65 million Box office $93.6 million The Lovely Bones is a 2009 supernatural drama film directed by Peter Jackson and starring Mark Wahlberg , Rachel Weisz , Susan Sarandon , Stanley Tucci , Michael Imperioli , and Saoirse Ronan . The screenplay by Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens and Jackson was based on the award - winning and bestselling 2002 novel of the same name by Alice Sebold . It follows a girl who is murdered and watches over her family from the in - between , and is torn between seeking vengeance on her killer and allowing her family to heal . An international co-production between the United States , the United Kingdom , and New Zealand , the film was produced by Carolynne Cunningham , Walsh , Jackson , and Aimee Peyronnet , with Steven Spielberg , Tessa Ross , Ken Kamins , and James Wilson as executive producers . Principal photography began in October 2007 in New Zealand and Pennsylvania , United States . The film 's score was composed by Brian Eno . The Lovely Bones was first released on December 26 , 2009 , in New Zealand , and then internationally in January 2010 . The film 's North American release date was changed multiple times , with a limited release on December 11 , 2009 , and a wider release on January 15 , 2010 . It was released to mainly mixed reviews from critics ; the story and its message were generally criticized , with praise mainly aimed at the visual effects , Peter Jackson 's direction , and the performances of Ronan and Tucci . In the film 's opening weekend , in limited release , it grossed $116,616 , despite only having been screened in three theaters , placing it at 30th place on the box office chart . The Lovely Bones grossed over $44 million in North America . The film also received numerous accolades , including Golden Globe , Screen Actors Guild , BAFTA and Academy Award nominations . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Strategy 4.2 Box office 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1973 , 14 - year - old high school freshman Susie Salmon dreams about becoming a photographer . One day , Ray , a boy she has a crush on , approaches her at school and asks her out . As Susie walks home through a cornfield , she runs into her neighbor , George Harvey , who coaxes her into his underground den . Inside , Susie becomes uncomfortable and attempts to leave ; when he grabs her , the scene fades until she is seen rushing past classmate Ruth Connors , apparently fleeing Harvey 's den . The Salmons become worried when Susie fails to return home from school . Her father , Jack , searches for her , while her mother , Abigail , waits for the police . In town , Susie sees Jack , but he does not respond to her when she calls . Susie runs home to find Harvey soaking in a bathtub . After seeing her bracelet hanging on the sink faucet near a bloody shaving razor , Susie realizes she never escaped the den and was murdered by Harvey . Screaming , she is pulled into the `` In - Between '' , that is neither Heaven nor Earth . From there , Susie watches over her loved ones , unable to let go despite the urging of her new afterlife friend , Holly . Investigating Susie 's disappearance with Detective Fenerman , Jack thinks Susie was murdered by someone she knew . He researches neighbors and comes to think Harvey is the killer . Fenerman is unable to find any evidence pinpointing Harvey as a suspect , as Harvey cleaned up . Susie 's sister , Lindsey , agrees with Jack 's suspicions , but their casework takes a toll on Abigail , and Jack invites Abigail 's alcoholic mother , Lynn , to move in with them . Feeling alienated from her husband , Abigail leaves for California . Susie , in her afterlife , learns that Harvey , who has now targeted Lindsey as his next victim , has murdered six other girls , including Holly , and that he stuffed Susie 's body into a safe in his basement . One night , Jack , carrying a bat , trails Harvey into the cornfield . However , Jack accidentally stumbles across Susie 's friend , Clarissa . Her boyfriend , who mistakenly thinks his girlfriend is being assaulted , nearly bludgeons Jack to death as Harvey watches from a hiding spot . As Jack recuperates , Lindsey breaks into Harvey 's house looking for evidence that he killed Susie . Upstairs , she finds a notebook containing a sketch of the den , a lock of Susie 's hair , and news articles about Susie 's disappearance . Harvey returns home and almost catches Lindsey in his house , but she escapes and rushes home to discover that her mother has returned . Not wishing to spoil her parents ' reunion , she gives the book to her grandmother , who contacts the police . Harvey has already fled , having seen Lindsey running from his home -- he takes the safe containing Susie 's remains with him . Susie 's afterlife begins expanding into a larger heaven , and she is greeted by Harvey 's other victims -- now showing nine , including Susie . She resists Holly 's urging to enter Heaven along with the others , claiming she has one final thing to do . Meanwhile , Susie 's classmates Ruth and Ray are present when Harvey drives up to dispose of the safe at a sinkhole dump site . Susie returns to Earth and enters Ruth 's body , causing Ruth to faint . Ray rushes to Ruth 's aid only to realize she has become Susie . They kiss , completing Susie 's last wish , and she returns to Heaven . Meanwhile Harvey dumps the safe in a sinkhole , leaving it to disappear in the muddy water as he drives away . Sometime later , Harvey meets a young woman outside a diner and offers her a ride , but she rejects him and leaves . A large icicle falls from an overhead branch , hitting Harvey on the shoulder . He loses his balance on the ice and falls backward over a cliff to his death . Time passes , and Susie sees that her family is healing , which Susie refers to as `` the lovely bones '' that grew around her absence . As the film concludes , Susie finally enters Heaven , telling the audience : `` My name is Salmon , like the fish ; first name Susie . I was 14 years old when I was murdered on December 6 , 1973 . I was here for a moment and then I was gone . I wish you all a long and happy life . '' Cast ( edit ) Saoirse Ronan as Susie Salmon , the main character and narrator . She is a 14 - year - old girl who is killed by her neighbor . Ronan was 13 years old at the time of her casting and filming . Ronan and her family were originally reluctant for Ronan to accept the role because of the film 's subject matter , but agreed after meeting with Jackson . Evelyn Lennon as Susie ( Age 3 ) Stanley Tucci as George Harvey , a serial killer who murders Susie . Tucci stated that he had researched his role by watching documentaries and reading books by criminal profiler John E. Douglas about catching serial killers . Tucci stated that his wife , Kate , had strongly urged him not to accept his role in the film because she felt , after reading the novel , that the subject matter was `` too harrowing . '' Mark Wahlberg as Jack Salmon , Susie 's father , who becomes obsessed with his daughter 's murder case . Wahlberg stated that his role in the film encouraged him to be a more cautious parent with his three children and to talk to them more about `` not talking to strangers . '' Before Wahlberg 's casting , Ryan Gosling was set to play the role but dropped out of the film in October 2007 , one month before filming . Gosling had gained weight and grown a beard for the role , but said , `` The age of the character versus my real age ( of twenty - six ) was always a concern of mine . Peter ( Jackson ) and I tried to make it work and ultimately it just did n't . I think the film is much better off with Mark Wahlberg in that role . '' Gosling later admitted that the real reason for his firing was that he had arrived for filming 60 lbs. overweight and sporting a beard , without having discussed the physical change with Jackson . Rachel Weisz as Abigail Salmon , Susie 's mother . After Susie 's murder , her mother despairs and abandons the family . Weisz stated that playing the character and the film and novel 's `` uplifting theme '' made her look at life as a `` treasure '' and the film gave her a `` positive feeling '' rather than a `` depressed '' one . Susan Sarandon as Grandma Lynn , Susie 's grandmother . Sarandon stated that her character is like a `` comic relief '' and that her character deals with the pain of Susie 's death by drinking , smoking and shooting guns . Rose McIver as Lindsey Salmon , Susie 's younger sister . She is the first to suspect that Harvey was involved in Susie 's death . Jackson cast McIver particularly because she was an unknown actress . Mclver stated that she had read and been a fan of the novel before having been cast in the film . Michael Imperioli as Detective Len Fenerman , the detective in charge of investigating Susie 's death . Christian Thomas Ashdale as Buckley Salmon , Susie 's younger brother . Reece Ritchie as Ray Singh , Susie 's love interest and friend who is strongly affected by Susie 's death . Charlie Saxton as Ronald Drake , one of the murder suspects . Amanda Michalka as Clarissa , Susie 's best friend . Michalka was better known as a musician prior to her casting . Carolyn Dando as Ruth Connors , a classmate of Susie 's . Jackson stated that , after he had searched all over the world for the role , he ultimately chose to cast Dando , a relatively unknown actress , who was working as a waitress before her casting . Nikki SooHoo as Denise `` Holly '' Le Ang , Susie 's best friend in Heaven and another of Harvey 's victims . Jake Abel as Brian Nelson Thomas McCarthy as Principal Caden Andrew James Allen as Samuel Heckler Production ( edit ) In May 2000 , Film4 Productions acquired feature film rights to Alice Sebold 's novel The Lovely Bones , when it was a half - written manuscript . Producer Aimee Peyronnet had sought to attract studio interest to the manuscript , and an insider informed Film4 's deputy head of production , Jim Wilson , of the project . The company attached Luc Besson and Peyronnet 's production company Seaside to the project , two years before the novel 's release . By February 2001 , Lynne Ramsay was hired to direct and write the film adaptation of the novel . In July 2002 , Channel 4 shut down Film4 , causing Hollywood studios and producers to pursue acquisition of feature film rights to The Lovely Bones , which had spent multiple weeks at the top of the New York Times Best Seller list . The film adaptation , which had been estimated at a budget of $15 million , remained with Channel 4 under its newly developed inhouse film unit , with Ramsay still contracted to write and direct . By October 2002 , Ramsay was writing the script with fellow screenwriter Liana Dognini , with filming planned for summer 2003 . Author Sebold was invited by the producers to provide input on the project . Ramsay , who had read the novel in manuscript prior to publication , said in 2012 that her adaptation departed from it significantly . The scenes with Susie in heaven would have been depicted purely as her father 's imagination . He would have become friends with Mr. Harvey , never suspecting him of having killed his daughter . `` I really did n't like the My Little Pony , she 's - in - heaven , everything 's - O.K. aspect '' , she told The New York Times in 2012 . In July 2003 , the studio DreamWorks negotiated a first look deal with producer Peyronnet , after DreamWorks co-founder Steven Spielberg expressed interest in the project . DreamWorks did not acquire the rights to the novel , and Ramsay was eventually detached from the project as , she says , FilmFour wanted a version more faithful to the novel . In April 2004 , producers Peter Jackson , Fran Walsh , and Philippa Boyens entered negotiations to develop the project . Jackson described the book as `` a wonderfully emotional and powerful story . Like all the best fantasy , it has a solid grounding in the real world . '' By January 2005 , Jackson and Walsh planned to independently purchase film rights and to seek studio financing after a script had been developed . The producers sought to begin adapting a spec script for The Lovely Bones in January 2006 , with the goal of script completion and budget estimation by the following May . Jackson explained he enjoyed the novel because he found it `` curiously optimistic '' and uplifting because of the narrator 's sense of humor , adding there was a difference between its tone and subject matter . He felt very few films dealt with the loss of a loved one . Jackson foresaw the most challenging element in the novel to adapt was the portrayal of Susie , the protagonist , in her heaven , and making it `` ethereal and emotional but not hokey . '' Saoirse Ronan explained Jackson chose to depict the afterlife as depending on Susie 's emotions . `` Whenever Susie feels happy , Heaven is sunny and there 's birds and everything . Whenever it 's not so great , it 's raining or she 's in the middle of an ocean . '' Jackson described the book 's description of `` heaven '' as being an `` In - Between '' rather than a true heaven and said he was not trying to paint a definitive picture of Heaven itself . `` ( W ) hen Jackson created Susie 's heaven , in a 1973 world , he went through the Partridge Family television show archives as a reference . '' `` ( I ) basically ( added ) more violence and suffering , ( the audience ) wanted far more violence ( ... ) They just were n't satisfied ( ... ) We got a lot of people telling us that they were disappointed with this death scene , as they wanted to see ( the character ) in agony and suffer a lot more , we had to create a whole suffering death scene just to give people the satisfaction they needed . '' -- Jackson to Reuters on re-shooting Harvey 's death scene , November 2009 A 120 - page draft of the script was written by September 2006 . In April 2007 , the script was completed by Jackson , Walsh and Boyens ; Jackson intended to direct . The three producers began seeking a studio partner to finance the film adaptation . Besides the major studios , smaller companies including United Artists were also contacted . New Line Cinema was excluded from negotiations because of Jackson 's legal dispute with the studio over royalties from his The Lord of the Rings trilogy. Jackson sought a beginning $65 million budget for The Lovely Bones , also requesting from studios what kind of promotional commitments and suggestions they would make for the film adaptation . By May , four studios remained interested in the project : DreamWorks , Warner Bros. , Sony , and Universal . The Lovely Bones was sold to DreamWorks for $70 million . Paramount Pictures received the rights to distribute the film worldwide . Production began in October 2007 in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and New Zealand . Shooting in parts of Delaware , Chester and Montgomery counties , including Hatfield , Ridley Township , Phoenixville , Royersford , Malvern and East Fallowfield , lasted a few weeks , and most of the studio shooting was done in New Zealand . In December 2008 , Brian Eno signed on to compose the film 's score . Fran Walsh , a big fan of his work , suggested him to Jackson . Jackson had called Eno to request use of two of his early tracks to evoke atmosphere for the 1970s scenes in the film . When Eno asked if he could compose the whole score , Jackson was surprised , since he had heard Eno did not like working on films . For the film 's ending , Eno uncovered a demo he had done in 1973 and reunited with the vocalist to create a proper version for the film , commenting : `` That song from 1973 was finally finished in 2008 ! '' In November 2009 , Jackson stated that he re-shot new footage of Harvey 's death scene after test audiences said it was not violent enough and wanted to `` see more of Harvey in pain . '' Jackson said it was important to him that the movie receive a PG - 13 rating so that the film could appeal to the widest possible audience , despite the necessarily violent nature of some scenes . Release ( edit ) Strategy ( edit ) Jackson at 2009 Comic - Con film festival . At the festival Jackson discussed The Lovely Bones and screened a clip from it . The Lovely Bones was originally scheduled for release on March 13 , 2009 , but it was delayed to December 11 , 2009 , as the studio became interested in releasing the film for `` awards season , '' which gave Jackson an opportunity to make some effects shots larger in scope . The film then received a limited theater release on December 11 , 2009 , in the United States . The film was originally set to have a wider United States theater release on December 25 , 2009 ( Christmas Day ) , as part of a campaign to build its momentum into January 2010 . In early December it was confirmed that the United States release date had been pushed back by three weeks to January 15 , 2010 . Paramount and DreamWorks did not give a reason for the change of the release date . The film premiered in New Zealand on December 26 , 2009 , and was released in the United Kingdom on January 29 and in other countries in January 2010 . According to the Los Angeles Times , Paramount invested $70 million in production and an additional $85 million in worldwide marketing and distribution . In December 2009 , the Los Angeles Times described the marketing and promotion of The Lovely Bones as having been a `` heavy advertising campaign . '' In late July 2009 , as part of the promotion , Jackson talked about the film and screened a 4 ⁄ minute clip at the San Diego Comic - Con International film festival . As part of marketing for the film , in August 2009 , people were allowed to enter a contest to win a trip to Wellington , for the film 's New Zealand premiere on December 14 , 2009 . The offer included , if the winner lived outside of Wellington , one night 's accommodation and a voucher for flight or petrol to Wellington . A teaser trailer was released in August 2009 , days before the film 's official trailer . The official trailer debuted on the television series Entertainment Tonight and was released online shortly afterwards . In August 2009 , Jackson offered a `` behind - the - scenes look '' at the film and discussed elements ( mainly violence ) in the film 's plot line . The Los Angeles Times reported that Paramount had originally expected the film to appeal to a `` sophisticated , adult audience , '' but after poor revenue and average reviews , the studio decided to redirect the film to an audience in another age group . Surveys showed that the film was favored more by females aged 13 -- 20 than by any other demographic . Paramount began to screen the movie `` aggressively for high school - and college - age girls '' during its three - screen limited release . Box office ( edit ) On December 11 , 2009 , the film was released on three screens in Los Angeles and New York . As of January 4 , 2010 , the film had grossed over $389,000 in the US . Claudia Eller and Ben Fritz of the Los Angeles Times felt that it did poorly at the box office in the first few weeks of its release because of average reviews and negative word - of - mouth . During its opening - weekend release on three screens , it earned over $116,616 , an average of estimated $38,872 per - theater revenue . The film 's revenue placed it at thirtieth place on the box office chart . In the film 's second and third weeks of release , the film saw a decrease ; in the fourth week , it had a 54.3 - percent increase . When put into wide release on January 15 , 2010 , it grossed $17,005,133 that weekend , ranking number three at the domestic box office . By the end of its run , The Lovely Bones had made $44,114,232 domestically , and $49,507,108 overseas , for a worldwide total of $93,621,340 . Home media ( edit ) The film was released in the US on DVD and two - disc Blu - ray April 20 , 2010 and in the United Kingdom on June 11 , 2010 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The Lovely Bones received mixed reviews from critics , although Ronan and Tucci were praised for their performances . On review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 32 % , based on 238 reviews , with an average rating of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It 's stuffed full of Peter Jackson 's typically dazzling imagery , but The Lovely Bones suffers from abrupt shifts between horrific violence and cloying sentimentality . '' Metacritic gave the film a score of 42 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . It is Peter Jackson 's lowest rated film to date . Ian Freer of Empire gave the film 4 / 5 stars . Freer emphasized the `` bold , daring original filmmaking , with arguably more emotional and intellectual meat to chew on than either the Rings trilogy or Kong . '' Freer noted that , like The Lord of the Rings , the film `` does a fantastic job with revered , complex source material '' and that , since it is `` as terrific on terra firma as it is audacious in its astral plane '' , it is `` doubtful '' that there would be a `` more imaginative '' and `` courageous film '' in 2010 . Richard Corliss of Time wrote that `` through ( Peter ) Jackson 's art '' and Ronan 's `` magic '' the `` obscenity of child murder has been invested with immense gravity and grace '' and `` like the story of Susie 's life after death , that 's a miracle . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone felt that the film was `` conveyed '' in a `` remarkable performance '' by Ronan and described Tucci as being `` magnificent as a man of uncontrollable impulses '' to `` help Jackson cut a path to a humanity that supersedes life and death . '' Travers praised Jackson for building `` jolting suspense . '' Despite praising the film , however , Travers noted that while the book `` never flinched , '' the film does , and while the `` business is being transacted '' by Jackson with a `` Lord of the Rings fantasy '' the film `` attunes himself to a family tragedy . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film 2 / 4 stars , remarking that while `` ( Peter ) Jackson gets the thriller scenes right '' , the `` conceit of Susie trapped in a DayGlo world between the one she left and her final resting place , imparting lessons on coping with death , feels preachy . '' Puig also described the film as having ' strike ' `` clashing tones '' that veer from `` lightheartedness to heavy - handedness . '' Puig also criticized the film 's computer - generated imagery , describing it as being `` cheesy '' and felt that it broke `` no ground . '' Kirt Honeycutt , of the Hollywood Reporter , described the film as telling `` a fundamentally different story '' which is `` one that is not without its tension , humor and compelling details '' , but that `` it 's also a simpler , more button - pushing tale that misses the joy and heartbreak of the original . '' Honeycutt also described Jackson as having transformed Sebold 's `` startling , unique novel about the aftermath of a terrible murder '' into a story that 's more `` focused on crime and punishment . '' `` ( Alice ) Sebold 's book would 've had a tough leap to the multiplex no matter who guided it . But ( Peter ) Jackson is too enamored with the idea of mixing heaven and the heebie - jeebies , so he 's made the skeevy equivalent of a Mitch Albom book with some pulp fiction pressed between its covers . '' Joe Neumaier , New York Daily News Stephanie Zacharek , of Salon.com , viewed the film as being `` an expensive - looking mess that fails to capture the mood , and the poetry , of its source material '' because `` good actors fighting a poorly conceived script , under the guidance of a director who can no longer make the distinction between imaginativeness and computer - generated effects . '' Todd McCarthy , of Variety , felt that Jackson had undermined the `` solid work from a good cast '' with `` show - offy celestial evocations '' that `` severely disrupt the emotional connections with the characters . '' McCarthy stated that he felt that the film , overall , was a `` significant artistic disappointment . '' Joe Neumaier , of New York Daily News , described Jackson as having `` siphoned out all the soulfulness '' that made the author 's `` combination thriller / afterlife fantasy a best - seller '' and that the film was `` a gumball - colored potboiler that 's more squalid than truly mournful . '' Neumaier also wrote that the film and Jackson `` wasted '' a `` good cast . '' Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 , calling it `` deplorable '' , and criticizing the apparent message that Susie 's murder eventually made her happier . He was also critical of the film 's portrayal of Heaven , which he compared to `` happy gathering of new Facebook friends '' . However , he praised the acting , stating that `` this whole film is Jackson 's fault '' . According to the British Board of Film Classification ( BBFC ) , the rating given to The Lovely Bones received 24 objections , more than any other movie in 2010 . The BBFC report states , `` Many found the film to be a shocking and upsetting experience . The scene in which young Susie is entrapped by the killer , and the subsequent sequence in which the killer soaks in a bath after the murder , were compared by some complainants to scenes in ' 18 ' rated horror films . '' The BBFC rated the movie a 12A , and many complained that the movie was upsetting for a younger audience . Nevertheless , the BBFC defended its rating : `` The Lovely Bones lacked any explicit detail of the murder and any sexual elements were downplayed . The audience 's sympathies remain entirely with the family and the film had many positive messages about life . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Nominee Result 7th Irish Film and Television Awards Best Leading Actress Saoirse Ronan Won 63rd British Academy Film Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role Saoirse Ronan Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role Stanley Tucci Nominated 82nd Academy Awards Best Supporting Actor 67th Golden Globe Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role 36th Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Susan Sarandon Nominated Best Supporting Actor Stanley Tucci Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor Saoirse Ronan Won 2009 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Supporting Actor Stanley Tucci Nominated Best Art Direction The Lovely Bones Nominated 2009 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress Saoirse Ronan Nominated Best Young Actor / Actress Won Best Supporting Actor Stanley Tucci Nominated Best Art Direction The Lovely Bones Best Cinematography Best Visual Effects See also ( edit ) List of ghost films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE LOVELY BONES ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lovely Bones ( EN ) '' . Lumiere . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE LOVELY BONES '' . BoxOfficeMoJo.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming , Pamela McClintock ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Weisz to star in ' Lovely Bones ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Yvonne Villarreal ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Saoirse Ronan of ' The Lovely Bones ' stays on balance '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` TUCCI 'S WIFE ADVISED AGAINST THE LOVELY BONES ROLE '' . ContactMusic.com. 2009 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gregg Goldstein ( 2007 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Tucci cracks DW 's ' Bones ' '' . TheHollywoodReporter.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Michelle Kung ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) . `` '' The Lovely Bones '' Star Stanley Tucci Puts a Psycho on His Resume `` . WSJ.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming , Tatiana Siegel ( 2007 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Wahlberg steps into ' Bones ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Sandra Hall ( 2009 - 12 - 26 ) . `` The Lovely Bones '' . SMH.au . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Murray ( 2009 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Behind the Scenes of ' The Lovely Bones ' with Saoirse Ronan '' . Movies.About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Reuters ( December 28 , 2009 ) . `` The Lovely Bones overcomes rough start '' . Au.News.Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stax ( 2007 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Gosling Sets Bones Straight '' . IGN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean . `` Ryan Gosling admits he was fired from The Lovely Bones for being too fat '' . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Monika Bartyzel ( 2007 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Susan Sarandon Talks About Her ' Lovely Bones ' '' . Cinematical.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( 2007 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Sarandon joins ' Lovely Bones ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Paula Bustamante ( 2009 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Lovely Bones is Jackson 's new territory '' . Au.News.Yahoo.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackson chooses Kiwi actresses '' . TVNZ.co.nz. 2007 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Imperioli connected to `` Lovely Bones '' `` . TheHollywoodReporter.com . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Lowestoft 's Lovely Bones '' . BBC.co.uk. 2007 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Amy Longsdorf ( 2009 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Bucks - bred Charlie Saxton rocks in ' Bandslam ' '' . Articles.Mcall.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Shawn Adler ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Pop Sensation AJ Michalka Cast In Jackson 's ' Lovely Bones ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsey and Ruth roles cast for The Lovely Bones '' . Black Magic - NZ Film News . August 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` FilmFour makes ' Lovely ' buy for Seaside '' . Variety . 2000 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Dawtrey ( 2002 - 10 - 13 ) . `` ' Bones ' remains at C4 '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Bing ( 2001 - 02 - 07 ) . `` U.K. 's FilmFour pages quirky fare for pix '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nicole Panter ( 2002 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Bestselling author goes incognito in La La Land '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Kois , Dan ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Lynne Ramsay Is Back . Finally '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser ; Jonathan Bing ( 2003 - 07 - 06 ) . `` D'Works inks ' Bones ' key '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nicole Laporte ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Inside Move : Peyronnet digs up lit paydirt '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2004 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Jackson team bones up on ' Lovely ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Sibley ( 2006 ) . Peter Jackson : A Film - maker 's Journey . London : Harper Collins . pp. 555 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717558 - 2 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2005 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Putting his own bucks into ' Bones ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Bowles ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) . `` ' Lovely Bones ' was lovely to make '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Silas Lesnick ( 2008 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Saoirse Ronan on The Lovely Bones '' . IESB . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( 2009 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Peter Jackson at Comic - Con : ' Hobbit ' talk and a peek at ' Lovely Bones ' '' . PopWatch.EW.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Child ( 2009 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Peter Jackson : Lovely Bones test audience demanded more violence '' . Guardian.co.uk . London . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Vespe ( 2006 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Quint and Peter Jackson , Part II : THE LOVELY BONES ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( 2007 - 04 - 30 ) . `` ' Bones ' up for bidding '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ; Pamela McClintock ( 2007 - 05 - 02 ) . `` High - priced directors pitch projects '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Project auctions : One hot , one not '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Sells , Mann / DiCaprio Does n't '' . Variety.com. 2007 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 2007 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Ryan Gosling set for ' Lovely Bones ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Domizio , Tony Di ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Hooray for Hatfield '' . Thereporteronline.com . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Intermittent Road Closures - Movie Production '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . East Fallowfield Township Police Department . November 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom Cardy ( 2008 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Eno signs up to write music for Lovely Bones '' . The Dominion Post . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` News Etc '' . Empire . June 2009 . pp. 26 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Joe , The Lovely Bones Release Dates '' . ComingSoon.net. 2007 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brandon Grey ( 2009 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Princess and the Frog ' Leaps to the Top '' . BoxOfficeMoJo.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Jackson 's The Lovely Bones Pushed to January '' . TheDRRoom.com. 2009 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Claudia Eller , Ben Fritz ( 2009 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Young women targeted for ' Lovely Bones ' marketing push '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Fritz , Claudia Eller ( 209 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Paramount nixes plan to expand ' The Lovely Bones ' for Christmas '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : MediaWorks ( 2009 - 08 - 04 ) . `` MORE FM ' THE LOVELY BONES ' PROMOTION TERMS & CONDITIONS '' ( PDF ) . MoreFM.co.nz . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Richard Brunton ( 2009 - 08 - 04 ) . `` The Lovely Bones teaser footage online '' . FilmStaker.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ ComingSoon.net August 2009 . Jump up ^ Meredith Woerner ( 2009 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Peter Jackson Explains How To Make Murder Beautiful '' . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` THE LOVELY BONES ( 2009 ) : Weekend Box Office Results '' . BoxOfficeMoJo.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Submitted by Terminal on Fri , 02 / 19 / 2010 - 10 : 18pm. ( 2010 - 02 - 19 ) . `` The Lovely Bones DVD / Blu - ray Art '' . Dreadcentral.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Lovely Bones , Hits and Misses '' . Newser.com. 2009 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Lovely Bones Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . RottenTomatoes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lovely Bones , The ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Freer ( 2009 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Review of The Lovely Bones '' . Empire.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) . `` ' The Lovely Bones ' Review : Dead Girl 's Love Story '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Travers ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Lovely Bones '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Claudia Puig ( 2009 - 12 - 12 ) . `` ' The Lovely Bones ' breaks between page and screen '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Kirt Honeycutt ( 2009 - 11 - 24 ) . `` The Lovely Bones -- Film Review '' . TheHollywoodReporter.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Neumaier ( 2009 - 12 - 11 ) . `` The Lovely Bones '' . NYDailyNews.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) . `` The Lovely Bones Movie Review '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Todd McCarthy ( 2009 - 11 - 24 ) . `` The Lovely Bones '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Lovely Bones '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 2010 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Movies UK '' . uk.movies.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lovely Bones drew most complaints to UK ratings body '' . BBC News . June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lovely Bones ' most complained about film - NME '' . June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) . `` The Lovely Bones attracts most complaints in 2010 '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BAFTA ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) . `` 63RD BRITISH ACADEMY OF FILM AND TELEVISION AWARDS '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ HFPA News ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` THE 67TH ANNUAL GOLDEN GLOBE AWARDS NOMINATIONS '' . GoldenGlobes.org . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Screen Actor Guild Awards ( 2009 - 12 - 17 ) . `` NOMINATIONS ANNOUNCED FOR THE 16th ANNUAL SCREEN ACTORS GUILD AWARDS '' . SAGAwards.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lovely Bones : Awards '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lovely Bones ( film ) Official website The Lovely Bones on IMDb The Lovely Bones at Box Office Mojo The Lovely Bones at Rotten Tomatoes The Lovely Bones at Metacritic Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lovely_Bones_(film)&oldid=852536700 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s crime drama films American films American crime drama films British films British crime drama films New Zealand films New Zealand drama films Films directed by Peter Jackson Screenplays by Peter Jackson Screenplays by Fran Walsh Screenplays by Philippa Boyens Fiction narrated by a dead person Films set in heaven Films about grieving Films based on American novels Films set in 1973 Films set in Pennsylvania Films shot in New Zealand Films shot in Pennsylvania Ghost films Serial killer films Spirit possession in fiction Film4 Productions films WingNut Films films DreamWorks Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : dates Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with short description Use mdy dates from November 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 17 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays mr harvey in the lovely bones	[ "Saoirse Ronan as Susie Salmon, the main character and narrator.[5] She is a 14-year-old girl who is killed by her neighbor. Ronan was 13 years old at the time of her casting and filming. Ronan and her family were originally reluctant for Ronan to accept the role because of the film's subject matter, but agreed after meeting with Jackson.[6]\nEvelyn Lennon as Susie (Age 3)\nStanley Tucci as George Harvey, a serial killer who murders Susie.[7][8] Tucci stated that he had researched his role by watching documentaries and reading books by criminal profiler John E. Douglas about catching serial killers.[9] Tucci stated that his wife, Kate, had strongly urged him not to accept his role in the film because she felt, after reading the novel, that the subject matter was \"too harrowing.\"[7]\nMark Wahlberg as Jack Salmon, Susie's father, who becomes obsessed with his daughter's murder case.[10][11] Wahlberg stated that his role in the film encouraged him to be a more cautious parent with his three children and to talk to them more about \"not talking to strangers.\"[12] Before Wahlberg's casting, Ryan Gosling was set to play the role but dropped out of the film in October 2007, one month before filming.[13] Gosling had gained weight and grown a beard for the role, but said, \"The age of the character versus my real age [of twenty-six] was always a concern of mine. Peter [Jackson] and I tried to make it work and ultimately it just didn't. I think the film is much better off with Mark Wahlberg in that role.\"[10][14] Gosling later admitted that the real reason for his firing was that he had arrived for filming 60 lbs. overweight and sporting a beard, without having discussed the physical change with Jackson.[15]\nRachel Weisz as Abigail Salmon, Susie's mother. After Susie's murder, her mother despairs and abandons the family.[11][12] Weisz stated that playing the character and the film and novel's \"uplifting theme\" made her look at life as a \"treasure\" and the film gave her a \"positive feeling\" rather than a \"depressed\" one.[12]\nSusan Sarandon as Grandma Lynn, Susie's grandmother.[16][17] Sarandon stated that her character is like a \"comic relief\" and that her character deals with the pain of Susie's death by drinking, smoking and shooting guns.[16][17][18]\nRose McIver as Lindsey Salmon, Susie's younger sister. She is the first to suspect that Harvey was involved in Susie's death.[12][19] Jackson cast McIver particularly because she was an unknown actress.[19] Mclver stated that she had read and been a fan of the novel before having been cast in the film.[12]\nMichael Imperioli as Detective Len Fenerman, the detective in charge of investigating Susie's death.[20]\nChristian Thomas Ashdale as Buckley Salmon, Susie's younger brother.[11]\nReece Ritchie as Ray Singh, Susie's love interest and friend who is strongly affected by Susie's death.[21]\nCharlie Saxton as Ronald Drake, one of the murder suspects.[22]\nAmanda Michalka as Clarissa,[23] Susie's best friend. Michalka was better known as a musician prior to her casting.[23]\nCarolyn Dando as Ruth Connors, a classmate of Susie's.[19][24] Jackson stated that, after he had searched all over the world for the role, he ultimately chose to cast Dando, a relatively unknown actress, who was working as a waitress before her casting.[19]\nNikki SooHoo as Denise \"Holly\" Le Ang, Susie's best friend in Heaven and another of Harvey's victims.\nJake Abel as Brian Nelson\nThomas McCarthy as Principal Caden\nAndrew James Allen as Samuel Heckler" ]	[ "Stanley Tucci" ]
787628926466332276	Australia's Next Top Model (cycle 1)	Australia 's Next Top Model ( cycle 1 ) - wikipedia Australia 's Next Top Model ( cycle 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Australia 's Next Top Model ( cycle 1 ) Cycle 1 contestants Country of origin Australia No. of episodes 9 Release Original network Fox8 Original release 11 January ( 2005 - 01 - 11 ) -- 1 March 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) Additional information Judges Erika Heynatz Alex Perry Ken Thompson Marguerite Kramer No. of contestants 10 Winner Gemma Sanderson Cycle chronology Next → Cycle 2 Series summary Cycle one of Australia 's Next Top Model began airing on 11 January 2005 on Fox8 . The ten contestants from around the country chosen for the competition converged in Sydney , where they spent eight weeks sharing an inner city apartment while competing for the title of Australia 's Next Top Model . The series finale was held in Melbourne . The prizes for winning the first cycle of Australia 's Next Top Model included a modelling contract with Chic Model Management , an all - expenses paid trip to Milan to meet with Italian modeling agency Fashion , an eight - page editorial in Cleo magazine , and a national campaign for Napoleon cosmetics . The winner of the competition was 22 - year - old Gemma Sanderson from Newcastle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Contestants 1.2 Judges 1.3 Other cast members 2 Episodes 3 Summary 3.1 Photoshoot Guide 4 References Cast ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Hometown Finish Place Naomi Thompson 22 Townsville Episode 1 10 Nicole Fraser 19 Albury Episode 2 9 Atong Tulba Mulual 19 Sydney Episode 3 8 Allana Ridge 19 Sydney Episode 4 7 ( quit ) Zoe McDonald 19 Gold Coast Episode 5 6 Simmone Duckmanton 18 Melbourne Episode 6 5 Sam Morley 20 Gold Coast Episode 7 Shannon McGuire 19 Perth Episode 8 Chloe Wilson 19 Adelaide Gemma Sanderson 22 Newcastle Judges ( edit ) Erika Heynatz Alex Perry Ken Thompson Marguerite Kramer Other cast members ( edit ) Michael Azzolini -- personal stylist Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` The Girl Who Makes a Poor Mark '' 11 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 11 ) The 10 aspiring models met Erika Heynatz and Alex Perry for a runway show in front of an audience . After moving into their new apartment , the contestants were briefed on the importance of fitness and healthy eating . They were later introduced to the Sydney social scene at an A-List cocktail party , and received waxes in preparation for a bikini shoot on the beach . Special guests : Brad Spence , Napoleon Perdis Featured photographer : Nick Leary `` The Girl Who Strikes Again '' 18 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) The models received a horse riding lesson before heading over to a dance studio to learn how to walk on the runway . The winner of the lesson was chosen to meet Miss Universe , Jennifer Hawkins . The contestants later took part in a horseback photo shoot . Special guests : Mink Sadowsky , Jennifer Hawkins , Gina Byrne , Christina Fitzgerald , Sharon - Lee Hamilton , Sally Sharpe Featured photographer : Nick Leary `` The Girl Who Breaks the Edge '' 25 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 25 ) The contestants received makeovers at the Joh Bailey salon , and were shot in pairs at a Manor in Sydney wearing lingerie . They later took part in an exercise and makeup challenge . Special guests : Joh Bailey , Emanuel Perdis , Kostya Tszyu Featured photographer : Steven Chee `` The Girl Who Loses Her Faith '' 1 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 01 ) The contestants received acting and pole dancing lessons , later followed by an acting challenge . While the winners of the challenge attended a launch party , the losers shot a commercial for Venus . One of the models opted to drop out of the competition , and the remaining contestants took part in a spider beauty shoot . Special guests : Dean Carey , Blair McDonough , Jens Hertzum , Steve Fellenberg Featured photographer : Sam Borich 5 5 `` The Girl Who Has The Flaws '' 8 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 08 ) The models learned about body movement and language , before receiving tips on their runway walks and poses . They learned salesmanship skills in an interview , and one contestant revealed that she suffered from depression . The contestants took part in a runway show for the media , and had interviews with Cleo magazine editor Nedahl Stelio . The girls later arrived at Circular Quay for an intimate photo shoot with Olympic swimmer Geoff Huegill . Special guests : Prue Macsween , Nikki Andrews , Joh Bailey , Nedahl Stelio , Geoff Huegill Featured photographer : Michelle Holden 6 6 `` The Girl Who Breaks Down '' 15 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 15 ) The models arrived at Fitness First where they had a fitness session with Brad Spence . They later learned about tap dancing , and received a visit from a clairvoyant to talk about their personal lives . The contestants had a dancing and endurance challenge before visiting a pole dancing studio for their photo shoot . Special guests : Brad Spence , Ben Read , Marlene Stoten , Sally Sharpe , Stephen Lee Featured photographer : Andrew Gash 7 7 `` The Girl Who Has One Look '' 22 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 22 ) The contestants learned about go - sees and had a wardrobe lesson , before putting their skills to the test in a shopping challenge to put together an outfit that suited their personal style . Later , the models stripped for an exotic high fashion photo shoot session in which they wore nothing but gold foil . Special guests : Nicole Zimmerman , Simone Zimmerman , Brad Ngata , June Dally - Watkins Featured photographer : Nick Leary 8 8 `` The Girl Who Becomes Australia 's Next Top Model '' 1 March 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) The final three received a second set of makeovers and were flown to Melbourne for the grand finale . There , they took part in a cosmetics shoot and arrived at the Zambesi clothing retailer line to meet Elisabeth Findlay for a casting challenge . They later attended a red carpet party for Mercedes Australian fashion week , before one contestant was eliminated from the competition . The final two competed in a final runway show , and Gemma was declared to be Australia 's Next Top Model . Special guests : Napoleon Perdis , Nicola Finetti , Elisabeth Findlay Featured photographer : Monty Cole 9 9 `` Reunited and Exposed '' 8 March 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 08 ) The cycle 1 contestants reunited to discuss their time and experiences on the show and tried to settle old scores in the process . Summary ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 Chloe Gemma Simmone Shannon Chloe Sam Shannon Chloe Gemma Allana Sam Gemma Sam Sam Shannon Gemma Gemma Chloe Simmone Shannon Sam Simmone Simmone Chloe Chloe Shannon Shannon Chloe Zoe Gemma Gemma Gemma Sam 5 Zoe Simmone Chloe Chloe Zoe Shannon Simmone 6 Gemma Atong Shannon Zoe 7 Sam Zoe Allana Allana 8 Atong Allana Atong 9 Nicole Nicole 10 Naomi The contestant was eliminated The contestant quit the competition The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant won the competition Jump up ^ In episode 4 , Allana quit the competition . As a result of her decision to quit , no contestants were eliminated that episode . Photoshoot Guide ( edit ) Episode 1 : Rogue swimsuits on the beach Episode 2 : Horseback riding Episode 3 : Lingerie in pairs Episode 4 : Beauty shots with a tarantula Episode 5 : Posing with Geoff Huegill Episode 6 : Pole dancing Episode 7 : Nude with gold foil Episode 8 : Cosmetics beauty shots References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/news/TV--Radio/Look-at-me/2005/01/10/1105206034003.html Jump up ^ Here 's one reality show that offers its contestants a real shot at a career . Jump up ^ Beauty , hard work take Gemma to the top ( hide ) Australia 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 Contestants Winners Gemma Sanderson Eboni Stocks Alice Burdeu Demelza Reveley Tahnee Atkinson Amanda Ware Montana Cox Melissa Juratowitch Brittany Beattie Aleyna FitzGerald Other alumni Sarah Lawrence Jordan Loukas Samantha Downie Cassi Van Den Dungen Kelsey Martinovich Sophie Van Den Akker Simone Holtznagel Madeline Cowe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_1)&oldid=808014895 '' Categories : 2005 Australian television seasons Australia 's Next Top Model cycles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 10 : 51 . About Wikipedia	who won australias next top model season 1	[ "The winner of the competition was 22-year-old Gemma Sanderson from Newcastle.[2][3]" ]	[ "Gemma Sanderson" ]
5916647275583863817	Comedy Central Roast	Comedy Central roast - wikipedia Comedy Central roast Jump to : navigation , search Comedy Central Roast Genre Roast , comedy Country of origin United States Production Running time 90 minutes Release Original network Comedy Central Picture format 4 : 3 SDTV ( 2003 -- 08 ) 16 : 9 HDTV ( 2009 -- present ) Original release August 10 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 10 ) -- present The Comedy Central Roasts are a series of annual celebrity roast specials that air on Comedy Central . The first official Comedy Central Roast premiered on August 10 , 2003 . The roasts have been produced at the rate of approximately one per year . There are 8 - 10 people invited who roast each other before finally roasting the Roastee and headline of each show . As of 2016 , a total of 15 roasts have aired . Targets of roasts have tended to be actors ( such as Pamela Anderson and James Franco ) and comedians - turned - actors ( such as Denis Leary and Joan Rivers ) , although they have also included musicians Flavor Flav and Justin Bieber , and future President of the United States , Donald Trump . The most recent roast was of Rob Lowe , which premiered on September 5 , 2016 . Since 2010 , Comedy Central affiliates outside the United States have occasionally produced their own roasts ; eight such roasts have been produced in total . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Roasts 3 Recurring roasters 4 Cancelled roasts 5 International 6 Awards and nominations 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Between 1998 and 2002 , Comedy Central produced and televised the annual roasts of the New York Friars Club , which has been conducted since 1950 . 1998 -- Drew Carey , Roastmaster Ryan Stiles 1999 -- Jerry Stiller , Roastmaster Jason Alexander 2000 -- Rob Reiner , Roastmaster Michael McKean 2001 -- Hugh Hefner , Roastmaster Jimmy Kimmel 2002 -- Chevy Chase , Roastmaster Paul Shaffer After the original five - year agreement expired , the network began producing its own roasts in the same spirit . The first , featuring roastee Denis Leary ( and produced by Leary 's production company , Apostle ) , aired on August 10 , 2003 and was the most watched program in the channel 's history , excluding episodes of South Park . Some roastees have stated that certain topics are off - limits . Pamela Anderson , for example , prohibited jokes about her Hepatitis C infection . Joan Rivers disallowed jokes about her daughter , Melissa and William Shatner asked that the death of his wife not be mentioned . Others , like David Hasselhoff , have imposed no limits on the topics . Donald Trump only prohibited anyone making jokes about him not being as wealthy as he says he is . Although Charlie Sheen initially agreed to no restrictions on his roast , he later said during an interview with Jay Leno that he requested jokes about his mother be edited out of the broadcast . During Charlie Sheen 's roast , Steve - O made the joke `` The last time this many nobodies were at a roast , at least Great White was playing '' , a reference to the February 20 , 2003 The Station nightclub fire in West Warwick , Rhode Island that killed 100 people , which was removed from broadcast on Steve - O 's request . During Denis Leary 's roast , comedian Lenny Clarke , a friend of Leary 's , said there was a carton of cigarettes backstage from Bill Hicks with the message , `` Wish I had gotten these to you sooner . '' This joke was cut from the final broadcast . During Roseanne Barr 's roast , Jeff Ross compared fellow roaster Seth Green to James Holmes , responsible for the 2012 Aurora shooting . The joke was also removed . Roasts ( edit ) Roastee Roast master ( s ) Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) Denis Leary Jeff Garlin August 10 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 10 ) 3.2 Roasters : Jim Breuer , Mario Cantone , Lenny Clarke , Dane Cook , Nick DiPaolo , Doctor Dré , Adam Ferrara , Michael J. Fox , Peter Gallagher , Don Gavin , Gina Gershon , Gilbert Gottfried as Denis ' Irish Wolfhound , Ed Lover , Joe Mantegna , Conan O'Brien , Colin Quinn , Rene Russo , and Christopher Walken . Jeff Foxworthy Bill Engvall , Ron White , & Larry the Cable Guy March 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 20 ) 6.2 Roasters : Steve Bridges as U.S. President George W. Bush , Nick DiPaolo , Christian Finnegan , Greg Giraldo , Gilbert Gottfried as Jeff 's cow , Heidi Klum , Lisa Lampanelli , Denis Leary , Jay Mohr , Patrice O'Neal , Colin Quinn , Anna Nicole Smith , and G.E. Smith . A special , pre-taped , guest appearance was made by Dr. Phil . The hip - hop group B.A.M.A. performed their cover of `` Sweet Home Alabama '' . Pamela Anderson Jimmy Kimmel August 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 14 ) 4.3 Roasters : Courtney Love , Adam Carolla , Bea Arthur , Nick DiPaolo , Greg Giraldo , Elon Gold , Eddie Griffin , Lady Bunny , Lisa Lampanelli , Tommy Lee , Jeff Ross , Sarah Silverman , Andy Dick , roastmaster Jimmy Kimmel and pre-taped appearances by David Spade and Hugh Hefner . Notable audience members : Anna Nicole Smith Dennis Rodman was amongst the crowd on the stage . This roast featured a large amount of jokes and satire regarding sex directed from roasters toward fellow roasters , complete with Andy Dick appearing as Pamela 's plastic surgeon and groping her breasts as part of his skit . Many of the jokes were also directed at Courtney Love for appearing to be inebriated ( but claiming to have been sober for a year ) , Bea Arthur 's masculinity , Andy Dick 's ambiguous sexuality and Lisa Lampanelli 's full figured body as well as her attraction towards black people . William Shatner Jason Alexander August 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 20 ) 3.6 Roasters : Andy Dick ( as the `` love child '' of James T. Kirk and Spock ) , Farrah Fawcett , Greg Giraldo , Lisa Lampanelli , Artie Lange , Nichelle Nichols , Patton Oswalt , Kevin Pollak , Jeff Ross , George Takei , Betty White , and Fred Willard performing the roasting duties . Special , pre-taped , guest appearances were made by Leonard Nimoy , Sandra Bullock , Ben Stiller , Sarah Silverman , Jimmy Kimmel , and Clint Howard . Notable audience members : Adrian Zmed , David Carradine , Roger Corman , Brent Spiner , Jeri Ryan , Rene Auberjonois , Rosalind Chao , Mark Valley , Carrie Fisher , Scott Hamilton , Brad Paisley , Reno 911 ! stars Cedric Yarbrough and Niecy Nash , and Brian Posehn . Executive Produced by Joel Gallen , with Aaron Matthew Lee serving as Head Writer . The Leonard Nimoy sequence which originally opened the broadcast on Comedy Central ( Nimoy and Shatner were shown having an argument over the phone ) was omitted from the DVD release , while many pre-taped sequences and jokes told during the roast itself were added back in after originally being cut. The tagline for this roast was `` The Shat hits the fan . '' The Roast was nominated for a 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special . The background music for the montage of Shatner was `` Everything I Do , I Do with William Shatner '' by the Star Trek - influenced rock band , Warp 11 . Women dressed as green Orion slave girls can be clearly seen tending bar . Flavor Flav Katt Williams August 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 12 ) 3.8 Roasters : Ice - T , Jimmy Kimmel , Snoop Dogg , Greg Giraldo , Patton Oswalt , Lisa Lampanelli , Jeff Ross , Carrot Top , Sommore , and Brigitte Nielsen . Notable audience members : Flavor of Love , Ron Jeremy , comedian Luenell , comedian Red Grant , Scott Adsit from 30 Rock , Nicole `` Coco '' Austin , Kordell Stewart , Derek Parker , Moonlite BunnyRanch owner Dennis Hof , and Chyna . The roast was produced by Joel Gallen . Bob Saget John Stamos August 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 16 ) Roasters : Susie Essman , Greg Giraldo , Brian Posehn , Jim Norton , Jeff Garlin as fictional Full House executive producer Saul Schwartz ( though he broke character at the end ) , Gilbert Gottfried , Jon Lovitz , Norm Macdonald , Cloris Leachman , and Jeff Ross . Pre-taped appearances were delivered by Sarah Silverman , Lewis Black , and Don Rickles . Notable audience members : Full House co-stars Lori Loughlin , Jodie Sweetin , and Dave Coulier along with Growing Pains star Alan Thicke , Rex Lee of Entourage and Quantum Leap & Star Trek : Enterprise star Scott Bakula and Alonzo Bodden . Norm Macdonald 's set was notable in that it avoided racy content and featured intentionally cheesy and antiquated jokes . He later revealed that the material was taken from a book given to him by his father that contains jokes meant to be told at retirement parties circa 1950 , and that when the roast 's showrunner asked him to be `` shocking , '' he decided to go in the opposite direction of the usual roast humor . Artie Lange was scheduled but did not show at the roast because he had entered a rehabilitation center . It was later revealed that Saget was highly offended by the jokes aimed at Candace Cameron and the Olsen twins . The DVD was released on December 30 , 2008 . The DVD version did not include the Full House theme song as Saget comes out at the end to roast everyone who roasted him . It was replaced by instrumental music . The TV version has the theme song only . Larry the Cable Guy Lisa Lampanelli March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) 4.1 Roasters : Nick DiPaolo , Jeff Foxworthy , Greg Giraldo , Toby Keith , Jeffrey Ross , Reno Collier , Maureen McCormick , Warren Sapp , and Gary Busey . Bill Engvall made a pre-taped appearance . Originally taped on March 1 , 2009 . This marks the first time that a previous roastmaster has become a roastee , and the first time that a roast was broadcast in 16 : 9 high - definition . Joan Rivers Kathy Griffin August 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 09 ) 2.8 Roasters : Carl Reiner , Gilbert Gottfried , Mario Cantone , Whitney Cummings , Tom Arnold , Brad Garrett , Robin Quivers , Greg Giraldo and Jeff Ross . Donald Trump made a pre-taped appearance and Melissa Rivers came from the audience to roast her mother . Notable audience members : Melissa Rivers , Michael C. Hall , Jennifer Carpenter , Alan Thicke , T.J. Miller , Chris Pratt and Anna Faris . Originally taped on July 26 , 2009 . It was released on the Comedy Central Emmy Consideration DVD sent only to members of the Consideration program . David Hasselhoff Seth MacFarlane August 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 15 ) 3.5 Roasters : Jeff Ross , Pamela Anderson , Lisa Lampanelli , Hulk Hogan , Jerry Springer , Whitney Cummings , Greg Giraldo , George Hamilton , and Gilbert Gottfried , Sharon Osbourne and Piers Morgan made pre-taped appearances , and William Daniels reprised his role as the voice of KITT . Notable audience members : John Slattery , Craig Robinson , Christina Milian , Hasselhoff 's two daughters , Hayley and Taylor , Hulk Hogan 's son , Nick , and fellow Baywatch alumni Alexandra Paul , Nicole Eggert , Gena Lee Nolin , Traci Bingham , Angelica Bridges and Jeremy Jackson . To close the show , Hasselhoff sang `` This Is The Moment '' from the musical Jekyll & Hyde , which he formerly starred in . The DVD was released in January 2011 . This is also the final roast in which Greg Giraldo participated . Giraldo died on September 29 , 2010 . Donald Trump Seth MacFarlane March 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 15 ) 3.5 Roasters : Whitney Cummings , Gilbert Gottfried , Anthony Jeselnik , Larry King , Lisa Lampanelli , Marlee Matlin ( interpreted by interpreter Jack Jason ) , Jeff Ross , Snoop Dogg , and Mike `` The Situation '' Sorrentino . Notable audience members : Melania Trump , Ivanka Trump , Ice - T , Russell Simmons , Chrissy Teigen , John Legend , Lindsay Lohan , Joel Madden and David Foster . Originally taped on March 9 , 2011 . The roast consisted of jokes toward Trump 's hairstyle , his show The Apprentice , and his family . Jokes were also made about Jeselnik 's fame ( or lack thereof ) , Matlin 's deafness , King 's age , and Jersey Shore . Several roasters paid respect to Greg Giraldo , a Comedy Central Roast regular , who died on September 29 , 2010 . Mike `` The Situation '' Sorrentino 's performance was widely panned by critics and viewers alike ; as a result , Comedy Central pulled several of his jokes from the television airing of the roast . This roast was dedicated in memory of Greg Giraldo . This was also the first time someone served as roastmaster more than once , as Seth MacFarlane also roasted David Hasselhoff . Charlie Sheen Seth MacFarlane September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) 6.4 Roasters : Anthony Jeselnik , Jon Lovitz , Patrice O'Neal , Jeff Ross , Amy Schumer , William Shatner , Steve - O , Mike Tyson , and Kate Walsh . Notable audience members : Brooke Mueller , Aaron Paul , Maria Menounos , Corbin Bernsen , Duane Chapman , Michael Boatman , Kristin Cavallari , Patrick Warburton and Richard Kind . The roast was taped in Los Angeles on September 10 , 2011 , and was broadcast on September 19 , 2011 , exactly one hour after the premiere of Ashton Kutcher 's first episode on Two and a Half Men where he replaced Sheen . Slash made an appearance playing his guitar during Sheen 's entrance . Harvey Levin from TMZ.com was scheduled to appear but ended up not doing so . During an interview on The View , Sheen 's ex-wife , Denise Richards stated that she had n't been invited to appear and , while she thought roasting her ex-husband could be humorous and that he would be able to take it , she feared it would have a negative impact on their daughters . Sheen 's famous family members , Emilio Estevez and Martin Sheen , were unable to attend as they were promoting their film The Way , although Sheen appeared in a commercial for the roast , spoofing his film Apocalypse Now . A montage of Sheen 's film and television work were featured , though due to legal reasons , clips of his tenure on Two and a Half Men were never used . In reference to how his Two and a Half Men character Charlie Harper was killed off the series ( hit by a train ) , Sheen arrived on stage riding on a replica locomotive . In the UK and Turkey , on the network which Two and a Half Men airs , The roast aired directly after Kutcher 's first Two and a Half Men episode . This was O'Neal's final television appearance before his death on November 29 , 2011 . With 6.4 million viewers in its original debut , this roast was the highest rated Comedy Central Roast to date . Roseanne Barr Jane Lynch August 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 12 ) 2.6 Roasters : Ellen Barkin , Wayne Brady , Carrie Fisher , Gilbert Gottfried , Seth Green , Anthony Jeselnik , Jeff Ross , Katey Sagal , and Amy Schumer , and also featured a surprise appearance by Barr 's ex-husband Tom Arnold . Notable audience members : Sarah Chalke , Natasha Leggero , Blake Anderson , Alicia Goranson , Michael Fishman , Chris Colfer and Fred Willard . The roast was taped in Los Angeles on August 4 , 2012 . Sharon Stone had been announced as one of the roasters , but dropped out for unknown reasons prior to the event . The final surprise of the night was Barr 's choice to close out the show by legitimately singing the last two lines of The Star - Spangled Banner , in an effort to finally redeem herself for her infamous and controversial rendition of the American anthem at a nationally broadcast baseball game in 1990 . James Franco Seth Rogen September 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 02 ) 3.1 Roasters : Aziz Ansari , Bill Hader , Jonah Hill , Nick Kroll , Natasha Leggero , Jeff Ross , Andy Samberg , and Sarah Silverman . Notable audience members : Blake Anderson , Jillian Bell , Adam Devine , Andy Dick , Chris Farren , Dave Franco , Jennie Garth , Brett Gelman , Eiza González , Anders Holm , Gabriel Iglesias , Kelley Jakle , Samm Levine , Maribeth Monroe , Matthew Morrison , Amy Poehler , Stephen Rannazzisi , June Diane Raphael , Retta , Horatio Sanz , Paul Scheer , and Kate Walsh . Justin Bieber Kevin Hart March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 4.4 Roasters : Hannibal Buress , Pete Davidson , Chris D'Elia , Will Ferrell as Ron Burgundy , Natasha Leggero , Ludacris , Shaquille O'Neal , Jeff Ross , Snoop Dogg , and Martha Stewart . Notable audience members : Scooter Braun , Dave Chappelle , Tito Ortiz , John Legend , Chrissy Teigen , Kendall Jenner , Jack Gilinsky , Blake Anderson , Katharine McPhee , Kourtney Kardashian , Kate Walsh , Chris Paul , Trevor Noah , Sarah Tiana , Larissa Marolt , Carly Rae Jepsen , Jaden Smith and Kyle Kinane . In an appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Ellen DeGeneres revealed that she was approached by Braun , Bieber 's manager , to participate in the roast , but refused because she did not want to be mean to Bieber . Jokes referencing Paul Walker were cut out of the television broadcast . Additionally , a joke by Hannibal Buress which called the roast an `` extremely transparent attempt to be more likable in the public eye '' was cut . Being age 21 at the time of filming , Bieber is the youngest roastee to be roasted by Comedy Central to date . Rob Lowe David Spade September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 2.3 Roasters : Jimmy Carr , Ann Coulter , Pete Davidson , Nikki Glaser , Jewel , Ralph Macchio , Peyton Manning , Rob Riggle , Jeff Ross . Amy Poehler appeared in a pre-recorded segment . Notable audience members : Maria Shriver , Patrick Schwarzenegger , Nick Swardson , Fred Savage , Chad Lowe , Kate Walsh , Robbie Williams , Brandon Flowers , Marlee Matlin Originally taped on August 27 , 2016 . The Roast was simulcast on Spike and TV Land . Bo Derek was originally announced as a roaster , but was replaced by Jewel due to a scheduling conflict . According to Tony Hinchcliffe , who was assigned by Comedy Central to write the first draft of Ann Coulter 's set , Coulter was unaware of the nature of roasts when she agreed to participate . Many of the other roasters harshly targeted Coulter . She was criticised for her strong conservative political views , called a `` cunt '' by Davidson , compared to members of the Ku Klux Klan , and even likened to Adolf Hitler . The crowd reacted to much of Coulter 's set with indifference or booing . Coulter claims that her set `` killed '' live and that her apparent bombing in the aired version of the roast was the result of unflattering editing . Ross refuted Coulter 's claim , stating `` We edited it to make her look as best we could '' . Her set centered around a plug for her book In Trump We Trust . Recurring roasters ( edit ) The table below features any roasters who have appeared on more than one Comedy Central Roasts . `` RM '' indicates that they were the roastmaster for that roast . As of the Rob Lowe roast , the most frequent roaster has been Jeff Ross , who has appeared in all but the first two roasts , for a total of 13 , and has yet to be a roastmaster . Roaster Roastee Denis Leary ( 2003 ) Jeff Foxworthy ( 2005 ) Pamela Anderson ( 2005 ) William Shatner ( 2006 ) Flavor Flav ( 2007 ) Bob Saget ( 2008 ) Larry the Cable Guy ( 2009 ) Joan Rivers ( 2009 ) David Hasselhoff ( 2010 ) Donald Trump ( 2011 ) Charlie Sheen ( 2011 ) Roseanne Barr ( 2012 ) James Franco ( 2013 ) Justin Bieber ( 2015 ) Rob Lowe ( 2016 ) Tom Arnold Mario Cantone Whitney Cummings Pete Davidson Andy Dick Nick DiPaolo Bill Engvall RM Jeff Garlin RM Greg Giraldo ( deceased ) Gilbert Gottfried Anthony Jeselnik Jimmy Kimmel RM Lisa Lampanelli RM Natasha Leggero Jon Lovitz Seth MacFarlane RM RM RM Patrice O'Neal ( deceased ) Patton Oswalt Colin Quinn Jeff Ross Amy Schumer William Shatner Sarah Silverman Snoop Dogg David Spade RM Cancelled roasts ( edit ) In 2008 , a roast for musician Willie Nelson was planned to coincide with the release of his box set , One Hell of a Ride , but was ultimately cancelled , according to Jeff Ross . A roast for musician Kid Rock was announced in November 2010 and scheduled for January 2011 , but was later replaced by the Donald Trump roast . Rock 's roast was rescheduled for August 2011 , but was replaced again , this time by Charlie Sheen 's roast . International ( edit ) The following roasts have been aired by international Comedy Central channels : Comedy Central New Zealand : Comedian Mike King , on Wednesday , December 15 , 2010 Rugby commentator and former rugby player Murray Mexted , in September 2011 Comedy Central Africa : South African performer , actor , and songwriter Steve Hofmeyr , on September 11 , 2012 . South African comedian Trevor Noah was the roastmaster for the evening . South African businessman Kenny Kunene , in April 2014 . The Roastmaster was British comedian Jimmy Carr , and roasters included comedians John Vlismas and Tumi Morake , socialites Khanyi Mbau and Somizi Mhlongo , TV presenter Dineo Ranaka , OFM 's former host Rian van Heerden and music personalities PJ Powers and Jack Parow . Comedy Central Latin America : Mexican comedian Héctor Suárez , in May 2013 . The roastmaster was his son Héctor Suárez Gomís . Comedy Central Spain : Santiago Segura , in 2014 El Gran Wyoming , in 2015 Comedy Central Netherlands : Gordon Heuckeroth , in 2016 . The show was hosted by Jörgen Raymann , and the roasters were Peter Pannekoek , Erik de Zwart , Bobbi Eden , Sander Lantinga , Sophie Hilbrand , Erland Galjaard , Steven Brunswijk AKA BraboNeger ( family of Ronnie Brunswijk ) and Bridget Maasland . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result Ref 2007 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Variety , Music , or Comedy Special Comedy Central Roast of William Shatner Nominated See also ( edit ) The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast A Comedy Roast Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ross hosted the roast of Gene Simmons , a third - season episode of Gene Simmons Family Jewels on A&E . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melas , Chloe ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Comedy Central 's next roast victim : Rob Lowe '' . CNN . Jump up ^ DiGiacomo , Frank ( October 12 , 2003 ) . `` Jack Carter , Smothers Brothers at Rip - Roaring Friars Roast '' . New York Observer . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Central Milestones '' . Comedycentral.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosenblum , Emma ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` Lisa Lampanelli on Last Night 's David Hasselhoff Roast : ' I Only Make Fun of People That I Like ' '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This Joke Was Off - limits at Donald Trump 's Comedy Central Roast '' . 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodacre , Kate ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Charlie Sheen ' asked for roast joke about mother to be cut ' '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Sheen Roast : The Jokes You Did n't Hear '' . The Huffington Post . September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ziano III , Nick A. ( August 10 , 2003 ) . `` Roasting a comic , they turn up the flames , gently '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Ross ' Aurora Massacre Joke Cut From Roseanne Roast '' . Rolling Stone . August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni . `` So everyone shows up to roast Denis Leary '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lisa , de Moraes ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Comedy Central roasts Donald Trump ( Updated with ratings ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Stuart ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Joan Rivers ' roast dips in ratings '' . Variety . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Comedy Central Roast of William Shatner '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday , August 23rd , 2006 '' . Cynopsis Media . August 26 , 2006 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Skene , Traci ; Mckim , Brian ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Jeff Ross roasts Flavor Flav CORRECTION '' . Shecky Magazine . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Tobey ( July 14 , 2008 ) . `` BREAKING : John Stamos Announced as Bob Saget Roast Master ! ' '' . ccinsider.comedycentral.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norm MacDonald Interview : Part 2 '' . The Big Lead . April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Bob Saget Roast ' Over the Top ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Multi Channel News Staff ( August 19 , 2008 ) . `` Comedy Central Fans Applaud Saget Roast '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Official site Archived February 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Central to Roast Comedic Icon Joan Rivers '' . The Futon Critic. April 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Show Tracker '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ Meet the Roasters The Comedy Central Roast of David Hasselfhoff ComedyCentral.com Archived July 31 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Comedy Central Roast of David Hasselhoff ; Comedy Central ; August 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` David Hasselhoff roast a ratings hit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Larry King , Snoop Dogg and The Situation Among Donald Trump Roasters Archived March 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jesse David Fox ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` The 17 Best Jokes About Donald Trump From His 2011 Comedy Central Roast '' . vulture.com . Vulture.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Central to Roast Donald Trump -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Situation 's Trump roast jokes pulled '' . Naomi Rainey . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' On Fire ; ' Donald Trump Roast , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Lights Out , ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tobey , Matt ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Mike Tyson , Jeffrey Ross , Steve - O , Anthony Jeselnik , and Harvey Levin Announced for Charlie Sheen Roast '' . Comedy Central Insider . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tobery , Matt ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Comedy Central to Roast Charlie Sheen '' . Comedy Central Insider . Comedy Central . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Basker , Ken ; Serpe , Gina ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Charlie Sheen 's Celebrity Roasters Revealed -- Did an Ex-Wife Make the Cut ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Martin Sheen & Emilio Estevez Talk Charlie Sheen '' . YouTube . August 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Comedy Central Roast of Charlie Sheen Averages 6.4 Million Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Emily ( August 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Roast of Roseanne ' : Tom Arnold makes ' surprise ' appearance on a not - so - mean night '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne Roast Will Include Sharon Stone , Carrie Fisher , Katey Sagal '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Outrage Alert : The meanest , most corrosive jokes from Comedy Central 's ' Roast of Roseanne ' '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Beats ' Comedy Central Roast of Roseanne ' + ' Falling Skies ' , NASCAR , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Central Homepage '' . Comedy Central . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Comedy Central Roast of James Franco ' Wins Night , College Football , ' WWE Raw ' , ' T.I. & Tiny ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : I 'm Gonna Get Hannibal Lectured at the Roast '' . TMZ . February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marianne Zumberge ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Comedy Central 's Justin Bieber Roasters to Include Snoop Dogg , Martha Stewart '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Stedman . `` Paul Walker Jokes Removed from Roast of Justin Bieber - Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nardine Saad . `` Hannibal Buress ' ' transparent ' Bieber roast joke is cut , so he shares it - LA Times '' . LA Times . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Comedy Central Roast Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Itzoff , Dave ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Coulter confirmation '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning , Bo Derek , Rob Riggle set to roast Rob Lowe '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ann Coulter Was At ' The Roast Of Rob Lowe ' Because She Did n't Know What A Roast Was - SPIN '' . 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( 6 September 2016 ) . `` The Ann Coulter jokes at the Rob Lowe roast ? They really were that brutal . '' -- via washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Juzwiak , Rich . `` Roastmaster Jeff Ross : The Roast Was Edited To Make Ann Coulter Look as Best We Could '' . The Muse . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ Gene Simmons Family Jewels . Season 3 . Episode 17 . A&E. 2008 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley . `` Willie Nelson Comedy Central roast is postponed '' Archived September 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Entertainment Weekly , March 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Comedy Central Is High on Willie Nelson ! Network to Roast American Icon '' . The Futon Critic . February 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jeffrey ( 2009 ) . I Only Roast the Ones I Love . New York : Gallery Books . p. 190 . ISBN 9781439101407 . Jump up ^ `` Kid Rock plans 40th birthday roast '' . San Francisco Chronicle . November 3 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Central to Roast Kid Rock '' . Comedy Central Insider . Comedy Central . May 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roast of Mike King Show Comedy Central New Zealand '' . Comedycentral.co.nz . November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Carr To Spice Up `` The Comedy Central Roast Of Kenny Kunene Fired Up By Nando 's '' . Comedy Central Africa . February 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Final Roasters Revealed ! News '' . Comedy Central Africa . March 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Comedy Central Roast at TV.com Comedy Central Roast of Denis Leary on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of Jeff Foxworthy on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of Pamela Anderson on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of William Shatner on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of Larry the Cable Guy on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of Joan Rivers on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of David Hasselhoff on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of Donald Trump on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of Charlie Sheen on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of Roseanne Barr on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of James Franco on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of Justin Bieber on IMDb Comedy Central Roast of Rob Lowe on IMDb Comedy Central original programming Former 1990s debuts Alan King : Inside the Comedy Mind ( 1991 ) Afterdrive ( 1991 ) Clash ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the roast of justin bieber on comedy central	[ "\n\nRoastee\nRoast master(s)\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n\nDenis Leary\n\nJeff Garlin\nAugust 10, 2003 (2003-08-10)\n3.2[10]\n\n\nRoasters: Jim Breuer, Mario Cantone, Lenny Clarke, Dane Cook, Nick DiPaolo, Doctor Dré, Adam Ferrara, Michael J. Fox, Peter Gallagher, Don Gavin, Gina Gershon, Gilbert Gottfried as Denis' Irish Wolfhound, Ed Lover, Joe Mantegna, Conan O'Brien, Colin Quinn, Rene Russo, and Christopher Walken.\n\n\n\nJeff Foxworthy\n\nBill Engvall, Ron White, & Larry the Cable Guy\nMarch 20, 2005 (2005-03-20)\n6.2[11]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Steve Bridges as U.S. President George W. Bush, Nick DiPaolo, Christian Finnegan, Greg Giraldo, Gilbert Gottfried as Jeff's cow, Heidi Klum, Lisa Lampanelli, Denis Leary, Jay Mohr, Patrice O'Neal, Colin Quinn, Anna Nicole Smith, and G. E. Smith. A special, pre-taped, guest appearance was made by Dr. Phil.\nThe hip-hop group B.A.M.A. performed their cover of \"Sweet Home Alabama\".[citation needed]\n\n\n\nPamela Anderson\n\nJimmy Kimmel\nAugust 14, 2005 (2005-08-14)\n4.3[12]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Courtney Love, Adam Carolla, Bea Arthur, Nick DiPaolo, Greg Giraldo, Elon Gold, Eddie Griffin, Lady Bunny, Lisa Lampanelli, Tommy Lee, Jeff Ross, Sarah Silverman, Andy Dick, roastmaster Jimmy Kimmel and pre-taped appearances by David Spade and Hugh Hefner.[citation needed]\nNotable audience members: Anna Nicole Smith[citation needed]\nDennis Rodman was amongst the crowd on the stage. This roast featured a large amount of jokes and satire regarding sex directed from roasters toward fellow roasters, complete with Andy Dick appearing as Pamela's plastic surgeon and groping her breasts as part of his skit. Many of the jokes were also directed at Courtney Love for appearing to be inebriated (but claiming to have been sober for a year), Bea Arthur's masculinity, Andy Dick's ambiguous sexuality and Lisa Lampanelli's full figured body as well as her attraction towards black people.\n\n\n\nWilliam Shatner\n\nJason Alexander\nAugust 20, 2006 (2006-08-20)\n3.6[14]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Andy Dick (as the \"love child\" of James T. Kirk and Spock), Farrah Fawcett, Greg Giraldo, Lisa Lampanelli, Artie Lange, Nichelle Nichols, Patton Oswalt, Kevin Pollak, Jeff Ross, George Takei, Betty White, and Fred Willard performing the roasting duties. Special, pre-taped, guest appearances were made by Leonard Nimoy, Sandra Bullock, Ben Stiller, Sarah Silverman, Jimmy Kimmel, and Clint Howard.\nNotable audience members: Adrian Zmed, David Carradine, Roger Corman, Brent Spiner, Jeri Ryan, Rene Auberjonois, Rosalind Chao, Mark Valley, Carrie Fisher, Scott Hamilton, Brad Paisley, Reno 911! stars Cedric Yarbrough and Niecy Nash, and Brian Posehn.[citation needed]\nExecutive Produced by Joel Gallen, with Aaron Matthew Lee serving as Head Writer. The Leonard Nimoy sequence which originally opened the broadcast on Comedy Central (Nimoy and Shatner were shown having an argument over the phone) was omitted from the DVD release, while many pre-taped sequences and jokes told during the roast itself were added back in after originally being cut.The tagline for this roast was \"The Shat hits the fan.\" The Roast was nominated for a 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special.[13] The background music for the montage of Shatner was \"Everything I Do, I Do with William Shatner\" by the Star Trek-influenced rock band, Warp 11. Women dressed as green Orion slave girls can be clearly seen tending bar.\n\n\n\nFlavor Flav\n\nKatt Williams\nAugust 12, 2007 (2007-08-12)\n3.8[15]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Ice-T, Jimmy Kimmel, Snoop Dogg, Greg Giraldo, Patton Oswalt, Lisa Lampanelli, Jeff Ross, Carrot Top, Sommore, and Brigitte Nielsen.\nNotable audience members: Flavor of Love, Ron Jeremy, comedian Luenell, comedian Red Grant, Scott Adsit from 30 Rock, Nicole \"Coco\" Austin, Kordell Stewart, Derek Parker, Moonlite BunnyRanch owner Dennis Hof, and Chyna.[citation needed]\nThe roast was produced by Joel Gallen.\n\n\n\nBob Saget\n\nJohn Stamos\nAugust 16, 2008 (2008-08-16)\n2.2[20]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Susie Essman, Greg Giraldo, Brian Posehn, Jim Norton, Jeff Garlin as fictional Full House executive producer Saul Schwartz (though he broke character at the end), Gilbert Gottfried, Jon Lovitz, Norm Macdonald, Cloris Leachman, and Jeff Ross.[16] Pre-taped appearances were delivered by Sarah Silverman, Lewis Black, and Don Rickles.\nNotable audience members: Full House co-stars Lori Loughlin, Jodie Sweetin, and Dave Coulier along with Growing Pains star Alan Thicke, Rex Lee of Entourage and Quantum Leap & Star Trek: Enterprise star Scott Bakula and Alonzo Bodden.[citation needed]\nNorm Macdonald's set was notable in that it avoided racy content and featured intentionally cheesy and antiquated jokes.[17] He later revealed that the material was taken from a book given to him by his father that contains jokes meant to be told at retirement parties circa 1950, and that when the roast's showrunner asked him to be \"shocking,\" he decided to go in the opposite direction of the usual roast humor.[18] Artie Lange was scheduled but did not show at the roast because he had entered a rehabilitation center. It was later revealed that Saget was highly offended by the jokes aimed at Candace Cameron and the Olsen twins.[19] The DVD was released on December 30, 2008.\nThe DVD version did not include the Full House theme song as Saget comes out at the end to roast everyone who roasted him. It was replaced by instrumental music. The TV version has the theme song only.\n\n\n\nLarry the Cable Guy\n\nLisa Lampanelli[21]\nMarch 16, 2009 (2009-03-16)\n4.1[12]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Nick DiPaolo, Jeff Foxworthy, Greg Giraldo, Toby Keith, Jeffrey Ross, Reno Collier, Maureen McCormick, Warren Sapp, and Gary Busey. Bill Engvall made a pre-taped appearance.\nOriginally taped on March 1, 2009. This marks the first time that a previous roastmaster has become a roastee, and the first time that a roast was broadcast in 16:9 high-definition.\n\n\n\nJoan Rivers\n\nKathy Griffin\nAugust 9, 2009 (2009-08-09)\n2.8[12]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Carl Reiner, Gilbert Gottfried, Mario Cantone, Whitney Cummings, Tom Arnold, Brad Garrett, Robin Quivers, Greg Giraldo and Jeff Ross. Donald Trump made a pre-taped appearance and Melissa Rivers came from the audience to roast her mother.\nNotable audience members: Melissa Rivers, Michael C. Hall, Jennifer Carpenter, Alan Thicke, T.J. Miller, Chris Pratt and Anna Faris.[citation needed]\nOriginally taped on July 26, 2009.[22] It was released on the Comedy Central Emmy Consideration DVD sent only to members of the Consideration program.\n\n\n\nDavid Hasselhoff\n\nSeth MacFarlane\nAugust 15, 2010 (2010-08-15)\n3.5[26]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Jeff Ross, Pamela Anderson, Lisa Lampanelli, Hulk Hogan, Jerry Springer,[23] Whitney Cummings, Greg Giraldo, George Hamilton,[24] and Gilbert Gottfried, Sharon Osbourne and Piers Morgan made pre-taped appearances, and William Daniels reprised his role as the voice of KITT.\nNotable audience members: John Slattery, Craig Robinson, Christina Milian, Hasselhoff's two daughters, Hayley and Taylor, Hulk Hogan's son, Nick, and fellow Baywatch alumni Alexandra Paul, Nicole Eggert, Gena Lee Nolin, Traci Bingham, Angelica Bridges and Jeremy Jackson.[citation needed]\nTo close the show, Hasselhoff sang \"This Is The Moment\" from the musical Jekyll & Hyde, which he formerly starred in.[25] The DVD was released in January 2011.\nThis is also the final roast in which Greg Giraldo participated. Giraldo died on September 29, 2010.\n\n\n\nDonald Trump\n\nSeth MacFarlane\nMarch 15, 2011 (2011-03-15)\n3.5[31]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Whitney Cummings, Gilbert Gottfried, Anthony Jeselnik, Larry King, Lisa Lampanelli, Marlee Matlin (interpreted by interpreter Jack Jason), Jeff Ross, Snoop Dogg, and Mike \"The Situation\" Sorrentino.[27]\nNotable audience members: Melania Trump, Ivanka Trump, Ice-T, Russell Simmons, Chrissy Teigen, John Legend, Lindsay Lohan, Joel Madden and David Foster.[28][citation needed]\nOriginally taped on March 9, 2011.[29] The roast consisted of jokes toward Trump's hairstyle, his show The Apprentice, and his family. Jokes were also made about Jeselnik's fame (or lack thereof), Matlin's deafness, King's age, and Jersey Shore. Several roasters paid respect to Greg Giraldo, a Comedy Central Roast regular, who died on September 29, 2010. Mike \"The Situation\" Sorrentino's performance was widely panned by critics and viewers alike; as a result, Comedy Central pulled several of his jokes from the television airing of the roast.[30] This roast was dedicated in memory of Greg Giraldo. This was also the first time someone served as roastmaster more than once, as Seth MacFarlane also roasted David Hasselhoff.\n\n\n\nCharlie Sheen\n\nSeth MacFarlane\nSeptember 19, 2011 (2011-09-19)\n6.4[37]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Anthony Jeselnik, Jon Lovitz, Patrice O'Neal, Jeff Ross, Amy Schumer, William Shatner, Steve-O,[32] Mike Tyson, and Kate Walsh.\nNotable audience members: Brooke Mueller, Aaron Paul, Maria Menounos, Corbin Bernsen, Duane Chapman, Michael Boatman, Kristin Cavallari, Patrick Warburton and Richard Kind.[citation needed]\nThe roast was taped in Los Angeles on September 10, 2011, and was broadcast on September 19, 2011, exactly one hour after the premiere of Ashton Kutcher's first episode on Two and a Half Men where he replaced Sheen.[33][dead link] Slash made an appearance playing his guitar during Sheen's entrance.[34] Harvey Levin from TMZ.com was scheduled to appear but ended up not doing so. During an interview on The View, Sheen's ex-wife, Denise Richards stated that she hadn't been invited to appear and, while she thought roasting her ex-husband could be humorous and that he would be able to take it, she feared it would have a negative impact on their daughters.[35] Sheen's famous family members, Emilio Estevez and Martin Sheen, were unable to attend as they were promoting their film The Way,[36] although Sheen appeared in a commercial for the roast, spoofing his film Apocalypse Now.\nA montage of Sheen's film and television work were featured, though due to legal reasons, clips of his tenure on Two and a Half Men were never used. In reference to how his Two and a Half Men character Charlie Harper was killed off the series (hit by a train), Sheen arrived on stage riding on a replica locomotive. In the UK and Turkey, on the network which Two and a Half Men airs, The roast aired directly after Kutcher's first Two and a Half Men episode. This was O'Neal's final television appearance before his death on November 29, 2011.\nWith 6.4 million viewers in its original debut, this roast was the highest rated Comedy Central Roast to date.[37]\n\n\n\nRoseanne Barr\n\nJane Lynch\nAugust 12, 2012 (2012-08-12)\n2.6[41]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Ellen Barkin, Wayne Brady, Carrie Fisher, Gilbert Gottfried, Seth Green, Anthony Jeselnik, Jeff Ross, Katey Sagal, and Amy Schumer, and also featured a surprise appearance by Barr's ex-husband Tom Arnold.[38]\nNotable audience members: Sarah Chalke, Natasha Leggero, Blake Anderson, Alicia Goranson, Michael Fishman, Chris Colfer and Fred Willard.[citation needed]\nThe roast was taped in Los Angeles on August 4, 2012.[38] Sharon Stone had been announced as one of the roasters,[39] but dropped out for unknown reasons prior to the event. The final surprise of the night was Barr's choice to close out the show by legitimately singing the last two lines of The Star-Spangled Banner, in an effort to finally redeem herself for her infamous and controversial rendition of the American anthem at a nationally broadcast baseball game in 1990.[40]\n\n\n\nJames Franco\n\nSeth Rogen\nSeptember 2, 2013 (2013-09-02)\n3.1[43]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Aziz Ansari, Bill Hader, Jonah Hill, Nick Kroll, Natasha Leggero, Jeff Ross, Andy Samberg, and Sarah Silverman.[42]\nNotable audience members: Blake Anderson, Jillian Bell, Adam Devine, Andy Dick, Chris Farren, Dave Franco, Jennie Garth, Brett Gelman, Eiza González, Anders Holm, Gabriel Iglesias, Kelley Jakle, Samm Levine, Maribeth Monroe, Matthew Morrison, Amy Poehler, Stephen Rannazzisi, June Diane Raphael, Retta, Horatio Sanz, Paul Scheer, and Kate Walsh.\n\n\n\nJustin Bieber\n\nKevin Hart\nMarch 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)\n4.4[48]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Hannibal Buress, Pete Davidson, Chris D'Elia, Will Ferrell as Ron Burgundy, Natasha Leggero, Ludacris, Shaquille O'Neal, Jeff Ross, Snoop Dogg, and Martha Stewart.[44][45]\nNotable audience members: Scooter Braun, Dave Chappelle, Tito Ortiz, John Legend, Chrissy Teigen, Kendall Jenner, Jack Gilinsky, Blake Anderson, Katharine McPhee, Kourtney Kardashian, Kate Walsh, Chris Paul, Trevor Noah, Sarah Tiana, Larissa Marolt, Carly Rae Jepsen, Jaden Smith and Kyle Kinane.[citation needed]\nIn an appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Ellen DeGeneres revealed that she was approached by Braun, Bieber's manager, to participate in the roast, but refused because she did not want to be mean to Bieber. Jokes referencing Paul Walker were cut out of the television broadcast.[46] Additionally, a joke by Hannibal Buress which called the roast an \"extremely transparent attempt to be more likable in the public eye\" was cut. [47]\nBeing age 21 at the time of filming, Bieber is the youngest roastee to be roasted by Comedy Central to date.\n\n\n\nRob Lowe\n\nDavid Spade\nSeptember 5, 2016 (2016-09-05)\n2.3[54]\n\n\n\nRoasters: Jimmy Carr, Ann Coulter,[49] Pete Davidson, Nikki Glaser, Jewel, Ralph Macchio, Peyton Manning, Rob Riggle, Jeff Ross.[50] Amy Poehler appeared in a pre-recorded segment.\nNotable audience members: Maria Shriver, Patrick Schwarzenegger, Nick Swardson, Fred Savage, Chad Lowe, Kate Walsh, Robbie Williams, Brandon Flowers, Marlee Matlin\nOriginally taped on August 27, 2016. The Roast was simulcast on Spike and TV Land. Bo Derek was originally announced as a roaster, but was replaced by Jewel due to a scheduling conflict. According to Tony Hinchcliffe, who was assigned by Comedy Central to write the first draft of Ann Coulter's set, Coulter was unaware of the nature of roasts when she agreed to participate.[51] Many of the other roasters harshly targeted Coulter. She was criticised for her strong conservative political views, called a \"cunt\" by Davidson, compared to members of the Ku Klux Klan, and even likened to Adolf Hitler.[52] The crowd reacted to much of Coulter's set with indifference or booing. Coulter claims that her set \"killed\" live and that her apparent bombing in the aired version of the roast was the result of unflattering editing. Ross refuted Coulter's claim, stating “We edited it to make her look as best we could\".[53] Her set centered around a plug for her book In Trump We Trust.\n\n" ]	[ "March 30, 2015" ]
-4875625407842699318	It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia	It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Wikipedia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Jump to : navigation , search It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Genre Sitcom Created by Rob McElhenney Developed by Rob McElhenney Glenn Howerton Starring Charlie Day Glenn Howerton Rob McElhenney Kaitlin Olson Danny DeVito Opening theme `` Temptation Sensation '' by Heinz Kiessling Composer ( s ) Cormac Bluestone Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 134 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Charlie Day Glenn Howerton Rob McElhenney Michael Rotenberg Nick Frenkel Scott Marder Rob Rosell David Hornsby Dan Attias John Fortenberry Matt Shakman Producer ( s ) Tom Lofaro Fred Savage Matt Shakman Randall Einhorn Dave Chernin John Chernin Hunter Covington Todd Biermann Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Cinematography Peter Smokler John Tanzer Editor ( s ) Josh Drisko Tim Roche Robert Bromwell Camera setup Single - camera Running time 18 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) 3 Arts Entertainment RCG Productions FX Productions ( 2007 -- 16 ) FXP ( 2017 -- present ) Distributor FX Networks 20th Television Release Original network FX ( 2005 -- 12 ) FXX ( 2013 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 2005 -- 08 ) 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2009 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2010 -- present ) Original release August 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 04 ) -- present External links Website www.fxnetworks.com/shows/its-always-sunny-in-philadelphia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4 , 2005 . It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season and has remained there since . It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton . It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney , Howerton , and Charlie Day , all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito . The series follows the exploits of `` The Gang '' , a group of debauched , self - centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy 's Pub in South Philadelphia . The series was renewed for a twelfth season that premiered on January 4 , 2017 . On April 1 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season , which will tie it with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet as the longest running ( number of seasons ) live - action sitcom in American TV history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Broadcast and syndication 6 Music 6.1 Soundtrack track listing 7 Reception 8 Other media 8.1 The Nightman Cometh live 8.2 Russian adaptation 8.3 Book 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows `` The Gang '' , a group of five depraved underachievers : twins Dennis Reynolds ( Glenn Howerton ) and Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds ( Kaitlin Olson ) , their friends Charlie Kelly ( Charlie Day ) and Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald ( Rob McElhenney ) , and ( from season 2 onward ) Frank Reynolds ( Danny DeVito ) , Dennis ' and Dee 's legal father . The Gang runs the dilapidated Paddy 's Pub , an Irish bar in South Philadelphia . Each member of the gang shows varying degrees of dishonesty , egotism , selfishness , greed , pettiness , ignorance , laziness , and unethical behavior ; they are often engaged in controversial activities . Episodes usually find them hatching elaborate schemes and often conspiring against one another and others for personal gain , vengeance , or simply the entertainment of watching another 's downfall . They habitually inflict mental , emotional , and physical pain on each other and anyone who crosses their path . They also regularly use blackmail to manipulate one another and others outside of the group . The Gang 's unity is never solid , and any of them would quickly dump any of the others for quick profit or personal gain , regardless of the consequences . Everything they do results in contention among themselves , and much of the show 's dialogue involves the characters arguing or yelling at one another . Despite their lack of success or achievements , they maintain high opinions of themselves and display an obsessive interest in their own reputations and public images . The Gang has no sense of shame when attempting to get what they want and often engage in activities that others would find humiliating , disgusting , or shocking . Some of these situations include smoking crack cocaine and pretending to be mentally challenged in order to qualify for welfare , attempted cannibalism , kidnapping , blackface , hiding naked inside a couch in order to eavesdrop on people , tricking a man into giving his daughter a lap dance , forcing each other to eat inedible items , huffing paint , foraging in the sewers for valuables , sleeping with each other 's romantic interests , seducing a priest , secretly feeding someone their dead pet , plugging their open wounds with trash , setting a room full of people on fire and locking the door to avoid an uncomfortable Thanksgiving meal , fantasizing about killing each other , pretending to have AIDS in order to get priority access to amusement park rides , taking out life insurance on a suicidal person , orally siphoning gasoline , and stalking their crushes . During the Season 7 episode `` The Gang Gets Trapped '' , in which The Gang breaks into a family 's home and has to hide from them when they return , an angry monologue by Dennis captures the essence of The Gang 's modus operandi : `` We immediately escalate everything to a ten ... somebody comes in with some preposterous plan or idea , then all of a sudden everyone 's on the gas , nobody 's on the brakes , nobody 's thinking , everyone 's just talking over each other with one idiotic idea after another ! Until , finally , we find ourselves in a situation where we 've broken into somebody 's house -- and the homeowner is home ! '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia characters McElhenney , Howerton , Day , Olson , and DeVito at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con . Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly -- Charlie was a co-owner at Paddy 's Pub , but traded his capital investment for `` goods and services '' , half a sandwich , and other undisclosed compensation . He is a childhood friend of Mac , and high school friend of Dennis and Dee . He is also the roommate of Frank , who may be his biological father . Charlie does most of the actual work and maintenance ( referred to as `` Charlie Work '' ) at the pub . He is unable to properly read or write , and is an alcoholic substance abuser who is often seen huffing glue or paint . He lives in squalor with Frank in a run - down , vermin - infested apartment and suffers from deep - seated psychological problems , believing his dreams to be haunted by a figure known as `` The Nightman '' , who breaks into his home and rapes him . Charlie has unresolved anger issues , often screaming as a means of getting his point across . He also has an unhealthy obsession with `` The Waitress '' , a recurring character who finds Charlie repulsive and shows no interest in him . Despite his character flaws , he is typically the most compassionate and moral member of the gang . Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds -- Dennis is a co-owner of Paddy 's Pub and is Dee 's twin brother . Easily the most sociopathic of the characters , Dennis is abrasive , narcissistic , selfish , histrionic , and vain . Dennis graduated from the University of Pennsylvania . It is at times hinted that Dennis may be a psychopathic serial killer , but this remains ambiguous . After the season 12 finale it is unclear whether or not Dennis will be returning for the show 's 13th and 14th seasons . Rob McElhenney as Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald -- Mac is a co-owner of Paddy 's Pub . He is Charlie Kelly 's childhood friend and Dennis 's high school friend and later roommate . The son of a convicted felon who has been in prison for much of Mac 's life , he frequently attempts to demonstrate his toughness and refers to himself as the `` sheriff of Paddy 's '' . He also often brags about his hand - to - hand combat skills , although he typically flees from physical confrontation . Mac is a Roman Catholic , though he often espouses strong Christian fundamentalist opinions , despite his often amoral behavior , such as engaging in casual sex with numerous women , including Dennis ' mother . Though it is frequently insinuated Mac harbors homosexual feelings , he maintained an adamant denial of any such proclivity , much to the annoyance of the gang , until the season 12 episode `` Hero or Hate Crime ? '' , when he finally comes out . Kaitlin Olson as Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds -- Dee is Dennis 's twin sister and is the bartender at Paddy 's Pub . Dee dreams of becoming an actress , although she lacks any apparent talent and suffers from debilitating stage fright . She wore a back brace in high school , leaving her with the nickname of `` The Aluminum Monster '' , and she is constantly referred to by the gang as a bird , due to their perception of her as a giant , awkward , avian - like creature . She majored in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania , but did not graduate . Dee lives alone in an apartment . Her comments and ideas are usually disregarded by the others , though they will often repeat what she has said word - for - word and pretend it was their idea , at which point it will be hailed as a great idea . She is often left to deal with the negative consequences of the gang 's activities . Though often the butt of the gang 's jokes , she is frequently involved in their schemes . She is portrayed as the angriest and most physically violent of the group and has a history of assault , including setting her roommate on fire in college . Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds -- Frank is the legal father of twins Dennis and Dee , and may be the biological father of his roommate Charlie . He used to be a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters , but chose to abandon that life and redeem himself after leaving his `` whore wife '' . He has since embraced his `` feral '' nature and describes himself as `` fringe class '' . Despite having substantial financial resources , he chooses to share a decrepit studio apartment with Charlie , where they live in squalor and sleep together on a pullout couch . The two also share similar interests , such as playing the inexplicable game of ' Night Crawlers ' and foraging naked in sewers for valuables . He is also a severe compulsive gambler , seen betting on everything from grade school basketball to Russian roulette , usually with his chain smoking , and high - stakes betting ring of Vietnamese friends . He styles himself a master manipulator and frequently takes the lead in the group 's schemes . He is frequently armed with a handgun and often snorts cocaine as part of his daily routine . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 7 August 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 04 ) September 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 15 ) FX 10 June 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 29 ) August 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 17 ) 15 September 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 13 ) November 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 15 ) 13 September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) 5 12 September 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 17 ) December 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) 6 14 September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) December 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) 7 13 September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) December 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 15 ) 8 10 October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) December 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) 9 10 September 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) FXX 10 10 January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 11 10 January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) 12 10 January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) Production ( edit ) The show began as a short film idea written by Rob McElhenney and Glenn Howerton about a man telling his friend he might have cancer , while the friend is only intent on trying to borrow a cup of sugar for the `` shitload of coffee '' he has made . This was then developed into a pilot called It 's Always Sunny on TV and was shot on a digital camcorder by Charlie Day , Glenn Howerton , and Rob McElhenney . It was believed the pilot was shot with a budget of just $200 , but Day would later comment , `` We shot it for nothing ... I do n't know where this $200 came from ... We were a bunch of kids with cameras running around shooting each other and ( the ) next thing you know , we 're eleven years in and we 're still doing the show . '' This pilot was shopped by the actors around various studios , their pitch being simply showing the DVD of the pilot to executives . After viewing the pilot , FX Network ordered the first season . Although it is often stated publicly that It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was one of the first shows to be shot in 24p standard - definition video , using Panasonic 's DVX100 MiniDV prosumer video camera , from the sixth season forward , the show was shot in 24p using high - definition video cameras . Danny DeVito joined the cast in the first episode of the second season , playing the father of Dennis ( played by Glenn Howerton ) and Dee ( played by Kaitlin Olson ) . In March 2017 , after the conclusion of the twelfth season , Glenn Howerton revealed he might not return to the series , due to working on other projects . In an August 2017 interview , Charlie Day said that he believes Howerton will be back , and that he would not feel right continuing without him . Broadcast and syndication ( edit ) The first season ran for seven episodes with the finale airing September 13 , 2005 . According to McElhenney , word of mouth on the show was good enough for FX to renew it for a second season , which ran from June 29 to August 17 , 2006 . Reruns of edited first - season episodes began airing on FX 's parent network , Fox , in June 2006 , for a planned three - episode run -- `` The Gang Finds a Dead Guy '' , `` Gun Fever '' ( which was renamed as `` Gun Control '' ) and `` Charlie Gets Molested '' were shown . The show would not be shown on broadcast television again until 2011 , when FX began offering the show for syndication . The third season ran from September 13 , 2007 to November 15 , 2007 . On March 5 , 2008 , FX renewed It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia for a fourth season . On July 15 , 2008 , it was reported that FX had ordered 39 additional episodes of the series , consisting of the fifth and sixth seasons . All five main cast members were secured for the entire scheduled run . The fifth season ran from September 17 , 2009 to December 10 , 2009 . On May 31 , 2010 , Comedy Central began airing reruns of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . WGN America also began broadcasting the show as part of its fall 2011 schedule . The sixth season ran from September 16 , 2010 until December 9 , 2010 , running twelve episodes , plus the Christmas special . The seventh season ran from September 15 , 2011 until December 15 , 2011 , running 13 episodes . On August 6 , 2011 , FX announced it had picked up the show for an additional two seasons ( the show 's eighth and ninth ) running through 2013 . On March 28 , 2013 , FX renewed the show for a tenth season , along with the announcement that the series would move to its new sister network , FXX . In April 2017 , it was announced by Kaitlin Olson that It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia would go on an extended hiatus . In an interview with TV Guide Olson stated , `` We ended up pushing our next season a year because we were all busy with separate projects this year . So at the end of this coming shooting season of The Mick I 'll step right into Sunny after that . '' The show is currently under contract for two more seasons and is expected to return in 2019 . On October 2 , 2017 , the show premiered on Viceland . Music ( edit ) The theme song is a piece of production music called `` Temptation Sensation '' by German composer Heinz Kiessling . Additionally , Kiessling 's work ( `` On Your Bike '' and `` Blue Blood '' ) can also be heard during various scene transitions throughout the show , along with other composers and pieces such as Werner Tautz ( `` Off Broadway '' ) , Joe Brook ( `` Moonbeam Kiss '' ) and Karl Grell ( `` Honey Bunch '' ) . Many of the tracks heard in the series have been taken from Cafe Romantique , an album of easy listening production music collected by Extreme Music , the production music library unit of Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Independent record label Fervor Records has also contributed music to the show . Songs from The Jack Gray Orchestra 's album , Easy Listening Symph - O - Nette ( `` Take A Letter Miss Jones '' , `` Golly Gee Whiz '' , and `` Not a Care in the World '' ) and the John Costello III release Giants of Jazz ( `` Birdcage '' , `` Cotton Club '' and `` Quintessential '' ) are heard in several episodes . The soundtrack , featuring most of the music heard on the show , was released in 2010 . Soundtrack track listing ( edit ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( Music from the Original TV Series ) No . Title Music Artist Length 1 . `` Temptation Sensation ( Main Title Theme ) '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 53 2 . `` Derby Day '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 39 3 . `` Blue Blood '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 54 4 . `` On Your Bike '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 15 5 . `` Take the Plunge '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3 : 10 6 . `` Hotsy - Totsy '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 18 7 . `` Off Broadway '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 31 8 . `` Coconut Shy '' Heinz Kiessling The Diamontinos 2 : 25 9 . `` Honey Bunch '' Karl Grell The Ralph Manning Orchestra 2 : 44 10 . `` Glitterati Party '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 51 11 . `` Singles Soiree '' Richard Faecks The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2 : 09 12 . `` Pink Deville '' Paul Rothman The Ole Olafsen Band 2 : 34 13 . `` Captain 's Table '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 44 14 . `` Starlet Express '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 31 15 . `` Final Fling '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 29 16 . `` Sweetheart Serenade '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 54 17 . `` Tea at Tiffani 's '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 28 18 . `` Moonbeam Kiss '' Joe Brook The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2 : 21 19 . `` Grand Central '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3 : 15 Total length : 50 : 05 Reception ( edit ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia has received critical acclaim . Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker praised the show , calling it `` not merely the best sitcom on television but one of the most arresting and ambitious current TV series , period '' . Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the first season negatively , commenting `` it is smug enough to think it 's breaking ground , but not smart enough to know it is n't '' . Brian Lowry of Variety gave the first season a positive review , saying it was `` invariably clever and occasionally a laugh - out - loud riot , all while lampooning taboo topics '' . Later seasons of the show have received favorable ratings on review aggregator Metacritic , receiving 70 / 100 , 78 / 100 and 85 / 100 for seasons 4 , 5 and 6 respectively . The show has become a cult hit with viewers and is often compared in style to Seinfeld -- particularly due to the self - centered nature of its main characters . The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Jonathan Storm wrote `` It 's like Seinfeld on crack , '' a quote that became widely used to describe the series , to the point that FX attached the tagline , `` It 's Seinfeld on crack . '' In 2014 , Entertainment Weekly listed the show at # 7 in the `` 26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever '' , with the comment that `` it 's a great underdog story ... If it sounds too dark for you , consider that there 's an episode about making mittens for kittens , and it 's adorable . '' In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Sunny was `` more popular in college towns ( and most popular in Philadelphia ) '' . In 2015 , Rolling Stone rated the top 20 greatest and funniest It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes , stating `` for 10 seasons , the series had mined comic gold from the execrable behavior of the owners of Paddy 's Pub . '' They claimed the two - part season 4 episode , `` Mac and Charlie Die '' is the sitcom 's greatest episode yet . Year Award Category Winner / nominee Result 2008 Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical Danny DeVito Nominated Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Nominated 2011 Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical Charlie Day Nominated Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won 2012 People 's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy Nominated 2013 Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or a Variety Program Marc Scizak Nominated 2014 Nominated 2015 Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won Other Media ( edit ) The Nightman Cometh live ( edit ) In September 2009 , the cast took their show live . The `` Gang '' performed the musical The Nightman Cometh in New York City , Boston , Seattle , San Francisco , Los Angeles , and Philadelphia . Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Artemis Pebdani also appeared in the performance as The Waitress and Artemis . Actress Rhea Perlman ( wife of Danny DeVito ) assumed the role of Gladys . Creator Rob McElhenney said that Live Nation originally approached the cast about doing the show at 30 cities , but in the end the cast settled on 6 . Co-developer Glenn Howerton described the show as `` essentially an expanded version of the actual episode of `` The Nightman Cometh '' , which was the final episode for season four . There are some added moments , added scenes , added songs , and extended versions of songs that already existed . '' Two new songs were included in the performance and a longer running time allowed for greater improvisation by the actors . The performance was also preceded by a preview screening of a season five episode . The Los Angeles performance , filmed at The Troubadour , was included as a bonus feature on the season four DVD box set . Russian adaptation ( edit ) A Russian adaptation of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered in Russia on the television channel TNT on May 12 , 2014 . This version is titled В Москве всегда солнечно ( V Moskve vsegda solnechno , It 's Always Sunny in Moscow ) and like the original , centers around four friends , who own a bar called `` Philadelphia '' in Moscow . Book ( edit ) A book based upon It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was released on January 6 , 2015 , titled The Gang Writes a Self - Help Book : The 7 Secrets of Awakening the Highly Effective Four - Hour Giant , Today . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Dan ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` FX renews ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia , ' extends deal with stars '' . HitFix . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny ' & ' Man Seeking Woman ' Get Return Dates On FXX '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Renewed for Seasons 13 and 14 at FXX '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is Glen Howerton Leaving ' It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ' ? '' . UPROXX. 2017 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Kyle ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Charlie Day Claims ' It 's Always Sunny ' Pilot was Shot for Nothing , Report of $200 is False '' . MStarsNews . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Was This Glenn Howerton 's ' Always Sunny ' Farewell ? ' It 's A Little Complicated , ' He Says '' . Uproxx . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Charlie Day Would n't Want To Do ' It 's Always Sunny ' Without Dennis '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Premiere '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0635 ) `` The Gang Finds a Dead Guy '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0636 ) `` Gun Control '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0637 ) `` Charlie Gets Molested '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Gets Another Season '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` FX Shows Love for It 's Always Sunny '' . IGN . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 5 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Debuts On Comedy Central May 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Guide 2011 '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` FX Renews Louie and Wilfred , Orders Two More Seasons of It 's Always Sunny '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ' Renewed For Season 10 And ' The League ' For Season 6 On FX '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 13 Will Be a Year Late '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on VICELAND - Begins Oct 2 '' . Viceland . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' soundtrack to be released September 1 : Ta - da , ta - da , ta - da - daah - daah - daah ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Bar None : `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' and `` The Mindy Project '' `` . New Yorker . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Gillian ( August 2 , 2005 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 31 , 2005 ) . `` Review : ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Storm , Jonathan ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Slackers ' revenge -- The jokers of ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' take on a ( fictional ) Inquirer critic , while those on Testees take the juvenile quotient even higher '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . E01 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Why you need to watch It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` 20 Best ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Episodes '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` The ' Nightman Cometh ' to a city near you '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia : Live ! '' . IGN . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Alyssa ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` Rob McElhenney & Glenn Howerton Interview '' . Flash Flood Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Howerton Talks `` It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia '' And More ! `` . Icon vs. Icon . September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ В Москве всегда солнечно ( in Russian ) . THT - Online . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia by The Gang '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Official website It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on IMDb It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia at TV.com It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Characters Charlie Kelly Dennis Reynolds Mac Deandra Reynolds Frank Reynolds The Waitress Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Category FX original programming Former 1990s debuts Backchat ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Baseball , Minnesota ( 1996 ) Bobcat 's Big Ass Show ( 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular ( 1998 ) The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The X Show ( 1999 -- 01 ) 2000s debuts 30 Days ( 2005 -- 08 ) Archer ( 2009 -- 16 ) Black . White . 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Kamau Bell ( 2012 -- 13 ) Tyrant ( 2014 -- 16 ) UFC on FX ( 2012 -- 13 ) Unsupervised ( 2012 ) Wilfred ( 2011 -- 13 ) Current American Crime Story ( since 2016 ) American Horror Story ( since 2011 ) The Americans ( since 2013 ) Atlanta ( since 2016 ) Baskets ( since 2016 ) Better Things ( since 2016 ) Fargo ( since 2014 ) Feud ( since 2017 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Snowfall ( since 2017 ) You 're the Worst ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Trust ( 2018 ) Pose ( 2018 ) FXX original programming Current It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( since 2013 ) Major Lazer ( since 2014 ) You 're the Worst ( since 2015 ) Archer ( since 2017 ) Former Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell ( 2013 ) The League ( 2013 -- 15 ) Legit ( 2014 ) Lucas Bros. Moving Co. ( 2014 -- 15 ) Wilfred ( 2014 ) Axe Cop ( 2015 ) Stone Quackers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Man Seeking Woman ( 2015 -- 17 ) See also : Animation Domination High - Def Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Larry Sanders Show ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Ellen ( 1998 ) Action ( 1999 ) Sex and the City ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) Arrested Development ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty ( 2006 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 ) Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union ( 2008 ) Glee ( 2009 ) The Big C ( 2010 ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2011 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2012 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 ) Transparent ( 2014 ) Silicon Valley ( 2015 ) Silicon Valley ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia&oldid=819398484 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American comedy television series 2010s American comedy television series Alcohol abuse in television American black comedy television programs American satirical television programs American television sitcoms Culture of Philadelphia English - language television programs FX network shows FXX original programs Gay - related television programs Irish - American culture in Philadelphia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Narcissism in fiction Single - camera television sitcoms Television shows set in Philadelphia Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Track listings with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the creators of it's always sunny in philadelphia	[ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4, 2005. It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season and has remained there since. It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton. It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney, Howerton, and Charlie Day, all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito. The series follows the exploits of \"The Gang\", a group of debauched, self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia." ]	[ "Rob McElhenney" ]
-4650785082920946998	Megan Leavey (film)	Megan Leavey ( film ) - wikipedia Megan Leavey ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Megan Leavey Theatrical release poster Directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite Produced by Mickey Liddell Jennifer Monroe Pete Shilaimon Written by Pamela Gray Annie Mumolo Tim Lovestedt Starring Kate Mara Ramón Rodríguez Tom Felton Bradley Whitford Will Patton Sam Keeley Common Edie Falco Music by Mark Isham Cinematography Lorenzo Senatore Edited by Peter McNulty Production company LD Entertainment Distributed by Bleecker Street Release date June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) ( Yankee Stadium ) June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $13.4 million Megan Leavey is a 2017 American biographical drama film directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite and written by Pamela Gray , Annie Mumolo and Tim Lovestedt , based on the true events about young female Marine Megan Leavey and a combat dog named Rex . The film stars Kate Mara as the titular character , with Edie Falco , Common , Ramón Rodríguez and Tom Felton in supporting roles . The film was released on June 9 , 2017 by Bleecker Street , received positive reviews and grossed $13 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Home release 4.3 Critical response 5 Awards 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Megan Leavey is a former US Marine corporal who served as a Military Police K9 handler . She was paired with military working dog Rex ( E168 ) . The pair served two deployments in Iraq together . They were first deployed to Fallujah in 2005 , and then to Ramadi in 2006 , where they were both wounded by an improvised explosive device . Leavey was awarded the Purple Heart and the Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal with a `` V '' device denoting heroism in combat . In 2012 , Rex developed facial palsy , which ended his bomb - sniffing duties . Leavey adopted him through the intervention of Senator Chuck Schumer around April 2012 . Rex died on December 22 , 2012 . Cast ( edit ) Kate Mara as Corporal Megan Leavey Edie Falco as Jackie Leavey , Megan 's mother . Common as Gunnery Sergeant Massey Ramón Rodríguez as Corporal Matt Morales Tom Felton as Andrew Dean , a veteran dog handler . Damson Idris as Michael Forman Shannon Tarbet as Barb Bradley Whitford as Bob Alex Hafner as ECP Sgt Sanders Will Patton as Jim Parker Sawyers as Actor Corey Weaver as Bartender Geraldine James as Dr. Turbeville Sam Keeley as Sills Corey Johnson as Master Sergeant Production ( edit ) On August 7 , 2015 , it was announced that Gabriela Cowperthwaite would be directing a film about a heroine Megan Leavey and her military combat dog Rex . The script was written by Pamela Gray , with the help of Annie Mumolo , Tim Lovestedt , and Jordan Roberts . LD Entertainment would produce the film . Principal photography on the film began on October 12 , 2015 in Charleston , South Carolina . Release ( edit ) In January 2017 , Bleecker Street acquired distribution rights to the film and set it for release on June 9 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) Megan Leavey was released alongside It Comes at Night and The Mummy expected to gross around $3 million from 1,956 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up grossing $3.8 million , finishing 8th at the box office . Home release ( edit ) The movie was released on DVD and Blu - ray on September 5 , 2017 , from Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 83 % based on 82 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Megan Leavey honors its real - life subjects with a sensitive , uplifting drama whose honest emotion more than makes up for its mild approach to the story . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has average score 66 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Steve Pulaski of Influx Magazine expressed positive sentiments , awarding the film a B grade , praising Kate Mara 's performance and the film 's pacing : `` What I really appreciate about Megan Leavey is its refusal to give into the obvious exploits of its tear - jerking premise . '' Awards ( edit ) Megan Leavey was among the 2017 films which were honored with the Truly Moving Picture Award at the Heartland Film Festival . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Megan Leavey '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Leavey ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beloved Bomb - Sniffing Dog Who Retired To Live With Marine Handler Dies '' . CBS New York . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barraclough , Leo ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Star Kate Mara to Play Iraq War Hero Megan Leavey '' . variety.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Edie Falco Set For Biopic ' Megan Leavey ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Common Joins Kate Mara , Edie Falco In Iraq War Drama ' Leavey ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ramon Rodriguez Reports For Duty In Iraq War Hero Pic ' Megan Leavey ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Actor Tom Felton Joins Kate Mara in Indie War Hero Drama ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jaafar , Ali ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Damson Idris Joins Cast Of ' Megan Leavey ' Opposite Kate Mara '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting agency seeking extras for Kate Mara movie filming in Charleston '' . abcnews4.com . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 10 / 16 / 15 : ' Ab Fab : The Movie ' & ' Planet of the Apes ' Sequel Start Shooting While ' Star Trek Beyond ' Wraps '' . ssninsider.com . October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. `` Kate Mara - Starring Iraq War Hero Biopic ' Megan Leavey ' Gets Summer U.S. Release '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruise 's ' The Mummy ' faces tough box - office battle against ' Wonder Woman '' . Los Angeles Times . June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Soars On Saturday ; ' Mummy ' Still Crummy -- Sunday AM Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Megan Leavey ( DVD ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Megan Leavey ( Blu - ray ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Leavey ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Leavey reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pulaski , Steve . `` Megan Leavey ( 2017 ) Review '' . Influx Magazine . Influx Magazine . External links ( edit ) Megan Leavey on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megan_Leavey_(film)&oldid=800437861 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films Directorial debut films American biographical films American drama films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films Films shot in South Carolina Films about dogs Biographical films about military personnel Films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events United States Marine Corps in films War films based on actual events Iraq War films American war films 2010s war films Bleecker Street films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 15 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the movie megan leavey come out	[ "June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09) (United States)" ]	[ "June 9, 2017" ]
-5796247836068143130	GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)	GCE Ordinary level ( United Kingdom ) - wikipedia GCE Ordinary level ( United Kingdom ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the secondary school leaving exam once taken in the United Kingdom . For the O Level qualification worldwide , see GCE Ordinary Level . O - level logo The General Certificate of Education ( GCE ) Ordinary Level , also called the O - level or O level , was a subject - based academic qualification . Introduced in 1951 as a replacement for existing 16 + School Certificate ( SC ) , the O - level would act as a pathway to the new , more in - depth and academically rigorous A-level ( Advanced Level ) , in England , Wales and Northern Ireland . Later the complementary and more vocational Certificate of Secondary Education ( CSE ) was added to broaden the subjects available and offer qualifications in non academic subjects . The O - Level and CSE were replaced in the United Kingdom in 1988 by the GCSE and later complementary IGCSE exams . The Scottish equivalent was the O - grade ( replaced , following a separate process , by the Standard Grade ) . An O - level branded qualification is still awarded by Cambridge International Examinations in select locations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Grading 3 Entrants 4 Exam Boards 5 Later developments 6 See also 7 References Structure ( edit ) O - levels were predominantly exam - based ; this had advantages for students in part - time or evening education . Some commentators criticised this mainly exam - based approach as offering only partial proof of the student 's overall ability in comparison with other methods ( e.g. , coursework - based assessment ) . There was no summative `` school certificate '' : each subject was a separate O - level in its own right . Madsen Pirie found that the O - level was advantageous to boys because of exam - based learning . Pirie also observes that the GCSE focus on coursework has disadvantaged boys , reversing the gender gap in attainment , to the degree where in all subjects girls outperform boys , including traditionally male subjects such as sciences and physical education . Grading ( edit ) Initially candidates were only awarded a pass or fail classification , though the independent exam boards soon offered competing numeric and alphabetic classifications , for example 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 would be a pass , while grades 7 , 8 and 9 were fails from the JMB . From 1975 standardized alphabetic grades where introduced with grades A , B , C , D , and E were passes , and f and U ( Unclassified ) were fails . Between 1965 and 1985 grades were allocated primarily on a norm - referenced basis , assigning a fixed proportion of each cohort to each grade ( A 10 % , B 15 % , C 25 - 30 % , D 5 - 10 % , E 5 - 10 % , U 15 - 20 % ) . Though some exceptions existed , both at the subject and Exam Board level , with Latin and Greek pass rates being consistently higher than other subjects , with 75.4 % passing in 1976 , in contrast to an average 59 % pass rate across all subjects e.g. Biology 56.4 % , History 57 % . The pass rate and top awards by the Oxford & Cambridge board were also consistently higher than the other boards e.g. In 1976 , 27 % of Latin entrants gained an A , and ~ 17 % of French , German and Music candidates , this was attributed to the O&C board being primarily used by the Independent schools . The proportion obtaining a pass , A-D , or equivalent was initially fixed at 57 % - 58 % , and remained under 60 % through the 1970s , though there was regional variation with Northern Ireland awarding consistently more pass grades than Wales e.g. In 1982 , the pass rates were : Northern Ireland 62 % , England 58 % Wales 53 % . In 1984 a decision was taken , by the Secondary Examinations Council , to replace the norm referencing with criteria referencing , where 16 + and 18 + grades would in future be awarded on Examiner Judgement , this change was implemented , at O - Level , in June 1986 . In the final year DES statistics were available 6.8 % achieved an A , and 39.8 % an A-C grade . O - levels incorporate an element of negative marking , with marks deducted for incorrect answers , poor spelling , grammar or handwriting . The table below compares the grading under the O Level / CSE system and GCSE system , at the time of the June 1988 introduction and June 1994 / June 2017 revisions of GCSE grading : GCSE Grade O Level Grade CSE Grade 2017 -- 1994 -- 2019 1988 -- 1993 1975 -- 1987 1965 -- 1987 9 A * 8 7 6 5 U 5 U U U U Note that this table does not display correctly on the mobile version of Wikipedia , as it incorrectly shows the match between the 2017 grades and the 1994 grades Green background -- certificate and qualification awarded and considered a ' good pass ' Blue background -- certificate and qualification awarded Red background -- no certificate or qualification awarded Jump up ^ 9 -- 1 grades phased in from 2017 to 2020 , depending on subject Jump up ^ A * -- G grades last used 2016 to 2019 , depending on subject Jump up ^ Before 1975 , each exam board had its own grading system ( some used letters , others numbers ) , with grades only given to schools and not recorded on students ' certificates Entrants ( edit ) The 1978 Waddell Report , when comparing O - Level and CSE entrants stated : `` the O Level examination tending to be aimed at the upper 20 per cent of the full ability range and CSE catering for the next 40 per cent '' , is partially supported by the statistics . For subjects where an equivalent O - level paper existed approximately 36 % of the pupils entered for either exam , after 1976 , sat the O - Level , the remainder ( 64 % ) sat the CSE paper . The proportion taking CSE exams increased following the raising of the minimum school leaving age to 16 , in 1973 , and the subsequent fall in the proportion sitting neither exam e.g. English O - Level and CSE Mathematics entrants 1976 - 9 Year Pupils O - Level Maths Candidates CSE Maths Candidates Total Candidates % Maths Papers : O - Level % Maths Papers : CSE % Pupils entered for Maths - - - - - - 74 1976 - 270,297 377,731 631,927 42.8 57.2 - 1977 751,070 217,560 392,020 609,580 35.7 64.3 81.1 1978 768,460 230,660 414,950 645,610 35.7 64.3 84 1979 781,240 245,500 438,220 683,720 35.9 64.1 87.5 Exam boards ( edit ) The O - Level syllabi , examinations and awards were made by 9 independent boards : Associated Examining Board , Durham University Examinations Board ( dissolved 1964 ) , Joint Matriculation Board , Oxford and Cambridge , Oxford , Southern , Cambridge , London , and Welsh Joint Education Committee Unlike CSE examinations the participating schools had a choice of syllabi and awarding body , and were not required to use a designated local board . Later developments ( edit ) The O - level qualifications in England , Wales and Northern Ireland were replaced by the General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) . However , the O - level brand is still used in many Commonwealth countries , such as Bangladesh , Mauritius , Sri Lanka , and Singapore , instead of or alongside the IGCSE qualifications . Some British schools also reverted to exams based on the O - levels . The Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination was also benchmarked against the O - levels for comparable subjects . But it has switched to benchmark against the IGCSE . The School Certificate of Mauritius continues to use the O - level exams . O - levels continue to thrive as well respected international qualifications for students in other countries , who use them for preparation for advanced study in their own country and / or access higher education overseas . Approximately 12 million candidates from more than 200 countries register annually for O - level examinations across the world . Institutions that offer O - levels include Cambridge International Examinations ( CIE ) . Cambridge International Examinations offers curricula for approximately 40 different subjects . See also ( edit ) Certificate of Secondary Education ( CSE ) Certificate of Secondary Education ( United Kingdom ) ( CSE ) GCE Advanced Level ( A-Level ) ; GCE Ordinary Level ( International ) ( O - Level ) Ordinary Level ( Sri Lanka ) Cambridge International Ordinary Level ( Singapore ) Cambridge International O - Level subjects General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) , which replaced the O Levels and CSE International General Certificate of Secondary Education ( IGCSE ) , which is offered with or instead of O Levels internationally General Certificate of Education ( GCE ) , which comprises O Levels and A-levels School certificate ( SC ) , predecessor to the GCS O - Level and CSE qualifications School Certificate ( United Kingdom ) School Certificate ( Australia ) School Certificate ( New Zealand ) School Certificate ( Mauritius ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Levy , Andrew . `` A * to G grades will be abolished in revamp of GCSEs : Exams will given numbers from one to nine while papers based on pupils ' ability will also be axed '' . Mail Online . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Ron ( 2014 ) ( First published 1991 ) . `` A decade and more of debate '' . Contemporary Debates in Education : An Historical Perspective . New York : Routledge . pp. 21 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 05797 - 5 . OL 1863538M . Jump up ^ Pirie , Masen . `` How exams are fixed in favour of girls '' , The Spectator , 20 January 2001 . Jump up ^ http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Images/tcm21-94640.pdf Jump up ^ In particular see page 88 of the definitive UCAS document at http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ug.admissions/ucasinfo/ukquals07.pdf ^ Jump up to : Geddes , Diana ( 1977 - 08 - 16 ) . `` From borderline to pass , how O level papers are marked '' . The Times ( 60319 ) . Times ( London , England ) . Times ( London , England ) . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Diana , Geddes ( 1978 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Comparison of GCE examination standards gives reassuring evidence , review of 34 studies says . '' . The Times ( 60319 ) . Times ( London , England ) . Times ( London , England ) . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE BACKGROUND TO THE A LEVELS DEBATE '' . UK Parliament . UK Parliament . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` O - levels v GCSEs - how do they compare ? '' . The Telegraph . The Telegraph . 2012 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Waddell , James . `` The Waddell Report - School Examinations '' . Education In England . London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office 1978 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Swann Report ( 1985 ) - Education for All '' . Educationengland . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Cockcroft Report ( 1982 ) - Mathematics counts '' . Education England . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Laura . `` Private schools dump GCSEs in favour of old - style O Levels '' , Daily Mail , 9 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Cambridge O Levels described at CIE 's website Jump up ^ http://www.cie.org.uk/programmes-and-qualifications/cambridge-secondary-2/cambridge-o-level/ ( hide ) Education in England Key Stages Foundation Stage Nursery Playgroup Reception Key Stage 1 Year One Year Two Key Stage 2 Year Three Year Four Year Five Year Six Key Stage 3 Year Seven Year Eight Year Nine Key Stage 4 Year Ten Year Eleven Key Stage 5 Year Twelve Year Thirteen Schooling State - funded schools Independent schools Primary school Infant school Junior school Preparatory school Middle school Secondary school Sixth form college Exams and qualifications 11 - plus GCSE A-Level English Baccalaureate BTEC Regulation Department for Education Ofqual Ofsted Special measures Other Common Entrance Examination Schools ( category ) Former SATs O - Level CSE School Certificate Higher School Certificate GNVQ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GCE_Ordinary_Level_(United_Kingdom)&oldid=798153389 '' Categories : Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom Secondary school qualifications Secondary education in England Secondary education in Wales Secondary education in Northern Ireland Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 08 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did o level grades change from numbers to letters	[ "Initially candidates were only awarded a pass or fail classification, though the independent exam boards soon offered competing numeric and alphabetic classifications, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 would be a pass, while grades 7, 8 and 9 were fails from the JMB. From 1975 standardized alphabetic grades where introduced with grades A, B, C, D, and E were passes, and f and U (Unclassified) were fails.[4][5] Between 1965 and 1985 grades were allocated primarily on a norm-referenced basis, assigning a fixed proportion of each cohort to each grade (A 10%, B 15%, C 25-30%, D 5-10%, E 5-10%, U 15-20%).[6][7] Though some exceptions existed, both at the subject and Exam Board level, with Latin and Greek pass rates being consistently higher than other subjects, with 75.4% passing in 1976, in contrast to an average 59% pass rate across all subjects e.g. Biology 56.4%, History 57%. The pass rate and top awards by the Oxford & Cambridge board were also consistently higher than the other boards e.g. In 1976, 27% of Latin entrants gained an A, and ~17% of French, German and Music candidates, this was attributed to the O&C board being primarily used by the Independent schools.[6] The proportion obtaining a pass, A-D, or equivalent was initially fixed at 57% - 58%, and remained under 60% through the 1970s, though there was regional variation with Northern Ireland awarding consistently more pass grades than Wales e.g. In 1982, the pass rates were: Northern Ireland 62%, England 58% Wales 53%.[6] In 1984 a decision was taken, by the Secondary Examinations Council, to replace the norm referencing with criteria referencing, where 16+ and 18+ grades would in future be awarded on Examiner Judgement,[8] this change was implemented, at O-Level, in June 1986. In the final year DES statistics were available 6.8% achieved an A, and 39.8% an A-C grade." ]	[ "1975" ]
7013697830240193079	Gallipoli Campaign	Gallipoli campaign - wikipedia Gallipoli campaign Jump to : navigation , search `` Battle of Gallipoli '' redirects here . For other uses , see Battle of Gallipoli ( disambiguation ) . `` Dardanelles Campaign '' redirects here . For other uses , see Battle of the Dardanelles . Gallipoli Campaign Part of the Middle Eastern theatre of the First World War A collection of photographs from the campaign . From top and left to right : Ottoman commanders including Mustafa Kemal ( fourth from left ) ; Allied warships ; the view down to Anzac Cove ; Ottoman soldiers in a trench ; and Allied positions . Date 17 February 1915 -- 9 January 1916 ( 10 months , 3 weeks and 2 days ) Location Gallipoli Peninsula , Sanjak of Gelibolu , Adrianople Vilayet , Ottoman Empire Result Ottoman victory Belligerents British Empire Australia India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom France Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Supported by : German Empire Austria - Hungary Commanders and leaders Ian Hamilton Herbert Kitchener John de Robeck William Birdwood Winston Churchill Henri Gouraud Maurice Bailloud Otto von Sanders Enver Pasha Esat Bülkat Cevat Çobanlı Mustafa Kemal Wehib Pasha Fevzi Çakmak Yakup Şevki Subaşı Kazım Karabekir Units involved Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Egyptian Labour Corps Maltese Labour Corps Oriental Expeditionary Corps 5th Army Strength 5 divisions ( initial ) 15 divisions ( final ) Total : 489,000 345,000 British ( including Indians , Irish and Newfoundlanders ) 79,000 French c . 50,000 Australians c . 15,000 New Zealanders Supported by c. 2,000 civilian labourers 6 divisions ( initial ) 16 divisions ( final ) Total : 315,500 Casualties and losses British Empire : 160,790 battle casualties 3,778 + died of disease 90,000 evacuated sick French Empire : 27,169 battle casualties deaths from disease : unknown 20,000 evacuated sick Total : 302,000 casualties Ottoman Empire : 56,643 killed 97,007 wounded or injured 11,178 missing or PoW 64,440 evacuated sick 21,000 died of disease Total : 250,000 casualties Gallipoli Campaign Naval operations Landing at Cape Helles 1st Krithia 2nd Krithia 3rd Krithia Gully Ravine Krithia Vineyard Landing at Anzac Cove Kumkale * 1st Anzac Cove 2nd Anzac Cove 3rd Anzac Cove No. 3 Post Baby 700 Landing at Suvla Bay Sari Bair The Nek Lone Pine Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Hill 60 Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean The Gallipoli Campaign , also known as the Dardanelles Campaign , the Battle of Gallipoli , or the Battle of Çanakkale ( Turkish : Çanakkale Savaşı ) , was a campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula ( Gelibolu in modern Turkey ) in the Ottoman Empire between 17 February 1915 and 9 January 1916 . The peninsula forms the northern bank of the Dardanelles , a strait that provided a sea route to the Russian Empire , one of the Allied powers during the war . Intending to secure it , Russia 's allies , Britain and France , launched a naval attack followed by an amphibious landing on the peninsula , with the aim of capturing the Ottoman capital of Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ) . The naval attack was repelled and after eight months ' fighting , with many casualties on both sides , the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force was withdrawn to Egypt . The campaign was the only major Ottoman victory of the war . In Turkey , it is regarded as a defining moment in the nation 's history , a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire crumbled . The struggle formed the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey eight years later , with Mustafa Kemal ( Kemal Atatürk ) as President , who rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli . The campaign is often considered to be the beginning of Australian and New Zealand national consciousness ; 25 April , the anniversary of the landings , is known as `` Anzac Day '' , the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in the two countries , surpassing Remembrance Day ( Armistice Day ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Ottoman entry into the war 1.2 Allied strategy and the Dardanelles 2 Naval campaign 2.1 Attempt to force the Straits 2.2 18 March 1915 3 Preparations for invasion 3.1 Allied landing preparations 3.2 Ottoman defensive preparations 4 Landings 4.1 Anzac Cove 4.2 Cape Helles 5 Land campaign 5.1 Early battles 5.2 Operations : May 1915 5.3 Ottoman counter-offensive : 19 May 5.4 Operations : June -- July 1915 5.5 August offensive 5.6 Evacuation 6 Aftermath 6.1 Military repercussions 6.2 Political effects 6.3 Casualties 6.3. 1 Sickness 6.3. 2 Graves and memorials 6.4 Subsequent operations 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Ottoman entry into the War ( edit ) Main articles : Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and Ottoman entry into World War I At the beginning of the 20th century , the Ottoman Empire had the reputation of being the `` sick man of Europe '' , weakened by political instability , military defeat and civil strife following a century of slow decline . Also , it had uprisings from minority nationalism . In 1908 , a group of young officers , known as the Young Turks , seized power in Constantinople , while Mehmed V was later installed as a figurehead Sultan in 1909 . The new régime implemented a program of reform to modernise the outdated political and economic system and to redefine the racial make - up of the empire . An enthusiastic supporter , Germany provided significant investment . German diplomats subsequently found increasing influence , despite Britain previously being the predominant power in the region , while German officers assisted in training and re-equipping the army . Despite this support , the economic resources of the Ottoman Empire were depleted by the cost of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 and the French , British and Germans had offered financial aid . A pro-German faction influenced by Enver Pasha , the former Ottoman military attaché in Berlin , opposed the pro-British majority in the Ottoman cabinet and tried to secure closer relations with Germany . In December 1913 , the Germans sent a military mission to Constantinople , headed by General Otto Liman von Sanders . The geographical position of the Ottoman Empire meant that Russia and her allies France and Britain had a significant interest in Turkish neutrality in the event of war in Europe . During the Sarajevo Crisis in 1914 , German diplomats offered Turkey an anti-Russian alliance and territorial gains in Caucasia , north - west Iran and Trans - Caspia . The pro-British faction in the cabinet was isolated due to the British ambassador taking leave until 18 August . As the crisis deepened in Europe , Ottoman policy was to obtain a guarantee of territorial integrity and potential advantages , unaware that the British might enter a European war . On 30 July 1914 , two days after the outbreak of the war in Europe , the Ottoman leaders agreed to form a secret Ottoman - German Alliance against Russia , although it did not require them to undertake military action . On 2 August , the British requisitioned two modern battleships -- Sultân Osmân - ı Evvel and Reşadiye which British shipyards had started building for the Ottoman Navy -- for their own use , alienating pro-British elements in Constantinople , despite the offer of compensation if they remained neutral . This action strained diplomatic relations between the two empires and the German government offered SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau to the Ottoman Navy as replacements , in an attempt to gain influence . The Allies tried to intercept the ships , which escaped when the Ottoman government opened the Dardanelles to allow them passage to Constantinople , despite being required under international law , as a neutral party , to block military shipping . By allowing the German ships to enter the Dardanelles , the Ottomans confirmed their links to Germany . In September , the British naval mission to the Ottomans , which had been established in 1912 under Admiral Arthur Limpus , was recalled due to increasing concern that Turkey would soon enter the war . Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon of the Imperial German Navy took over command of the Ottoman navy . Acting without orders from the Ottoman government , on 27 September the German commander of the Dardanelles fortifications ordered the passage closed , adding to the impression that the Ottomans were `` in the German camp '' . The German naval presence and the success of German armies on all fronts , gave the pro-German faction in the Ottoman government enough influence to declare war on Russia . On 27 October , Goeben and Breslau , having been renamed Yavûz Sultân Selîm and Midilli , sortied into the Black Sea , bombarded the Russian port of Odessa and sank several Russian ships . The Ottomans refused an Allied demand that they expel the German missions and on 31 October 1914 , officially entered the war on the side of the Central Powers . Russia declared war on Turkey on 2 November . The next day , the British ambassador left Constantinople and a British naval squadron off the Dardanelles bombarded the outer defensive forts at Kum Kale on the northern Asian coast and Seddülbahir on the southern tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula . A shell hit a magazine , knocked the guns off their mounts and killed 86 soldiers . Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and the Ottomans declared a jihad ( holy war ) later that month , launching an offensive in the Caucasus against the Russians to regain former Turkish provinces there . Fighting also began in Mesopotamia , following a British landing to occupy the oil facilities in the Persian Gulf . The Ottomans prepared to attack Egypt in early 1915 , aiming to occupy the Suez Canal and cut the Mediterranean route to India and the Far East . The historian Hew Strachan wrote that in hindsight Ottoman belligerence was inevitable , once Goeben and Breslau were allowed into the Dardanelles and that delays after that were caused by Ottoman unreadiness for war and Bulgarian neutrality , rather than uncertainty about policy . Allied strategy and the Dardanelles ( edit ) Sea access to Russia through the Dardanelles ( in yellow ) Before the Dardanelles operation was conceived , the British had planned to conduct an amphibious invasion near Alexandretta on the Mediterranean Sea , an idea originally presented by Boghos Nubar in 1914 . This plan was developed by the Secretary of State for War , Field Marshal Earl Kitchener to sever the capital from Syria , Palestine and Egypt . Alexandretta was an area with a Christian population and was the strategic centre of the Empire 's railway network -- its capture would have cut the empire in two . Vice Admiral Sir Richard Peirse , East Indies Station , ordered Captain Frank Larkin of HMS Doris to Alexandretta on 13 December 1914 . At the same time , in the same area , the Russian cruiser Askold and the French cruiser Requin were performing similar operations . Kitchener was working on the plan as late as March 1915 . This plan was also the beginning of Britain 's successful effort to start an Arab Revolt . The Alexandretta landing was abandoned because militarily it would have required more resources than France could allocate and politically France did not want the British operating in their sphere of influence , a position to which Britain had agreed in 1912 . By late 1914 the war on the Western Front had become a stalemate ; the Franco - British counter-offensive of the First Battle of the Marne had ended and the British had suffered many casualties in the First Battle of Ypres in Flanders . Lines of trenches had been dug by both sides , running from the Swiss border to the English Channel as the war of manoeuvre ended and trench warfare began . The German Empire and Austria - Hungary closed the overland trade routes between Britain and France in the west and Russia in the east . The White Sea in the arctic north and the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East were icebound in winter and distant from the Eastern Front , the Baltic Sea was blockaded by the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial German Navy ) and the entrance to the Black Sea through the Dardanelles was controlled by the Ottoman Empire . While the empire remained neutral supplies could still be sent to Russia through the Dardanelles but prior to the Ottoman entry into the war the straits had been closed and in November they began to mine the waterway . French Minister of Justice Aristide Briand 's proposal in November to attack the Ottoman Empire was rejected and an attempt by the British to pay the Ottomans to join the Allied side also failed . Later that month , Winston Churchill , First Lord of the Admiralty , proposed a naval attack on the Dardanelles , based in part on erroneous reports of Ottoman troop strength . Churchill wanted to use a large number of obsolete battleships , which could not operate against the German High Seas Fleet , in a Dardanelles operation , with a small occupation force provided by the army . It was hoped that an attack on the Ottomans would also draw Bulgaria and Greece ( both formerly ruled by the Ottomans ) into the war on the Allied side . On 2 January 1915 , Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia appealed to Britain for assistance against the Ottomans , who were conducting an offensive in the Caucasus . Planning began for a naval demonstration in the Dardanelles to divert troops from the Caucasian theatre of operations . Naval campaign ( edit ) Main article : Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign Attempt to force the straits ( edit ) Graphic map of the Dardanelles On 17 February 1915 , a British seaplane from HMS Ark Royal flew a reconnaissance sortie over the Straits . Two days later , the first attack on the Dardanelles began when a strong Anglo - French task force , including the British battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth , began a long - range bombardment of Ottoman coastal artillery batteries . The British had intended to use eight aircraft from Ark Royal to spot for the bombardment but harsh conditions rendered all but one of these , a Short Type 136 , unserviceable . A period of bad weather slowed the initial phase but by 25 February the outer forts had been reduced and the entrance cleared of mines . After this , Royal Marines were landed to destroy guns at Kum Kale and Seddülbahir , while the naval bombardment shifted to batteries between Kum Kale and Kephez . Frustrated by the mobility of the Ottoman batteries , which evaded the Allied bombardments and threatened the minesweepers sent to clear the Straits , Churchill began pressuring the naval commander , Admiral Sackville Carden , to increase the fleet 's efforts . Carden drew up fresh plans and on 4 March sent a cable to Churchill , stating that the fleet could expect to arrive in Constantinople within 14 days . A sense of impending victory was heightened by the interception of a German wireless message that revealed the Ottoman Dardanelles forts were running out of ammunition . When the message was relayed to Carden , it was agreed a main attack would be launched on or around 17 March . It transpired that Carden , suffering from stress , was placed on the sick list by the medical officer and command was taken over by Admiral John de Robeck . 18 March 1915 ( edit ) Panoramic view of the Allied fleet in the Dardanelles On 18 March 1915 , the main attack was launched by the Allied fleet , comprising 18 battleships with a supporting array of cruisers and destroyers , against the narrowest point of the Dardanelles , where the straits are 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide . Despite some damage to the Allied ships engaging the forts caused by Ottoman fire , minesweepers were ordered to proceed along the straits . According to an account by the Ottoman General Staff , by 2 : 00 p.m. `` all telephone wires were cut , all communications with the forts were interrupted , some of the guns had been knocked out ... in consequence the artillery fire of the defence had slackened considerably '' . The French battleship Bouvet was sunk by a mine , causing it to capsize with her crew of over 600 still aboard . Minesweepers manned by civilians , retreated under the constant fire of Ottoman guns , leaving the minefields largely intact . HMS Irresistible and HMS Inflexible were critically damaged by mines and sunk , although there was confusion during the battle about the cause of the damage -- some blamed torpedoes . HMS Ocean , sent to rescue the Irresistible , was also damaged by an explosion and eventually sank . The French battleships Suffren and Gaulois were also damaged ; the ships had sailed through a new line of mines placed secretly by the Ottoman minelayer Nusret ten days before . The losses forced de Robeck to sound the `` general recall '' to protect what remained of his force . During the planning of the campaign , naval losses had been anticipated and so it was mainly obsolete battleships , which were unfit to face the German fleet , that had been sent . Some of the senior naval officers , such as the commander of Queen Elizabeth , Commodore Roger Keyes , felt that they had come close to victory , believing that the Ottoman guns had almost run out of ammunition but the views of de Robeck , the First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher and others prevailed . This ended Allied attempts to force the straits using naval power , due to unacceptable losses and bad weather . Planning to capture the Turkish defences by land began and two Allied submarines tried to traverse the Dardanelles but were lost to mines and the strong currents . Preparations for invasion ( edit ) Allied landing preparations ( edit ) Main article : Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign French troops land at Lemnos , 1915 . After the failure of the naval attacks , troops were assembled to eliminate the Ottoman mobile artillery , which was preventing the Allied minesweepers from clearing the way for the larger vessels . Kitchener appointed General Sir Ian Hamilton to command the 78,000 men of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force ( MEF ) . Soldiers from the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) and New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) were encamped in Egypt , undergoing training prior to being sent to France . The Australian and New Zealand troops were formed into the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC Corps , Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood ) , comprising the volunteer 1st Australian Division and the New Zealand and Australian Division . The ANZAC troops were joined by the regular 29th Division and the Royal Naval Division . The French Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient ( Orient Expeditionary Corps ) , consisting of metropolitan and colonial troops , was subsequently placed under Hamilton 's command . Over the following month , Hamilton prepared his plan and the British and French divisions joined the Australians in Egypt . Hamilton chose to concentrate on the southern part of the Gallipoli peninsula at Cape Helles and Seddülbahir , where an unopposed landing was expected . The Allies initially discounted the fighting ability of the Ottoman soldiers . The naïveté of the Allied planners was illustrated by a leaflet that was issued to the British and Australians while they were still in Egypt , Turkish soldiers as a rule manifest their desire to surrender by holding their rifle butt upward and by waving clothes or rags of any colour . An actual white flag should be regarded with the utmost suspicion as a Turkish soldier is unlikely to possess anything of that colour . The underestimation of Ottoman military potential stemmed from a `` sense of superiority '' among the Allies , because of the decline of the Ottoman Empire and its poor performance in Libya in 1911 and the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 . Allied intelligence failed to adequately prepare for the campaign , in some cases relying on information gained from Egyptian travel guides . The troops for the assault were loaded on transports in the order they were to disembark , causing a long delay which meant that many troops , including the French at Mudros , were forced to detour to Alexandria to embark on the ships that would take them into battle . A five - week delay until the end of April ensued , when the Ottomans strengthen their defences on the peninsula , although bad weather during March and April might have delayed the landings anyway ; preventing supply and reinforcement . Following preparations in Egypt , Hamilton and his headquarters staff arrived at Mudros on 10 April . The ANZAC Corps departed Egypt in early April and assembled on the island of Lemnos in Greece on 12 April , where a small garrison had been established in early March and practice landings were undertaken . The British 29th Division departed for Mudros on 7 April and the Royal Naval Division rehearsed on the island of Skyros , after arriving there on 17 April . That day , the British submarine HMS E15 ( Captain T.S. Brodie ) , tried to run the straits but hit a submarine net , ran aground and was shelled by a Turkish fort , killing Brodie and six of the crew ; the survivors were forced to surrender . The Allied fleet and British and French troops assembled at Mudros , ready for the landings but poor weather from 19 March grounded Allied aircraft for nine days and on 24 days only a partial programme of reconnaissance flights were possible . Ottoman defensive preparations ( edit ) Dispositions of the Ottoman 5th Army The Ottoman force prepared to repel a landing on either side of the Straits was the 5th Army . This force , which initially consisted of five divisions with another en route , was a conscript force , commanded by von Sanders . Many of the senior officers in the 5th Army were also German . Ottoman commanders and senior German officers debated the best means of defending the peninsula . All agreed that the best defence was to hold the high ground on the ridges of the peninsula . There was disagreement as to where the enemy would land and hence where to concentrate forces . Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal was familiar with the Gallipoli peninsula from his operations against Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and forecast that Cape Helles ( the southern tip of the peninsula ) and Gaba Tepe were the likely areas for landing . Kemal believed that the British would use their naval power to command the land from every side at the tip of the peninsula ; at Gaba Tepe , the short distance to the eastern coast meant that the Allies could easily reach the Narrows ( the right - angled bend in the middle of the Dardanelles ) . Sanders considered Besika Bay on the Asiatic coast to be the most vulnerable to invasion , since the terrain was easier to cross and was convenient to attack the most important Ottoman batteries guarding the straits and a third of the 5th Army was assembled there . Two divisions were concentrated at Bulair at the north end of the Gallipoli peninsula , to protect supply and communication lines to the defences further down the peninsula . The 19th Division ( Kemal ) and the 9th Division were placed along the Aegean coast and at Cape Helles on the tip of the peninsula . Sanders kept the bulk of the Ottoman forces inland in reserve , leaving a minimum of troops guarding the coast . The 3rd Division and a cavalry brigade arrived from Constantinople in early April , bringing the front line strength of the Ottomans up to 60,000 -- 62,077 men , which Sanders concentrated in three groups . A maximum effort to improve land and sea communications was ordered to move reinforcements swiftly to danger points and troops moved at night to avoid Allied air reconnaissance . Sanders ' strategy was opposed by Ottoman commanders , including Kemal , who believed that the defenders were too widely dispersed to defeat the invasion on the beaches . Sanders was certain that a rigid system of defence would fail and that the only hope of success lay in the mobility of the three groups , particularly the 19th Division near Boghali , in general reserve , ready to move to Bulair , Gaba Tepe or the Asiatic shore . Heavy artillery from the German armoured cruiser Roon , 1915 The time needed by the British to organise the landings meant that Sanders , Colonel Hans Kannengiesser and other German officers , supported by III Corps commander Esat Pasha , had more time to prepare their defences . Sanders later noted , `` the British allowed us four good weeks of respite for all this work before their great disembarkation ... This respite just sufficed for the most indispensable measures to be taken . '' Roads were constructed , small boats built to carry troops and equipment across the Narrows , beaches were wired and improvised mines were constructed from torpedo warheads . Trenches and gun emplacements were dug along the beaches and troops went on route marches to avoid lethargy . Kemal , whose 19th Division was vital to the defensive scheme , observed the beaches and awaited signs of an invasion from his post at Boghali , near Maidos . The Ottomans created a small air force with German assistance and had four aircraft operating around Çanakkale in February , conducting reconnaissance and army co-operation sorties , From 11 April , an Ottoman aircraft made frequent flights over Mudros , keeping watch on the assembly of the British naval force and an airfield was established near Gallipoli . Landings ( edit ) Main articles : Landing at Anzac Cove and Landing at Cape Helles Landing at Gallipoli , April 1915 The Allies planned to land and secure the northern shore , to capture the Ottoman forts and artillery batteries there so that a naval force could advance through the Narrows and the Sea of Marmara towards Constantinople . Scheduled for 23 April but postponed until 25 April due to bad weather , landings were to be made at six beaches on the peninsula . The 29th Division was to land at Helles on the tip of the peninsula and then advance upon the forts at Kilitbahir . The Anzacs , with the 3rd Infantry Brigade spearheading the assault , were to land north of Gaba Tepe on the Aegean coast , from where they could advance across the peninsula , cutting off the Ottoman troops in Kilitbahir . The small cove in and around which they landed became known as `` Anzac Cove '' . This sector of the Gallipoli Peninsula became known as Anzac ; the area held by the British and French became known as the Helles sector or Helles . The French made a diversionary landing at Kum Kale on the Asian shore before re-embarking , to hold the eastern area of the Helles sector . The Royal Naval Division simulated landing preparations at Bulair as a diversion and a New Zealand officer , Bernard Freyberg , swam ashore under fire to light flares , to distract the defenders from the real landings ; Freyberg was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order . Arrangements for naval gunfire support to the landings , had originally included bombarding the beaches and approaches but was changed to engagement of the ridges during the landings , with the beaches only to be shelled prior to the landings . No decision was ultimately made on the issue of close - support , and it was left up to the initiative of individual ships ' captains . A reluctance to approach the shore later impacted on landings at ' V ' and ' W ' beach where some of the heaviest losses among the infantry occurred , while naval gunfire was of some assistance at ' S ' , ' X ' and Anzac . Even then its effectiveness was limited by the initial confusion ashore , the broken terrain , thick vegetation , and the lack of observation . Kitchener had ruled that air requirements must be met by the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) and the Allies employed a small force of seaplanes and other aircraft from 3 Squadron , RNAS ( Commander Charles Samson ) which arrived at Tenedos at the end of March . The aircraft were unopposed by the small Ottoman air force at first and during the planning , the force had been used to provide aerial reconnaissance , although this ultimately proved inadequate to meet the Allies ' intelligence needs and make up for the lack of adequate maps . After the landings , Allied aircraft conducted photographic reconnaissance , observed naval gunfire , reported on Ottoman troop movements and conducted a small number of bombing raids . Anzac Cove ( edit ) Allocated the northern landing , Birdwood 's force included the 1st Australian Division ( Major General William Bridges ) and the New Zealand and Australian Division ( Major General Sir Alexander Godley ) , a force of about 25,000 men . The force was to land and advance inland to cut the lines of communication to the Ottoman forces in the south . The 1st Australian Division would land first , with the 3rd Infantry Brigade first as a covering force moving inland to establish positions on Gun Ridge . The 2nd Infantry Brigade was to follow and to capture the higher ground on Sari Bair . The 1st Infantry Brigade would land last as the divisional reserve . The New Zealand and Australian Division was to come ashore and form up to advance across the peninsula . The force was to assemble at night and land at dawn to surprise the defenders and on the evening of 24 April , the covering force embarked on battleships and destroyers , with the follow on forces in on transports . The troops would disembark from the transports into ships ' boats and be towed close to the shore by steamboats and then row ashore . Landing of the covering force from battleships ( red ) and destroyers ( orange ) at Anzac Cove , 25 April 1915 At 04 : 00 on the morning of 25 April the first wave of troops from the 3rd Brigade began moving towards the shore on lighters and the ships ' boats . The covering force landed approximately 1.2 miles ( 2 km ) too far north , in a bay just south of Ari Burnu , due to undetected currents or a navigational error . The landing was more difficult , over ground which rose steeply from the beaches , unlike the objective to the south , which was more open . The landing site was garrisoned by only two Ottoman companies but from positions on commanding ground the Ottomans inflict numerous casualties on the Australians before being overcome . The broken terrain prevented a coordinated drive inland , with the Australians on unfamiliar ground and with inaccurate maps . In the maze of steep ravines , spurs and dense scrub , Australian parties that got forward quickly lost contact and were broken up into small groups . Some Australian troops reached the second ridge but fewer still reached their objectives and having become dispersed , the covering force could provide little support to the follow - up force . The 1st and 2nd Brigades , then the New Zealand and Australian Division , landed on the beaches around Ari Burnu but became entangled , which took time to reorganise . About four hours after the landings began , the bulk of the 1st Australian Division was ashore safely and its leading elements were pushing inland . By mid-morning Kemal had reorganised the defenders for a counter-attack on the commanding heights of Chunuk Bair and Sari Bair . The right flank of the small lodgement taken by the Australians was driven in at 10 : 30 a.m. , with most of 400 Plateau being lost . During the afternoon and evening the left flank was pushed back from Baby 700 and the Nek . By evening , Bridges and Godley recommended re-embarkation ; Birdwood agreed but after advice from the navy that re-embarkation was impossible , Hamilton ordered the troops dig - in instead . The Ottoman counter-attack was eventually repulsed and the Australians established a perimeter roughly from Walker 's Ridge in the north to Shell Green in the south . Anzac casualties on the first day numbered around 2,000 men killed or wounded . The failure to secure the high ground led to a tactical stalemate , with the landings contained by the defenders in a perimeter less than 1.2 mi ( 2 km ) long . The Australian submarine HMAS AE2 ( Lieutenant Commander Henry Stoker ) penetrated the Straits on the night of 24 / 25 April . As landings began at Cape Helles and Anzac Cove at dawn on 25 April , AE2 reached Chanak by 06 : 00 and torpedoed a Turkish gunboat believed to be a Peyk - i Şevket - class cruiser and evaded a destroyer . The submarine ran aground beneath a Turkish fort but the Ottoman gunners could not bring their guns to bear and AE2 was manoeuvred free . Shortly after refloating , the periscope was sighted by a Turkish battleship firing over the peninsula at Allied landing sites and the ship ceased fire and withdrew . AE2 advanced toward the Sea of Marmara and at 08 : 30 Stoker decided to rest the boat on the seabed until nightfall . At around 21 : 00 , AE2 surfaced to recharge batteries and sent a wireless report to the fleet . The landing at Cape Helles was going well but the landing at Anzac Cove was not as successful and the Anzac commander , Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood , contemplated the re-embarkation of his troops . The success of AE2 was a consideration in Birdwood deciding to persist and reports about AE2 were relayed to the soldiers ashore to improve morale . Stoker was ordered to `` generally run amok '' and with no enemies in sight , he sailed into the Sea of Marmara , where AE2 cruised for five days to give the impression of greater numbers and made several attacks against Ottoman ships , which failed because of mechanical problems with the torpedoes . Cape Helles ( edit ) The Helles landing was made by the 29th Division ( Major General Aylmer Hunter - Weston ) . The division landed on five beaches in an arc about the tip of the peninsula , named ' S ' , ' V ' , ' W ' , ' X ' and ' Y ' Beaches from east to west . On 1 May , the 29th Indian Brigade ( including the 1 / 6th Gurkha Rifles ) landed , took and secured Sari Bair above the landing beaches and was joined by the 1st / 5th and the 2nd / 10th Gurkha battalions ; the Zion Mule Corps landed at Helles on 27 April . At ' Y ' Beach , during the first engagement , the First Battle of Krithia , the Allies landed unopposed and advanced inland . There were only a small number of defenders in the village but lacking orders to exploit the position , the ' Y ' Beach commander withdrew his force to the beach . It was as close as the Allies ever came to capturing the village as the Ottomans brought up a battalion of the 25th Regiment , checking any further movement . Cape Helles landing beaches The main landings were made at ' V ' Beach , beneath the old Seddülbahir fortress and at ' W ' Beach , a short distance to the west on the other side of the Helles headland . The covering force of Royal Munster Fusiliers and Hampshires landed from a converted collier , SS River Clyde , which was run aground beneath the fortress so that the troops could disembark along ramps . The Royal Dublin Fusiliers landed at ' V ' Beach and the Lancashire Fusiliers at ' W ' Beach in open boats , on a shore overlooked by dunes and obstructed with barbed wire . On both beaches the Ottoman defenders occupied good defensive positions and inflicted many casualties on the British infantry as they landed . Troops emerging one by one from sally ports on River Clyde were shot by machine - gunners at the Seddülbahir fort and of the first 200 soldiers to disembark , 21 men reached the beach . The Ottoman defenders were too few to defeat the landing but inflicted many casualties and contained the attack close to the shore . By the morning of 25 April , out of ammunition and with nothing but bayonets to meet the attackers on the slopes leading up from the beach to the heights of Chunuk Bair , the 57th Infantry Regiment received orders from Kemal `` I do not order you to fight , I order you to die . In the time which passes until we die , other troops and commanders can come forward and take our places . '' and every man of the regiment was either killed or wounded . At ' W ' Beach , thereafter known as Lancashire Landing , the Lancashires were able to overwhelm the defenders despite the loss of 600 casualties from 1,000 men , about 70 percent casualties . Six awards of the Victoria Cross were made among the Lancashires at ' W ' Beach . A further six Victoria Crosses were awarded among the infantry and sailors at the ' V ' Beach landing and three more were awarded the following day as they fought their way inland . Five squads of Ottoman infantry led by Sergeant Yahya distinguished themselves by repulsing several attacks on their hilltop position , the defenders eventually disengaging under cover of darkness . After the landings , so few men remained from the Dublin and Munster Fusiliers that they were amalgamated into The Dubsters . Only one Dubliner officer survived the landing , while of the 1,012 Dubliners who landed , just 11 survived the Gallipoli campaign unscathed . After the landings , little was done by the Allies to exploit the situation , apart from a few limited advances inland by small groups of men . The Allied attack lost momentum and the Ottomans had time to bring up reinforcements and rally the small number of defending troops . Land campaign ( edit ) Early Battles ( edit ) Anzac , the landing 1915 by George Lambert , 1922 shows the landing at Anzac Cove , 25 April 1915 On the afternoon of 27 April , the 19th Division , reinforced by six battalions from the 5th Division , counter-attacked the six Allied brigades at Anzac . With the support of naval gunfire , the Allies held back the Ottomans throughout the night . The following day the British were joined by French troops transferred from Kum Kale on the Asiatic shore to the right of the line near ' S ' Beach at Morto Bay . On 28 April , the Allies fought the First Battle of Krithia to capture the village . Hunter - Weston made a plan which proved overly complex and was poorly communicated to the commanders in the field . The troops of the 29th Division were still exhausted and unnerved by the battles for the beaches and for Seddülbahir village , which was captured after much fighting on 26 April . The Ottoman defenders stopped the Allied advance halfway between the Helles headland and Krithia around 6 : 00 p.m. , having inflicted 3,000 casualties . As Ottoman reinforcements arrived , the possibility of a swift Allied victory on the peninsula disappeared and the fighting at Helles and Anzac became a battle of attrition . On 30 April , the Royal Naval Division ( Major General Archibald Paris ) landed . The same day , Kemal , believing that the Allies were on the verge of defeat , began moving troops forward through Wire Gulley , near the 400 Plateau and Lone Pine . Eight battalions of reinforcements were dispatched from Constantinople a day later and that afternoon , Ottoman troops counter-attacked at Helles and Anzac . The Ottomans briefly broke through in the French sector but the attacks were repulsed by massed Allied machine - gun fire , which inflicted many casualties on the attackers . The following night , Birdwood ordered the New Zealand and Australian Division to attack from Russell 's Top and Quinn 's Post towards Baby 700 . The Australian 4th Infantry Brigade ( Colonel John Monash ) , the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and Royal Marines from the Chatham Battalion took part in the attack . Covered by a naval and artillery barrage , the troops advanced a short distance during the night but got separated in the dark . The attackers came under massed small - arms fire from their exposed left flank and were repulsed , having suffered about 1,000 casualties . HMAS AE2 On 30 April , the submarine AE2 began to rise uncontrollably and surfaced near the Ottoman torpedo boat Sultanhisar , then dropped precipitously below the safe diving depth , then broke the surface again at the stern . Sultanhisar immediately fired on the submarine , puncturing the pressure hull . Stoker ordered the company to abandon ship , scuttled the submarine and the crew was taken prisoner . AE2 's achievements showed that it was possible to force the Straits and soon Ottoman communications were badly disrupted by British and French submarine operations . On 27 April , HMS E14 ( Lieutenant Commander Edward Boyle ) , entered the Sea of Marmara on a three - week patrol , which became one of the most successful Allied naval actions of the campaign , in which four ships were sunk , including the transport Gul Djemal which was carrying 6,000 troops and a field battery to Gallipoli . While the quantity and value of the shipping sunk was minor , the effect on Ottoman communications and morale was significant ; Boyle was awarded the Victoria Cross . Following the success of AE2 and E14 , the French submarine Joule attempted the passage on 1 May but struck a mine and was lost with all hands . ( Several weeks earlier another French boat , Saphir , had been lost after running aground near Nagara Point . ) Operations : May 1915 ( edit ) On 5 May , the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division was dispatched from Egypt . Believing Anzac to be secure , Hamilton moved the Australian 2nd Infantry Brigade and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , along with 20 Australian field guns , to the Helles front as reserves for the Second Battle of Krithia . Involving a force of 20,000 men , it was the first general attack at Helles and was planned for daylight . French troops were to capture Kereves Dere and the British , Australians and New Zealanders were assigned Krithia and Achi Baba . After 30 minutes of artillery preparation , the assault began at mid-morning on 6 May . The British and French advanced along the Gully , Fir Tree , Krithia and Kereves spurs which were separated by deep gullies , fortified by the Ottomans . As the attackers advanced , they became separated when trying to outflank Ottoman strongpoints and found themselves in unfamiliar terrain . Under artillery and then machine - gun fire from Ottoman outposts that had not been spotted by British aerial reconnaissance , the attack was stopped ; next day , reinforcements resumed the advance . Ottoman machine - gun teams equipped with MG 08s The attack continued on 7 May and four battalions of New Zealanders attacked up Krithia Spur on 8 May ; with the 29th Division the attackers managed to reach a position just south of the village . Late in the afternoon , the Australian 2nd Brigade advanced quickly over open ground to the British front line . Amidst small arms and artillery - fire , the brigade charged towards Krithia and gained 600 metres ( 660 yd ) , about 400 metres ( 440 yd ) short of the objective , with 1,000 casualties . Near Fir Tree Spur , the New Zealanders managed to get forward and link up with the Australians , although the British were held up and the French were exhausted , despite having occupied a point overlooking their objective . The attack was suspended and the Allies dug in , having failed to take Krithia or Achi Baba . A brief period of consolidation followed ; the Allies had almost run out of ammunition , particularly for the artillery and both sides consolidated their defences . The Ottomans relieved troops opposite the Australian line , which was reinforced by the Australian Light Horse operating as infantry . Sporadic fighting continued , with sniping , grenade attacks and raids , the opposing trenches separated in places by only a few metres . The Australians lost a number of officers to sniping , including the commander of the 1st Division , Major General William Bridges , who was wounded while inspecting a 1st Light Horse Regiment position near `` Steele 's Post '' and died of his injuries on the hospital ship HMHS Gascon on 18 May . Ottoman counter-offensive : 19 May ( edit ) Main article : Third attack on Anzac Cove On 19 May , 42,000 Ottoman troops launched an attack at Anzac to push the 17,000 Australians and New Zealanders back into the sea . Short of artillery and ammunition , the Ottomans intended to rely on surprise and weight of numbers but on 18 May , the crews of a flight of British aircraft spotted the Ottoman preparations . The Ottomans suffered c. 13,000 casualties in the attack , of which 3,000 men were killed ; Australian and New Zealand casualties were 160 killed and 468 wounded . The dead included a stretcher bearer , John Simpson Kirkpatrick , whose efforts to evacuate wounded men on a donkey while under fire became famous amongst the Australians at Anzac ; afterwards , his story becoming part of the Australian narrative of the campaign . Ottoman losses were so severe that a truce was organised by Aubrey Herbert and others on 24 May , to bury the dead lying in no man 's land , which led to a camaraderie between the armies , much like the Christmas truce of 1914 on the Western Front . The truce was not repeated formally . Esat Pasha delivering orders to the batteries at Anzac Cove The British advantage in naval artillery diminished after the battleship HMS Goliath was torpedoed on 13 May by Ottoman destroyer Muâvenet - i Millîye . A German submarine , U-21 , sank HMS Triumph on 25 May and HMS Majestic on 27 May . More British reconnaissance patrols were flown around Gallipoli and U-21 was forced to leave the area but ignorant of this , the Allies withdrew most of their warships to Imbros , where they were `` protectively tethered '' between sorties , which greatly reduced Allied naval firepower , particularly in the Helles sector . The submarine HMS E11 ( Lieutenant Commander Martin Nasmith , later awarded a Victoria Cross ) passed through the Dardanelles on 18 May and sank or disabled eleven ships , including three on 23 May , before entering Constantinople harbour , firing on a transport alongside the arsenal , sinking a gunboat and damaging the wharf . The Ottoman forces lacked artillery ammunition and field batteries were only able to fire c. 18,000 shells between early May and the first week of June . After the defeat of the counter-attack at Anzac in mid-May , the Ottoman forces ceased frontal assaults . Late in the month , the Ottomans began tunnelling around `` Quinn 's Post '' in the Anzac sector and early in the morning of 29 May , despite Australian counter-mining , detonated a mine and attacked with a battalion from the 14th Regiment . The Australian 15th Battalion was forced back but counter-attacked and recaptured the ground later in the day , before being relieved by New Zealand troops . Operations at Anzac in early June returned to consolidation , minor engagements and skirmishing with grenades and sniper - fire . Operations : June -- July 1915 ( edit ) A French colonial gunners in action with a 75 mm gun , near Seddülbahir during the Third Battle of Krithia , 4 June 1915 In the Helles sector , which had been extensively entrenched by both sides , the Allies attacked Krithia and Achi Baba again , in the Third Battle of Krithia on 4 June , with the 29th Division , Royal Naval Division , 42nd Division and two French divisions . The attack was repulsed and with it , the possibility of a decisive breakthrough ended ; trench warfare resumed , with objectives being measured in hundreds of yards . Casualties were approximately 25 percent on both sides ; the British lost 4,500 from 20,000 men and the French 2,000 casualties from 10,000 troops . Ottoman losses were 9,000 casualties according to the Turkish Official History and 10,000 according to another account . In June , a seaplane carrier HMS Ben - my - Chree arrived and the Allied air effort increased from a squadron to No. 3 Wing RNAS . The 52nd ( Lowland ) Division also landed at Helles in preparation for the Battle of Gully Ravine , which began on 28 June and achieved a local success , which advanced the British line along the left ( Aegean ) flank of the battlefield . Sanders credited the defence to two Ottoman officers , Faik Pasa and Albay Refet . On 30 June , the French commander , Henri Gouraud who had earlier replaced Albert d'Amade , was wounded and replaced by his divisional commander , Maurice Bailloud . Between 1 and 5 July , the Ottomans counter-attacked the new British line several times but failed to regain the lost ground . Ottoman casualties for the period were estimated at 14,000 men . On 12 July , two fresh brigades from the 52nd Division attacked at the centre of the line along Achi Baba Nullah ( Bloody Valley ) , gained very little ground and lost 2,500 casualties out of 7,500 men ; the Royal Naval Division had 600 casualties and French losses were 800 men . Ottoman losses were about 9,000 casualties and 600 prisoners . At sea , the submarine E14 made two voyages into the Marmara . The third tour began on 21 July , when E14 passed through the straits despite a new anti-submarine net placed near the Narrows . The next attempt was made by Mariotte on 27 July , which was caught in the net , forced to the surface and bombarded by shore batteries ; Mariotte was scuttled . On 8 August , E11 torpedoed the battleship Barbaros Hayreddin with the loss of 253 men and sank a gunboat , seven transports and 23 sailing vessels . August offensive ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Sari Bair , Battle of Krithia Vineyard , Battle of Lone Pine , Battle of Chunuk Bair , Battle of the Nek , Battle of Scimitar Hill , and Battle of Hill 60 ( Gallipoli ) Australian light horseman using a periscope rifle The failure of the Allies to capture Krithia or make any progress on the Helles front , led Hamilton to form a new plan to secure the Sari Bair Range of hills at the Battle of Sari Bair and capture high ground on Hill 971 in the Battle of Chunuk Bair . Both sides had been reinforced , the original five Allied divisions having been increased to fifteen and first six Ottoman divisions to sixteen . The Allies planned to land two fresh infantry divisions from IX Corps at Suvla , 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) north of Anzac , followed by an advance on Sari Bair from the north - west . At Anzac , an offensive would be made against the Sari Bair range by advancing through rough and thinly defended terrain , north of the Anzac perimeter . This would be achieved by an attack on Baby 700 from the Nek by dismounted Australian light horsemen from the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , in concert with an attack on Chunuk Bair summit by New Zealanders from the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , who would traverse Rhododendron Ridge , the Apex and the Farm . Hill 971 would be attacked by Gurkhas of the 29th Indian Brigade and the Australians of the 4th Infantry Brigade . The Allies had 40 aircraft , mainly from 3 Wing RNAS at Imbros , which had replaced its Voisins with Farmans and Nieuport Xs ; Escadrille MF98T had also been established at Tenedos . The Ottomans had 20 aircraft , of which eight were stationed at Çanakkale . Allied aircraft made reconnaissance flights , spotted for naval guns and conducted low - level bombing of Ottoman reserves as they were brought up to the battlefield . Allied aircraft also undertook anti-shipping operations in the Gulf of Saros , where a seaplane from HMS Ben - my - Chree sank an Ottoman tug with an air - launched torpedo . Captain Leslie Morshead in a trench at Lone Pine after the battle , looking at Australian and Ottoman dead on the parapet The landing at Suvla Bay took place on the night of 6 August against light opposition ; the British commander , Lieutenant General Frederick Stopford , had limited his early objectives and then failed to forcefully push his demands for an advance inland and little more than the beach was seized . The Ottomans were able to occupy the Anafarta Hills , preventing the British from penetrating inland , which contained the landings and reduced the Suvla front to static trench warfare . The offensive was preceded on the evening of 6 August by diversions , at Helles , where the Battle of Krithia Vineyard became another costly stalemate . At Anzac , the diversionary Battle of Lone Pine , led by the Australian 1st Infantry Brigade , captured the main Ottoman trench line , to divert Ottoman forces but the attacks at Chunuk Bair and Hill 971 failed . The New Zealand Infantry Brigade came within 500 metres ( 550 yd ) of the near peak of Chunuk Bair by dawn on 7 August but was not able to seize the summit until the following morning . On the morning of 7 August , the Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade attacked on a narrow front at the Nek , to coincide with the New Zealand attack from Chunuk Bair against the rear of the Ottoman defences . The opening artillery barrage lifted seven minutes too soon , which alerted the Ottomans and the attack was a costly failure . An attack on Hill 971 never took place after the Australian 4th Infantry Brigade and an Indian brigade lost direction during the night . Attempts to resume the attack were easily repulsed by the Ottoman defenders , at great cost to the Allies . The New Zealanders held out on Chunuk Bair for two days before being relieved by two New Army battalions from the Wiltshire and Loyal North Lancashire Regiments but an Ottoman counterattack on 10 August , led by Mustafa Kemal , swept them from the heights . Of 760 men in the New Zealand Wellington Battalion who reached the summit , 711 became casualties . With the Ottoman recapture of the ground , the Allies ' best chance of victory was lost . The Suvla landing was reinforced by the arrival of the 10th ( Irish ) Division on 7 August , the 53rd ( Welsh ) Division , which began landing on 8 August , the 54th ( East Anglian ) Division arriving late on 10 August and the dismounted yeomanry of the 2nd Mounted Division on 18 August . On 12 August the 54th Division attacked Kavak Tepe and Tekke Tepe , crossing the Anafarta Plain . The attack failed and Hamilton briefly considered the evacuation of Suvla and Anzac . Australian troops charging an Ottoman trench , just before the evacuation at Anzac Elements of the new Australian 2nd Division began arriving at Anzac from Egypt with the 5th Infantry Brigade landing from 19 -- 20 August and the 6th Brigade and 7th Brigade arriving in early September . The 29th Division was also shifted from Helles to Suvla . The final British attempt to resuscitate the offensive came on 21 August , in the Battle of Scimitar Hill and the Battle of Hill 60 . Control of the hills would have united the Anzac and Suvla fronts but the attacks failed . On 17 August , Hamilton had requested another 95,000 troops but a day earlier , the French had announced plans to Kitchener for an autumn offensive in France . A meeting of the Dardanelles Committee on 20 August determined that the French offensive would be supported by a maximum effort , which left only about 25,000 reinforcements for the Dardanelles . On 23 August , after news of the failure at Scimitar Hill , Hamilton went onto the defensive as Bulgarian entry into the war , which would allow the Germans to rearm the Turkish army , was imminent and left little opportunity for the resumption of offensive operations . On 20 September 1915 , the Newfoundland Regiment was deployed at Suvla Bay with the 29th Division . On 25 September , Kitchener detached two British and one French division for service in Salonika in Greece , which was the beginning of the end of the Allied campaign at Gallipoli . Alan Moorehead wrote that during the stalemate , an old Ottoman batman was regularly permitted to hang his platoon 's washing on the barbed wire undisturbed and that there was a `` constant traffic '' of gifts being thrown across no - man 's land , dates and sweets from the Ottoman side and cans of beef and packs of cigarettes from the Allied side . Conditions at Gallipoli grew worse for everyone as summer heat and poor sanitation resulted in an explosion in the fly population . Eating became extremely difficult as unburied corpses became bloated and putrid . The precarious Allied lodgements were poorly situated , which caused supply and shelter problems . A dysentery epidemic spread through the Allied trenches at Anzac and Helles , while the Ottomans also suffered heavily from disease which resulted in many deaths . Evacuation ( edit ) The Serbian defeat in the Serbian Campaign in autumn 1915 , prompted France and Britain to transfer troops from the Gallipoli Campaign to Greek Macedonia . The Macedonian Front was established to support the remnants of the Serbian army to conquer Vardar Macedonia . After the failure of the August Offensive , the Gallipoli campaign drifted . Ottoman success began to affect public opinion in Britain , with criticism of Hamilton 's performance being smuggled out by Keith Murdoch , Ellis Ashmead - Bartlett and other reporters . Stopford and other dissident officers also contributed to the air of gloom and the possibility of evacuation was raised on 11 October 1915 . Hamilton resisted the suggestion , fearing the damage to British prestige but was sacked shortly afterwards and replaced by Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro . Autumn and winter brought relief from the heat but also led to gales , blizzards and flooding , resulting in men drowning and freezing to death , while thousands suffered frostbite . Troops from the Royal Irish Fusiliers serving in Gallipoli in Autumn 1915 On 4 September , the submarine E7 was caught in the Ottoman anti-submarine net as it began another tour . Despite such reverses , by mid-September , Allied nets and mines had closed the eastern entrance to the Dardanelles to German U-boats and U-21 was thwarted when it tried to pass the straits to Constantinople on 13 September . The first French submarine to enter the Sea of Marmara was Turquoise but it was forced to turn back ; on 30 October , when returning through the straits , it ran aground beneath a fort and was captured intact . The crew of 25 were taken prisoner and documents detailing planned Allied operations were discovered , including a scheduled rendezvous with HMS E20 on 6 November . The rendezvous was kept by the German U-boat U-14 instead , which torpedoed and sank E20 , killing all but nine of the crew . The situation at Gallipoli was complicated by Bulgaria joining the Central Powers . In early October 1915 , the British and French opened a second Mediterranean front at Salonika , by moving three divisions from Gallipoli and reducing the flow of reinforcements . A land route between Germany and the Ottoman Empire through Bulgaria was opened and the Germans rearmed the Ottomans with heavy artillery capable of devastating Allied trenches , especially on the confined front at Anzac , modern aircraft and experienced crews . In late November , an Ottoman crew in a German Albatros C.I shot down a French aircraft over Gaba Tepe and the Austro - Hungarian 36 . Haubitzbatterie and 9 . Motormörserbatterie artillery units arrived , providing a substantial reinforcement of the Ottoman artillery . Monro recommended evacuation to Kitchener , who in early November visited the eastern Mediterranean . After consulting with the commanders of VIII Corps at Helles , IX Corps at Suvla and Anzac , Kitchener agreed with Monro and passed his recommendation to the British Cabinet , who confirmed the decision to evacuate in early December . Due to the narrowness no man 's land and the harsh winter weather , many casualties were anticipated during the embarkation . The untenable nature of the Allied position was made apparent by a heavy rainstorm on 26 November 1915 . The downpour at Suvla lasted for three days and there was a blizzard in early December . Rain flooded trenches , drowned soldiers and washed unburied corpses into the lines ; the following snow killed still more men from exposure . Suvla and Anzac were to be evacuated in late December , the last troops leaving before dawn on 20 December . Troop numbers had been slowly reduced since 7 December and ruses , such as William Scurry 's self - firing rifle , which had been rigged to fire by water dripped into a pan attached to the trigger , were used to disguise the Allied departure . At Anzac Cove , troops maintained silence for an hour or more , until curious Ottoman troops ventured to inspect the trenches , whereupon the Anzacs opened fire . A mine was detonated at the Nek which killed 70 Ottoman soldiers . The Allied force was embarked , with the Australians suffering no casualties on the final night but large quantities of supplies and stores fell into Ottoman hands . W Beach , Helles , on 7 January 1916 just prior to the final evacuation Helles was retained for a period but a decision to evacuate the garrison was made on 28 December . Unlike the evacuation from Anzac Cove , Ottoman forces were looking for signs of withdrawal . Having used the interval to bring up reinforcements and supplies , Sanders mounted an attack on the British at Gully Spur on 7 January 1916 with infantry and artillery but the attack was a costly failure . Mines were laid with time fuzes and that night and on the night of 7 / 8 January , under the cover of a naval bombardment , the British troops began to fall back 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) from their lines to the beaches , where makeshift piers were used to board boats . The last British troops departed from Lancashire Landing around 04 : 00 on 8 January 1916 . The Newfoundland Regiment was part of the rearguard and withdrew on 9 January 1916 . Among the first to land , remnants of The Plymouth Battalion , Royal Marine Light Infantry were the last to leave the Peninsula . Despite predictions of up to 30,000 casualties , 35,268 troops , 3,689 horses and mules , 127 guns , 328 vehicles and 1,600 long tons ( 1,600 t ) of equipment were removed . 508 mules which could not be embarked were killed so as not to fall into Ottoman hands and 1,590 vehicles were left behind with smashed wheels . As at Anzac , large amounts of supplies ( including 15 British and six French unserviceable artillery pieces which were destroyed ) , gun carriages and ammunition were left behind ; hundreds of horses were slaughtered to deny them to the Ottomans . A sailor was killed by débris from a magazine that exploded prematurely and a lighter and a picket boat were lost . Shortly after dawn , the Ottomans retook Helles . In the final days of the campaign , Ottoman air defences had been increased by a German -- Ottoman fighter squadron , which began operations over the peninsula and inflicted the first British flying losses a couple of days after the evacuation of Helles , when three Fokker Eindeckers shot down two RNAS aircraft . Aftermath ( edit ) Military repercussions ( edit ) See also : Operation Hush Respect to Mehmetçik Monument ( Anzac soldier injured in the arms of Turkish troops ) Historians are divided about how they summarise the campaign 's result . Broadbent describes the campaign as `` a close - fought affair '' that was a defeat for the Allies , while Carlyon views the overall result as a stalemate . Peter Hart disagrees , arguing that the Ottoman forces `` held the Allies back from their real objectives with relative ease '' , while Haythornthwaite calls it a `` disaster for the Allies '' . The campaign did cause `` enormous damage to ... ( Ottoman ) national resources '' , and at that stage of the war the Allies were in a better position to replace their losses than the Ottomans , but ultimately the Allied attempt at securing a passage through the Dardanelles proved unsuccessful . While it diverted Ottoman forces away from other areas of conflict in the Middle East the campaign also consumed resources the Allies could have employed on the Western Front , and also resulted in heavy losses on the Allied side . The Allied campaign was plagued by ill - defined goals , poor planning , insufficient artillery , inexperienced troops , inaccurate maps and intelligence , overconfidence , inadequate equipment and logistics and tactical deficiencies at all levels . Geography also proved a significant factor . While the Allied forces possessed inaccurate maps and intelligence and proved unable to exploit the terrain to their advantage , the Ottoman commanders were able to utilise the high ground around the Allied landing beaches to position well - sited defences that limited the Allied forces ' ability to penetrate inland , confining them to narrow beaches . The campaign 's necessity remains the subject of debate , and the recriminations that followed were significant , highlighting the schism that had developed between military strategists who felt the Allies should focus on fighting on the Western Front and those that favoured trying to end the war by attacking Germany 's `` soft underbelly '' , its allies in the east . British and French submarine operations in the Sea of Marmara were the one significant area of success of the Gallipoli Campaign , forcing the Ottomans to abandon the sea as a transport route . Between April and December 1915 , nine British and four French submarines carried out 15 patrols , sinking one battleship , one destroyer , five gunboats , 11 troop transports , 44 supply ships and 148 sailing vessels at a cost of eight Allied submarines sunk in the strait or in the Sea of Marmara . During the campaign there was always one British submarine in the Sea of Marmara , sometimes two ; in October 1915 , there were four Allied submarines in the region . E2 left the Sea of Marmara on 2 January 1916 , the last British submarine in the region . Four E-class and five B - class submarines remained in the Mediterranean Sea following the evacuation of Helles . By this time the Ottoman navy had been all but forced to cease operations in the area , while merchant shipping had also been significantly curtailed . The official German naval historian , Admiral Eberhard von Mantey , later concluded that had the sea - lanes of communication been completely severed the Ottoman 5th Army would likely have faced catastrophe . As it was these operations were a source of significant anxiety , posing a constant threat to shipping and causing heavy losses , effectively dislocating Ottoman attempts to reinforce their forces at Gallipoli and shelling troop concentrations and railways . Gallipoli marked the end for Hamilton and Stopford but Hunter - Weston went on to lead VIII Corps on the first day of the Battle of the Somme . The competence of Australian brigade commanders , John Monash ( 4th Infantry Brigade ) and Harry Chauvel ( 1st Light Horse Brigade , New Zealand and Australian Division ) , was recognised by promotion to divisional and corps command . The influence of Kitchener waned after the coalition government was formed in May 1915 , partly because of the growing sense of failure in the Dardanelles and culminated in Kitchener being over-ruled on support for the French at Salonika in early December 1915 , when his influence on the Cabinet was at its lowest . The campaign gave confidence to the Ottomans in their ability to defeat the Allies . In Mesopotamia , the Turks surrounded a British expedition at Kut Al Amara , forcing their surrender in April 1916 . Ottoman forces in southern Palestine were poised to launch an attack against the Suez Canal and Egypt . Defeat at the Battle of Romani and lack of materials to complete the military railway , necessary for such an operation , marked the end of that ambition . The optimism which came from the victory at Gallipoli was replaced by a gathering sense of despair and the British remained on the offensive in the Middle East for the rest of the war . The Sphinx , one of the battlefield 's most distinctive physical landmarks The lessons of the campaign were studied by military planners prior to amphibious operations such as the Normandy Landings in 1944 and during the Falklands War in 1982 . The lessons of the campaign influenced US Marine Corps amphibious operations during the Pacific War and continues to influence US amphibious doctrine . In 1996 , Theodore Gatchel wrote that between the wars , the campaign `` became a focal point for the study of amphibious warfare '' in Britain and United States . In 2008 , Glenn Wahlert wrote that Gallipoli involved `` all four types of amphibious operations : the raid , demonstration , assault and withdrawal '' . Russell Weigley wrote that analysis of the campaign before the Second World War led to `` a belief among most of the armed forces of the world '' that amphibious assaults could not succeed against modern defences and that despite landings in Italy , Tarawa and the Gilberts , arguably this perception continued until Normandy in June 1944 . Hart wrote that despite the pessimistic analyses after 1918 , the situation after 1940 meant that landings from the sea were unavoidable and it was only after Normandy that the belief that opposed landings were futile , was overcome. The memory of Gallipoli weighed heavily upon the Australians during the planning of the Huon Peninsula campaign in late 1943 . In September , the Australians made their first opposed amphibious landing since Gallipoli at the Battle of Finschhafen in New Guinea . The landing was hampered by navigational errors and troops came ashore on the wrong beaches but they had been trained according to the lessons of Gallipoli and quickly reorganised to push inland . Political effects ( edit ) Political repercussions in Britain had begun during the battle , Fisher resigned in May after bitter conflict with Churchill . The crisis that followed after the Conservatives learned that Churchill would be staying , forced the Prime Minister H.H. Asquith to end his Liberal Government and form a Coalition Government with the Conservative Party . The Asquith government responded to the disappointment and outrage over Gallipoli and Kut by establishing commissions of inquiry into both episodes , which had done much to `` destroy its faltering reputation for competence '' . The Dardanelles Commission was set up to investigate the failure of the expedition , the first report being issued in 1917 , with the final report published in 1919 . Following the failure of the Dardanelles expedition , Sir Ian Hamilton , commander of the MEF , was recalled to London in October 1915 , ending his military career . Churchill was demoted from First Lord of the Admiralty as a condition of Conservative entry to the coalition but remained in the Cabinet in the sinecure of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . Churchill resigned in November 1915 and left London for the Western Front , where he commanded an infantry battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers early in 1916 . Asquith was partly blamed for Gallipoli and other disasters and was overthrown in December 1916 , when David Lloyd George proposed a war council under his authority , with the Conservatives in the coalition threatening to resign unless the plan was implemented . After failure to reach agreement , Lloyd George and then Asquith resigned , followed by Lloyd George becoming Prime Minister . Lloyd George formed a new government , from which Churchill , active again in the House of Commons from June 1916 , was excluded because of Conservative opposition . In the summer of 1917 , Churchill was eventually appointed to the cabinet - level post of Minister of Munitions but not to the War Cabinet . The final report of the Commission was issued in 1919 , concluding that with the forces available , success was dependent on the government giving priority to the expedition and leaving the British Expeditionary Force in France to make do . The Commissioners found that Hamilton had been over-optimistic from the beginning and had added to Stopford 's difficulties on 8 August 1915 . Hamilton emerged from the investigation more favourably than perhaps was justified , partly because he made devious attempts to gain collusion from witnesses and obtain leaks from the deliberations of the Commission ; Hamilton was never given another army appointment . Casualties ( edit ) See also : List of war cemeteries and memorials on the Gallipoli Peninsula Gallipoli casualties ( not including illness ) Dead Wounded Missing or POW Total Ottoman Empire 56,643 97,007 11,178 164,828 United Kingdom 34,072 78,520 7,654 120,246 France 9,798 17,371 -- 27,169 Australia 8,709 19,441 -- 28,150 New Zealand 2,721 4,752 -- 7,473 British India 1,358 3,421 -- 4,779 Newfoundland 49 93 -- 142 Total Allies 56,707 123,598 7,654 187,959 Casualty figures for the campaign vary between sources but in 2001 , Erickson wrote that that in the Gallipoli Campaign over 100,000 men were killed , including 56,000 -- 68,000 Ottoman and around 53,000 British and French soldiers . Using the Ottoman Archives , Erickson estimated that Ottoman casualties in the Gallipoli Campaign were 56,643 men died from all causes , 97,007 troops were wounded or injured and 11,178 men went missing or were captured . In 2000 , McGibbon wrote that 2,721 New Zealanders had been killed , about a quarter of those who had initially landed on the peninsula . In 2001 , Carlyon gave figures of 43,000 British killed or missing , including 8,709 Australians . There were nearly 500,000 casualties during the campaign , with the British Official History listing losses including sick as 205,000 British , 47,000 French and 251,000 Ottoman troops ( with some Turkish ( sic ) sources referring to 350,000 casualties . ) Ottoman casualties have been disputed and in 2001 , Travers gave casualty figures of 2,160 officers and 287,000 other ranks ( battle and non-battle ) ; included among this may be 87,000 killed . The New Zealand official history contained an estimate of 251,000 Ottoman battle casualties including 86,692 dead . Sanders estimated that the Ottomans had 218,000 casualties , including 66,000 dead and that 42,000 wounded returned to duty . Sickness ( edit ) Many soldiers became sick due to insanitary conditions , especially from typhoid , dysentery and diarrhoea . The British Official History estimated that 90,000 British Empire soldiers and 20,000 French were evacuated for sickness during the campaign . A total of 145,154 British troops fell sick during the campaign , not counting troops from the Dominions or India ; of these , 3,778 died , exclusive of those evacuated . The sick were transported from Gallipoli to hospitals in Egypt and Malta as quickly as possible as bases in the area of operations were insufficient . Approximately 2.84 percent of men removed as non-battle casualties died , against 0.91 percent in France and Flanders . The proportion of disease casualties to battle casualties was considerably higher in the Gallipoli Campaign than it was on the campaigns of the Western Front . The number of Ottoman troops evacuated sick is given in the British Official History as 64,440 . The largest cause of non-battle admissions to hospital for British troops was dysentery , with 29,728 men infected and another 10,383 men having diarrhoea . Other notable conditions were frostbite with 6,602 hospitalisations , gonorrhea 1,774 cases and rheumatic fever 6,556 cases . Allegations were made that Allied forces had attacked or bombarded Ottoman hospitals and hospital ships on several occasions between the start of the campaign and September 1915 . By July 1915 , 25 Ottoman hospitals had been build with 10,700 beds and three hospital ships were in the area . The French Government disputed these complaints through the Red Cross and the British response was that if it happened then it was accidental . Russia in turn claimed that the Ottomans had attacked two of their hospital ships , the Portugal and the Vperiod but the Ottoman Government responded that the vessels had been the victims of mines . No chemical weapons were used at Gallipoli , although the Allies debated their use throughout the campaign and transported quantities of gas to the theatre , which was used against Ottoman troops in the Middle Eastern theatre two years later , during the Second and Third battles of Gaza in 1917 . Graves and memorials ( edit ) Greek children standing by the bones of soldiers who died during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign they have collected on Hill 60 , Anzac Cove in 1919 . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) is responsible for permanent cemeteries for all Commonwealth of Nations forces . There are 31 CWGC cemeteries on the Gallipoli peninsula : six at Helles ( plus the only solitary grave , that of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Doughty - Wylie VC , Royal Welch Fusiliers ) , four at Suvla and 21 at Anzac . For many of those killed or died on hospital ships and were buried at sea , there is no known grave ; their names are recorded on one of five `` memorials to the missing '' . The Lone Pine Memorial commemorates Australians killed in the Anzac sector , as well as New Zealanders with no known grave or who were buried at sea , while the Lone Pine , Hill 60 and Chunuk Bair memorials commemorate New Zealanders killed at Anzac . The Twelve Tree Copse Memorial commemorates the New Zealanders killed in the Helles sector , while British , Indian and Australian troops who died there are commemorated on the Helles Memorial at Cape Helles . British naval casualties who were lost or buried at sea are listed on memorials in the United Kingdom . There are two more CWGC cemeteries on the Greek island of Limnos , the first in the town of Moudros and the second in the village of Portianou . Limnos was the hospital base for the Allied forces and most of the buried were among the men who died of their wounds . There is a French cemetery on the Gallipoli Peninsula , located at Seddülbahir . There are no large Ottoman / Turkish military cemeteries on the peninsula but there are numerous memorials , the main ones being the Çanakkale Martyrs ' Memorial at Morto Bay , Cape Helles ( near ' S ' Beach ) , the Turkish Soldier 's Memorial on Chunuk Bair and the memorial and open - air mosque for the 57th Regiment near Quinn 's Post ( Bomba Sirt ) . There are a number of memorials and cemeteries on the Asian shore of the Dardanelles , demonstrating the greater emphasis that Turkish historians place on the victory of 18 March over the subsequent fighting on the peninsula . Subsequent operations ( edit ) Gallipoli campaign epitaph at Lone Pine Cemetery Allied troops were withdrawn to Lemnos and then to Egypt . French forces ( renamed the `` Corps Expeditionnaire des Dardanelles '' in late October ) were subsumed into the Army of the Orient and later employed at Salonika . In Egypt , the British Imperial and Dominion troops from the Dardanelles along with fresh divisions from the United Kingdom and those at Salonika , became the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force ( MEF ) , commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Archibald Murray . They joined the Force in Egypt to become the strategic reserve for the British Empire , consisting of 13 infantry and mounted divisions with 400,000 men . In March 1916 , Murray took command of both these forces , forming them into the new Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) and reorganising the units for service in Europe , Egypt and elsewhere in the Middle East . While the ANZAC was disbanded , the AIF was expanded with three new Australian divisions being raised and a New Zealand Division was also formed . These units moved to the Western Front in mid-1916 . The British yeomanry units that had fought dismounted at Gallipoli were reinforced and reorganised , forming the 74th ( Yeomanry ) Division and a portion of the 75th Division . Along with the Australian Light Horsemen and New Zealand Mounted Rifles remounted and reorganised into the Anzac Mounted Division , infantry from the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division , 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division , 53rd ( Welsh ) Division and 54th ( East Anglian ) Division , later joined by additional remounted Australian Light Horsemen and British yeomanry from the Australian Mounted Division , participated in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign . The Egyptian Sinai was reoccupied in 1916 , while Palestine and the northern Levant were captured from the Ottoman Empire during 1917 and 1918 , before the Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre on 31 October . The Allies subsequently occupied Gallipoli and Constantinople and partitioned the Ottoman Empire . The occupation ended in 1923 . Legacy ( edit ) The memorial at Anzac Cove , commemorating the loss of Ottoman and Anzac soldiers on the Gallipoli Peninsula The significance of the Gallipoli Campaign is felt strongly in both New Zealand and Australia , despite their being a small minority of the Allied forces ; the campaign is regarded in both nations as a `` baptism of fire '' and had been linked to their emergence as independent states . Approximately 50,000 Australians served at Gallipoli and from 14,000 to 17,000 New Zealanders . It has been argued that the campaign proved significant in the emergence of a unique Australian identity following the war , which has been closely linked to popular conceptualisations of the qualities of the soldiers that fought during the campaign , which became embodied in the notion of an `` Anzac spirit '' . The landing on 25 April is commemorated every year in both countries as `` Anzac Day '' . The first iteration was celebrated unofficially in 1916 , at churches in Melbourne , Brisbane and London , before being officially recognised as a public holiday in all Australian states in 1923 . The day also became a national holiday in New Zealand in the 1920s . Organised marches by veterans began in 1925 , in the same year a service was held on the beach at Gallipoli ; two years later the first official dawn service took place at the Sydney Cenotaph . During the 1980s , it became popular for Australian and New Zealand tourists to visit Gallipoli to attend the dawn service there and since then thousands have attended . Over 10,000 people attended the 75th anniversary along with political leaders from Turkey , New Zealand , Britain and Australia . Dawn services are also held in Australia ; in New Zealand , dawn services are the most popular form of observance of this day . Anzac Day remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand , surpassing Remembrance Day ( Armistice Day ) . The Çanakkale Martyrs ' Memorial Along with memorials and monuments established in towns and cities , many streets , public places and buildings were named after aspects of the campaign , especially in Australia and New Zealand . Some examples include Gallipoli Barracks at Enoggera in Queensland , and the Armed Forces Armoury in Corner Brook , Newfoundland which is named the Gallipoli Armouries . Gallipoli also had a significant impact on popular culture , including in film , television and song . In 1971 , Scottish - born Australian folk singer - songwriter Eric Bogle wrote a song called And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda which consisted of an account from a young Australian soldier who was maimed during the Gallipoli Campaign . The song has been praised for its imagery , evoking the devastation at the Gallipoli landings . It remains widely popular and is considered by some to be the iconic anti-war song . In Turkey , the battle is thought of as a significant event in the state 's emergence , although it is primarily remembered for the fighting that took place around the port of Çanakkale , where the Royal Navy was repulsed in March 1915 . For the Turks , 18 March has a similar significance as 25 April to Australians and New Zealanders , it is not a public holiday but is commemorated with special ceremonies . The campaign 's main significance to the Turkish people lies in the role it played in the emergence of Mustafa Kemal , who became the first president of the Republic of Turkey after the war . `` Çanakkale geçilmez '' ( Çanakkale is impassable ) became a common phrase to express the state 's pride at repulsing the attack and the song `` Çanakkale içinde '' ( A Ballad for Chanakkale ) commemorates the Turkish youth who fell during the battle . Turkish filmmaker Sinan Cetin , created a movie called `` Children of Canakkale '' . See also ( edit ) Çanakkale 1915 , a Turkish film based on some of the major political events of the Gallipoli Campaign . Timeline of the Gallipoli Campaign Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The operation would be complicated by having only five divisions , the rugged terrain of the peninsula , the small number of landing beaches and great difficulty in providing supplies . Later on , the MEF was supported by about 2,000 civilian labourers from the Egyptian and Maltese Labour Corps . Jump up ^ The 57th Regiment was not rebuilt and was not recreated in the Turkish Army . Jump up ^ The events of the day later gained significance , due to the loss of a company of the Norfolk Regiment . Having been recruited from men who worked on King George V 's Sandringham estate they were dubbed the Sandringham Company . After being isolated and destroyed during the 12 August attack it was rumoured that they had advanced into a mist and `` simply disappeared '' . This gave rise to legends that they had been executed or that they had been taken by some supernatural force but some members were later found to have been taken prisoner . Jump up ^ The enormous casualties at Gallipoli among Irish soldiers who had volunteered to fight in the British Army was a causal factor in the Irish War of Independence ; as balladeers sang , `` Twas better to die ' neath an Irish sky than in Suvla or Sedd el Bahr '' . Jump up ^ In November 1918 , the Canterbury Mounted Rifles and the 7th Light Horse from the Anzac Mounted Division , were sent to Gallipoli to `` monitor Turkish compliance with the terms of the Armistice '' . The 900 troopers camped at Camburnu near Kilid Bahr for three winter months and reconnoitred the Peninsula , identifying graves and inspecting Ottoman positions . The troopers returned to Egypt on 19 January 1919 , less 11 who had died and 110 who were sick in hospital . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Travers 2001 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Jung 2003 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Kurtuluş Savaşı Komutanları . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 395 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , pp. 94 -- 95 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 32 , 38 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Balderstone & Bowan 2006 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : McGibbon 2000 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , pp. 37 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 9 , 18 . ^ Jump up to : Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2001 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Strachan 2001 , pp. 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2013 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Tauber 1993 , pp. 22 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Corbett 2009 , pp. 158 , 166 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Strachan 2001 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 2013 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Fromkin 1989 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin 1962 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 1989 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 33 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Stevens 2001 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ History.com 2017 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Doyle & Bennett 1999 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes 2001 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Reagan 1992 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001b , p. 983 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle & Bennett 1999 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013b , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013b , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Butler 2011 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Kinross 1995 , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941a , p. 179 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 154 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : James 1995 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 2013 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson 2007 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Life 1942 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , pp. 50 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 2013 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 227 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens 2001 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Jose 1941 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Frame 2004 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens 2001 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 232 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. xv . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001a , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Thys - Şenocak & Aslan 2008 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Perrett 2004 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 122 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 124 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 126 , 129 , 134 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Pitt & Young 1970 , pp. 918 -- 19 . Jump up ^ McCartney 2008 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Usborne 1933 , p. 327 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell 2010 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 131 , 136 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , pp. 137 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 2008 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941b , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 149 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Burt 1988 , pp. 158 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Burt 1988 , pp. 131 , 276 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Brenchley & Brenchley 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Pitt & Young 1970 , p. 918 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 169 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , pp. 46 , 53 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 2013 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Snelling 1995 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2009 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Halpern 1995 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Hore 2006 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , pp. 271 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Ekins 2009 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : McGibbon 2000 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , pp. 248 , 286 , 312 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 2007 , pp. 155 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , pp. 363 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Moorehead 1997 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Hall 2010 , pp. 48 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlert 2008 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 244 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Pitt & Young 1970 , p. 919 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , pp. 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , pp. 61 , 66 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 249 , 252 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 2013 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Ben - Gavriel 1999 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 188 , 191 , 254 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 255 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 2008 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Hart 2007 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001a , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 526 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 2007 , p. 480 . Jump up ^ Lockhart 1950 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Corbett 2009 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 268 , 269 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 518 . ^ Jump up to : Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Doyle & Bennett 1999 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hart 2007 , pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Hart 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , pp. 76 -- 78 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Brenchley & Brenchley 2001 , pp. 113 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 233 , 270 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2004 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , pp. 100 , 107 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Cassar 2004 , pp. 202 -- 03 , 259 , 263 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Pick 1990 , pp. 181 , 209 . Jump up ^ Pick 1990 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001a , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlert 2008 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Gatchel 1996 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Weigley 2005 , pp. 393 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013b , pp. 460 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Coates 1999 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Dexter 1961 , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Cassar 2004 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2005 , pp. 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 270 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2004 , p. 384 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1965 , pp. 103 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , pp. 297 -- 98 . Jump up ^ West 2016 , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : NZ History 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Department of Veterans Affairs , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Lepetit , Tournyol du Clos & Rinieri 1923 , p. 549 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 531 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2010 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Mitchell & Smith 1931 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Taskiran 2005 . Jump up ^ Sheffy 2005 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Falls & MacMunn 1996 , pp. 336 -- 37 , 341 , 349 . Jump up ^ Kinloch 2007 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ 2nd Light Horse Brigade 1918 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Powles & Wilkie 1922 , pp. 263 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlert 2008 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Cape Helles Memorial . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Mudros Moslem Cemetery . Jump up ^ Portianos Military Cemetery . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941b , p. 905 . Jump up ^ Dutton 1998 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2005 , pp. 64 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Keogh & Graham 1955 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Wavell 1968 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Gullett 1941 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Perry 1988 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Griffith 1998 , pp. 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Keogh & Graham 1955 , pp. 122 , 124 . Jump up ^ Becke 1937 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Falls & MacMunn 1996 , pp. 160 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , pp. 99 -- 100 , 117 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 405 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Falls 1930 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2001 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes & Hickey 2003 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Williams 1999 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Green 2013 . Jump up ^ Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2016 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 37 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Anzac Day Today . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Wilson . Jump up ^ Jobson 2009 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ CBC News 2012 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 203 -- 07 , 424 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Keane 2015 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Eren 2003 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hammer 2017 . References ( edit ) Books Aspinall - Oglander , Cecil Faber ( 1929 ) . Military Operations Gallipoli : Inception of the Campaign to May 1915 . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . I. London : Heinemann . OCLC 464479053 . Aspinall - Oglander , Cecil Faber ( 1992 ) ( 1932 ) . Military Operations Gallipoli : May 1915 to the Evacuation . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II ( Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed . ) . London : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 175 - 6 . Baldwin , Hanson ( 1962 ) . World War I : An Outline History . London : Hutchinson . OCLC 793915761 . Bean , Charles ( 1941a ) ( 1921 ) . The Story of ANZAC from the Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign , May 4 , 1915 . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . I ( 11th ed . ) . Sydney : Angus and Robertson . OCLC 220878987 . Bean , Charles ( 1941b ) ( 1921 ) . The Story of Anzac from 4 May 1915 , to the Evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . II ( 11th ed . ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 39157087 . Becke , Major Archibald Frank ( 1937 ) . Order of Battle of Divisions : The 2nd - Line Territorial Force Divisions ( 57th -- 69th ) with The Home - Service Divisions ( 71st -- 73rd ) and 74th and 75th Divisions . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . 2b . London : HMSO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 871167 - 00 - 9 . Ben - Gavriel , Moshe Ya'aqov ( 1999 ) . Wallas , Armin A. , ed . Tagebücher : 1915 bis 1927 ( Diaries , 1915 -- 1927 ) ( in German ) . Wien : Böhlau . ISBN 978 - 3 - 205 - 99137 - 3 . Brenchley , Fred ; Brenchley , Elizabeth ( 2001 ) . Stoker 's Submarine : Australia 's Daring Raid on the Dardanellles on the Day of the Gallipoli Landing . Sydney : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 6703 - 2 . Broadbent , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Gallipoli : The Fatal Shore . Camberwell , VIC : Viking / Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 04085 - 8 . Butler , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Shadow of the Sultan 's Realm : The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East . Washington , DC : Potomac Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59797 - 496 - 7 . Burt , R.A. ( 1988 ) . British Battleships 1889 -- 1904 . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 061 - 7 . Cameron , David ( 2011 ) . Gallipoli : The Final Battles and Evacuation of Anzac . Newport , NSW : Big Sky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9808140 - 9 - 5 . Carlyon , Les ( 2001 ) . Gallipoli . Sydney : Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7329 - 1089 - 1 . Cassar , George H. ( 2004 ) . Kitchener 's War : British Strategy from 1914 to 1916 . Lincoln , NE : Potomac Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 709 - 9 . Coates , John ( 1999 ) . Bravery Above Blunder : The 9th Australian Division at Finschhafen , Sattelberg and Sio . South Melbourne , VIC : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 550837 - 6 . Corbett , J.S. ( 2009 ) ( 1920 ) . Naval Operations ( PDF ) . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . I ( repr . Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed . ) . London : Longmans . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84342 - 489 - 5 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Corbett , J.S. ( 2009 ) ( 1923 ) . Naval Operations ( PDF ) . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . III ( Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed . ) . London : Longmans . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84342 - 491 - 8 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Coulthard - Clark , Chris ( 2001 ) . The Encyclopaedia of Australia 's Battles ( Second ed . ) . Crow 's Nest , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86508 - 634 - 7 . Cowan , James ( 1926 ) . The Maoris in the Great War ( including Gallipoli ) . Auckland , NZ : Whitcombe & Tombs for the Maori Regimental Committee . OCLC 4203324 . Dennis , Peter ; Grey , Jeffrey ; Morris , Ewan ; Prior , Robin ; Bou , Jean ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History ( 2nd ed . ) . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 551784 - 2 . Dexter , David ( 1961 ) . The New Guinea Offensives . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 , Series 1 -- Army . VII ( 1st ed . ) . Canberra , ACT : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 2028994 . Dutton , David ( 1998 ) . The Politics of Diplomacy : Britain , France and the Balkans in the First World War . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 112 - 1 . Eren , Ramazan ( 2003 ) . Çanakkale Savaş Alanları Gezi Günlüğü ( Çanakkale War Zone Travel Diary ) ( in Turkish ) . Çanakkale : Eren Books . ISBN 978 - 975 - 288 - 149 - 5 . Erickson , Edward ( 2001a ) ( 2000 ) . Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War . Westport , CT : Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31516 - 9 . Erickson , Edward J. ( 2013 ) . Ottomans and Armenians : A Study in Counterinsurgency . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 36220 - 9 . Falls , Cyril ; MacMunn , George ( maps ) ( 1996 ) ( 1928 ) . Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917 . Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . I ( repr . Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed . ) . London : HMSO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 241 - 8 . Falls , Cyril ; Becke , A.F. ( maps ) ( 1930 ) . Military Operations Egypt & Palestine : From June 1917 to the End of the War . Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II . Part 1 . London : HMSO . OCLC 644354483 . Fewster , Kevin ; Basarin , Vecihi ; Basarin , Hatice Hurmuz ( 2003 ) ( 1985 ) . Gallipoli : The Turkish Story . Crow 's Nest , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74114 - 045 - 3 . Frame , Tom ( 2004 ) . No Pleasure Cruise : The Story of the Royal Australian Navy . Crow 's Nest , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74114 - 233 - 4 . Fromkin , David ( 1989 ) . A Peace to End All Peace : The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 0857 - 9 . Gatchel , Theodore L. ( 1996 ) . At the Water 's Edge : Defending Against the Modern Amphibious Assault . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 308 - 4 . Grey , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . A Military History of Australia ( 3rd ed . ) . Port Melbourne : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69791 - 0 . Griffith , Paddy ( 1998 ) . British Fighting Methods in the Great War . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 3495 - 1 . Gullett , Henry Somer ( 1941 ) ( 1923 ) . The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine , 1914 -- 1918 . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . VII ( 10th ed . ) . Sydney , NSW : Angus and Robertson . OCLC 220901683 . Hall , Richard ( 2010 ) . Balkan Breakthrough : The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35452 - 5 . Halpern , Paul G. ( 1995 ) . A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 352 - 7 . Harrison , Mark ( 2010 ) . The Medical War : British Military Medicine in the First World War . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19957 - 582 - 4 . Hart , Peter ( 2013b ) ( 2011 ) . Gallipoli . London : Profile Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 161 - 5 . Haythornthwaite , Philip ( 2004 ) ( 1991 ) . Gallipoli 1915 : Frontal Assault on Turkey . Campaign Series . London : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98288 - 1 . Holmes , Richard , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Companion to Military History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 866209 - 9 . Hore , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Ironclads . London : Southwater . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84476 - 299 - 6 . Howard , Michael ( 2002 ) . The First World War . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285362 - 2 . James , Robert Rhodes ( 1995 ) ( 1965 ) . Gallipoli : A British Historian 's View . Parkville , VIC : Department of History , University of Melbourne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7325 - 1219 - 4 . Jobson , Christopher ( 2009 ) . Looking Forward , Looking Back : Customs and Traditions of the Australian Army . Wavell Heights , Queensland : Big Sky Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9803251 - 6 - 4 . Jose , Arthur ( 1941 ) ( 1928 ) . The Royal Australian Navy , 1914 -- 1918 . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . IX ( 9th ed . ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 271462423 . Jung , Peter ( 2003 ) . Austro - Hungarian Forces in World War I. Part 1 . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 594 - 5 . Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . London : Pimlico . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 6645 - 9 . Keogh , Eustace ; Graham , Joan ( 1955 ) . Suez to Aleppo . Melbourne : Directorate of Military Training ( Wilkie ) . OCLC 220029983 . Kinloch , Terry ( 2007 ) . Devils on Horses : In the Words of the Anzacs in the Middle East 1916 -- 19 . Auckland , NZ : Exisle . OCLC 191258258 . Kinross , Patrick ( 1995 ) ( 1964 ) . Ataturk : The Rebirth of a Nation . London : Phoenix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 81376 - 7 . Lepetit , Vincent ; Tournyol du Clos , Alain ; Rinieri , Ilario ( 1923 ) . Ministere de la Guerre , Etat - Major de l'Armee , Service Historique , Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre ( Ministry of War , Staff of the Army , Historical Service , French Armies in the Great War ) ( in French ) . Tome VIII Premier Volume . Paris : Imprimerie Nationale . OCLC 491775878 . Lewis , Wendy ; Balderstone , Simon ; Bowan , John ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . Frenchs Forest , NSW : New Holland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . Lockhart , Sir Robert Hamilton Bruce ( 1950 ) . The Marines Were There : The Story of the Royal Marines in the Second World War . London : Putnam . OCLC 1999087 . McCartney , Innes ( 2008 ) . British Submarines of World War I. Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 334 - 6 . McGibbon , Ian , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History . Auckland , NZ : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 558376 - 2 . Mitchell , Thomas John ; Smith , G.M. ( 1931 ) . Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War . History of the Great War . Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence . London : HMSO . OCLC 14739880 . Moorehead , Alan ( 1997 ) ( 1956 ) . Gallipoli . Ware : Wordsworth . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85326 - 675 - 1 . Neillands , Robin ( 2004 ) ( 1998 ) . The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914 -- 1918 . London Books : Magpie . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84119 - 863 - 7 . Nicholson , Gerald W.L. ( 2007 ) . The Fighting Newfoundlander . Carleton Library Series . 209 . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3206 - 9 . O'Connell , John ( 2010 ) . Submarine Operational Effectiveness in the 20th Century ( 1900 -- 1939 ) . Part One . New York : Universe . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4502 - 3689 - 8 . Parker , John ( 2005 ) . The Gurkhas : The inside Story of the World 's Most Feared Soldiers . London : Headline Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1415 - 7 . Perrett , Bryan ( 2004 ) . For Valour : Victoria Cross and Medal of Honor Battles . London : Cassel Military Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 36698 - 9 . Perry , Frederick ( 1988 ) . The Commonwealth Armies : Manpower and Organisation in Two World Wars . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2595 - 2 . Pick , Walter Pinhas ( 1990 ) . `` Meissner Pasha and the Construction of Railways in Palestine and Neighbouring Countries '' . In Gilbar , Gad . Ottoman Palestine , 1800 -- 1914 : Studies in Economic and Social History . Leiden : Brill Archive . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 07785 - 0 . Pitt , Barrie ; Young , Peter ( 1970 ) . History of the First World War . III . London : B.P.C. OCLC 669723700 . Powles , C. Guy ; Wilkie , A. ( 1922 ) . The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine . Official History New Zealand 's Effort in the Great War . III . Auckland , NZ : Whitcombe & Tombs . OCLC 2959465 . Thys - Şenocak , Lucienne ; Aslan , Carolyn ( 2008 ) . Rakoczy , Lila , ed . The Archaeology of Destruction . Newcastle : Cambridge Scholars . pp. 29 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84718 - 624 - 9 . Reagan , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) . The Guinness Book of Military Anecdotes . Enfield : Guinness . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 519 - 0 . Simkins , Peter ; Jukes , Geoffrey ; Hickey , Michael ( 2003 ) . The First World War : The War to End All Wars . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 738 - 3 . Snelling , Stephen ( 1995 ) . VCs of the First World War : Gallipoli . Thrupp , Stroud : Gloucestershire Sutton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 905778 - 33 - 4 . Strachan , Hew ( 2003 ) ( 2001 ) . The First World War : To Arms . I. Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926191 - 8 . Stevens , David ( 2001 ) . The Royal Australian Navy . The Australian Centenary History of Defence . III . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 555542 - 4 . Stevenson , David ( 2005 ) . 1914 -- 1918 : The History of the First World War . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 026817 - 1 . Taylor , Alan John Percivale ( 1965 ) . English History 1914 -- 1945 ( Pelican 1982 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 821715 - 2 . Tauber , Eliezer ( 1993 ) . The Arab Movements in World War I. London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4083 - 9 . Travers , Tim ( 2001 ) . Gallipoli 1915 . Stroud : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2551 - 1 . Usborne , Cecil ( 1933 ) . Smoke on the Horizon : Mediterranean Fighting , 1914 -- 1918 . London : Hodder and Stoughton . OCLC 221672642 . Wahlert , Glenn ( 2008 ) . Exploring Gallipoli : An Australian Army Battlefield Guide . Australian Army Campaign Series . 4 . Canberra : Army History Unit . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9804753 - 5 - 7 . Wavell , Field Marshal Earl ( 1968 ) ( 1933 ) . `` The Palestine Campaigns '' . In Sheppard , Eric William . A Short History of the British Army ( 4th ed . ) . London : Constable . OCLC 35621223 . Weigley , Russell F. ( 2005 ) . `` Normandy to Falaise : A Critique of Allied Operational Planning in 1944 '' . In Krause , Michael D. ; Phillips , R. Cody . Historical Perspectives of the Operational Art . Washington , D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army . pp. 393 -- 414 . OCLC 71603395 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . West , Brad ( 2016 ) . War Memory and Commemoration . Memory Studies : Global Constellations . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 47245 - 511 - 6 . Williams , John ( 1999 ) . The ANZACS , the Media and the Great War . Sydney : UNSW Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86840 - 569 - 8 . Willmott , Hedley Paul ( 2009 ) . The Last Century of Sea Power : From Port Arthur to Chanak , 1894 -- 1922 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 00356 - 0 . Journals Doyle , Peter ; Bennett , Matthew ( 1999 ) . `` Military Geography : The Influence of Terrain in the Outcome of the Gallipoli Campaign , 1915 '' . The Geographical Journal . London : Royal Geographical Society . 165 ( 1 ( March ) ) : 12 -- 36 . ISSN 0016 - 7398 . doi : 10.2307 / 3060508 . Ekins , Ashley ( 2009 ) . `` Bloody Ridge : The Assault of Lone Pine '' . Wartime . Canberra : Australian War Memorial ( 47 ) : 12 -- 14 , 16 -- 18 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Erickson , Edward ( 2001b ) . `` Strength Against Weakness : Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli , 1915 '' . The Journal of Military History . 65 ( 4 ) : 981 -- 1012 . ISSN 1543 - 7795 . JSTOR 2677626 . doi : 10.2307 / 2677626 . Gilbert , Greg ( 2013 ) . `` Air War Over the Dardanelles '' . Wartime . Canberra : Australian War Memorial ( 61 ) : 42 -- 47 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Hart , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` War is Helles : The Real Fight for Gallipoli '' . Wartime . Canberra : Australian War Memorial ( 38 ) : 10 -- 12 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Hart , Peter ( 2013a ) . `` The Day It All Went Wrong : The Naval Assault Before the Gallipoli Landings '' . Wartime . Canberra : Australian War Memorial ( 62 ) : 8 -- 13 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Hughes , Matthew ( 2005 ) . `` The French Army at Gallipoli '' . The RUSI Journal . 153 ( 3 ) : 64 -- 67 . ISSN 0307 - 1847 . Sheffy , Yigal ( 2005 ) . `` The Chemical Dimension of the Gallipoli Campaign : Introducing Chemical Warfare to the Middle East '' . War in History . Sage Publications . 12 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 317 . ISSN 1477 - 0385 . doi : 10.1191 / 0968344505wh317oa . Stevenson , Robert ( 2007 ) . `` The Forgotten First : The 1st Australian Division in the Great War and its Legacy '' ( PDF ) . Australian Army Journal . IV ( 1 ) : 185 -- 99 . OCLC 30798241 . Websites `` ANZAC Day 2010 -- The Gallipoli Campaign '' ( PDF ) . Australian Department of Veterans ' Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . `` Anzac Day Today '' . rsa.org.nz. 4 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2012 . `` AWM 4 - 10 - 2 - 47 2nd Light Horse Brigade War Diary November 1918 Appendix 3 '' ( pdf ) . Headquarters 2nd Light Horse Brigade . Retrieved 27 April 2013 . `` Battle of Gallipoli -- World War I '' . History.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . `` Cape Helles Memorial to the Missing '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Archived from the original on 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 3 December 2006 . `` Enumerating New Zealand Expeditionary Force Service on Gallipoli '' ( PDF ) . Manatū Taonga , the Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Ministry for Culture and Heritage ( MCH ) and the New Zealand Defence Force ( NZDF ) . 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . `` Gallipoli Casualties by Country '' . NZ History . New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Green , David ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` How Many New Zealanders Served on Gallipoli ? '' . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Hammer , Joshua . `` A New View of the Battle of Gallipoli , One of the Bloodiest Conflicts of World War I '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Keane , Daniel ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Eric Bogle : Australia 's anti-war balladeer reflects on his Anzac anthem and his upcoming trip to Gallipoli '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . `` Kurtuluş Savaşı Komutanları '' . canakkalesehitlik.net. 5 May 2015 . `` Lead Contamination Closes Corner Brook Armoury '' . CBC News . 12 January 2012 . `` Nazi Shell in Egypt Wounds One of British Empire 's Most Fabulous Soldiers '' . Life . 17 August 1942 . p. 28 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . `` Portianos Military Cemetery '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Taskiran , Cemalettin ( 18 March 2005 ) . `` Allied Attacks on Turkish Patients & Wounded '' . The Journal of the Turkish Weekly . Archived from the original on 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` West Mudros Moslem Cemetery '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Wilson , Ross . `` Street Names : The Local , National and International Memory of the First World War '' . World War I Centenary : Continuations and Beginnings . University of Oxford . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Basarin , Vecihi ; Basarin , Hatice Hurmuz ( 2008 ) . Beneath the Dardanelles : The Australian Submarine at Gallipoli . Crows Nest , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74175 - 595 - 4 . Baly , Lindsay ( 2003 ) . Horseman , Pass By : The Australian Light Horse in World War I. East Roseville , NSW : Simon & Schuster . OCLC 223425266 . Carlyon , Les ( 11 November 2004 ) . `` Australian War Memorial Anniversary Oration : Gallipoli in a Nation 's Remembrance '' . soundtrack and text . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Erickson , Edward J. ( 2007 ) . Gooch , John ; Reid , Brian Holden , eds . Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I : A Comparative Study . Military History and Policy . Abingdon , Oxon : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 96456 - 9 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2004 ) . The First World War : A Complete History . New York : Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7617 - 2 . Hart , Peter ( 2011 ) . Gallipoli . London : Profile Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 159 - 2 . Kraaijestein , Martin ; Schulten , Paul ( 2009 ) . Het Epos van Gallipoli . Feiten , verhalen en mythen over de geallieerde aanval op Turkije tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog ( The Epic of Gallipoli . Facts , Stories and Myths about the Allied Attack on Turkey during World War I ) ( in Dutch ) . Soesterberg : Uitgeverij Aspekt . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5911 - 758 - 7 . Kyle , Roy ( 2003 ) . An Anzac 's Story . Camberwell : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 300187 - 4 . Laffin , John ( 1980 ) . Damn the Dardanelles ! : The Story of Gallipoli . London : Osprey . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 350 - X . OCLC 7770209 . Özdemir , H. ( 2008 ) ( 2005 ) . The Ottoman Army : Disease and Death on the Battlefield 1914 -- 1918 . Salt Lake City , UT : University of Utah Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60781 - 964 - 6 . Plowman , Peter ( 2013 ) . Voyage to Gallipoli . Kenthurst , NSW : Rosenberg . ISBN 978 - 1 - 922013 - 53 - 8 . Orr , Philip ( 2006 ) . Field of Bones : An Irish Division at Gallipoli . Dublin , Ireland : Lilliput Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84351 - 065 - 9 . Tyquin , Michael ( 1993 ) . Gallipoli : The Medical War . Sydney , NSW : University of New South Wales Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86840 - 189 - 8 . Uyar , Mesut ( 2015 ) . The Ottoman Defence Against The Anzac Landing . Australian Army Campaigns. 16 . Newport , NSW : Big Sky . ISBN 978 - 1 - 925275 - 01 - 8 . Waite , Fred ( 1919 ) . The New Zealanders at Gallipoli . Official History New Zealand 's Effort in the Great War . I. Auckland , NZ : Whitcombe and Tombs . OCLC 8003944 . External links ( edit ) `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Library resources about the Gallipoli Campaign Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gallipoli Campaign . Media related to Allied evacuation of Gallipoli at Wikimedia Commons `` Learning resources from the Imperial War Museum '' . `` Original reports from The Times '' . `` Map of Europe during the Gallipoli Campaign '' . Omniatlas.com . `` Despatches '' . The campaign at the Dardanelles ( Gallipoli ) . The Long Long Trail . `` Gallipoli Centenary Research Project '' . Macquarie University . Archived from the original on 8 June 2013 . `` Winston Churchill 's World War Disaster '' . `` Gallipoli casualties by country '' . NZ History . Gallipoli Diary public domain audiobook at LibriVox Battle of Gallipoli Timeline History of Gallipoli Campaign Background Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign Fighting countries Central Powers Ottoman Empire German Empire Austria - Hungary Allies of World War I British Empire Australia India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom France Russian Empire Battlegrounds First Battle of Anafartalar The Second Battle of Anafartalar Battle of Chunuk Bair Bloody Struggle First Celecial Combat Second Celecial Combat Battle of the Nek Battle of Krithia Vineyard First Battle of Krithia Second Battle of Krithia Third Battle of Krithia Kocaçimen Peak Battle Battle of Kumkale Battle of Sari Bair Battle of Scimitar Hill Battle of Gully Ravine Extract to the Stamp Landing at Cape Helles 1st Krithia 2nd Krithia 3rd Krithia Gully Ravine Krithia Vineyard Landing at Anzac Cove Kumkale 1st Anzac Cove 2nd Anzac Cove 3rd Anzac Cove No. 3 Post Baby 700 Landing at Suvla Bay Sari Bair The Nek Lone Pine Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Hill 60 World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South - West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 23 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal UNESCO Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey Aegean Region Aizanoi antique city Birgi Mausolem and Sacred area of Hecatomnus Archaeological site of Laodikeia Medieval City of Beçin Ancient City of Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe Ancient City of Stratonikeia Black Sea Region Mount Harşena and the Rock - tombs of the Pontic Kings Mahmut Bey Mosque Sümela Monastery ( The Monastery of Virgin Mary ) Central Anatolia Archaeological site of Kültepe - Kaneş Eflatun Pınar Eşrefoğlu Mosque Gordion Haji Bektash Veli Complex Ankara Hacı Bayram Mosque Ince Minaret Medrese Historical Monuments of Niğde Konya - A capital of Seljuk Civilization Lake Tuz SEPA Mountainous Phrygia Odunpazarı historical urban site Tomb of Ahi Evren East Anatolia Akdamar Island Archaeological Site of Arslantepe Eshab - ı Kehf Kulliye Ishak Pasha Palace The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel Marmara Çanakkale ( Dardanelles ) and Gelibolu ( Gallipoli ) Battles Zones in the First World War İznik Historic Guild Town of Mudurnu The Bridge of Uzunköprü Yıldız Palace Complex Mediterranean Region Alahan Monastery Alanya Ancient city of Anazarbus Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization Ancient City of Kaunos Ancient City of Korykos Archaeological Site of Perge Güllük Dagi - Termessos National Park Mamure Castle Karain Cave Kekova Archaeological Site of Sagalassos St. Paul Church , St. Paul 's Well and surrounding historic quarters ( in Tarsus , Mersin ) St. Pierre Church in Hatay St. Nicholas Church in Demre The Theatre and Aqueducts of the Ancient City of Aspendos Vespasianus Titus Tunnel Southeastern Anatolia Archeological Site of Zeugma Archaeological Site of Göbeklitepe Harran and Şanlıurfa İsmail Fakirullah Tomb Mardin Cultural Landscape Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex and Mor Yakup ( Saint Jacob ) Church All over Turkey Anatolian Seljuks Madrasahs Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes Coordinates : 40 ° 22 ′ 2 '' N 26 ° 27 ′ 18 '' E / 40.36722 ° N 26.45500 ° E / 40.36722 ; 26.45500 History portal World War I portal 1920s portal Ottoman Empire portal GND : 4344302 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli_Campaign&oldid=806661650 '' Categories : Gallipoli Campaign 1915 in the Ottoman Empire Adrianople Vilayet Australia -- Turkey relations Battles of World War I involving Australia Battles of World War I involving Austria - Hungary Battles of World War I involving British India Battles of World War I involving France Battles of World War I involving Germany Battles of World War I involving Newfoundland Battles of World War I involving New Zealand Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War I involving Russia Campaigns and theatres of World War I Conflicts in 1915 History of Australia ( 1901 -- 45 ) History of the Royal Marines Military history of New Zealand Middle Eastern theatre of World War I New Zealand -- Turkey relations Ottoman Empire in World War I Winston Churchill WPTR / current / Top / inprocess ANZAC World Heritage Site Tentative list Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing German - language text CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 12 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was responsible for planning the gallipoli campaign	[ "The campaign was the only major Ottoman victory of the war. In Turkey, it is regarded as a defining moment in the nation's history, a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire crumbled. The struggle formed the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey eight years later, with Mustafa Kemal (Kemal Atatürk) as President, who rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli. The campaign is often considered to be the beginning of Australian and New Zealand national consciousness; 25 April, the anniversary of the landings, is known as \"Anzac Day\", the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in the two countries, surpassing Remembrance Day (Armistice Day).[9][10][11]" ]	[ "Mustafa Kemal (Kemal Atatürk)" ]
213828953701238859	List of United States Senators from Florida	List of United States Senators from Florida - wikipedia List of United States Senators from Florida Jump to : navigation , search Current delegation Senator Bill Nelson ( D ) Senator Marco Rubio ( R ) Florida 's current U.S. Senators since January 3 , 2011 Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3 , 1845 , and elects its senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Florida 's Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 , due to its secession from the Union . They were again filled since July 1868 . Its current senators are Bill Nelson ( D ) and Marco Rubio ( R ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Senators 2 Living former U.S. Senators from Florida 3 See also 4 References List of Senators ( edit ) Class 1 Class 1 U.S. Senators belong to the electoral cycle that were elected for three U.S. Congress in the first elections of 1845 , and then the seat was contested again every three Congresses ( six years ) thereafter . The seat in recent years has been contested in 1994 , 2000 , 2006 , and 2012 . The next election will be in 2018 . o n g r s s Class 3 Class 3 U.S. Senators belong to the electoral cycle that were elected for two United States Congresses in the first elections of 1845 , and then the seat was contested again every three Congresses ( six years ) thereafter . The seat in recent years has been contested in 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , and 2016 . The next election will be in 2022 . # Senator Party Years in office Electoral history r m r m Electoral history Years in office Party Senator # David Levy Yulee Democratic July 1 , 1845 -- March 3 , 1851 Elected in 1845 . Lost re-election . 29th Congress Elected in 1845 . Retired . July 1 , 1845 -- March 3 , 1849 Democratic James Westcott 30th Congress 31st Congress Elected in 1848 . Retired . March 4 , 1849 -- March 3 , 1855 Whig Jackson Morton Stephen Mallory Democratic March 4 , 1851 -- January 21 , 1861 Elected in 1851 . 32nd Congress 33rd Congress 34th Congress Elected in 1855 . Withdrew . March 4 , 1855 -- January 21 , 1861 Democratic David Levy Yulee Re-elected in 1857 . Withdrew . 35th Congress 36th Congress Vacant January 21 , 1861 -- June 17 , 1868 Civil War and Reconstruction Civil War and Reconstruction January 21 , 1861 -- June 25 , 1868 Vacant 37th Congress 38th Congress 39th Congress 40th Congress 5 Adonijah Welch Republican June 17 , 1868 -- March 3 , 1869 Elected to finish term . Retired . Elected to finish term . Retired . June 25 , 1868 -- March 3 , 1873 Republican Thomas W. Osborn Abijah Gilbert Republican March 4 , 1869 -- March 3 , 1875 Elected in 1868 or 1869 . Retired . 5 41st Congress 42nd Congress 43rd Congress 6 Elected in 1872 or 1873 . Retired . March 4 , 1873 -- March 3 , 1879 Republican Simon B. Conover 5 5 Charles W. Jones Democratic March 4 , 1875 -- March 3 , 1887 Elected in 1875 . 6 44th Congress 45th Congress 46th Congress 7 Elected January 21 , 1879 . March 4 , 1879 -- March 3 , 1891 Democratic Wilkinson Call 6 Re-elected in 1881 . Retired . 7 47th Congress 48th Congress 49th Congress 8 Elected January 20 , 1885 . Vacant March 4 , 1887 -- May 19 , 1887 8 50th Congress 6 Samuel Pasco Democratic May 19 , 1887 -- April 18 , 1899 Elected late to finish term in 1887 . 51st Congress 52nd Congress 9 Legislature failed to elect . March 4 , 1891 -- May 26 , 1891 Elected late May 26 , 1891 . Retired . May 26 , 1891 -- March 3 , 1897 Democratic Wilkinson Call Appointed to begin next term as legislature had failed to elect . Elected April 20 , 1893 to finish term . 9 53rd Congress 54th Congress 55th Congress 10 Legislature failed to elect . March 4 , 1897 -- May 13 , 1897 Elected late May 14 , 1897 . May 14 , 1897 -- December 23 , 1907 Democratic Stephen Mallory II 7 Appointed to begin next term as legislature had failed to elect . Lost election to finish term . 10 56th Congress Vacant April 18 , 1899 -- April 20 , 1899 7 James Taliaferro Democratic April 20 , 1899 -- March 3 , 1911 Elected to finish Pasco 's term . 57th Congress 58th Congress 11 Appointed to begin the term as legislature had failed to elect . Elected April 22 , 1903 to finish term . Died . Appointed to begin the term as legislature had failed to elect . Re-elected April 20 , 1905 to finish term . Lost re-election . 11 59th Congress 60th Congress December 23 , 1907 -- December 26 , 1907 Vacant Appointed to finish Mallory 's term . Died . December 26 , 1907 -- March 22 , 1908 Democratic William James Bryan 8 March 22 , 1908 -- March 27 , 1908 Vacant Appointed to finish Mallory 's term . Retired . March 27 , 1908 -- March 3 , 1909 Democratic William Hall Milton 9 61st Congress 12 Appointed to begin the term . Elected April 20 , 1909 to finish the term . March 4 , 1909 -- June 17 , 1936 Democratic Duncan U. Fletcher 10 8 Nathan P. Bryan Democratic March 4 , 1911 -- March 3 , 1917 Appointed to begin the term . Elected April 19 , 1911 to finish the term . Lost renomination . 12 62nd Congress 63rd Congress 64th Congress 13 Re-elected in 1914 . 9 Park Trammell Democratic March 4 , 1917 -- May 8 , 1936 Elected in 1916 . 13 65th Congress 66th Congress 67th Congress 14 Re-elected in 1920 . Re-elected in 1922 . 14 68th Congress 69th Congress 70th Congress 15 Re-elected in 1926 . Re-elected in 1928 . 15 71st Congress 72nd Congress 73rd Congress 16 Re-elected in 1932 . Died . Re-elected in 1934 . Died . 16 74th Congress Vacant May 8 , 1936 -- May 26 , 1936 10 Scott M. Loftin Democratic May 26 , 1936 -- November 3 , 1936 Appointed to continue Trammell 's term . Successor elected . June 17 , 1936 -- July 1 , 1936 Vacant Appointed to continue Fletcher 's term . Retired when successor qualified . July 1 , 1936 -- November 3 , 1936 Democratic William Luther Hill 11 11 Charles O. Andrews Democratic November 4 , 1936 -- September 18 , 1946 Elected to finish Trammell 's term . Elected to finish Fletcher 's term . November 4 , 1936 -- January 3 , 1951 Democratic Claude Pepper 12 75th Congress 76th Congress 17 Re-elected in 1938 . Re-elected in 1940 . Died . 17 77th Congress 78th Congress 79th Congress 18 Re-elected in 1944 . Lost renomination . Vacant September 18 , 1946 -- September 25 , 1946 12 Spessard Holland Democratic September 25 , 1946 -- January 3 , 1971 Appointed to finish Andrews 's term . Elected in 1946 . 18 80th Congress 81st Congress 82nd Congress 19 Elected in 1950 . January 3 , 1951 -- January 3 , 1969 Democratic George Smathers 13 Re-elected in 1952 . 19 83rd Congress 84th Congress 85th Congress 20 Re-elected in 1956 . Re-elected in 1958 . 20 86th Congress 87th Congress 88th Congress 21 Re-elected in 1962 . Retired . Re-elected in 1964 . Retired . 21 89th Congress 90th Congress 91st Congress 22 Elected in 1968 . Retired and resigned early . January 3 , 1969 -- December 31 , 1974 Republican Edward J. Gurney 14 13 Lawton Chiles Democratic January 3 , 1971 -- January 3 , 1989 Elected in 1970 . 22 92nd Congress 93rd Congress Appointed to finish Gurney 's term , having been elected to the next term . January 1 , 1975 -- December 31 , 1980 Democratic Richard Stone 15 94th Congress 23 Elected in 1974 . Lost re-election and resigned early . Re-elected in 1976 . 23 95th Congress 96th Congress Appointed to finish Stone 's term , having been elected to the next term . January 1 , 1981 -- January 3 , 1987 Republican Paula Hawkins 16 97th Congress 24 Elected in 1980 . Lost re-election . Re-elected in 1982 . Retired . 24 98th Congress 99th Congress 100th Congress 25 Elected in 1986 . January 3 , 1987 -- January 3 , 2005 Democratic Bob Graham 17 14 Connie Mack III Republican January 3 , 1989 -- January 3 , 2001 Elected in 1988 . 25 101st Congress 102nd Congress 103rd Congress 26 Re-elected in 1992 . Re-elected in 1994 . Retired . 26 104th Congress 105th Congress 106th Congress 27 Re-elected in 1998 . Retired . 15 Bill Nelson Democratic January 3 , 2001 -- Present Elected in 2000 . 27 107th Congress 108th Congress 109th Congress 28 Elected in 2004 . Resigned . January 3 , 2005 -- September 9 , 2009 Republican Mel Martínez 18 Re-elected in 2006 . 28 110th Congress 111th Congress Appointed to finish Martínez 's term . Retired . September 9 , 2009 -- January 3 , 2011 Republican George LeMieux 19 112th Congress 29 Elected in 2010 . January 3 , 2011 -- Present Republican Marco Rubio 20 Re-elected in 2012 . 29 113th Congress 114th Congress 115th Congress 30 Re-elected in 2016 . To be determined in the 2018 election . 30 116th Congress 117th Congress 118th Congress 31 To be determined in the 2022 election . # Senator Party Years in office Electoral history r m r m Electoral history Years in office Party Senator # Class 1 Class 3 Living former U.S. Senators from Florida ( edit ) As of October 2016 , there are five living former U.S. Senators from Florida , one from Class 1 and four from Class 3 . The most recent senator to die was Paula Hawkins on Class 3 ( 1981 - 1987 ) on December 4 , 2009 . The most recent Class 1 senator to die was Lawton Chiles ( 1971 - 1989 ) on December 12 , 1998 . Senator Term of office Class Date of birth ( and age ) Richard Stone 1975 -- 1980 ( 1928 - 09 - 22 ) September 22 , 1928 ( age 89 ) Bob Graham 1987 -- 2005 ( 1936 - 11 - 09 ) November 9 , 1936 ( age 81 ) Connie Mack III 1989 -- 2001 ( 1940 - 10 - 29 ) October 29 , 1940 ( age 77 ) Mel Martinez 2005 -- 2009 ( 1946 - 10 - 23 ) October 23 , 1946 ( age 71 ) George LeMieux 2009 -- 2011 ( 1969 - 05 - 21 ) May 21 , 1969 ( age 48 ) See also ( edit ) List of United States Representatives from Florida United States congressional delegations from Florida References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mallory and Yulee , along with several other senators , announced they were withdrawing from the Senate on January 21 , 1861 , due to their states ' decisions to secede from the Union . Mallory 's seat was declared vacant by the Senate on March 14 , 1861 , but Yulee 's was already vacant because his term ended at noon on March 4 , 1861 . Jump up ^ `` THE FLORIDA SENATORSHIP '' . The New York Times . January 22 , 1879 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` SELECTING NEW SENATORS '' . The New York Times . January 20 , 1885 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` CALL DECLARED ELECTED '' . May 26 , 1891 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Byrd , p. 93 . Jump up ^ `` MALLORY ELECTED SENATOR '' . The New York Times . May 15 , 1897 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Senators of the United States 1789 - present , A chronological list of senators since the First Congress in 1789 '' ( PDF ) . Senate Historical Office . April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Party Division in the Senate , 1789 - Present , via Senate.gov Byrd , Robert C. ( October 1 , 1993 ) . Wolff , Wendy , ed . `` The Senate , 1789 - 1989 : Historical Statistics , 1789 - 1992 '' . United States Senate Historical Office ( volume 4 Bicentennial ed . ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . Taft , George S. ( 1885 ) . `` Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1885 '' . United States Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . ( hide ) Lists of United States congressional delegations States Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( H , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska ( H , S ) Nevada ( H , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( H , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( H , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( H , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former House members List of former Senators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Florida&oldid=796160217 '' Categories : United States Senators from Florida Lists of United States Senators by state Lists of Florida politicians Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 22 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the two senators from the state of florida	[ "Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845, and elects its senators to Class 1 and Class 3. Florida's Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861, due to its secession from the Union. They were again filled since July 1868. Its current senators are Bill Nelson (D) and Marco Rubio (R).", "Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845, and elects its senators to Class 1 and Class 3. Florida's Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861, due to its secession from the Union. They were again filled since July 1868. Its current senators are Bill Nelson (D) and Marco Rubio (R)." ]	[ "Bill Nelson (D)", "Marco Rubio (R)" ]
-5670409626333920069	List of most-followed Instagram accounts	List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia List of most - followed Instagram accounts Cristiano Ronaldo is the most followed individual on Instagram , with more than 144 million followers . This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of October 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 260 million followers . Cristiano Ronaldo is the most followed individual , with over 144 million followers . Twelve accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site . Contents 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Instagram . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country @ instagram Instagram 260 Social media platform USA @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 144 Footballer POR @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 144 Musician and actress USA @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 132 Musician USA 5 @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 120 Reality TV personality USA 6 @ beyonce Beyoncé 119 Musician USA 7 @ therock Dwayne Johnson 119 Actor and professional wrestler USA 8 @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 117 Reality TV personality USA 9 @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 112 Musician USA 10 @ neymarjr Neymar 104 Footballer BRA 11 @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 102 Musician CAN 12 @ leomessi Lionel Messi 100 Footballer ARG 13 @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 97 Model USA 14 @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 94 Musician TRI 15 @ natgeo National Geographic 93 Magazine USA 16 @ nike Nike 81 Sportswear multinational USA 17 @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 81 Musician and actress USA 18 @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 81 Reality TV personality USA 19 @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 75 Musician and actress USA 20 @ katyperry Katy Perry 73 Musician USA 21 @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 70 Musician USA 22 @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 68 Reality TV personality USA 23 @ badgalriri Rihanna 65 Musician BAR 24 @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 64 Football club ESP 25 @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 64 Comedian and actor USA 26 @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 61 Lingerie brand USA 27 @ fcbarcelona FC Barcelona 61 Football club ESP 28 @ theellenshow Ellen Degeneres 59 Comedian USA 29 @ shakira Shakira 54 Musician COL 30 @ zendaya Zendaya 53 Actress and musician USA 31 @ justintimberlake Justin Timberlake 52 Musician and actor USA 32 @ davidbeckham David Beckham 51 Footballer GBR 33 @ vindiesel Vin Diesel 51 Actor USA 34 @ champagnepapi Drake 49 Musician CAN 35 @ emmawatson Emma Watson 48 Actress GBR 36 @ 9gag 9GAG 47 Social media platform HKG 37 @ chrisbrownofficial Chris Brown 47 Musician USA 38 @ kingjames LeBron James 44 Basketball player USA 39 @ gigihadid Gigi Hadid 44 Model USA 40 @ caradelevingne Cara Delevingne 41 Actress and model GBR 41 @ jamesrodriguez10 James Rodriguez 40 Footballer COL 42 @ ronaldinho Ronaldinho 38 Footballer BRA 43 @ shawnmendes Shawn Mendes 37 Musician CAN 44 @ garethbale11 Gareth Bale 37 Footballer GBR 45 @ nikefootball Nike Football 36 Sportswear USA 46 @ nasa NASA 36 Space agency USA 47 @ zacefron Zac Efron 36 Actor USA 48 @ maluma Maluma 36 Musician COL 49 @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimovic 35 Footballer SWE 50 @ iamcardib Cardi B 34 Musician USA As of October 30 , 2018 By country The following table lists the top 15 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin . Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession United States @ instagram Instagram 260 Social media platform Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 144 Footballer Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 104 Footballer Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 102 Musician 5 Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 100 Footballer 6 Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 94 Musician 7 Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 65 Musician 8 Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 64 Football club 9 Colombia @ shakira Shakira 54 Musician 10 United Kingdom @ davidbeckham David Beckham 51 Footballer 11 Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 47 Social media platform 12 Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 35 Footballer 13 France @ chanelofficial Chanel 30 Clothing retailer 14 Uruguay @ luissuarez9 Luis Suárez 30 Footballer 15 Germany @ adidasoriginals Adidas Originals 29 Clothing line As of October 29 , 2018 See also List of most - liked Facebook pages List of most - followed Instagram Business accounts List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed artists on Spotify List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits Dating EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch List of original programs Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse IGTV List of most followed accounts List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo Portal WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Hello Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Moves Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot tbh Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. 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-1278463569452201810	The Lion King II: Simba's Pride	The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride - wikipedia The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride Jump to : navigation , search The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride Home video release poster Directed by Darrell Rooney Rob LaDuca Produced by Jeannine Roussel Screenplay by Flip Kobler Cindy Marcus Starring Matthew Broderick Moira Kelly Nathan Lane Ernie Sabella Robert Guillaume Edward Hibbert James Earl Jones Jim Cummings Music by Nick Glennie - Smith Edited by Peter Lonsdale Production company Walt Disney Home Video Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios Distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment Release date October 27 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 27 ) Running time 81 minutes Country United States Language English The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( later retitled The Lion King 2 : Simba 's Pride ) is a 1998 American animated direct - to - video romantic musical film and a sequel to Disney 's 1994 animated feature film , The Lion King . The story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . According to co-director Darrell Rooney , the final draft gradually became a variation of Romeo and Juliet . Produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Animation Australia and released on October 27 , 1998 , the film centers on Simba and Nala 's daughter Kiara , who falls in love with Kovu , a male rogue lion from a banished pride that was once loyal to Simba 's evil uncle , Scar . Separated by Simba 's prejudice against the banished pride and a vindictive plot planned by Kovu 's mother Zira , Kiara and Kovu struggle to unite their estranged prides and be together . Most of the original cast returned to their roles from the first film , apart from Rowan Atkinson , who was replaced by Edward Hibbert as the voice of Zazu for this film and its prequel / sequel , The Lion King 11⁄2 and Jeremy Irons , who was briefly replaced by Jim Cummings as the voice of Scar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 6 Music 6.1 Songs 6.2 Soundtrack 7 Related television series 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Pride Lands of Africa , King Simba and Queen Nala 's newborn daughter , Kiara , is presented to the assembled animals by Rafiki , a mandrill who serves as shaman and advisor . Simba 's father Mufasa proudly watches over the ceremony from the Heavens above . Kiara becomes annoyed with her father 's overprotective parenting . Simba assigns Timon and Pumbaa , a meerkat and warthog , to follow her . Kiara ignores her father 's warning and the duo 's attention and enters the `` Outlands , '' where she meets a young cub , Kovu , and they escape from crocodiles while befriending each other . When Kovu retaliates to Kiara 's playing , Simba confronts the young cub just as he is confronted by Zira , Kovu 's mother and the Outsiders ' leader . Zira reminds Simba of how he exiled her and the other Outsiders , and she reveals that Scar selected Kovu to be his successor despite not being his biological father . After returning to the Pride Lands , Nala and the rest of the pride head back to Pride Rock while Simba lectures Kiara about the danger posed by the Outsiders . He then tells her that they are a part of each other . In the Outlands , Zira reminds Kovu that Simba killed Scar and exiled the lionesses who respected him . Kovu explains that he does not think it is so bad to have Kiara as a friend , but Zira realizes she can use Kovu 's friendship with Kiara to seek revenge on Simba . Several years later , Kiara , now a young adult , begins her first solo hunt . Simba has Timon and Pumbaa follow her in secret , causing her to hunt away from the Pride Lands . As part of Zira 's plan , Kovu 's siblings Nuka and Vitani trap Kiara in a fire , allowing Kovu to rescue her . Unable to thank the young rogue , Simba is forced to accept Kovu 's place since he rescued Kiara . Later that night , Simba has a nightmare about attempting to save Mufasa from falling into the wildebeest stampede but is stopped by Scar who then morphs into Kovu and sends Simba to his death . The next day , Kovu contemplates attacking Simba as he was instructed to , but he teaches Kiara how to hunt instead and eventually realizes his feelings for her . Later , Kiara and Kovu stargaze where they talk about the Great Kings of the Past and Kovu wonders if there is a darkness in him like there was in Scar . Simba watches the two from afar and Nala convinces him to give Kovu a chance . Kovu attempts to reveal his mission to Kiara , but Rafiki interrupts and leads them to the jungle , where he introduces them to `` upendi '' ( an erroneous form of upendo , which means `` love '' in Swahili ) . The two lions fall in love . That night , Simba allows Kovu to sleep inside Pride Rock with the rest of the pride , but Vitani tells Zira about Kovu 's failure to kill Simba . Zira sets a trap for her son and Simba . The next day , Kovu attempts to reveal his mission to Kiara , but Simba takes him around the Pride Lands and tells him the real story of how Scar died . The Outsiders attack Simba and Kovu attempts to intervene , but Vitani injures him . Nuka attempts to kill Simba , but Simba escapes and Nuka is killed . Zira scratches Kovu for Nuka 's death , causing him to turn on her . Kovu returns to Pride Rock to plead Simba for his forgiveness but is exiled . Kiara makes Simba realize that he is acting irrationally , and flees to find Kovu . The two lions later find each other and profess their love . Realizing that they must reunite the two prides , Kiara and Kovu return to the Pride Lands and convince them to stop fighting . Refusing to surrender , Zira attempts to kill Simba , but Kiara intervenes and Zira falls to her death . With his enemy gone , Simba accepts the Outsiders back into the Pride Lands , and appoints Kovu and Kiara as his successors . Voice cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Lion King characters Matthew Broderick as Simba , son of Mufasa and Sarabi , King of the Pride Lands and Kiara 's overprotective father . Cam Clarke provided his singing voice . Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Simba . Moira Kelly as Nala , Queen of the Pride Lands , Simba 's mate and Kiara 's mother . Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Nala . Nathan Lane as Timon , a wise - cracking and self - absorbed yet somewhat loyal meerkat who is Pumbaa and Simba 's best friend . Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Timon . Ernie Sabella as Pumbaa , a naïve warthog who suffers from flatulence and is Timon 's and Simba 's best friend . Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Pumbaa . Robert Guillaume as Rafiki , the mandrill shaman of The Pride Lands . Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki . Edward Hibbert as Zazu , a hornbill who serves as the king 's majordomo . Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Zazu . Neve Campbell as Kiara , daughter of Simba and Nala . Liz Callaway provided adult Kiara 's singing voice . Lianne Hughes served as the supervising animator for Kiara . Michelle Horn voiced young Kiara , while Charity Sanoy provided her singing voice and Ashley Edner provided her lion growls . Jason Marsden as Kovu , Zira 's son and Nuka and Vitani 's younger brother . Gene Miller provided Kovu 's singing voice . Andrew Collins served as the supervising animator for Kovu . Ryan O'Donohue provided the voice of young Kovu . Andy Dick as Nuka , Zira 's son , Vitani and Kovu 's older brother and the oldest male of Zira 's family . Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Nuka . Jennifer Lien as Vitani , Zira 's daughter and Nuka and Kovu 's sister . Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for Vitani . Lacey Chabert voiced young Vitani while Crysta Macalush provided her singing voice . Suzanne Pleshette as Zira , the leader of the Outsiders , Scar 's most loyal follower and the mother of Nuka , Vitani , and Kovu . Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for Zira . James Earl Jones as Mufasa , Simba 's father and the previous King of the Pride Lands . Jim Cummings as Scar , Mufasa 's younger brother , Simba 's uncle and Kiara 's great - uncle , who appears in a brief cameo . Production ( edit ) Discussion began about the possibility of a sequel to The Lion King before the first film even hit theaters . In January 1995 , it was reported that a Lion King sequel was to be released `` in the next twelve months '' . However , it was delayed , and then it was reported in May 1996 that it would be released in `` early next year '' of 1997 . By 1996 , producer Jeannine Roussel and director Darrell Rooney signed on board to produce and direct the sequel . In August 1996 , Cheech Marin reported that he would reprise his role as Banzai the Hyena from the first film , but the character was ultimately cut from the sequel . In December 1996 , Matthew Broderick was confirmed to be returning as Simba while his wife , Sarah Jessica Parker , and Jennifer Aniston were in talks to voice Aisha , Simba 's daughter . Andy Dick was also confirmed to have signed on to voice Nunka , the son of Scar , who attempts to romance Aisha . Ultimately , the character was renamed Kiara , and voiced by Neve Campbell . Nunka was renamed Kovu , and voiced by Jason Marsden . Then - Disney CEO Michael Eisner urged for Kovu 's relationship to Scar to be changed during production as being Scar 's son would make him Kiara 's first cousin once - removed . According to Rooney , the final draft gradually became a variation of Romeo and Juliet . `` It 's the biggest love story we have , '' he explained . `` The difference is that you understand the position of the parents in this film in a way you never did in the Shakespeare play . '' Because none of the original animators were involved in the production , the majority of the animation was done by Walt Disney Television Animation 's studio in Sydney , Australia . However , all storyboarding and pre-production work was done at the Feature Animation studio in Burbank , California . By March 1998 , Disney confirmed the sequel would be released on October 27 , 1998 . Release ( edit ) Coincided with its direct - to - video release , Simba 's Pride was accompanied with a promotional campaign which included tie - ins with McDonald 's , Mattel , and Lever 2000 . Unlike the North American release , Simba 's Pride was theatrically released in European and Latin American countries in spring 1999 . Home media ( edit ) The film was first released on VHS in the United States on October 27 , 1998 and on DVD as a limited issue on November 23 , 1999 . The DVD release featured the film in a letterboxed 1.66 : 1 aspect ratio , the trailer for the movie , and a music video of `` Love Will Find A Way '' performed by Heather Headley and Kenny Lattimore . In 1998 , Disney believed that The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride would be so popular that it shipped 13 million copies to stores for the October 27 release date . In March 2001 , it was reported that in its first three days , 3.5 million VHS copies were sold , and ultimately about thirteen million copies were sold . In September 2001 , it was reported that Simba 's Pride had sold more than 15 million copies . Overall , consumer spending on The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride accumulated about $300 million -- roughly the same figure of its predecessor 's theatrical release at that time , and continues to be one of the top - selling direct - to - video releases of all time , with $464.5 million worldwide in sales and rentals . On August 31 , 2004 , the film was re-released on VHS and a 2 - Disc Special Edition DVD . The DVD edition featured optional pop - up informational commentary , interactive games ( the `` Virtual Safari '' ) featuring Timon , Pumbaa and Rafiki , five humorous `` Find Out Why '' shorts , an animated short based on Lebo M 's `` One By One '' , and a `` Proud of Simba 's Pride '' featurette . The Special Edition version featured changes made to the film such as Kovu in the water being inexplicably re-animated as well as other alterations . A DVD boxed set of the three The Lion King films ( in two - disc Special Edition formats ) was released on December 6 , 2004 . In January 2005 , the film , along with the sequels , went back into moratorium . On October 4 , 2011 , Simba 's Pride was included in an eight - disc box set trilogy set with the other two films . The Blu - ray edition for the film was released as a separate version on March 6 , 2012 . The Blu - ray edition has three different versions , a 2 - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo pack , a 1 - disc edition , and a digital download . The Blu - ray edition has also been attached with a new Timon & Pumbaa short , in which the two friends gaze at the night sky as the star constellations resemble their favorite meal , insects . Reception ( edit ) Critical response aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 33 % based on six reviews with an average score of 5.6 / 10 . Siskel & Ebert gave the film a `` two - thumbs up '' and said it was a `` satisfactory sequel to one of the most popular films of all time , The Lion King '' . However , they also said it was best that it went to video , citing that the music was lacking and not remotely equal to the original 's soundtrack . TV Guide gave the film 21⁄2 stars out of four , claiming that , despite being of slightly higher quality than Disney 's previous direct - to - video animated sequels , `` comes nowhere near the level of its big - screen predecessor '' , either musically or artistically . The review later went on to say that `` Though most of the original characters and their voices are back , they all sound bored , apart from the zesty addition of Suzanne Pleshette as the scheming Zira . The overall result is OK for kids , who will enjoy the low humor provided by the comical meerkat Timon and the flatulent warthog Pumbaa , but it could have been so much better . '' Writing for Variety , Joe Leydon commented in his review `` In marked contrast to most of the studio 's small screen sequels to bigscreen animated hits , the new pic is n't merely kids ' stuff . Not unlike its predecessor , Lion King II has enough across - the - board appeal to entertain viewers of all ages . '' Caryn James of The New York Times concluded her review with `` It 's the rare sequel that matches the creative flair of an original , of course . The Lion King II may be derivative , but it is also winning on its own . '' Entertainment Weekly critic Stephen Witty , who graded the sequel a C+ , wrote , `` Despite its drawbacks , The Lion King II could make a decent rental for undemanding under - 7 fans of the original , who wo n't be overburdened by the psychodrama . For true believers who 've already watched and rewound their copies to shreds , it might even make a good buy . And for them , hey , hakuna matata . But for the rest of us , caveat emptor might be a better motto . '' James Plath of Movie Metropolis gave the film 6 / 10 , saying that , `` Simply put , we 've seen it all before . '' Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed derided , `` the sequel is as predictable a sequel as can be . It takes from The Fox and the Hound with shades of Romeo and Juliet and side steps the interesting Simba in favor of his bland daughter Kiara , and Timon and Pumba ( sic ) . '' Music ( edit ) Songs ( edit ) The songwriters were Marty Panzer , Tom Snow , Kevin Quinn , Randy Petersen , Mark Mancina , Jay Rifkin , Lebo M , Jack Feldman , Scott Warrender , and Joss Whedon . `` He Lives in You '' -- Sung by Lebo M and his African choir . This song represents Kiara 's birth and is the equivalent of `` Circle of Life '' . The song is a reference to when Rafiki told Simba in the first film that Mufasa `` lives '' in him . Also appears in the Broadway version of the first film . The end title is performed by Tina Turner . `` We Are One '' -- Sung by Cam Clarke and Charity Sanoy . Following Kiara 's encounter with Kovu and Zira in which she endangers herself , Simba explains how important she is to the pride and that the pride is one . `` My Lullaby '' -- Sung by Suzanne Pleshette , Andy Dick , and Crysta Macalush . Zira 's lullaby to Kovu , which outlines her plot for him to kill Simba and how proud it would make her . `` Upendi '' -- Sung by Robert Guillaume , Liz Callaway , Gene Miller , and Ladysmith Black Mambazo . Rafiki 's song to Kiara and Kovu about love , friendship , and happiness . Sung by Rafiki and his animal friends . `` Not One of Us '' -- Sung following Kovu being exiled by Simba after he accuses Kovu of betraying him . This was the first time the animals other than lions outside of the main characters ( excluding The Lion King 11⁄2 ) have been seen talking . `` Love Will Find a Way '' -- Sung by Liz Callaway and Gene Miller . A romantic love song that includes of Kiara and Kovu 's first encounter following Kovu 's banishment . The pair concludes that their mutual feelings for each other are too strong and true for their differences to keep them apart . The end title version is performed by R&B artists Kenny Lattimore and Heather Headley . Soundtrack ( edit ) An audio CD entitled Return to Pride Rock : Songs Inspired by Disney 's The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride was released on September 8 , 1998 . Although not promoted as a soundtrack to the film , it contained all the songs from the film and some additional songs inspired by it by Lebo M . Related television series ( edit ) In January 2016 , a television series titled The Lion Guard began airing on Disney Junior , following a television pilot film The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar in November 2015 . The series takes place during the years in - between Kiara 's first meeting with Kovu as a cub and her first hunt as a young adult . It focuses on Kiara 's younger brother Kion who as second - born , becomes leader of The Lion Guard , a group who protect the Pride Lands and defend the Circle of Life . Kovu , Nuka , Vitani and Zira appear in the season one episode `` Lions of the Outlands '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horn , John ( May 13 , 1994 ) . `` Big - Name Sequels Go Direct - to - Video '' ( Fee required ) . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . The studio is so confident in the sequel 's success , it already is considering a direct - to - video sequel to The Lion King -- which does n't arrive in theaters until June . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News Service ( January 31 , 1995 ) . `` Sequel To ' Lion King ' Set To Roar Into Vcrs Within The Next Year '' . Burbank : Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hettrick , Scott ( May 24 , 1996 ) . `` Disney to Offer Original Made For Home Videos '' . Entertainment News Service . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roussell , Jeannine and Darrell Rooney . Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure audio commentary : DVD , Backstage Disney , 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/cheech-cops-plum-role-nash-article-1.732224 Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( December 4 , 1996 ) . `` ' Blackout ' awakens at Miramax ; Hammer hit '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ` Lion Queen ' Going Straight To Video '' . New York Daily News . Sun - Sentinel . September 2 , 1998 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : James , Caryn ( October 23 , 1998 ) . `` VIDEO REVIEW ; A ' Lion King ' With Girls as Stars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : King , Susan ( October 26 , 1998 ) . `` ' LION KING ' - Roaring Only in Stores '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hartl , Joe ( March 5 , 1998 ) . `` Disney 's The ` King ' Again Among Animated Releases '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bigness , Jon ( November 3 , 1998 ) . `` Mcdonald 's Hopes To Protect Kid Base With Bugs , Jungle Critters '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Adam ( January 22 , 1998 ) . `` Bevy of BV videos '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kids go Wild for Bath Time with The Lion King Simba 's Pride Elastic Jungle Gel '' ( Press release ) . Greenwich , Connecticut . PR Newswire . October 28 , 1998 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 10 , 1998 ) . `` Disney Sequel Will Play in Some Foreign Theaters '' . Los Angeles Daily News . TheFreeLibrary.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Lion King ' Sequel Will Play in Cinemas Abroad '' . The Wall Street Journal . October 9 , 1998 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TLK on Home Video '' . lionking.org . Jump up ^ `` In Brief '' ( Fee required ) . Los Angeles Daily News . November 6 , 1998 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Hettrick , Scott ( March 6 , 2001 ) . `` ' Tramp ' sequel scampers into vid paydirt '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hettrick , Scott ( September 18 , 2001 ) . `` Disney ramps up vid - preem sequel slate '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Herrick , Scott ( October 26 , 2003 ) . `` There 's gold in them DVDs '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dutka , Elaine ( August 20 , 2005 ) . `` Straight - to - video : Straight to the bank '' . Los Angeles Times . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Scott . `` The Lion King 2 : Simba 's Pride '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Out of Print Disney DVDs '' . UltimateDisney.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Audiences to Experience Disney 's `` The Lion King '' Like Never Before `` . PR News Wire . May 26 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lui , Ed ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` Lion King 1 1 / 2 '' and `` Lion King 2 '' Coming to Blu - ray , DVD , and Digital on March 6 , 2012 `` . Toon Zone . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Lion King 2 - Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pleasantville / Apt Pupil / Life Is Beautiful ( 1998 ) . Siskel & Ebert.org . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride Review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( October 19 , 1998 ) . `` Review : ' The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Witty , Stephen ( October 30 , 1998 ) . `` The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plath , James ( March 3 , 2012 ) . `` THE LION KING 2 : SIMBA 'S PRIDE -- Blu - ray review '' . Movie Metropolis . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vasquez Jr. , Felix ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Lion King 2 : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) '' . Cinema Crazed . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brett , Susan ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : Disney 's The Lion Guard creator Ford Riley talks new Lion King sequel '' . TVdaily.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride at AllMovie The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride on IMDb The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride at Rotten Tomatoes The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television and short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Disney home entertainment animated features Sequels / Followups The Return of Jafar ( 1994 ) Aladdin and the King of Thieves ( 1996 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World ( 1998 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) An Extremely Goofy Movie ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure ( 2001 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame II ( 2002 ) Atlantis : Milo 's Return ( 2003 ) 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure ( 2003 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) Mulan II ( 2004 ) Tarzan II ( 2005 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch ( 2005 ) Kronk 's New Groove ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Brother Bear 2 ( 2006 ) The Fox and the Hound 2 ( 2006 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Films based on TV series Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street ( 2001 ) Recess : Taking the Fifth Grade ( 2003 ) Recess : All Growed Down ( 2003 ) Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) TV series pilots and compilations Gargoyles the Movie : The Heroes Awaken ( 1995 ) Mighty Ducks the Movie : The First Face - Off ( 1997 ) Hercules : Zero to Hero ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) Once Upon a Halloween ( 2005 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Original stories Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers ( 2004 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) Spin - offs Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( 2007 ) Tinker Bell ( 2008 ) Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue ( 2010 ) Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast ( 2015 ) Adaptations Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) Mickey 's House of Villains ( 2002 ) Disney Sing - Along Songs series ( 1986 -- 2006 ) William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Disney portal Animation portal Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King_II:_Simba%27s_Pride&oldid=825989548 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films The Lion King 1998 animated films 1998 direct - to - video films 1990s adventure films 1990s American animated films 1990s musical films 1990s romantic drama films 1990s sequel films American films American adventure comedy films American animated films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's drama films American coming - of - age films American romantic drama films American sequel films Animated adventure films Animated coming - of - age films Animated drama films Animated films about revenge Animated musical films Animated romance films Annie Award winners Direct - to - video drama films Direct - to - video sequel films Disney direct - to - video animated films DisneyToon Studios animated films Films scored by Nick Glennie - Smith Films about animals Films about lions Films about royalty Films based on Romeo and Juliet Films directed by Darrell Rooney Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in Africa Sequel films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 15 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the voice of kovu in lion king 2	[ "Jason Marsden as Kovu, Zira's son and Nuka and Vitani's younger brother. Gene Miller provided Kovu's singing voice. Andrew Collins served as the supervising animator for Kovu.\n\nRyan O'Donohue provided the voice of young Kovu.\n\n" ]	[ "Jason Marsden" ]
5965583794547699963	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm - wikipedia Cytoplasm Cell biology The animal cell Components of a typical animal cell : Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome ( little dots ) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ( or `` Golgi body '' ) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol ( fluid that contains organelles , comprising the cytoplasm ) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane In cell biology , the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell , excluding the cell nucleus . It comprises cytosol ( the gel - like substance enclosed within the cell membrane ) and the organelles -- the cell 's internal sub-structures . All of the contents of the cells of prokaryotic organisms ( such as bacteria , which lack a cell nucleus ) are contained within the cytoplasm . Within the cells of eukaryotic organisms the contents of the cell nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm , and are then called the nucleoplasm . The cytoplasm is about 80 % water and usually colorless . The submicroscopic ground cell substance or cytoplasmatic matrix which remains after exclusion the cell organelles and particles is groundplasm . It is the hyaloplasm of light microscopy , and high complex , polyphasic system in which all of resolvable cytoplasmic elements of are suspended , including the larger organelles such as the ribosomes , mitochondria , the plant plastids , lipid droplets , and vacuoles . It is within the cytoplasm that most cellular activities occur , such as many metabolic pathways including glycolysis , and processes such as cell division . The concentrated inner area is called the endoplasm and the outer layer is called the cell cortex or the ectoplasm . Movement of calcium ions in and out of the cytoplasm is a signaling activity for metabolic processes . In plants , movement of the cytoplasm around vacuoles is known as cytoplasmic streaming . Contents 1 History 2 Physical nature 2.1 As a sol - gel 2.2 As a glass 2.3 Other perspectives 3 Constituents 3.1 Cytosol 3.2 Organelles 3.3 Cytoplasmic inclusions 3.4 Controversy and research 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History The term was introduced by Rudolf von Kölliker in 1863 , originally as a synonym for protoplasm , but later it has come to mean the cell substance and organelles outside the nucleus . There has been certain disagreement on the definition of cytoplasm , as some authors prefer to exclude from it some organelles , especially the vacuoles and sometimes the plastids . Physical nature The physical properties of the cytoplasm have been contested in recent years . It remains uncertain how the varied components of the cytoplasm interact to allow movement of particles and organelles while maintaining the cell 's structure . The flow of cytoplasmic components plays an important role in many cellular functions which are dependent on the permeability of the cytoplasm . An example of such function is cell signalling , a process which is dependent on the manner in which signaling molecules are allowed to diffuse across the cell . While small signaling molecules like calcium ions are able to diffuse with ease , larger molecules and subcellular structures often require aid in moving through the cytoplasm . The irregular dynamics of such particles have given rise to various theories on the nature of the cytoplasm . As a sol - gel There has long been evidence that the cytoplasm behaves like a sol - gel . It is thought that the component molecules and structures of the cytoplasm behave at times like a disordered colloidal solution ( sol ) and at other times like an integrated network , forming a solid mass ( gel ) . This theory thus proposes that the cytoplasm exists in distinct fluid and solid phases depending on the level of interaction between cytoplasmic components , which may explain the differential dynamics of different particles observed moving through the cytoplasm . As a glass Recently it has been proposed that the cytoplasm behaves like a glass - forming liquid approaching the glass transition . In this theory , the greater the concentration of cytoplasmic components , the less the cytoplasm behaves like a liquid and the more it behaves as a solid glass , freezing larger cytoplasmic components in place ( it is thought that the cell 's metabolic activity is able to fluidize the cytoplasm to allow the movement of such larger cytoplasmic components ) . A cell 's ability to vitrify in the absence of metabolic activity , as in dormant periods , may be beneficial as a defence strategy . A solid glass cytoplasm would freeze subcellular structures in place , preventing damage , while allowing the transmission of very small proteins and metabolites , helping to kickstart growth upon the cell 's revival from dormancy . Other perspectives There has been research examining the motion of cytoplasmic particles independent of the nature of the cytoplasm . In such an alternative approach , the aggregate random forces within the cell caused by motor proteins explain the non-Brownian motion of cytoplasmic constituents . Constituents The three major elements of the cytoplasm are the cytosol , organelles and inclusions . Cytosol Main article : Cytosol The cytosol is the portion of the cytoplasm not contained within membrane - bound organelles . Cytosol makes up about 70 % of the cell volume and is a complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments , dissolved molecules , and water . The cytosol 's filaments include the protein filaments such as actin filaments and microtubules that make up the cytoskeleton , as well as soluble proteins and small structures such as ribosomes , proteasomes , and the mysterious vault complexes . The inner , granular and more fluid portion of the cytoplasm is referred to as endoplasm . Proteins in different cellular compartments and structures tagged with green fluorescent protein Due to this network of fibres and high concentrations of dissolved macromolecules , such as proteins , an effect called macromolecular crowding occurs and the cytosol does not act as an ideal solution . This crowding effect alters how the components of the cytosol interact with each other . Organelles Main article : Organelle Organelles ( literally `` little organs '' ) , are usually membrane - bound structures inside the cell that have specific functions . Some major organelles that are suspended in the cytosol are the mitochondria , the endoplasmic reticulum , the Golgi apparatus , vacuoles , lysosomes , and in plant cells , chloroplasts . Cytoplasmic inclusions Main article : Cytoplasmic inclusion The inclusions are small particles of insoluble substances suspended in the cytosol . A huge range of inclusions exist in different cell types , and range from crystals of calcium oxalate or silicon dioxide in plants , to granules of energy - storage materials such as starch , glycogen , or polyhydroxybutyrate . A particularly widespread example are lipid droplets , which are spherical droplets composed of lipids and proteins that are used in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a way of storing lipids such as fatty acids and sterols . Lipid droplets make up much of the volume of adipocytes , which are specialized lipid - storage cells , but they are also found in a range of other cell types . Controversy and research The cytoplasm , mitochondria and most organelles are contributions to the cell from the maternal gamete . Contrary to the older information that disregards any notion of the cytoplasm being active , new research has shown it to be in control of movement and flow of nutrients in and out of the cell by viscoplastic behavior and a measure of the reciprocal rate of bond breakage within the cytoplasmic network . The material properties of the cytoplasm remain an ongoing investigation . Recent measurements using force spectrum microscopy reveal that the cytoplasm can be likened to an elastic solid , rather than a viscoelastic fluid . See also Amoeboid movement Cytoplasmic streaming Protoplasm , a general term for cytoplasm Syncytium References Jump up ^ Shepherd , V.A. ( 2006 ) . `` The cytomatrix as a cooperative system of macromolecular and water networks '' . Current Topics in Developmental Biology . Current Topics in Developmental Biology . 75 : 171 -- 223 . doi : 10.1016 / S0070 - 2153 ( 06 ) 75006 - 2 . ISBN 9780121531751 . PMID 16984813 . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 2010 ) . `` Calcium '' Archived 12 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . in Encyclopedia of Earth . A. Jorgensen , C. Cleveland ( eds . ) . National Council for Science and the Environment . Jump up ^ Kölliker , R.A. v. ( 1863 ) . Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen. 4 . Auflage . Leipzig : Wilhelm Engelmann . Jump up ^ Bynum , W.F. , Browne , E.J. and Porter , Ray ( 1981 ) . Dictionary of the history of science . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Parker , J. ( 1972 ) . `` Protoplasmic resistance to water deficits '' , pp. 125 -- 176 in Kozlowski , T.T. ( ed . ) , Water deficits and plant growth . Vol . III . Plant responses and control of water balance . Academic Press , New York , p. 144 , ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Strasburger , E. ( 1882 ) . `` Ueber den Theilungsvorgang der Zellkerne und das Verhältnis der Kernteilung zur Zellteilung '' . Arch Mikr Anat. 21 : 476 -- 590 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Cowan AE , Moraru II , Schaff JC , Slepchenko BM , Loew LM ( 2012 ) . `` Spatial Modeling of Cell Signaling Networks '' . Methods in Cell Biology . Methods in Cell Biology . 110 : 195 -- 221 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 12 - 388403 - 9.00008 - 4 . ISBN 9780123884039 . PMC 3519356 . PMID 22482950 . Jump up ^ Holcman , David ; Korenbrot , Juan I. ( 2004 ) . `` Longitudinal Diffusion in Retinal Rod and Cone Outer Segment Cytoplasm : The Consequence of Cell Structure '' . Biophysical Journal . 86 ( 4 ) : 2566 -- 2582 . Bibcode : 2004BpJ ... 86.2566 H . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 04 ) 74312 - X . PMC 1304104 . PMID 15041693 . ^ Jump up to : Parry , Bradley R. ; Surovtsev , Ivan V. ; Cabeen , Matthew T. ; o'Hern , Corey S. ; Dufresne , Eric R. ; Jacobs - Wagner , Christine ( 2014 ) . `` The Bacterial Cytoplasm Has Glass - like Properties and is Fluidized by Metabolic Activity '' . Cell. 156 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 183 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2013.11. 028 . PMC 3956598 . PMID 24361104 . Jump up ^ Taylor , C.V. ( 1923 ) . `` The contractile vacuole in Euplotes : An example of the sol - gel reversibility of cytoplasm '' . Journal of Experimental Zoology. 37 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 289 . doi : 10.1002 / jez. 1400370302 . Jump up ^ Guo , Ming ; Ehrlicher , Allen J. ; Jensen , Mikkel H. ; Renz , Malte ; Moore , Jeffrey R. ; Goldman , Robert D. ; Lippincott - Schwartz , Jennifer ; MacKintosh , Frederick C. ; Weitz , David A. ( 2014 ) . `` Probing the Stochastic , Motor - Driven Properties of the Cytoplasm Using Force Spectrum Microscopy '' . Cell. 158 ( 4 ) : 822 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2014.06. 051 . PMC 4183065 . PMID 25126787 . Jump up ^ van Zon A , Mossink MH , Scheper RJ , Sonneveld P , Wiemer EA ( September 2003 ) . `` The vault complex '' . Cell . Mol . Life Sci. 60 ( 9 ) : 1828 -- 37 . doi : 10.1007 / s00018 - 003 - 3030 - y . PMID 14523546 . Jump up ^ Prychid , Christina J. ; Rudall , Paula J. ( 1999 ) . `` Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Monocotyledons : A Review of their Structure and Systematics '' ( PDF ) . Annals of Botany. 84 ( 6 ) : 725 -- 739 . doi : 10.1006 / anbo. 1999.0975 . Jump up ^ Prychid , C.J. ; Rudall , P.J. ; Gregory , M. ( 2004 ) . `` Systematics and Biology of Silica Bodies in Monocotyledons '' . The Botanical Review . 69 ( 4 ) : 377 -- 440 . doi : 10.1663 / 0006 - 8101 ( 2004 ) 069 ( 0377 : SABOSB ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . JSTOR 4354467 . Jump up ^ Ball SG , Morell MK ( 2003 ) . `` From bacterial glycogen to starch : understanding the biogenesis of the plant starch granule '' . Annu Rev Plant Biol. 54 : 207 -- 33 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 54.031902. 134927 . PMID 14502990 . Jump up ^ Shearer J , Graham TE ( April 2002 ) . `` New perspectives on the storage and organization of muscle glycogen '' . Can J Appl Physiol. 27 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 203 . doi : 10.1139 / h02 - 012 . PMID 12179957 . Jump up ^ Anderson AJ , Dawes EA ( 1 December 1990 ) . `` Occurrence , metabolism , metabolic role , and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates '' . Microbiol. Rev. 54 ( 4 ) : 450 -- 72 . PMC 372789 . PMID 2087222 . Jump up ^ Murphy DJ ( September 2001 ) . `` The biogenesis and functions of lipid bodies in animals , growth and microorganisms '' . Prog . Lipid Res. 40 ( 5 ) : 325 -- 438 . doi : 10.1016 / S0163 - 7827 ( 01 ) 00013 - 3 . PMID 11470496 . Jump up ^ Feneberg , Wolfgang ; Sackmann , Erich ; Westphal , Monika ( 2001 ) . `` Dictyostelium cells ' cytoplasm as an active viscoplastic body '' . European Biophysics Journal . 30 ( 4 ) : 284 -- 94 . doi : 10.1007 / s002490100135 . PMID 11548131 . External links Luby - Phelps K ( 2000 ) . `` Cytoarchitecture and physical properties of cytoplasm : volume , viscosity , diffusion , intracellular surface area '' ( PDF ) . Int Rev Cytol . International Review of Cytology. 192 : 189 -- 221 . doi : 10.1016 / S0074 - 7696 ( 08 ) 60527 - 6 . ISBN 9780123645968 . PMID 10553280 . Structures of the cell / organelles Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal Nucleolus RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Cytosol Inclusions Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cytoplasm&oldid=844466227 '' Categories : Cell anatomy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 03 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the structure that contains ions substances and suspended organelles	[ "In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus. It comprises cytosol (the gel-like substance enclosed within the cell membrane) and the organelles – the cell's internal sub-structures. All of the contents of the cells of prokaryotic organisms (such as bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus) are contained within the cytoplasm. Within the cells of eukaryotic organisms the contents of the cell nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm, and are then called the nucleoplasm. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and usually colorless.[1]\n" ]	[ "cytoplasm" ]
-9212915749954374125	United States military casualties of war	United States Military Casualties of War - wikipedia United States Military Casualties of War Jump to : navigation , search This article lists the United States of America 's military dead , wounded , and missing person totals for wars and major deployments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Wars ranked by total number of U.S. military deaths 3 Wars ranked by U.S. combat deaths 4 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) War or conflict Date Total U.S. deaths Wounded Total U.S. casualties Missing Sources and notes Combat Other Total American Revolutionary War 1775 -- 1783 8,000 17,000 25,000 25,000 50,000 Northwest Indian War 1785 -- 1796 1,056 + 1,056 + 825 + 1,881 + Quasi-War 1798 -- 1800 20 494 514 42 556 First Barbary War 1801 -- 1805 35 39 74 64 138 Other actions against pirates 1800 -- 1900 36 158 + 194 + 100 + 294 + Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair 1807 0 18 21 War of 1812 1812 -- 1815 2,260 12,740 ~ 15,000 ~ 4,505 20,000 ~ Nuka Hiva Campaign 1813 -- 1814 5 0 5 11 16 Creek War 1813 -- 1814 575 Second Barbary War 1815 134 10 148 First Seminole War 1817 -- 1818 47 0 47 36 83 First Sumatran Expedition 1832 11 13 Black Hawk War 1832 47 258 305 85 390 Second Seminole War 1835 -- 1842 328 1,207 1,535 Mexican -- American War 1846 -- 1848 1,733 11,550 13,283 4,152 17,435 Cayuse War 1847 -- 1856 40 41 74 115 Rogue River Wars 1851 -- 1856 190 6 196 293 489 Yakima War 1855 -- 1856 32 34 92 126 Third Seminole War 1855 -- 1858 26 26 27 53 Second Opium War 1856 -- 1860 12 12 39 51 Coeur d'Alene War 1858 36 36 60 96 Civil War : total 1861 -- 1865 214,938 400K - 500K 750,000 ~ Union 140,414 224,097 364,511 281,881 646,392 Confederate 74,524 -- 94,000 225,000 ~ 299,524 ~ Dakota War of 1862 ( Little Crow 's War ) 1862 70 -- 113 70 -- 113 150 220 -- 263 Shimonoseki Straits 1863 4 -- 5 0 4 -- 5 6 10 Snake Indian War 1864 -- 1868 30 30 128 158 Indian Wars 1865 -- 1898 919 1,025 Red Cloud 's War 1866 -- 1868 126 126 100 226 Korea ( Shinmiyangyo ) 1871 9 12 Modoc War 1872 -- 1873 56 56 88 144 Great Sioux War 1875 -- 1877 314 314 211 525 Nez Perce War 1877 134 134 157 291 Bannock War 1878 12 0 12 22 34 Ute War 1879 15 0 15 52 67 Sheepeater Indian War 1879 10 11 Samoan crisis 1887 -- 1889 0 62 62 62 Ghost Dance War 1890 -- 1891 35 35 64 99 Sugar Point Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians 1898 7 0 7 16 23 0 Spanish -- American War 1898 385 2,061 2,446 1,622 4,068 Philippine -- American War 1898 -- 1913 1,020 3,176 4,196 2,930 7,126 Boxer Rebellion 1900 -- 1901 68 63 131 204 335 0 Santo Domingo Affair 1904 0 United States occupation of Nicaragua 1910 , 1912 -- 1925 , 1927 -- 1933 90 69 159 290 449 Mexican Revolution 1914 -- 1919 120 61 181 319 500 Occupation of Haiti 1915 -- 1934 10 138 148 26 + 184 + World War I 1917 -- 1918 53,402 63,114 116,516 204,002 320,518 3,350 North Russia Campaign 1918 -- 1920 424 American Expeditionary Force Siberia 1918 -- 1920 160 168 328 52 + 380 + China 1918 ; 1921 ; 1926 -- 1927 ; 1930 ; 1937 5 78 83 World War II 1941 -- 1945 291,557 113,842 405,399 670,846 1,076,245 30,314 See Note DA below Greek Civil War 1944 - 1949 5 6 6 Chinese Civil War 1945 -- 1950 14 150 164 51 215 Berlin Blockade 1948 -- 1949 31 Korean War 1950 -- 1953 33,686 2,830 36,516 92,134 128,650 4,759 Note : 4,759 MIA - See Note E below U.S.S.R. Cold War 1947 -- 1991 32 12 44 China Cold War 1950 -- 1972 16 16 Vietnam War 1955 -- 1975 47,424 10,785 58,209 153,303 211,454 1,603 Note as of 1 September 2017 Vietnam MIA Are 1,603 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 5 6 1 + 7 + Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 19 20 20 Dominican Republic 1965 -- 1966 27 20 47 283 330 USS Liberty incident 1967 34 34 171 Iran 1980 0 8 8 12 0 El Salvador Civil War 1980 -- 1992 22 15 37 35 Beirut deployment 1982 -- 1984 256 266 169 Persian Gulf escorts 1987 -- 1988 39 0 39 31 Invasion of Grenada 18 19 119 1986 Bombing of Libya 1986 0 0 Invasion of Panama 23 40 324 Gulf War 1990 -- 1991 149 145 294 849 1,143 0 Operation Provide Comfort 1991 -- 1996 18 19 23 Somalia 1992 -- 1993 29 14 43 153 Haiti 1994 -- 1995 Colombia 1994 -- present 0 8 8 Bosnia - Herzegovina 1995 -- 2004 11 12 Kosovo War 1998 -- 1999 14 18 N / A 18 + War in Afghanistan 2001 -- present 1,954 * 471 2,356 18,675 20,904 0 Iraq War 2003 -- 2011 3,836 * 961 4,497 32,222 36,710 Operation Inherent Resolve 2014 -- 11 14 17 28 Raid on Yemen 2017 Total 1775 -- present 666,441 + 673,929 + 1,354,664 + 1,498,240 + 2,852,901 + 40,917 + Wars ranked by total number of U.S. Military deaths ( edit ) Rank War Years Deaths Deaths per Day U.S. Population in First Year of War Deaths per Population American Civil War 1861 -- 65 750,000 ( both U.S. and Confederate ) 420 31,443,000 2.385 % ( 1860 ) World War II 1941 -- 45 405,399 297 133,402,000 0.307 % ( 1940 ) World War I 1917 -- 18 116,516 279 103,268,000 0.110 % ( 1920 ) Vietnam War 1961 -- 75 58,209 11 179,323,175 0.032 % ( 1970 ) 5 Korean War 1950 -- 53 54,246 45 151,325,000 0.036 % ( 1950 ) 6 American Revolutionary War 1775 -- 83 25,000 11 2,500,000 1.00 % ( 1780 ) 7 War of 1812 1812 -- 15 15,000 15 8,000,000 0.207 % ( 1810 ) 8 Mexican -- American War 1846 -- 48 13,283 29 21,406,000 0.057 % ( 1850 ) 9 Iraq War / Afghanistan Wars 2001 -- 2014 7,222 294,043,000 0.002 % ( 2010 ) 10 Philippine -- American War 1899 -- 1902 4,196 3.8 72,129,001 0.006 % ( 1900 ) `` Deaths per day '' is the total number of Americans killed in military service , divided by the number of days between the dates of the commencement and end of hostilities . `` Deaths per population '' is the total number of deaths in military service , divided by the U.S. population of the year indicated . Total U.S. Deaths by War Civil War ( both U.S. and Confederate ) 750,000 World War II 405,399 World War I 116,516 Vietnam 58,209 Korean War 54,246 Revolutionary 25,000 War of 1812 15,000 Mexican American 13,283 Iraq / Afghanistan Wars * present 7,222 Philippine -- American War 4,196 Wars ranked by U.S. combat deaths ( edit ) Rank War Years Deaths World War II 1941 -- 45 291,557 American Civil War 1861 -- 65 212,938 World War I 1917 -- 18 53,402 Vietnam War 1955 -- 75 47,424 5 Korean War 1950 -- 53 33,746 6 American Revolutionary War 1775 -- 83 8,000 7 Iraq War / War in Afghanistan 2001 -- 2014 5,650 8 War of 1812 1812 -- 15 2,260 9 Mexican -- American War 1846 -- 48 1,733 10 Second Seminole War 1835 -- 1842 1,500 + U.S. Combat Deaths by War World War II 291,557 American Civil War 212,938 World War I 53,402 Vietnam 47,424 Korean War 33,746 American Revolutionary War 8,000 Iraq / Afghanistan Wars * 5,650 War of 1812 2,260 Mexican American War 1,733 Second Seminole War 1,500 Notes ( edit ) a . Revolutionary War : All figures from the Revolutionary War are rounded estimates . Commonly cited casualty figures provided by the Department of Defense are 4,435 killed and 6,188 wounded , although the original government report that generated these numbers warned that the totals were incomplete and far too low . In 1974 , historian Howard Peckham and a team of researchers came up with a total of 6,824 killed in action and 8,445 wounded . Because of incomplete records , Peckham estimated that this new total number of killed in action was still about 1,000 too low . Military historian John Shy subsequently estimated the total killed in action at 8,000 , and argued that the number of wounded was probably far higher , about 25,000 . The `` other '' deaths are primarily from disease , including prisoners who died on British prison ships . b . Other Actions Against Pirates : Includes actions fought in the West Indies , the Greek Isles , off of Louisiana , China and Vietnam . Other deaths resulted from disease and accidents . c . Civil War : All Union casualty figures , and Confederate killed in action , from The Oxford Companion to American Military History except where noted ( NPS figures ) . estimate of total Confederate dead from James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom ( Oxford University Press , 1988 ) , 854 . Newer estimates place the total death toll at 650,000 to 850,000. 148 of the Union dead were U.S. Marines . CA . Civil War April 2 , 2012 Doctor David Hacker after extensive research offered new casualty rates higher by 20 % ; his work has been accepted by the academic community and is represented here . d . World War I figures include expeditions in North Russia and Siberia . See also World War I casualties da . World War II Note : as of March 31 , 1946 there were an estimated 286,959 dead of whom 246,492 were identified ; of 40,467 who were unidentified 18,641 were located ( 10,986 reposed in military cemeteries and 7,655 in isolated graves ) and 21,826 were reported not located . As of April 6 , 1946 there were 539 American Military Cemeteries which contained 241,500 dead . Note the American Battle Monuments Commission database for the World War II reports that in 18 ABMC Cemeteries total of 93,238 buried and 78,979 missing and that `` The World War II database on this web site contains the names of those buried at our cemeteries , or listed as Missing in Action , buried or lost at sea . It does not contain the names of the 233,174 Americans returned to the United States for burial ... '' Similarly , the ABMC Records do not cover inter-War deaths such as the Port Chicago disaster in which 320 died . As of October 2017 total of US World War II casualties ( Military and Civilian ) not recovered is 72,979 e . Korean War : Note : gives Dead as 33,746 and Wounded as 103 , 284 and MIA as 8,177 . The American Battle Monuments Commission database for the Korean War reports that `` The Department of Defense reports that 54,246 American service men and women lost their lives during the Korean War . This includes all losses worldwide . Since the Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington , D.C. honors all U.S. Military who lost their lives during the War , we have tried to obtain the names of those who died in other areas besides Korea during the period June 27 , 1950 to July 27 , 1954 , one year after the Korean Armistice ... '' . ( For a breakdown of Worldwide casualties of 54,246 see The Korean War educator at gives figures as In - theatre / non theater ) After their retreat in 1950 , dead Marines and soldiers were buried at a temporary gravesite near Hungnam , North Korea . During `` Operation Glory '' which occurred from July to November 1954 the dead of each side were exchanged ; remains of 4,167 US soldiers / Marines were exchanged for 13,528 North Korean / Chinese dead . After `` Operation Glory '' 416 Korean War `` unknowns '' were buried in the Punchbowl Cemetery . According to a DPMO white paper 1,394 names were also transmitted during `` Operation Glory '' from the Chinese and North Koreans , of whom 858 names proved to be correct ; of the 4,167 returned remains were found to be 4,219 individuals of whom 2,944 were found to be Americans of whom all but 416 were identified by name . Of 239 Korean War unaccounted for : 186 not associated with Punchbowl unknowns ( 176 were identified and of the remaining 10 cases 4 were non-Americans of Asiatic descent ; one was British ; 3 were identified and 2 cases unconfirmed ) ; Of 10 Korean War `` Punchbowl Unknowns '' 6 were identified . The W.A. Johnson listing of 496 POWs - including 25 Civilians - who died in North Korea can be found here and there According to report of June 24 , 2008 at Number of remains total unaccounted for : 8,055 Number of remains repatriated are : 489 of whom 100 are identified Update of report of October 26 , 2011 at Number of remains total unaccounted for : 7,983 Number of remains either repatriated from North / South Korea ; China ; Japan or disinterred from Punchbowl cemetery : 678 of which the number have been identified from 1982 to 2011 : 174 Listed as MIA : 7,718 ea . Cold War -- Korea and Vietnam and Middle East - additional US Casualties : North Korea ( Cold War ) 1959 : 1968 - 1969 ; 1976 ; 1984 killed 41 ; Wounded 5 ; 82 captured / released . USS Liberty incident 1967 killed 34 ; Wounded 173 by Israeli armed forces Vietnam War prior to 1964 - US Casualties were Laos - 2 killed in 1954 ; and Vietnam 1946 -- 1954 2 killed see ; f . Iraq War . See also Casualties of the Iraq War . Sources : . g . Afghanistan . Casualties include those that occurred in Pakistan , Uzbekistan , Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Guantanamo Bay ( Cuba ) , Jordan , Kenya , Kyrgyzstan , Philippines , Seychelles , Sudan , Tajikistan , Turkey , and Yemen . See also ( edit ) Military history of the United States World War II casualties References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Grenier The First Way of War : American War Making on the Frontier ( Cambridge University Press ) pg 195 -- 200 Jump up ^ Rajitar 33 -- 36 , 71 -- 73 Jump up ^ Konstantin 11 -- 14 , 111 ^ Jump up to : Michael A Palmer Stoddert 's War : Naval Operations During the Quasi-War with France 1798 -- 1801 ( Naval Institute Press , Annapolis , 1987 ) pg 119 , 208 , 218 , 228 ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joseph Wheelan Jefferson 's War , ( Carol and Graph Publishers , 2003 ) pg 208 -- 228 ^ Jump up to : Boot , Max ( 2002 ) . The Savage Wars of Peace : Small Wars and the Rise of American Power . Da Capo Press . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes Wars of the Barbary Coast : To the Shores of Tripoli ( Osprey Publishing 2006 ) Jump up ^ John Randolph Spears David G Farragut ( Cornell University Press , 2009 ) pg 39 Jump up ^ Edgar Stanton Maclay , A History of the United States Navy from 1775 to 1894pg 120 -- 127 Jump up ^ Earle , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Pirate Wars . St. Martins : Methuen Publishing . pp. 233 -- 245 . ISBN 0 - 413 - 75880 - X . Jump up ^ The `` other '' deaths were primarily from disease . Donald R. Hickey , Do n't Give Up the Ship ! Myths of the War of 1812t ( University of Illinois Press , 2006 ) , 297 . Jump up ^ Richard Blackmon , The Creek War , 1813 - 1814 ( Center of Military History , 2014 ) , 40 . Jump up ^ Joseph Wheelan Jefferson 's War pg 357 Jump up ^ Joseph Wheelan Jefferson 's War ( Carol and Graf 2003 ) , pg 354,357 Jump up ^ Colonel Raymond K Bluhm US Army A Complete History ( The Army Historical Foundation ) pg 154 Jump up ^ Bluhm 166 Jump up ^ Kerry A Trask Black Hawk : The Battle for the Heart of America ( Henry Holt and Co , 2006 ) pg 271 -- 276 Jump up ^ Patrick Jung The Black Hawk War of 1832 ( University of Oklahoma Press ) pg 170 -- 172 ^ Jump up to : John W. Chambers , II , ed. in chief , The Oxford Companion to American Military History . ( Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 ) , 849 . Jump up ^ Frances Fuller Victor , The Cayuse Wars ( The Early Indian Wars of Oregon , Pt 1 . ( Taxus Baccata Books , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 9729830 - 5 - 8 ) , 211 . Jump up ^ AG Henry , Rogue River War . ( YE Galleon Press , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 87770 - 573 - 9 ) , 39 . ^ Jump up to : CW. Cornell , Deadliest Indian War in the West : The Snake Conflict 1864 -- 1868 ( Caxton Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Joe Knetscii Florida 's Seminole Wars : 1817 -- 1858 ( Florida Historical Society ) pg 152 Jump up ^ Ray Hoard Glassley Pacific Northwest Indian Wars ( Binford and Mort , 1953 ) 244 . ^ Jump up to : Gugliotta , Guy ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ America 's Wars , U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , November 2011 Jump up ^ DCAS Reports - Principal Wars , 1775 - 1991 , U.S. Department of Defense , May 2015 Jump up ^ `` Facts '' . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Yenne pg 95 -- 99 Jump up ^ Jerry Keenan The Great Sioux Uprising ( Da Capo Press ) Jump up ^ Alvin Josephy jr Civil War in the American West ( Vintage Press 1993 ) ^ Jump up to : Long , Barbara . The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac pg 386 Jump up ^ Yenne pg 117 -- 124 Jump up ^ Rajitar Jump up ^ Konstantin Jump up ^ Dispatch from Commodore John Rodgers to the Secretary of the Navy , Corea , June 23 , 1871 Jump up ^ Yenne 151 -- 156 Jump up ^ Rajtar 46 -- 48 Jump up ^ Yenne pg 175 -- 211 Jump up ^ Rajtar pg 88 -- 91 Jump up ^ Kurt Nelson , Fighting for Paradise : A Military History of the Pacific Northwest ( Westholme , 2008 ) pg 277 Jump up ^ Yenne 239 -- 244 ^ Jump up to : Phil Konstantin , This Day in North American Indian History ( Da Capo , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Yenne 245 -- 248 Jump up ^ Yenne Pg 250 Jump up ^ Ryden , George Herbert . The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa . New York : Octagon Books , 1975 . ( Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press . Originally published at New Haven : Yale University Press , 1928 . pg. 449 Jump up ^ Steve Rajtar , Indian War Sites ( McFarland , 1999 ) , pg 230 -- 232 Jump up ^ Yenne 286 -- 294 Jump up ^ Bill Yenne , Indian Wars : The Campaign for the American West . ( Westholme Publishing , 2008 ) 296 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Military Service Institution of The United States Vol 38 pg 572 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Sandino Rebellion , 1927 - 1934 '' . www.sandinorebellion.com . Jump up ^ Keith B Bickel Mars Learning : the Marine Corps development of small wars doctrine 1915 -- 1940 ( Westview Press ) pg 119 Jump up ^ Congressional Serial Set . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Keith B Bickel Mars Learning : the Marine Corps development of small wars doctrine 1915 -- 1940 ( Westview Press ) pg 91 Jump up ^ Hudson , Miles ( 2004 ) . Intervention in Russia 1918 -- 1920 : A Cautionary Tale . Pen and Sword . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 033 - X . ^ Jump up to : Richard K Kolb , Cold War Clashes : Confronting Communism , 1945 - 1991 ( VFW Publications , Kansas City MO , 2004 ) pg 129 Jump up ^ `` The Berlin Airlift '' . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ page 7 of `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ John Padros , Safe For Democracy : The Secret Wars of the CIA ( Ivan R Lee Publishers Chicago 2006 ) pg 263 Jump up ^ Operation Power Pack Archived September 23 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Peter Huchthausen , America 's Splended Little Wars pg 37 Jump up ^ Bradley Graham , Medals Granted After Acknowledgement of US Role in El Salvador , Washington Post ; 5 / 6 / 1996 1A Jump up ^ Miami Herald Copter Crash kills 5 near San Salvador , 2 / 26 / 1991 . 4A Jump up ^ Ted Gup Star Agents : The anonymous stars in the CIA Book of Honor , Washington Post ; 9 / 7 / 1997 WO6 Jump up ^ Army Air Crews Line of Duty Deaths http://www.armyaircrews.com/ ^ Jump up to : Table 13 , Worldwide U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths , Selected Military Operations , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . , SAID , U.S. Department of Defense Jump up ^ Peter Huchthausen , America 's Splendid Little Wars : A Short History of U.S. Military Engagements 1975 -- 2000 . ( Viking Press , 2003 ) pg 96 . Jump up ^ Initials may offer clue to missing Gulf War pilot Note : ID and found August 2009 Jump up ^ Cauchon , Dennis ( 2003 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Why U.S. casualties were low '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/Humanitarian%20Operations%20in%20Nothern%20Iraq,%20Operation%20Provide%20Comfort%20PCN%2019000316500_2.PDF Jump up ^ `` ARMY AIR CREWS : Black Hawk Crewmembers Line of Duty Deaths '' . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Chopper Crashes Near Colombia '' . CBS News . December 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record , V. 146 , Pt. 6 , May 10 , 2000 to May 23 , 2000 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ America 's Viceroys . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United States Army '' . Jump up ^ `` Two die in Apache crash '' . BBC News . 1999 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` iCasualties - OEF - Afghanistan - Fatalities By Month '' . icasualties.org . Jump up ^ `` Air Force pilot killed in Middle East crash identified '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Navy SEAL killed , 3 injured in raid on Al Qaeda in Yemen '' . 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Casualties , U.S. Defense Department , April 1 , 2013 Archived November 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Howard H. Peckham , ed. , The Toll of Independence : Engagements & Battle Casualties of the American Revolution ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1974 ) , xii . Jump up ^ Peckham , Toll of Independence , 131 . Jump up ^ John Shy , A People Numerous and Armed : Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence ( revised edition , University of Michigan Press , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 472 - 06431 - 2 ) , 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Reference Branch ( 2016 ) . `` Marine Corps Casualties : 1775 - 2015 '' . Frequently Requested . USMC History Division . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Corrado , John ( July 31 , 2001 ) . `` What did the US Marines do during the Civil War ? '' . The Straight Dope . Straight Dope Science Advisory Board . Retrieved July 7 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Defense POW / MIA Accounting Agency > Our Missing > Past Conflicts '' . www.dpaa.mil . Jump up ^ `` Korean War Educator : Korean War Casualty Information '' . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War Exchange of Dead - Operation GLORY '' . www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil . Jump up ^ `` 404w DTIC Maintenanc '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson 's List - Civilian Internee 's '' . www.koreanwar.org . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson - Tiger List '' . www.koreanwarpowmia.net . Jump up ^ `` 404w DTIC Maintenanc '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Sandino Rebellion , 1927 - 1934 '' . www.sandinorebellion.com . Jump up ^ `` Defense POW / MIA Accounting Agency > Our Missing > Past Conflicts '' . www.dpaa.mil . Jump up ^ List of border incidents involving North Korea Jump up ^ Vietnam War casualties Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Coalition Casualties : Iraq '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Louisiana State University 's statistical summary of major American wars Washington Post database of all U.S. service - member casualties CNN list of U.S. Casualties in Iraq since 2003 . Complete list of U.S. Casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2003 . Iraq Casualties Navy and Marine death tolls Iraq and Afghanistan Casualty Count ( hide ) Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_military_casualties_of_war&oldid=818990867 '' Categories : American war casualties Wars involving the United States United States military - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 19 : 40 . About Wikipedia	how many american soldiers died in the world war 1	[ "\n3\nWorld War I\n1917–18\n116,516\n279\n103,268,000\n0.110% (1920)\n" ]	[ "116,516" ]
5771886220144999008	Thinkin' Problem (song)	Thinkin ' Problem ( song ) - wikipedia Thinkin ' Problem ( song ) `` Thinkin ' Problem '' Single by David Ball from the album Thinkin ' Problem B - side `` Down at the Bottom of a Broken Heart '' Released March 28 , 1994 Format CD Single Recorded January 1994 Genre Country Length 3 : 00 Label Warner Bros. Nashville Songwriter ( s ) David Ball Allen Shamblin Stuart Ziff Producer ( s ) Blake Chancey David Ball singles chronology `` Gift of Love '' ( 1989 ) `` Thinkin ' Problem '' ( 1994 ) `` When the Thought of You Catches Up with Me '' ( 1994 ) `` Gift of Love '' ( 1989 ) `` Thinkin ' Problem '' ( 1994 ) `` When the Thought of You Catches Up with Me '' ( 1994 ) `` Thinkin ' Problem '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer David Ball . Ball co-wrote the song with Allen Shamblin and Stuart Ziff . It was released in March 1994 as the lead - off single and title track from his album Thinkin ' Problem . The song reached number 2 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) chart , and number 1 on Canada 's RPM country chart . Contents 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Parody 5 Chart positions 5.1 Year - end charts 6 References 7 External links Content ( edit ) `` Thinkin ' Problem '' is a moderate up - tempo with electric guitar , pedal steel guitar , and fiddle flourishes . In it , the male narrator states that he has a `` thinkin ' problem '' ( meant as a play on the term `` drinking problem '' ) because he is constantly thinking about his former significant other despite numerous attempts to quit . The song begins with the famous phrase `` Yes I admit , I 've got a thinkin ' problem '' , with the final syllable of the word `` admit '' drawn out . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by O Pictures and premiered in early 1994 . Critical reception ( edit ) Rick Cohoon of Allmusic gave the song a mixed review , saying that it `` is the fuel that ignited Ball 's launch into stardom '' but that `` he tends to over-nasalize to the point of annoyance . '' Deborah Evans Price , of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably calling it a `` perfect combination of retro sensibility and ' 90s production , and a pure honky - tonk delight . '' Parody ( edit ) Cledus T. Judd , a country music parodist , parodied the song as `` Stinkin ' Problem '' on his 1995 debut album Cledus T. Judd ( No Relation ) . Chart positions ( edit ) `` Thinkin ' Problem '' debuted at number 72 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of April 16 , 1994 . Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 18 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 71 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cohoon , Rick . `` David Ball - `` Thinkin ' Problem '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Billboard , April 2 , 1994 Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2541 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . July 25 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Ball Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` David Ball Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM . December 12 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1994 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics David Ball Studio albums Thinkin ' Problem David Ball Starlite Lounge Play Amigo Freewheeler Heartaches by the Number Sparkle City Top 20 singles `` Thinkin ' Problem '' `` When the Thought of You Catches Up with Me '' `` Look What Followed Me Home '' `` Riding with Private Malone '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thinkin%27_Problem_(song)&oldid=847328189 '' Categories : 1994 singles 1994 songs David Ball ( country singer ) songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Allen Shamblin Song recordings produced by Blake Chancey Warner Bros. Records singles Songs written by David Ball ( country singer ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 14 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sings the song i've got a drinking problem	[ "\"Thinkin' Problem\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer David Ball. Ball co-wrote the song with Allen Shamblin and Stuart Ziff. It was released in March 1994 as the lead-off single and title track from his album Thinkin' Problem. The song reached number 2 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, and number 1 on Canada's RPM country chart.\n" ]	[ "David Ball" ]
7825875014737563223	Zebra mussel	Zebra mussel - wikipedia Zebra mussel Jump to : navigation , search Zebra mussel Live zebra mussels underwater with shells open , animals respiring , siphons visible Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Mollusca Class : Bivalvia Order : Veneroida Family : Dreissenidae Genus : Dreissena Species : D. polymorpha Binomial name Dreissena polymorpha ( Pallas , 1771 ) The zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) is a small freshwater mussel . This species was originally native to the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine , being first described in 1769 by the German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in the Ural , Volga , and Dnieper rivers . However , the zebra mussel has been accidentally introduced to numerous other areas , and has become an invasive species in many different countries worldwide . Since the 1980s , they have invaded the Great Lakes and the Hudson River . They are commonly found on the bottom of ships and eat the algae that is food for fish . Inspectors check ships for the mussels before they leave port . Scientists are trying to control the mussels . Zebra mussels get their name from a striped pattern commonly seen on their shells , though it is not universally present . They are usually about the size of a fingernail , but can grow to a maximum length of nearly 2 in ( 5.1 cm ) . Shells are D - shaped , and attached to the substrate with strong byssal threads , which come out of their umbo on the dorsal ( hinged ) side . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ecology 1.1 Lifecycle 1.2 Predators 1.3 Other control 2 As an invasive species 2.1 North American invasion 2.1. 1 By location 2.1. 2 Cost 3 Effects of zebra mussels 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Ecology Three color varieties of the shell of the zebra mussel Close - up of a typical shell of a zebra mussel Zebra mussel and the closely related and ecologically similar quagga mussels are filter - feeding organisms . They remove particles from the water column . The zebra mussels process up to one liter of water per day , per mussel . Some particles are consumed as food , and feces are deposited on the lake floor . Nonfood particles are combined with mucus and other matter and deposited on lake floors as pseudofeces . Since the zebra mussel has become established in Lake Erie , water clarity has increased from 6 inches to up to three feet in some areas . This improved water clarity allows sunlight to penetrate deeper , enabling growth of submerged macrophytes . These plants , when decaying , wash up on shorelines , fouling beaches and cause water quality problems . Lake floor food supplies are enriched by zebra mussels as they filter pollution out of the water . This biomass becomes available to bottom - feeding species and to the fish that feed on them . The catch of yellow perch increased 5 fold after the invasion of zebra mussels into Lake St. Clair . Zebra mussels attach to most substrates including sand , silt , and harder substrates , but usually , juvenile mussels prefer harder , rockier substrates to which to attach . Other mussel species frequently represent the most stable objects in silty substrates , and zebra mussels attach to , and often kill these mussels . They build colonies on native unionid clams , reducing their ability to move , feed , and breed , eventually leading to their deaths . This has led to the near extinction of the unionid clams in Lake St. Clair and the western basin of Lake Erie . This pattern is being repeated in Ireland , where zebra mussels have eliminated the two freshwater mussels from several waterways , including some lakes along the River Shannon in 1997 . In 2012 , the National University of Ireland , Galway , said `` The discovery of zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) in Lough Derg and the lower Shannon region in 1997 ( McCarthy et al 1997 , a & b ) has led to considerable concern about the potential ecological and economic damage that this highly invasive aquatic nuisance species can cause . '' Lifecycle The lifespan of a zebra mussel is four to five years . A female zebra mussel begins to reproduce within 6 -- 7 weeks of settling . An adult female zebra mussel can produce 30,000 to 40,000 eggs in each reproductive cycle , and over 1 million each year . Free - swimming microscopic larvae , called veligers , drift in the water for several weeks and then settle onto any hard surface they can find . Zebra mussels also can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions and adults can even survive out of water for about 7 days . Drawing of zebra mussel , showing the byssus Predators Research on natural enemies , both in Europe and North America , has focused on predators , particularly birds ( 36 species ) and fish ( 15 and 38 species eating veligers and attached mussels ) . The vast majority of the organisms that are natural enemies in Europe are not present in North America . Ecologically similar species do exist , but these species are unlikely to be able to eliminate those mussels already established and will have a limited role in their control . Crayfish could have a significant impact on the densities of 1 - to 5 - mm - long zebra mussels . An adult crayfish consumes around 105 zebra mussels every day , or about 6000 mussels in a season . Predation rates are significantly reduced at cooler water temperatures . Fish do not seem to limit the densities of zebra mussels in European lakes . Smallmouth bass are a predator in the zebra mussels ' adopted North American Great Lakes habitat . Other control On June 4 , 2014 , Canadian conservation authorities announced that a test using liquid fertilizer to kill invasive zebra mussels was successful . This test was conducted in a lakefront harbor in the western province of Manitoba . However , there continue to be outbreaks in Lake Winnipeg . Similar tests were run in Illinois , Minnesota , and Michigan , using Zequanox , a biopesticide As an invasive species Sign advising boaters on how to prevent zebra mussel spread on Titicus Reservoir in North Salem , New York The native distribution of the species is in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in Eurasia . Zebra mussels have become an invasive species in North America , Great Britain , Ireland , Italy , Spain , and Sweden . They disrupt the ecosystems by monotypic colonization , and damage harbors and waterways , ships and boats , and water treatment and power plants . Water treatment plants are most affected because the water intakes bring the microscopic free - swimming larvae directly into the facilities . Zebra mussels also cling to pipes under the water and clog them . Grossinger reported it in Hungary in 1794 . Kerney and Morton described the rapid colonization of Britain by the zebra mussel , first in Cambridgeshire in the 1820s , London in 1824 , and in the Union Canal near Edinburgh in 1834 . In 1827 , zebra mussels were seen in the Netherlands at Rotterdam . Canals that artificially link many European waterways facilitated their early dispersal . It is nonindigenous in the Czech Republic in the Elbe River in Bohemia since 1893 ; in southern Moravia , it is probably native . Around 1920 the mussels reached Lake Mälaren in Sweden . The first appearance of the organism in northern Italy was in Lake Garda in 1973 ; in central Italy , they appeared in Tuscany in 2003 . Zebra mussels are also present in British waterways . Many water companies are reporting having problems with their water treatment plants with the mussels attaching themselves to pipeworks . Anglian Water has estimated that it costs £ 500,000 per year to remove the mussels from their treatment plants . It has been argued that zebra mussels have also had an effect on fish populations , with dwindling fish populations in areas such as Salford Quays . North American invasion They were first detected in Canada in the Great Lakes in 1988 , in Lake St. Clair , located east / northeast of Detroit and Windsor . It is believed they were inadvertently introduced into the lakes in the ballast water of ocean - going ships traversing the St. Lawrence Seaway . Another possible , often neglected , mode of introduction is on anchors and chains , although this has not been proven . Since adult zebra mussels can survive out of water for several days or weeks if the temperature is low and humidity is high , chain lockers provide temporary refuge for clusters of adult mussels that could easily be released when transoceanic ships drop anchor in freshwater ports . They have become an invasive species in North America , and as such they are the target of federal policy to control them , for instance in the National Invasive Species Act ( 1996 ) . Using models based on the genetic algorithm for rule - set production ( GARP ) , a group of researchers predicted that the southeastern United States is moderately to highly likely to be inhabited by zebra mussels and the Midwest unlikely to experience a zebra mussel invasion of water bodies . However , this model has since been proven incorrect . In 2006 a researcher ( also using GARP ) predicted invasion as far west as the North Platte River , Nebraska , by 2015 . As of March 2016 , zebra mussels have affected hundreds of lakes in the Midwest including the Great Lake Michigan , and the largest freshwater lake in Wisconsin , Lake Winnebago . See the March 2016 USGS Zebra mussel distribution map for full scope of invasion . Congressional researchers have estimated that the zebra mussel has cost businesses and communities over $5 billion since their initial invasion . Zebra mussels have cost power companies alone over $3 billion . By location Zebra mussels line the shoreline of Lake Michigan From their first appearance in American waters in 1988 , zebra mussels have spread to a large number of waterways , including Lake Simcoe in the Great Lakes region , the Mississippi , Hudson , St. Lawrence , Ohio , Cumberland , Missouri , Tennessee , Huron , Colorado , and Arkansas Rivers , and 11 lakes and 5 river basins in Texas . Today , the invasion continues . For instance , in 2009 , the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation confirmed that zebra mussels had been found in Laurel Lake in the Berkshires . That same year the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced that live zebra mussels have been found in Pelican Lake , Minnesota . This was the first confirmed sighting in the Red River Basin , which extends across the international border into the province of Manitoba . In 2013 , their presence in Manitoba 's Lake Winnipeg was confirmed and aggressive efforts to eradicate them in 2014 have not succeeded . New contamination was found outside treated areas of Lake Winnipeg in 2015 and they have also been found in the Red River near the lake in Selkirk Park in 2015 . Large number were seen at Grand Beach ( Manitoba ) in 2017 In July 2010 , the North Dakota Game and Fish Department confirmed the presence of zebra mussel veliger in the Red River between Wahpeton , ND , and Breckenridge , MN . As recently as 2010 California similarly reported invasions . In 2011 , an invasion of zebra mussels shut down a water pipeline in the Dallas area . This resulted in reduced water supplies during a drought year , worsening water restrictions across the Dallas area . A common inference made by scientists predicts that the zebra mussel will continue spreading passively , by ship and by pleasure craft , to more rivers in North America . Trailered boat traffic is the most likely vector for invasion into Western North America . This spread is preventable if boaters thoroughly clean and dry their boats and associated equipment before transporting them to new bodies of water . Since no North American predator or combination of predators has been shown to significantly reduce zebra mussel numbers , such spread would most likely result in permanent establishment of zebra mussels in many North American waterways . A major decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen was observed in the Seneca River in central New York in the summer of 1993 . This decrease was due to extremely high concentrations of zebra mussels in the watershed . Additionally , the Seneca River had significantly less chlorophyll in the water , which is used as a measure of phytoplankton biomass , due to the presence of zebra mussels . Cost The cost of fighting the pests at power plants and other water - consuming facilities is substantial , but the exact magnitude of the damage is a matter of some controversy . According to the Center for Invasive Species Research at the University of California , Riverside , the cost of management of zebra mussel in the Great Lakes alone exceeds $500 million a year . A more conservative study estimated total economic costs of $267 million for electric - generation and water - treatment facilities in the entire United States from 1989 through 2004 . Effects of zebra mussels Zebra mussel - encrusted vector averaging current meter from Lake Michigan Zebra mussels are filter feeders . When in the water , they open their shells to admit detritus . As their shells are very sharp , they are known for cutting people 's feet , resulting in the need to wear water shoes wherever they are prevalent . Since their colonization of the Great Lakes , they have covered the undersides of docks , boats , and anchors . They have also spread into streams and rivers throughout the US . In some areas they completely cover the substrate , sometimes covering other freshwater mussels . They can grow so densely that they block pipelines , clogging water intakes of municipal water supplies and hydroelectric companies . Zebra mussels do not attach to cupronickel alloys , which can be used to coat intake and discharge grates , navigational buoys , boats , and motors where the species tends to congregate . Zebra mussels are believed to be the source of deadly avian botulism poisoning that has killed tens of thousands of birds in the Great Lakes since the late 1990s . They are edible , however because they are so efficient at filtering water they tend to accumulate pollutants and toxins . For this reason most experts recommend against consuming zebra mussels . They are also responsible for the near extinction of many species in the Great Lake system by outcompeting native species for food and by growing on top of and suffocating the native clams and mussels . Zebra mussels also affect all classes of algae species , resulting in a shortage of food sources to native species of freshwater mussels and fish in the Great Lakes . Zebra mussel infestation on the walls of Arthur V. Ormond Lock on the Arkansas River However , zebra mussels and other non-native species are credited with the increased population and size of smallmouth bass in Lake Erie and yellow perch in Lake St. Clair . They cleanse the waters of inland lakes , resulting in increased sunlight penetration and growth of native algae at greater depths . This cleansing also increases water visibility and filters out pollutants . Each quagga and zebra mussel filters about 1 US quart ( 0.95 L ) of water a day when confined to small tanks . In lakes , their filtering effects are usually spatially restricted ( near the lake bottom ) due to nonhomogeneous water column mixing . Because zebra mussels damage water intakes and other infrastructure , methods such as adding oxidants , flocculants , heat , dewatering , mechanical removal , and pipe coatings are becoming increasingly common . See also Mussel , mostly about true mussels Quagga mussel References Jump up ^ WoRMS ( 2013 ) . `` Dreissena polymorpha ( Pallas , 1771 ) '' . World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved Feb 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoddle , M.S. `` Quagga & Zebra Mussels '' . Center for Invasive Species Research , UC Riverside . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mollusca Slovenska ( The Slovak molluscs ) . VEDA vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied , Bratislava , 344 pp . Jump up ^ The National Atlas of the United States of America ( 2009 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Zebra Mussels '' . Nationalatlas.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Zebra mussel -- Invasive species : Minnesota DNR '' . Dnr.state.mn.us. 1999 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Amy Benson ( 2009 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Zebra mussel FAQs '' . Fl.biology.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Schloesser , Don W. ; Nalepa , Thomas F. ( 1994 ) . `` Dramatic decline of unionid bivalves in offshore waters of western Lake Erie after infestation by the zebra mussel , Dreissena polymorpha '' . USGS Great Lakes Science Center . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Alteration of the Freshwater Ecosystem , An Overview , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Jump up ^ Garton , D.W. ; Berg , D.J. ; Stoeckmann , A.M. ; Hagg , W.R. ( 1993 ) . `` Biology of recent invertebrate invading species in the Great Lakes : The spiny water flea , Bythotrephes cederstoemi , and the zebra mussel , Dreissena polymorpha '' ( in B.N. McKnight editor . Biological pollution : The control and impact of invasive exotic species . ed . ) . Indianapolis , Indiana. : Indiana Academy of Science. : 63 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Sagoff , M. `` What 's Wrong with Exotic Species ? '' ( PDF ) . College Park , Maryland : Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy , Maryland School of Public Affairs . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zebra Mussel Webpage '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Borcherding , J. ( 1991 ) . `` The annual reproductive cycle of the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha Pallas in lakes '' . Oecologia. 87 : 208 -- 218 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00325258 . Jump up ^ `` Zebra Mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Daniel P. Molloya ; Alexander Y . Karatayevb ; Lyubov E. Burlakovab ; Dina P. Kurandinac ; Franck Laruellea ( 1997 ) . `` Natural enemies of zebra mussels : Predators , parasites , and ecological competitors '' . Reviews in Fisheries Science . 5 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 97 . doi : 10.1080 / 10641269709388593 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Mackie , G ; Gibbons , W ; Muncaster , B ; Gray , I ( 1989 ) . `` The Zebra Mussel , Dreissena polymorpha : A synthesis of European Experiences and a preview for North America '' . Ontario Ministry of Environment . Jump up ^ `` Manitoba stops zebra mussel invasion with fertilizer '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Potash experiment killed zebra mussels at infested harbour , officials say '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manitoba family spots ' dark clumps ' of zebra mussels at Grand Beach '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan - made pesticide Zequanox adds muscle to war on zebra mussels '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Blažka , F. ( 1893 ) . `` Do Čech zavlečená slávka : Dreissena polymorpha Pall '' . Vesmír ( in Czech ) . 22 ( 15 ) : 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ ( in Czech ) Horsák M. , Juřičková L. , Beran L. , Čejka T. & Dvořák L. ( 2010 ) . `` Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky . ( Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics ) '' . Malacologica Bohemoslovaca , Suppl. 1 : 1 -- 37 . PDF . Jump up ^ Giusti F ; Oppi E ( 1973 ) . `` Dreissena polymorpha ( Pallas ) nuovamente in Italia . ( Bivalvia , Dreissenidae ) '' . Mem Mus Civ St Nat Verona ( in Italian ) . 20 : 45 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Elisabetta Lori ; Simone Cianfanelli ( 2006 ) . `` New records of Dreissena polymorpha ( Pallas , 1771 ) ( Mollusca : Bivalvia : Dreissenidae ) from Central Italy '' ( PDF ) . Aquatic Invasions. 1 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 283 . doi : 10.3391 / ai. 2006.1. 4.11 . Jump up ^ `` British waterways fight invasion by Russian zebra mussels '' . BBC News . 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Angling club closes down at ' clean ' Salford Quays '' . BBC News . 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zebra Mussels Overwhelm U.S. Waterways in the Great Lakes Region and Beyond -- Copper Screens and Coatings Provide a Solution to this $500 million Problem '' . Copper Development Association . 2009 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Drake , John M. , and Jonathan M. Bossenbroek ( 2004 ) . `` The Potential Distribution of zebra mussels in the United States . '' BioScience ( Vol. 54 , No 10 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 2 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stimers , M.J. 2008 . Zebra Mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) Invasion into the Upper Platte River : Using GIS and Genetic Algorithm Rule - set Prediction to Model Spread . The Pennsylvania Geographer 45 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 70 . Jump up ^ `` Zebra Quagga Mussel Sightings Distribution '' . USGS . USGS . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zebra Mussels '' . Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Mass. towns start fight against zebra mussel '' . Boston Herald . 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Zebra mussels found in Pelican Lake in Otter Tail County '' ( Press release ) . MN Department of Natural Resources . 2009 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Winnipeg Sun Province redoubles fight against zebra mussels Winnipeg Sun , MAY 28 , 2015 , Retrieved May 28 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Zebra Mussel Discovered in North Dakota '' ( Press release ) . ND Game and Fish Department . 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Zebra mussels found '' ( PDF ) . USDA . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stoler , Steve ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Water district braces for North Texas drought crisis wfaa.com Dallas -- Fort Worth '' . Wfaa.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Effler , Steven W. , Carol M. Brooks , Keith Whitehead , Bruce Wagner , Susan M. Doerr , MaryGail Perkins , Clifford A. Siegfried , Leigh Walrath and Raymond P. Canale ( 1996 ) . `` Impact of Zebra Mussel Invasion on River Water Quality . '' Water Environment Research ( Vol. 68 , No 2 ) . pp. 205 -- 214 . Retrieved 2014 - 2 - 19 . Jump up ^ Connelly , NA ; O'Neill , CR Jr ; Knuth , BA ; Brown , TL ( 2007 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Economic impacts of zebra mussels on drinking water treatment and electric power generation facilities '' . Environ Manage. 40 : 105 -- 12 . doi : 10.1007 / s00267 - 006 - 0296 - 5 . PMID 17530329 . Jump up ^ Janega , James ( 2008 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Botulism takes fatal toll on thousands of Great Lakes birds '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Zebra Mussels -- Too Toxic for ' Taste Of '' . Buffalo Rising Online . Sep 24 , 2008 . Retrieved Jan 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Sea Grant Overview '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Kenneth H. ; Hopkins , Gordon J. ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Recent Changes in Lake Erie ( North Shore ) Phytoplankton : Cumulative Impacts of Phosphorus Loading Reductions and the Zebra Mussel Introduction '' . Journal of Great Lakes Research . 19 ( 4 ) : 637 -- 647 . doi : 10.1016 / S0380 - 1330 ( 93 ) 71251 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Report at ESPN Sports '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Exotic species at PUAF . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes : ' Amazing change ' '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Strayer , David L. ( 2009 ) . `` Twenty Years of Zebra Mussels : Lessons from the Mollusk That Made Headlines . '' Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment ( Vol. 7 , No 3 ) . pp. 135 -- 141 . Retrieved 2014 - 2 - 19 . Further reading Minchin , D ( 2003 ) . `` The Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymopha ( Pallas ) extends its range westwards in Ireland '' . Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society . 27 : 176 -- 182 . ISSN 0332 - 1185 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dreissena polymorpha . Zebra mussels in Kawartha Lakes , by Jim Russell Zebra Mussel on National Atlas Zebra Mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) -- FactSheet Dreissina FAQs Species Profile - Zebra Mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) , National Invasive Species Information Center , United States National Agricultural Library . Lists general information and resources for Zebra Mussel . What are Zebra Mussels ? Zebra Mussel Watch Charting the progression of the Zebra mussel in the Eastern United States Zebra mussel in N.I. CISR -- Zebra Mussels Center for Invasive Species Research summary on Zebra Mussels GLANSIS Species FactSheet USGS Zebra Mussel Monitoring Program for North Texas United States Geological Survey Did the Zebra Mussel affect Atlantic Fishing ? - C. 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Freshwater Biology Biomes Ecosystems freshwater lake river Fish Hyporheic zone Limnology Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland brackish marsh freshwater marsh swamp bog fen Environmental quality More ... Ecoregions Freshwater ( List ) Marine ( List ) The Everglades Maharashtra The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre The San Francisco Estuary Aquatic ecosystems -- marine components Marine Marine biology Marine chemistry Deep scattering layer Diel vertical migration Ecosystems large marine marine ) f - ratio Iron fertilization Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical - biological process Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson 's rule Upwelling Whale fall More ... Marine life Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep - water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Wild fisheries Marine habitats Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools Issues Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zebra_mussel&oldid=814211364 '' Categories : Dreissenidae Molluscs described in 1771 Invertebrates of Russia Molluscs of Europe Invasive animal species in North America Invasive animal species of the British Isles Invasive animal species of Italy Invasive animal species of Spain Invasive animal species of Sweden Invertebrates of Ukraine Edible invasive species Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Articles with Czech - language external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 13 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the zebra mussel introduced to the us	[ "The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is a small freshwater mussel. This species was originally native to the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine,[2] being first described in 1769 by the German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in the Ural, Volga, and Dnieper rivers.[3] However, the zebra mussel has been accidentally introduced to numerous other areas, and has become an invasive species in many different countries worldwide. Since the 1980s, they have invaded the Great Lakes and the Hudson River. They are commonly found on the bottom of ships and eat the algae that is food for fish. Inspectors check ships for the mussels before they leave port. Scientists are trying to control the mussels." ]	[ "1980s" ]
212584557354912454	Byte	Byte - wikipedia Byte Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the unit of information . For other uses , see Byte ( disambiguation ) . It has been suggested that Octet ( computing ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since March 2017 . The byte ( / ˈbaɪt / ) is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits . Historically , the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures . The size of the byte has historically been hardware dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size -- byte - sizes from 1 to 48 bits are known to have been used in the past . The modern de-facto standard of eight bits , as documented in ISO / IEC 2382 - 1 : 1993 , is a convenient power of two permitting the values 0 through 255 for one byte . The international standard IEC 80000 - 13 codified this common meaning . Many types of applications use information representable in eight or fewer bits and processor designers optimize for this common usage . The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the eight - bit size . The unit symbol for the byte was designated as the upper - case letter B by the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) in contrast to the bit , whose IEEE symbol is a lower - case b . Internationally , the unit octet , symbol o , explicitly denotes a sequence of eight bits , eliminating the ambiguity of the byte . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Unit symbol 3 Unit multiples 4 Common uses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading History ( edit ) The term byte was coined by Werner Buchholz in June 1956 , during the early design phase for the IBM Stretch computer , which had addressing to the bit and variable field length ( VFL ) instructions with a byte size encoded in the instruction . It is a deliberate respelling of bite to avoid accidental mutation to bit . Another origin of byte for bit groups smaller than a machine 's word size ( and in particular groups of four bits ) is on record by Louis G. Dooley , who claimed he coined the term while working with Jules Schwartz and Dick Beeler on an air defense system called SAGE at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in ca . 1956 / 1957 , which was jointly developed by Rand , MIT , and IBM . Later on , Schwartz 's language JOVIAL actually used the term , but he recalled vaguely that it was derived from AN / FSQ - 31 . Early computers used a variety of four - bit binary coded decimal ( BCD ) representations and the six - bit codes for printable graphic patterns common in the U.S. Army ( FIELDATA ) and Navy . These representations included alphanumeric characters and special graphical symbols . These sets were expanded in 1963 to seven bits of coding , called the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) as the Federal Information Processing Standard , which replaced the incompatible teleprinter codes in use by different branches of the U.S. government and universities during the 1960s . ASCII included the distinction of upper - and lowercase alphabets and a set of control characters to facilitate the transmission of written language as well as printing device functions , such as page advance and line feed , and the physical or logical control of data flow over the transmission media . During the early 1960s , while also active in ASCII standardization , IBM simultaneously introduced in its product line of System / 360 the eight - bit Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ( EBCDIC ) , an expansion of their six - bit binary - coded decimal ( BCDIC ) representation used in earlier card punches . The prominence of the System / 360 led to the ubiquitous adoption of the eight - bit storage size , while in detail the EBCDIC and ASCII encoding schemes are different . In the early 1960s , AT&T introduced digital telephony first on long - distance trunk lines . These used the eight - bit μ - law encoding . This large investment promised to reduce transmission costs for eight - bit data . The development of eight - bit microprocessors in the 1970s popularized this storage size . Microprocessors such as the Intel 8008 , the direct predecessor of the 8080 and the 8086 , used in early personal computers , could also perform a small number of operations on the four - bit pairs in a byte , such as the decimal - add - adjust ( DAA ) instruction . A four - bit quantity is often called a nibble , also nybble , which is conveniently represented by a single hexadecimal digit . The term octet is used to unambiguously specify a size of eight bits . It is used extensively in protocol definitions . Historically , the term octad or octade was used to denote eight bits as well at least in Western Europe ; however , this usage is no longer common . The exact origin of the term is unclear , but it can be found in British , Dutch , and German sources of the 1960s and 1970s , and throughout the documentation of Philips mainframe computers . Unit symbol ( edit ) Prefixes for multiples of bits ( bit ) or bytes ( B ) Decimal Value SI 1000 k kilo 1000 mega 1000 giga 1000 tera 1000 peta 1000 exa 1000 Z zetta 1000 Y yotta Binary Value IEC JEDEC 1024 Ki kibi kilo 1024 Mi mebi mega 1024 Gi gibi giga 1024 Ti tebi -- 1024 Pi pebi -- 1024 Ei exbi -- 1024 Zi zebi -- 1024 Yi yobi -- The unit symbol for the byte is specified in IEC 80000 - 13 , IEEE 1541 and the Metric Interchange Format as the upper - case character B. In contrast , IEEE 1541 specifies the lower case character b as the symbol for the bit , however , IEC 80000 - 13 and Metric - Interchange - Format specify the symbol as bit , providing disambiguation from B for byte . In the International System of Quantities ( ISQ ) , B is the symbol of the bel , a unit of logarithmic power ratios named after Alexander Graham Bell , creating a conflict with the IEC specification . However , little danger of confusion exists , because the bel is a rarely used unit . It is used primarily in its decadic fraction , the decibel ( dB ) , for signal strength and sound pressure level measurements , while a unit for one tenth of a byte , the decibyte , and other fractions , are only used in derived units , such as transmission rates . The lowercase letter o for octet is defined as the symbol for octet in IEC 80000 - 13 and is commonly used in languages such as French and Romanian , and is also combined with metric prefixes for multiples , for example ko and Mo . The usage of the term octad ( e ) for eight bits is no longer common . Unit multiples ( edit ) Percentage difference between decimal and binary interpretations of the unit prefixes grows with increasing storage size Despite standardization efforts , ambiguity still exists in the meanings of the SI ( or metric ) prefixes used with the unit byte , especially concerning the prefixes kilo ( k or K ) , mega ( M ) , and giga ( G ) . Computer memory has a binary architecture in which multiples are expressed in powers of 2 . In some fields of the software and computer hardware industries a binary prefix is used for bytes and bits , while producers of computer storage devices practice adherence to decimal SI multiples . For example , a computer disk drive capacity of 100 gigabytes is specified when the disk contains 100 billion bytes ( 93 gibibytes ) of storage space . While the numerical difference between the decimal and binary interpretations is relatively small for the prefixes kilo and mega , it grows to over 20 % for prefix yotta . The linear - log graph at right illustrates the difference versus storage size up to an exabyte . Common uses ( edit ) Many programming languages defined the data type byte . The C and C++ programming languages define byte as an `` addressable unit of data storage large enough to hold any member of the basic character set of the execution environment '' ( clause 3.6 of the C standard ) . The C standard requires that the integral data type unsigned char must hold at least 256 different values , and is represented by at least eight bits ( clause 5.2. 4.2. 1 ) . Various implementations of C and C++ reserve 8 , 9 , 16 , 32 , or 36 bits for the storage of a byte . In addition , the C and C++ standards require that there are no `` gaps '' between two bytes . This means every bit in memory is part of a byte . Java 's primitive byte data type is always defined as consisting of 8 bits and being a signed data type , holding values from − 128 to 127 . . NET programming languages , such as C# , define both an unsigned byte and a signed sbyte , holding values from 0 to 255 , and − 128 to 127 , respectively . In data transmission systems , the byte is defined as a contiguous sequence of bits in a serial data stream representing the smallest distinguished unit of data . A transmission unit might include start bits , stop bits , or parity bits , and thus could vary from 7 to 12 bits to contain a single 7 - bit ASCII code . See also ( edit ) Word ( computer architecture ) Data hierarchy JBOB , Just a Bunch Of Bytes Primitive data type Tryte Qubyte ( quantum byte ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Many sources erroneously indicate a birthday of the term byte in July 1956 , however , Werner Buchholz claimed that the term would have been coined in June 1956 . In fact , the earliest document supporting this dates from 1956 - 06 - 11 . Buchholz stated that the transition to 8 - bit bytes was conceived in August 1956 , however , so far the earliest document found using this notion dates from September 1956 . Jump up ^ The actual number of bits in a particular implementation is documented as CHAR_BIT as implemented in the file limits. h . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Blaauw , Gerrit Anne ; Brooks , Jr. , Frederick Phillips ; Buchholz , Werner ( 1962 ) , `` 4 : Natural Data Units '' , in Buchholz , Werner , Planning a Computer System -- Project Stretch ( PDF ) , McGraw - Hill Book Company , Inc . / The Maple Press Company , York , PA. , pp. 39 -- 40 , LCCN 61 - 10466 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 04 - 03 , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 , ( ... ) Terms used here to describe the structure imposed by the machine design , in addition to bit , are listed below . Byte denotes a group of bits used to encode a character , or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input - output units . A term other than character is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code , and different codes may use different numbers of bits ( i.e. , different byte sizes ) . In input - output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual characters . ( The term is coined from bite , but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to bit . ) A word consists of the number of data bits transmitted in parallel from or to memory in one memory cycle . Word size is thus defined as a structural property of the memory . ( The term catena was coined for this purpose by the designers of the Bull GAMMA 60 ( fr ) computer . ) Block refers to the number of words transmitted to or from an input - output unit in response to a single input - output instruction . Block size is a structural property of an input - output unit ; it may have been fixed by the design or left to be varied by the program . ( ... ) Jump up ^ Bemer , Robert William ( 1959 ) , `` A proposal for a generalized card code of 256 characters '' , Communications of the ACM , 2 ( 9 ) : 19 -- 23 , doi : 10.1145 / 368424.368435 ^ Jump up to : Buchholz , Werner ( 1956 - 06 - 11 ) . `` 7 . The Shift Matrix '' . The Link System ( PDF ) . IBM . pp. 5 -- 6 . Stretch Memo No. 39G . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . ( ... ) Most important , from the point of view of editing , will be the ability to handle any characters or digits , from 1 to 6 bits long . Figure 2 shows the Shift Matrix to be used to convert a 60 - bit word , coming from Memory in parallel , into characters , or ' bytes ' as we have called them , to be sent to the Adder serially . The 60 bits are dumped into magnetic cores on six different levels . Thus , if a 1 comes out of position 9 , it appears in all six cores underneath . Pulsing any diagonal line will send the six bits stored along that line to the Adder . The Adder may accept all or only some of the bits . Assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit decimal digits , starting at the right . The 0 - diagonal is pulsed first , sending out the six bits 0 to 5 , of which the Adder accepts only the first four ( 0 -- 3 ) . Bits 4 and 5 are ignored . Next , the 4 diagonal is pulsed . This sends out bits 4 to 9 , of which the last two are again ignored , and so on . It is just as easy to use all six bits in alphanumeric work , or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis , or to offset the bytes by any number of bits . All this can be done by pulling the appropriate shift diagonals . An analogous matrix arrangement is used to change from serial to parallel operation at the output of the adder . ( ... ) Jump up ^ 3600 Computer System -- Reference Manual ( PDF ) . K. St. Paul , Minnesota , USA : Control Data Corporation ( CDC ) . 1966 - 10 - 11 ( 1965 ) . 60021300 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Byte -- A partition of a computer word . ( NB . Discusses 12 - bit , 24 - bit and 48 - bit bytes . ) Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 2382 - 1 : 1993 , Information technology -- Vocabulary -- Part 1 : Fundamental terms . 1993 . byte A string that consists of a number of bits , treated as a unit , and usually representing a character or a part of a character . NOTES 1 The number of bits in a byte is fixed for a given data processing system . 2 The number of bits in a byte is usually 8 . Jump up ^ `` Computer History Museum -- Exhibits -- Internet History -- 1964 : Internet History 1962 to 1992 '' . Computer History Museum . 2017 ( 2015 ) . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Jaffer , Aubrey ( 2011 ) ( 2008 ) . `` Metric - Interchange - Format '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kozierok , Charles M. ( 2005 - 09 - 20 ) ( 2001 ) . `` The TCP / IP Guide -- Binary Information and Representation : Bits , Bytes , Nibbles , Octets and Characters -- Byte versus Octet '' . 3.0 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : ISO 2382 - 4 , Organization of data ( 2 ed . ) . byte , octet , 8 - bit byte : A string that consists of eight bits . ^ Jump up to : Buchholz , Werner ( February 1977 ) . `` The Word ' Byte ' Comes of Age ... '' . Byte Magazine . 2 ( 2 ) : 144 . ( ... ) The first reference found in the files was contained in an internal memo written in June 1956 during the early days of developing Stretch . A byte was described as consisting of any number of parallel bits from one to six . Thus a byte was assumed to have a length appropriate for the occasion . Its first use was in the context of the input - output equipment of the 1950s , which handled six bits at a time . The possibility of going to 8 bit bytes was considered in August 1956 and incorporated in the design of Stretch shortly thereafter . The first published reference to the term occurred in 1959 in a paper ' Processing Data in Bits and Pieces ' by G A Blaauw , F P Brooks Jr and W Buchholz in the IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers , June 1959 , page 121 . The notions of that paper were elaborated in Chapter 4 of Planning a Computer System ( Project Stretch ) , edited by W Buchholz , McGraw - Hill Book Company ( 1962 ) . The rationale for coining the term was explained there on page 40 as follows : Byte denotes a group of bits used to encode a character , or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input - output units . A term other than character is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code , and different codes may use different numbers of bits ( ie , different byte sizes ) . In input - output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual characters . ( The term is coined from bite , but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to bit . ) System / 360 took over many of the Stretch concepts , including the basic byte and word sizes , which are powers of 2 . For economy , however , the byte size was fixed at the 8 bit maximum , and addressing at the bit level was replaced by byte addressing . ( ... ) ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline of the IBM Stretch / Harvest era ( 1956 -- 1961 ) '' . Computer History Museum . June 1956 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . 1956 Summer : Gerrit Blaauw , Fred Brooks , Werner Buchholz , John Cocke and Jim Pomerene join the Stretch team . Lloyd Hunter provides transistor leadership . 1956 July ( sic ) : In a report Werner Buchholz lists the advantages of a 64 - bit word length for Stretch . It also supports NSA 's requirement for 8 - bit bytes. Werner 's term `` Byte '' first popularized in this memo . ( NB . This timeline erroneously specifies the birth date of the term `` byte '' as July 1956 , while Buchholz actually used the term as early as June 1956 . ) Jump up ^ Buchholz , Werner ( 1956 - 07 - 31 ) . `` 5 . Input - Output '' . Memory Word Length ( PDF ) . IBM . p. 2 . Stretch Memo No. 40 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . ( ... ) 60 is a multiple of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . Hence bytes of length from 1 to 6 bits can be packed efficiently into a 60 - bit word without having to split a byte between one word and the next . If longer bytes were needed , 60 bits would , of course , no longer be ideal . With present applications , 1 , 4 , and 6 bits are the really important cases . With 64 - bit words , it would often be necessary to make some compromises , such as leaving 4 bits unused in a word when dealing with 6 - bit bytes at the input and output . However , the LINK Computer can be equipped to edit out these gaps and to permit handling of bytes which are split between words . ( ... ) ^ Jump up to : Buchholz , Werner ( 1956 - 09 - 19 ) . `` 2 . Input - Output Byte Size '' . Memory Word Length and Indexing ( PDF ) . IBM . p. 1 . Stretch Memo No. 45 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . ( ... ) The maximum input - output byte size for serial operation will now be 8 bits , not counting any error detection and correction bits . Thus , the Exchange will operate on an 8 - bit byte basis , and any input - output units with less than 8 bits per byte will leave the remaining bits blank . The resultant gaps can be edited out later by programming ( ... ) Jump up ^ Raymond , Eric Steven ( 2017 ) ( 2003 ) . `` byte definition '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Bemer , Robert William ( 2000 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Why is a byte 8 bits ? Or is it ? '' . Computer History Vignettes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . ( ... ) I came to work for IBM , and saw all the confusion caused by the 64 - character limitation . Especially when we started to think about word processing , which would require both upper and lower case . ( ... ) I even made a proposal ( in view of STRETCH , the very first computer I know of with an 8 - bit byte ) that would extend the number of punch card character codes to 256 ( ... ) . So some folks started thinking about 7 - bit characters , but this was ridiculous . With IBM 's STRETCH computer as background , handling 64 - character words divisible into groups of 8 ( I designed the character set for it , under the guidance of Dr. Werner Buchholz , the man who DID coin the term ' byte ' for an 8 - bit grouping ) . ( ... ) It seemed reasonable to make a universal 8 - bit character set , handling up to 256 . In those days my mantra was ' powers of 2 are magic ' . And so the group I headed developed and justified such a proposal ( ... ) The IBM 360 used 8 - bit characters , although not ASCII directly . Thus Buchholz 's ' byte ' caught on everywhere . I myself did not like the name for many reasons . The design had 8 bits moving around in parallel . But then came a new IBM part , with 9 bits for self - checking , both inside the CPU and in the tape drives . I exposed this 9 - bit byte to the press in 1973 . But long before that , when I headed software operations for Cie. Bull in France in 1965 -- 66 , I insisted that ' byte ' be deprecated in favor of ' octet ' . ( ... ) It is justified by new communications methods that can carry 16 , 32 , 64 , and even 128 bits in parallel . But some foolish people now refer to a ' 16 - bit byte ' because of this parallel transfer , which is visible in the UNICODE set . I 'm not sure , but maybe this should be called a ' hextet ' . ( ... ) Jump up ^ Blaauw , Gerrit Anne ; Brooks , Jr. , Frederick Phillips ; Buchholz , Werner ( June 1959 ) . `` Processing Data in Bits and Pieces '' . IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers : 121 . Jump up ^ Dooley , Louis G. ( February 1995 ) . `` Byte : The Word '' . BYTE . Ocala , FL , USA . Archived from the original on 1996 - 12 - 20 . ( ... ) The word byte was coined around 1956 to 1957 at MIT Lincoln Laboratories within a project called SAGE ( the North American Air Defense System ) , which was jointly developed by Rand , Lincoln Labs , and IBM . In that era , computer memory structure was already defined in terms of word size . A word consisted of x number of bits ; a bit represented a binary notational position in a word . Operations typically operated on all the bits in the full word . We coined the word byte to refer to a logical set of bits less than a full word size . At that time , it was not defined specifically as x bits but typically referred to as a set of 4 bits , as that was the size of most of our coded data items . Shortly afterward , I went on to other responsibilities that removed me from SAGE . After having spent many years in Asia , I returned to the U.S. and was bemused to find out that the word byte was being used in the new microcomputer technology to refer to the basic addressable memory unit . ( NB . According to his son , Dooley wrote to him : `` On good days , we would have the XD - 1 up and running and all the programs doing the right thing , and we then had some time to just sit and talk idly , as we waited for the computer to finish doing its thing . On one such occasion , I coined the word `` byte '' , they ( Jules Schwartz and Dick Beeler ) liked it , and we began using it amongst ourselves . The origin of the word was a need for referencing only a part of the word length of the computer , but a part larger than just one bit ... Many programs had to access just a specific 4 - bit segment of the full word ... I wanted a name for this smaller segment of the fuller word . The word `` bit '' lead to `` bite '' ( meaningfully less than the whole ) , but for a unique spelling , `` i '' could be `` y '' , and thus the word `` byte '' was born. `` ) ^ Jump up to : Ram , Stefan . `` Erklärung des Wortes `` Byte '' im Rahmen der Lehre binärer Codes '' ( in German ) . Berlin , Germany : Freie Universität Berlin . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Origin of the term `` byte '' , 1956 , archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 10 , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 , A question - and - answer session at an ACM conference on the history of programming languages included this exchange : JOHN GOODENOUGH : You mentioned that the term `` byte '' is used in JOVIAL . Where did the term come from ? JULES SCHWARTZ ( inventor of JOVIAL ) : As I recall , the AN / FSQ - 31 , a totally different computer than the 709 , was byte oriented . I do n't recall for sure , but I 'm reasonably certain the description of that computer included the word `` byte , '' and we used it . FRED BROOKS : May I speak to that ? Werner Buchholz coined the word as part of the definition of STRETCH , and the AN / FSQ - 31 picked it up from STRETCH , but Werner is very definitely the author of that word . SCHWARTZ : That 's right . Thank you . Jump up ^ `` IBM confirms the use of EBCDIC in their mainframes as a default practice '' . IBM . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , R.H. ( 1969 - 01 - 01 ) . `` British Commercial Computer Digest : Pergamon Computer Data Series '' . Pergamon Press . ISBN 1483122107 . 978 - 1483122106 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philips -- Philips Data Systems ' product range -- April 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Philips . April 1971 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` When is a kilobyte a kibibyte ? And an MB an MiB ? '' . The International System of Units and the IEC . International Electrotechnical Commission . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30. ) Jump up ^ Cline , Marshall . `` I could imagine a machine with 9 - bit bytes . But surely not 16 - bit bytes or 32 - bit bytes , right ? '' . Jump up ^ Klein , Jack ( 2008 ) , Integer Types in C and C++ , archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 27 , retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ Cline , Marshall . `` C++ FAQ : the rules about bytes , chars , and characters '' . Jump up ^ `` External Interfaces / API '' . Northwestern University . Further reading ( edit ) Tafel , Hans Jörg ( 1971 ) . Written at RWTH , Aachen , Germany . Einführung in die digitale Datenverarbeitung ( Introduction to digital information processing ) ( in German ) . Munich , Germany : Carl Hanser Verlag . p. 300 . ISBN 3 - 446 - 10569 - 7 . Byte = zusammengehörige Folge von i.a. neun Bits ; davon sind acht Datenbits , das neunte ein Prüfbit ( NB . Defines a byte as a group of typically 9 bits ; 8 data bits plus 1 parity bit . ) Programming with the PDP - 10 Instruction Set ( PDF ) . PDP - 10 System Reference Manual . 1 . Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) . August 1969 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Units of information Base unit bit Platform - dependent units nibble byte syllable parcel word Platform - independent units unibit ( 1 ) dibit ( 2 ) tribit ( 3 ) quadbit ( 4 ) quartet ( 4 ) sextet ( 6 ) octet ( 8 ) hextet ( 16 ) declet ( 10 ) doublet ( 16 ) quadlet ( 32 ) octlet ( 64 ) hexlet ( 128 ) triad ( 3 ) tetrad ( 4 ) pentad ( 5 ) hexad ( 6 ) heptad ( 7 ) octad ( 8 ) slab ( 12 ) catena ( 24 ) Traditional bit units kilobit megabit gigabit terabit petabit exabit zettabit yottabit Traditional byte units kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte petabyte exabyte zettabyte yottabyte IEC bit units kibibit mebibit gibibit tebibit pebibit exbibit zebibit yobibit IEC byte units kibibyte mebibyte gibibyte tebibyte pebibyte exbibyte zebibyte yobibyte Data types Uninterpreted Bit Byte Trit Tryte Word Bit array Numeric Arbitrary - precision or bignum Complex Decimal Fixed point Floating point Double precision Extended precision Half precision Long double Minifloat Octuple precision Quadruple precision Single precision Integer signedness Interval Rational Pointer Address physical virtual Reference Text Character String null - terminated Composite Algebraic data type generalized Array Associative array Class Dependent Equality Inductive List Object metaobject Option type Product Record Set Union tagged Other Boolean Bottom type Collection Enumerated type Exception Function type Opaque data type Recursive data type Semaphore Stream Top type Type class Unit type Void Related topics Abstract data type Data structure Generic Kind metaclass Parametric polymorphism Primitive data type Protocol interface Subtyping Type constructor Type conversion Type system See also platform - dependent and independent units of information Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byte&oldid=800400295 '' Categories : Data types Units of information Binary arithmetic Computer memory Data unit Primitive types Words coined in the 1950s 8 ( number ) Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles to be merged from March 2017 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша ລາວ Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 08 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the standard unit of data storage	[ "The byte (/ˈbaɪt/) is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer[1][2] and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. The size of the byte has historically been hardware dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size – byte-sizes from 1[3] to 48 bits[4] are known to have been used in the past. The modern de-facto standard of eight bits, as documented in ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, is a convenient power of two permitting the values 0 through 255 for one byte.[5] The international standard IEC 80000-13 codified this common meaning. Many types of applications use information representable in eight or fewer bits and processor designers optimize for this common usage. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the eight-bit size.[6]" ]	[ "byte" ]
-4491379000785857883	Indus Valley Civilisation	Indus Valley Civilisation - wikipedia Indus Valley Civilisation Jump to : navigation , search Indus Valley Civilisation Geographical range South Asia Period Bronze Age Dates c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Excavated ruins of Mohenjo - daro , Sindh province , Pakistan , showing the Great Bath in the foreground . Mohenjo - daro , on the right bank of the Indus River , is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , the first site in South Asia to be so declared . Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BCE ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture ( 500,000 -- 250,000 BCE ) Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BCE ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BCE ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BCE ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BCE ) ( show ) Jorwe Culture ( 3500 -- 2000 BCE ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BCE ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BCE ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BCE ) ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BCE ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BCE ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BCE ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BCE ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BCE ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BCE ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BCE ) Iron Age ( 1300 -- 230 BCE ) ( show ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BCE ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BCE ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BCE ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BCE ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BCE ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BCE ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BCE ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c. 600 BCE -- 1600 CE ) Maha Janapadas ( c. 600 -- 300 BCE ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BCE ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BCE -- 489 CE ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BCE ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BCE ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BCE ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BCE ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BCE ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BCE -- 1345 CE ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BCE -- 1102 CE ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BCE -- 1279 CE ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BCE -- 800 CE ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BCE -- c. 500 CE ) Parthian Empire ( 247 BCE -- 224 CE ) Middle Kingdoms ( 230 BCE -- 1206 CE ) ( show ) Satavahana Empire ( 230 BCE -- 220 CE ) Kuninda Kingdom ( 200 BCE -- 300 CE ) Mitra Dynasty ( c. 150 BCE -- c. 50 BCE ) Shunga Empire ( 185 -- 73 BCE ) Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BCE -- 10 CE ) Kanva Empire ( 75 -- 26 BCE ) Indo - Scythian Kingdom ( 50 BCE -- 400 CE ) Indo - Parthian Kingdom ( 21 -- c. 130 CE ) Western Satrap Empire ( 35 -- 405 CE ) Kushan Empire ( 60 -- 240 CE ) Bharshiva Dynasty ( 170 -- 350 CE ) Nagas of Padmavati ( 210 -- 340 ) Sasanian Empire ( 224 -- 651 ) Indo - Sassanid Kingdom ( 230 -- 360 ) Vakataka Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 500 ) Kalabhras Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 600 ) Gupta Empire ( 280 -- 550 ) Kadamba Empire ( 345 -- 525 ) Western Ganga Kingdom ( 350 -- 1000 ) Kamarupa Kingdom ( 350 -- 1100 ) Vishnukundina Empire ( 420 -- 624 ) Maitraka Empire ( 475 -- 767 ) Huna Kingdom ( 475 -- 576 ) Rai Kingdom ( 489 -- 632 ) Kabul Shahi Empire ( c. 500 -- 1026 ) Chalukya Empire ( 543 -- 753 ) Maukhari Empire ( c. 550 -- c. 700 ) Harsha Empire ( 606 -- 647 ) Tibetan Empire ( 618 -- 841 ) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom ( 624 -- 1075 ) Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 -- 661 ) Gurjara - Pratihara Empire ( 650 -- 1036 ) Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) Pala Empire ( 750 -- 1174 ) Rashtrakuta Empire ( 753 -- 982 ) Paramara Kingdom ( 800 -- 1327 ) Yadava Empire ( 850 -- 1334 ) Chaulukya Kingdom ( 942 -- 1244 ) Western Chalukya Empire ( 973 -- 1189 ) Lohara Kingdom ( 1003 -- 1320 ) Hoysala Empire ( 1040 -- 1346 ) Sena Empire ( 1070 -- 1230 ) Eastern Ganga Empire ( 1078 -- 1434 ) Kakatiya Kingdom ( 1083 -- 1323 ) Karnatas of Mithila ( 1097 - 1325 ) Zamorin Kingdom ( 1102 -- 1766 ) Kalachuris of Tripuri ( 675 - 1210 ) Kalachuris of Kalyani ( 1156 -- 1184 ) Chutiya Kingdom ( 1187 -- 1673 ) Deva Kingdom ( c. 1200 -- c. 1300 ) Late Medieval Period ( 1206 -- 1600 CE ) ( show ) Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 CE ) -- Mamluk Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1290 ) -- Khalji Sultanate ( 1290 -- 1320 ) -- Tughlaq Sultanate ( 1320 -- 1414 ) -- Sayyid Sultanate ( 1414 -- 1451 ) -- Lodi Sultanate ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Ahom Kingdom ( 1228 -- 1826 ) Chitradurga Kingdom ( 1300 -- 1779 ) Reddy Kingdom ( 1325 -- 1448 ) Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 -- 1646 ) Bengal Sultanate ( 1352 -- 1576 ) Garhwal Kingdom ( 1358 -- 1803 ) Mysore Kingdom ( 1399 -- 1947 ) Gajapati Kingdom ( 1434 -- 1541 ) Deccan Sultanates ( 1490 -- 1596 ) -- Ahmadnagar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1636 ) -- Berar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1574 ) -- Bidar Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1619 ) -- Bijapur Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1686 ) -- Golkonda Sultanate ( 1518 -- 1687 ) Keladi Kingdom ( 1499 -- 1763 ) Koch Kingdom ( 1515 -- 1947 ) Early Modern Period ( 1526 -- 1858 ) ( show ) Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1858 ) Sur Empire ( 1540 -- 1556 ) Madurai Kingdom ( 1559 -- 1736 ) Thanjavur Kingdom ( 1572 -- 1918 ) Bengal Subah ( 1576 -- 1757 ) Marava Kingdom ( 1600 -- 1750 ) Thondaiman Kingdom ( 1650 -- 1948 ) Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1818 ) Sikh Confederacy ( 1707 -- 1799 ) Travancore Kingdom ( 1729 -- 1947 ) Sikh Empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) Colonial States ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Danish India ( 1620 -- 1869 ) French India ( 1759 -- 1954 ) Company Raj ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Sri Lankan Kingdoms ( 544 BCE -- 1948 CE ) ( show ) Kingdom of Tambapanni ( 543 -- 505 BCE ) Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara ( 505 -- 377 BCE ) Anuradhapura Kingdom ( 377 BCE -- 1017 CE ) Kingdom of Ruhuna ( 200 CE ) Kingdom of Polonnaruwa ( 300 -- 1310 ) Jaffna Kingdom ( 1215 -- 1624 ) Kingdom of Dambadeniya ( 1220 -- 1272 ) Kingdom of Yapahuwa ( 1272 -- 1293 ) Kingdom of Kurunegala ( 1293 -- 1341 ) Kingdom of Gampola ( 1341 -- 1347 ) Kingdom of Raigama ( 1347 -- 1415 ) Kingdom of Kotte ( 1412 -- 1597 ) Kingdom of Sitawaka ( 1521 -- 1594 ) Kingdom of Kandy ( 1469 -- 1815 ) Portuguese Ceylon ( 1505 -- 1658 ) Dutch Ceylon ( 1656 -- 1796 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) National histories ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Regional histories ( show ) Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories ( show ) Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Indology Language Literature Maritime Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Science & Technology Timeline The Indus Valley Civilisation ( IVC ) or Harappan Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BCE ; mature period 2600 -- 1900 BCE ) mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia , extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India . Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia , it was one of three early cradles of civilisations of the Old World , and of the three , the most widespread . It flourished in the basins of the Indus River , which flows through the length of Pakistan , and along a system of perennial , mostly monsoon - fed , rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar - Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan . Aridification of this region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial spur for the urbanisation associated with the civilisation , but eventually also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation 's demise , and to scatter its population eastward . At its peak , the Indus Civilisation may have had a population of over five million . Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques in handicraft ( carnelian products , seal carving ) and metallurgy ( copper , bronze , lead , and tin ) . The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning , baked brick houses , elaborate drainage systems , water supply systems , and clusters of large non-residential buildings . Children 's toys were found in the cities , with few weapons of war , suggesting peace and prosperity . Their trade seals , decorated with animals and mythical beings , indicate they conducted thriving trade with lands as far away as Sumer in southern Mesopotamia . The Indus Valley Civilisation is also named the Harappan civilisation after Harappa , the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s in what was then the Punjab province of British India and now Pakistan . The discovery of Harappa , and soon afterwards , Mohenjo - daro , was the culmination of work beginning in 1861 with the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj . Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920 , with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999 . This Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from the cultures immediately preceding and following it . Of these , the earlier is often called the Early Harappan culture , while the later one may be referred to as the Late Harappan , both of which existed in the same area as the Mature Harappan Civilisation . The early Harappan cultures were preceded by local Neolithic agricultural villages , from where the river plains were populated . As of 1999 , over 1,056 cities and settlements had been found , of which 96 have been excavated , mainly in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar - Hakra Rivers and their tributaries . Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa , Mohenjo - daro ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) , Dholavira , Ganeriwala and Rakhigarhi . The Harappan language is not directly attested and its affiliation is uncertain since the Indus script is still undeciphered . A relationship with the Dravidian or Elamo - Dravidian language family is favoured by a section of scholars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extent 2 Discovery and history of excavation 3 Chronology 4 Pre-Harappan - Mehrgarh 5 Early Harappan 6 Mature Harappan 6.1 Cities 6.2 Authority and governance 6.3 Technology 6.4 Arts and crafts 6.5 Trade and transportation 6.6 Agriculture 6.7 Language 6.8 Possible writing system 6.9 Religion 7 Late Harappan 7.1 `` Aryan invasion '' 7.2 Climate change and drought 7.3 Continuity 8 Post-Harappan 9 Historical context 9.1 Near East 9.2 Dasyu 9.3 Munda 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links Extent Locations of IVC - sites Diorama reconstruction of everyday life in Indus Valley Civilisation ( National Science Centre , Delhi , India ) The Indus Valley Civilisation ( IVC ) encompassed much of Pakistan , western India , and northeastern Afghanistan ; extending from Pakistani Balochistan in the west to Uttar Pradesh in the east , northeastern Afghanistan to the north and Maharashtra to the south . The Kulli culture of Balochistan , of which more than 100 settlement sites are known , is particularly notable . The geography of the Indus Valley put the civilisations that arose there in a highly similar situation to those in Egypt and Peru , with rich agricultural lands being surrounded by highlands , desert , and ocean . Recently , Indus sites have been discovered in Pakistan 's northwestern Frontier Province as well . Other IVC colonies can be found in Afghanistan while smaller isolated colonies can be found as far away as Turkmenistan and in Maharashtra . The largest number of colonies are in the Punjab , Sindh , Rajasthan , Haryana , and Gujrat belt Coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor in Western Baluchistan to Lothal in Gujarat . An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan , in the Gomal River valley in northwestern Pakistan , at Manda , Jammu on the Beas River near Jammu , India , and at Alamgirpur on the Hindon River , only 28 km from Delhi . Indus Valley sites have been found most often on rivers , but also on the ancient seacoast , for example , Balakot , and on islands , for example , Dholavira . It flourished in the basins of the Indus River , which flows through the length of Pakistan , and along a system of perennial , mostly monsoon - fed , rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar - Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan . There is evidence of dry river beds overlapping with the Hakra channel in Pakistan and the seasonal Ghaggar River in India . Many Indus Valley sites have been discovered along the Ghaggar - Hakra beds . Among them are : Rupar , Rakhigarhi , Sothi , Kalibangan , and Ganwariwala . According to some archaeologists , more than 500 Harappan sites have been discovered along the dried up river beds of the Ghaggar - Hakra River and its tributaries , in contrast to only about 100 along the Indus and its tributaries ; consequently , in their opinion , the appellation Indus Ghaggar - Hakra civilisation is justified . However , these arguments are disputed by other archaeologists who state that the Ghaggar - Hakra desert area has been left untouched by settlements and agriculture since the end of the Indus period and hence shows more sites than those found in the alluvium of the Indus Valley ; second , that the number of Harappan sites along the Ghaggar - Hakra river beds has been exaggerated . `` Harappan Civilisation '' remains the commonly used name , according to the archaeological norm of naming a civilisation after its first findspot . Discovery and History of excavation Indus Valley pottery , 2500 -- 1900 BCE The ruins of Harappa were described in 1842 by Charles Masson in his Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan , Afghanistan , and the Punjab , where locals talked of an ancient city extending `` thirteen cosses '' ( about 25 miles or 41 km ) . Archaeological Ruins at Mohenjo - daro , Sindh , Pakistan . In 1856 , Alexander Cunningham , later director - general of the archaeological survey of northern India , visited Harappa where the British engineers John and William Brunton were laying the East Indian Railway Company line connecting the cities of Karachi and Lahore . John wrote , `` I was much exercised in my mind how we were to get ballast for the line of the railway '' . They were told of an ancient ruined city near the lines , called Harappa . Visiting the city , he found it full of hard well - burnt bricks , and , `` convinced that there was a grand quarry for the ballast I wanted '' , the city of Harappa was reduced to ballast . A few months later , further north , John 's brother William Brunton 's `` section of the line ran near another ruined city , bricks from which had already been used by villagers in the nearby village of Harappa at the same site . These bricks now provided ballast along 93 miles ( 150 km ) of the railroad track running from Karachi to Lahore '' . In 1872 -- 75 , Cunningham published the first Harappan seal ( with an erroneous identification as Brahmi letters ) . More Harappan seals were discovered in 1912 by John Faithfull Fleet , prompting an archaeological campaign under Sir John Hubert Marshall . Marshall , Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni and Madho Sarup Vats began excavating Harappa in 1921 , finding buildings and artefacts indicative of an ancient civilisation . These were soon complemented by discoveries at Mohenjo - daro by Rakhal Das Banerjee , Ernest J.H. Mackay , and Marshall . By 1931 , much of Mohenjo - daro had been excavated , but excavations continued , such as that led by Sir Mortimer Wheeler , director of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1944 . Among other archaeologists who worked on IVC sites before the independence in 1947 were Ahmad Hasan Dani , Brij Basi Lal , Nani Gopal Majumdar , and Sir Marc Aurel Stein . Following independence , the bulk of the archaeological finds were inherited by Pakistan where most of the IVC was based , and excavations from this time include those led by Wheeler in 1949 , archaeological adviser to the Government of Pakistan . Outposts of the Indus Valley civilisation were excavated as far west as Sutkagan Dor in Pakistani Balochistan , as far north as at Shortugai on the Amu Darya ( the river 's ancient name was Oxus ) in current Afghanistan , as far east as at Alamgirpur , Uttar Pradesh , India and as far south as at Malwan , in modern - day Surat , Gujarat , India . In 2010 , heavy floods hit Haryana in India and damaged the archaeological site of Jognakhera , where ancient copper smelting furnaces were found dating back almost 5,000 years . The Indus Valley Civilisation site was hit by almost 10 feet of water as the Sutlej Yamuna link canal overflowed . Chronology Main article : Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation The cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation had `` social hierarchies , their writing system , their large planned cities and their long - distance trade ( which ) mark them to archaeologists as a full - fledged ' civilisation . ' '' The mature phase of the Harappan civilisation lasted from c. 2600 to 1900 BCE . With the inclusion of the predecessor and successor cultures -- Early Harappan and Late Harappan , respectively -- the entire Indus Valley Civilisation may be taken to have lasted from the 33rd to the 14th centuries BCE . It is part of the Indus Valley Tradition , which also includes the pre-Harappan occupation of Mehrgarh , the earliest farming site of the Indus Valley . Several periodisations are employed for the periodisation of the IVC . The most commonly used classifies the Indus Valley Civilisation into Early , Mature and Late Harappan Phase . An alternative approach by Shaffer divides the broader Indus Valley Tradition into four eras , the pre-Harappan `` Early Food Producing Era , '' and the Regionalisation , Integration , and Localisation eras , which correspond roughly with the Early Harappan , Mature Harappan , and Late Harappan phases . According to Rao , Hakra Ware has been found at Bhirrana , and is pre-Harappan , dating to the 8th - 7th millennium BCE . Hakra Ware culture is a material culture which is contemporaneous with the early Harappan Ravi phase culture ( 3300 - 2800 BCE ) of the Indus Valley . According to Dikshit and Rami , the estimation for the antiquity of Bhirrana as pre-Harappan is based on two calculations of charcoal samples , giving two dates of respectively 7570 - 7180 BCE , and 6689 - 6201 BCE . Dates Main Phase Mehrgarh phases Harappan phases Other phases Era 7000 -- 5500 BCE Pre-Harappan Mehrgarh I ( aceramic Neolithic ) Early Food Producing Era 5500 -- 3300 BCE Pre-Harappan / Early Harappan Mehrgarh II - VI ( ceramic Neolithic ) Regionalisation Era c. 4000 - 2500 / 2300 BCE ( Shaffer ) c. 5000 - 3200 BCE ( Coningham & Young ) 3300 -- 2800 BCE Early Harappan c. 3300 - 2800 BCE ( Mughal ) c. 5000 - 2800 BCE ( Kenoyer ) Harappan 1 ( Ravi Phase ; Hakra Ware ) 2800 -- 2600 BCE Mehrgarh VII Harappan 2 ( Kot Diji Phase , Nausharo I ) 2600 -- 2450 BCE Mature Harappan ( Indus Valley Civilisation ) Harappan 3A ( Nausharo II ) Integration Era 2450 -- 2200 BCE Harappan 3B 2200 -- 1900 BCE Harappan 3C 1900 -- 1700 BCE Late Harappan Harappan 4 Cemetery H Ochre Coloured Pottery Localisation Era 1700 -- 1300 BCE Harappan 5 1300 -- 600 BCE Post-Harappan Iron Age India Painted Grey Ware ( 1200 - 600 BCE ) Vedic period ( c. 1500 - 500 BCE ) Regionalisation c. 1200 - 300 BCE ( Kenoyer ) c. 1500 - 600 BCE ( Coningham & Young ) 600 - 300 BCE Northern Black Polished Ware ( Iron Age ) ( 700 - 200 BCE ) Second urbanisation ( c. 500 - 200 BCE ) Integration Pre-Harappan - Mehrgarh Haplogroup L - M20 has a high frequency in the Indus Valley . McElreavy & Quintana - Murci ( 2005 ) note that `` both the frequency distribution and estimated expansion time ( ~ 7,000 YBP ) of this lineage suggest that its spread in the Indus Valley may be associated with the expansion of local farming groups during the Neolithic period . '' See also : Neolithic revolution , Fertile Crescent , and Demic diffusion Mehrgarh is a Neolithic ( 7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE ) site to the west of the Indus River valley , near the capital of the Kachi District in Pakistan , on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan , near the Bolan Pass . According to Ahmad Hasan Dani , professor emeritus at Quaid - e-Azam University , Islamabad , the discovery of Mehrgarh `` changed the entire concept of the Indus civilisation ( ... ) There we have the whole sequence , right from the beginning of settled village life . '' Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia . According to Parpola , the culture migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation . Mehrgarh was influenced by the Near Eastern Neolithic , with similarities between `` domesticated wheat varieties , early phases of farming , pottery , other archaeological artefacts , some domesticated plants and herd animals . '' Gallego Romero et al. ( 2011 ) notice that `` ( t ) he earliest evidence of cattle herding in south Asia comes from the Indus River Valley site of Mehrgarh and is dated to 7,000 YBP . '' Lukacs and Hemphill suggest an initial local development of Mehrgarh , with a continuity in cultural development but a change in population . According to Lukacs and Hemphill , while there is a strong continuity between the neolithic and chalcolithic ( Copper Age ) cultures of Mehrgarh , dental evidence shows that the chalcolithic population did not descend from the neolithic population of Mehrgarh , which `` suggests moderate levels of gene flow . '' Masacernhas et al. ( 2015 ) note that `` new , possibly West Asian , body types are reported from the graves of Mehrgarh beginning in the Togau phase ( 3800 BCE ) . '' Early Harappan Early Harappan Period , c. 3300 -- 2600 BCE The Early Harappan Ravi Phase , named after the nearby Ravi River , lasted from c. 3300 BCE until 2800 BCE . It is related to the Hakra Phase , identified in the Ghaggar - Hakra River Valley to the west , and predates the Kot Diji Phase ( 2800 -- 2600 BCE , Harappan 2 ) , named after a site in northern Sindh , Pakistan , near Mohenjo - daro . The earliest examples of the Indus script date to the 3rd millennium BCE . The mature phase of earlier village cultures is represented by Rehman Dheri and Amri in Pakistan . Kot Diji represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan , with the citadel representing centralised authority and an increasingly urban quality of life . Another town of this stage was found at Kalibangan in India on the Hakra River . Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials , including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead - making . By this time , villagers had domesticated numerous crops , including peas , sesame seeds , dates , and cotton , as well as animals , including the water buffalo . Early Harappan communities turned to large urban centres by 2600 BCE , from where the mature Harappan phase started . The latest research shows that Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities . Mature Harappan Mature Harappan Period , c. 2600 -- 1900 BCE Mohenjo - daro View of Granary and Great Hall on Mound F in Harappa According to Giosan et al. ( 2012 ) , the slow southward migration of the monsoons across Asia initially allowed the Indus Valley villages to develop by taming the floods of the Indus and its tributaries . Flood - supported farming led to large agricultural surpluses , which in turn supported the development of cities . The IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities , relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods . Brooke further notes that the development of advanced cities coincides with a reduction in rainfall , which may have triggered a reorganisation into larger urban centers . According to J.G. Shaffer and D.A. Lichtenstein , the Mature Harappan Civilisation was `` a fusion of the Bagor , Hakra , and Kot Diji traditions or ' ethnic groups ' in the Ghaggar - Hakra valley on the borders of India and Pakistan '' . By 2600 BCE , the Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres . Such urban centres include Harappa , Ganeriwala , Mohenjo - daro in modern - day Pakistan , and Dholavira , Kalibangan , Rakhigarhi , Rupar , and Lothal in modern - day India . In total , more than 1,052 cities and settlements have been found , mainly in the general region of the Indus Rivers and their tributaries . Cities Computer - aided reconstruction of coastal Harappan settlement at Sokhta Koh near Pasni , Pakistan A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley Civilisation making them the first urban centre in the region . The quality of municipal town planning suggests the knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene , or , alternatively , accessibility to the means of religious ritual . As seen in Harappa , Mohenjo - daro and the recently partially excavated Rakhigarhi , this urban plan included the world 's first known urban sanitation systems : see hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilisation . Within the city , individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells . From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing , waste water was directed to covered drains , which lined the major streets . Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes . The house - building in some villages in the region still resembles in some respects the house - building of the Harappans . The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus region were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in many areas of Pakistan and India today . The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards , granaries , warehouses , brick platforms , and protective walls . The massive walls of Indus cities most likely protected the Harappans from floods and may have dissuaded military conflicts . So - called `` Priest King '' statue , Mohenjo - daro , late Mature Harappan period , National Museum , Karachi , Pakistan The purpose of the citadel remains debated . In sharp contrast to this civilisation 's contemporaries , Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt , no large monumental structures were built . There is no conclusive evidence of palaces or temples -- or of kings , armies , or priests . Some structures are thought to have been granaries . Found at one city is an enormous well - built bath ( the `` Great Bath '' ) , which may have been a public bath . Although the citadels were walled , it is far from clear that these structures were defensive . They may have been built to divert flood waters . Most city dwellers appear to have been traders or artisans , who lived with others pursuing the same occupation in well - defined neighbourhoods . Materials from distant regions were used in the cities for constructing seals , beads and other objects . Among the artefacts discovered were beautiful glazed faïence beads . Steatite seals have images of animals , people ( perhaps gods ) , and other types of inscriptions , including the yet un-deciphered writing system of the Indus Valley Civilisation . Some of the seals were used to stamp clay on trade goods and most probably had other uses as well . Although some houses were larger than others , Indus Civilisation cities were remarkable for their apparent , if relative , egalitarianism . All the houses had access to water and drainage facilities . This gives the impression of a society with relatively low wealth concentration , though clear social levelling is seen in personal adornments . Dholavira Sophisticated Water Reservoir , evidence for hydraulic sewage systems in the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation . Toilets that used water were used in the Indus Valley Civilisation . The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo - daro had a flush toilet in almost every house , attached to a sophisticated sewage system . Authority and governance Archaeological records provide no immediate answers for a centre of power or for depictions of people in power in Harappan society . But , there are indications of complex decisions being taken and implemented . For instance , the majority of the cities were constructed in a highly uniform and well - planned grid pattern , suggesting they were planned by a central authority ; extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts as evident in pottery , seals , weights and bricks ; presence of public facilities and monumental architecture ; heterogeneity in the mortuary symbolism and in grave goods ( items included in burials ) . These are the major theories : There was a single state , given the similarity in artefacts , the evidence for planned settlements , the standardised ratio of brick size , and the establishment of settlements near sources of raw material . There was no single ruler but several cities like Mohenjo - daro had a separate ruler , Harappa another , and so forth . Harappan society had no rulers , and everybody enjoyed equal status . Technology Further information : Indian mathematics § Prehistory Unicorn seal of Indus Valley , Indian Museum Elephant seal of Indus Valley , Indian Museum Indus Valley seals , British Museum The people of the Indus Civilisation achieved great accuracy in measuring length , mass , and time . They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures . A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus territories . Their smallest division , which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal in Gujarat , was approximately 1.704 mm , the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age . Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes , including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights . These chert weights were in a ratio of 5 : 2 : 1 with weights of 0.05 , 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.5 , 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , and 500 units , with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams , similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia , and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871 . However , as in other cultures , actual weights were not uniform throughout the area . The weights and measures later used in Kautilya 's Arthashastra ( 4th century BCE ) are the same as those used in Lothal . Harappans evolved some new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper , bronze , lead , and tin . The engineering skill of the Harappans was remarkable , especially in building docks . In 2001 , archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh , Pakistan , discovered that the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation , from the early Harappan periods , had knowledge of proto - dentistry . Later , in April 2006 , it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest ( and first early Neolithic ) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo ( i.e. , in a living person ) was found in Mehrgarh . Eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults were discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Mehrgarh that dates from 7,500 -- 9,000 years ago . According to the authors , their discoveries point to a tradition of proto - dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region . A touchstone bearing gold streaks was found in Banawali , which was probably used for testing the purity of gold ( such a technique is still used in some parts of India ) . Arts and crafts The `` dancing girl of Mohenjo - daro '' ( replica ) Chanhudaro . Fragment of Large Deep Vessel , circa 2500 BCE . Red pottery with red and black slip - painted decoration , 4 / × 61⁄8 in . ( 12.5 × 15.5 cm ) . Brooklyn Museum Various sculptures , seals , bronze vessels pottery , gold jewellery , and anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta , bronze , and steatite have been found at excavation sites . A number of gold , terracotta and stone figurines of girls in dancing poses reveal the presence of some dance form . These terracotta figurines included cows , bears , monkeys , and dogs . The animal depicted on a majority of seals at sites of the mature period has not been clearly identified . Part bull , part zebra , with a majestic horn , it has been a source of speculation . As yet , there is insufficient evidence to substantiate claims that the image had religious or cultic significance , but the prevalence of the image raises the question of whether or not the animals in images of the IVC are religious symbols . Sir John Marshall reacted with surprise when he saw the famous Indus bronze statuette of a slender - limbed dancing girl in Mohenjo - daro : `` When I first saw them I found it difficult to believe that they were prehistoric ; they seemed to completely upset all established ideas about early art , and culture . Modeling such as this was unknown in the ancient world up to the Hellenistic age of Greece , and I thought , therefore , that some mistake must surely have been made ; that these figures had found their way into levels some 3000 years older than those to which they properly belonged ... Now , in these statuettes , it is just this anatomical truth which is so startling ; that makes us wonder whether , in this all - important matter , Greek artistry could possibly have been anticipated by the sculptors of a far - off age on the banks of the Indus '' . Many crafts including , `` shell working , ceramics , and agate and glazed steatite bead making '' were practised and the pieces were used in the making of necklaces , bangles , and other ornaments from all phases of Harappan culture . Some of these crafts are still practised in the subcontinent today . Some make - up and toiletry items ( a special kind of combs ( kakai ) , the use of collyrium and a special three - in - one toiletry gadget ) that were found in Harappan contexts still have similar counterparts in modern India . Terracotta female figurines were found ( ca . 2800 -- 2600 BCE ) which had red colour applied to the `` manga '' ( line of partition of the hair ) . Seals have been found at Mohenjo - daro depicting a figure standing on its head , and another sitting cross-legged in what some call a yoga - like pose ( see image , the so - called Pashupati , below ) . This figure , sometimes known as a Pashupati , has been variously identified . Sir John Marshall identified a resemblance to the Hindu god , Shiva . If this can be validated , it would be evidence that some aspects of Hinduism predate the earliest texts , the Veda . A harp - like instrument depicted on an Indus seal and two shell objects found at Lothal indicate the use of stringed musical instruments . The Harappans also made various toys and games , among them cubical dice ( with one to six holes on the faces ) , which were found in sites like Mohenjo - Daro . Trade and transportation The docks of ancient Lothal as they are today ( 2006 ) Further information : Lothal and Meluhha The Indus civilisation 's economy appears to have depended significantly on trade , which was facilitated by major advances in transport technology . The IVC may have been the first civilisation to use wheeled transport . These advances may have included bullock carts that are identical to those seen throughout South Asia today , as well as boats . Most of these boats were probably small , flat - bottomed craft , perhaps driven by sail , similar to those one can see on the Indus River today ; however , there is secondary evidence of sea - going craft . Archaeologists have discovered a massive , dredged canal and what they regard as a docking facility at the coastal city of Lothal in western India ( Gujarat state ) . An extensive canal network , used for irrigation , has however also been discovered by H. - P. Francfort . During 4300 -- 3200 BCE of the chalcolithic period ( copper age ) , the Indus Valley Civilisation area shows ceramic similarities with southern Turkmenistan and northern Iran which suggest considerable mobility and trade . During the Early Harappan period ( about 3200 -- 2600 BCE ) , similarities in pottery , seals , figurines , ornaments , etc. document intensive caravan trade with Central Asia and the Iranian plateau . Judging from the dispersal of Indus civilisation artefacts , the trade networks , economically , integrated a huge area , including portions of Afghanistan , the coastal regions of Persia , northern and western India , and Mesopotamia . Studies of tooth enamel from individuals buried at Harappa suggest that some residents had migrated to the city from beyond the Indus Valley . There is some evidence that trade contacts extended to Crete and possibly to Egypt . There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilisations as early as the middle Harappan Phase , with much commerce being handled by `` middlemen merchants from Dilmun '' ( modern Bahrain and Failaka located in the Persian Gulf ) . Such long - distance sea trade became feasible with the development of plank - built watercraft , equipped with a single central mast supporting a sail of woven rushes or cloth . Several coastal settlements like Sotkagen - dor ( astride Dasht River , north of Jiwani ) , Sokhta Koh ( astride Shadi River , north of Pasni ) , and Balakot ( near Sonmiani ) in Pakistan along with Lothal in western India , testify to their role as Harappan trading outposts . Shallow harbours located at the estuaries of rivers opening into the sea allowed brisk maritime trade with Mesopotamian cities . `` It is generally assumed that most trade between the Indus Valley ( ancient Meluhha ? ) and western neighbors proceeded up the Persian Gulf rather than overland . Although there is no incontrovertible proof that this was indeed the case , the distribution of Indus - type artifacts on the Oman peninsula , on Bahrain and in southern Mesopotamia makes it plausible that a series of maritime stages linked the Indus Valley and the Gulf region . '' In the 1980s , important archaeological discoveries have been made at Ras al - Jinz ( Oman ) , demonstrating maritime Indus Valley connections with the Arabian Peninsula . Agriculture According to Gangal et al. ( 2014 ) , there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north - west India , but there is also `` good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh . '' According to Jean - Francois Jarrige , farming had an independent origin at Mehrgarh , despite the similarities which he notes between Neolithic sites from eastern Mesopotamia and the western Indus valley , which are evidence of a `` cultural continuum '' between those sites . Nevertheless , Jarrige concludes that Mehrgarh has an earlier local background , '' and is not a `` ' backwater ' of the Neolithic culture of the Near East . '' Archaeologist Jim G. Shaffer writes that the Mehrgarh site `` demonstrates that food production was an indigenous South Asian phenomenon '' and that the data support interpretation of `` the prehistoric urbanisation and complex social organisation in South Asia as based on indigenous , but not isolated , cultural developments '' . Jarrige notes that the people of Mehrgarh used domesticated wheats and barley , while Shaffer and Liechtenstein note that the major cultivated cereal crop was naked six - row barley , a crop derived from two - row barley . Gangal agrees that `` Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90 % barley , '' noting that `` there is good evidence for the local domestication of barley . '' Yet , Gangal also notes that the crop also included `` a small amount of wheat , '' which `` are suggested to be of Near - Eastern origin , as the modern distribution of wild varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey . '' Zebu cattle in Pune , India Indus Valley seals with a Zebu Bull , Elephant , and Rhinoceros , 2500 -- 1900 BCE The cattle that is often portrayed on Indus seals are humped Indian aurochs , that is similar to Zebu cattle . Zebu cattle is still common in India , and in Africa . It is different from the European cattle , and had been originally domesticated on the Indian subcontinent , probably in the Baluchistan region of Pakistan . Language See also : Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit , Harappan language , and Origins of Dravidian peoples It has often been suggested that the bearers of the IVC corresponded to proto - Dravidians linguistically , the break - up of proto - Dravidian corresponding to the break - up of the Late Harappan culture . Finnish Indologist Asko Parpola concludes that the uniformity of the Indus inscriptions precludes any possibility of widely different languages being used , and that an early form of Dravidian language must have been the language of the Indus people . Today , the Dravidian language family is concentrated mostly in southern India and northern and eastern Sri Lanka , but pockets of it still remain throughout the rest of India and Pakistan ( the Brahui language ) , which lends credence to the theory . According to Heggarty and Renfrew , Dravidian languages may have spread into the Indian subcontinent with the spread of farming . According to David McAlpin , the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from Elam . In earlier publications , Renfrew also stated that proto - Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent , but more recently Heggarty and Renfrew note that `` a great deal remains to be done in elucidating the prehistory of Dravidian . '' They also note that `` McAlpin 's analysis of the language data , and thus his claims , remain far from orthodoxy . '' Heggarty and Renfrew conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data , and that `` the linguistic jury is still very much out . '' Possible writing system Main article : Indus script Between 400 and as many as 600 distinct Indus symbols have been found on seals , small tablets , ceramic pots and more than a dozen other materials , including a `` signboard '' that apparently once hung over the gate of the inner citadel of the Indus city of Dholavira . Ten Indus Signs , dubbed the Dholavira Signboard Typical Indus inscriptions are no more than four or five characters in length , most of which ( aside from the Dholavira `` signboard '' ) are tiny ; the longest on a single surface , which is less than 1 inch ( 2.54 cm ) square , is 17 signs long ; the longest on any object ( found on three different faces of a mass - produced object ) has a length of 26 symbols . While the Indus Valley Civilisation is generally characterised as a literate society on the evidence of these inscriptions , this description has been challenged by Farmer , Sproat , and Witzel ( 2004 ) who argue that the Indus system did not encode language , but was instead similar to a variety of non-linguistic sign systems used extensively in the Near East and other societies , to symbolise families , clans , gods , and religious concepts . Others have claimed on occasion that the symbols were exclusively used for economic transactions , but this claim leaves unexplained the appearance of Indus symbols on many ritual objects , many of which were mass - produced in moulds . No parallels to these mass - produced inscriptions are known in any other early ancient civilisations . In a 2009 study by P.N. Rao et al. published in Science , computer scientists , comparing the pattern of symbols to various linguistic scripts and non-linguistic systems , including DNA and a computer programming language , found that the Indus script 's pattern is closer to that of spoken words , supporting the hypothesis that it codes for an as - yet - unknown language . Farmer , Sproat , and Witzel have disputed this finding , pointing out that Rao et al. did not actually compare the Indus signs with `` real - world non-linguistic systems '' but rather with `` two wholly artificial systems invented by the authors , one consisting of 200,000 randomly ordered signs and another of 200,000 fully ordered signs , that they spuriously claim represent the structures of all real - world non-linguistic sign systems '' . Farmer et al. have also demonstrated that a comparison of a non-linguistic system like medieval heraldic signs with natural languages yields results similar to those that Rao et al. obtained with Indus signs . They conclude that the method used by Rao et al. can not distinguish linguistic systems from non-linguistic ones . The messages on the seals have proved to be too short to be decoded by a computer . Each seal has a distinctive combination of symbols and there are too few examples of each sequence to provide a sufficient context . The symbols that accompany the images vary from seal to seal , making it impossible to derive a meaning for the symbols from the images . There have , nonetheless , been a number of interpretations offered for the meaning of the seals . These interpretations have been marked by ambiguity and subjectivity . Photos of many of the thousands of extant inscriptions are published in the Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions ( 1987 , 1991 , 2010 ) , edited by Asko Parpola and his colleagues . The final , third , volume , republished photos taken in the 1920s and 1930s of hundreds of lost or stolen inscriptions , along with many discovered in the last few decades . Formerly , researchers had to supplement the materials in the Corpus by study of the tiny photos in the excavation reports of Marshall ( 1931 ) , MacKay ( 1938 , 1943 ) , Wheeler ( 1947 ) , or reproductions in more recent scattered sources . Edakkal caves in Wayanad district of Kerala contain drawings that range over periods from as early as 5000 BCE to 1000 BCE . The youngest group of paintings have been in the news for a possible connection to the Indus Valley Civilisation . Religion Female figure , possibly a fertility goddess , Harappan Phase , 2500 - 1900 BCE The Pashupati seal , showing a seated and possibly tricephalic figure , surrounded by animals . Further information : Prehistoric religion The religion and belief system of the Indus Valley people have received considerable attention , especially from the view of identifying precursors to deities and religious practices of Indian religions that later developed in the area . However , due to the sparsity of evidence , which is open to varying interpretations , and the fact that the Indus script remains undeciphered , the conclusions are partly speculative and largely based on a retrospective view from a much later Hindu perspective . An early and influential work in the area that set the trend for Hindu interpretations of archaeological evidence from the Harappan sites was that of John Marshall , who in 1931 identified the following as prominent features of the Indus religion : a Great Male God and a Mother Goddess ; deification or veneration of animals and plants ; symbolic representation of the phallus ( linga ) and vulva ( yoni ) ; and , use of baths and water in religious practice . Marshall 's interpretations have been much debated , and sometimes disputed over the following decades . Swastika seals of Indus Valley Civilisation in British Museum One Indus Valley seal shows a seated figure with a horned headdress , possibly tricephalic and possibly ithyphallic , surrounded by animals . Marshall identified the figure as an early form of the Hindu god Shiva ( or Rudra ) , who is associated with asceticism , yoga , and linga ; regarded as a lord of animals ; and often depicted as having three eyes . The seal has hence come to be known as the Pashupati Seal , after Pashupati ( lord of all animals ) , an epithet of Shiva . While Marshall 's work has earned some support , many critics and even supporters have raised several objections . Doris Srinivasan has argued that the figure does not have three faces , or yogic posture , and that in Vedic literature Rudra was not a protector of wild animals . Herbert Sullivan and Alf Hiltebeitel also rejected Marshall 's conclusions , with the former claiming that the figure was female , while the latter associated the figure with Mahisha , the Buffalo God and the surrounding animals with vahanas ( vehicles ) of deities for the four cardinal directions . Writing in 2002 , Gregory L. Possehl concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognise the figure as a deity , its association with the water buffalo , and its posture as one of ritual discipline , regarding it as a proto - Shiva would be going too far . Despite the criticisms of Marshall 's association of the seal with a proto - Shiva icon , it has been interpreted as the Tirthankara Rishabhanatha by Jains and Vilas Sangave or an early Buddha by Buddhists . Historians such as Heinrich Zimmer and Thomas McEvilley believe that there is a connection between first Jain Tirthankara Rishabhanatha and the Indus Valley civilisation . Marshall hypothesised the existence of a cult of Mother Goddess worship based upon excavation of several female figurines , and thought that this was a precursor of the Hindu sect of Shaktism . However the function of the female figurines in the life of Indus Valley people remains unclear , and Possehl does not regard the evidence for Marshall 's hypothesis to be `` terribly robust '' . Some of the baetyls interpreted by Marshall to be sacred phallic representations are now thought to have been used as pestles or game counters instead , while the ring stones that were thought to symbolise yoni were determined to be architectural features used to stand pillars , although the possibility of their religious symbolism can not be eliminated . Many Indus Valley seals show animals , with some depicting them being carried in processions , while others show chimeric creations . One seal from Mohenjo - daro shows a half - human , half - buffalo monster attacking a tiger , which may be a reference to the Sumerian myth of such a monster created by goddess Aruru to fight Gilgamesh . In contrast to contemporary Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilisations , Indus Valley lacks any monumental palaces , even though excavated cities indicate that the society possessed the requisite engineering knowledge . This may suggest that religious ceremonies , if any , may have been largely confined to individual homes , small temples , or the open air . Several sites have been proposed by Marshall and later scholars as possibly devoted to religious purpose , but at present only the Great Bath at Mohenjo - daro is widely thought to have been so used , as a place for ritual purification . The funerary practices of the Harappan civilisation are marked by their diversity , with evidence of supine burial , fractional burial ( in which the body is reduced to skeletal remains by exposure to the elements before final interment ) , and even cremation . Late Harappan Late Harappan Period , c. 1900 -- 1300 BCE Late Harappa figures from a hoard at Daimabad , 2000 BCE Around 1800 BCE signs of a gradual decline began to emerge , and by around 1700 BCE most of the cities had been abandoned . Recent examination of human skeletons from the site of Harappa has demonstrated that the end of the Indus civilisation saw an increase in inter-personal violence and in infectious diseases like leprosy and tuberculosis . `` Aryan invasion '' In 1953 Sir Mortimer Wheeler proposed that the invasion of an Indo - European tribe from Central Asia , the `` Aryans '' , caused the decline of the Indus Civilisation . As evidence , he cited a group of 37 skeletons found in various parts of Mohenjo - daro , and passages in the Vedas referring to battles and forts . However , scholars soon started to reject Wheeler 's theory , since the skeletons belonged to a period after the city 's abandonment and none were found near the citadel . Subsequent examinations of the skeletons by Kenneth Kennedy in 1994 showed that the marks on the skulls were caused by erosion , and not by violence . Climate change and drought See also : Bond event and 4.2 kiloyear event Suggested contributory causes for the localisation of the IVC include changes in the course of the river , and climate change that is also signalled for the neighbouring areas of the Middle East . As of 2016 many scholars believe that drought and a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia caused the collapse of the Indus Civilisation . The Ghaggar - Hakra system was rain - fed , and water - supply depended on the monsoons . The Indus Valley climate grew significantly cooler and drier from about 1800 BCE , linked to a general weakening of the monsoon at that time . The Indian monsoon declined and aridity increased , with the Ghaggar - Hakra retracting its reach towards the foothills of the Himalaya , leading to erratic and less extensive floods that made inundation agriculture less sustainable . Aridification reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation 's demise , and to scatter its population eastward . According to Giosan et al. ( 2012 ) , the IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities , relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods . As the monsoons kept shifting south , the floods grew too erratic for sustainable agricultural activities . The residents then migrated towards the Ganges basin in the east , where they established smaller villages and isolated farms . The small surplus produced in these small communities did not allow development of trade , and the cities died out . Continuity Archaeological excavations indicate that the decline of Harappa drove people eastward . According to Possehl , after 1900 BCE the number of sites in today 's India increased from 218 to 853 . According to Andrew Lawler , `` excavations along the Gangetic plain show that cities began to arise there starting about 1200 BCE , just a few centuries after Harappa was deserted and much earlier than once suspected . '' According to Jim Shaffer there was a continuous series of cultural developments , just as in most areas of the world . These link `` the so - called two major phases of urbanisation in South Asia '' . At sites such as Bhagwanpura ( in Haryana ) , archaeological excavations have discovered an overlap between the final phase of Late Harappan pottery and the earliest phase of Painted Grey Ware pottery , the latter being associated with the Vedic Culture and dating from around 1200 BCE . This site provides evidence of multiple social groups occupying the same village but using different pottery and living in different types of houses : `` over time the Late Harappan pottery was gradually replaced by Painted Grey ware pottery , '' and other cultural changes indicated by archaeology include the introduction of the horse , iron tools , and new religious practices . There is also a Harappan site called Rojdi in Rajkot district of Saurashtra . Its excavation started under an archaeological team from Gujarat State Department of Archaeology and the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania in 1982 -- 83 . In their report on archaeological excavations at Rojdi , Gregory Possehl and M.H. Raval write that although there are `` obvious signs of cultural continuity '' between the Harappan Civilisation and later South Asian cultures , many aspects of the Harappan `` sociocultural system '' and `` integrated civilization '' were `` lost forever , '' while the Second Urbanisation of India ( beginning with the Northern Black Polished Ware culture , c. 600 BCE ) `` lies well outside this sociocultural environment '' . Post-harappan Main article : Iron Age India Previously , scholars believed that the decline of the Harappan civilisation led to an interruption of urban life in the Indian subcontinent . However , the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly , and many elements of the Indus Civilisation appear in later cultures . The Cemetery H culture may be the manifestation of the Late Harappan over a large area in the south , and the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture its successor . David Gordon White cites three other mainstream scholars who `` have emphatically demonstrated '' that Vedic religion derives partially from the Indus Valley Civilisations . As of 2016 , archaeological data suggests that the material culture classified as Late Harappan may have persisted until at least c. 1000 -- 900 BCE and was partially contemporaneous with the Painted Grey Ware culture . Harvard archaeologist Richard Meadow points to the late Harappan settlement of Pirak , which thrived continuously from 1800 BCE to the time of the invasion of Alexander the Great in 325 BCE . In the aftermath of the Indus Civilisation 's localisation , regional cultures emerged , to varying degrees showing the influence of the Indus Civilisation . In the formerly great city of Harappa , burials have been found that correspond to a regional culture called the Cemetery H culture . At the same time , the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture expanded from Rajasthan into the Gangetic Plain . The Cemetery H culture has the earliest evidence for cremation ; a practice dominant in Hinduism today . Historical context Near East The mature ( Harappan ) phase of the IVC is contemporary to the Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Ancient Near East , in particular the Old Elamite period , Early Dynastic to Ur III Mesopotamia , Prepalatial Minoan Crete and Old Kingdom to First Intermediate Period Egypt . The IVC has been compared in particular with the civilisations of Elam ( also in the context of the Elamo - Dravidian hypothesis ) and with Minoan Crete ( because of isolated cultural parallels such as the ubiquitous goddess worship and depictions of bull - leaping ) . The IVC has been tentatively identified with the toponym Meluhha known from Sumerian records ; the Sumerians called them Meluhhaites . Shahr - i - Sokhta , located in southeastern Iran shows trade route with Mesopotamia . A number of seals with Indus script have been also found in Mesopotamian sites . Dasyu After the discovery of the IVC in the 1920s , it was immediately associated with the indigenous Dasyu inimical to the Rigvedic tribes in numerous hymns of the Rigveda . Mortimer Wheeler interpreted the presence of many unburied corpses found in the top levels of Mohenjo - daro as the victims of a warlike conquest , and famously stated that `` Indra stands accused '' of the destruction of the IVC . The association of the IVC with the city - dwelling Dasyus remains alluring because the assumed timeframe of the first Indo - Aryan migration into India corresponds neatly with the period of decline of the IVC seen in the archaeological record . The discovery of the advanced , urban IVC however changed the 19th - century view of early Indo - Aryan migration as an `` invasion '' of an advanced culture at the expense of a `` primitive '' aboriginal population to a gradual acculturation of nomadic `` barbarians '' on an advanced urban civilisation , comparable to the Germanic migrations after the Fall of Rome , or the Kassite invasion of Babylonia . This move away from simplistic `` invasionist '' scenarios parallels similar developments in thinking about language transfer and population movement in general , such as in the case of the migration of the proto - Greek speakers into Greece , or the Indo - Europeanisation of Western Europe . Munda Proto - Munda ( or Para-Munda ) and a `` lost phylum '' ( perhaps related or ancestral to the Nihali language ) have been proposed as other candidates for the language of the IVC . Michael Witzel suggests an underlying , prefixing language that is similar to Austroasiatic , notably Khasi ; he argues that the Rigveda shows signs of this hypothetical Harappan influence in the earliest historic level , and Dravidian only in later levels , suggesting that speakers of Austroasiatic were the original inhabitants of Punjab and that the Indo - Aryans encountered speakers of Dravidian only in later times . See also History of Hinduism List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation Cradle of civilisation Bronze Age History of India History of Pakistan Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures Notes Jump up ^ Wright : `` The Indus civilisation is one of three in the ' Ancient East ' that , along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt , was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World ( Childe 1950 ) . Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer - lived , but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three , the Indus was the most expansive , extending from today 's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India . '' ^ Jump up to : Giosan : `` Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar - Hakra fluvial system , at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati ( e.g. , 4 , 5 , 7 , 19 ) , was a large glacier fed Himalayan river . Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River , the Sutlej River , or both rivers . However , the lack of large - scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large , glacier - fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar - Hakra region during the Holocene ( ... ) The present Ghaggar - Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows . Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase . We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5 ; 400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan ( SI Text ) , and recent work ( 33 ) on the upper Ghaggar - Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4 ; 300 y old . On the upper interfluve , fine - grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase , as recent as 2,900 y ago ( 33 ) ( Fig . 2B ) . This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar - Hakra system without access to a glacier - fed river . '' ^ Jump up to : Broke : `` The story in Harappan India was somewhat different ( see Figure 111.3 ) . The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some - thing of an anomaly , in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare . It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all , and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict . Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies , which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC . It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium , at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop . Thus it seems that this `` first urbanisation '' in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification . These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories , into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley ... ' 17 ( footnote ) : a ) Liviu Giosan et al. , `` Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization , '' PNAS , 102 ( 2012 ) , E1688 -- E1694 ; ( b ) Camilo Ponton , `` Holocene Aridification of India , '' GRL 39 ( 2012 ) , L03704 ; ( c ) Harunur Rashid et al. , `` Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal , '' Terrestrial , Atmospheric , and Oceanic Sciences 22 ( 2011 ) , 215 - 28 ; ( d ) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller , `` Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia : A Reconsideration , '' Quaternary Science Reviews 25 ( 2006 ) , 1283 - 301 . Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl , Gregory L. ( 2002 ) , The Indus Civilization : A Contemporary Perspective , Rowman Altamira , pp. 237 -- 245 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 0172 - 2 , and Michael Staubwasser et al. , `` Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability , '' GRL 30 ( 2003 ) , 1425 . Bar - Matthews and Avner Ayalon , `` Mid-Holocene Climate Variations . '' Jump up ^ Masson : `` A long march preceded our arrival at Haripah , through jangal of the closest description ... When I joined the camp I found it in front of the village and ruinous brick castle . Behind us was a large circular mound , or eminence , and to the west was an irregular rocky height , crowned with the remains of buildings , in fragments of walls , with niches , after the eastern manner ... Tradition affirms the existence here of a city , so considerable that it extended to Chicha Watni , thirteen cosses distant , and that it was destroyed by a particular visitation of Providence , brought down by the lust and crimes of the sovereign . '' Note that the coss , a measure of distance used from Vedic period to Mughal times , is approximately 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . Jump up ^ See also :* This map from Sahoo et al. ( 2006 ) , A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes : Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios * Sengupta et al. ( 2006 ) , Polarity and Temporality of High - Resolution Y - Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists Jump up ^ Excavations at Bhirrana , Haryana , in India between 2006 and 2009 , by archaeologist K.N. Dikshit , provided six artefacts , including `` relatively advanced pottery , '' so - called Hakra ware , which were dated at a time bracket between 7380 and 6201 BCE . These dates compete with Mehrgarh for being the oldest site for cultural remains in the area . Yet , Dikshit and Mani clarify that this time - bracket concerns only charcoal samples , which were radio - carbon dated at respectively 7570 - 7180 BCE ( sample 2481 ) and 6689 - 6201 BCE ( sample 2333 ) . Dikshit further writes that the earliest phase concerns 14 shallow dwelling - pits which `` could accommodate about 3 - 4 people . '' According to Dikshit , in the lowest level of these pits wheel - made Hakra Ware was found which was `` not well finished , '' together with other wares . Jump up ^ Gallego romero et al. ( 2011 ) refer to ( Meadow 1993 ) : Meadow RH. 1993 . Animal domestication in the Middle East : a revised view from the eastern margin . In : Possehl G , editor . Harappan civilization . New Delhi ( India ) : Oxford University Press and India Book House . p 295 -- 320 . Jump up ^ They further noted that `` the direct lineal descendents of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh , in northwestern India and the western edge of the Deccan plateau , '' with neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with chalocolithic Inamgaon , south of Mehrgarh , than with chalcolithic Mehrgarh . ^ Jump up to : Gangal refers to Jarrige JF ( 2008 ) , Mehrgarh Neolithic . Pragdhara 18 : 136 -- 154 ; and to Costantini L ( 2008 ) , The first farmers in Western Pakistan : the evidence of the Neolithic agropastoral settlement of Mehrgarh . Pragdhara 18 : 167 -- 178 Jump up ^ Gangal refers to Fuller DQ ( 2006 ) , Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia : a working synthesis . J World Prehistory 20 : 1 -- 86 Jump up ^ See : David McAlpin , `` Toward Proto - Elamo - Dravidian '' , Language vol. 50 no . 1 ( 1974 ) ; David McAlpin : `` Elamite and Dravidian , Further Evidence of Relationships '' , Current Anthropology vol. 16 no . 1 ( 1975 ) ; David McAlpin : `` Linguistic prehistory : the Dravidian situation '' , in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook : Aryan and Non-Aryan in India , Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor ( 1979 ) ; David McAlpin , `` Proto - Elamo - Dravidian : The Evidence and its Implications '' , Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol. 71 pt. 3 , ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ See also : Mukherjee ( 2001 ) : `` More recently , about 15,000 - 10,000 years before present ( ybp ) , when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran , there was another eastward wave of human migration ( Cavalli - Sforza et al. , 1994 ; Renfrew 1987 ) , a part of which also appears to have entered India . This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India ( Renfrew 1987 ) . Subsequently , the Indo - European ( Aryan ) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp . '' Derenko : `` The spread of these new technologies has been associated with the dispersal of Dravidian and Indo - European languages in southern Asia . It is hypothesized that the proto - Elamo - Dravidian language , most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran , spread eastwards with the movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub-continent . '' Derenko refers to : * Renfrew ( 1987 ) , Archaeology and Language : The Puzzle of Indo - European Origins * Renfrew ( 1996 ) , Language families and the spread of farming . In : Harris DR , editor , The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia , pp. 70 -- 92 * Cavalli - Sforza , Menozzi , Piazza ( 1994 ) , The History and Geography of Human Genes . Jump up ^ Kumar : `` The analysis of two Y chromosome variants , Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data ( Quintan - Murci et al. , 2001 ) . Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians , Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India . This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south - west Iran to the Indus valley , and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south - west Iran ( Quintan - Murci et al. , 2001 ) . '' Jump up ^ Nevertheless , Kivisild et al. ( 1999 ) note that `` a small fraction of the West Eurasian mtDNA lineages found in Indian populations can be ascribed to a relatively recent admixture . '' at ca . 9,300 ± 3,000 years before present , which coincides with `` the arrival to India of cereals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent '' and `` lends credence to the suggested linguistic connection between the Elamite and Dravidic populations . '' According to Kumar ( 2004 ) , referring to Quintan - Murci et al. ( 2001 ) , `` microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians , Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India . This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south - west Iran to the Indus valley , and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south - west Iran . '' According to Palanichamy et al. ( 2015 ) , `` The presence of mtDNA haplogroups ( HV14 and U1a ) and Y - chromosome haplogroup ( L1 ) in Dravidian populations indicates the spread of the Dravidian language into India from west Asia . '' Jump up ^ Geological research by a group led by Peter Clift investigated how the courses of rivers have changed in this region since 8000 years ago , to test whether climate or river reorganisations caused the decline of the Harappan . Using U-Pb dating of zircon sand grains they found that sediments typical of the Beas , Sutlej and Yamuna rivers ( Himalayan tributaries of the Indus ) are actually present in former Ghaggar - Hakra channels . However , sediment contributions from these glacial - fed rivers stopped at least by 10,000 years ago , well before the development of the Indus civilisation . Jump up ^ Tripathi et al. ( 2004 ) found that the isotopes of sediments carried by the Ghaggar - Hakra system over the last 20 thousand years do not come from the glaciated Higher Himalaya but have a sub-Himalayan source , and concluded that the river system was rain - fed . They also concluded that this contradicted the idea of a Harappan - time mighty `` Sarasvati '' river . References Jump up ^ Wright 2009 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wright 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wright 2010 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Maemoku , Hideaki ; Shitaoka , Yorinao ; Nagatomo , Tsuneto ; Yagi , Hiroshi ( 2013 ) , `` Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period '' , in Giosan , Liviu ; Fuller , Dorian Q. ; Nicoll , Kathleen , Climates , Landscapes , and Civilizations , American Geophysical Union Monograph Series 198 , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 70443 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Giosan , L. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 26 ) : E1688 -- E1694 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1112743109 . PMC 3387054 . PMID 22645375 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Giosan '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Madella , Marco ; Fuller , Dorian ( 2006 ) . `` Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia : a reconsideration '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 25 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 1283 -- 1301 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2005.10. 012 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Glen ( 2011 ) . `` Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline '' . Quaternary International . 229 : 140 -- 148 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2009.11. 012 . ^ Jump up to : Brooke , John L. ( 2014 ) , Climate Change and the Course of Global History : A Rough Journey , Cambridge University Press , p. 296 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87164 - 8 Jump up ^ McIntosh , Jane ( 2008 ) , The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , p. 387 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 907 - 2 Jump up ^ Wright 2010 , pp. 115 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger ( 2005 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . McDougal Littell . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger ( 2005 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . McDougal Littell . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black ; Larry S. Krieger ; Phillip C. Naylor ; Dahia Ibo Shabaka ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . Jump up ^ Wright 2010 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` ' Earliest writing ' found '' . BBC News . 4 May 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Shaffer 1992 , I : 441 -- 464 , II : 425 -- 446 . ^ Jump up to : Kenoyer 1991 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Kathleen D. ; Junker , Laura L. , eds. ( 2002 ) . Forager - traders in South and Southeast Asia : long term histories ( ( Online - Ausg . ) ed . ) . Cambridge ( u.a. ) : Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01636 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wright 2010 , p. 107 : Quote : `` Five major Indus cities are discussed in this chapter . During the Urban period , the early town of Harappa expanded in size and population and became a major center in the Upper Indus . Other cities emerging during the Urban period include Mohenjo - daro in the Lower Indus , Dholavira to the south on the western edge of peninsular India in Kutch , Ganweriwala in Cholistan , and a fifth city , Rakhigarhi , on the Ghaggar - Hakra . Rakhigarhi will be discussed briefly in view of the limited published material . '' Jump up ^ Ratnagar , Shereen ( 2006 ) . Trading Encounters : From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age ( 2nd ed . ) . India : Oxford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 566603 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lockard , Craig ( 2010 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions , Volume 1 : To 1500 ( 2nd ed . ) . India : Cengage Learning . p. 40 . ISBN 1 - 4390 - 8535 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Largest Bronze Age Urban Civilization '' . harappa.com . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dales , George F. ( 1962 ) . `` Harappan Outposts on the Makran Coast '' . Antiquity. 36 ( 142 ) : 86 . Jump up ^ Rao , Shikaripura Ranganatha ( 1973 ) . Lothal and the Indus civilization . London : Asia Publishing House . ISBN 0 - 210 - 22278 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kenoyer 1998 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Dani , Ahmad Hassan ( 1970 -- 1971 ) . `` Excavations in the Gomal Valley '' . Ancient Pakistan ( 5 ) : 1 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Joshi , J.P. ; Bala , M. ( 1982 ) . `` Manda : A Harappan site in Jammu and Kashmir '' . In Possehl Gregory L. ( ed . ) . Harappan Civilization : A recent perspective . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . pp. 185 -- 95 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ A. Ghosh ( eds . ) . `` Excavations at Alamgirpur '' . Indian Archaeology , A Review ( 1958 -- 1959 ) . Delhi : Archaeol . Surv . India . pp. 51 -- 52 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ray , Himanshu Prabha ( 2003 ) . The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia . Cambridge University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 01109 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dales , George F. ( 1979 ) . `` The Balakot Project : summary of four years excavations in Pakistan '' . In Maurizio Taddei ( ed . ) . South Asian Archaeology 1977 . Naples : Seminario di Studi Asiatici Series Minor 6 . Instituto Universitario Orientate . pp. 241 -- 274 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bisht , R.S. ( 1989 ) . `` A new model of the Harappan town planning as revealed at Dholavira in Kutch : a surface study of its plan and architecture '' . In Chatterjee Bhaskar ( ed . ) . History and Archaeology . New Delhi : Ramanand Vidya Bhawan . pp. 379 -- 408 . ISBN 81 - 85205 - 46 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Possehl , Gregory L. ( 1990 ) . `` Revolution in the Urban Revolution : The Emergence of Indus Urbanization '' . Annual Review of Anthropology. 19 ( 1 ) : 261 -- 282 ( Map on page 263 ) . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. an. 19.100190. 001401 . Jump up ^ Mughal , M.R. 1982 . `` Recent archaeological research in the Cholistan desert '' . In Possehl Gregory L. ( ed . ) . Harappan Civilization . Delhi : Oxford & IBH & A.I. 1. S . pp. 85 -- 95 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gupta 1995 , p. 183 Jump up ^ e.g. Misra , Virendra Nath ( 1992 ) . Indus Civilization , a special Number of the Eastern Anthropologist . pp. 1 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Ratnagar , Shereen ( 2006 ) . Understanding Harappa : Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley . New Delhi : Tulika Books . ISBN 81 - 89487 - 02 - 7 . Jump up ^ Masson 1842 . ^ Jump up to : Davreau , Robert ( 1976 ) . `` Indus Valley '' . In Reader 's Digest . World 's Last Mysteries . Jump up ^ Alexander Cunningham ( 1875 ) . Archaeological Survey of India , Report for the Year 1872 -- 73 ( Vol. 5 ) : 105 -- 8 and pl. 32 - 3 . Calcutta : Archaeological Survey of India . Jump up ^ IJSI . International Journal of Social Impact , Volume 1 , Issue 2 . Jump up ^ Singh , Upinder ( 2008 ) . A History of Ancient and Early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century . New Delhi : Pearson Education . p. 137 . ISBN 9788131711200 . Jump up ^ Sabharwal , vijay ( 11 July 2010 ) . `` Indus Valley site ravaged by floods '' . The Times of India . ^ Jump up to : Chandler , Graham ( September -- October 1999 ) . `` Traders of the Plain '' . Saudi Aramco World : 34 -- 42 . ^ Jump up to : Coningham & Young 2015 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Coningham & Young 2015 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Manuel 2010 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Dikshit 2013 , p. 129 - 133 . ^ Jump up to : Mani 2008 , p. 237 - 238 . Jump up ^ Sarkar 2006 , p. 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ Coningham & Young 2015 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Ahmed 2014 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Kenoyer 1997 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Manuel 2010 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Coningham & Young 2015 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Kenoyer 1991 , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Parpola & 2 - 15 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Kenoyer 1991 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Kenoyer 1991 , p. 336 . ^ Jump up to : Coningham & Young 2015 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ K. McElreavy and L. Quintana - Murci ( 2005 ) , A population genetics perspective of the Indus Valley through uniparentally - inherited markers Jump up ^ `` Stone age man used dentist drill '' . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage . 2004 . `` . Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh Jump up ^ Hirst , K. Kris . 2005 . `` Mehrgarh '' . Guide to Archaeology Jump up ^ `` Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed , Jason Overdorf , Globalpost , 28 November 2012 '' . Jump up ^ `` Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought '' . Jump up ^ `` Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 8000 years old , Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey , Times of India , 29 May 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` History What their lives reveal '' . Jump up ^ `` Haryana 's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site , Rakhigarhi Asia 's largest : ASI '' . The Times of India . 15 April 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley ( 2600 - 1900 BC ) : A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis '' . PLOS ONE . 10 : e0123103 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0123103 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities : New study '' . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Jim G. ; Lichtenstein , Diane A. ( 1989 ) . `` Ethnicity and Change in the Indus Valley Cultural Tradition '' . Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia . Wisconsin Archaeological Reports 2 . pp. 117 -- 126 . Jump up ^ `` Indus re-enters India after two centuries , feeds Little Rann , Nal Sarovar '' . India Today . 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ It has been noted that the courtyard pattern and techniques of flooring of Harappan houses has similarities to the way house - building is still done in some villages of the region . Lal 2002 , pp. 93 -- 95 Jump up ^ Morris , A.E.J. ( 1994 ) . History of Urban Form : Before the Industrial Revolutions ( Third ed . ) . New York , NY : Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 30154 - 2 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodda , J.C. and Ubertini , Lucio ( 2004 ) . The Basis of Civilization - Water Science ? pg 161 . International Association of Hydrological Sciences ( International Association of Hydrological Sciences Press 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Feuerstein , Georg ; Kak , Subhash ; Frawley , David ( 2001 ) . In Search of the Cradle of Civilization : New Light on Ancient India . Quest Books . p. 73 . ISBN 0 - 8356 - 0741 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sergent , Bernard ( 1997 ) . Genèse de l'Inde ( in French ) . Paris : Payot . p. 113 . ISBN 2 - 228 - 89116 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pruthi , Raj . Prehistory and Harappan Civilization . APH Publishing . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Coppa , A. ; et al. ( 6 April 2006 ) . `` Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry : Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 440 ( 7085 ) : 755 -- 6 . doi : 10.1038 / 440755a . PMID 16598247 . Jump up ^ Bisht , R.S. ( 1982 ) . `` Excavations at Banawali : 1974 -- 77 '' . In Possehl Gregory L. ( ed . ) . Harappan Civilization : A Contemporary Perspective . New Delhi : Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. pp. 113 -- 124 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McIntosh , Jane . The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives . ABC - CLIO . p. 248 . Jump up ^ Keay , John , India , a History . New York : Grove Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ John Keay ( 1988 ) . India discovered . Collins . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Kenoyer , Jonathan Mark ( 1997 ) . `` Trade and Technology of the Indus Valley : New Insights from Harappa , Pakistan '' . World Archaeology. 29 ( 2 : `` High -- Definition Archaeology : Threads Through the Past '' ) : 262 -- 280 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1997. 9980377 . ^ Jump up to : Lal 2002 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Marshall , Sir John . Mohenjo - Daro and the Indus Civilisation , 3 vols , London : Arthur Probsthain , 1931 Jump up ^ Lal 2002 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Hasenpflug , Rainer , The Inscriptions of the Indus civilisation Norderstedt , Germany , 2006 . Jump up ^ Singh , Upinder . A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India . p. 157 . Jump up ^ Parpola 2005 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Watson , Traci ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Surprising Discoveries From the Indus Civilization '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ Doniger , Wendy ( 30 September 2010 ) . The Hindus : an alternative history . Oxford University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959334 - 7 . Jump up ^ Neyland , R.S. ( 1992 ) . `` The seagoing vessels on Dilmun seals '' . In Keith , D.H. ; Carrell T.L. ( eds . ) . Underwater archaeology proceedings of the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference at Kingston , Jamaica 1992 . Tucson , AZ : Society for Historical Archaeology . pp. 68 -- 74 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Maurizio Tosi , `` Black Boats of Magan . Some Thoughts on Bronze Age Water Transport in Oman and beyond from the Impressed Bitumen Slabs of Ra 's al - Junayz '' , in A. Parpola ( ed ) , South Asian Archaeology 1993 , Helsinki , 1995 , pp. 745 - 61 ( in collaboration with Serge Cleuziou ) Jump up ^ Daniel T. Potts ( 2009 ) , MARITIME TRADE : PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD iranicaonline.org Jump up ^ Maurizio Tosi , `` Black Boats of Magan . Some Thoughts on Bronze Age Water Transport in Oman and beyond from the Impressed Bitumen Slabs of Ra 's al - Junayz '' , in A. Parpola ( ed ) , South Asian Archaeology 1993 , Helsinki , 1995 , pp. 745 - 61 ( in collaboration with Serge Cleuziou ) Jump up ^ Maurizio Tosi : Die Indus - Zivilisation jenseits des indischen Subkontinents , in : Vergessene Städte am Indus , Mainz am Rhein 1987 , ISBN 3805309570 , S. 132 - 133 Jump up ^ Story of Ras Al Jinz . Oman Information Jump up ^ Jean - Francois Jarrige Mehrgarh Neolithic Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Paper presented in the International Seminar on the `` First Farmers in Global Perspective , '' Lucknow , India , 18 -- 20 January 2006 Jump up ^ Shaffer 1999 p. 245 Jump up ^ Jarrige , J. - F. ( 1986 ) . `` Excavations at Mehrgarh - Nausharo '' . Pakistan Archaeology. 10 ( 22 ) : 63 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Shaffer and Liechtenstein 1995 , 1999 Jump up ^ Gallego Romero 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Writing Analysis by Asko Parpola '' . Jump up ^ Sanskrit has also contributed to Indus Civilization , Deccan Herald , 12 August 2012 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Heggarty & Renfrew 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavalli - Sforza ( 1994 ) , p. 221 - 222 . ^ Jump up to : Mukherjee 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Derenko ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Kivisild 1999 , p. 1331 . ^ Jump up to : Kivisild 1999 , p. 1333 . ^ Jump up to : Kumar 2004 . Jump up ^ Palanichamy ( 2015 ) , p. 645 . Jump up ^ Wells , B. An Introduction to Indus Writing . Early Sites Research Society ( West ) Monograph Series , 2 , Independence MO 1999 Jump up ^ Farmer , Steve ; Sproat , Richard ; Witzel , Michael . `` The Collapse of the Indus - Script Thesis : The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ These and other issues are addressed in Parpola ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Rao , Rajesh P.N. ; Yadav , Nisha ; Vahia , Mayank N. ; Joglekar , Hrishikesh ; Adhikari , R. ; Mahadevan , Iravatham ( May 2009 ) . `` Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script '' . Science . 324 ( 5931 ) : 1165 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1170391 . PMID 19389998 . Jump up ^ Indus Script Encodes Language , Reveals New Study of Ancient Symbols Newswise , Retrieved on 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ A Refutation of the Claimed Refutation of the Non-linguistic Nature of Indus Symbols : Invented Data Sets in the Statistical Paper of Rao et al. ( Science , 2009 ) Retrieved on 19 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ' Conditional Entropy ' Cannot Distinguish Linguistic from Non-linguistic Systems Retrieved on 19 September 2009 . Jump up ^ keay . Jump up ^ Wright 2009 , pp. 281 -- 282 . ^ Jump up to : Ratnagar , Shereen ( April 2004 ) . `` Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation The Case of Ayodhya '' . Current Anthropology . University of Chicago Press . 45 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 259 . doi : 10.1086 / 381044 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 381044 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall 1931 , pp. 48 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Possehl 2002 , pp. 141 -- 156 . ^ Jump up to : Possehl 2002 , pp. 141 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan 1975 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan 1997 , pp. 180 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Sullivan 1964 . Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel 2011 , pp. 399 -- 432 . Jump up ^ Vilas Sangave ( 2001 ) . Facets of Jainology : Selected Research Papers on Jain Society , Religion , and Culture . Popular Prakashan : Mumbai . ISBN 81 - 7154 - 839 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Heinrich ( 1969 ) . Campbell , Joseph , ed . Philosophies of India . NY : Princeton University Press . pp. 60 , 208 -- 209 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01758 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thomas McEvilley ( 2002 ) The Shape of Ancient Thought : Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies . Allworth Communications , Inc. 816 pages ; ISBN 1 - 58115 - 203 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Possehl 2002 , pp. 141 -- 145 . Jump up ^ McIntosh 2008 , pp. 286 -- 287 . Jump up ^ Marshall 1931 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Possehl 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Thapar 2004 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ McIntosh 2008 , pp. 275 -- 277 , 292 . Jump up ^ Possehl 2002 , pp. 152 , 157 -- 176 . Jump up ^ McIntosh 2008 , pp. 293 -- 299 . Jump up ^ Robbins Schug , G ; Gray , K.M. ; Mushrif , V. ; Sankhyan , A.R. ( November 2012 ) . `` A Peaceful Realm ? Trauma and Social Differentiation at Harappa '' . International Journal of Paleopathology. 2 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 136 -- 147 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijpp. 2012.09. 012 . Jump up ^ Robbins Schug , G ; Blevins , K. Elaine ; Cox , Brett ; Gray , Kelsey ; Mushrif - Tripathy , Veena ( December 2013 ) . `` Infection , Disease , and Biosocial Process at the End of the Indus Civilization '' . PLOS ONE . 0084814 : e84814 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0084814 . Jump up ^ Edwin Bryant ( 2001 ) . The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture . pp. 159 -- 60 . Jump up ^ David Knipe ( 1991 ) , Hinduism . San Francisco : Harper Jump up ^ `` Decline of Bronze Age ' megacities ' linked to climate change '' . Jump up ^ Emma Maris ( 2014 ) , Two - hundred - year drought doomed Indus Valley Civilization , nature ^ Jump up to : `` Indus Collapse : The End or the Beginning of an Asian Culture ? '' . Science Magazine . 320 : 1282 -- 3 . 6 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Clift et al. , 2011 , U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River , Geology , 40 , 211 -- 214 ( 2011 ) . ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Tripathi , Jayant K. ; Tripathi , K. ; Bock , Barbara ; Rajamani , V. & Eisenhauer , A. ( 25 October 2004 ) . `` Is River Ghaggar , Saraswati ? Geochemical Constraints '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 87 ( 8 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rachel Nuwer ( 28 May 2012 ) . `` An Ancient Civilization , Upended by Climate Change '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Choi ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Huge Ancient Civilization 's Collapse Explained '' . New York Times . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas H. Maugh II ( 28 May 2012 ) . `` Migration of monsoons created , then killed Harappan civilization '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Warrier , Shrikala . Kamandalu : The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism . Mayur University . p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Shaffer , Jim ( 1993 ) . `` Reurbanization : The eastern Punjab and beyond '' . In Spodek , Howard ; Srinivasan , Doris M. Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia : The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times . Jump up ^ J.M. Kenoyer ( 2006 ) , `` Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition . In Historical Roots '' in the Making of ' the Aryan ' , R. Thapar ( ed . ) , pp. 21 -- 49 . New Delhi , National Book Trust . Jump up ^ Harappan Civilisation and Rojdi , by Gregory L. Possehl and M.H. Raval ( 1989 ) https://books.google.com/books?id=LtgUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ White , David Gordon ( 2003 ) . Kiss of the Yogini . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 89483 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mode , H. ( 1944 ) . Indische Frühkulturen und ihre Beziehungen zum Westen . Basel . Jump up ^ John Haywood , The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilizations , Penguin Books , London , ç2005 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Iran Almanac and Book of Facts . Echo Institute . p. 59 . city of Shahr - e-Sukhteh near the Afghanistan border , an area which has been aptly ( ... ) point on the trade routes between the Indus Valley , the Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia ^ Jump up to : Podany , Amanda H. ( 2012 ) . Brotherhood of Kings : How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Piesinger , Constance Maria . Legacy of Dilmun : The Roots of Ancient Maritime Trade in Eastern Coastal Arabia in the 4th / 3rd Millennium B.C . University of Wisconsin . p. 668 . Rare finds of square seals with Indus script have been found in Mesopotamia Jump up ^ Joan Aruz ; Ronald Wallenfels . Art of the First Cities : The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus . p. 246 . Square - shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia . Jump up ^ Witzel , Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Substrate Languages in Old Indo - Aryan ( Ṛgvedic , Middle and Late Vedic ) '' ( PDF ) . Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies . 5 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Witzel , Michael ( February 2000 ) . `` The Languages of Harappa '' ( PDF ) . Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies . Bibliography Allchin , Bridget ( 1997 ) . Origins of a Civilization : The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia . New York : Viking . Allchin , Raymond ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) . The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia : The Emergence of Cities and States . New York : Cambridge University Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Aronovsky , Ilona ; Gopinath , Sujata ( 2005 ) . The Indus Valley . Chicago : Heinemann . Basham , A.L. ( 1967 ) . The Wonder That Was India . London : Sidgwick & Jackson . pp. 11 -- 14 . Cavalli - Sforza , Luigi Luca ; Menozzi , Paolo ; Piazza , Alberto ( 1994 ) , The History and Geography of Human Genes , Princeton University Press Chakrabarti , D.K. ( 2004 ) . Indus Civilization Sites in India : New Discoveries . Mumbai : Marg Publications . ISBN 81 - 85026 - 63 - 7 . Coningham , Robin ; Young , Ruth ( 2015 ) , The Archaeology of South Asia : From the Indus to Asoka , c. 6500 BCE -- 200 CE , Cambridge University Press Dani , Ahmad Hassan ( 1984 ) . Short History of Pakistan ( Book 1 ) . University of Karachi . Dani , Ahmad Hassan ; Mohen , J-P . ( eds . ) ( 1996 ) . History of Humanity , Volume III , From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century BC . New York / Paris : Routledge / UNESCO . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09306 - 6 . 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( 1997 ) . The Earliest Civilisation of South Asia ( Rise , Maturity and Decline ) . Lal , B.B. ( 2002 ) . The Sarasvati flows on . Lazaridis , Iosif ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East '' . Nature . 536 ( 7617 ) : 419 -- 424 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 536 ... 419L . bioRxiv 059311 . doi : 10.1038 / nature19310 . PMC 5003663 . Mani , B.R. ( 2008 ) , `` Kashmir Neolithic and Early Harappan : A Linkage '' ( PDF ) , Pragdhara , 18 : 229 -- 247 Marshall , John ( 1931 ) . Mohenjo - Daro and the Indus Civilization : Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo - Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927 . Asian Educational Services . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1179 - 5 . Manuel , Mark ( 2010 ) , `` Chronology and Culture - History in the Indus Valley '' , in Gunawardhana , P. ; Adikari , G. ; Coningham Battaramulla , R.A.E. , Sirinimal Lakdusinghe Felicitation Volume , Neptune Mascarenhas , Desmond D. ; Raina , Anupuma ; Aston , Christopher E. ; Sanghera , Dharambir K. ( 2015 ) , `` Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of the Migration of an Ancient Lineage '' , BioMed Research International , 2015 : 1 -- 16 , doi : 10.1155 / 2015 / 651415 Masson , Charles ( 1842 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Haripah '' . Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan , Afghanistan and the Panjab ; including a residence in those countries from 1826 to 1838 . London : Richard Bentley . p. 472 . McIntosh , Jane ( 2001 ) . A Peaceful Realm : The Rise And Fall of the Indus Civilization . Boulder : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3532 - 9 . McIntosh , Jane ( 2008 ) . `` Religion and ideology '' . The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 907 - 2 . Mirabal , Sheyla ; Regueiro , M ; Cadenas , AM ; Cavalli - Sforza , LL ; Underhill , PA ; Verbenko , DA ; Limborska , SA ; Herrera , RJ ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Y - Chromosome distribution within the geo - linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia '' . European Journal of Human Genetics . 17 ( 10 ) : 1260 -- 1273 . doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2009.6 . PMC 2986641 . PMID 19259129 . Mughal , Mohammad Rafique ( 1997 ) . Ancient Cholistan , Archaeology and Architecture . Ferozesons . ISBN 969 - 0 - 01350 - 5 . Mukherjee , Namita ; Nebel , Almut ; Oppenheim , Ariella ; Majumder , Partha P. ( 2001 ) , `` High - resolution analysis of Y - chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Genetics , Springer India , 80 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 35 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02717908 , PMID 11988631 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 Lahiri , Nayanjot ( ed . ) ( 2000 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Indus Civilisation . Delhi : Permanent Black . ISBN 81 - 7530 - 034 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Palanichamy , Malliya Gounder ( 2015 ) , `` West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India : an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system '' , Human Genetics , 134 ( 6 ) : 637 -- 647 , doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 015 - 1547 - 4 , PMID 25832481 Pamjav , Horolma ; Fehér , Tibor ; Németh , Endre ; Pádár , Zsolt ( 2012 ) , `` Brief communication : new Y - chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1 '' , American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 149 ( 4 ) : 611 -- 615 , doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 22167 , PMID 23115110 Parpola , Asko ( 19 May 2005 ) . `` Study of the Indus Script '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 March 2006 . ( 50th ICES Tokyo Session ) Parpola , Asko ( 2015 ) , The Roots of Hinduism . The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilisation , Oxford University Press Pittman , Holly ( 1984 ) . Art of the Bronze Age : southeastern Iran , western Central Asia , and the Indus Valley . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87099 - 365 - 7 . Possehl , Gregory L. ( 11 November 2002 ) . The Indus Civilization : A Contemporary Perspective . Rowman Altamira . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 1642 - 9 . Poznik ( 2016 ) , `` Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y - chromosome sequences '' , Nature Genetics , 48 : 593 -- 599 , doi : 10.1038 / ng. 3559 , PMC 4884158 , PMID 27111036 Sarkar , Anindya ( 2016 ) , `` Oxygen isotope in archaeological bioapatites from India : Implications to climate change and decline of Bronze Age Harappan civilization '' , Nature Scientific reports Semino , O ; Passarino G , Oefner PJ ( 2000 ) , `` The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans : AY chromosome perspective '' , Science , 290 : 1155 -- 1159 , doi : 10.1126 / science. 290.5494. 1155 , PMID 11073453 Sengupta , S ; Zhivotovsky , LA ; King , R ; Mehdi , SQ ; Edmonds , CA ; Chow , CE ; Lin , AA ; Mitra , M ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Polarity and Temporality of High - Resolution Y - Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 78 ( 2 ) : 202 -- 21 . doi : 10.1086 / 499411 . PMC 1380230 . PMID 16400607 ... Rao , Shikaripura Ranganatha ( 1991 ) . Dawn and Devolution of the Indus Civilisation . New Delhi : Aditya Prakashan . ISBN 81 - 85179 - 74 - 3 . Shaffer , Jim G. ( 1995 ) . `` Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology '' . In George Erdosy ( ed . ) . Indo - Aryans of Ancient South Asia . Berlin u.a. : de Gruyter . ISBN 3 - 11 - 014447 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Shaffer , Jim G. ( 1999 ) . `` Migration , Philology and South Asian Archaeology '' . In Bronkhorst and Deshpande ( eds . ) . Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia . Cambridge : Harvard University , Dept. of Sanskrit and Indian Studies . ISBN 1 - 888789 - 04 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Shaffer , Jim G. ( 1992 ) . `` The Indus Valley , Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions : Neolithic Through Bronze Age '' . In R.W. Ehrich ( ed . ) . Chronologies in Old World Archaeology ( Second ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Singh , Sakshi ( 2016 ) , `` Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y - chromosome pool through J2 - M172 haplogroup '' , Nature Scientific Reports , 6 : 19157 , doi : 10.1038 / srep19157 , PMC 4709632 , PMID 26754573 Srinivasan , Doris ( 1975 ) . `` The So - Called Proto - śiva Seal from Mohenjo - Daro : An Iconological Assessment '' . Archives of Asian Art . 29 : 47 -- 58 . JSTOR 20062578 . Srinivasan , Doris Meth ( 1997 ) . Many Heads , Arms and Eyes : Origin , Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art . Brill . ISBN 978 - 9004107588 . Sullivan , Herbert P. ( 1964 ) . `` A Re-Examination of the Religion of the Indus Civilization '' . History of Religions. 4 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 125 . doi : 10.1086 / 462498 . JSTOR 1061875 . Thapar , Romila ( 2004 ) . Early India : From the Origins to AD 1300 . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24225 - 8 . Underhill , Peter A ; Myres , Natalie M ; Rootsi , Siiri ; Metspalu , Mait ; Zhivotovsky , Lev A ; King , Roy J ; Lin , Alice A ; Chow , Cheryl - Emiliane T ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a '' . European Journal of Human Genetics . 18 ( 4 ) : 479 -- 84 . doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2009.194 . PMC 2987245 . PMID 19888303 . Underhill , Peter A. ( 2014 ) , `` The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y - chromosome haplogroup R1a '' ( PDF ) , European Journal of Human Genetics , 23 ( 1 ) : 124 -- 131 , doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2014.50 , ISSN 1018 - 4813 , PMC 4266736 , PMID 24667786 , retrieved 15 June 2016 Underhill , Peter A. ; et al. ( 2015 ) , `` The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y - chromosome haplogroup R1a '' ( PDF ) , European Journal of Human Genetics , 23 : 124 -- 131 , doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2014.50 , PMC 4266736 , PMID 24667786 Wells , R.S. ( 2001 ) , `` The Eurasian Heartland : A continental perspective on Y - chromosome diversity '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 98 ( 18 ) : 10244 -- 10249 , Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 9810244W , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 171305098 , PMC 56946 , PMID 11526236 Willey ; Phillips ( 1958 ) , Method and Theory in American Archaeology Witzel , Michael ( February 2000 ) . `` The Languages of Harappa '' ( PDF ) . Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies . Wright , Rita P. ( 2009 ) , The Ancient Indus : Urbanism , Economy , and Society , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57219 - 4 , retrieved 29 September 2013 Further reading Coningham , Robin ; Young , Ruth ( 2015 ) , The Archaeology of South Asia : From the Indus to Asoka , c. 6500 BCE -- 200 CE , Cambridge University Press External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mohenjo - daro . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indus Valley Civilization . Harappa and Indus Valley Civilization at harappa.com An invitation to the Indus Civilization ( Tokyo Metropolitan Museum ) Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India Indus Valley Civilisation History and culture Indus River Periodisation Bhirrana Culture Mehrgarh Culture Kulli Culture Amri Culture Bara Culture Cemetery H Culture Architecture Harappan architecture Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation Great Bath , Mohenjo - daro Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation Language and script Harappan language Indus script Indus Valley sites in Pakistan Harappa Mohenjo - daro Nausharo Chanhudaro Mehrgarh Lakhueen - jo - daro Larkana Pirak Kot Diji Rehman Dheri Amri Sutkagan Dor Sokhta Koh Tharro Hills Pir Shah Jurio Allahdino Balakot Ongar Ganeriwala Nindowari Judeir - jo - daro Dabarkot Indus Valley sites in India Dholavira Gola Dhoro Lothal Bhagatrav Rangpur Jognakhera Surkotada Kalibangan Manda Alamgirpur Daimabad Malwan Kunal Rakhigarhi Rupnagar Rupar Hulas Kanmer Oriyo timbo Dher Majra Lohari Ragho Dwarka Kuntasi Loteshwar Mandi Farmana Ganeshwar Sothi Siswal Sanauli Sanghol Pabumath Nagwada Babar Kot Balu Bara Bargaon Bhagwanpura Bhirrana Banawali Rojdi Kotla Nihang Khan Kerala - no - dhoro Mitathal Desalpur Indus Valley sites in Afghanistan Mundigak Shortugai Related topics Meluhha Ochre Coloured Pottery culture Northern Black Polished Ware Painted Grey Ware culture NDL : 00564117 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indus_Valley_Civilisation&oldid=808971914 '' Categories : Indus Valley Civilisation Bronze Age Asia Prehistoric India Prehistoric Pakistan Prehistoric Afghanistan Civilizations History of Sindh History of South Asia Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2015 EngvarB from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk 贛語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 10 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the indus river valley civilization begin and end	[ "The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) or Harappan Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilisation (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.[1] Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early cradles of civilisations of the Old World, and of the three, the most widespread.[2][note 1]" ]	[ "3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE" ]
1960881429689831653	Black Sea	Black Sea - wikipedia Black Sea Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the body of water . For other uses , see Black Sea ( disambiguation ) . Black Sea Coordinates 44 ° N 35 ° E / 44 ° N 35 ° E / 44 ; 35 Coordinates : 44 ° N 35 ° E / 44 ° N 35 ° E / 44 ; 35 Type Sea Primary inflows Danube , Dnieper , Rioni , Southern Bug , Kızılırmak , Dniester Primary outflows Bosphorus Basin countries Bulgaria , Georgia , Romania , the Russian Federation , Turkey , Ukraine Max. length 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) Surface area 436,402 km ( 168,500 sq mi ) Average depth 1,253 m ( 4,111 ft ) Max . depth 2,212 m ( 7,257 ft ) Water volume 547,000 km ( 131,200 cu mi ) Islands 10 + Black Sea coast of western Georgia , with the skyline of Batumi on the horizon Swallow 's Nest in Crimea A health resort in Sochi , Russia The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe and Western Asia . It is supplied by a number of major rivers , such as the Danube , Dnieper , Rioni , Southern Bug , and Dniester . The Black Sea has an area of 436,400 km ( 168,500 sq mi ) ( not including the Sea of Azov ) , a maximum depth of 2,212 m ( 7,257 ft ) , and a volume of 547,000 km ( 131,000 cu mi ) . It is constrained by the Pontic Mountains to the south and by the Caucasus Mountains to the east , and features a wide shelf to the northwest . The longest east - west extent is about 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) . Important cities along the coast include Batumi , Burgas , Constanța , Giresun , Istanbul , Kerch , Novorossiysk , Odessa , Ordu , Poti , Rize , Samsun , Sevastopol , Sochi , Sukhumi , Trabzon , Varna , Yalta , and Zonguldak . The Black Sea has a positive water balance ; that is , a net outflow of water 300 km ( 72 cu mi ) per year through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles into the Aegean Sea . Mediterranean water flows into the Black Sea as part of a two - way hydrological exchange . The Black Sea outflow is cooler and less saline , and floats over the warm , more saline Mediterranean inflow -- as a result of differences in density caused by differences in salinity -- leading to a significant anoxic layer well below the surface waters . The Black Sea drains into the Mediterranean Sea and then the Atlantic Ocean , via the Aegean Sea and various straits . The Bosphorus Strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara , and the Strait of the Dardanelles connects that sea to the Aegean Sea region of the Mediterranean . These waters separate Eastern Europe and Western Asia . The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch . The water level has varied significantly . Due to these variations in the water level in the basin , the surrounding shelf and associated aprons have sometimes been land . At certain critical water levels it is possible for connections with surrounding water bodies to become established . It is through the most active of these connective routes , the Turkish Straits , that the Black Sea joins the world ocean . When this hydrological link is not present , the Black Sea is an endorheic basin , operating independently of the global ocean system , like the Caspian Sea for example . Currently the Black Sea water level is relatively high , thus water is being exchanged with the Mediterranean . The Turkish Straits connect the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea , and comprise the Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extent 2 Population 3 Name 3.1 Modern names 3.2 Historical names and etymology 4 Geology and bathymetry 5 Hydrology 6 Hydrochemistry 7 Ecology 7.1 Marine 7.1. 1 Phytoplankton 7.1. 2 Animal species 7.1. 3 Ecological effects of pollution 7.2 Terrestrial 8 Climate 9 History 9.1 Mediterranean connection during the Holocene 9.1. 1 Deluge hypothesis 9.2 Recorded history 9.3 Archaeology 10 Modern use 10.1 Commercial and civic use 10.1. 1 Navigation 10.1. 1.1 Ports and ferry terminals 10.1. 1.2 Merchant fleet and traffic 10.1. 2 Fishing 10.1. 3 Hydrocarbons exploration 10.1. 4 Holiday resorts and spas 10.2 Modern military use 10.2. 1 International and military use of the Straits 11 Trans - sea cooperation 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 External links Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Black Sea as follows : On the Southwest . The Northeastern limit of the Sea of Marmara ( A line joining Cape Rumili with Cape Anatoli ( 41 ° 13'N ) ) . In the Kertch Strait . A line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia ( 45 ° 02'N ) . Population ( edit ) Most populous urban areas along the Black Sea coastline Istanbul Odessa Rank City Country Region / County Population ( urban ) Samsun Varna Istanbul Turkey Istanbul 14,324,240 Odessa Ukraine Odessa 1,003,705 Samsun Turkey Samsun 535,401 Varna Bulgaria Varna 474,076 5 Sevastopol Disputed national - level municipality on the Crimean Peninsula 379,200 6 Sochi Russia Krasnodar Krai 343,334 7 Trabzon Turkey Trabzon 305,231 8 Constanța Romania Constanța 283,872 9 Novorossiysk Russia Krasnodar Krai 241,952 10 Burgas Bulgaria Burgas 223,902 11 Batumi Georgia Adjara 190,405 Name ( edit ) Sunset on the Black Sea at Laspi , Crimea The estuary of the Veleka in the Black Sea . Longshore drift has deposited sediment along the shoreline which has led to the formation of a spit , Sinemorets , Bulgaria The Black Sea near Constanţa , Romania Modern names ( edit ) Current names of the sea are usually equivalents of the English name `` Black Sea '' , including these given in the countries bordering the sea : Abkhaz : Amšyn Eik̢ ° a ( Амшын Еиқәа , IPA : ( ɑmʃɨn ɛjkwhɑ ) ) Adyghe : Xə Ṣ̂uc̣e ( Хы шӏуцӏэ , IPA : ( xə ʃʼəw. t͡sʼa ) ) , Axən ( Ахын ) Bulgarian : Cherno more ( Черно море , IPA : ( ˈtʃɛrno moˈrɛ ) ) Crimean Tatar : Qara deñiz ( Къара денъиз , IPA : ( qɑrɑ deŋiz ) ) Georgian : Shavi zghva ( შავი ზღვა , IPA : ( ʃɑwi zʁwɑ ) ) Laz : Uča zuɣa ( უჩა ზუღა , IPA : ( utʃɑ zuɣɑ ) ) , or simply Zugha ( ზუღა , `` Sea '' ) Romanian : Marea Neagră ( pronounced ( ˈmare̯a ˈne̯aɡrə ) ( listen ) ) Russian : Chyornoye more ( Чёрное мо́рe , IPA : ( ˈtɕɵrnəjə ˈmorjɪ ) Turkish : Karadeniz ( IPA : ( kaˈɾadeniz ) ) Ukrainian : Chorne more ( Чорне море , IPA : ( ˈtʃɔrnɛ ˈmɔrɛ ) ) Such names have not yet been shown conclusively to predate the 13th century , but there are indications that they may be considerably older . In Greece , the historical name `` Euxine Sea '' , which holds a different meaning ( see below ) , is still widely used : Greek : Éfxeinos Póntos ( Eύξεινος Πόντος ) ; the literal Mavri Thalassa ( Μαύρη Θάλασσα ) is less common The Black Sea is one of four seas named in English after common colour terms -- the others being the Red Sea , the White Sea and the Yellow Sea . Historical names and etymology ( edit ) The principal Greek name `` Póntos Áxeinos '' itself is generally accepted to be a rendering of Iranian * axšaina - ( `` dark colored '' ) , cf . Avestan axšaēna - ( `` dark colored '' ) , Old Persian axšaina - ( color of turquoise ) , Middle Persian axšēn / xašēn ( `` blue '' ) , and New Persian xašīn ( `` blue '' ) , as well as Ossetic œxsīn ( `` dark gray '' ) . The ancient Greeks subsequently adopted the name , reportedly in all likelihood those who lived to the north of the Black Sea , and altered it into á - xe ( i ) nos . Thereafter , Greek tradition refers to the Black Sea as the `` Inhospitable Sea '' , Πόντος Ἄξεινος Póntos Áxeinos , first attested in Pindar ( c. 475 BC ) . The name , considered to be `` ominous '' , was then later changed into the euphemism `` Hospitable sea '' , Εὔξεινος Πόντος Eúxeinos Póntos , which was also for the first time attested in Pindar . This became the commonly used designation in Greek for the sea . In contexts related to mythology , the older form `` Póntos Áxeinos '' remained favored . Previously , it was erroneously suggested that the name had to be derived from the color of the water , or at least were to be related to climatic particulars . Black ( or dark ) , in this context however , referred to a system in which colors represented the various `` cardinal points '' of the known world . Black , or dark represented the north , red the south , white for the west , and green or light blue for the east . This symbolism based on cardinal points was used in a plethora of different occasions , and is therefore widely attested . For example , the `` Red Sea '' , a body of water reported since the time of Herodotus ( c. 484 -- c. 425 BC ) in fact designated the Indian Ocean , together with bodies of water known as the Persian Gulf and the `` actual '' Red Sea . According to the same explanation and reasoning , it is therefore considered to be impossible for the Scythians ( who principally roamed in what is present - day Ukraine and Russia ) to have given the designation as they lived to the north of the sea , and it would be therefore a southern antipodal body of water for them . As the name could have only been given by a people that were well aware of both the northern `` black / dark '' and southern `` red '' seas , it is therefore considered probable that it was given its name by the Achaemenids ( 550 -- 330 BC ) . Strabo 's Geographica ( 1.2. 10 ) reports that in antiquity , the Black Sea was often just called `` the Sea '' ( ὁ πόντος ho pontos ) . He also thought that the Black Sea was called `` inhospitable '' before Greek colonization because it was difficult to navigate , and because its shores were inhabited by savage tribes. ( 7.3. 6 ) The name was changed to `` hospitable '' after the Milesians had colonized the southern shoreline , the Pontus , making it part of Greek civilization . In Greater Bundahishn , a sacred Zoroastrian text written in Middle Persian the Black Sea is called Siyābun . A map of Asia dating to 1570 , entitled `` Asiae Nova Descriptio '' , from Abraham Ortelius 's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , labels the sea Mar Maggior ( `` Great Sea '' , cf . Latin mare major ) . English - language writers of the 18th century often used the name `` Euxine Sea '' ( / ˈjuːksɪn / or / ˈjuːkˌsaɪn / ) to refer to the Black Sea . Edward Gibbon , for instance , calls the sea by this name throughout The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . During the Ottoman Empire period , the Black Sea was called either Bahr - e Siyah or Karadeniz , both meaning `` the Black Sea '' in the Ottoman Turkish . It is worthy to note , that in the tenth - century geography book Hudud al - ' Alam , written in the Persian language by an unknown author , the Black Sea is called `` Georgian Sea '' , `` Sea of Georgians '' ( `` daryä - yi Gurziyan '' ) . Old Georgian sources of 9th -- 14th centuries ( `` The Georgian Chronicles '' ) were using the name `` Speris Zğua '' ( სპერის ზღუა ) , which means `` The Sea of Speri '' , after the name of Kartvelian tribe Speris or Saspers , now in Turkey . The modern names of the Black Sea ( Chyornoye more , Karadeniz , etc . ) , stretch only back to the 13th century . Geology. and bathymetry ( edit ) The bay of Sudak , Crimea The geological origins of the basin can be traced back to two distinct relict back - arc basins which were initiated by the splitting of an Albian volcanic arc and the subduction of both the Paleo - and Neo-Tethys Oceans , but the timings of these events remain controversial . Since its initiation , compressional tectonic environments led to subsidence in the basin , interspersed with extensional phases resulting in large - scale volcanism and numerous orogenies , causing the uplift of the Greater Caucasus , Pontides , Southern Crimean Peninsula and Balkanides mountain ranges . The ongoing collision between the Eurasian and African plates and westward escape of the Anatolian block along the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Faults dictates the current tectonic regime , which features enhanced subsidence in the Black Sea basin and significant volcanic activity in the Anatolian region . It is these geological mechanisms which , in the long term , have caused the periodic isolations of the Black Sea from the rest of the global ocean system . The modern basin is divided into two sub-basins by a convexity extending south from the Crimean Peninsula . The large shelf to the north of the basin is up to 190 km ( 120 mi ) wide , and features a shallow apron with gradients between 1 : 40 and 1 : 1000 . The southern edge around Turkey and the eastern edge around Georgia , however , are typified by a narrow shelf that rarely exceeds 20 km ( 12 mi ) in width and a steep apron that is typically 1 : 40 gradient with numerous submarine canyons and channel extensions . The Euxine abyssal plain in the centre of the Black Sea reaches a maximum depth of 2,212 metres ( 7,257.22 feet ) just south of Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula . The littoral zone of the Black Sea is often referred to as the Pontic littoral or Pontic zone . The area surrounding the Black Sea is commonly referred to as the Black Sea Region . Its northern part lies within the Chernozem belt ( black soil belt ) which goes from eastern Croatia ( Slavonia ) , along the Danube ( northern Serbia , northern Bulgaria ( Danubian Plain ) and southern Romania ( Wallachian Plain ) ) to northeast Ukraine and further across the Central Black Earth Region and southern Russia into Siberia . Hydrology ( edit ) This SeaWiFS view reveals the colourful interplay of currents on the sea 's surface The Black Sea is a marginal sea and is the world 's largest body of water with a meromictic basin . The deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere . As a result , over 90 % of the deeper Black Sea volume is anoxic water . The Black Sea 's circulation patterns are primarily controlled by basin topography and fluvial inputs , which result in a strongly stratified vertical structure . Because of the extreme stratification , it is classified as a salt wedge estuary . The Black Sea only experiences water transfer with the Mediterranean Sea , so all inflow and outflow occurs in the Bosphorus and Dardanelles . Inflow from the Mediterranean has a higher salinity and density than the outflow , creating the classical estuarine circulation . This means that inflow of dense water from Mediterranean occurs at the bottom of the basin while outflow of fresher Black Sea surface - water into the Marmara Sea occurs near the surface . Fresher surface water is the product of the fluvial inputs , and this makes the Black Sea a positive sea . The net input of freshwater creates an outflow volume about twice that of the inflow . Evaporation and precipitation are roughly equal at about 300 cubic kilometres per year ( 72 cu mi / a ) . Because of the narrowness and shallowness of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles ( their respective depths are only 33 and 70 meters ) , inflow and outflow current speeds are high and there is significant vertical shear . This allows for turbulent mixing of the two layers . Surface water leaves the Black Sea with a salinity of 17 psu and reaches the Mediterranean with a salinity of 34 psu . Likewise , inflow of the Mediterranean with salinity 38.5 psu experiences a decrease to about 34 psu . Mean surface circulation is cyclonic and waters around the perimeter of the Black Sea circulate in a basin - wide shelfbreak gyre known as the Rim Current . The Rim Current has a maximum velocity of about 50 -- 100 cm / s . Within this feature , two smaller cyclonic gyres operate , occupying the eastern and western sectors of the basin . The Eastern and Western Gyres are well - organized systems in the winter but dissipate into a series of interconnected eddies in the summer and autumn . Mesoscale activity in the peripheral flow becomes more pronounced during these warmer seasons and is subject to interannual variability . Outside of the Rim Current , numerous quasi-permanent coastal eddies are formed as a result of upwelling around the coastal apron and `` wind curl '' mechanisms . The intra-annual strength of these features is controlled by seasonal atmospheric and fluvial variations . During the spring , the Batumi eddy forms in the southeastern corner of the sea . Beneath the surface waters -- from about 50 -- 100 meters -- there exists a halocline that stops at the Cold Intermediate Layer ( CIL ) . This layer is composed of cool , salty surface waters , which are the result of localized atmospheric cooling and decreased fluvial input during the winter months . It is the remnant of the winter surface mixed layer . The base of the CIL is marked by a major pycnocline at about 100 -- 200 metres ( 330 -- 660 ft ) and this density disparity is the major mechanism for isolation of the deep water . Below the pycnocline is the Deep Water mass , where salinity increases to 22.3 psu and temperatures rise to around 8.9 ° C. The hydrochemical environment shifts from oxygenated to anoxic , as bacterial decomposition of sunken biomass utilizes all of the free oxygen . Weak geothermal heating and long residence time create a very thick convective bottom layer . Hydrochemistry ( edit ) Because of the anoxic water at depth , organic matter , including anthropogenic artifacts such as boat hulls , are well preserved . During periods of high surface productivity , short - lived algal blooms form organic rich layers known as sapropels . Scientists have reported an annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region . As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered , such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D , located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop , Turkey . Modelling shows the release of the hydrogen sulfide clouds in the event of an asteroid impact into the Black Sea would pose a threat to health -- or even life -- for people living on the Black Sea coast . There have been isolated reports of flares on the Black Sea occurring during thunderstorms , possibly caused by lightning igniting combustible gas seeping up from the sea depths . Ecology ( edit ) Marine ( edit ) See also : List of fish of the Black Sea The port of Poti , Georgia The Black Sea supports an active and dynamic marine ecosystem , dominated by species suited to the brackish , nutrient - rich , conditions . As with all marine food webs , the Black Sea features a range of trophic groups , with autotrophic algae , including diatoms and dinoflagellates , acting as primary producers . The fluvial systems draining Eurasia and central Europe introduce large volumes of sediment and dissolved nutrients into the Black Sea , but distribution of these nutrients is controlled by the degree of physiochemical stratification , which is , in turn , dictated by seasonal physiographic development . During winter , strong wind promotes convective overturning and upwelling of nutrients , while high summer temperatures result in a marked vertical stratification and a warm , shallow mixed layer . Day length and insolation intensity also controls the extent of the photic zone . Subsurface productivity is limited by nutrient availability , as the anoxic bottom waters act as a sink for reduced nitrate , in the form of ammonia . The benthic zone also plays an important role in Black Sea nutrient cycling , as chemosynthetic organisms and anoxic geochemical pathways recycle nutrients which can be upwelled to the photic zone , enhancing productivity . In total , Black Sea 's biodiversity contains around one - third of Mediterranean 's , and is experiencing natural and artificial invasions or Mediterranizations . Phytoplankton ( edit ) Phytoplankton blooms and plumes of sediment form the bright blue swirls that ring the Black Sea in this 2004 image The main phytoplankton groups present in the Black Sea are dinoflagellates , diatoms , coccolithophores and cyanobacteria . Generally , the annual cycle of phytoplankton development comprises significant diatom and dinoflagellate - dominated spring production , followed by a weaker mixed assemblage of community development below the seasonal thermocline during summer months and a surface - intensified autumn production . This pattern of productivity is also augmented by an Emiliania huxleyi bloom during the late spring and summer months . Dinoflagellates Annual dinoflagellate distribution is defined by an extended bloom period in subsurface waters during the late spring and summer . In November , subsurface plankton production is combined with surface production , due to vertical mixing of water masses and nutrients such as nitrite . The major bloom - forming dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea is Gymnodinium sp . Estimates of dinoflagellate diversity in the Black Sea range from 193 to 267 species . This level of species richness is relatively low in comparison to the Mediterranean Sea , which is attributable to the brackish conditions , low water transparency and presence of anoxic bottom waters . It is also possible that the low winter temperatures below 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) of the Black Sea prevent thermophilous species from becoming established . The relatively high organic matter content of Black Sea surface water favour the development of heterotrophic ( an organism which uses organic carbon for growth ) and mixotrophic dinoflagellates species ( able to exploit different trophic pathways ) , relative to autotrophs . Despite its unique hydrographic setting , there are no confirmed endemic dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea . Diatoms The Black Sea is populated by many species of marine diatom , which commonly exist as colonies of unicellular , non-motile auto - and heterotrophic algae . The life - cycle of most diatoms can be described as ' boom and bust ' and the Black Sea is no exception , with diatom blooms occurring in surface waters throughout the year , most reliably during March . In simple terms , the phase of rapid population growth in diatoms is caused by the in - wash of silicon - bearing terrestrial sediments , and when the supply of silicon is exhausted , the diatoms begin to sink out of the photic zone and produce resting cysts . Additional factors such as predation by zooplankton and ammonium - based regenerated production also have a role to play in the annual diatom cycle . Typically , Proboscia alata blooms during spring and Pseudosolenia calcar - avis blooms during the autumn . Coccolithophores Coccolithophores are a type of motile , autotrophic phytoplankton that produce CaCO plates , known as coccoliths , as part of their life cycle . In the Black Sea , the main period of coccolithophore growth occurs after the bulk of the dinoflagellate growth has taken place . In May , the dinoflagellates move below the seasonal thermocline , into deeper waters , where more nutrients are available . This permits coccolithophores to utilise the nutrients in the upper waters , and by the end of May , with favourable light and temperature conditions , growth rates reach their highest . The major bloom forming species is Emiliania huxleyi , which is also responsible for the release of dimethyl sulfide into the atmosphere . Overall , coccolithophore diversity is low in the Black Sea , and although recent sediments are dominated by E. huxleyi , Braarudosphaera bigelowii , Holocene sediments have also been shown to contain Helicopondosphaera and Discolithina species . Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria are a phylum of picoplanktonic ( plankton ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0 μm ) bacteria that obtain their energy via photosynthesis , and are present throughout the world 's oceans . They exhibit a range of morphologiies , including filamentous colonies and biofilms . In the Black Sea , several species are present , and as an example , Synechococcus spp . can be found throughout the photic zone , although concentration decreases with increasing depth . Other factors which exert an influence on distribution include nutrient availability , predation and salinity . Animal species ( edit ) Zebra mussel The Black Sea along with the Caspian Sea is part of the Zebra mussel 's native range . The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world and become an invasive species where it has been introduced . Common Carp The Common Carp 's native range extends to The Black Sea along with the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea . Like the Zebra mussel the Common Carp is an invasive species when introduced to other habitats . Round Goby Is another native fish that is also found in the Caspian Sea . It preys upon Zebra mussels . Like the mussels and common carp it has become invasive when introduced to other environments , like the Great Lakes . Marine Mammals and marine megafaunas Marine mammals present within the basin include two species of dolphins ( common and bottlenose ) and harbour porpoise inhabit the sea although all of these are endangered due to pressures and impacts by human activities . All the three species have been classified as a distinct subspecies from those in the Mediterranean and in Atlantic Seas and endemic to Black and Azov Seas , and are more active during nights in Turkish Straits . However , construction of the Kerch Strait Bridge caused increases in nutrients and planktons in the waters , attracting large numbers of fish and more than 1,000 of bottlenose dolphins . Critically endangered Mediterranean monk seals were historically abundant in Black Sea , and are regarded to have become extinct from the basin since in 1997 . Monk seals were present at the Snake Island until 1950s , and several locations such as the Danube Plavni Nature Reserve ( ru ) and Doğankent were last of hauling - out sites in post-1990 . Very few animals still thrive in the Sea of Marmara . Ongoing Mediterranizations may or may not boost in increases of cetacean diversity in Turkish Straits hence in Black and Azov basins . Various species of pinnipeds , sea otter , and beluga whales were introduced into Black Sea by mankind and later escaped either by accidental or purported causes . Of these , grey seal and beluga whales have been recorded with successful , long - term occurrences . Great white sharks are known to reach into Sea of Marmara and Bosphorus Strait and basking shark into Dardanelles although it is unclear whether or not these sharks may reach into the Black and Azov basins . Ecological effects of pollution ( edit ) Since the 1960s , rapid industrial expansion along the Black Sea coast line and the construction of a major dam has significantly increased annual variability in the N : P : Si ratio in the basin . In coastal areas , the biological effect of these changes has been an increase in the frequency of monospecific phytoplankton blooms , with diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 2.5 and non-diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 6 . The non-diatoms , such as the prymnesiophytes Emiliania huxleyi ( coccolithophore ) , Chromulina sp. , and the Euglenophyte Eutreptia lanowii are able to out - compete diatom species because of the limited availability of Si , a necessary constituent of diatom frustules . As a consequence of these blooms , benthic macrophyte populations were deprived of light , while anoxia caused mass mortality in marine animals . The decline in macrophytes was further compounded by overfishing during the 1970s , while the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis reduced the biomass of copepods and other zooplankton in the late 1980s . Additionally , an alien species -- the warty comb jelly ( Mnemiopsis leidyi ) -- was able to establish itself in the basin , exploding from a few individuals to an estimated biomass of one billion metric tons . The change in species composition in Black Sea waters also has consequences for hydrochemistry , as Ca - producing coccolithophores influence salinity and pH , although these ramifications have yet to be fully quantified . In central Black Sea waters , Si levels were also significantly reduced , due to a decrease in the flux of Si associated with advection across isopycnal surfaces . This phenomenon demonstrates the potential for localised alterations in Black Sea nutrient input to have basin - wide effects . Pollution reduction and regulation efforts have led to a partial recovery of the Black Sea ecosystem during the 1990s , and an EU monitoring exercise , ' EROS21 ' , revealed decreased N and P values , relative to the 1989 peak . Recently , scientists have noted signs of ecological recovery , in part due to the construction of new sewage treatment plants in Slovakia , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria in connection with membership in the European Union . Mnemiopsis leidyi populations have been checked with the arrival of another alien species which feeds on them . Jellyfish Actinia Actinia Goby Stingray Goat fish Hermit crab , Diogenes pugilator Blue sponge Spiny dogfish Seahorse Black Sea Common Dolphins with a kite - surfer off Sochi Common dolphins porpoising with a ferry at Batumi port Terrestrial ( edit ) Statues of a man and a tiger , on the way to Mount Akhun . In the past , the range of the Asiatic lion extended from South Asia to the Balkans , possibly up to the Danube . Places like Turkey and the Trans - Caucasus were in this range . The Caspian tiger occurred in eastern Turkey and the Caucasus , at least . The lyuti zver ( Old Russian for `` fierce animal '' ) that was encountered by Vladimir II Monomakh , Velikiy Kniaz of Kievan Rus ' ( which ranged to the Black Sea in the south ) , may have been a tiger or leopard , rather than a wolf or lynx , due to the way it behaved towards him and his horse . Climate ( edit ) The ice on the Gulf of Odessa Short - term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly influenced by the operation of the North Atlantic oscillation , the climatic mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and mid-latitude air masses . While the exact mechanisms causing the North Atlantic Oscillation remain unclear , it is thought the climate conditions established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia , regulating the formation of winter cyclones , which are largely responsible for regional precipitation inputs and influence Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperatures ( SST 's ) . The relative strength of these systems also limits the amount of cold air arriving from northern regions during winter . Other influencing factors include the regional topography , as depressions and storms systems arriving from the Mediterranean are funneled through the low land around the Bosphorus , Pontic and Caucasus mountain ranges acting as wave guides , limiting the speed and paths of cyclones passing through the region . History ( edit ) Mediterranean connection during the Holocene ( edit ) The Bosphorus , taken from the International Space Station Map of the Dardanelles The Black Sea is connected to the World Ocean by a chain of two shallow straits , the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus . The Dardanelles is 55 m ( 180 ft ) deep and the Bosphorus is as shallow as 36 m ( 118 ft ) . By comparison , at the height of the last ice age , sea levels were more than 100 m ( 330 ft ) lower than they are now . There is also evidence that water levels in the Black Sea were considerably lower at some point during the post-glacial period . Some researchers theorize that the Black Sea had been a landlocked freshwater lake ( at least in upper layers ) during the last glaciation and for some time after . In the aftermath of the last glacial period , water levels in the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea rose independently until they were high enough to exchange water . The exact timeline of this development is still subject to debate . One possibility is that the Black Sea filled first , with excess fresh water flowing over the Bosphorus sill and eventually into the Mediterranean Sea . There are also catastrophic scenarios , such as the `` Black Sea deluge theory '' put forward by William Ryan , Walter Pitman and Petko Dimitrov . Deluge hypothesis ( edit ) Main article : Black Sea deluge hypothesis The Black Sea deluge is a hypothesized catastrophic rise in the level of the Black Sea circa 5600 BC due to waters from the Mediterranean Sea breaching a sill in the Bosporus Strait . The hypothesis was headlined when The New York Times published it in December 1996 , shortly before it was published in an academic journal . While it is agreed that the sequence of events described did occur , there is debate over the suddenness , dating and magnitude of the events . Relevant to the hypothesis is that its description has led some to connect this catastrophe with prehistoric flood myths . Recorded History ( edit ) A medieval map of the Black Sea by Diogo Homem . Greek colonies ( 8th -- 3rd century BCE ) of the Black Sea ( Euxine , or `` hospitable '' sea ) . The Black Sea was a busy waterway on the crossroads of the ancient world : the Balkans to the west , the Eurasian steppes to the north , Caucasus and Central Asia to the east , Asia Minor and Mesopotamia to the south , and Greece to the south - west . The oldest processed gold in the world was found in Varna , and the Black Sea was supposedly sailed by the Argonauts . The land at the eastern end of the Black Sea , Colchis , ( now Georgia ) , marked for the Greeks the edge of the known world . The steppes to the north of the Black Sea have been suggested as the original homeland ( Urheimat ) of the speakers of the Proto - Indo - European language , ( PIE ) the progenitor of the Indo - European language family , by some scholars such as Marija Gimbutas ; others move the heartland further east towards the Caspian Sea , yet others to Anatolia . The Black Sea became an Ottoman Navy lake within five years of Genoa losing the Crimea in 1479 , after which the only Western merchant vessels to sail its waters were those of Venice 's old rival Ragusa . This restriction was gradually changed by the Russian Navy from 1783 until the relaxation of export controls in 1789 because of the French Revolution . The Black Sea was a significant naval theatre of World War I and saw both naval and land battles during World War II . Archaeology ( edit ) Ivan Aivazovsky . Black Sea Fleet in the Bay of Theodosia , just before the Crimean War Ancient trade routes in the region are currently being extensively studied by scientists , as the Black Sea was sailed by Hittites , Carians , Colchians , Thracians , Greeks , Persians , Cimmerians , Scythians , Romans , Byzantines , Goths , Huns , Avars , Bulgars , Slavs , Varangians , Crusaders , Venetians , Genoese , Lithuanians , Georgians , Poles , Tatars , Ottomans , and Russians . Perhaps the most promising areas in deepwater archaeology are the quest for submerged prehistoric settlements in the continental shelf and for ancient shipwrecks in the anoxic zone , which are expected to be exceptionally well preserved due to the absence of oxygen . This concentration of historical powers , combined with the preservative qualities of the deep anoxic waters of the Black Sea , has attracted increased interest from marine archaeologists who have begun to discover a large number of ancient ships and organic remains in a high state of preservation . Modern Use ( edit ) Yalta , Crimea Amasra , Turkey , is located on a small island in the Black Sea Commercial and civic Use ( edit ) According to NATO , the Black sea is a strategic corridor that provides smuggling channels for moving legal and illegal goods including drugs , radioactive materials , and counterfeit goods that can be used to finance terrorism . Navigation ( edit ) Ports and ferry terminals ( edit ) According to the International Transport Workers ' Federation 2013 study , there were at least 30 operating merchant seaports in the Black Sea ( including at least 12 in Ukraine ) . Merchant fleet and traffic ( edit ) According to the International Transport Workers ' Federation 2013 study , there were around 2,400 commercial vessels operating in the Black Sea . Fishing ( edit ) Anchovy : the Turkish commercial fishing fleet catches around 300,000 tons per year on average , and fishery carried out mainly in winter and the highest portion of the stock is caught between November and December . Hydrocarbons exploration ( edit ) Since the 1980s , the Soviet Union started offshore drilling for petroleum in the sea 's western portion ( adjoining Ukraine 's coast ) . The independent Ukraine continued and intensified that effort within its exclusive economic zone , inviting major international oil companies for exploration . Discovery of the new , massive oilfields in the area stimulated an influx of foreign investments . It also provoked a short - term peaceful territorial dispute with Romania which was resolved in 2011 by an international court redefining the exclusive economic zones between the two countries . Holiday resorts and spas ( edit ) Cities of the Black Sea In the years following the end of the Cold War , the popularity of the Black Sea as a tourist destination steadily increased . Tourism at Black Sea resorts became one of the region 's growth industries . The following is a list of notable Black Sea resort towns : 2 Mai ( Romania ) Agigea ( Romania ) Ahtopol ( Bulgaria ) Amasra ( Turkey ) Anaklia ( Georgia ) Anapa ( Russia ) Albena ( Bulgaria ) Alupka ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Alushta ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Balchik ( Bulgaria ) Batumi ( Georgia ) Burgas ( Bulgaria ) Byala ( Bulgaria ) Cap Aurora ( Romania ) Chakvi ( Georgia ) Constantine and Helena ( Bulgaria ) Constanța ( Romania ) Corbu ( Romania ) Costineşti ( Romania ) Eforie ( Romania ) Emona ( Bulgaria ) Eupatoria ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Foros ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Feodosiya ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Giresun ( Turkey ) Gagra ( Abkhazia , Georgia ) Gelendzhik ( Russia ) Golden Sands ( Bulgaria ) Gonio ( Georgia ) Gurzuf ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Hopa ( Artvin , Turkey ) Istanbul ( Turkey ) Jupiter ( Romania ) Kamchia ( Bulgaria ) Kavarna ( Bulgaria ) Kiten ( Bulgaria ) Kobuleti ( Georgia ) Koktebel ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Lozenetz ( Bulgaria ) Mamaia ( Romania ) Mangalia ( Romania ) Năvodari ( Romania ) Neptun ( Romania ) Nesebar ( Bulgaria ) Novorossiysk ( Russia ) Ordu ( Turkey ) Obzor ( Bulgaria ) Odessa ( Ukraine ) Olimp ( Romania ) Pitsunda ( Abkhazia , Georgia ) Pomorie ( Bulgaria ) Primorsko ( Bulgaria ) Rize ( Turkey ) Rusalka ( Bulgaria ) Samsun ( Turkey ) Saturn ( Romania ) Sinop ( Turkey ) Sochi ( Russia ) Sozopol ( Bulgaria ) Sudak ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Skadovsk ( Ukraine ) Sulina ( Romania ) Sunny Beach ( Bulgaria ) Şile ( Turkey ) Sveti Vlas ( Bulgaria ) Trabzon ( Turkey ) Tsikhisdziri ( Georgia ) Tuapse ( Russia ) Ureki ( Georgia ) Vama Veche ( Romania ) Varna ( Bulgaria ) Venus ( Romania ) Yalta ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Zonguldak ( Turkey ) Soviet frigate Bezzavetny ( right ) bumping the USS Yorktown during the 1988 Black Sea bumping incident . Ukrainian Navy artillery boat U170 in the Bay of Sevastopol Modern military Use ( edit ) International and military Use of the Straits ( edit ) The 1936 Montreux Convention provides for a free passage of civilian ships between the international waters of the Black and the Mediterranean Seas . However , a single country ( Turkey ) has a complete control over the straits connecting the two seas . The 1982 amendments to the Montreux Convention allow Turkey to close the Straits at its discretion in both wartime and peacetime . The 1936 Montreux Convention governs the passage of vessels between the Black and the Mediterranean Seas and the presence of military vessels belonging to non-littoral states in the Black Sea waters . Trans - sea cooperation ( edit ) Main articles : Black Sea Euroregion , Superior Prut and Lower Danube , Black Sea Games , and Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation See also ( edit ) 1927 Crimean earthquakes Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks Anoxic event Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Caucasian Riviera Internationalization of the Danube River Karadeniz Technical University Kuma -- Manych Depression Mount Akhun Romanian Black Sea resorts Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abkhazia has been a de facto independent republic since 1992 , although remains a de jure autonomous republic of Georgia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ UNEP / GRID - Arendal Maps and Graphics Library ( 2001 ) . `` Socio - economic indicators for the countries of the Black Sea basin '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Surface Area -- `` Black Sea Geography '' . University of Delaware College of Marine Studies . 2003 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maximum Depth -- `` Europa -- Gateway of the European Union Website '' . Environment and Enlargement -- The Black Sea : Facts and Figures . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Unexpected changes in the oxic / anoxic interface in the Black Sea '' . Nature Publishing Group . 338 : 411 -- 413 . March 30 , 1989 . doi : 10.1038 / 338411a0 . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stiati.ca . `` Cele mai mari orase din Romania '' . Stiati.ca . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Batumi City Hall website '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Özhan Öztürk ( 2005 ) . Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük . İstanbul : Heyamola Yayınları . pp. 617 -- 620 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt 1989 , pp. 310 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Joseph H. `` Greater Bundahishn ( text ) '' . www.avesta.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Everyman 's Library , 1910 ; reprinted 1993 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42308 - 7 . Passim . Jump up ^ McKenzie , DP ( 1970 ) . `` Plate tectonics of the Mediterranean region '' . Nature . 226 ( 5242 ) : 239 -- 43 . Bibcode : 1970Natur. 226 ... 239M . PMID 16057188 . doi : 10.1038 / 226239a0 . Jump up ^ McClusky , S. ; S. Balassanian ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 105 ( B3 ) : 5695 -- 5719 . Bibcode : 2000JGR ... 105.5695 M . doi : 10.1029 / 1999JB900351 . ^ Jump up to : Shillington , Donna J. ; White , Nicky ; Minshull , Timothy A. ; Edwards , Glyn R.H. ; Jones , Stephen M. ; Edwards , Rosemary A. ; Scott , Caroline L. ( 2008 ) . `` Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Black Sea : A test of depth - dependent stretching models '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 265 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 360 -- 378 . Bibcode : 2008E&PSL. 265 ... 360S . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2007.10. 033 . Jump up ^ Nikishin , A ( 2003 ) . `` The Black Sea basin : tectonic history and Neogene -- Quaternary rapid subsidence modelling '' . Sedimentary Geology. 156 : 149 -- 168 . Bibcode : 2003SedG ... 156 ... 149N . doi : 10.1016 / S0037 - 0738 ( 02 ) 00286 - 5 . Jump up ^ Remote Sensing of the European Seas. 2008 . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 6771 - 2 . Jump up ^ Prothero , G.W. ( 1920 ) . Anatolia . London : H.M. Stationery Office . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture in the Black Sea Region '' . Bs-agro.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Descriptive Physical Oceanography . Talley , Pickard , Emery , Swift . Jump up ^ `` Meromictic '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring Ancient Mysteries : A Black Sea Journey '' . Ceoe.udel.edu . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Korotaev , G. ( 2003 ) . `` Seasonal , interannual , and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 108 . Bibcode : 2003JGRC ... 108.3122 K . doi : 10.1029 / 2002JC001508 . Jump up ^ Black Sea Becomes Turquoise Archived October 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . earthobservatory.nasa.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schuiling , Roelof Dirk ; Cathcart , Richard B. ; Badescu , Viorel ; Isvoranu , Dragos ; Pelinovsky , Efim ( 2006 ) . `` Asteroid impact in the Black Sea . Death by drowning or asphyxiation ? '' . Natural Hazards. 40 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 338 . doi : 10.1007 / s11069 - 006 - 0017 - 7 . Jump up ^ http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/01654/EGU2007-J-01654.pdf ^ Jump up to : Oguz , T. ; H.W. Ducklow ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` A physical - biochemical model of plankton productivity and nitrogen cycling in the Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Deep - Sea Research Part I. 46 ( 4 ) : 597 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1999DSRI ... 46 ... 597O . doi : 10.1016 / S0967 - 0637 ( 98 ) 00074 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Oguz , T. & A. Merico ( 2006 ) . `` Factors controlling the summer Emiliania huxleyi bloom in the Black Sea : A modeling study '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Marine Systems . 59 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 173 -- 188 . Bibcode : 2006JMS ... 59 ... 173O . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmarsys. 2005.08. 002 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , J. ; C. Dinkel ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Benthic Nutrient Cycling and Diagenetic Pathways in the North - western Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science . 54 ( 3 ) : 369 -- 383 . Bibcode : 2002ECSS ... 54 ... 369F . doi : 10.1006 / ecss. 2000.0653 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mechanisms impeding natural Mediterranization process of Black Sea fauna ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Selifonova P.J.. 2011 . Ships ' ballast as a Primary Factor for'Mediterranization'of Pelagic Copepod Fauna ( Copepoda ) in the Northeastern Black Sea ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Eker , E. ; L. Georgieva ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995 '' ( PDF ) . ICES Journal of Marine Science . 56 : 15 -- 22 . doi : 10.1006 / jmsc. 1999.0604 . ^ Jump up to : Eker - Develi , E ( 2003 ) . `` Distribution of phytoplankton in the southern Black Sea in summer 1996 , spring and autumn 1998 '' . Journal of Marine Systems . 39 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 203 -- 211 . Bibcode : 2003JMS ... 39 ... 203E . doi : 10.1016 / S0924 - 7963 ( 03 ) 00031 - 9 . Jump up ^ Krakhmalny , A.F. ( 1994 ) . `` Dinophyta of the Black Sea ( Brief history of investigations and species diversity ) . '' Algologiya 4 : 99 -- 107 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , F. & L. Boicenco ( 2004 ) . `` An annotated checklist of dinoflagellates in the Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Hydrobiologia. 517 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 59 . doi : 10.1023 / B : HYDR. 0000027336.05452. 07 . Jump up ^ Uysal , Z ( 2006 ) . `` Vertical distribution of marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. in the Black , Marmara , Aegean , and eastern Mediterranean seas '' . Deep - Sea Research Part II . 53 ( 17 -- 19 ) : 1976 -- 1987 . Bibcode : 2006DSR ... 53.1976 U . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr2. 2006.03. 016 . Jump up ^ Delphinus delphis ssp . ponticus Jump up ^ Tursiops truncatus ssp . ponticus Jump up ^ Phocoena phocoena ssp . relicta ^ Jump up to : First stranding record of a Risso 's Dolphin ( Grampus griseus ) in the Marmara Sea , Turkey ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Goldman E ... 2017 . Crimean bridge construction boosts dolphin population in Kerch Strait . The Russia Beyond the Headlines . Retrieved on March 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ Karamanlidis , A. ; Dendrinos , P. ( 2015 ) . `` Monachus monachus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2015 : e. T13653A45227543 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Sergei R. Grinevetsky , Igor S. Zonn , Sergei S. Zhiltsov , Aleksey N. Kosarev , Andrey G. Kostianoy , 2014 , The Black Sea Encyclopedia Jump up ^ `` A new sighting of the Mediterranean Monk Seal , Monachus monachus ( Hermann , 1779 ) , in the Marmara Sea ( Turkey ) '' . Zoology in the Middle East . 60 : 278 -- 280 . doi : 10.1080 / 09397140.2014. 944438 . ^ Jump up to : Frantzis A. , Alexiadou P. , Paximadis G. , Politi E. , Gannier A. , Corsini - Foka M. ( 2003 ) . `` Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas '' ( pdf ) . Journal of Cetacean Research and Management . International Whaling Commission . 5 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 232 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Anderson R ... 1992 . Black Sea Whale Aided By Activists . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved on April 21 . 2016 Jump up ^ Grey seal Halichoerus grypus in the Black Sea : The first case of long - term survival of an exotic pinniped Jump up ^ Kabasakal H ... 2014 . The status of the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) in Turkey 's waters ( pdf ) . Marine Biodiversity Records . Vol. 7 . pp. 1 - 8 . doi : 10.1017 / S1755267214000980 ; Vol. 7 ; e109 ; 2014 . Retrieved on September 04 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cuma. 2009 . Çanakkale'de 10 metrelik köpekbalığı ! . Retrieved on September 04 , 2017 Jump up ^ Humborg , Christoph ; Ittekkot , Venugopalan ; Cociasu , Adriana ; Bodungen , Bodo v. ( 1997 ) . `` Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure '' . Nature . 386 ( 6623 ) : 385 -- 388 . Bibcode : 1997Natur. 386 ... 385H . doi : 10.1038 / 386385a0 . Jump up ^ Sburlea , A. ; L. Boicenco ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Aspects of eutrophication as a chemical pollution with implications on marine biota at the Romanian Black Sea shore '' . Chemicals as Intentional and Accidental Global Environmental Threats . NATO Security through Science Series : 357 -- 360 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5096 - 1 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5098 - 5_28 . Jump up ^ Gregoire , M. ; C. Raick ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Numerical modeling of the central Black Sea ecosystem functioning during the eutrophication phase '' . Progress in Oceanography. 76 ( 3 ) : 286 -- 333 . Bibcode : 2008PrOce ... 76 ... 286G . doi : 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2008.01. 002 . Jump up ^ Colin Woodard ( February 11 , 2001 ) . Ocean 's end : travels through endangered seas . Basic Books . pp. 1 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01571 - 9 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lancelot , C ( 2002 ) . `` Modelling the Danube - influenced North - western Continental Shelf of the Black Sea . II : Ecosystem Response to Changes in Nutrient Delivery by the Danube River after its Damming in 1972 '' ( PDF ) . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science . 54 ( 3 ) : 473 -- 499 . Bibcode : 2002ECSS ... 54 ... 473L . doi : 10.1006 / ecss. 2000.0659 . Jump up ^ Woodard , Colin , `` The Black Sea 's Cautionary Tale , '' Congressional Quarterly Global Researcher , October 2007 , pp. 244 -- 245 Jump up ^ Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies ( 1988 ) . `` Kyivan Rus ' '' . Encyclopedia of Ukraine . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Geptner , V.G. , Sludskij , A.A. ( 1972 ) . Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza . Vysšaia Škola , Moskva . ( In Russian ; English translation : Heptner , V.G. , Sludskii , A.A. , Komarov , A. , Komorov , N. ; Hoffmann , R.S. ( 1992 ) . Mammals of the Soviet Union . Vol III : Carnivores ( Feloidea ) . Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation , Washington DC ) . Jump up ^ Hurrell , J.W. ( 1995 ) . `` Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation : Regional Temperatures and Precipitation '' . Science . 269 ( 5224 ) : 676 -- 679 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 269 ... 676H . PMID 17758812 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 269.5224. 676 . Jump up ^ Lamy , F. , Arz , H.W. , Bond , G.C. , Barh , A. and Pätzold , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Multicentennial - scale hydrological changes in the Black Sea and northern Red Sea during the Holocene and the Arctic / North Atlantic Oscillation '' ( PDF ) . Paleoceanography. 21 . Bibcode : 2006PalOc ... 21.1008 L . doi : 10.1029 / 2005PA001184 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 15 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey '' . International Journal of Climatology. 16 : 1057 -- 1076 . Bibcode : 1996IJCli ... 16.1057 T . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 0088 ( 199609 ) 16 : 9 < 1057 : : AID - JOC75 > 3.3.CO ; 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cullen , H.M. ; A. Kaplan ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and streamflow '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . 55 ( 3 ) : 315 -- 338 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020518305517 . Jump up ^ Ozsoy , E. & U. Unluata ( 1997 ) . `` Oceanography of the Black Sea : A review of some recent results '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 42 ( 4 ) : 231 -- 272 . Bibcode : 1997ESRv ... 42 ... 231O . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 97 ) 81859 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brody , L.R. , Nestor , M.J.R. ( 1980 ) . Regional Forecasting Aids for the Mediterranean Basin . Handbook for Forecasters in the Mediterranean , Naval Research Laboratory . Part 2 . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ( 17 December 1996 ) . `` Geologists Link Black Sea Deluge To Farming 's Rise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ William Ryan & Walter Pitman ( 1998 ) . Noah 's Flood : The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History . New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85920 - 3 . Jump up ^ David Nicolle ( 1989 ) . The Venetian Empire 1200 -- 1670 . Osprey Publishing . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 899 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bruce McGowan . Economic Life in Ottoman Europe : Taxation , Trade and the Struggle for Land , 1600 -- 1800 , Studies in Modern Capitalism . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 13536 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sea Security '' . NATO Advanced Research Workshop . NATO . 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Черное море признано одним из самых неблагоприятных мест для моряков '' . International Transport Workers ' Federation . BlackSeaNews . May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turkish Black Sea Acoustic Surveys : Winter distribution of anchovy along the Turkish coast Serdar SAKINAN . Middle East Technical University -- Institute of Marine Sciences Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian Sea Resorts '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Montreaux and The Bosphorus Problem '' ( in Turkish ) . Jump up ^ `` Montreaux Convention and Turkey ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Stella Ghervas , `` Odessa et les confins de l'Europe : un éclairage historique '' , in Stella Ghervas et François Rosset ( ed ) , Lieux d'Europe . Mythes et limites , Paris , Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7351 - 1182 - 4 Charles King , The Black Sea : A History , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924161 - 9 William Ryan and Walter Pitman , Noah 's Flood , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 85920 - 3 Neal Ascherson , Black Sea ( Vintage 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 09 - 959371 - 8 Schmitt , Rüdiger ( 1989 ) . `` BLACK SEA '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica , Vol. IV , Fasc. 3 . pp. 310 -- 313 . Rüdiger Schmitt , `` Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea '' , in : Hellas und der griechische Osten ( Saarbrücken 1996 ) , pp. 219 -- 224 West , Stephanie ( 2003 ) . ' The Most Marvellous of All Seas ' : the Greek Encounter with the Euxine. 50 . Greece & Rome . pp. 151 -- 167 . Petko Dimitrov ; Dimitar Dimitrov ( 2004 ) . THE BLACK SEA , THE FLOOD AND THE ANCIENT MYTHS . Varna . p. 91 . ISBN 954 - 579 - 335 - X . Dimitrov , D. 2010 . Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea . LAP Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8383 - 8639 - 3 . 244p . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Sea . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Black Sea . 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8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&oldid=802154493 '' Categories : Black Sea Seas of the Mediterranean Sea Anoxic waters Back - arc basins European seas Seas of Russia Seas of Turkey Seas of Ukraine Bodies of water of Bulgaria Bodies of water of Georgia ( country ) Bodies of water of Romania Bodies of water of Crimea Bulgaria -- Romania border Bulgaria -- Turkey border Georgia ( country ) -- Russia border Georgia ( country ) -- Turkey border Romania -- Ukraine border Russia -- Ukraine border Seas of the Atlantic Ocean Seas of Asia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Use mdy dates from January 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia infobox body of water articles without image Articles containing Abkhaz - language text Articles containing Adyghe - language text Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Crimean Tatar - language text Articles containing Georgian - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the pair of rivers draining into the black sea	[ "The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe and Western Asia.[1] It is supplied by a number of major rivers, such as the Danube, Dnieper, Rioni, Southern Bug, and Dniester. The Black Sea has an area of 436,400 km2 (168,500 sq mi) (not including the Sea of Azov),[2] a maximum depth of 2,212 m (7,257 ft),[3] and a volume of 547,000 km3 (131,000 cu mi).[4] It is constrained by the Pontic Mountains to the south and by the Caucasus Mountains to the east, and features a wide shelf to the northwest. The longest east-west extent is about 1,175 km (730 mi)." ]	[ "Danube, Dnieper, Rioni, Southern Bug, and Dniester" ]
3341785745524349644	First Amendment to the United States Constitution	First Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia First Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search `` First Amendment '' redirects here . For the first amendments to other constitutions , see First Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The First Amendment ( Amendment I ) to the United States Constitution prevents Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion , prohibiting the free exercise of religion , or abridging the freedom of speech , the freedom of the press , the right to peaceably assemble , or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights . The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . Beginning with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states -- a process known as incorporation -- through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th and 21st - century court decisions which protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech , however , is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 Establishment of religion 3.1 Separationists 3.2 Accommodationists 4 Free exercise of religion 5 Freedom of speech and of the press 5.1 Wording of the clause 5.2 Speech critical of the government 5.2. 1 World War I 5.2. 2 Extending protections 5.3 Political speech 5.3. 1 Anonymous speech 5.3. 2 Campaign finance 5.3. 3 Flag desecration 5.3. 4 Falsifying military awards 5.4 Compelled speech 5.5 Commercial speech 5.6 School speech 5.7 Internet access 5.8 Obscenity 5.9 Memoirs of convicted criminals 5.10 Defamation 5.11 Private action 5.12 Freedom of the press 6 Petition and assembly 7 Freedom of association 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Text The amendment as adopted in 1791 reads as follows : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the First Amendment Background Main article : Anti-Federalism In 1776 , the second year of the American Revolutionary War , the Virginia colonial legislature passed a Declaration of Rights that included the sentence `` The freedom of the press is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty , and can never be restrained but by despotic Governments . '' Eight of the other twelve states made similar pledges . However , these declarations were generally considered `` mere admonitions to state legislatures '' , rather than enforceable provisions . James Madison , drafter of the Bill of Rights After several years of comparatively weak government under the Articles of Confederation , a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proposed a new constitution on September 17 , 1787 , featuring among other changes a stronger chief executive . George Mason , a Constitutional Convention delegate and the drafter of Virginia 's Declaration of Rights , proposed that the Constitution include a bill of rights listing and guaranteeing civil liberties . Other delegates -- including future Bill of Rights drafter James Madison -- disagreed , arguing that existing state guarantees of civil liberties were sufficient and that any attempt to enumerate individual rights risked the implication that other , unnamed rights were unprotected . After a brief debate , Mason 's proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations . For the constitution to be ratified , however , nine of the thirteen states were required to approve it in state conventions . Opposition to ratification ( `` Anti-Federalism '' ) was partly based on the Constitution 's lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties . Supporters of the Constitution in states where popular sentiment was against ratification ( including Virginia , Massachusetts , and New York ) successfully proposed that their state conventions both ratify the Constitution and call for the addition of a bill of rights . The U.S. Constitution was eventually ratified by all thirteen states . In the 1st United States Congress , following the state legislatures ' request , James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments , and his proposed draft of the First Amendment read as follows : The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner , or on any pretext , infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good ; nor from applying to the Legislature by petitions , or remonstrances , for redress of their grievances . This language was greatly condensed by Congress , and passed the House and Senate with almost no recorded debate , complicating future discussion of the Amendment 's intent . The First Amendment , along with the rest of the Bill of Rights , was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25 , 1789 , and adopted on December 15 , 1791 . Establishment of religion Main article : Establishment Clause Thomas Jefferson wrote with respect to the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregational church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , & not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' , thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) the Supreme Court used these words to declare that `` it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere ( religious ) opinion , but was left free to reach ( only those religious ) actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Quoting from Jefferson 's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom the court stated further in Reynolds : In the preamble of this act ( ... ) religious freedom is defined ; and after a recital ' that to suffer the civil magistrate to intrude his powers into the field of opinion , and to restrain the profession or propagation of principles on supposition of their ill tendency , is a dangerous fallacy which at once destroys all religious liberty ' , it is declared ' that it is time enough for the rightful purposes of civil government for its officers to interfere ( only ) when ( religious ) principles break out into overt acts against peace and good order . ' In these two sentences is found the true distinction between what properly belongs to the church and what to the State . Originally , the First Amendment applied only to the federal government , and some states continued official state religions after ratification . Massachusetts , for example , was officially Congregational until the 1830s . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court incorporated the Establishment Clause ( i.e. , made it apply against the states ) : The `` establishment of religion '' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions , or prefer one religion to another ... in the words of Jefferson , the ( First Amendment ) clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect ' a wall of separation between church and State ' ... That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . In Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution prohibits states and the federal government from requiring any kind of religious test for public office . In the Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) , The Court concluded that `` government should not prefer one religion to another , or religion to irreligion . '' In a series of cases in the first decade of the 2000s -- Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) , McCreary County v. ACLU ( 2005 ) , and Salazar v. Buono ( 2010 ) -- the Court considered the issue of religious monuments on federal lands without reaching a majority reasoning on the subject . Separationists U.S. President Thomas Jefferson wrote in his correspondence of `` a wall of separation between church and State '' . Everson used the metaphor of a wall of separation between church and state , derived from the correspondence of President Thomas Jefferson . It had been long established in the decisions of the Supreme Court , beginning with Reynolds v. United States in 1879 , when the Court reviewed the history of the early Republic in deciding the extent of the liberties of Mormons . Chief Justice Morrison Waite , who consulted the historian George Bancroft , also discussed at some length the Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments by James Madison , who drafted the First Amendment ; Madison used the metaphor of a `` great barrier '' . In Everson , the Court adopted Jefferson 's words . The Court has affirmed it often , with majority , but not unanimous , support . Warren Nord , in Does God Make a Difference ? , characterized the general tendency of the dissents as a weaker reading of the First Amendment ; the dissents tend to be `` less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . '' Beginning with Everson , which permitted New Jersey school boards to pay for transportation to parochial schools , the Court has used various tests to determine when the wall of separation has been breached . Everson laid down the test that establishment existed when aid was given to religion , but that the transportation was justifiable because the benefit to the children was more important . In the school prayer cases of the early 1960s , ( Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , aid seemed irrelevant ; the Court ruled on the basis that a legitimate action both served a secular purpose and did not primarily assist religion . In Walz v. Tax Commission ( 1970 ) , the Court ruled that a legitimate action could not entangle government with religion ; in Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , these points were combined into the Lemon test , declaring that an action was an establishment if : the statute ( or practice ) lacked a secular purpose ; its principal or primary effect advanced or inhibited religion ; or it fostered an excessive government entanglement with religion . The Lemon test has been criticized by justices and legal scholars , but it remains the predominant means by which the Court enforces the Establishment Clause . In Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) , the entanglement prong of the Lemon test was demoted to simply being a factor in determining the effect of the challenged statute or practice . In Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) , the opinion of the Court considered secular purpose and the absence of primary effect ; a concurring opinion saw both cases as having treated entanglement as part of the primary purpose test . Further tests , such as the endorsement test and coercion test , have been developed to determine whether a government action violated the Establishment Clause . In Lemon the Court stated that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable '' , the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a ' wall ' , is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Accommodationists Accommodationists , in contrast , argue along with Justice William O. Douglas that `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' . This group holds that the Lemon test should be applied selectively . As such , for many conservatives , the Establishment Clause solely prevents the establishment of a state church , not public acknowledgements of God nor `` developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . '' Free exercise of religion Main article : Free Exercise Clause `` Freedom of religion means freedom to hold an opinion or belief , but not to take action in violation of social duties or subversive to good order . '' In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) , the Supreme Court found that while laws can not interfere with religious belief and opinions , laws can be made to regulate some religious practices ( e.g. , human sacrifices , and the Hindu practice of suttee ) . The Court stated that to rule otherwise , `` would be to make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land , and in effect permit every citizen to become a law unto himself . Government would exist only in name under such circumstances . '' In Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) , the Court held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Free Exercise Clause to the states . While the right to have religious beliefs is absolute , the freedom to act on such beliefs is not absolute . In Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) , the Supreme Court required states to meet the `` strict scrutiny '' standard when refusing to accommodate religiously motivated conduct . This meant that a government needed to have a `` compelling interest '' regarding such a refusal . The case involved Adele Sherbert , who was denied unemployment benefits by South Carolina because she refused to work on Saturdays , something forbidden by her Seventh - day Adventist faith . In Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that a law that `` unduly burdens the practice of religion '' without a compelling interest , even though it might be `` neutral on its face '' , would be unconstitutional . The need for a compelling governmental interest was narrowed in Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) , which held no such interest was required under the Free Exercise Clause regarding a neutral law of general applicability that happens to affect a religious practice , as opposed to a law that targets a particular religious practice ( which does require a compelling governmental interest ) . In Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court ruled Hialeah had passed an ordinance banning ritual slaughter , a practice central to the Santería religion , while providing exceptions for some practices such as the kosher slaughter . Since the ordinance was not `` generally applicable '' , the Court ruled that it needed to have a compelling interest , which it failed to have , and so was declared unconstitutional . In 1993 , the Congress passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act ( RFRA ) , seeking to restore the compelling interest requirement applied in Sherbert and Yoder . In City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) , the Court struck down the provisions of RFRA that forced state and local governments to provide protections exceeding those required by the First Amendment , on the grounds that while the Congress could enforce the Supreme Court 's interpretation of a constitutional right , the Congress could not impose its own interpretation on states and localities . According to the court 's ruling in Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) , RFRA remains applicable to federal laws and so those laws must still have a `` compelling interest '' . Freedom of speech and of the press Inscription of the First Amendment ( December 15 , 1791 ) in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia Main articles : Freedom of speech in the United States and United States free speech exceptions Wording of the Clause The First Amendment bars Congress from `` abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ... . '' U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens commented about this phraseology in a 1993 journal article : `` I emphasize the word ' the ' in the term ' the freedom of speech ' because the definite article suggests that the draftsmen intended to immunize a previously identified category or subset of speech . '' Stevens said that , otherwise , the clause might absurdly immunize things like false testimony under oath . Like Stevens , journalist Anthony Lewis wrote : `` The word ' the ' can be read to mean what was understood at the time to be included in the concept of free speech . '' But what was understood at the time is not 100 % clear . In the late 1790s , the lead author of the speech and press clauses , James Madison , argued against narrowing this freedom to what had existed under English common law : The practice in America must be entitled to much more respect . In every state , probably , in the Union , the press has exerted a freedom in canvassing the merits and measures of public men , of every description , which has not been confined to the strict limits of the common law . Madison wrote this in 1799 , when he was in a dispute about the constitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Laws , which was legislation enacted in 1798 by President John Adams ' Federalist Party to ban seditious libel . Madison believed that legislation to be unconstitutional , and his adversaries in that dispute , such as John Marshall , advocated the narrow freedom of speech that had existed in the English common law . Speech critical of the government The Supreme Court declined to rule on the constitutionality of any federal law regarding the Free Speech Clause until the 20th century . For example , the Supreme Court never ruled on the Alien and Sedition Acts ; three Supreme Court justices riding circuit presided over sedition trials without indicating any reservations . The leading critics of the law , Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , argued for the Acts ' unconstitutionality based on the First Amendment and other Constitutional provisions . Jefferson succeeded Adams as president , in part due to the unpopularity of the latter 's sedition prosecutions ; he and his party quickly overturned the Acts and pardoned those imprisoned by them . In the majority opinion in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) , the Court noted the importance of this public debate as a precedent in First Amendment law and ruled that the Acts had been unconstitutional : `` Although the Sedition Act was never tested in this Court , the attack upon its validity has carried the day in the court of history . '' World War I During the patriotic fervor of World War I and the First Red Scare , the Espionage Act of 1917 imposed a maximum sentence of twenty years for anyone who caused or attempted to cause `` insubordination , disloyalty , mutiny , or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States '' . Specifically , the Espionage Act of 1917 states that if anyone allows any enemies to enter or fly over the United States and obtain information from a place connected with the national defense , they will be punished . Hundreds of prosecutions followed . In 1919 , the Supreme Court heard four appeals resulting from these cases : Schenck v. United States , Debs v. United States , Frohwerk v. United States , and Abrams v. United States . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes formulated the clear and present danger test for free speech cases . In the first of these cases , Socialist Party of America official Charles Schenck had been convicted under the Espionage Act for publishing leaflets urging resistance to the draft . Schenck appealed , arguing that the Espionage Act violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . In Schenck v. United States , the Supreme Court unanimously rejected Schenck 's appeal and affirmed his conviction . This conviction continued to be debated over whether Schenck went against the right to freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , writing for the Court , explained that `` the question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent . '' One week later , in Frohwerk v. United States , the court again upheld an Espionage Act conviction , this time that of a journalist who had criticized U.S. involvement in foreign wars . In Debs v. United States , the Court elaborated on the `` clear and present danger '' test established in Schenck . On June 16 , 1918 , Eugene V. Debs , a political activist , delivered a speech in Canton , Ohio , in which he spoke of `` most loyal comrades were paying the penalty to the working class -- these being Wagenknecht , Baker and Ruthenberg , who had been convicted of aiding and abetting another in failing to register for the draft . '' Following his speech , Debs was charged and convicted under the Espionage Act . In upholding his conviction , the Court reasoned that although he had not spoken any words that posed a `` clear and present danger '' , taken in context , the speech had a `` natural tendency and a probable effect to obstruct the recruiting services '' . In Abrams v. United States , four Russian refugees appealed their conviction for throwing leaflets from a building in New York ; the leaflets argued against President Woodrow Wilson 's intervention in Russia against the October Revolution . The majority upheld their conviction , but Holmes and Justice Louis Brandeis dissented , holding that the government had demonstrated no `` clear and present danger '' in the four 's political advocacy . Extending protections Justice Louis Brandeis wrote several dissents in the 1920s upholding free speech claims . The Supreme Court denied a number of Free Speech Clause claims throughout the 1920s , including the appeal of a labor organizer , Benjamin Gitlow , who had been convicted after distributing a manifesto calling for a `` revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat '' . In Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Court upheld the conviction , but a majority also found that the First Amendment applied to state laws as well as federal laws , via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Holmes and Brandeis dissented in several more cases in this decade , however , advancing the argument that the Free Speech Clause protected a far greater range of political speech than the Court had previously acknowledged . In Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) , in which Communist Party USA organizer Charlotte Anita Whitney had been arrested for `` criminal syndicalism '' , Brandeis wrote a dissent in which he argued for broader protections for political speech : Those who won our independence ... believed that freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth ; that without free speech and assembly discussion would be futile ; that with them , discussion affords ordinarily adequate protection against the dissemination of noxious doctrine ; that the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people ; that public discussion is a political duty ; and that this should be a fundamental principle of the American government . In Herndon v. Lowry ( 1937 ) , the Court heard the case of African American Communist Party organizer Angelo Herndon , who had been convicted under the Slave Insurrection Statute for advocating black rule in the southern United States . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court reversed Herndon 's conviction , holding that Georgia had failed to demonstrate that there was any `` clear and present danger '' in Herndon 's political advocacy . In 1940 , Congress enacted the Smith Act , making it illegal to advocate `` the propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force and violence '' . The statute provided law enforcement a tool to combat Communist leaders . Eugene Dennis was convicted in the Foley Square trial for attempting to organize a Communist Party . In Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) , the Court upheld the law , 6 -- 2 . Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson relied on Holmes ' `` clear and present danger '' test as adapted by Learned Hand : `` In each case ( courts ) must ask whether the gravity of the ' evil ' , discounted by its improbability , justifies such invasion of free speech as necessary to avoid the danger . '' Clearly , Vinson suggested , clear and present danger did not intimate `` that before the Government may act , it must wait until the putsch is about to be executed , the plans have been laid and the signal is awaited . '' In a concurring opinion , Justice Felix Frankfurter proposed a `` balancing test '' , which soon supplanted the `` clear and present danger '' test : The demands of free speech in a democratic society as well as the interest in national security are better served by candid and informed weighing of the competing interests , within the confines of the judicial process . In Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) , the Supreme Court limited the Smith Act prosecutions to `` advocacy of action '' rather than `` advocacy in the realm of ideas '' . Advocacy of abstract doctrine remained protected while speech explicitly inciting the forcible overthrow of the government was punishable under the Smith Act . During the Vietnam War , the Court 's position on public criticism of the government changed drastically . Though the Court upheld a law prohibiting the forgery , mutilation , or destruction of draft cards in United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) , fearing that burning draft cards would interfere with the `` smooth and efficient functioning '' of the draft system , the next year , the court handed down its decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) , expressly overruling Whitney v. California . Now the Supreme Court referred to the right to speak openly of violent action and revolution in broad terms : ( Our ) decisions have fashioned the principle that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not allow a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or cause such action . Brandenburg discarded the `` clear and present danger '' test introduced in Schenck and further eroded Dennis . In Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) , the Court voted 5 -- 4 to reverse the conviction of a man wearing a jacket reading `` Fuck the Draft '' in the corridors of a Los Angeles County courthouse . Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote in the majority opinion that Cohen 's jacket fell in the category of protected political speech despite the use of an expletive : `` one man 's vulgarity is another man 's lyric . '' Political speech Anonymous speech In Talley v. California ( 1960 ) , the Court struck down a Los Angeles city ordinance that made it a crime to distribute anonymous pamphlets . Justice Hugo Black wrote in the majority opinion : `` There can be no doubt that such an identification requirement would tend to restrict freedom to distribute information and thereby freedom of expression ... Anonymous pamphlets , leaflets , brochures and even books have played an important role in the progress of mankind . '' In McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) , the Court struck down an Ohio statute that made it a crime to distribute anonymous campaign literature . However , in Meese v. Keene ( 1987 ) , the Court upheld the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 , under which several Canadian films were defined as `` political propaganda '' , requiring their sponsors to be identified . Campaign finance Main article : Campaign finance reform in the United States U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell , plaintiff in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission In Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , the Supreme Court reviewed the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and related laws , which restricted the monetary contributions that may be made to political campaigns and expenditure by candidates . The Court affirmed the constitutionality of limits on campaign contributions , stating that they `` serve ( d ) the basic governmental interest in safeguarding the integrity of the electoral process without directly impinging upon the rights of individual citizens and candidates to engage in political debate and discussion . '' However , the Court overturned the spending limits , which it found imposed `` substantial restraints on the quantity of political speech . '' The court again scrutinized campaign finance regulation in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission ( 2003 ) . The case centered on the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( BCRA ) , a federal law that imposed new restrictions on campaign financing . The Supreme Court upheld provisions which barred the raising of soft money by national parties and the use of soft money by private organizations to fund certain advertisements related to elections . However , the Court struck down the `` choice of expenditure '' rule , which required that parties could either make coordinated expenditures for all its candidates , or permit candidates to spend independently , but not both , which the Court agreed `` placed an unconstitutional burden on the parties ' right to make unlimited independent expenditures . '' The Court also ruled that the provision preventing minors from making political contributions was unconstitutional , relying on Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District . In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) , the Court sustained an `` as applied '' challenge to BCRA , holding that issue ads may not be banned from the months preceding a primary or general election . In Davis v. Federal Election Commission ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court declared the `` Millionaire 's Amendment '' provisions of the BCRA to be unconstitutional . The Court held that easing BCRA restrictions for an opponent of a self - financing candidate spending at least $350,000 of his or her own money violated the freedom of speech of the self - financing candidate . In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the BCRA 's federal restrictions on electoral advocacy by corporations or unions were unconstitutional for violating the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . The Court overruled Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) , which had upheld a state law that prohibited corporations from using treasury funds to support or oppose candidates in elections did not violate the First or Fourteenth Amendments . The Court also overruled the portion of McConnell that upheld such restrictions under the BCRA . In other words , the ruling was considered to hold that `` political spending is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment '' . In McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) , the Court ruled that federal aggregate limits on how much a person can donate to candidates , political parties , and political action committees , combined respectively in a two - year period known as an `` election cycle , '' violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . Flag desecration The divisive issue of flag desecration as a form of protest first came before the Supreme Court in Street v. New York ( 1969 ) . In response to hearing an erroneous report of the murder of civil rights activist James Meredith , Sidney Street burned a 48 - star U.S. flag . Street was arrested and charged with a New York state law making it a crime `` publicly ( to ) mutilate , deface , defile , or defy , trample upon , or cast contempt upon either by words or act ( any flag of the United States ) . '' In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court , relying on Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) , found that because the provision of the New York law criminalizing `` words '' against the flag was unconstitutional , and the trial did not sufficiently demonstrate that he was convicted solely under the provisions not yet deemed unconstitutional , the conviction was unconstitutional . The Court , however , `` resist ( ed ) the pulls to decide the constitutional issues involved in this case on a broader basis '' and left the constitutionality of flag - burning unaddressed . The ambiguity with regard to flag - burning statutes was eliminated in Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) . In that case , Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag at a demonstration during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas , Texas . Charged with violating a Texas law prohibiting the vandalizing of venerated objects , Johnson was convicted , sentenced to one year in prison , and fined $2,000 . The Supreme Court reversed his conviction in a 5 -- 4 vote . Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote in the decision that `` if there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment , it is that government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea offensive or disagreeable . '' Congress then passed a federal law barring flag burning , but the Supreme Court struck it down as well in United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) . A Flag Desecration Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has been proposed repeatedly in Congress since 1989 , and in 2006 failed to pass the Senate by a single vote . Falsifying military awards While the unauthorized wear or sale of the Medal of Honor has been a punishable offense under federal law since the early 20th century , the Stolen Valor Act criminalized the act of not only wearing , but also verbally claiming entitlement to military awards that a person did not in fact earn . In United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the Act , ruling that the First Amendment bars the government from punishing people for making false claims regarding military service or honors where the false claim was not `` made to effect a fraud or secure moneys or other valuable considerations . '' The decision was a 6 -- 3 ruling , but the six justices in the majority could not agree on a single rationale for it . Compelled speech Main article : Compelled speech The Supreme Court has determined that the First Amendment also protects citizens from being compelled to say or pay for certain speech . For example , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that school children could not be punished for refusing either to say the pledge of allegiance or salute the American flag . Commercial speech Main article : Commercial speech Commercial speech is speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the purpose of making a profit . Unlike political speech , the Supreme Court does not afford commercial speech full protection under the First Amendment . To effectively distinguish commercial speech from other types of speech for purposes of litigation , the Court uses a list of four indicia : The contents do `` no more than propose a commercial transaction '' . The contents may be characterized as advertisements . The contents reference a specific product . The disseminator is economically motivated to distribute the speech . Alone , each indicium does not compel the conclusion that an instance of speech is commercial ; however , `` ( t ) he combination of all these characteristics ... provides strong support for ... the conclusion that the ( speech is ) properly characterized as commercial speech . '' In Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) , the Court upheld a New York City ordinance forbidding the `` distribution in the streets of commercial and business advertising matter . '' Writing for a unanimous court , Justice Owen Roberts explained : This court has unequivocally held that streets are proper places for the exercise of the freedom of communicating information and disseminating opinion and that , though the states and municipalities may appropriately regulate the privilege in the public interest , they may not unduly burden or proscribe its employment in their public thoroughfares . We are equally clear that the Constitution imposes no such restraint on government as respects purely commercial advertising . In Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) , the Court overruled Valentine and ruled that commercial speech was entitled to First Amendment protection : What is at issue is whether a State may completely suppress the dissemination of concededly truthful information about entirely lawful activity , fearful of that information 's effect upon its disseminators and its recipients ... ( W ) e conclude that the answer to this one is in the negative . In Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association ( 1978 ) , the Court ruled that commercial speech was not protected by the First Amendment as much as other types of speech : We have not discarded the `` common - sense '' distinction between speech proposing a commercial transaction , which occurs in an area traditionally subject to government regulation , and other varieties of speech . To require a parity of constitutional protection for commercial and noncommercial speech alike could invite a dilution , simply by a leveling process , of the force of the ( First ) Amendment 's guarantee with respect to the latter kind of speech . In Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) , the Court clarified what analysis was required before the government could justify regulating commercial speech : Is the expression protected by the First Amendment ? Lawful ? Misleading ? Fraud ? Is the asserted government interest substantial ? Does the regulation directly advance the governmental interest asserted ? Is the regulation more extensive than is necessary to serve that interest ? Six years later , the U.S. Supreme Court , applying the Central Hudson standards in Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) , affirmed the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico 's conclusion that Puerto Rico 's Games of Chance Act of 1948 , including the regulations thereunder , was not facially unconstitutional . The lax interpretation of Central Hudson adopted by Posadas was soon restricted under 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) , when the Court invalidated a Rhode Island law prohibiting the publication of liquor prices . School speech Main article : School speech In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) , the Supreme Court extended free speech rights to students in school . The case involved several students who were punished for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam War . The Court ruled that the school could not restrict symbolic speech that did not `` materially and substantially '' interrupt school activities . Justice Abe Fortas wrote : First Amendment rights , applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment , are available to teachers and students . It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate ... ( S ) chools may not be enclaves of totalitarianism . School officials do not possess absolute authority over their students . Students ... are possessed of fundamental rights which the State must respect , just as they themselves must respect their obligations to the State . In Healy v. James ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that Central Connecticut State College 's refusal to recognize a campus chapter of Students for a Democratic Society was unconstitutional , reaffirming Tinker . However , since 1969 the Court has also placed several limitations on Tinker interpretations . In Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) , the Court ruled that a student could be punished for his sexual - innuendo - laced speech before a school assembly and , in Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) , the Court found that schools need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with their basic educational mission . In Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) , the Court ruled that schools could , consistent with the First Amendment , restrict student speech at school - sponsored events , even events away from school grounds , if students promote `` illegal drug use '' . Internet access In Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) , the Supreme Court held that a North Carolina law prohibiting registered sex offenders from accessing various websites impermissibly restricted lawful speech in violation of the First Amendment . The Court held that `` a fundamental principle of the First Amendment is that all persons have access to places where they can speak and listen , and then , after reflection , speak and listen once more . '' Obscenity Main article : United States obscenity law Justice Potter Stewart wrote that while he could not precisely define pornography , he `` ( knew ) it when ( he saw ) it . '' The federal government and the states have long been permitted to limit obscenity or pornography . While the Supreme Court has generally refused to give obscenity any protection under the First Amendment , pornography is subject to little regulation . However , the definitions of obscenity and pornography have changed over time . In Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) , the Supreme Court adopted the same obscenity standard as had been articulated in a famous British case , Regina v. Hicklin ( 1868 ) . The Hicklin test defined material as obscene if it tended `` to deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences , and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall '' . In the early twentieth century , literary works including An American Tragedy ( Theodore Dreiser , 1925 ) and Lady Chatterley 's Lover ( D.H. Lawrence , 1928 ) were banned for obscenity . In the federal district court case United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( 1933 ) , Judge John M. Woolsey established a new standard to evaluate James Joyce 's novel Ulysses ( 1922 ) , stating that works must be considered in their entirety , rather than declared obscene on the basis of an individual part of the work . The Supreme Court ruled in Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) that the First Amendment did not protect obscenity . It also ruled that the Hicklin test was inappropriate ; instead , the Roth test for obscenity was `` whether to the average person , applying contemporary community standards , the dominant theme of the material , taken as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest '' . This definition proved hard to apply , however , and in the following decade , members of the Court often reviewed films individually in a court building screening room to determine if they should be considered obscene . Justice Potter Stewart , in Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) , famously stated that , although he could not precisely define pornography , `` I know it when I see it '' . The Roth test was expanded when the Court decided Miller v. California ( 1973 ) . Under the Miller test , a work is obscene if : ( a ) ... ' the average person , applying contemporary community standards ' would find the work , as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest ... ( b ) ... the work depicts or describes , in a patently offensive way , sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law , and ( c ) ... the work , taken as a whole , lacks serious literary , artistic , political , or scientific value . Note that `` community '' standards -- not national standards -- are applied whether the material appeals to the prurient interest , leaving the question of obscenity to local authorities . Child pornography is not subject to the Miller test , as the Supreme Court decided in New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) and Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) , ruling that the government 's interest in protecting children from abuse was paramount . Personal possession of obscene material in the home may not be prohibited by law . In Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( i ) f the First Amendment means anything , it means that a State has no business telling a man , sitting in his own house , what books he may read or what films he may watch . '' However , it is constitutionally permissible for the government to prevent the mailing or sale of obscene items , though they may be viewed only in private . Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) further upheld these rights by invalidating the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 , holding that , because the act `` ( p ) rohibit ( ed ) child pornography that does not depict an actual child '' it was overly broad and unconstitutional under the First Amendment and that : First Amendment freedoms are most in danger when the government seeks to control thought or to justify its laws for that impermissible end . The right to think is the beginning of freedom , and speech must be protected from the government because speech is the beginning of thought . In United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) , the Court upheld the PROTECT Act of 2003 , ruling that prohibiting offers to provide and requests to obtain child pornography did not violate the First Amendment , even if a person charged under the Act did not possess child pornography . Memoirs of convicted criminals In some states , there are Son of Sam laws prohibiting convicted criminals from publishing memoirs for profit . These laws were a response to offers to David Berkowitz to write memoirs about the murders he committed . The Supreme Court struck down a law of this type in New York as a violation of the First Amendment in the case Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board ( 1991 ) . That statute did not prohibit publication of a memoir by a convicted criminal . Instead , it provided that all profits from the book were to be put in escrow for a time . The interest from the escrow account was used to fund the New York State Crime Victims Board -- an organization that pays the medical and related bills of victims of crime . Similar laws in other states remain unchallenged . Defamation Main article : United States defamation law Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote the landmark decision New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , requiring the demonstration of `` actual malice '' in libel suits against public figures . American tort liability for defamatory speech or publications traces its origins to English common law . For the first two hundred years of American jurisprudence , the basic substance of defamation law continued to resemble that existing in England at the time of the Revolution . An 1898 American legal textbook on defamation provides definitions of libel and slander nearly identical to those given by William Blackstone and Edward Coke . An action of slander required the following : Actionable words , such as those imputing the injured party : is guilty of some offense , suffers from a contagious disease or psychological disorder , is unfit for public office because of moral failings or an inability to discharge his or her duties , or lacks integrity in profession , trade or business ; That the charge must be false ; That the charge must be articulated to a third person , verbally or in writing ; That the words are not subject to legal protection , such as those uttered in Congress ; and That the charge must be motivated by malice . An action of libel required the same five general points as slander , except that it specifically involved the publication of defamatory statements . For certain criminal charges of libel , such as seditious libel , the truth or falsity of the statements was immaterial , as such laws were intended to maintain public support of the government and true statements could damage this support even more than false ones . Instead , libel placed specific emphasis on the result of the publication . Libelous publications tended to `` degrade and injure another person '' or `` bring him into contempt , hatred or ridicule '' . Concerns that defamation under common law might be incompatible with the new republican form of government caused early American courts to struggle between William Blackstone 's argument that the punishment of `` dangerous or offensive writings ... ( was ) necessary for the preservation of peace and good order , of government and religion , the only solid foundations of civil liberty '' and the argument that the need for a free press guaranteed by the Constitution outweighed the fear of what might be written . Consequently , very few changes were made in the first two centuries after the ratification of the First Amendment . The Supreme Court 's ruling in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) fundamentally changed American defamation law . The case redefined the type of `` malice '' needed to sustain a libel case . Common law malice consisted of `` ill - will '' or `` wickedness '' . Now , a public officials seeking to sustain a civil action against a tortfeasor needed to prove by `` clear and convincing evidence '' that there was actual malice . The case involved an advertisement published in The New York Times indicating that officials in Montgomery , Alabama had acted violently in suppressing the protests of African - Americans during the civil rights movement . The Montgomery Police Commissioner , L.B. Sullivan , sued the Times for libel , stating that the advertisement damaged his reputation . The Supreme Court unanimously reversed the $500,000 judgment against the Times . Justice Brennan suggested that public officials may sue for libel only if the publisher published the statements in question with `` actual malice '' -- `` knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not . '' In sum , the court held that `` the First Amendment protects the publication of all statements , even false ones , about the conduct of public officials except when statements are made with actual malice ( with knowledge that they are false or in reckless disregard of their truth or falsity ) . '' While actual malice standard applies to public officials and public figures , in Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps ( 1988 ) , the Court found that , with regard to private individuals , the First Amendment does `` not necessarily force any change in at least some features of the common - law landscape . '' In Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) the Court ruled that `` actual malice '' need not be shown in cases involving private individuals , holding that `` ( i ) n light of the reduced constitutional value of speech involving no matters of public concern ... the state interest adequately supports awards of presumed and punitive damages -- even absent a showing of ' actual malice . ' '' In Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) , the Court ruled that a private individual had to prove actual malice only to be awarded punitive damages , but not to seek actual damages . In Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) , the Court extended the `` actual malice '' standard to intentional infliction of emotional distress in a ruling which protected parody , in this case a fake advertisement in Hustler suggesting that evangelist Jerry Falwell 's first sexual experience had been with his mother in an outhouse . Since Falwell was a public figure , the Court ruled that `` importance of the free flow of ideas and opinions on matters of public interest and concern '' was the paramount concern , and reversed the judgement Falwell had won against Hustler for emotional distress . In Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment offers no wholesale exception to defamation law for statements labeled `` opinion '' , but instead that a statement must be provably false ( falsifiable ) before it can be the subject of a libel suit . Nonetheless , it has been argued that Milkovich and other cases effectively provide for an opinion privilege . In consequence a significant number of states have enacted state opinion privilege laws . Private action State constitutions provide free speech protections similar to those of the U.S. Constitution . In a few states , such as California , a state constitution has been interpreted as providing more comprehensive protections than the First Amendment . The Supreme Court has permitted states to extend such enhanced protections , most notably in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins . In that case , the Court unanimously ruled that while the First Amendment may allow private property owners to prohibit trespass by political speakers and petition - gatherers , California was permitted to restrict property owners whose property is equivalent to a traditional public forum ( often shopping malls and grocery stores ) from enforcing their private property rights to exclude such individuals . However , the Court did maintain that shopping centers could impose `` reasonable restrictions on expressive activity '' . Subsequently , New Jersey , Colorado , Massachusetts and Puerto Rico courts have adopted the doctrine ; California 's courts have repeatedly reaffirmed it . Freedom of the press Main article : Freedom of the press in the United States The free speech and free press clauses have been interpreted as providing the same protection to speakers as to writers , except for wireless broadcasting which has been given less constitutional protection . The Free Press Clause protects the right of individuals to express themselves through publication and dissemination of information , ideas and opinions without interference , constraint or prosecution by the government . This right was described in Branzburg v. Hayes as `` a fundamental personal right '' that is not confined to newspapers and periodicals . In Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes defined `` press '' as `` every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion '' . This right has been extended to media including newspapers , books , plays , movies , and video games . While it is an open question whether people who blog or use social media are journalists entitled to protection by media shield laws , they are protected equally by the Free Speech Clause and the Free Press Clause , because both clauses do not distinguish between media businesses and nonprofessional speakers . This is further shown by the Supreme Court consistently refusing to recognize the First Amendment as providing greater protection to the institutional media than to other speakers . For example , in a case involving campaign finance laws the Court rejected the `` suggestion that communication by corporate members of the institutional press is entitled to greater constitutional protection than the same communication by '' non-institutional - press businesses . A landmark decision for press freedom came in Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) , in which the Supreme Court rejected prior restraint ( pre-publication censorship ) . In this case , the Minnesota legislature passed a statute allowing courts to shut down `` malicious , scandalous and defamatory newspapers '' , allowing a defense of truth only in cases where the truth had been told `` with good motives and for justifiable ends '' . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court applied the Free Press Clause to the states , rejecting the statute as unconstitutional . Hughes quoted Madison in the majority decision , writing , `` The impairment of the fundamental security of life and property by criminal alliances and official neglect emphasizes the primary need of a vigilant and courageous press '' . The leak of the Pentagon Papers by Daniel Ellsberg ( pictured here in 2006 ) led to New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , a landmark press freedom decision . However , Near also noted an exception , allowing prior restraint in cases such as `` publication of sailing dates of transports or the number or location of troops '' . This exception was a key point in another landmark case four decades later : New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , in which the administration of President Richard Nixon sought to ban the publication of the Pentagon Papers , classified government documents about the Vietnam War secretly copied by analyst Daniel Ellsberg . The Court found , 6 -- 3 , that the Nixon administration had not met the heavy burden of proof required for prior restraint . Justice Brennan , drawing on Near in a concurrent opinion , wrote that `` only governmental allegation and proof that publication must inevitably , directly , and immediately cause the occurrence of an evil kindred to imperiling the safety of a transport already at sea can support even the issuance of an interim restraining order . '' Justices Black and Douglas went still further , writing that prior restraints were never justified . The courts have rarely treated content - based regulation of journalism with any sympathy . In Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) , the Court unanimously struck down a state law requiring newspapers criticizing political candidates to publish their responses . The state claimed that the law had been passed to ensure journalistic responsibility . The Supreme Court found that freedom , but not responsibility , is mandated by the First Amendment and so it ruled that the government may not force newspapers to publish that which they do not desire to publish . Content - based regulation of television and radio , however , have been sustained by the Supreme Court in various cases . Since there is a limited number of frequencies for non-cable television and radio stations , the government licenses them to various companies . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that the problem of scarcity does not allow the raising of a First Amendment issue . The government may restrain broadcasters , but only on a content - neutral basis . In Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , the Supreme Court upheld the Federal Communications Commission 's authority to restrict the use of `` indecent '' material in broadcasting . State governments retain the right to tax newspapers , just as they may tax other commercial products . Generally , however , taxes that focus exclusively on newspapers have been found unconstitutional . In Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) , the Court invalidated a state tax on newspaper advertising revenues , holding that the role of the press in creating `` informed public opinion '' was vital . Similarly , some taxes that give preferential treatment to the press have been struck down . In Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland ( 1987 ) , for instance , the Court invalidated an Arkansas law exempting `` religious , professional , trade and sports journals '' from taxation since the law amounted to the regulation of newspaper content . In Leathers v. Medlock ( 1991 ) , the Supreme Court found that states may treat different types of the media differently , such as by taxing cable television , but not newspapers . The Court found that `` differential taxation of speakers , even members of the press , does not implicate the First Amendment unless the tax is directed at , or presents the danger of suppressing , particular ideas . '' In Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment did not give a journalist the right to refuse a subpoena from a grand jury . The issue decided in the case was whether a journalist could refuse to `` appear and testify before state and Federal grand juries '' basing the refusal on the belief that such appearance and testimony `` abridges the freedom of speech and press guaranteed by the First Amendment '' . The 5 -- 4 decision was that such a protection was not provided by the First Amendment . However , a concurring opinion by Justice Lewis F. Powell , in which he stated that a claim for press privilege `` should be judged on its facts by the striking of a proper balance between freedom of the press and the obligation of all citizens to give relevant testimony with respect to criminal conduct . The balance of these vital constitutional and societal interests on a case - by - case basis accords with the tried and traditional way of adjudicating such questions . '' , has been frequently cited by lower courts since the decision . Petition and assembly Main articles : Right to petition in the United States and Freedom of assembly Chief Justice Morrison Waite ruled in United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) that the right of assembly was a secondary right to the right to petition . The Petition Clause protects the right `` to petition the government for a redress of grievances '' . This includes the right to communicate with government officials , lobbying government officials and petitioning the courts by filing lawsuits with a legal basis . The Petition Clause first came to prominence in the 1830s , when Congress established the gag rule barring anti-slavery petitions from being heard ; the rule was overturned by Congress several years later . Petitions against the Espionage Act of 1917 resulted in imprisonments . The Supreme Court did not rule on either issue . In California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited , the Supreme Court stated that the right to petition encompass `` the approach of citizens or groups of them to administrative agencies ( which are both creatures of the legislature , and arms of the executive ) and to courts , the third branch of Government . Certainly the right to petition extends to all departments of the Government . The right of access to the courts is indeed but one aspect of the right of petition . '' Today thus this right encompasses petitions to all three branches of the federal government -- the Congress , the executive and the judiciary -- and has been extended to the states through incorporation . According to the Supreme Court , `` redress of grievances '' is to be construed broadly : it includes not solely appeals by the public to the government for the redressing of a grievance in the traditional sense , but also , petitions on behalf of private interests seeking personal gain . The right not only protects demands for `` a redress of grievances '' but also demands for government action . The petition clause includes according to the Supreme Court the opportunity to institute non-frivolous lawsuits and mobilize popular support to change existing laws in a peaceful manner . In Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) , the Supreme Court stated regarding the Free Speech Clause and the Petition Clause : It is not necessary to say that the two Clauses are identical in their mandate or their purpose and effect to acknowledge that the rights of speech and petition share substantial common ground ... Both speech and petition are integral to the democratic process , although not necessarily in the same way . The right to petition allows citizens to express their ideas , hopes , and concerns to their government and their elected representatives , whereas the right to speak fosters the public exchange of ideas that is integral to deliberative democracy as well as to the whole realm of ideas and human affairs . Beyond the political sphere , both speech and petition advance personal expression , although the right to petition is generally concerned with expression directed to the government seeking redress of a grievance . The right of assembly was originally distinguished from the right to petition . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the right of the people peaceably to assemble for the purpose of petitioning Congress for a redress of grievances , or for anything else connected with the powers or duties of the National Government , is an attribute of national citizenship , and , as such , under protection of , and guaranteed by , the United States . The very idea of a government , republican in form , implies a right on the part of its citizens to meet peaceably for consultation in respect to public affairs and to petition for a redress of grievances . '' Justice Morrison Waite 's opinion for the Court carefully distinguished the right to peaceably assemble as a secondary right , while the right to petition was labeled to be a primary right . Later cases , however , paid less attention to these distinctions . In two 1960s decisions collectively known as forming the Noerr - Pennington doctrine , the Court established that the right to petition prohibited the application of antitrust law to statements made by private entities before public bodies : a monopolist may freely go before the city council and encourage the denial of its competitor 's building permit without being subject to Sherman Act liability . Freedom of Association Further information : Freedom of association § United States Constitution Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association , the Supreme Court ruled , in National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ( 1958 ) , that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom . The U.S. Supreme Court decided in Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) that `` implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment '' is `` a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political , social , economic , educational , religious , and cultural ends '' . In Roberts the Court held that associations may not exclude people for reasons unrelated to the group 's expression , such as gender . However , in Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) , the Court ruled that a group may exclude people from membership if their presence would affect the group 's ability to advocate a particular point of view . Likewise , in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) , the Court ruled that a New Jersey law , which forced the Boy Scouts of America to admit an openly gay member , to be an unconstitutional abridgment of the Boy Scouts ' right to free association . See also Censorship in the United States Freedom of thought Free speech zones Government speech List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment Marketplace of ideas Military expression Photography is Not a Crime Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom References Notes Jump up ^ Justice Tom C. Clark did not participate because he had ordered the prosecutions when he was Attorney General . Jump up ^ Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc ( 1961 ) and United Mine Workers v. Pennington ( 1965 ) Citations Jump up ^ `` First Amendment '' . Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Beeman 2009 , pp. 341 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Charles , et al . The First Amendment in Schools : A Guide from the First Amendment Center , p. 13 ( Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development , 2003 ) . Madison also proposed a similar limitation upon the states , which was completely rejected : `` No State shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' Madison , James . `` House of Representatives , Amendments to the Constitution '' ( June 8 , 1789 ) via The Founders ' Constitution . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The New United States of America Adopted the Bill of Rights : December 15 , 1791 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists -- The Final Letter , as Sent on January 1 , 1802 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh . `` First Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated . Jump up ^ Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet , 512 U.S. 687 ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Grumet , 512 U.S. at 703 . Jump up ^ Van Orden v. Perry , 545 U.S. 677 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ McCreary County v. ACLU , 545 U.S. 844 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Salazar v. Buono , 559 U.S. 700 ( 2010 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` In the words of ( Thomas ) Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect `` a wall of separation between church and State . '' from the Everson decision Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 20 June 1785 ) . `` Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious AssessmentsPapers '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press . pp. 8 : 298 -- 304 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Edward Mannino : Shaping America : the Supreme Court and American society , University of South Carolina Press , 2000 ; p. 149 ; Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated ; Chap. 7 . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord , Does God Make a Difference ? , Oxford University Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts From Ruling on Use of Education Money '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 1998 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kritzer , H.M. ; Richards , M.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Jurisprudential Regimes and Supreme Court Decisionmaking : The Lemon Regime and Establishment Clause Cases '' . Law & Society Review . 37 : 827 -- 40 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 0023 - 9216.2003. 03704005. x . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Religion '' . www.lincoln.edu . Jump up ^ For the Endorsement test see Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ For the coercion test see Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : David Shultz . Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court . Infobase Publishing . p. 144 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Accommodationists , on the other hand , read the establishment clause as prohibiting Congress from declaring a national religion or preferring one to another , but laws do not have to be shorn of morality and history to be declared constitutional . They apply Lemon only selectively because `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' as Justice Douglas wrote in Zorach v. Clauson 343 U.S. 306 ( 1952 ) . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord . Does God Make a Difference ? . Oxford University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . First Amendment Politics : At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation , I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause , while liberals tend to favor strong readings . That is , conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . Liberals , by contrast , have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities . Jump up ^ Robert Devigne . Recasting Conservatism : Oakeshott , Strauss , and the Response to Postmodernism . Yale University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment . They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v. Board of Education : `` The ' establishment of religion ' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions or prefer one religion over another . '' The establishment clause , conservatives insist , precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Cases : Reynolds v. United States , 1879 '' . PHSchool.com . Pearson Prentice Hall . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reynolds v. United States -- 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Jump up ^ `` Cantwell v. Connecticut -- 310 U.S. 296 ( 1940 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sherbert v. Verner , 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Sherbert v. Verner 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wisconsin v. Yoder , 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Wisconsin v. Yoder 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Employment Division v. Smith , 494 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ John G. West , Jr . ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Employment Division , Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 484 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah , 508 U.S. 520 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye , Inc. v. City of Hialeah 1993 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ City of Boerne v. Flores , 521 U.S. 507 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Steven A. Engel ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` The McCulloch theory of the Fourteenth Amendment : City of Boerne v. Flores and the original understanding of section 5 '' . The Yale Law Journal . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzales v. UDV , 546 U.S. 418 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Religion '' . American Law Yearkbook . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , John Paul . `` The Freedom of Speech '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 102 , p. 1296 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Dry , Murray . Civil Peace and the Quest for Truth : The First Amendment Freedoms in Political Philosophy and American Constitutionalism , pp. 68 -- 70 ( Lexington Books 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , at 276 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Espionage Act , 1917 '' . National Archives . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Abrams 2006 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) . Perilous Times : Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0393058808 . Jump up ^ Schenck , at 52 ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Debs v. United States , 249 U.S. 211 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Debs , at 213 Jump up ^ Debs , at 216 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Whitney v. California , 274 U.S. 357 ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 2385 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 497 Jump up ^ Dennis v. United States 341 U.S. 494 ( 1951 ) ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Dennis , at 510 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 509 Jump up ^ Yates v. United States , 354 U.S. 298 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ 50a U.S.C. § 462 Jump up ^ O'Brien , at 379 Jump up ^ Brandenburg v. Ohio , 395 U.S. 444 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 447 Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 450 -- 1 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Talley v. California , 362 U.S. 60 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Chiger , Stephen J. ( June 1 , 2002 ) . `` Cybersmear : telecommunication 's 200 - year - old riddle '' . Communications and the Law . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission , 514 U.S. 334 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( October 13 , 1994 ) . `` Court Hears Case on Unsigned Leaflets '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meese v. Keene , 481 U.S. 465 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Kamen , Al ( April 29 , 1987 ) . `` Court Upholds Government Labeling Certain Foreign Films ` Propaganda ' '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Buckley , at 58 Jump up ^ Buckley , at 39 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ McConnell v. Federal Election Commission , 540 U.S. 93 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ McConnell , at 213 Jump up ^ Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. , 551 U.S. 449 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Davis v. Federal Election Commission , 554 U.S. 724 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Samuel Gedge ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wholly foreign to the First Amendment ' : the demise of campaign finance 's equalizing rationale in Davis v. Federal Election Commission '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Citizens United v. FEC , 558 U.S. 310 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce , 494 U.S. 652 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ See Part III of the Opinion of the Court in Citizens United Jump up ^ `` Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission '' , SCOTUSblog , n.d. Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission , 572 U.S. ___ ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Howe , Amy ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Divided Court strikes down campaign contribution caps : In Plain English '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Street v. New York ) , 394 U.S. 576 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Street , 394 U.S. at 578 ( quoting the New York Penal Law , § 1425 , subd. 16 ) . Jump up ^ Stromberg v. California , Stromberg v. California , 283 U.S. 359 ( 1931 ) . Jump up ^ Street , 394 U.S. at 581 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , at 414 Jump up ^ United States v. Eichman , 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ; Holusha , John ( June 27 , 2006 ) . `` Amendment on Flag Burning Fails by One Vote in the Senate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Notes to 18 U.S.C. § 704 , citing 42 Stat. 1286 . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 103 - 322 , The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 , § 320109 ( p. 318 of the PDF version ) . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crewdson , John ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Fake claims of war heroics a federal offense '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ United States v. Alvarez , 567 U.S. 709 ( 2012 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products , 463 U.S. 60 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Bolger , 463 U.S. at 67 . Jump up ^ Valentine v. Chrestensen , 316 U.S. 52 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ Valentine , 316 U.S. at 53 . Jump up ^ Valentine , 316 U.S. at 54 . Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council , 425 U.S. 748 ( 1976 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board , 425 U.S. at 773 . Jump up ^ Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association , 436 U.S. 447 ( 1978 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Ohralik , 436 U.S. at 455 . Jump up ^ Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission , 447 U.S. 557 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico , 478 U.S. 328 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island , 517 U.S. 484 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District , 393 U.S. 503 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Bethel School District v. Fraser , 478 U.S. 675 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier , 484 U.S. 260 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Morse v. Frederick , 551 U.S. 393 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Dan V. ; Bullard , Melissa E. ; Deets , Kristen ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Uncertain Rights : Student Speech and Conflicting Interpretations of Morse v. Frederick '' . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court strikes down North Carolina law banning sex offenders from social media '' . Jump up ^ `` Packingham v. North Carolina '' . www.oyez.org . Jump up ^ `` Packingham v. North Carolina '' ( PDF ) . Supremecourt.gov . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Regina v. Hicklin , ( 1868 ) L.R. 3 Q.B. 360 Jump up ^ Rosen , at 43 ^ Jump up to : `` Obscenity '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . August 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth v. United States , 354 U.S. 476 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Roth , at 489 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 135 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Jacobellis v. Ohio , 378 U.S. 184 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Jacobellis , at 197 Jump up ^ Peter Lattman ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Origins of Justice Stewart 's ' I Know It When I See It ' '' . Wall Street Journal . LawBlog at The Wall Street Journal Online . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller v. California , 413 U.S. 15 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Miller , at 39 Jump up ^ New York v. Ferber , 458 U.S. 747 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Osborne v. Ohio , 495 U.S. 103 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Ferber , at 761 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Stanley v. Georgia , 394 U.S. 557 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Stanley , at 565 Jump up ^ Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition , 535 U.S. 234 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Free Speech Coalition , at 240 Jump up ^ Free Speech Coalition , at 253 Jump up ^ United States v. Williams , 553 U.S. 285 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Opinion of the Court in Williams Jump up ^ Craig King ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Protecting children speech that crosses the line '' . The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Madeleine Brand ( July 22 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Julie Hilden discusses laws and ethics surrounding the intellectual property rights of prisoners '' . NPR -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board , 502 U.S. 105 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ `` Simon & Schuster v. Members of the New York State Crime Victims Board 1991 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 2001 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newell 1898 , pp. 37 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Newell 1898 , pp. 33 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 1994 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Sullivan at 280 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times v. Sullivan '' . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Westmoreland v. CBS , 596 F. Supp. 363 ( S.D.N.Y. 1984 ) Jump up ^ Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps , 475 U.S. 767 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Hepps at 775 Jump up ^ Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. 472 U.S. 749 ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Greenmoss at 761 Jump up ^ `` Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. 472 U.S. 749 ( 1985 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. 418 U.S. 323 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Leonard W. Levy ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hustler Magazine v. Falwell , 485 U.S. 46 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Hustler Magazine v. Falwell 1988 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. , 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Esward M. Sussman , Milkovich revisited : `` Saving '' the Opinion Privilege , Duke Law Journal , pp. 415 -- 48 Jump up ^ Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins , 447 U.S. 74 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Gregory C. Sisk ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` Returning to the PruneYard : the unconstitutionality of state - sanctioned trespass in the name of speech '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Property . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pruneyard , at 94 Jump up ^ Mulligan , Josh ( 2004 ) . `` Finding A Forum in the Simulated City : Mega Malls , Gated Towns , and the Promise of Pruneyard '' . Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy . 13 : 533 , 557 . ISSN 1069 - 0565 . Jump up ^ Empresas Puertorriqueñas de Desarrollo , Inc. v. Hermandad Independiente de Empleados Telefónicos , 150 D.P.R. 924 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Golden Gateway Ctr . v. Golden Gateway Tenants Ass'n , 26 Cal . 4th 1013 ( 2001 ) ; Costco Companies , Inc. v. Gallant , 96 Cal . App . 4th 740 ( 2002 ) ; Fashion Valley Mall , LLC , v. National Labor Relations Board , 42 Cal . 4th 850 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution , p. 409 ( Forte and Spalding , eds. , The Heritage Foundation 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` First Amendment : An Overview '' . Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia . Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ( November 2013 ) . `` Reconsidering Citizens United as a Press Clause Case '' . The Yale Law Journal . 123 2013 - 2014 ( 2 November 2013 Pages 266 -- 529 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Lovell v. City of Griffin , 303 U.S. 444 ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Lovell , at 452 Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Justices Reject Ban on Violent Video Games for Children '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mataconis , Doug ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bloggers , Media Shield Laws , And The First Amendment '' . Outside The Beltway . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eugene Volokh ( Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law at Los Angeles School of Law of the University of California . `` The American Heritage Foundation 's Guide to the Constitution : Freedom of Speech and of the Press '' . The American Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` First Amendment ( United States Constitution ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ See Bartnicki v. Vopper , 532 U.S. 514 ( 2001 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court `` draw no distinction between the media respondents and '' a non-institutional respondent . Jump up ^ See Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. , 501 U.S. 663 ( 1991 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court held that the press gets no special immunity from laws that apply to others , including those -- such as copyright law -- that target communication . Jump up ^ See also Henry v. Collins , 380 U.S. 356 , 357 ( 1965 ) ( per curiam ) ( applying Sullivan standard to a statement by an arrestee ) ; Garrison v. Louisiana , 379 U.S. 64 , 67 -- 68 ( 1964 ) ( applying Sullivan standard to statements by an elected district attorney ) ; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. at 286 ( applying identical First Amendment protection to a newspaper defendant and individual defendants ) . Jump up ^ First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 435 U.S. 765 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Near v. Minnesota , 283 U.S. 697 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. United States , 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Frederick Schauer ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` New York Times Co. v. United States 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo , 418 U.S. 241 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Dennis Hevesi ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Dan Paul , 85 , leading lawyer for press freedom '' . The Boston Globe . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , 438 U.S. 726 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Grosjean v. American Press Co. 297 U.S. 233 ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland , 481 U.S. 221 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Leathers v. Medlock , 499 U.S. 439 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Leathers , at 453 Jump up ^ Branzburg v. Hayes , 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Branzburg , 667 Jump up ^ `` Branzburg v. Hayes 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rights of Assembly & Petition -- First Amendment U.S. Constitution -- Findlaw '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited , 404 U.S. 508 ( 1972 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ California Motor Transport Co. , 404 U.S. at 510 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions -- Petition '' . First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc. , 365 U.S. 127 ( 1961 ) ^ Jump up to : Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri , 564 U.S. 379 ( 2011 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 Jump up ^ William Cooney ( January 1 , 2003 ) . `` Competition and the Noerr - Pennington doctrine : When should political activity be barred under European community competition law ? '' . The George Washington International Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama , 357 U.S. 449 ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Wayne Batchis , Citizens United and the Paradox of `` Corporate Speech '' : From Freedom of Association to Freedom of The Association , 36 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc . Change 5 Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama 1958 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts v. United States Jaycees , 468 U.S. 609 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Shiffrin , Seana Valentine ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` What is Really Wrong with Compelled Association ? '' . Northwestern University Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston , 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , And Bisexual Group of Boston 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boy Scouts of America v. Dale , 530 U.S. 640 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Boy Scouts of America v. Dale '' . Gender Issues and Sexuality : Essential Primary Sources . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Bibliography Abrams , Floyd ( April 4 , 2006 ) . Speaking freely . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303675 - 3 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 726 - 6 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jasper , Margaret C. ( 1999 ) . The Law of Speech and the First Amendment . Oceana Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 379 - 11335 - 8 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Nelson , William Edward ( 1994 ) . Americanization of the Common Law : The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society , 1760 - 1830 . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1587 - 4 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Newell , Martin L. ( 1898 ) . The Law of Libel and Slander in Civil and Criminal Cases : As Administered in the Courts of the United States of America . Callaghan . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01819 - 2 . Further reading Curtis , Michael Kent ( 2000 ) . Free Speech , `` The People 's Darling Privilege '' : Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History . Duke University Press . ISBN 0822325292 . Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding . Indianapolis , IN : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 . Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 . Thomas I. Emerson , `` Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment '' , Yale Law Journal , vol. 72 , no . 5 ( 1963 ) , pp. 877 -- 956 . In JSTOR . Godwin , Mike ( 2003 ) . Cyber Rights : Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age . MIT Press . ISBN 0262571684 . P. Irons , A People 's History of the Supreme Court New York : Penguin , 1999 . McLeod , Kembrew ( 2007 ) . Freedom of Expression : Resistance and Repression in the Age of Intellectual Property . foreword by Lawrence Lessig . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0816650314 . Kabala , James S. , Church - State Relations in the Early American Republic , 1787 - 1846 . London : Pickering and Chatto , 2013 . J. Kilman and G. Costello ( eds . ) , The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation. ( 2000 ) . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . pp. 173 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 03917 - 3 . OCLC 173659591 . Nicholas P. Miller , The Religious Roots of the First Amendment : Dissenting Protestants and the Separation of Church and State . New York : Oxford University Press , 2012 . Nelson , Samuel P. ( 2005 ) . Beyond the First Amendment : The Politics of Free Speech and Pluralism . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801881730 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` First Amendment to the United States Constitution '' dated 2006 - 06 - 30 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutFirst Amendment to the United States Constitutionat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Cornell Law School -- Annotated Constitution First Amendment Center -- The First Amendment Library Cohen , Henry ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom of Speech and Press : Exceptions to the First Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Legislative Attorney . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) Free Exercise Clause Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) Hess v. Indiana ( 1973 ) False speech Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) Smith v. Goguen ( 1974 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Davenport v. Washington Education Association ( 2007 ) Knox v. Service Employees International Union , Local 1000 ( 2012 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International , Inc. ( 2013 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) Loyalty oaths American Communications Association v. Douds ( 1950 ) Garner v. Board of Public Works ( 1951 ) Speiser v. Randall ( 1958 ) Keyishian v. Board of Regents ( 1967 ) Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb ( 1974 ) School speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first amendment written and by whom	[ "Everson used the metaphor of a wall of separation between church and state, derived from the correspondence of President Thomas Jefferson. It had been long established in the decisions of the Supreme Court, beginning with Reynolds v. United States in 1879, when the Court reviewed the history of the early Republic in deciding the extent of the liberties of Mormons. Chief Justice Morrison Waite, who consulted the historian George Bancroft, also discussed at some length the Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments by James Madison,[18] who drafted the First Amendment; Madison used the metaphor of a \"great barrier\".[19]" ]	[ "James Madison" ]
3029762923045888508	Hair transplantation	Hair transplantation - wikipedia Hair transplantation Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hair transplantation A graft transplantation to cover the scar of a Hidradenitis suppurativa operation on the back of the head ( edit on Wikidata ) Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that removes hair follicles from one part of the body , called the ' donor site ' , to a bald or balding part of the body known as the ' recipient site ' . The technique is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness . In this minimally invasive procedure , grafts containing hair follicles that are genetically resistant to balding , ( like the back of the head ) are transplanted to the bald scalp . Hair transplantation can also be used to restore eyelashes , eyebrows , beard hair , chest hair , pubic hair and to fill in scars caused by accidents or surgery such as face - lifts and previous hair transplants . Hair transplantation differs from skin grafting in that grafts contain almost all of the epidermis and dermis surrounding the hair follicle , and many tiny grafts are transplanted rather than a single strip of skin . Since hair naturally grows in groupings of 1 to 4 hairs , current techniques harvest and transplant hair `` follicular units '' in their natural groupings . Thus modern hair transplantation can achieve a natural appearance by mimicking original hair orientation . This hair transplant procedure is called follicular unit transplantation ( FUT ) . Donor hair can be harvested in two different ways : strip harvesting , and follicular unit extraction ( FUE ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Procedure 1.1 Pre-operative assessment and planning 1.2 Harvesting methods 1.2. 1 Strip harvesting 1.2. 2 Follicular unit extraction ( FUE ) 1.2. 3 Follicular unit transplant 1.2. 4 Robotic hair restoration 1.3 Types of surgery 1.4 Post-operative care 2 Side effects 3 History 4 Research and future techniques 5 References 6 External links Procedure Preoperative assessment and planning At an initial consultation , the surgeon analyzes the patient 's scalp , discusses their preferences and expectations , and advises them on the best approach ( e.g. single vs. multiple sessions ) and what results might reasonably be expected . Pre-operative folliscopy will help to know the actual existing density of hair , so that postoperative results of newly transplanted hair grafts can be accurately assessed . Some patients may benefit with preoperative topical minoxidil application and vitamins . For several days prior to surgery the patient refrains from using any medicines which might result in intraoperative bleeding and resultant poor grafting . Alcohol and smoking can contribute to poor graft survival . Post operative antibiotics are commonly prescribed to prevent wound or graft infections. ( Harvesting methods Transplant operations are performed on an outpatient basis , with mild sedation ( optional ) and injected local anesthesia . The scalp is shampooed and then treated with an antibacterial agent prior to the donor scalp being harvested . There are several different techniques for harvesting hair follicles , each with their own advantages and disadvantages . Regardless of the harvesting technique , proper extraction of the hair follicle is paramount to ensure the viability of the transplanted hair and avoid transection , the cutting of the hair shaft from the hair follicle . Hair follicles grow at a slight angle to the skin 's surface , so transplanted tissue must be removed at a corresponding angle . There are two main ways in which donor grafts are extracted today : strip excision harvesting , and follicular unit extraction . Strip harvesting Strip harvesting is the most common technique for removing hair and follicles from a donor site . The surgeon harvests a strip of skin from the posterior scalp , in an area of good hair growth . A single - , double - , or triple - bladed scalpel is used to remove strips of hair - bearing tissue from the donor site . Each incision is planned so that intact hair follicles are removed . The excised strip is about 1 -- 1.5 x 15 -- 30 cm in size . While closing the resulting wound , assistants begin to dissect individual follicular unit grafts , which are small , naturally formed groupings of hair follicles , from the strip . Working with binocular Stereo - microscopes , they carefully remove excess fibrous and fatty tissue while trying to avoid damage to the follicular cells that will be used for grafting . The latest method of closure is called ' Trichophytic closure ' which results in much finer scars at the donor area . The surgeon then uses very small micro blades or fine needles to puncture the sites for receiving the grafts , placing them in a predetermined density and pattern , and angling the wounds in a consistent fashion to promote a realistic hair pattern . The technicians generally do the final part of the procedure , inserting the individual grafts in place . Strip harvesting will leave a thin linear scar in the donor area , which is typically covered by a patient 's hair even at relatively short lengths . The recovery period is around 2 weeks and will require the stitches / staples to be removed by medical personnel or sub cuticular suturing can be done . Follicular unit extraction ( FUE ) With Follicular Unit Extraction or FUE harvesting , individual follicular units containing 1 to 4 hairs are removed under local anesthesia ; this micro removal typically uses tiny punches of between 0.6 mm and 1.0 mm in diameter . The surgeon then uses very small micro blades or fine needles to puncture the sites for receiving the grafts , placing them in a predetermined density and pattern , and angling the wounds in a consistent fashion to promote a realistic hair pattern . The technicians generally do the final part of the procedure , inserting the individual grafts in place . FUE takes place in a single long session or multiple small sessions . The FUE procedure is more time consuming than strip surgery . An FUE surgery time varies according to the surgeons experience , speed in harvesting and patient characteristics . The procedue can take anywhere from a couple hours to extract 200 grafts for a scar correction to a surgery over two consecutive days for a megasession of 2,500 to 3,000 grafts . With the FUE Hair Transplant procedure there are restrictions on patient candidacy . Clients are selected for FUE based on a fox test , though there is some debate about the usefulness of this in screening clients for FUE . FUE can give very natural results . The advantage over strip harvesting is that FUE harvesting negates the need for large areas of scalp tissue to be harvested , so there is no linear incision on the back of the head and it does n't leave a linear scar . Because individual follicles are removed , only small , punctate scars remain which are virtually not visible and any post-surgical pain and discomfort is minimized . As no suture removal is required , recovery from Micro Grafting FUE is less than 7 days . Disadvantages include increased surgical times and higher cost to the patient . It is challenging for new surgeons because the procedure is physically demanding and the learning curve to acquire the skills necessary is lengthy and tough . Some surgeons note that FUE can lead to a lower ratio of successfully transplanted follicles as compared to strip harvesting . Follicular unit transplant Follicular unit transplant ( FUT ) is the traditional hair transplant method which involves extracting a linear strip of hair bearing skin from the back or the side of the scalp . The strip is then dissected to separate individual grafts . Robotic hair restoration Robotic hair restoration devices utilize cameras and robotic arms to assist the surgeon with the FUE procedure . In 2009 , NeoGraft became the first robotic surgical device FDA approved for hair restoration . The ARTAS System was FDA approved in 2011 for use in harvesting follicular units from brown - haired and black - haired men . Despite the advantages of robotic hair restoration systems , there are still some disadvantages such as the size of the punches being relatively large in comparison to what is used in other methods of FUE , and the high costs associated with the devices . Types of surgery There are a number of applications for hair transplant surgery , including : Androgenetic alopecia Eyebrow transplant Frontal hair line lowering or reconstruction ( naturally high hairlines without an existing hair loss condition ) If donor hair numbers from the back of the head are insufficient , it is possible to perform body hair transplantation ( BHT ) on appropriate candidates who have available donor hair on the chest , back , shoulders , torso and / or legs . Body hair transplant surgery can only be performed by the FUE harvesting method and , so , requires the skills of an experienced FUE surgeon . However , there are several factors for a potential BHT candidate to consider prior to surgery . These include understanding the natural difference in textural characteristics between body hair and scalp hair , growth rates , and having realistic expectations about the results of BHT surgery . Postoperative care Advances in wound care allow for semi-permeable dressing , which allow seepage of blood and tissue fluid , to be applied and changed at least daily . The vulnerable recipient area must be shielded from the sun , and shampooing is started two days after the surgery . Some surgeons will have the patient shampoo the day after surgery . Shampooing is important to prevent scabs from forming around the hair shaft . Scabs adhere to the hair shaft and increase the risk of losing newly transplanted hair follicles during the first 7 to 10 days post-op . During the first ten days , some of the transplanted hairs , inevitably traumatized by their relocation , may fall out . This is referred to as `` shock loss '' . After two to three months new hair will begin to grow from the moved follicles . The patient 's hair will grow normally , and continue to thicken through the next six to nine months . Any subsequent hair loss is likely to be only from untreated areas . Some patients elect to use medications to retard such loss , while others plan a subsequent transplant procedure to deal with this eventuality . Side effects Hair thinning , known as `` shock loss '' , is a common side effect that is usually temporary . Bald patches are also common , as fifty to a hundred hairs can be lost each day . Post-operative hiccups have also been seen in around 5 % of transplant patients . History The use of both scalp flaps , in which a band of tissue with its original blood supply is shifted to the continue bald area , and free grafts dates back to the 19th century . In 1897 , Menahem Hodara successfully implanted hair taken from the unaffected areas of the scalp on to the scars that were left bald by favus . Modern transplant techniques began in Japan in the 1930s , where surgeons used small grafts , and even `` follicular unit grafts '' to replace damaged areas of eyebrows or lashes , but not to treat baldness . Their efforts did not receive worldwide attention at the time , and the traumas of World War II kept their advances isolated for another two decades . The modern era of hair transplantation in the western world was ushered in the late 1950s , when New York dermatologist Norman Orentreich began to experiment with free donor grafts to balding areas in patients with male pattern baldness . Previously it had been thought that transplanted hair would thrive no more than the original hair at the `` recipient '' site . Orentreich demonstrated that such grafts were `` donor dominant , '' as the new hairs grew and lasted just as they would have at their original home . Advancing the theory of donor dominance , Walter P. Unger , M.D. defined the parameters of the `` Safe Donor Zone '' from which the most permanent hair follicles could be extracted for hair transplantation . As transplanted hair will only grow in its new site for as long as it would have in its original one , these parameters continue to serve as the fundamental foundation for hair follicle harvesting , whether by strip method or FUE . For the next twenty years , surgeons worked on transplanting smaller grafts , but results were only minimally successful , with 2 -- 4 mm `` plugs '' leading to a doll 's head - like appearance . In the 1980s , strip excisions began to replace the plug technique , and Carlos Uebel in Brazil popularized using large numbers of small grafts , while in the United States William Rassman began using thousands of `` micrografts '' in a single session . In the late 1980s , B.L. Limmer introduced the use of the stereo - microscope to dissect a single donor strip into small micrografts . The follicular unit hair transplant procedure has continued to evolve , becoming more refined and minimally invasive as the size of the graft incisions have become smaller . These smaller and less invasive incisions enable surgeons to place a larger number of follicular unit grafts into a given area . With the new `` gold standard '' of ultra refined follicular unit hair transplantation , over 50 grafts can be placed per square centimeter , when appropriate for the patient . Surgeons have also devoted more attention to the angle and orientation of the transplanted grafts . The adoption of the `` lateral slit '' technique in the early 2000s , enabled hair transplant surgeons to orient 2 to 4 hair follicular unit grafts so that they splay out across the scalp 's surface . This enabled the transplanted hair to lie better on the scalp and provide better coverage to the bald areas . One disadvantage however , is that lateral incisions also tend to disrupt the scalp 's vascularity more than sagittals . Thus sagittal incisions transect less hairs and blood vessels assuming the cutting instruments are of the same size . One of the big advantages of sagittals is that they do a much better job of sliding in and around existing hairs to avoid follicle transection . This certainly makes a strong case for physicians who do not require shaving of the recipient area . The lateral incisions bisect existing hairs perpendicular ( horizontal ) like a T while sagittal incisions run parallel ( vertical ) alongside and in between existing hairs . The use of perpendicular ( lateral / coronal ) slits versus parallel ( sagittal ) slits , however , has been heavily debated in patient - based hair transplant communities . Many elite hair transplant surgeons typically adopt a combination of both methods based on what is best for the individual patient . Research and future techniques Stem cells and dermal papilla cells have been discovered in hair follicles . Research on these follicular cells may lead to successes in treating baldness through hair multiplication ( HM ) , also known as hair cloning . References Jump up ^ `` An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss '' . Medscape Logo . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Singhal , Hemant . `` Wound Infection Medication '' . medscape . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FUE Hair Transplant Procedure - International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery '' . ishrs.org . Jump up ^ Onda M , Igawa HH , Inoue K , Tanino R ( Dec 2008 ) . `` Novel technique of follicular unit extraction hair transplantation with a powered punching device '' . Dermatol Surg. 34 : 1683 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1524 - 4725.2008. 34346. x . PMID 19018825 . ^ Jump up to : Rassman WR , Bernstein RM , McClellan R , Jones R , et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Follicular Unit Extraction : Minimally invasive surgery for hair transplantation '' . Dermatol Surg. 28 ( 8 ) : 720 -- 7 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1524 - 4725.2002. 01320. x . Jump up ^ Harris JA ( Nov 2008 ) . `` Follicular unit extraction '' . Facial Plast Surg. 24 : 404 -- 13 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 0028 - 1102904 . PMID 19034817 . Jump up ^ L. Williams , Ken ( 2013 ) . `` Current Practices and Controversies in Cosmetic Hair Restoration '' ( PDF ) . CONTROVERSIES IN COSMETIC HAIR RESTORATION . Jump up ^ M , Rashid , Rashid ; Morgan , Bicknell , Lindsay T ( 1 September 2012 ) . `` Follicular unit extraction hair transplant automation : Options in overcoming challenges of the latest technology in hair restoration with the goal of avoiding the line scar '' . Dermatology Online Journal . 18 ( 9 ) . More than one of website = and journal = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hair transplant robot gets FDA approval , men with straight brown hair rejoice '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Parsa Mohebi , ( 2013 ) . MODERN HAIR RESTORATION - A Complete Hair Loss Guide For Men And Women . 1st ed . Jump up ^ Okuda S ( 1939 ) . `` The study of clinical experiments of hair transplantation '' . Jpn J Dermatolurol. 46 : 135 . Jump up ^ Orentreich , Norman ( 1959 ) . `` Autografts in Alopecia and Other Selected Dermatologic Conditions '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 83 : 463 -- 479 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1960. tb40920. x . Jump up ^ Unger WP ( 1994 ) . `` Delineating the ' Safe ' Donor Area for Hair Transplanting '' . The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery . 11 : 239 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Alam , Murad . Evidence - Based Procedural Dermatology . Springer November 2011 ; 382 - 3 . External links Media related to Hair transplantation at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hair_transplantation&oldid=843620499 '' Categories : Hair transplantation Cosmetic surgery Transplantation medicine Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional medical references from July 2016 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar მარგალური Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 10 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do they get the hair from for a hair transplant	[ "Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that removes hair follicles from one part of the body, called the 'donor site', to a bald or balding part of the body known as the 'recipient site'. The technique is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness. In this minimally invasive procedure, grafts containing hair follicles that are genetically resistant to balding, (like the back of the head) are transplanted to the bald scalp. Hair transplantation can also be used to restore eyelashes, eyebrows, beard hair, chest hair, pubic hair and to fill in scars caused by accidents or surgery such as face-lifts and previous hair transplants. Hair transplantation differs from skin grafting in that grafts contain almost all of the epidermis and dermis surrounding the hair follicle, and many tiny grafts are transplanted rather than a single strip of skin." ]	[ "one part of the body, called the 'donor site'" ]
8875642793636709570	Emma Myles	Emma Myles - Wikipedia Emma Myles Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emma Myles Occupation Actress Years active 2006 ( 2006 ) -- present Notable work Leanne Taylor on Orange Is the New Black Emma Myles is an actress best known for her recurring role as Leanne Taylor on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black . She was friends with fellow actress Dascha Polanco prior to being cast on the show , having met her after they both auditioned for a guest role on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 1.1 Film 1.2 Television 2 References 3 External links Filmography ( edit ) Below is a list of films and television series in which Emma Myles has acted . Film ( edit ) Year Title Role 2007 First Born Katelyn 2008 The Beverages Steve 's Annoyed Liaison Spinning into Butter Anika Please Give Salesgirl 2012 Girl Most Likely Hippie Girl 2014 Child of Grace Dana Edwards Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Episode Notes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Lizzie Jones `` Haunted '' N / A 2006 Conviction Kim Scanton `` Indiscretion '' N / A 2009 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Starla `` Perverted '' N / A 2011 How to Make It in America Metal Head Chick `` In or Out '' N / A 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Leanne Taylor 31 episodes Recurring role 2017 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Carleen Jenkins `` Sanctuary '' N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robertson , Kobsupang . `` Exclusive Interview : Emma Myles AKA Leanne Taylor from OITNB - Kobsupang Robertson '' . WordPress.com . Automattic . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Myles - IMDb '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Emma Myles on IMDb Emma Myles on Instagram Emma Myles on Twitter ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) This article about a film and TV actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emma_Myles&oldid=832311307 '' Categories : Living people 21st - century American actresses Screen actor stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from June 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Place of birth missing ( living people ) Year of birth missing ( living people ) All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 05 : 22 . About Wikipedia	who plays leanne in orange is the new black	[ "Emma Myles is an actress best known for her recurring role as Leanne Taylor on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black. She was friends with fellow actress Dascha Polanco prior to being cast on the show, having met her after they both auditioned for a guest role on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.[1]" ]	[ "Emma Myles" ]
3756604451680547799	List of purification methods in chemistry	List of purification methods in chemistry - wikipedia List of purification methods in chemistry Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Purification in a chemical context is the physical separation of a chemical substance of interest from foreign or contaminating substances . Pure results of a successful purification process are termed isolate . The following list of chemical purification methods should not be considered exhaustive . Affinity purification purifies proteins by retaining them on a column through their affinity to antibodies , enzymes , or receptors that have been immobilised on the column . this is true . Filtration is a mechanical method to separate solids from liquids or gases by passing the feed stream through a porous sheet such as a cloth or membrane , which retains the solids and allows the liquid to pass through . Centrifugation is a process that uses an electric motor to spin a vessel of fluid at high speed to make heavier components settle to the bottom of the vessel . Evaporation removes volatile liquids from non-volatile solutes , which can not be done through filtration due to the small size of the substances . Liquid -- liquid extraction removes an impurity or recovers a desired product by dissolving the crude material in a solvent in which other components of the feed material are soluble . Crystallization separates a product from a liquid feed stream , often in extremely pure form , by cooling the feed stream or adding precipitants that lower the solubility of the desired product so that it forms crystals . The pure solid crystals are then separated from the remaining liquor by filtration or centrifugation . Recrystallization : In analytical and synthetic chemistry work , purchased reagents of doubtful purity may be recrystallized , e.g. dissolved in a very pure solvent , and then crystallized , and the crystals recovered , in order to improve and / or verify their purity . Adsorption removes a soluble impurity from a feed stream by trapping it on the surface of a solid material , such as activated carbon , that forms strong non-covalent chemical bonds with the impurity . Chromatography employs adsorption and desorption on a packed bed of a solid to purify multiple components of a single feed stream . Smelting produces metals from raw ore , and involves adding chemicals to the ore and heating it up to the melting point of the metal . Refining is used primarily in the petroleum industry , whereby crude oil is heated and separated into stages according to the condensation points of the various elements . Distillation , widely used in petroleum refining and in purification of ethanol separates volatile liquids on the basis of their relative volatilities . Distillation are of different types Simple distillation , steam distillation etc . Water purification combines a number of methods to produce potable or drinking water . Downstream processing refers to purification of chemicals , pharmaceuticals and food ingredients produced by fermentation or synthesized by plant and animal tissues , for example antibiotics , citric acid , vitamin E , and insulin . Fractionation refers to a purification strategy in which some relatively inefficient purification method is repeatedly applied to isolate the desired substance in progressively greater purity . Electrolysis refers to the breakdown of substances using an electric current . This removes impurities in a substance that an electric current is run through Sublimation is the process of changing of any substance ( usually on heating ) from a solid to a gas ( or from gas to a solid ) without passing through liquid phase . Bioleaching is the extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms . Separation process Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_purification_methods_in_chemistry&oldid=832288607 '' Categories : Laboratory techniques Chemistry - related lists Chemical processes Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from July 2016 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Eesti Français Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 01 : 19 . About Wikipedia	the seperation technique that improves on the purity of a compound is	[ "Purification in a chemical context is the physical separation of a chemical substance of interest from foreign or contaminating substances. Pure results of a successful purification process are termed isolate. The following list of chemical purification methods should not be considered exhaustive." ]	[ "Purification" ]
5079899533727998797	The Great British Bake Off (series 3)	The Great British bake Off ( series 3 ) - wikipedia The Great British bake Off ( series 3 ) The Great British Bake Off ( series 3 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 10 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 14 August ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) -- 16 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 2 Next → Series 4 The third series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on Tuesday 14 August 2012 . The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . Seven thousand applied for the competition and twelve contestants were chosen . For the first time , all three finalists were male : Brendan Lynch , John Whaite and James Morton . The competition was won by John Whaite . Contents 1 The Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cakes 3.2 Episode 2 : Bread 3.3 Episode 3 : Tarts 3.4 Episode 4 : Desserts 3.5 Episode 5 : Pies 3.6 Episode 6 : Puddings 3.7 Episode 7 : Sweet dough 3.8 Episode 8 : Biscuits 3.9 Episode 9 : Pâtisserie ( Semi-Final ) 3.10 Episode 10 : Final 3.11 Extras and special episodes 4 Post-show career 5 Ratings 5.1 Specials 6 References The Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age Occupation Hometown Links Brendan Lynch 63 Recruitment consultant Sutton Coldfield Cathryn Dresser 27 Shop assistant Pease Pottage , West Sussex Danny ( Daniele ) Bryden 45 Intensive care consultant Sheffield James Morton 21 Medical student Hillswick , Shetland Islands John Whaite 23 Law student Wigan Manisha Parmar 27 Nursery nurse Leicester Natasha Stringer 36 Midwife Tamworth , Staffordshire Peter Maloney 43 Sales manager Windsor , Berkshire Ryan Chong 38 Photographer Bristol Sarah - Jane Willis 28 Vicar 's wife Bewbush , West Sussex Stuart Marston - Smith 26 PE teacher Lichfield , Staffordshire Victoria Chester 50 CEO of the charity Plantlife Somerset Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 9 10 John SB WINNER Brendan SB SB Runner Up James SB SB Runner Up Danny SB OUT Cathryn OUT Ryan SB OUT Sarah - Jane OUT Manisha OUT Stuart OUT Victoria SB OUT Peter OUT Natasha OUT No one was eliminated this week due to John having injured his finger and could not complete the last bake , and the judges thought it would be unfair to eliminate anyone . Two were eliminated the next week . Colour key : -- Baker got through to the next round -- Baker was eliminated -- Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . -- Baker was the Star Baker -- Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but did not win star baker -- Baker was the series runner - up -- Baker was the series winner Episodes ( edit ) Episode 1 : cakes ( edit ) The contestants were required to make an upside - down cake for their signature bake . The bakers were given two hours to make a sponge topped with fruits of their choice . For the technical bake , Paul set the bakers the challenge of making four rum babas with cream in the middle and sliced fruits on top , to be completed in three hours . For the showstopper , the bakers were given the task of making a cake in five hours , and the cake baked should reveal a hidden design when cut . Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Baker Signature ( Upside Down Cake ) Technical ( Rum Baba ) Showstopper ( Hidden Design Cake ) Brendan Plum , Sour Cherry & Walnut 10th St. Patrick 's Day Cake with Hidden Irish Flag ( not shown in episode ) Cathryn Apple , Hazelnut and Calvados 5th Hidden Cupcake Cake Danny Plum , Ginger & Orange 7th Nectar Cake with Hidden Beehive ( not shown in episode ) James Parsnip , Pear , and Pecan 2nd `` Simmer Dim '' Sunset Cake John Toffee Apple , Orange & Cranberry 11th Hidden Pink Hearts Cake Manisha Vanilla , Peach and Raspberry 6th White Chocolate Cake with a Red Velvet and White Chocolate Mousse Heart ( not shown in episode ) Natasha Pineapple & Passion Fruit 12th Mother 's Day Layered Rose Cake Peter Pear , Muscat & Chocolate 3rd Jubilee Cake Ryan Kumquat and Orange Polenta 8th Hidden Flowerbed Mousse Cake Sarah - Jane Pear , Chocolate and Hazelnut 1st Hidden Crown Cake Stuart Tomato and Ginger 9th Lemon and Pistachio Union Flag Cake Victoria Pear and Pecan 4th Blackbird Pie Cake Episode 2 : bread ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were required to make twelve flatbreads ; six with yeast , six without . They were given two and a half hours to complete the task . For the technical challenge , they had to make an eight - strand plaited loaf in two hours using a recipe from Paul . For the showstopper bake , the bakers were given four hours to make 24 bagels : 12 sweet , and 12 savoury . Baker Signature 12 Flatbreads - ( 6 Leavened and 6 Unleavened ) Technical ( Eight - Stranded Plaited Loaf ) Showstopper 24 Bagels - ( 12 Sweet and 12 Savoury ) Brendan Middle Eastern Taboon Bread Indian Rotis 4th Chocolate and Vanilla Bagels Cumin and Gruyere Bagels Cathryn Spiced Mango Naan Lime , Coriander and Chilli Tortillas 8th Cranberry and Orange Bagels Chipotle , Chili , and Smoked Cheddar Bagels Danny Lime Coriander and Coconut Tortillas Zaatar Naan with Dukkah 3rd UNKNOWN James Tomato , Garlic , and Parmesan Flatbreads Tattie Scones 2nd Orange , Mint and Chocolate Bagels ' Millers ' Sourdough Bagels John Coriander and Chilli Rotis Garlic , Pomegranate and Potato Pitas 1st Fig , Walnut and Gruyere Bagels Blueberry and White Chocolate Bagels Manisha Indian Flatbreads Italian Flatbreads 6th UNKNOWN Peter Fennel and Nigella Seed Naan Bannock Bread 11th Rosemary and Sea Salt Bagels Apple and Cinnamon Bagels Ryan Shanghai Spring Onion Flatbreads Garlic and Coriander Naan 5th Cinnamon and Date Bagels Tarragon and Rosemary Bagels Sarah - Jane Toasted Coconut and Lime Rotis Oatcakes 10th UNKNOWN Stuart Bombay Bread Chorizo and Spring Onion Naan 9th Cinnamon and Cranberry Bagels Tomato and Thyme Bagels Victoria Coriander and Lemon Naan Garlic and Parsnip Chapatis 7th Saffron and Golden Raisin Bagels Porcini Bagels Episode 3 : tarts ( edit ) The classic tarte tatin was set as the signature challenge . The tarte tatin could be sweet or savoury , and had to be finished in two and half hours . Baking a treacle tart was set as the technical challenge by Mary , with the requirement that the pastry lattice on top be woven . The bakers were given two hours for the challenge . For the showstopper , the bakers were required to make a large designer fruit tart fit for a window display in less than three hours . Baker Signature ( Tarte Tatin ) Technical ( Treacle Tart ) Showstopper ( Designer Fruit Tart ) Brendan Apple and Ginger Tarte Tatin 9th Blackberry , Nectarine and Dragon Fruit Tart Cathryn Plum , Cherry and Five Spice Tarte Tatin 3rd Raspberry , Pistachio and Lemon Tart Danny Savoury Pear and Roquefort Tarte Tatin 2nd Pineapple , Coconut and Frangipane Tart James Apple and Lavender Tarte Tatin 1st Rose , Lychee and Raspberry Fruit Tart John Apple and Vanilla Tarte Tatin with Walnut Praline 6th Berries , Grapes , Pomegranate , and Dragon Fruit Tart Manisha Cinnamon , Apple and Pear Tarte Tatin 10th Rum and Tropical Fruit Tart Ryan Spiced Pear Tarte Tatin 5th UNKNOWN Sarah - Jane Caramelised Banana Tarte Tatin 8th French Apple Tart with Blackberry and Cassis Jam Stuart Pear and Almond Tarte Tatin 7th Raspberry Triple Chocolate Layered Tart Victoria Fig , Walnut and Pink Peppercorn Tarte Tatin 4th Tropical Fruit Tart with Black Pepper Crust Episode 4 : desserts ( edit ) The bakers were given three hours to make a torte cake ( made without conventional wheat flour ) as the signature bake . The torte should be more than 20 cm in diameter . Mary set crème caramel as the technical challenge , to be finished two and three - quarter hours . A four - layered meringue dessert was the showstopper challenge . Baker Signature ( Torte Cake ) Technical ( Crème Caramel ) Showstopper ( Meringue Dessert ) Brendan Clementine and Chestnut Torte 1st Pear , Chocolate and Hazelnut Dacquoise Cathryn White Chocolate , Macadamia and Coffee Torte 3rd Gooseberry , Almond and Honey Meringue Danny Blackberry , White Chocolate , Lemon and Elderflower Torte 2nd ' Monte Bianco ' Chestnut , Chocolate and Coffee Dacquoise James Hazelnut , Chocolate and Passionfruit Torte 5th Fig , Chestnut , Cherry and Chocolate Layered Meringue John ' Torte Noir ' Black Forest Torte with Boozy Cream 6th Elderflower and Bramble Berry Pavlova Manisha Almond , Chocolate and Cherry Torte 9th Tiramisu Layered Meringue Dessert Ryan Green Tea Opera Torte 7th Strawberry , Rose and Pistachio Meringue Sarah - Jane Chocolate and Almond Truffle Torte 4th Hazelnut Tiramisu Layered Meringue Stuart Black Forest Torte 8th Choca Blocka Mocha Meringue In this episode , Mel was n't present but will be present in the next episode . Episode 5 : pies ( edit ) The signature bake was Wellington , which Paul specified should be at least 8 inches long and completely covered with pastry . The bakers were given three hours for the challenge . The technical challenge was to make a hand - raised pie in two and a quarter hours . This was to be made with hot water crust and molded using a dolly . The pie was left to set overnight and judged the next day . For the showstopper challenge , the bakers were required to bake a family - sized sweet American - style pie in three and a half hours . Baker Signature ( Wellington ) Technical ( Hand - Raised Pie ) Showstopper ( American Pie ) Brendan Salmon Coulibiac in a Scandinavian Pastry 3rd All American Chiffon Pie Cathryn Full English Wellington 1st Chocolate and Peanut Butter Pumpkin Pie Danny Chickpea , Spinach & Mushroom Wellington 7th Trick or Treat Pumpkin Pie James Four Pig Wellington 6th Sweet Potato Pie John Venison and Haggis Wellington 2nd Star - Spangled Pecan Pie Manisha Lamb Wellington with Rosemary and Mint 5th Banana Scotch Pie Ryan Curry Spiced Seabass Wellington 8th Key Lime Pie Sarah - Jane Beef Wellington with Parma Ham and Gorgonzola Cheese 4th Chocolate and Banana Cream Pie During the broadcast , Ryan 's pie was identified as a key lime pie . However , it was made with ordinary limes rather than key limes , and thus was not a key lime pie . Moreover , the pies described as American - style were actually tarts . American pies are baked in a smooth , slant sides pie pan , not the fluted tart pans that were used . Episode 6 : puddings ( edit ) The bakers were challenged to make , in two hours , two different flavoured sponge puddings with different accompaniments , six of each . Mary set the Queen of Puddings as the technical challenge . For the showstopper , the bakers were required to make in three and a half hours one large strudel , either with sweet or savoury fillings . Baker Signature ( 2 Different Flavours of Sponge Puddings ) Technical ( Queen of Puddings ) Showstopper ( Strudels ) Brendan Rhubarb , Strawberry and Ginger Puddings Sticky Toffee Puddings 1st Spinach , Cheese and Walnut Strudel Cathryn Chocolate Walnut Whip Puddings Elderflower Sponges 3rd Roasted Vegetable Couscous and Sheep Cheese Strudel Danny Banoffee Puddings with Walnut Butterscotch Sauce Jubilee Chocolate Fondants 2nd Leek , Potato , Pistachio and Gruyère Strudel James Banana and Clove Puddings Clootie Dumplings 7th Strawberry , Rhubarb and Ginger Strudel John Spicy Toffee Puddings Raspberry and White Chocolate Puddings 5th Did not complete due to injury Ryan Chocolate Fondants Sticky Ginger and Date Puddings 6th Apple , Sour Cherry , Raisin and Mixed Nuts Strudel Sarah - Jane Sticky Toffee Puddings Granny 's Saucy Lemon Puddings 4th Sweet Strudel with Sour Cherries John cut a deep wound on his finger on the blade of the food processor , had to leave the show to receive medical attention , and therefore did not complete his challenge . As a result , the judges thought that it would be unfair to eliminate any baker this week . Episode 7 : sweet dough ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were set to bake 24 buns made from an enriched dough with yeast in three hours . The buns should be all of the same size and evenly baked . For the technical bake , the bakers were challenged to make ten jam doughnuts , using Paul 's recipe , in two and a half hours . The jam doughnuts should be consistent in size , shape , jam distribution , and colour . For the showstopper , the bakers each made a celebratory enriched - dough loaf . This challenge started straight after the technical bake , so that the dough could be proofed overnight if necessary . Baker Signature ( 24 Sweet Buns ) Technical ( Jam Doughnut ) Showstopper ( Celebratory Loaf ) Brendan Chelsea Bunskis 4th Black Forest Christmas Stollen Cathryn Lady Arundel 's Manchet Buns 5th Bonfire Night Tear ' n ' Share Brioche Danny Bakewell Chelsea Buns 2nd European Christmas Wreath James Easter Chelsea Buns 1st Whisky Kugelhopf - Brioche Baba John Cherry and Almond Saffron Buns 3rd Marzipan Stollen Ryan Lardy Cakes 6th Char Siu Bao Sarah - Jane Orange , Nutmeg and Saffron Buns 7th Sour Cherry and Dark Chocolate Christmas Plait Two bakers were eliminated this week as there was no elimination the previous week . Episode 8 : biscuits ( edit ) The bakers are given two hours to make 48 crackers or crisp bread for their signature bake . They should be thin , evenly baked and crack when snapped in two . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to make six chocolate teacakes in two hours using Paul 's recipe , a task made more difficult because the high temperature that day would not allow the chocolate to cool . For the showstopper bake , the bakers were challenged to make a gingerbread structure , which should not be a gingerbread house , in four hours . Baker Signature ( 48 Crackers ) Technical ( 6 Chocolate Teacakes ) Showstopper ( Gingerbread Structure ) Brendan Multi-Seed Savoury Crackers 2nd Fantasy Gingerbread Bird House Cathryn Cheese and Pickle Crackers 5th Gingerbread Buckingham Palace Danny Spiced Almond Drinks Crackers 4th Gingerbread Big Ben James Smoky Cayenne , Cumin and Chilli Crackers 1st Gingerbread Barn John Asian Spice Crackers 3rd Gingerbread Roman Coliseum Episode 9 : pâtisserie ( semi-final ) ( edit ) For the first pâtisserie test , the bakers were required to make three type of petits fours , twelve of each . These should be small ( each a single mouthful ) , exquisite and perfect . Mary set the bakers to make a Fraisier cake for the technical challenge . Choux pastry gateau was set as the showstopper bake . Baker Signature ( 3 types of Petits Fours ) Technical ( Fraisier Cake ) Showstopper ( Choux Pastry Gateau ) Brendan Coffee Meringue and Hazelnut Creams Apricot and Pistachio Friands Lime Curd Choux Pastry Cygne ts 3rd Gateau St. Honoré Danny Blackberry and Peppermint Macaroons Miniature Raspberry and Basil Financiers Orange and White Chocolate Langues de Chat 4th Rosewater and Lychee St. Honoré James Lemon and Rhubarb Tartlets Chocolate Indulgence Petits Fours Chilli , Lime and Raspberry Macaroons 1st Coffee , Caramel and Hazelnut Paris - Brest John Lemon Madeleines White Chocolate and Raspberry Tartlets Dark Chocolate and Cherry Macaroons 2nd Gateau St. Honoré a la Passion Episode 10 : final ( edit ) The finalists were set the task of making savoury Pithivier in two and a half hours . Paul and Mary 's technical challenge required 25 Fondant Fancies . For the final showstopper , the finalists were required to make in four hours a chiffon cake based on the theme of their personal highlights of 2012 . All the bakes were served at a special summer fête held on the ground of Harptree Court . Baker Signature ( Pithivier ) Technical ( 25 Fondant Fancies ) Showstopper ( Chiffon Cake ) Brendan Potato and Pepper Pithivier 2nd Family Reunion Chiffon Cake James Spanish Pithivier with Chorizo and Red Pepper 1st United Chiffon Cakes John Italian Sausage and Roasted Vegetable Pithivier 2nd Heaven and Hell Chiffon Cake Extras and special episodes ( edit ) Four additional episodes were broadcast after the final . Episode 11 was a masterclass by Paul and Mary where they demonstrated how to make the technical challenges they set - treacle tarts , rum babas , creme caramels , the hand - raised pie , and the eight - strand plaited loaf . Episode 12 revisited the bakers from series 2 to catch up on what these contestants had been doing after the show ended . Another masterclass was shown in episode 13 where Paul and Mary showed how to make queen of puddings , jam doughnuts , tempered chocolate teacakes , fraisier cakes and fondant fancies . In episode 14 , Paul and Mary showed which signature bakes they would have chosen if they were in the bakers ' shoes ( including sponge puddings , flat breads and sweet buns ) . A further episode of Masterclass was shown before Easter . Post-show career ( edit ) John Whaite gained a first - class degree from the University of Manchester after sitting his law exams while filming Bake Off , but he rejected a career in law and opted to take classes at Le Cordon Bleu and pursue a career in baking . His book John Whaite Bakes : Recipes for Every Day and Every Mood was published on 25 April 2013 . His second book , John Whaite Bakes At Home , was published on 27 March 2014 . He first set up a chocolate shop The Hungry Dog Artisan Chocolates , and opened a cookery school on his family 's dairy farm in Lancashire . He also appeared as a resident chef on the ITV show Lorraine , and wrote a column on food for The Daily Telegraph . In 2016 , Whaite presented with Rosemary Shrager a daytime cookery competitive show Chopping Block on ITV . James Morton aimed for a career in medicine but has written a book on bread , titled Brilliant Bread , published on 29 August 2013 . He writes a baking column for the Scottish newspaper Sunday Mail . His second book , How Baking Works : ... And what to do if it does n't , was published on 12 March 2015 . Brendan Lynch is teaching cookery classes . Cathryn Dresser and Sarah - Jane Willis teamed up to open a stall at Horsham Market . Dresser wrote a baking book for children and parents titled Let 's Bake , published on 22 May 2014 . and ran The Little Handcross Bakery in Handcross , West Sussex between September 2014 and May 2015 . Ratings ( edit ) The final of this series had a record overnight figure of 6.5 million viewers , beating every other programme in other channels in its time slot . Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking 14 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) 3.85 21 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) 4.60 28 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) 4.53 4 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) 4.71 5 11 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) 4.61 6 18 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) 4.82 7 25 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) 5.10 8 2 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 5.35 9 9 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) 5.70 10 16 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) 6.74 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking The Great British Bake Off Masterclass 22 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) 2.56 5 24 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 2.19 8 25 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) 2.33 6 The Great British Bake Off Revisited 23 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) 2.76 The Great British Bake Off , Christmas Masterclass 18 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) 3.48 The Great British Bake Off , Easter Masterclass 26 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 26 ) 2.76 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Food on BBC Two , 26 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` ' Sir ' beat 7,000 hopefuls to join baking dozen '' . Lichfield Mercury . 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Emily Hill ( 13 October 2012 ) . `` The fabulous Bake Off boys ... as definitely NOT seen on TV ! '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Vicky Frost ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : John Whaite is surprise winner '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Brendan Lynch . `` Brendan '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Bake with Cat '' . Jump up ^ Danny Bryden . `` Baking as Therapy '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ James Morton . `` James Morton - the one that bakes '' . Jump up ^ `` John Whaite '' . Jump up ^ Ryan Chong . `` Bakology - Home of Baking from Ryan Chong '' . Jump up ^ Stuart Marston - Smith . `` Layered '' . Jump up ^ `` Plantlife '' . Plantlife International . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/brendanbakes/status/239123621665206273 Jump up ^ https://bakingastherapy.wordpress.com/2012/08/15/behind-the-hidden-designs-what-you-didnt-see/ Jump up ^ Jenny Johnston ( 19 April 2013 ) . `` John Whaite was destined for a highly paid but deathly dull job in the City when he won Bake Off . Now he 's hoping to make even more dough '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Sophia Moir ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` John Whaite : How baking helps me battle depression - EXCLUSIVE '' . Yahoo Lifestyle . Jump up ^ Josh Willacy ( 27 March 2014 ) . `` The winner bakes it all : Great British Bake Off ace John Whaite reveals guilty secrets and making mum jealous '' . Mancunian Matters . Jump up ^ Debashine Thangevelo ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Whaite 's victory tastes extra sweet '' . Tonight . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : What past winners are doing now from Edd Kimber to last year 's Frances Quinn '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Helena Kealey ( 5 August 2014 ) . `` Bake Off : the winners reveal their secrets '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` John Whaite '' . ITV . Jump up ^ `` John Whaite '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Chopping Block '' . 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Heather Greenaway ( 20 January 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off star James Morton : Cooking is great ... but my real dream is to be a doctor '' . Daily Record . Jump up ^ `` James and the World Bread Awards '' . Edinburgh Foody. 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jame Mortan '' . Daily Record and Sunday Mail . Jump up ^ Pippa Bailey Monday ( 5 October 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : 10 best cookbooks '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Giulia Rhodes ( 24 March 2013 ) . `` Baking an end to the lonely days '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ James Brindle ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` Bake off finalist to join Seasoned Cookery School '' . Uttoxeter Advertiser . Jump up ^ Roz Laws ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` Whatever happened to the ' Great British Bake Off ' bakers from the Midlands ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Jump up ^ `` Crawley Bake Off stars set up own business '' . The Argus. 23 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV Bake - off stars team up to run market stall '' . Crawley and Horley Observer. 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Anna James ( 20 May 2014 ) . `` REVIEW : LET 'S BAKE BY CATHRYN DRESSER '' . We Love This Book . Jump up ^ `` Hectic life of a mother and celebrity baker '' . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : 6.5 m watch John Whaite rise to the top '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 9 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_3)&oldid=856894724 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off 2012 British television seasons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use British English from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 06 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won great british bake off series 3	[ "Seven thousand applied for the competition and twelve contestants were chosen.[2] For the first time, all three finalists were male: Brendan Lynch, John Whaite and James Morton.[3] The competition was won by John Whaite.[4]\n" ]	[ "John Whaite" ]
5012954718684141568	John Ross Bowie	John Ross Bowie - wikipedia John Ross Bowie John Ross Bowie Bowie at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con ( 1971 - 05 - 30 ) May 30 , 1971 ( age 47 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Spouse ( s ) Jamie Denbo ( m . 2004 ) Children John Ross Bowie ( born May 30 , 1971 ) is an American actor and comedian best known for playing Barry Kripke on The Big Bang Theory and , beginning in 2016 , Jimmy DiMeo on Speechless . He appeared in What The Bleep Do We Know ? opposite Marlee Matlin and made guest appearances on shows such as Reno 911 ! , Curb Your Enthusiasm , Glee , and Good Luck Charlie . In March 2011 he began a run in a series of commercials for the Ford Motor Company . Bowie is a regular sketch comedy performer at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater ( UCBT ) in New York and Los Angeles . At UCBT he was a member of the sketch troupe `` The Naked Babies '' with comedians Rob Corddry , Seth Morris , and Brian Huskey . He had a recurring role in Corddry 's Adult Swim series Childrens Hospital . A former member of New York pop punk band , Egghead , he worked with Big Bang Theory co-star Kevin Sussman to create two television comedies , The Ever After Part and The Second Coming of Rob . Bowie has written for Go Metric and The New York Press , and has authored a book on the cult movie Heathers . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Personal life ( edit ) A lapsed Episcopalian of Scots - Irish descent , he is married to comedian Jamie Denbo . They have a daughter and a son . He graduated from the Bayard Rustin High School for the Humanities in 1989 , and holds a B.A. in English from Ithaca College . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Road Trip Waiter Blackballed : The Bobby Dukes Story Daniel Benjamin What the Bleep Do We Know ! ? Elliot 2005 Life of the Party Bert 2006 The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause Rory 2007 Because I Said So Cute Food Spewing Guy 2008 Sex Drive Dr. Clark Teddescoe 2009 He 's Just Not That into You Dan the Wiccan Fully Loaded Richard 2013 iSteve John Sculley Internet movie The Heat FBI Agent 2016 Pet Jessup Between Us Patritzio Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 -- 2000 Upright Citizens Brigade Various 3 episodes Undeclared Television Presenter Episode : `` Sick in the Head '' 2003 A.U.S.A. Wally Berman 8 episodes Happy Family CocoNate Episode : `` The Juicer '' Joan of Arcadia Mr. Campbell Episode : `` Do the Math '' CSI : NY Lester Jayne Episode : `` American Dreamers '' Charmed Marcus Episode : `` Once in a Blue Moon '' Kevin Hill Wayne Ellis Episode : `` Making the Grade '' Girlfriends Ian Greenfield Episode : `` Porn to Write '' 2005 Las Vegas Adam Clemo Episode : `` Hit Me ! '' Cheap Seats : Without Ron Parker Client Episode : `` 1995 SuperDogs ! Superjocks ! '' 2005 -- 08 Reno 911 ! Various characters 4 episodes 2006 Psych George Cheslow Episode : `` Weekend Warriors '' 2007 Heroes Attorney Episode : `` Godsend '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Peter Ellis Episode : `` A La Cart '' 2008 Monk Tom Donovan Episode : `` Mr. Monk Joins a Cult '' The Mighty B ! Integritone 2 ( voice ) 2 episodes Worst Week Rob Episode : `` The Apartment '' 2009 Wizards Of Waverly Place Simon Episode : `` Fairy Tale '' Trust Me Episode : `` Way Beyond the Call '' Family Guy Unnamed character in Shoving Buddies ( voice ) Episode : `` Peter 's Progress '' Curb Your Enthusiasm John Fowler Episode : `` Denise Handicapped '' Glee Dennis Episode : `` Mattress '' 2009 -- present The Big Bang Theory Barry Kripke Recurring Cast Party Down Stuart Episode : `` Constance Carmell Wedding '' The Glades Joe Thomas Episode : `` Doppelganger '' Weeds Contest Organiser Episode : `` Pinwheels and Whirligigs '' Melissa & Joey Lewis Scanlon Episode : `` A Fright in the Attic '' 2010 -- 11 Childrens Hospital Dr. Max von Sydow 4 episodes 2010 -- 13 Good Luck Charlie Walter 2 episodes 2011 The Glee Project Dennis Episode : `` Individuality '' State of Georgia Professor Episode : `` Pilot '' Burn Notice Paul Burkowski Episode : `` No Good Deed '' Bones Lawrence Deighton Episode : `` The Prince in the Plastic '' 2012 House of Lies Spalding Winter Episode : `` Microphallus '' Happy Endings Michael Episode : `` You Snooze , You Bruise '' Retired at 35 Jared 7 episodes The League Dr. Pete Wyland Episode : `` Bro - Lo El Cordero '' 2012 -- 14 The Exes Jeff 2 episodes 2013 Whitney Eddie Episode : `` Two Broke Hearts '' Brooklyn Nine - Nine Sister Steve Episode : `` Halloween '' 2013 -- 15 Sofia the First Sven the Seahorse ( voice ) 2 episodes 2014 Episodes Psychiatrist 5 episodes About a Boy Fiona 's Male Boss Episode : `` About a Buble '' Riot Competitor Regular cast Hot in Cleveland Benny Episode : `` Undercover Lovers '' Newsreaders Pat Fenis Episode : `` Roswell , New Mexico ; Skip Goes to a Wedding '' The Wrong Mans David Kinsman 4 episodes 2014 -- 15 Chasing Life Paul Peters 7 episodes 2014 -- 16 @ midnight Himself 2 episodes 2015 Marry Me What 's - His - Name Episode : `` Test Me '' Fresh Off the Boat Lance Episode : `` We Done Son '' 2016 Love Rob Episode : `` It Begins '' Veep Focus Group Member Episode : `` C * * tgate '' 2016 -- present Speechless Jimmy DiMeo Main cast 2017 Death in Paradise Tyler McCarthy Episode : `` In the Footsteps of a Killer '' I 'm Sorry Episode : `` Butt Bumpers '' 2018 Big Hero 6 : The Series Dr. Mel Meyers ( voice ) Episode : `` Aunt Cass Goes Out '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeff Glucker ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Videos : Ford hires wisecracking , handsy puppet to promote 2012 Focus '' . autoblog.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Profile , Pulse2.com ; accessed November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Griner ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Lecherous Non-Human Pitching Ford Focus '' . adweek.blogs.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Profile , cincinnatiforddealerquotes.com ; accessed September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lies , Erica ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Talking to Seth Morris About Funny or Die , UCB , and First Dates with Toby Harris '' . splitsider.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' John Ross Bowie , Kevin Sussman developing Fox comedy '' . digitalspy.co.uk . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Duo Sell Semi-Autobiographical Comedy to CBS '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowie , John Ross ( 2011 ) . Heathers . Berkeley , CA : Soft Skull Press . ISBN 9781593764579 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bowieblog '' . Johnrossbowie.livejournal.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denbo , Jamie . `` Episode 60 : Jamie Denbo '' . The Mental Illness Happy Hour . Paul Gilmartin . mentalpod.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Funny Or Die ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' iSteve '' . funnyordie.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) John Ross Bowie on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0000 4472 0641 LCCN : no2005068939 VIAF : 68666283 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_Bowie&oldid=848314952 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people Male actors from New York City American male comedians American male film actors American male television actors People from Manhattan 21st - century American male actors American people of Scottish descent Comedians from New York City Upright Citizens Brigade Theater performers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Português 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 05 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	actor who plays kripke on big bang theory	[ "John Ross Bowie (born May 30, 1971) is an American actor and comedian best known for playing Barry Kripke on The Big Bang Theory and, beginning in 2016, Jimmy DiMeo on Speechless.\n" ]	[ "John Ross Bowie" ]
-4328390142368566798	Eight-ball	Eight - ball - wikipedia Eight - ball Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American - style game . For the British - style game often called `` 8 - ball pool '' , see Blackball ( pool ) . For other uses , see Eight - ball ( disambiguation ) . One of numerous proper rack s in standardized eight - ball : The two rear corner balls are of different suits , the 8 ball is in the center , and the apex ball is on the foot spot . Eight - ball ( often spelled 8 - ball or eightball , and sometimes called solids and stripes , spots and stripes in the UK or , more rarely , bigs and littles / smalls , and highs and lows ) is a pool ( pocket billiards ) game popular in much of the world , and the subject of international professional and amateur competition . Played on a pool table with six pockets , the game is so universally known in some countries that beginners are often unaware of other pool games and believe the word `` pool '' itself refers to eight - ball . The game has numerous variations , mostly regional . Standard eight - ball is the second most competitive professional pool game , after nine - ball , and for the last several decades ahead of straight pool . Eight - ball is played with cue sticks and 16 + balls : a cue ball , and 15 object ball s consisting of seven striped balls , seven solid - colored balls and the black 8 ball . After the balls are scattered with a break shot , the players are assigned either the group of solid balls or the stripes once a ball from a particular group is legally pocketed . The ultimate object of the game is to legally pocket the eight ball in a called pocket , which can only be done after all of the balls from a player 's assigned group have been cleared from the table . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Standardized rules of play 2.1 Equipment 2.2 Setup 2.3 Break 2.4 Turn - taking 2.5 Selection of the target group 2.6 Pocketing the 8 ball 2.7 Winning 2.8 Fouls 3 Informal rule variations by country 3.1 Canada 3.2 Latin America 3.3 New Zealand 3.4 North Africa 3.5 United Kingdom and Ireland 3.6 Pakistan 3.7 India 3.8 United States 4 Derivative games and variants 4.1 British - style variant 4.2 Eight - ball rotation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The game of eight - ball is derived from an earlier game invented around 1900 ( first recorded in 1908 ) in the United States and initially popularized under the name `` B.B.C. Co . Pool '' ( a name that was still in use as late as 1925 ) by the Brunswick - Balke - Collender Company . This forerunner game was played with seven yellow and seven red ball s , a black ball , and the cue ball . Today , numbered stripes and solids are preferred in most of the world , though the British - style offshoot , blackball , uses the traditional colors ( as did early televised `` casino '' tournaments in the U.S. ) . The game had relatively simple rules compared to today and was not added ( under any name ) to an official rule book ( i.e. , one published by a national or international sport governing body ) until 1940 . Standardized rules of play ( edit ) American - style eight - ball rules are played around the world by professionals , and in many amateur leagues . Nevertheless , the rules for eight - ball may be the most contested of any billiard game . There are several competing sets of `` official '' rules . The non-profit World Pool - Billiard Association ( WPA ) -- with national affiliates around the world , some of which long pre-date the WPA , such as the Billiard Congress of America ( BCA ) -- promulgates standardized rules as Pool Billiards -- The Rules of Play for amateur and professional play . Meanwhile , many amateur leagues -- such as the American Poolplayers Association ( APA ) / Canadian Poolplayers Association ( CPA ) , the Valley National Eight - ball Association ( VNEA , international in scope despite its historic name ) and the BCA Pool League ( BCAPL ) -- use their own rulesets ; most of these are at least loosely based on the WPA / BCA version . Millions of individuals play informally , using informal house rules which vary not only from area to area but even from venue to venue ( `` house rules '' ) . Equipment ( edit ) The regulation size of the table 's playing surface is 9 by 4.5 ft ( 2.7 by 1.4 m ) , though exact dimensions may vary slightly by manufacturer . Some leagues and tournaments using the World Standardized Rules may allow smaller sizes , down to 7 by 3.5 ft ( 2.1 by 1.1 m ) . Early 20th - century 10 by 5 ft ( 3.0 by 1.5 m ) models are occasionally also still used . WPA professional competition generally employs regulation tables , while the amateur league championships of various leagues , including ACS , BCAPL , VNEA , and APA , use the 7 foot tables in order to fit more of them into the hosting venue . There are seven solid - colored balls numbered 1 through 7 , seven striped balls numbered 9 through 15 , an 8 ball , and a cue ball . The balls are usually colored as follows : 1 and 9 : yellow 2 and 10 : blue 3 and 11 : red 4 and 12 : purple ( TV : pink ) 5 and 13 : orange 6 and 14 : green 7 and 15 : maroon ( TV : tan ) 8 : black Cue : white Special sets designed to be more easily discernible on television substitute a rather light tan shade for the normally darker brown of the 7 and 15 balls , and pink for the dark purple of the 4 and 12 ; these alternative - color sets are now also available to consumers . Setup ( edit ) To start the game , the object ball s are placed in a triangular rack . The base of the rack is parallel to the end rail ( the short end of the pool table ) and positioned so the apex ball of the rack is located on the foot spot . The balls in the rack are ideally placed so that they are all in contact with one another ; this is accomplished by pressing the balls together toward the apex ball . The order of the balls should be random , with the exceptions of the 8 ball , which must be placed in the center of the rack ( i.e. , the middle of the third row ) , and the two back corner balls , one of which must be a stripe and the other a solid . The cue ball is placed anywhere the breaker desires behind the head string . Break ( edit ) One person is chosen by some predetermined method ( e.g. , coin toss , lag , or win or loss of previous game or match ) to shoot first , using the cue ball to break the object - ball rack apart . In most leagues it is the breaker 's opponent who racks the balls , but in some , players break their own racks . If the breaker fails to make a successful break -- usually defined as at least four balls hitting cushions or an object ball being pocketed -- then the opponent can opt either to play from the current position or to call for a re-rack and either re-break or have the original breaker repeat the break . Long - exposure photograph of a break in eight - ball If the 8 ball is pocketed on the break then the breaker can choose either to re-spot the 8 ball and play from the current position or to re-rack and re-break ; but if the cue ball is also pocketed on the break then the opponent is the one who has the choice : either to re-spot the 8 ball and shoot with ball - in - hand behind the head string , accepting the current position , or to re-break or have the breaker re-break . ( For regional amateur variations , such as pocketing the 8 ball on the break resulting in instant win or loss , see `` Informal rule variations '' , below . ) Turn - taking ( edit ) A player ( or team ) continues to shoot until committing a foul or failing to legally pocket an object ball ( whether intentionally or not ) ; thereupon it is the turn of the opposing player ( s ) . Play alternates in this manner for the remainder of the game . Following a foul , the incoming player has ball - in - hand anywhere on the table , unless the foul occurred on the break shot , as noted previously . Selection of the target group ( edit ) At some point in the game , one of the players can select balls 1 -- 7 ( the `` solids '' ) or balls 9 -- 15 ( the `` stripes '' ) as their group ( or suit ) of object balls by legally pocketing a ball from one group . The other player is assigned the other suit . Balls pocketed on the break shot are not used to assign the suits . Once the suits have been assigned , they remain fixed throughout the remainder of the game . Pocketing the 8 ball ( edit ) Once all of a player 's ( or team 's ) group of object balls are pocketed , the player attempts to sink the 8 ball . In order to win the game the player first designates which pocket the 8 ball will be pocketed into and then successfully pockets the 8 ball into that pocket . If the player knocks the 8 ball off the table then the player loses the game . If the player pockets the 8 ball and commits a foul or pockets it into another pocket than the one designated then the player loses the game . ( For regional amateur variations , such as fouling while trying to pocket the 8 ball resulting in instant loss despite not pocketing the 8 , see `` Informal rule variations '' , below . ) Otherwise ( i.e. , if the 8 ball is neither pocketed nor knocked off the table ) the shooter 's turn is simply over , even if a foul occurs . In short , a World Standardized Rules game of eight - ball , like a game of nine - ball , is not over until the `` money ball '' is no longer on the table . This rule may be unfamiliar to some bar and league ( e.g. APA ) players , for whom such a foul normally means losing the game . The rule has been increasingly adopted by amateur leagues , including VNEA beginning with the 2008 / 2009 season , BCAPL , and USAPL . Winning ( edit ) Any of the following results in a player winning the game : The player legally pockets the 8 ball into a designated pocket , after all of that player 's object balls have been pocketed The opposing player illegally pockets the 8 ball ( e.g. , before clearing all of that player 's object balls , does so on the same shot as the last such object ball , or sinks the 8 ball into a pocket other than the one that was designated , or commits any foul , including scratching the cue ball into a pocket or knocking it off the table , while pocketing the 8 ball ) The opposing player knocks the 8 ball off the table Fouls ( edit ) The shooter fails to strike one of their own object balls ( or the 8 ball , if all of said object balls are already pocketed ) with the cue ball , before other balls ( if any ) are contacted by the cue ball . This excludes `` split '' shots , where the cue ball strikes one of the shooter 's and one of the opponent 's object balls simultaneously . No ball comes into contact with a cushion or is pocketed , after legal cue ball contact with the ( first ) object ball ( or 8 ball , if shooting for the 8 ) . If an attempt is made to pocket a ball , and the ball hits the pocket , bounces out and lands on the ground , the ball is placed in the pocket and the game continues . The shooter does not have at least one foot on the floor ( this requirement may be waived if the shooter has a relevant disability , or the venue has not provided a mechanical bridge ) . The cue ball is pocketed . The cue ball is shot before all balls have come to a complete stop from the previous shot . The cue ball does not strike any ball . The cue ball is struck more than once during a shot The cue ball is jumped entirely or partially over an obstructing ball with an illegal jump shot that scoops under the cue ball . The cue ball is clearly pushed ( shoved slowly , rather than struck ) , with the cue tip remaining in contact with it more than momentarily . The shooter touches the cue ball with something other than the tip of the cue . The shooter touches any ball ( with body , clothing or equipment ) , other than as necessary to move the cue ball when the player has ball - in - hand . The shooter knocks a ball off the table . The shooter has shot out - of - turn . On the break shot , no balls are pocketed and fewer than four balls reach the cushions ( in which case the incoming player can demand a re-rack and take the break or force the original breaker to re-break , or may take ball - in - hand behind the head string and shoot the balls as they lie ) if these fouls are made , the ball must be placed on the line and can only be hit forward . Informal rule variations by country ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Canada ( edit ) In Canada there are similar levels and types of variation as in the U.S. ( see below ) . One particularly common feature of Canadian bar pool is the `` hooked yourself on the 8 '' rule -- failure to hit the 8 ball when one is shooting for the 8 is a loss of game , unless one was hooked ( snooker ed ) by one 's opponent ( even then , if a pocket is called for the 8 , as opposed to `` just a shot '' , i.e. a safety , failure to hit the 8 is an instant loss ) . Pocketing an opponent 's object ball while shooting for the 8 , even if the shot was otherwise legal , is also a game - loser , often even in local league play . It is also an automatic loss if a player scratch es while shooting for the 8 , regardless of whether the eight ball is pocketed or not . `` Split '' shots , where the cue ball appears to simultaneously strike a legal and an opponent 's object balls , are generally considered legal shots in informal games , as long as they are called as split shots , and the hit is in fact simultaneous to the human eye . A further Canadian bar - pool rule is that a shot is a visit - ending ( but not ball - in - hand ) foul if one pockets one 's called shot but also pockets another ball incidentally , even if it is one 's own ( however , if that secondary pocketing was also called , the shot is legal , regardless of the order in which the balls were dropped ) . Finally , it is also a visit - ending foul if the cue ball touches any ball that is ultimately pocketed more than once on the same shot ( this is colloquially known as a `` double kiss '' ) , even if the player called for the ball to enter that particular pocket on the shot . Latin America ( edit ) The rack ed balls are often loose , crooked and / or not exactly on the foot spot ( it is not considered to matter ) , and the rack itself may be made of rubber , and flexible , making a tight rack physically impossible to achieve . Other than the 8 ball , other balls may be placed far more randomly than players in other areas would tolerate , with large clusters of solids together , and stripes with each other . In most of Latin America , including Mexico , shots are un - call ed , as in British pool ( i.e. slop shots count , a concept foreign to most American players other than APA league members ) . In many if not most areas ( Brazil being an exception ) , fouls result in ball - in - hand behind the head string only , as in American bar pool ( allowing for intentional scratches that leave the opponent a very difficult shot if all opponent balls are `` in the kitchen `` , behind the headstring ) . A common Latin American variant of `` last - pocket '' is that each player is allowed either one ( or even two ) cue - ball scratches when shooting for the 8 , which must be pocketed in the same pocket as the shooter 's final object ball . Such fouls simply end the shooter 's turn at the table and give the opponent ball - in - hand behind the head string ; only the second ( or third , respectively ) such scratch is a loss of game ( though scratching the 8 ball itself off the table or into the wrong pocket is an instant loss ) . This version is common even in US pool bars that are frequented by recent Latino immigrants . This requirement has a profound effect upon game strategy -- it is effectively 5 times harder to run out -- and most North American ( and British , etc . ) players are completely unprepared for it , unless they are last - pocket players . Players must be very mindful what they do with their last few balls , and common failure to get shape that allows for the last object - ball shot to set the player up for an easy 8 ball shot into the same pocket leads to long games with many bank , kick and kiss shots on the 8 . In some parts of Latin America , especially South America , the 1 ball often must be pocketed in the side pocket on the right - hand side of the table ( relative to the end of the table one breaks from ) , and the 15 ball must be pocketed in the left side pocket . This rule probably developed to make it harder to run out after the first shot . Position play takes a larger role in this variation , and a player 's strategy must necessarily initially revolve around getting the 1 or 15 in while preventing this opponent from doing likewise . When racking the balls for this variation , the 1 and 15 balls are placed behind the 8 ball at the center of the rack , the 1 ball on the left and the 15 ball on the right ( from the racker 's perspective ) . Latino last - pocket is virtually the only version of eight - ball played in Mexico , other than in the Mexico -- United States border area . Another variant in Latin America is that the only ball - in - hand ( behind the head string ) foul is scratch ing the cue ball into a pocket ; other fouls are simply loss - of - turn . In Mexico , a minority of players rack with the 8 ball rather than the apex ball on the foot spot , a trait in common with British - style blackball / 8 - ball pool . Pocketing the 8 ball on the break shot is an instant win , as it usually is in American bar pool , but is not in the international rules . Because Mexican pool , except near the US border , is almost always played on open - pocket pool - hall - style tables , rather than coin - operated tables that trap object balls , any of one 's own balls pocketed on a foul are spot ted ( but how they are spotted varies widely , with the balls often placed against the foot cushion on the center string , and adjacent to nearby diamonds if more than one must be spotted , instead of on the foot spot , but sometimes even to the side at long rail diamonds , due to the influence of coyote , a Mexican variant of Chicago ; foot - spot spotting is neither common nor uncommon . ) Pool itself is not considered a very serious game in the country other than in the northern states ; in most of Mexico , three - cushion billiards is the serious game , while pool is mostly played by youths , by groups of friends ( including many young women ) as a bar game to pass the time , and by older working - class men as an after - work activity . In many recreation halls , dominoes is more popular than pool . In many bars in Brazil ( and not an official rule ) , a foul is generally punished by pocketing the lowest - numbered ball of the opponent . In that case , the cue ball remains where it stopped , as ball - in - hand is not commonly used . Additionally , in the case of scratching the cue ball , the opponent places the cue ball in the kitchen , on the head spot , or most commonly anywhere inside the `` D '' , indicating some British snooker and / or blackball influence . New Zealand ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) New Zealand eight - ball in many respects is closer to British blackball , but with numbered balls being used . A `` D '' is typically drawn on the table above the baulk line ( as on a snooker table ) and the shooting player is required to place the cue ball within it on the break - off and after an opponent scratches . The shooting player can shoot the ball in any direction from within the `` D '' . If no `` D '' is drawn on the table then the `` forward play '' rule is followed : After a scratch , the player with ball - in - hand must shoot forward of the baulk line , i.e. towards the rack area , even if all legal balls are behind the baulk line . The `` two - shot rule '' of blackball may or may not be followed ; this depends on individual players and / or pubs . The `` nomination '' rule is unique to New Zealand : A player snooker ed on the 8 ball may nominate one of the opponent 's balls ( if any remain ) to hit as an alternative , legal `` ball on `` . However , the shooter is not permitted to pot ( pocket ) such a nominated ball -- doing so results in a loss of game . North africa ( edit ) In North African countries ( as in Latin America , but reversed ) , both the 1 and 15 balls must be pocketed in the sides , the 15 on the right and 1 on the left ( relative to the end of the table one breaks from ) . The North African version of the informal game is always played `` last - pocket `` . Ball - in - hand is not taken on fouls , and '' bank - the - 8 `` is a very common rule in addition to last - pocket . United Kingdom and Ireland ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2008 ) Further information : Blackball ( pool ) Pool is popularly played in two forms . Traditionally it is played with smaller balls than the internationally standardized version , on a 4.5 by 7 foot pub - sized table , with differently shaped , smaller pockets . The cue ball is also slightly smaller than the object balls . `` American - style '' pool tables are also common in the UK , especially for nine - ball competition ; the tables themselves are often referred to as `` nine - ball tables '' , with that game being played only rarely on the more common , smaller traditional British - style tables . The two most common competitive rule sets used on the traditional tables are WEPF world eightball pool rules ( replacing old EPA rules ) , and WPA world - standardized blackball rules . Most amateurs play `` pub rules '' , meaning the local rule variation established at that venue . The two standardized competitive rule sets have features which some amateur pub players object . As one example , WEPF rules permit intentional fouls . Despite opponents being awarded two visits for a standard foul in pub pool , for one to cause an intentional foul or to not try to play a legal shot is seen as unsportsmanlike ( as it is in pub / bar pool in the US and many other places ) . As another example , in WPA rules , rather than getting two independent visits after a foul , the incoming player gets one free shot and then play returns to normal . As most pub rules are based around old EPA rules , in which two visits are awarded ( rather than a free shot ) amateurs are often unhappy with this difference in blackball , although it is in no way as offensive as intentional fouls which are illegal in blackball and result in loss of frame . Not all differences are controversial . Both WEPF and WPA require a player to either pot on their visit , or drive any ball , including the white , into a cushion after hitting a legal object ball , or else they give a foul . Although the precise specifics of the rule are a mouthful , many amateur players find the it acceptable . It is primarily as a way to prevent `` tucking up '' , whereby a player does not attempt to pot and instead just rolls up to their object ball to use it to snooker their opponent ; tucking up is seen as unsporting , so being forced to play harder shots is quite welcomed . There are several sets of rules which use a combination of many others in an attempt to find a balance between WPA rules , which are seen as more aggressive , and WEPF rules which are often referred to , pejoratively , as `` chess '' because of the amount of safety play they encourage , which can drag a game out . Pakistan ( edit ) During game play , if the player fails to hit a ball of the designated group , or hits the opponent 's ball with the cue ball , then the opponent receives 2 shots unless the opponent has pocketed all his or her balls and only the 8 ball remains , in which case the opponent will only get one shot . In case of such a foul , the game continues with the player playing the cue ball at the place where it stopped . If a scratch occurs , then the opponent plays ball - in - hand , but is only allowed to place it anywhere in the D. However , that player may shoot the cue ball in any direction . Knocking a ball ( apart from the cue ball ) off the table carries no penalty . Instead , the misplaced ball is returned to its original place and the game continues . India ( edit ) If a scratch or other foul occurs while playing the 8 ball , as long as the opponent has at least one ball of his or her group present on the table and the 8 ball is not pocketed , the game continues . In both cases of this foul - on - the - 8 situation , the opponent gets two chances ( regardless of whether any balls are potted on the first chance ) before the fouling player may shoot again . In these circumstances , treatment of the cue ball depends on the type of foul . If the cue ball had been scratched , the cue ball must be placed behind the break line . If it was some other foul which had occurred while playing the 8 ball , the cue ball is not moved . If the incoming opponent scratches , the player who originally fouled now receives two chances . When the 8 ball is the only ball on the table , any kind of foul ends the game , and the opponent of the fouling player wins . United States ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) American bar players Most commonly of all in American bar pool -- sometimes called straight eight by its aficionados , and usually played on coin - operated , smaller tables -- a requirement may be that all shots be called in detail . This typically includes what balls and bank / kick cushions will be involved in the shot , and in what order . The shot considered a turn - ending ( but not ball - in - hand ) foul if not executed precisely as planned , but a loss of game if the `` foul '' shot pocketed the 8 ball . Contrariwise , some Americans hold that nothing other than the 8 ball has to be called in any way -- i.e. , that `` slop '' counts . In informal amateur play in most areas , the table will only be considered open if no balls were pocketed , or an equal number of stripes and solids were pocketed , or the cue ball was scratch ed ( into a pocket or off the table ) , on the break ; if an odd number of balls were legally pocketed , such as one solid and two stripes , or no solids and one stripe , the breaker must shoot the balls that were pocketed in the greatest quantity ( stripes in these examples ) . The table is almost never considered so open as for it to be legal to use a ball of the opposite suit , much less the 8 ball , as the first ball in a combination shot while the table is open ( despite this being perfectly legal in WPA World Standardized and many U.S. league rules ) . In non - money games it is fairly common for a foul break in which the rack was not struck at all ( e.g. , due to a miscue ) to be re-shot by the original breaker . Fouls , in common bar pool , that are not cue - ball scratches generally only cause loss of turn , with cue ball left in place ( even if it is hook ed ) . Even in the case of a scratch , this only results in ball - in - hand behind the head string . Regionally , there is a great deal of bar pool variation in the handling of fouls while shooting at and / or pocketing the 8 ball . In some cases any foul while shooting at but not pocketing the 8 is a loss of game , in others only a foul while otherwise successfully pocketing the 8 , and in yet others only certain fouls , such as also sinking an opponent 's ball and the 8 on the same shot , or hitting the 8 then cue - ball scratching , are game - losing . What is considered a foul further diverges from established , published rulesets . Scoop - under jump shot s are usually considered valid ( these are fouls in WPA and most league rules , as they are double - hit s , though few players realize it ) . When a cue ball is frozen or near - frozen to an object ball , shooting it dead - on , in line with both balls , is a foul in most formal rulesets ( as another kind of double - hit ) , but is generally tolerated in bar pool . Other U.S. bar pool oddities varying from area to area include : Knocking the cue ball off the table on the break may be an instant loss ; scratching on the break may be an instant loss ; pocketing the 8 ball on the break ( without scratching ) may be either an instant win or instant loss ( the latter being a rare variant ) ; no safeties may be allowed at all -- all shots may be required to be at least vaguely plausible attempts to pocket a legal ball ; all jump shots may be banned ; massé shots may be banned ; it may be illegal to use the 8 ball in any way in combinations , caroms , or kisses ; the 8 ball may be required to be pocketed `` cleanly '' in the sense of no contact with other object balls ( even if the kiss shot can be accurately called ) ; failure to hit one of one 's own object balls ( or the 8 if shooting for the 8 ) may be considered a `` table scratch '' that gives the opponent a shot in - hand from behind the head string ; failure to hit the 8 if shooting for the 8 may be a loss of game ; and a `` split '' shot , where the cue ball appears to simultaneously strike a legal ball and an opponent 's object ball , may be considered a legal shot , as long as it is called as a split shot , and the hit is simultaneous to the naked eye . `` Bank - the - 8 '' is a common American amateur variation , especially on coin - operated bar tables ( because it usually makes the game last longer ) , in which the 8 ball must be banked off one or more cushions ( kick shot s may also qualify in some versions ) , into the called pocket ; either player may suggest bank - the - eight at any time before or during the game , and the other may accept or refuse ; all other rules apply as usual . Playing bank - the - eight may be considered rude if other players are waiting for a turn at the table . A similarly motivated variant is `` last - pocket `` , in which the 8 ball must be pocketed in the same pocket as the shooting player 's last object ball ( i.e. , each player may be said to eventually `` own '' a pocket in which their 8 ball shot must be played if they have already run out their suit ) ; all other rules apply as usual . This variant is also popular in Mexico . Due probably to the influence of nine - ball , in which the 1 ball must be the apex ball of the rack , most American bar players traditionally rack a game of eight - ball with the 1 ball in this position . Racking is also typically done solid - stripe - solid - stripe - solid along the two sides of the rack , resulting in solids being on all three corners . This is not a legal rack in World Standardized Rules , nor any other notable league ruleset other than APA . Derivative games and variants ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2009 ) British - style variant ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Blackball ( pool ) In the United Kingdom , eight - ball pool ( and its internationally standardized variant blackball ) has evolved into an overall rather different game , influenced by English billiards and snooker , and has become popular in amateur competition in Britain , Ireland , Australia , and some other countries . As with American - style eight - ball , there are multiple competing standards bodies that have issued international rules . Aside from using unnumbered object balls ( except for the 8 ) , UK - style tables have pockets just larger than the balls . More than one type of rest is typically used . Most tables do not have diamond s on the rails , and consequently the racking spot is on the baulk line not at the second - diamond headstring . The rules significantly differ in numerous ways , including the handling of fouls , which may give the opponent two shots , racking ( the 8 ball , not the apex ball , goes on the spot ) , selection of which group of balls will be shot by which player , handling of frozen balls and snooker s , and many other details . The English Pool Association is recognized by the Sports Council as the governing body for pool including blackball in England . Eight - ball rotation ( edit ) Further information : Rotation ( pool ) The hybrid game eight - ball rotation is a combination of eight - ball and rotation , in which the players must pocket their balls ( other than the 8 , which remains last ) in numerical order . Specifically , the solids player starts by pocketing the 1 ball and ascends to the 7 ball , and the stripes player starts by pocketing the 15 ball and descends to the 9 ball . See also ( edit ) List of World Eight - ball Champions References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` Scottish Pool Association '' . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Shamos , Mike ( 1999 ) . The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards . New York : Lyons Press . ISBN 1 - 55821 - 797 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jewett , Bob ( February 2002 ) . `` 8 - Ball Rules : The Many Different Versions of One of Today 's Most Common Games '' . Billiards Digest Magazine : 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Hickok , Ralph ( 2001 ) . `` Sports History : Pocket Billiards '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Shamos , Mike ( 1995 -- 2005 ) . `` A Brief History of the Noble Game of Billiards '' . Billiard Congress America . Archived from the original on 27 January 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Pool Billiards -- The Rules of Play ( PDF ) . World Pool - Billiard Association . January 1 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ENGLISH POOL ASSOCIATION '' . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ENGLISH POOL ASSOCIATION '' . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Pool - Billiard Association - 9 Ball Rules '' . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ See for example : Mauro , Ted ( 2007 ) . `` Billiard Rules ? Bar Rules , League Rules , Which Rules Are Straight Eight ? '' . Pool-Billiards-Game.com . Pueblo , Colorado : self - published . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 . Many other blogs and offline personal writings can confirm this author 's take on the matter , but little authoritative has been written on the subject , as `` bar pool '' is of little consequence in the world of organized pool . Jump up ^ English Pool Association External links ( edit ) World Pool - Billiard Association ( hide ) Cue sports Pool games Nine - ball Eight - ball Straight pool Ten - ball Blackball Artistic pool and trick shots Bank pool Baseball pocket billiards Bottle pool Bowliards Chicago Chinese eight - ball Cowboy pool Cribbage Cutthroat Golf Honolulu Kelly pool Killer One - pocket Rotation Seven - ball Speed pool Three - ball Carom billiards Three - cushion Five - pins and goriziana Artistic billiards Balkline and straight rail Cushion caroms Four - ball Other games Snooker Snooker - plus English billiards Russian pyramid Kaisa Bumper pool Bagatelle Bar billiards Novuss Carrom Resources Glossary Techniques Billiard table Billiard ball Billiard hall Cue stick Rack Major tournaments UMB World Three - cushion Championship World Snooker Championship champions Six - red World Championship WPA World Nine - ball Championship champions WPA World Ten - ball Championship World Straight Pool Championship WPA World Eight - ball Championship champions World Cup of Pool Mosconi Cup World Pool Masters Tournament Cue sports at the World Games Categories Cue sports Players Organizations Competitions The rules of games in italics are standardized by international sanctioning bodies . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eight-ball&oldid=840526752 '' Categories : Pool ( cue sports ) Sports originating in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from March 2011 Articles to be expanded from August 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2008 Articles to be expanded from June 2009 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย 粵語中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 13 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the 8 ball go in pool	[ "To start the game, the object balls are placed in a triangular rack. The base of the rack is parallel to the end rail (the short end of the pool table) and positioned so the apex ball of the rack is located on the foot spot. The balls in the rack are ideally placed so that they are all in contact with one another; this is accomplished by pressing the balls together toward the apex ball. The order of the balls should be random, with the exceptions of the 8 ball, which must be placed in the center of the rack (i.e., the middle of the third row), and the two back corner balls, one of which must be a stripe and the other a solid. The cue ball is placed anywhere the breaker desires behind the head string." ]	[ "placed in the center of the rack" ]
1692233591759487538	1st Ranger Battalion (United States)	1st Ranger Battalion ( United States ) - Wikipedia 1st Ranger Battalion ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1st Battalion , 75th Ranger Regiment 1st Ranger Battalion shoulder sleeve insignia Active 1942 -- 44 , 1948 -- 51 , 1974 -- present Country United States of America Branch United States Army Type Specialized Light infantry Role Special operations Size Battalion Part of 75th Ranger Regiment Garrison / HQ Hunter Army Airfield , Georgia Engagements World War II North Africa campaign Italian Campaign Korean War Vietnam War Operation Eagle Claw Operation Urgent Fury Operation Just Cause Gulf War War on terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Operation Inherent Resolve Commanders Notable commanders William Orlando Darby Insignia Distinctive unit insignia Unit beret flash The 1st Ranger Battalion , currently based at Hunter Army Airfield in Savannah , Georgia , United States , is the first of three ranger battalions belonging to the United States Army 's 75th Ranger Regiment . It was originally formed shortly after the United States ' entry into World War II and was modeled after the British Commandos during the war . Members from the unit were the first American soldiers to see combat in the European theater when they participated in the failed raid on Dieppe in France in 1942 , during which three Rangers were killed and several more were captured . Later , the 1st Ranger Battalion was sent to North Africa where they participated in the landings in Algeria and the fighting in Tunisia in 1943 . Also in 1943 the unit provided cadre for two more Ranger battalions created between the campaigns in Sicily and Italy . After World War II , the 1st Ranger Battalion has gone through a number of changes of name and composition as it has been activated , deactivated and reorganized on a number of occasions . However , the unit has lived on in one form or another since then , serving in the Korean and Vietnam Wars before being consolidated into the 75th Ranger Regiment of which it is a part today . Recent deployments have included operations in both Iraq and Afghanistan as part of the wider global war on terrorism . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation 1.2 World War II 1.2. 1 1st Battalion goes active 1.2. 2 North Africa 1.2. 3 Sicily and Italy 1.2. 4 Postwar 1.3 Korea 1.4 Vietnam 1.5 Post-Vietnam 1.6 War on Terror 2 Honors 2.1 Campaign participation credit 2.1. 1 World War II 2.1. 2 Korean War 2.1. 3 Vietnam 2.1. 4 Armed Forces Expeditions 2.1. 5 Global War on Terror 2.2 Decorations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) Major General Lucian Truscott , U.S. Army , in liaison with the British General Staff , submitted proposals to General George Marshall that `` we undertake immediately an American unit along the lines of the British Commandos '' in 1942 . A subsequent cable from the U.S. Department of War authorized the activation of the 1st U.S. Army Ranger Battalion . After much deliberation , Company A , 1st Ranger Battalion was constituted on 27 May 1942 . Captain William Orlando Darby , 31 - year - old graduate of West Point with amphibious training , was chosen as its commanding officer . Within weeks he was promoted to major for his efforts in organizing the unit . Of the 1,500 men to volunteer for the original Ranger Battalion , only 600 were chosen . Eighty percent of these original Rangers came from the Red Bulls U.S. 34th Infantry Division . On 19 June 1942 , Company A , 1st Ranger Battalion , was officially activated in Carrickfergus , Northern Ireland . A select team of four officers toured the existing commando training camps and selected the center at Achnacarry , Scotland for the Rangers . Here they underwent intense training . Coached by the battle - seasoned commando instructors ( commanded by Lt. Col. Charles Vaughan ) , the Rangers learned the basics of commando warfare . Five hundred of the 600 volunteers ( 83.33 % ) that Darby brought with him to Achnacarry completed the commando training . Many could not endure the exercises ; one Ranger was killed , while several others were wounded in training so realistic that it was executed under live fire . World War II ( edit ) 1st Battalion goes active ( edit ) The first Americans to see active combat in the European theater of World War II were forty - four enlisted men and five officers from the 1st Ranger Battalion . Dispersed among the Canadians and the British commandos , these men were the first American ground soldiers to see action against the Germans in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , officially known as Operation Rutter . Three Rangers were killed and several captured . The first American soldier killed in Europe in World War II was part of the Dieppe Raid , Ranger Lieutenant E.V. Loustalot . During the mission , the British Captain leading the assault was killed . Loustalot took command and with his men attacked a clifftop machine gun nest . Scaling the steep cliff , Loustalot was wounded three times and then was killed by enemy crossfire . North Africa ( edit ) The first efforts to stop the German infiltration of Europe were by the 1st Ranger Battalion . Attempting to prevent German occupation of seaports in North Africa , the 1st Ranger Battalion spearheaded an invasion at the Port of Arzew in Algeria . This was accomplished by executing a surprise night landing , silencing two gun batteries , and opening the way for the capture of Oran . In Tunisia in 1943 , the 1st Battalion executed the first Ranger behind - the - lines night raid for the purpose of gaining information and terrorizing the enemy . On 11 February the Rangers took a 32 - mile ( 51 km ) journey , 12 on foot , for their first raid on an Italian camp at Sened Station . Using the cloak of night , the Rangers slipped in 50 yards ( 46 m ) of the Italian outpost and began their attack . It took the battalion only 20 minutes to achieve area control . Fifty enemy were killed and an additional 10 were taken prisoner . Darby , along with fellow commanders , was awarded the Silver Star for this victory and the battalion itself gained the nickname the `` Black Death '' by the Italians . Later , in March , American units were decimated time and again while trying to break through the critical mountain pass at Djbel Ank . Given this mission , the 1st Rangers undertook a twelve - mile ( 19 km ) night march through rugged terrain to reach the heights of Djbel Ank where , at dawn , the Rangers surprised the enemy from the rear , capturing two hundred prisoners and giving General Patton an opening though which he began the final and victorious battle in North Africa . Rangers played a crucial role in the battle of El Guettar which immediately followed , for which the First Ranger Battalion won its first Presidential Unit Citation ( US ) . Sicily and Italy ( edit ) The early success of the 1st Ranger Battalion brought about the creation of the 3rd and 4th Battalions . The original 1st Battalion was divided into thirds . One third of the Headquarters and each company was placed in each of the Battalions 1 - 3 - 4 . 3rd Ranger Battalion was Activated on 21 May 1943 at Nemours , Morocco , while 4th Ranger Battalion was activated on 29 May 1943 in Tunisia . To provide command and control for these three Ranger Battalions , the 6615th Ranger Force ( Provisional ) was established . This force was rounded out with the addition of the 83rd Chemical Mortar Battalion , and the 2 / 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment . The battle seasoned 1st Battalion moved into their newly assigned positions and trained their Ranger colleagues . The 1 - 3 - 4 Battalions were trained under Darby in Nemours , Morocco and prepared for the invasion of Sicily and Italy . Following the 1st Ranger Battalion success at the Amphibious Battle of Gela , all four of the initial Ranger Battalions were redesignated as Ranger Infantry Battalions on 1 August 1943 Had it not been for the accomplishments of the 1st Ranger Battalion in the early entry of WWII , there would be no Rangers today . Their successful invasions in North Africa opened the sea and its ports for the Allied forces . The Allies were now able to move ships and equipment to support subsequent campaigns , enabling the later forces to successfully infiltrate enemy lines along the African coast , in Sicily , and up into Italy . The Ranger Force targeted Salerno on 9 September 1943 , and participated in the Naples - Foggia Campaign . Then they moved on to Anzio on 22 January 1944 . The entire 6615th Ranger Force ( Provisional ) was destroyed behind enemy lines in a heavily outnumbered encounter at Cisterna , Italy on 31 January 1944 , and was officially disbanded on 15 August 1944 . The 4th Ranger Battalion suffered some casualties while attempting to break through enemy lines to rescue their comrades in the 1st and 3rd Battalions . The 1st , 3rd , and 4th Battalions were known as Darby 's Rangers . Postwar ( edit ) The 1st Ranger Infantry Battalion , in response to parallel missions in Berlin , was reconstituted on 1 September 1948 as Company A , 1st Infantry Battalion , and activated in the Canal Zone . It served there until it was inactivated on 4 January 1950 . Korea ( edit ) The outbreak of hostilities in Korea in June 1950 again signaled the need for Rangers . Colonel John Gibson Van Houten was selected by the Army Chief of Staff to head the Ranger training program at Ft . Benning , Georgia . 1st Ranger Infantry Company ( Airborne ) departed from Ft . Benning , Georgia on 15 November 1950 , and arrived in Korea on 17 December 1950 , where it was attached to the 2nd Infantry Division . The 1st Ranger Infantry Company ( Airborne ) opened with an extraordinary example of land navigation , then executed a daring night raid 9 miles ( 14 km ) behind enemy lines destroying an enemy complex . The enemy installation was later identified by a prisoner as the Headquarters of the 12th North Korean Division . Caught by surprise and unaware of the size of the American force , two North Korean Regiments hastily withdrew from the area . The 1st Company was in the middle of the major battle of Chipyong - Ni and the `` May Massacre . '' It was awarded two Distinguished Unit Citations . As a result of budgetary considerations , the US Army spent much of the 1950s and 1960s consolidating and redesignating units that were on inactive status . This unit was redesignated 24 November 1952 as Company A , 1st Ranger Infantry Battalion , in inactive status and was consolidated on 15 April 1960 with the A Company , 1st Battalion , 1st Regiment , 1st Special Service Force , and the consolidated unit was redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 7th Special Forces Group ( SFG ) , 1st Special Forces Group . The unit was further consolidated 6 June 1960 with Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 77th Special Forces Group , and the consolidated unit was designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 7th SFG , 1st SFG ( organic elements constituted 20 May 1960 and activated 6 June 1960 ) . Vietnam ( edit ) On 1 January 1969 , under the new U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System ( CARS ) , U.S. Army Rangers were re-formed in South Vietnam as the 75th Infantry Regiment ( Ranger ) . Fifteen companies of Rangers , two of which ( A-75 & B - 75 ) were based in the USA , were raised from units that had been performing missions in Europe since the late 1950s and in Vietnam since 1966 as Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol and Long Range Patrol companies . Post-vietnam ( edit ) After the Vietnam conflict , division and brigade commanders determined that the U.S. Army needed an elite , rapid deployment , light infantry , so in 1974 General Creighton Abrams charged General Kenneth C. Leuer with the task of activating , organizing , training and leading the first battalion sized Ranger unit since World War II . Because of the success of the 1st Ranger Battalion ; eight months later , the 2nd Ranger Battalion was constituted , and in 1984 the 3rd Ranger Battalion and their regimental headquarters were created . The 1st Ranger Battalion have participated in the following operations : the 1980 rescue attempt of American hostages , Tehran , Iran in ( Operation Eagle Claw ) ; Operation Urgent Fury on Grenada in 1983 ; the U.S. invasion of Panama ( Operation Just Cause ) in 1989 ; Bravo Company , 1st Battalion was deployed in the First Persian Gulf War ( Operations Desert Storm and Desert Shield ) in 1991 ; soldiers from the 1st , 2nd , and 3rd Ranger Battalions deployed to Haiti in 1994 ( before operation 's cancellation ; recalled 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) from the Haitian coast ) ; the entire Ranger Regiment is on deployment since the start of the Iraq War , in 2003 . War on Terror ( edit ) A Ranger from the 1st Ranger Battalion scans for insurgents during a combat operation in Afghanistan , April 17 , 2013 Since December 2001 , after the events of 9 / 11 , elements of Headquarters Company and Company A deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan . In 2002 , the entire battalion returned to Afghanistan to support the continuing Global War on Terrorism , in March 2002 , during Operation Anaconda , 35 Rangers from the Battalion had been assigned as QRF for all Task Force 11 operations , but only half of the platoon was available for the Battle of Takur Ghar . In 2003 , 1st Battalion participated in combat operations in support of Iraq War , conducting missions across the entire country of Iraq . 290 Rangers from the battalion and 2nd Battalion distinguished itself during the successful rescue of the prisoner - of - war , PFC Jessica Lynch . The battalion currently supports the Global War on Terrorism , regularly rotating elements to Afghanistan continuing to successfully dismantle terrorist networks ; For actions between November 14 -- 16 , 2010 , Charlie Company received the Valorous Unit Award for extraordinary heroism , combat achievement and conspicuous gallantry while executing combat operations in support of a named operation . With ISAFs surge in Afghanistan at its peak in summer 2011 , for actions in support of Operation Enduring Freedom between May 15 - August 28 , 2011 that included : conducting continuous combat operations , including time sensitive raids and deliberate movement to contact operations while in enemy held terrain out of reach by other friendly forces , in places like Khost , Paktika and Nangarhar Province , the battalion received the Meritorious Unit Citation in particular its Bravo Company received the Valorous Unit Award ; 2 Rangers from the battalion were killed during this time . Primary tasks include : direct action , national and international emergency crisis response , airfield seizure , airborne & air assault operations , special reconnaissance , intelligence & counter intelligence , combat search and rescue , personnel recovery & hostage rescue , joint special operations , and counter terrorism . Peter Kassig , a former Ranger who was with the 1st Ranger Battalion , 75th Ranger Regiment , later became an aid worker in Syria . He was taken hostage by The Islamic State , and ultimately beheaded . Honors ( edit ) Campaign participation credit ( edit ) World War II ( edit ) Algeria - French Morocco ( with arrowhead ) Tunisia Sicily ( with arrowhead ) < Naples - Foggia ( with arrowhead ) Anzio ( with arrowhead ) < Rome - Arno Korean War ( edit ) CCF Intervention First UN Counteroffensive CCF Spring Offensive UN Summer - Fall Offensive Vietnam ( edit ) Counteroffensive , Phase VI Tet 69 / Counteroffensive Summer - Fall 1969 Winter - Spring 1970 Sanctuary Counteroffensive Counteroffensive , Phase VII Consolidation I Armed Forces Expeditions ( edit ) Grenada ( with arrowhead ) Panama ( with arrowhead ) Global War on Terror ( edit ) GWOT ( expeditionary ) Afghanistan Service Medal Iraq Service Medal Valorous Unit Award Joint Meritorious Unit Award Decorations ( edit ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for the Battle of El Guettar Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for SALERNO Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for Pointe Du Hoc Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for SAAR RIVER AREA Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for MYITKYINA Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for CHIPYONG - NI Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for HONGCHON Valorous Unit Award for VIETNAM -- II CORPS AREA Valorous Unit Award for GRENADA Joint Meritorious Unit Award for PANAMA Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM 1969 -- 1970 Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM 1970 -- 1971 Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal , First Class for VIETNAM 1969 -- 1971 Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for Afghanistan Valorous Unit Award for Iraq See also ( edit ) Rogers ' Rangers United States Army Rangers Ranger Creed Ranger School Darby 's Rangers ( 1958 film ) References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document `` Lineage and Honors -- 1st Battalion , 75th Ranger Regiment '' . Jump up ^ `` DoD Identifies Soldier Killed by Vehicle Rollover in Syria '' . Military.com. 28 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1st Ranger Battalion '' . U.S. Army Ranger Association . Fort Benning , GA. 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1st Ranger Battalion '' . www.rangerfamily.org. 2002 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army Rangers '' . The Saving Private Ryan Online Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Col. William O. Darby The Ranger Who Led the Way '' . www.defensemedianetwork.com. 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bahmanyar , Mir ( 2003 ) . Darby 's Rangers 1942 - 1945 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . p. 18 . ISBN 1841766275 . ^ Jump up to : `` Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 1st Battalion 75th Ranger Regiment '' . Lineage And Honors Information . Army Center of Military History . 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ranger Infantry Companies ( Airborne ) of the Korean War '' . U.S. Army Rangers. 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War '' . U.S. Army Ranger Association . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Highly Trained and Rapidly Mobile Force '' . 75th Ranger Regiment , 1st Ranger Battalion . U.S. Army . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Rangers '' . U.S. Army Ranger Association . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 64 - 65 , p. 67 - 69 , Jump up ^ `` HONOR OUR FALLEN '' . leadtheway.org . Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 Jump up ^ `` 75th Ranger Regiment '' . US Army . Jump up ^ `` 75th Ranger Regiment '' . US Army . Jump up ^ `` 1st Battalion , 75th Ranger Regiment honors its heroes '' . armymil. 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Tan , Michelle ( 31 October 2012 ) . `` Rangers awarded medals for Afghanistan heroics '' . Army Times . Gannett Government Media Corporation . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Marrow , Joyce E. ( 16 December 2009 ) . `` General Orders No. 2009 - 15 '' ( PDF ) . Headquarters . United States Army . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Darby 's Rangers Tribute Site . Oral history interview with Raymond T. Sadoski , a member of Darby 's Rangers during WWII from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University U.S. Army Ranger Association 75th Ranger Regiment , 1st Ranger Battalion U.S. Army Rangers roll of honor , awards and images . 1st Ranger Battalion - Invasion in Sicily European Center of Military History ( hide ) United States Army Rangers Rangers of British America and the United States Army British American Rangers King Philip 's War , King William 's War , Queen Anne 's War Church 's Rangers King George 's War , Father Le Loutre 's War , French and Indian War Gorham 's Rangers , French and Indian War Rogers ' Rangers ; Danks ' Rangers , Burke 's Rangers American Revolutionary War Butler 's Rangers , Queen 's Rangers United States Army Rangers American Revolutionary War 2nd Legionary Corps Armand 's Legion Knowlton 's Rangers Whitcomb 's Rangers American Civil War 43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry ( Mosby 's Rangers ) 7th Virginia Cavalry Marion 's Men Loudoun Rangers World War II 1st Ranger Battalion 2nd Ranger Battalion 3rd Ranger Battalion 4th Ranger Battalion 5th Ranger Battalion 6th Ranger Battalion Merrill 's Marauders 29th Ranger Battalion Modern Rangers Korean War Ranger Companies 75th Ranger Infantry Regiment ( Airborne ) 75th Ranger Regiment See also Ranger Creed Ranger Memorial Ranger Assessment and Selection Program Ranger School Ranger tab Rangers Standing Orders RSLC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Ranger_Battalion_(United_States)&oldid=825722986 '' Categories : Ranger battalions of the United States Army Active Ranger battalions of the United States Army Hidden categories : Use American English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Army Center of Military History Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 01 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	1st battalion 75th ranger regiment hunter army airfield address	[ "The 1st Ranger Battalion, currently based at Hunter Army Airfield in Savannah, Georgia, United States, is the first of three ranger battalions belonging to the United States Army's 75th Ranger Regiment." ]	[ "Hunter Army Airfield in Savannah, Georgia, United States" ]
4658947845742284093	Seattle Seahawks	Seattle Seahawks - wikipedia Seattle Seahawks Jump to : navigation , search `` Seahawks '' redirects here . For other uses , see Seahawk ( disambiguation ) . Seattle Seahawks Current season Established June 4 , 1974 ; 43 years ago ( 1974 - 06 - 04 ) First season : 1976 Play in CenturyLink Field Seattle , Washington Headquartered in the Virginia Mason Athletic Center Renton , Washington Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1976 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1977 -- 2001 ) AFC West ( 1977 -- 2001 ) National Football Conference ( 1976 , 2002 -- present ) NFC West ( 1976 , 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors College Navy , Action Green , Wolf Grey Mascot Blitz , Boom , Taima the Hawk ( live Augur hawk ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Paul Allen Chairman Paul Allen CEO Peter McLoughlin President Peter McLoughlin General manager John Schneider Head coach Pete Carroll Team history Seattle Seahawks ( 1976 -- present ) Team nicknames The ' Hawks The Blue Wave ( 1984 -- 1986 ) The Legion of Boom ( secondary , 2011 -- present ) Championships League championships ( 1 ) Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) Conference championships ( 3 ) NFC : 2005 , 2013 , 2014 Division championships ( 10 ) AFC West : 1988 , 1999 NFC West : 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 16 ) NFL : 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Kingdome ( 1976 -- 1999 ) Husky Stadium ( 2000 -- 2001 ) CenturyLink Field ( 2002 -- present ) The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle , Washington . The Seahawks compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The Seahawks joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team . The Seahawks are owned by Paul Allen and are currently coached by Pete Carroll . Since 2002 , the Seahawks have played their home games at CenturyLink Field ( formerly Qwest Field ) , located south of downtown Seattle . The Seahawks previously played home games in the Kingdome ( 1976 -- 1999 ) and Husky Stadium ( 1994 , 2000 -- 2001 ) . The Seahawks are the only NFL franchise based in the Pacific Northwest region of North America , and thus attract support from a wide geographical area , including some parts of Oregon , Montana , Idaho , and Alaska , as well as Canadian fans in British Columbia and Alberta . Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the `` 12th Man '' , `` 12th Fan '' , or `` 12s '' . The Seahawks ' fans have twice set the Guinness World Record for the loudest crowd noise at a sporting event , first on September 15 , 2013 , registering 136.6 dB during a game against the San Francisco 49ers and again on December 2 , 2013 , during a Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints , with a then record - setting 137.6 dB . Over the years several notable players have been Seahawks , including Shaun Alexander , Michael Bennett , Brian Blades , Brian Bosworth , Nate Boyer , Chad Brown , Dave Brown , Nate Burleson , Kenny Easley , Joey Galloway , Russell Wilson , Jimmy Graham , Jacob Green , Matt Hasselbeck , Steve Hutchinson , Walter Jones , Cortez Kennedy , Dave Krieg , Steve Largent , Marshawn Lynch , Joe Nash , Paul Richardson , Sheldon Richardson , Eugene Robinson , Michael Robinson , Sidney Rice , Richard Sherman , Michael Sinclair , Mack Strong , Golden Tate , Lofa Tatupu , Marcus Trufant , Curt Warner , Chris Warren , Fredd Young and Jim Zorn as well as , for a brief time , Hall of Famers Carl Eller , Franco Harris , Warren Moon , John Randle , and Jerry Rice . Largent ( 1995 ) , Kennedy ( 2012 ) , Jones ( 2014 ) , and Easley ( 2017 ) have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks . Brown , Easley , Green , Jones , Kennedy , Krieg , Largent , Warner , and Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross ( radio announcer ) and Chuck Knox ( head coach ) . The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships . They are the only team to have played in both the AFC and NFC Championship Games . They have appeared in three Super Bowls : losing 21 -- 10 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL , defeating the Denver Broncos 43 -- 8 for their first championship in Super Bowl XLVIII , and losing 28 -- 24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX . They are also the first , and to date only , post-merger expansion team in NFL history to play in consecutive Super Bowl games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1976 -- 1982 : Expansion era 1.2 1983 -- 1991 : Chuck Knox era 1.3 1990s era 1.4 1999 -- 2008 : Mike Holmgren era 1.5 2009 : Jim Mora 's single season 1.6 2010 -- present : Pete Carroll era 1.6. 1 2013 : First Super Bowl championship 2 Rivalries 2.1 San Francisco 49ers 2.2 Carolina Panthers 2.3 Denver Broncos 3 Super Bowl appearances 4 Headquarters and training camps 5 Logos and uniforms 6 Seasons and overall records 7 Team records 8 Players of note 8.1 Current roster 8.2 35th Anniversary Team ( 2010 ) 8.3 Retired numbers 8.4 Pro Football Hall of Famers 9 Front office and coaching staff 9.1 Current staff 9.2 Previous head coaches 10 Sea Gals ( cheerleaders ) 11 12th Man 12 Traditions 13 Team owners 14 Radio and television 14.1 Radio affiliates 14.1. 1 Washington 14.1. 2 Alaska 14.1. 3 Idaho 14.1. 4 Montana 14.1. 5 Oregon 14.1. 6 British Columbia 15 See also 16 Notes and references 17 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Further information : History of the Seattle Seahawks Further information : List of Seattle Seahawks seasons 1976 -- 1982 : expansion era ( edit ) As per one of the agreed parts of the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger , the NFL began planning to expand from 26 to 28 teams . In June 1972 , Seattle Professional Football Inc. , a group of Seattle business and community leaders , announced its intention to acquire an NFL franchise for the city of Seattle . In June 1974 , the NFL gave the city an expansion franchise . That December , NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle announced the official signing of the franchise agreement by Lloyd W. Nordstrom , representing the Nordstrom family as majority partners for the consortium . In March 1975 , John Thompson , former Executive Director of the NFL Management Council and a former Washington Huskies executive , was hired as the general manager of the new team . The name Seattle Seahawks ( `` Seahawk '' is another name for Osprey ) was selected on June 17 , 1975 after a public naming contest which drew more than 20,000 entries and over 1,700 names . Thompson recruited and hired Jack Patera , a Minnesota Vikings assistant coach , to be the first head coach of the Seahawks ; the hiring was announced on January 3 , 1976 . The expansion draft was held March 30 -- 31 , 1976 , with Seattle and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers alternating picks for rounds selecting unprotected players from the other 26 teams in the league . The Seahawks were awarded the 2nd overall pick in the 1976 draft , a pick they used on defensive tackle Steve Niehaus . The team took the field for the first time on August 1 , 1976 in a pre-season game against the San Francisco 49ers in the then newly constructed Kingdome . Hall of Fame safety Kenny Easley , a defensive unit leader for Seattle in the 1980s , was a top defensive player in the NFL and one of the Seahawks ' all - time greatest players . The Seahawks are the only NFL team to switch conferences twice in the post-merger era . The franchise began play in 1976 in the aforementioned NFC West but switched conferences with the Buccaneers after one season and joined the AFC West . This realignment was dictated by the league as part of the 1976 expansion plan , so that both expansion teams could play each other twice and every other NFL franchise once ( the ones in their conference at the time ) during their first two seasons . The Seahawks won both matchups against the Buccaneers in their first two seasons , the former of which was the Seahawks ' first regular season victory . 1983 -- 1991 : Chuck Knox era ( edit ) In 1983 , the Seahawks hired Chuck Knox as head coach . Finishing with a 9 -- 7 record , the Seahawks made their first post-season appearance , defeating the Denver Broncos in the Wild Card Round , and then the Miami Dolphins , before losing in the AFC Championship to the Los Angeles Raiders . The following season , the Seahawks had their best season before 2005 , finishing 12 -- 4 . Knox won the NFL Coach of the Year Award . In 1988 , Ken Behring and partner Ken Hofmann purchased the team for $79 million or $99 million ( both numbers have been reported ) . The Seahawks won their first division title in 1988 , but from 1989 to 1998 had poor records ; their best record in that span came in 1990 , when the team finished 9 -- 7 , and the lowest point came in 1992 when the team finished with its worst record in team history , 2 -- 14 . 1990s era ( edit ) In 1996 , Behring and Hoffman transferred the team 's operations to Anaheim , California , a widely criticized move , although the team continued to play in Seattle . The team almost relocated , and was in bankruptcy for a short period . The NFL threatened Behring with fining him $500,000 a day if he did n't move the team 's operations back to Seattle ; with this , Behring and Hoffman sold the team to Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen in 1997 , for $200 million , and in 1999 Mike Holmgren was hired as head coach . He would coach for 10 seasons . The Seahawks won their second division title , as well as a wild card berth in the playoffs . 1999 -- 2008 : Mike Holmgren era ( edit ) In 2002 , the Seahawks returned to the NFC West as part of an NFL realignment plan that gave each conference four balanced divisions of four teams each . This realignment restored the AFC West to its initial post-merger roster of original AFL teams Denver , San Diego , Kansas City , and Oakland . Matt Hasselbeck played as the Seahawks quarterback from 2001 -- 2010 and led the team to six postseason appearances and a Super Bowl appearance . In the 2005 season , the Seahawks had their best season in franchise history ( a feat that would later be matched in 2013 ) with a record of 13 -- 3 , which included a 42 - 0 rout of the Philadelphia Eagles on December 5 , a game since referred to as the Monday Night Massacre . The 13 - 3 record earned them the number one seed in the NFC . They won the NFC Championship Game in 2005 , but lost in Super Bowl XL against the Pittsburgh Steelers . The loss was controversial ; NFL Films has Super Bowl XL at number 8 on its top ten list of games with controversial referee calls . Referee Bill Leavy later admitted that he missed calls that altered the game . Before 2005 , Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team , dating back to the 1984 season . That drought was ended with a 20 -- 10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs . 2009 : Jim Mora 's single season ( edit ) In the 2009 NFL season , the Seahawks finished 3rd in the NFC West with a 5 - 11 record . Shortly after his first full season with the Seahawks , head coach Jim L. Mora was fired on January 8 , 2010 . Mora was replaced by former USC Trojans football head coach , Pete Carroll . Shortly thereafter , Mora became the head coach for the UCLA Bruins football team . 2010 -- present : Pete Carroll era ( edit ) In the 2010 NFL season , the Seahawks made history by making it into the playoffs despite having a 7 -- 9 record . They had the best record in a division full of teams with losing seasons ( Seahawks 7 -- 9 , Rams 7 -- 9 , 49ers 6 -- 10 , Cardinals 5 -- 11 ) and won the decisive season finale against the Rams ( not only by overall record , but by division record , as both teams coming into the game had a 3 -- 2 division record ) . In the playoffs , the Seahawks won in their first game against the defending Super Bowl XLIV champs , the New Orleans Saints , 41 -- 36 . The Seahawks made even more history during the game with Marshawn Lynch 's 67 - yard run , breaking 7 or more tackles , to clinch the victory . After the run the fans reacted so loudly that a small earthquake ( a bit above 2 on the Richter Scale ) was recorded by seismic equipment around Seattle . The Seahawks lost to the Bears in their second game , 35 -- 24 . Marshawn Lynch scored on a 67 - yard touchdown run in the NFC Wild - Card Playoff Game against the New Orleans Saints in 2011 . The 2012 NFL season started with doubt , as the Seahawks lost their season opener against the Arizona Cardinals , after the highly touted Seattle defense gave up a go - ahead score late in the fourth quarter , and rookie quarterback Russell Wilson failed to throw the game - winning touchdown after multiple attempts in the red - zone . However , Russell Wilson and the Seahawks went 4 -- 1 in their next five games en route to an 11 -- 5 overall record ( their first winning record since 2007 ) . Their 2012 campaign included big wins over the Green Bay Packers , New England Patriots , and San Francisco 49ers . The Seahawks went into the playoffs as the # 5 seed and the only team that season to go undefeated at home . In the Wild Card Round , the Seahawks overcame a 14 - point deficit to defeat the Washington Redskins . This was the first time since the 1983 Divisional Round that the Seahawks won a playoff game on the road . However , in the 2012 Divisional Round , overcoming a 20 - point , fourth quarter deficit would n't be enough to defeat the # 1 seed Atlanta Falcons . An ill - advised timeout and a defensive breakdown late in the game cost the Seahawks their season , as they lost , 30 -- 28 . QB Russell Wilson won the 2012 Pepsi Max Rookie of the Year award . 2013 : first Super Bowl Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Seattle Seahawks season In the 2013 NFL season , the Seahawks continued their momentum from the previous season , finishing tied with the Denver Broncos for an NFL - best regular season record of 13 -- 3 , while earning the NFC 's # 1 playoff seed . Their 2013 campaign included big wins over the Carolina Panthers , New Orleans Saints , and the San Francisco 49ers . Six Seahawks players were named to the Pro Bowl : Quarterback Russell Wilson , center Max Unger , running back Marshawn Lynch , cornerback Richard Sherman , free safety Earl Thomas , and strong safety Kam Chancellor . However , none of them was able to play in the Pro Bowl , as the Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23 -- 15 and the San Francisco 49ers 23 -- 17 , in the playoffs to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos . On February 2 , 2014 , the Seahawks won the franchise 's first Super Bowl Championship , defeating Denver 43 -- 8 . The Seahawks ' defense performance in 2013 was acclaimed as one of the best in the Super Bowl era . The following season , Seattle advanced to Super Bowl XLIX , their second consecutive Super Bowl , but they were dethroned of their title by the New England Patriots by a score of 28 -- 24 . They got off to a slow start the next year starting 0 - 2 and 2 - 4 through 6 games but finished 10 - 6 on the year clinching a wild card berth . They beat the Minnesota Vikings 10 - 9 to advance to the divisional round . Against Carolina , they were down 31 - 0 at halftime before scoring 24 unanswered points . Their comeback attempt fell short and they failed to make the Super Bowl . Rivalries ( edit ) San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) Main article : 49ers -- Seahawks rivalry This section is too long . Consider splitting it into new pages , adding subheadings , or condensing it . ( September 2016 ) Most recently , the Seahawks and the San Francisco 49ers have begun to develop a rivalry , starting with the 49ers hiring of coach Jim Harbaugh for the 2011 NFL season . Harbaugh had coached against Seahawks coach Pete Carroll before in college at Stanford and Southern California , respectively . The 49ers won the first contest between the coaches at the NFL level , then proceeded to win a close game at CenturyLink Field to eliminate the Seahawks from playoff contention . 2012 brought a new season and another Seahawks loss , week 7 on NFL Network 's Thursday Night Football at Candlestick Park in San Francisco , as they dropped a 13 -- 6 game where the offense failed to score a touchdown and 49ers quarterback Alex Smith did just enough to survive . Week 16 brought a fever anxiety as the Seahawks and 49ers prepared to face off in primetime on NBC Sunday Night Football . The Seahawks entered the game at 9 -- 5 , with back - to - back blowouts in which the team scored more than 50 points in games against the Buffalo Bills and Arizona Cardinals . Quickly , the Seahawks imposed their will with a Marshawn Lynch 24 - yard touchdown run , two of quarterback Russell Wilson 's touchdown passes and a blocked field goal return had the Seahawks lead at halftime 28 -- 6 . The Seahawks continued in the second half , eventually winning 42 -- 13 capped off by Seahawks strong safety Kam Chancellor 's hit on former 49ers tight end Vernon Davis . The 49ers , however , won the following week , locking up the division title for the second consecutive season . Since rejoining the NFC West , the Seahawks lead the series 18 -- 15 versus the 49ers , including playoffs . Colin Kaepernick and the 49ers lost their first 2013 season matchup against their NFC West rivals 29 -- 3 , with the help of Marshawn Lynch 's three touchdowns , with the fans setting a new Guinness World Record for the loudest crowd roar at 136.6 dB . However , the Seahawks were defeated 19 -- 17 in their second 2013 game with the 49ers at Candlestick Park . This was largely due to a late game 51 - yard run by Frank Gore . The Seahawks had not won in San Francisco since 2008 until defeating the 49ers in convincing 19 -- 3 fashion on Thanksgiving Day in 2014 . In the 2013 NFC Championship Game , the Seahawks defeated the 49ers 23 to 17 , thanks to Malcolm Smith 's interception , which was tipped by Richard Sherman . This clinched the Seahawks ' berth into Super Bowl XLVIII . Carolina Panthers ( edit ) Main article : Panthers -- Seahawks rivalry The Seahawks have developed a rivalry with the Carolina Panthers . The two teams have played each other in the NFL playoffs three times : during the 2005 NFC Championship Game , which Seattle won 34 -- 14 ; the 2014 NFC Divisional playoffs , which the Seahawks won 31 -- 17 ; and the 2015 NFC Divisional playoffs , which the Panthers won 31 -- 24 . The Seahawks lead the Panthers in the all - time series 8 -- 4 . Denver Broncos ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : sourcing and content re rivalry and should consider generalization as AFC West rivalries which can be sourced . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) From the 1980s to the 2002 league realignment , the Denver Broncos were a major rival for the Seahawks . With John Elway , the Broncos were one of the best teams in the NFL , going 200 -- 124 -- 1 overall , and were 32 -- 18 against the Seahawks . Since 2002 , Seattle has won two of four interconference meetings , and the teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2 , 2014 , where the Seahawks won 43 -- 8 . Super Bowl appearances ( edit ) Seahawks 2013 Championship Ring Season Super Bowl Coach Location Stadium Opponent Result Record 2005 XL Mike Holmgren Detroit Ford Field Pittsburgh Steelers L 10 -- 21 15 -- 4 2013 XLVIII Pete Carroll East Rutherford , New Jersey MetLife Stadium Denver Broncos W 43 -- 8 16 -- 3 2014 XLIX Pete Carroll Glendale , Arizona University of Phoenix Stadium New England Patriots L 24 -- 28 14 -- 5 Total Super Bowls won : 1 Headquarters and training camps ( edit ) During the Seahawks ' first ten seasons ( 1976 -- 85 ) , the team 's headquarters was at Carillon Point on the shores of Lake Washington . The summer training camps were initially held at Eastern Washington University in Cheney , just southwest of Spokane . When the team 's new headquarters across town in Kirkland were completed in 1986 , the Seahawks held training camp at home for the next eleven seasons ( 1986 -- 96 ) , staying in the dormitories of the adjacent Northwest College . In Dennis Erickson 's third season as head coach , the team returned to the hotter and more isolated Cheney in 1997 , where they held training camp through 2006 . In 2007 , training camp returned to their Kirkland facility , because of the scheduled China Bowl game that was later canceled . In 2008 , the Seahawks held the first three weeks of camp in Kirkland , then moved to the new 19 - acre ( 92,000 sq yd ) Virginia Mason Athletic Center ( VMAC ) on August 18 for the final week of training camp , where the team has held their training camps since . The new facility , adjacent to Lake Washington in Renton , has four full - size practice fields : three natural grass outdoors and one FieldTurf indoors . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Seahawks uniform , 1976 -- 1982 . When the Seahawks debuted in 1976 , the team 's logo was a stylized royal blue and forest green osprey 's head based on Northwest Coast art . The helmet and pants were silver while the home uniforms were royal blue with white , blue and green arm stripes . The road uniform was white with blue and green arm stripes . Black shoes were worn for the first four seasons , one of the few NFL teams that did in the late 1970s . They then changed to white shoes in 1980 . In 1983 , coinciding with the arrival of Chuck Knox as head coach , the uniforms were updated slightly . The striping on the arms now incorporated the Seahawks logo , and the TV numbers moved onto the shoulders . Helmet facemasks changed from gray to blue . Also , the socks went solid blue at the top , and white on bottom . In the 1985 season , the team wore 10th Anniversary patches on the right side of their pants . It had the Seahawks logo streaking through the number 10 . Starting in the 1989 NFL season , jerseys were no longer sand - knit . In 1994 , the year of the NFL 's 75th Anniversary , the Seahawks changed the style of their numbering to something more suitable for the team ; Pro Block from then until 2001 . That same year , the Seahawks wore a vintage jersey for select games resembling the 1976 -- 82 uniforms . However , the helmet facemasks remained blue . The logos also became sewn on instead of being screen - printed . In 2000 , Shaun Alexander 's rookie year and Cortez Kennedy 's last , the Seattle Seahawks celebrated their 25th Anniversary ; the logo was worn on the upper left chest of the jersey . In 2001 , the Seahawks switched to the new Reebok uniform system still in their current uniforms , but it would be their last in this uniform after the season ended . Previously , the team 's uniforms were made by Wilson , Wilson / Staff , Russell Athletic , Logo Athletic , and Puma . Seattle Seahawks uniform combinations , 2002 -- 2011 . A green alternate jersey was used , but only for one game of the 2009 season . On March 1 , 2002 , to coincide with the team moving to the NFC as well as the opening of Seahawks Stadium ( which would later be renamed Qwest Field , then CenturyLink Field ) , both the logo and the uniforms were heavily redesigned . The Wordmark was designed by Mark Verlander and the logo was designed by NFL Properties in - house design team . The colors were modified to a lighter `` Seahawks Blue '' , a darker `` Seahawks Navy '' and lime green piping . The helmets also were changed from silver to the lighter `` Seahawks Blue '' color after a fan poll was conducted . Silver would not be seen again until 2012 . The logo artwork was also subtly altered , with an arched eyebrow and a forward - facing pupil suggesting a more aggressive - looking bird . At first , the team had planned to wear silver helmets at home and blue helmets on the road , but since NFL rules forbid the use of multiple helmets , the team held the fan poll to decide which color helmet would be worn . The team had usually worn all blue at home and all white on the road since 2003 , but late in the 2009 season , the Seahawks wore the white jersey - blue pants combo . The blue jersey and white pants combo has been worn for only one regular season game , the 2005 season opener at the Jacksonville Jaguars , while the white jersey and blue pants combination has not been worn regularly since late in the 2002 season , with the exception of late in the 2009 season . In 2009 , the Seahawks once again wore the white jersey and blue pants combination for road games against Minnesota ( November 22 ) , St. Louis ( November 29 ) , Houston ( December 13 ) and Green Bay ( December 27 ) . The Seahawks wore their home blue jerseys during Super Bowl XL despite being designated as the visitor , since the Pittsburgh Steelers , the designated home team , elected to wear their white jerseys . Since the Oakland Raiders wore their white jerseys at home for the first time ever in a game against the San Diego Chargers on September 28 , 2008 , the Seahawks are currently the only NFL team never to have worn their white jerseys at home . Seahawks players wearing green jerseys in 2009 . On September 27 , 2009 , the Seahawks wore lime green jerseys for the first time , paired with new dark navy blue pants in a game against the Chicago Bears . The jerseys matched their new sister team , the expansion Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer who wear green jerseys with blue pants . On December 6 , 2009 , the Seahawks wore their Seahawks blue jersey with the new dark navy blue pants for the first time , in a game against the San Francisco 49ers . The Seahawks broke out the same combo two weeks later against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and two weeks after that in the 2009 regular season finale against the Tennessee Titans . In December 2009 , then - coach Jim Mora announced that the new lime green jerseys were being retired because the team did not win in them , because he liked the home jerseys better , and added that the home jersey is a better match for the navy pants . In the same press conference , he stated that the new navy pants `` felt better '' on players as opposed to the Seahawks blue pants . For the 2010 season , Seattle returned to the traditional all `` Seahawks Blue '' at home and all white on the road . Russell Wilson wearing the current Seahawks home uniform . On April 3 , 2012 , Nike , which took over as the official uniform supplier for the league from Reebok , unveiled new uniform and logo designs for the Seahawks for the 2012 season . The new designs incorporate a new accent color , `` Wolf Grey '' , and the main colors are `` College Navy '' and `` Action Green '' . The uniforms incorporate `` feather trims '' , multiple feathers on the crown of the helmet , twelve feathers printed on the neckline and down each pant leg to represent the `` 12th Man '' , referring to the team 's fans . The Seahawks have three different jersey colors : navy blue , white , and an alternate grey jersey . The Seahawks will have three different pants : navy blue with green feathers , gray with navy blue feathers , and white with navy blue feathers . Their new logo replaces the Seahawk blue with wolf grey . Altogether , there are nine ( 9 ) different uniform combinations possible . The Seahawks wore their Nike home blue jerseys for the first regular season game on September 16 , 2012 against the Dallas Cowboys . The uniform Marshawn Lynch wore in that game is preserved at the Pro Football Hall of Fame . On September 9 , 2012 , the Seahawks wore their Nike white away jerseys for the first regular season game against the Arizona Cardinals ; on October 14 , 2012 , with the Carolina Panthers wearing white at home , they wore their blue jerseys with gray pants ( and would do so again against the Miami Dolphins seven weeks later ) ; and on December 16 , 2012 , they wore their Alternate Wolf Grey jerseys for the first time against the Buffalo Bills . Seasons and overall records ( edit ) Main article : List of Seattle Seahawks seasons As of the end of the 2017 season , the Seattle Seahawks have competed in 42 NFL seasons , dating back to their expansion year of 1976 . The team has compiled a 334 -- 323 - 1 record ( 16 -- 15 in the playoffs ) for a . 508 winning percentage (. 516 in the playoffs ) . Seattle has reached the playoffs in 16 separate seasons , including in the 2005 season when they lost Super Bowl XL to the Pittsburgh Steelers , the 2013 season when they defeated the Denver Broncos to win Super Bowl XLVIII , and the 2014 season when they lost Super Bowl XLIX to the New England Patriots . In the 2010 season , the Seahawks became the first team in NFL history to earn a spot in the playoffs with a losing record ( 7 -- 9 , . 438 ) in a full season ; this was by virtue of winning the division . The Seahawks would go on to defeat the reigning Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card round , becoming the first team ever to win a playoff game with a losing record . Until Week 7 of the 2016 season , the Seahawks had never recorded a tied game in their history . Team records ( edit ) Main article : List of Seattle Seahawks records Players of note ( edit ) Main article : List of Seattle Seahawks players Current roster ( edit ) Seattle Seahawks roster view talk Quarterbacks 6 Austin Davis -- Stephen Morris 3 Russell Wilson Running backs 32 Chris Carson 39 Mike Davis 43 Jalston Fowler FB 21 J.D. McKissic 22 C.J. Prosise 38 Tre Madden FB Wide receivers 89 Doug Baldwin 18 Jaron Brown 84 Amara Darboh 13 Cyril Grayson 14 Marcus Johnson 16 Tyler Lockett 19 Tanner McEvoy 83 David Moore Tight ends -- Ed Dickson 46 Tyrone Swoopes 81 Nick Vannett Offensive linemen 79 Isaiah Battle T 66 Willie Beavers T 68 Justin Britt C 76 Duane Brown T 74 George Fant T -- D.J. Fluker G 65 Germain Ifedi T 53 Joey Hunt C 70 Rees Odhiambo G 77 Ethan Pocic G 64 Jordan Roos G Defensive linemen 56 Cliff Avril DE 55 Frank Clark DE 93 Branden Jackson DE 99 Quinton Jefferson DE -- Tom Johnson DT 92 Nazair Jones DT 95 Dion Jordan DE 94 Malik McDowell DT -- Noble Nwachukwu DE 90 Jarran Reed DT 97 Marcus Smith II DE -- Shamar Stephen DT Linebackers 58 D.J. Alexander OLB 47 Paul Dawson MLB -- Barkevious Mingo OLB 54 Bobby Wagner MLB 50 K.J. Wright OLB Defensive backs -- Maurice Alexander SS 43 Alex Carter CB 31 Kam Chancellor SS 28 Justin Coleman CB 21 DeAndre Elliott CB 26 Shaquill Griffin CB 42 Delano Hill SS -- Dontae Johnson CB 36 Akeem King CB 30 Bradley McDougald FS 29 Earl Thomas FS 33 Tedric Thompson SS 23 Neiko Thorpe CB 40 Mike Tyson CB Special teams -- Sebastian Janikowski K 4 Jason Myers K 69 Tyler Ott LS 9 Jon Ryan P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 65 Active , 0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA 35th Anniversary team ( 2010 ) ( edit ) The 35th Anniversary team was voted upon by users on Seahawks.com and announced in 2010 . Seattle Seahawks 35th Anniversary Team ( 2010 ) Unit Position Players Offense Quarterback Matt Hasselbeck ( QB ) 2001 -- 2010 Running Back Shaun Alexander ( RB ) 2000 -- 2007 Mack Strong ( FB ) 1993 -- 2007 Wide Receiver Steve Largent ( WR ) 1976 -- 1989 Brian Blades ( WR ) 1988 -- 1998 Bobby Engram ( WR ) 2001 -- 2008 Tight End John Carlson ( TE ) 2008 -- 2011 Offensive Line Walter Jones ( T ) 1997 -- 2010 Howard Ballard ( T ) 1994 -- 1998 Steve Hutchinson ( G ) 2001 -- 2005 Bryan Millard ( G ) 1984 -- 1991 Robbie Tobeck ( C ) 2000 -- 2006 Defense Defensive Line Jacob Green ( DE ) 1980 -- 1992 Michael Sinclair ( DE ) 1991 -- 2001 Cortez Kennedy ( DT ) 1990 -- 2000 Joe Nash ( DT ) 1982 -- 1996 Linebacker Chad Brown ( OLB ) 1997 -- 2004 Rufus Porter ( OLB ) 1988 -- 1994 Fredd Young ( ILB ) 1984 -- 1987 Lofa Tatupu ( MLB ) 2005 -- 2010 Cornerback Marcus Trufant ( CB ) 2003 -- 2012 Dave Brown ( CB ) 1976 -- 1986 Shawn Springs ( NB ) 1997 -- 2003 Safety Kenny Easley ( SS ) 1981 -- 1987 Eugene Robinson ( FS ) 1985 -- 1995 Special Teams Kicker / Punter Norm Johnson ( K ) 1982 -- 1990 Rick Tuten ( P ) 1991 -- 1997 Returner Steve Broussard ( KR ) 1995 -- 1998 Nate Burleson ( PR ) 2006 -- 2009 Coverage Rufus Porter 1988 -- 1994 Retired numbers ( edit ) Seahawks ' retired numbers at CenturyLink Field . Seattle Seahawks retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Year retired 12 Fans FAN 1976 -- present 1984 45 Kenny Easley SS 1981 -- 1987 2017 71 Walter Jones OT 1997 -- 2009 80 Steve Largent WR 1976 -- 1989 96 Cortez Kennedy DT 1990 -- 2000 2012 Jerry Rice wore No. 80 for his 2004 stint with the Seahawks . According to Rice , the team offered him the jersey number , with Largent 's permission . Several other players and individuals related to the team have been honored by their induction into the Seattle Seahawks Ring of Honor Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Seattle Seahawks Pro Football Hall of Famers No . Player Position Tenure Inducted 34 Franco Harris FB 1984 1990 80 Steve Largent WR 1976 -- 1989 1995 81 Carl Eller DE 1979 Warren Moon QB 1997 -- 1998 2006 93 John Randle DT 2001 -- 2003 80 Jerry Rice WR 96 Cortez Kennedy DT 1990 -- 2000 2012 71 Walter Jones OT 1997 -- 2009 2014 45 Kenny Easley 1981 -- 1987 2017 Names in bold spent their entire career with the Seattle Seahawks Note : Although Mike McCormack served as head coach , president , and general manager for the Seahawks , he is only listed in the Pro Football Hall of Fame for his contributions as a tackle for the New York Yanks and the Cleveland Browns . Front office and coaching staff ( edit ) Current staff ( edit ) Seattle Seahawks staff Front Office Chairman -- Paul Allen President -- Peter McLoughlin Executive Vice President / General Manager -- John Schneider Vice President of Football Administration -- Matt Thomas Co-Director of Player Personnel -- Scott Fitterer Co-Director of Player Personnel -- Trent Kirchner Director of College Scouting -- Matt Berry Director of Pro Personnel -- Dan Morgan Assistand Director of Pro Personnel -- Nolan Teasley Head Coaches Head Coach / Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Pete Carroll Associate Head Coach - Carl Smith Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Brian Schottenheimer Quarterbacks -- Dave Canales Running Backs -- Chad Morton Wide Receivers -- Nate Carroll Tight Ends -- Pat McPherson Offensive Line -- Mike Solari Assistant Offensive Line -- Pat Ruel Assistant Offensive Line -- Brennan Carroll Quality Control / Offense / Assistant QBs - Will Harriger Offensive Assistant - Steve Shimko Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Ken Norton Jr . Defensive Line -- Clint Hurtt Assistant Defensive Line - Jethro Franklin Assistant Linebackers -- John Glenn Secondary -- Nick Sorensen Defensive Backs -- Andre Curtis Quality Control / Defense -- Tom Donatell Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Brian Schneider Assistant Special Teams -- Larry Izzo Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Chris Carlisle Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Mondray Gee Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jamie Yancher → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Previous head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Seattle Seahawks head coaches Sea Gals ( cheerleaders ) ( edit ) The Seahawks cheerleaders are called the Sea Gals . During the off - season , a select performing group from the Sea Gals travel parades and with other NFL Cheerleaders on the road . 12th Man ( edit ) See also : 12th man ( football ) `` Home of the 12th Man '' signage within CenturyLink Field in 2013 . A giant # 12 flag of the Seattle Seahawks The 12th man ( also known as the 12s ) refers to the fan support of the Seahawks . The team 's first home stadium , the Kingdome , was one of the loudest and most disruptive environments in the NFL . Opponents were known to practice with rock music blaring at full blast to prepare for the often painfully high decibel levels generated at games in the Kingdome . In 2002 , the Seahawks began playing at what is now CenturyLink Field . Every regular season and playoff game at CenturyLink Field since the 2nd week of the 2003 season has been played before a sellout crowd . Like the Kingdome before it , CenturyLink Field is one of the loudest stadiums in the league . The stadium 's partial roof and seating decks trap and amplify the noise and reflect it back down to the field . This noise has caused problems for opposing teams , causing them to commit numerous false - start penalties . From 2002 through 2012 , there have been 143 false - start penalties on visiting teams in Seattle , second only to the Minnesota Vikings . The Seahawks ' fans have twice set the Guinness World Record for the loudest crowd noise at a sporting event , first on September 15 , 2013 , registering 136.6 dB during a game against the San Francisco 49ers and again on December 2 , 2013 , during a Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints , with a roar of 137.6 dB . As of September 29 , 2014 , the record of 142.2 dB is held in Arrowhead Stadium by fans of the Kansas City Chiefs . A Boeing 747 - 8F painted in 12th man livery for the team 's Super Bowl appearance . Prior to kickoff of each home game , the Seahawks salute their fans by raising a giant # 12 flag at the south end of the stadium . Current and former players , coaches , local celebrities , prominent fans , Seattle - area athletes , and current owner Paul Allen have raised the flag . Earlier , the Seahawks retired the # 12 jersey on December 15 , 1984 as a tribute to their fans . Before their Super Bowl win , the Seahawks ran onto the field under a giant 12th Man flag . In September 1990 , Texas A&M filed , and was later granted , a trademark application for the `` 12th Man '' term , based on their continual usage of the term since the 1920s . In January 2006 , Texas A&M filed suit against the Seattle Seahawks to protect the trademark and in May 2006 , the dispute was settled out of court . In the agreement , which expired in 2016 , Texas A&M licensed the Seahawks to continue using the phrase , in exchange for a licensing fee , public acknowledgement of A&M 's trademark when using the term , a restriction in usage of the term to seven states in the Northwest United States , and a prohibition from selling any `` 12th Man '' merchandise . Once the agreement expired , the Seahawks were allowed to continue using the number `` 12 '' but were no longer permitted to use the `` 12th Man '' phrase . In August 2015 , the Seahawks decided to drop their signage of the `` 12th Man '' term and shifted towards referring to their fans as the `` 12s '' instead . Traditions ( edit ) Starting in the 1998 season , Blitz has been the Seahawks ' official mascot . In the 2003 and 2004 seasons , a hawk named Faith would fly around the stadium just before the team came out of the tunnel . However , because of her relative small size and an inability to be trained to lead the team out of a tunnel , Faith was replaced by an augur hawk named Taima before the start of the 2005 season . Taima started leading the team out of the tunnel in September 2006 . Beginning in 2004 , the Seahawks introduced their drum line , the Blue Thunder . The group plays at every home game as well as over 100 events in the Seattle community . Team owners ( edit ) The Nordstrom family : 1976 -- 1988 Ken Behring & Ken Hofmann : 1988 -- 1996 Paul Allen : 1997 -- present Radio and television ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates ( lower 48 and Canada ) . Map of radio affiliates ( Alaska ) . As of 2017 , the Seahawks ' flagship station is KIRO ( AM ) 710 kHz -- KIRO - FM 97.3 MHz . Games are heard on 47 stations in five western states and Canada . Microsoft holds naming rights for the broadcasts for their web search engine under the moniker of the `` Bing Radio Network '' . The current announcers are former Seahawks players Steve Raible ( who was the team 's color commentator from 1982 to 2003 ) and Warren Moon . The Raible - Moon regular season pairing has been together since 2004 ( during the preseason Moon works for the local television broadcast so the color commentary is split between former Seahawks Paul Moyer , Sam Adkins , and Brock Huard ) . Pete Gross , who called the games from 1976 until just days before his death from cancer in 1992 , is a member of the team 's Ring of Honor . Other past announcers include Steve Thomas from 1992 to 1997 , Lee Hamilton ( also known as `` Hacksaw '' ) from 1998 to 1999 , and Brian Davis from 2000 to 2003 . Preseason games not shown on national networks were produced by Seahawks Broadcasting and televised by KING - TV , channel 5 ( and , in 2008 , also on sister station KONG - TV since KING , an NBC affiliate , was committed to the Summer Olympics in China ) . Seahawks Broadcasting is the Emmy Award Winning in - house production and syndication unit for the Seattle Seahawks . Curt Menefee ( the host of Fox NFL Sunday ) has been the Seahawks TV voice since the 2009 preseason . Since the 2012 season , KCPQ - TV , which airs most of the Seahawks regular season games ( as the Seattle - Tacoma area 's Fox affiliate ) , is the television partner for the team and has replaced KING 5 as broadcaster for preseason games , while simulcasts of any Seahawks games on ESPN 's Monday Night Football or NFL Network 's Thursday Night Football airs on either KONG - TV or KZJO . In addition , any Saturday or Sunday afternoon games broadcast by CBS ( with the Seahawks hosting an AFC opponent ) will air on local CBS affiliate KIRO - TV . Radio affiliates ( edit ) Source : Washington ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Aberdeen KDUX - FM 104.7 kHz Bellingham KPUG - AM 1170 kHz Centralia KMNT 104.3 MHz Chelan KOZI - FM 93.5 MHz Colfax KMAX ( AM ) 840 kHz Colville KCRK - FM 92.1 MHz Ellensburg KXLE ( AM ) 1240 kHz Forks KFKB ( AM ) 1490 kHz Grand Coulee KEYG - FM 98.5 MHz Longview KEDO ( AM ) 1400 kHz Moses Lake KBSN 1470 kHz Mount Vernon KAPS ( AM ) 660 kHz Olympia KYYO 96.9 MHz Omak KNCW - FM 92.7 MHz Port Angeles KONP ( AM ) 1450 kHz Seattle ( Flagship station ) KIRO ( AM ) 710 kHz KIRO - FM 97.3 MHz Shelton KMAS ( AM ) 1030 kHz Spokane KHTQ 94.5 MHz Tri-Cities KONA ( AM ) 610 kHz Walla Walla KUJ ( AM ) 1420 kHz Wenatchee KPQ ( AM ) 560 kHz Yakima KIT ( AM ) 1280 kHz KMGW 99.3 MHz Alaska ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Anchorage KBYR ( AM ) 700 kHz KTMB 102.1 MHz Cordova KLAM ( AM ) 1450 kHz Juneau KINY 800 kHz Kodiak KVOK ( AM ) 560 kHz Sitka KIFW 1230 kHz Idaho ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Boise KBOI ( AM ) 670 kHz Lewiston KCLK ( AM ) 1430 kHz St. Maries KOFE 1240 kHz Montana ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Helena KCAP ( AM ) 950 kHz Missoula KGRZ 1450 kHz KYLT 1340 kHz Oregon ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Astoria KCRX - FM 102.3 MHz Baker City KKBC - FM 95.3 MHz Bend KRCO 690 kHz Eugene KUJZ - FM 95.3 MHz La Grande KRJT 105.9 MHz Lebanon KGAL 1580 kHz Medford KTMT ( AM ) 580 kHz Newport KCUP 1230 kHz Pendleton KTIX ( AM ) 1240 kHz Portland KFXX ( AM ) 1080 kHz KGON 92.3 MHz The Dalles KODL 1440 kHz British Columbia ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Kelowna CKFR ( AM ) 1150 kHz Vancouver CFTE 1410 kHz Victoria CFAX ( AM ) 1070 kHz See also ( edit ) Seattle portal National Football League portal Active NFL playoff appearance streaks Legion of Boom Seattle Seahawks Ring of Honor Notes and references ( edit ) Explanatory notes ^ Jump up to : The Seattle Seahawks played two preseason and three regular season home games of the 1994 season at Husky Stadium due to repairs at the Kingdome . Citations Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clare ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` ON THIS DATE : FIRST STEP TOWARD SECURING SEAHAWKS TAKEN '' . Seattle Seahawks . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Seahawks Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Farnsworth , Clare ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Seahawks ' new look leaves other players longing '' . Seattle Seahawks . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Seahawks Logo Slick '' ( PDF ) . NFL Properties , LLC . January 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clare ( July 19 , 2014 ) . `` On this date : Three home games moved to Husky Stadium '' . Seattle Seahawks . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prunty , Brendan ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Seahawks ' 12th Man draws from all over Pacific Northwest , bringing diverse fan base to Super Bowl '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gola , Hank ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` The art of noise in Seattle : Seahawks ' 12th man helps create NFL 's biggest home - field advantage '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Narciso , Gerald ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` Seahawks Mania Bigger Than U.S. Can Contain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cimini , Rich ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` Twelfth Night : Number featured in win '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seres ' alados ' hacen retumbar el MetLife Stadium '' . mediotiempo.com . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shelton , Don ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` 12th Fan of the Week : Cheering the Seahawks all the way from Chile '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drovetto , Tony ( August 16 , 2014 ) . `` Seahawks Rookies React To Roar of 12s at CenturyLink Field '' . Seattle Seahawks . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burnside , Jeff ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Seahawks 12s rally for fellow fan in his final days '' . KOMO - TV . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Horn , Barry ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Horn : Seahawks ' home fans participators , Cowboys ' home fans are spectators '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Ryan ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Seahawks fans set Guinness World Record for loudest stadium '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schwab , Frank ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Seahawks take back the Guinness World Record for crowd noise at 137.6 decibels '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Drovetto , Tony ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Seahawks fan base retakes Guinness World Record for crowd noise '' . Seattle Seahawks . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1961 -- 1970 '' . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Look Back '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BUCS AND SEAHAWKS JOINED NFL IN ' 76 '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 NFL Expansion Draft -- Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Topps # 183 Kenny Easley '' ( JPG ) . Topps . Topps Chewing Gum , Inc. 1987 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kapadia , Sheil ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Kenny Easley finally gets closure with Hall of Fame induction '' . EPSN . Jump up ^ `` 1986 McDonald 's Seahawks # 45 Kenny Easley '' ( JPG ) . McDonald 's . McDonald 's Corporation . 1986 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Seahawks '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks history : Ken Behring and when we almost lost the Seattle Seahawks '' . January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 controversial calls '' . NFL.com . June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL ref admits mistakes in Super Bowl '' . ESPN.com . August 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Seahawks fire Jim Mora ; Pete Carroll courted , sources say '' . Espn.com. 2010 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sandi Doughton ; Danny O'Neil ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Seahawks fans ' frenzy felt by seismometer '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks stomp Broncos for Super Bowl win '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pompei , Dan ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` THE BEST DEFENSES IN NFL HISTORY '' . Sports on Earth . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks fans break noise record again ; set off seismometer with quake - like shakes '' . MyNorthwest.com . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tim Keeney . `` Seahawks vs. 49ers : Score , Grades and More from NFC Championship Game 2014 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Seattle Seahawks vs Denver Broncos '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ José Miguel Romero ( August 19 , 2008 ) . `` Seahawks digging their new digs in Renton '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robin K. ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Burke Blog : Introducing the mask that inspired the Seattle Seahawks logo '' . Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yantz , Mickel . `` Seahawk Uni History '' . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clare ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Seahawks Uniform Timeline '' . Seattle Seahawks . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brulia , Tim . `` White at Home in the NFL '' . Uni Watch . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johns , Greg ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` Big Seahawks news : Green jerseys retired ! '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Nike saves biggest changes for neighboring Seahawks '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Seahawks uniform preserved '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clare ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` A blue - and - green Dream Team '' . Seattle Seahawks . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks Fans '' . Seattle Seahawks . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clare ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` One final honor for Cortez '' . Seattle Seahawks . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Nick ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Seahawks to retire Cortez Kennedy 's jersey number Sunday '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Hawks offered No. 80 , Rice says '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sea Gal Official Page '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Season Tickets '' . Seattle Seahawks . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Parolin , John ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Three - point stance : Seattle Seahawks '' . ESPN Boston . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs break Seahawks ' loudest stadium record '' . Sports Illustrated . September 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks 12th Man Flag Raisers '' . Seattle Seahawks . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit of 12 '' . August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alicia Jessop ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Texas A&M Stands To Earn More in Upcoming 12th Man Trademark Licensing Negotiations As Seahawks ' Exposure Rises '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks , A&M resolve ' 12th man ' dispute '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M Foundation '' . giving.tamu.edu . Jump up ^ Cassuto , Dan ( January 10 , 2015 ) . `` Seahawks must pay rent to use the phrase ' 12th Man ' '' . KING 5 News . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Chris ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` CenturyLink Field no longer ' Home of the 12th Man ' '' . KING 5 News . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Danny O'Neil ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` First hawk out of the tunnel '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks to partner with Q13 FOX on Seahawks preseason games '' . Seattle Seahawks . March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Network '' . July 1 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seattle Seahawks . Official website Seattle Seahawks Founded in 1976 Based in Seattle , Washington Headquartered in Renton , Washington Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches Quarterbacks Expansion draft First - round draft picks Records Draft Broadcasters Virginia Mason Athletic Center Stadiums Kingdome Husky Stadium CenturyLink Field Culture 12th Man `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' Blitz Blue Thunder Jones Soda Legion of Boom Paul Allen Ring of Honor Sea Gals Steve Largent Award Tuba Man Lore Beast Quake Fail Mary Rivals San Francisco 49ers Carolina Panthers Division championships ( 10 ) 1988 1999 2005 2006 2007 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 3 ) 2005 2013 2014 League championships ( 1 ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) Retired numbers 12 45 71 80 96 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Seasons ( 42 ) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1997 1998 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Sports teams based in and around Seattle Baseball MLB Seattle Mariners PCL Tacoma Rainiers NWL Everett AquaSox Basketball WNBA Seattle Storm ABA Seattle Mountaineers Washington Rampage Football NFL Seattle Seahawks IWFL Seattle Majestics LFL Seattle Mist Hockey WHL Everett Silvertips Seattle Thunderbirds WSHL Seattle Totems West Sound Warriors Roller derby WFTDA Dockyard Derby Dames Jet City Roller Derby Rat City Roller Derby RDCL Tilted Thunder Rail Birds MRDA Puget Sound Outcast Derby Soccer MLS Seattle Sounders FC USL Seattle Sounders FC 2 NWSL Seattle Reign FC MASL Tacoma Stars PDL Seattle Sounders FC U-23 NPSL Kitsap Soccer Club OSA FC WPSL Issaquah Soccer Club OSA FC Seattle Sounders Women Rugby MLR Seattle Seawolves CDI Premier League Seattle Saracens College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) University of Washington Seattle University Ultimate Frisbee MLU Seattle Rainmakers ( MLU ) Main article : Sports in Seattle Sports teams based in Washington Baseball MLB Seattle Mariners PCL Tacoma Rainiers NwL Everett AquaSox Spokane Indians Tri-City Dust Devils WCL Bellingham Bells Cowlitz Black Bears Kitsap BlueJackets Walla Walla Sweets Wenatchee AppleSox Yakima Valley Pippins Basketball WNBA Seattle Storm IBL Bellingham Slam Olympia Reign Seattle Flight Vancouver Volcanoes ABA Kitsap Admirals Seattle Mountaineers Football NFL Seattle Seahawks WFA Everett Reign Seattle Majestics Tacoma Trauma LFL Seattle Mist Ice hockey WHL Everett Silvertips Seattle Thunderbirds Spokane Chiefs Tri-City Americans BCHL Wenatchee Wild USPHL Seattle Ravens Tri-City Outlaws West Sound Warriors WSHL Bellingham Blazers Seattle Totems Vancouver Rangers Roller derby WFTDA Bellingham Roller Betties Dockyard Derby Dames Jet City Roller Derby Lilac City Roller Girls Oly Rollers Port Scandalous Roller Derby Rainy City Roller Dolls Rat City Roller Derby Slaughter County Roller Vixens RDCL Tilted Thunder Rail Birds MRDA Puget Sound Outcast Derby Rugby MLR Seattle Seawolves CDI Premier League Seattle Saracens Soccer MLS Seattle Sounders FC NWSL Seattle Reign USL Seattle Sounders FC 2 PDL Seattle Sounders FC U-23 NPSL Kitsap Soccer Club OSA FC MASL Tacoma Stars Ultimate AUDL Seattle Cascades College athletics NCAA Division I Eastern Washington Eagles Gonzaga Bulldogs Seattle Redhawks Washington Huskies Washington State Cougars NCAA Division II Central Washington Wildcats Saint Martin 's Saints Seattle Pacific Falcons Western Washington Vikings NCAA Division III Pacific Lutheran Lutes Puget Sound Loggers Whitman Blues Whitworth Pirates VIAF : 157043164 LCCN : n81059560 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seattle_Seahawks&oldid=837140962 '' Categories : Seattle Seahawks National Football League teams Sports in Seattle Companies based in Renton , Washington Sports clubs established in 1976 American football teams in Washington ( state ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles that may be too long from September 2016 Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 00 : 06 . 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About Wikipedia	what are the colors of the seattle seahawks	[ "\n\nSeattle Seahawks\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished June 4, 1974; 43 years ago (1974-06-04)[1]\nFirst season: 1976\nPlay in CenturyLink Field\nSeattle, Washington\nHeadquartered in the Virginia Mason Athletic Center\nRenton, Washington\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1976–present)\n\nAmerican Football Conference (1977–2001)\n\nAFC West (1977–2001)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1976, 2002–present)\n\nNFC West (1976, 2002–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nCollege Navy, Action Green, Wolf Grey[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nBlitz, Boom, Taima the Hawk (live Augur hawk)\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nPaul Allen\n\n\nChairman\nPaul Allen\n\n\nCEO\nPeter McLoughlin\n\n\nPresident\nPeter McLoughlin\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJohn Schneider\n\n\nHead coach\nPete Carroll\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nSeattle Seahawks (1976–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nThe 'Hawks\nThe Blue Wave (1984–1986)\nThe Legion of Boom (secondary, 2011–present)\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (1)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (1)\n2013 (XLVIII)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (3)\n\nNFC: 2005, 2013, 2014\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (10)\n\nAFC West: 1988, 1999\nNFC West: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (16)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nKingdome (1976–1999)[A]\nHusky Stadium (2000–2001)[A]\nCenturyLink Field (2002–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nSeattle Seahawks\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished June 4, 1974; 43 years ago (1974-06-04)[1]\nFirst season: 1976\nPlay in CenturyLink Field\nSeattle, Washington\nHeadquartered in the Virginia Mason Athletic Center\nRenton, Washington\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1976–present)\n\nAmerican Football Conference (1977–2001)\n\nAFC West (1977–2001)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1976, 2002–present)\n\nNFC West (1976, 2002–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nCollege Navy, Action Green, Wolf Grey[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nBlitz, Boom, Taima the Hawk (live Augur hawk)\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nPaul Allen\n\n\nChairman\nPaul Allen\n\n\nCEO\nPeter McLoughlin\n\n\nPresident\nPeter McLoughlin\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJohn Schneider\n\n\nHead coach\nPete Carroll\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nSeattle Seahawks (1976–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nThe 'Hawks\nThe Blue Wave (1984–1986)\nThe Legion of Boom (secondary, 2011–present)\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (1)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (1)\n2013 (XLVIII)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (3)\n\nNFC: 2005, 2013, 2014\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (10)\n\nAFC West: 1988, 1999\nNFC West: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (16)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nKingdome (1976–1999)[A]\nHusky Stadium (2000–2001)[A]\nCenturyLink Field (2002–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nSeattle Seahawks\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished June 4, 1974; 43 years ago (1974-06-04)[1]\nFirst season: 1976\nPlay in CenturyLink Field\nSeattle, Washington\nHeadquartered in the Virginia Mason Athletic Center\nRenton, Washington\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1976–present)\n\nAmerican Football Conference (1977–2001)\n\nAFC West (1977–2001)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1976, 2002–present)\n\nNFC West (1976, 2002–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nCollege Navy, Action Green, Wolf Grey[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nBlitz, Boom, Taima the Hawk (live Augur hawk)\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nPaul Allen\n\n\nChairman\nPaul Allen\n\n\nCEO\nPeter McLoughlin\n\n\nPresident\nPeter McLoughlin\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJohn Schneider\n\n\nHead coach\nPete Carroll\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nSeattle Seahawks (1976–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nThe 'Hawks\nThe Blue Wave (1984–1986)\nThe Legion of Boom (secondary, 2011–present)\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (1)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (1)\n2013 (XLVIII)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (3)\n\nNFC: 2005, 2013, 2014\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (10)\n\nAFC West: 1988, 1999\nNFC West: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (16)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nKingdome (1976–1999)[A]\nHusky Stadium (2000–2001)[A]\nCenturyLink Field (2002–present)\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "College Navy", "Action Green", "Wolf Grey" ]
-7111116814075673698	History of the Great Wall of China	History of the Great Wall of China - Wikipedia History of the Great Wall of China Jump to : navigation , search Course of the Wall throughout history The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn ( 771 -- 476 BC ) and Warring States periods ( 475 -- 221 BC ) were connected by the first emperor of China , Qin Shi Huang , to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia . The walls were built of rammed earth , constructed using forced labour , and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria . Later dynasties adopted different policies towards northern frontier defense . The Han ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 574 ) , the Sui ( 589 -- 618 ) , and particularly the Ming ( 1369 -- 1644 ) were among those that rebuilt , re-manned , and expanded the Walls , although they rarely followed Qin 's routes . The Han extended the fortifications furthest to the west , the Qi built about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) of new walls , while the Sui mobilised over a million men in their wall - building efforts . Conversely , the Tang ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Song ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the Yuan ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , and the Qing ( 1644 -- 1911 ) mostly did not build frontier walls , instead opting for other solutions to the Inner Asian threat like military campaigning and diplomacy . Although a useful deterrent against raids , at several points throughout its history the Great Wall failed to stop enemies , including in 1644 when the Manchu Qing marched through the gates of Shanhai Pass and replaced the most ardent of the wall - building dynasties , the Ming , as rulers of China . The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty , as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick , often extending its line through challenging terrain . Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated , while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons , deconstructed for their building materials , or lost due to the ravages of time . For long an object of fascination for foreigners , the wall is now a revered national symbol and a popular tourist destination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical considerations 2 Pre-imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) 3 Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) 4 Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) 5 Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) 6 Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) 7 Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) 8 Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) 8.1 Liao dynasty frontier 8.2 The two walls of Jin dynasty 8.3 The Tangut Great Wall 8.4 The onset of the Mongols 9 Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) 9.1 The early walls 9.2 The Walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the western reaches 9.3 From Beijing to Shanhai Pass 10 Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) 10.1 Western appreciation of the Wall 11 Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) 12 Historiography 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography Geographical considerations ( edit ) Topographical map of China 's northern frontier area , with modern political boundaries . Manchuria , unmarked , is to the east of Inner Mongolia . The conflict between the Chinese and the nomads , from which the need for the Great Wall arose , stemmed from differences in geography . The 15 '' isohyet marks the extent of settled agriculture , dividing the fertile fields of China to the south and the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Asia to the north . The climates and the topography of the two regions led to distinct modes of societal development . According to the model by sinologist Karl August Wittfogel , the loess soils of Shaanxi made it possible for the Chinese to develop irrigated agriculture early on . Although this allowed them to expand into the lower reaches of the Yellow River valley , such extensive waterworks on an ever - increasing scale required collective labour , something that could only be managed by some form of bureaucracy . Thus the scholar - bureaucrats came to the fore to keep track of the income and expenses of the granaries . Walled cities grew up around the granaries for reasons of defence along with ease of administration ; they kept invaders out and ensured that citizens remained within . These cities combined to become feudal states , which eventually united to become an empire . Likewise , according to this model , walls not only enveloped cities as time went by , but also lined the borders of the feudal states and eventually the whole Chinese empire to provide protection against raids from the agrarian northern steppes . The steppe societies of Inner Asia , whose climate favoured a pastoral economy , stood in stark contrast to the Chinese mode of development . As animal herds are migratory by nature , communities could not afford to be stationary and therefore evolved as nomads . According to the influential Mongolist Owen Lattimore this lifestyle proved to be incompatible with the Chinese economic model . As the steppe population grew , pastoral agriculture alone could not support the population , and tribal alliances needed to be maintained by material rewards . For these needs , the nomads had to turn to the settled societies to get grains , metal tools , and luxury goods , which they could not produce by themselves . If denied trade by the settled peoples , the nomads would resort to raiding or even conquest . Potential nomadic incursion from three main areas of Inner Asia caused concern to northern China : Mongolia to the north , Manchuria to the northeast , and Xinjiang to the northwest . Of the three , China 's chief concern since the earliest times had been Mongolia -- the home of many of the country 's fiercest enemies including the Xiongnu , the Xianbei , the Khitans , and the Mongols . The Gobi Desert , which accounts for two - thirds of Mongolia 's area , divided the main northern and southern grazing lands and pushed the pastoral nomads to the fringes of the steppe . On the southern side ( Inner Mongolia ) , this pressure brought the nomads into contact with China . For the most part , barring intermittent passes and valleys ( the major one being the corridor through Zhangjiakou and the Juyong Pass ) , the North China Plain remained shielded from the Mongolian steppe by the Yin Mountains . However , if this defence were breached , China 's flat terrain offered no protection to the cities on the plain , including the imperial capitals of Beijing , Kaifeng , and Luoyang . Heading west along the Yin Mountains , the range ends where the Yellow River circles northwards upstream in the area known as the Ordos Loop -- technically part of the steppe , but capable of irrigated agriculture . Although the Yellow River formed a theoretical natural boundary with the north , such a border so far into the steppe was difficult to maintain . The lands south of the Yellow River -- the Hetao , the Ordos Desert , and the Loess Plateau -- provided no natural barriers on the approach to the Wei River valley , the oft - called cradle of Chinese civilization where the ancient capital Xi'an lay . As such , control of the Ordos remained extremely important for the rulers of China : not only for potential influence over the steppe , but also for the security of China proper . The region 's strategic importance combined with its untenability led many dynasties to place their first walls here . Although Manchuria is home to the agricultural lands of the Liao River valley , its location beyond the northern mountains relegated it to the relative periphery of Chinese concern . When Chinese state control became weak , at various points in history Manchuria fell under the control of the forest peoples of the area , including the Jurchens and the Manchus . The most crucial route that links Manchuria and the North China Plain is a narrow coastal strip of land , wedged between the Bohai Sea and the Yan Mountains , called the Shanhai Pass ( literally the `` mountain and sea pass '' ) . The pass gained much importance during the later dynasties , when the capital was set in Beijing , a mere 300 kilometres ( 190 miles ) away . In addition to the Shanhai Pass , a handful of mountain passes also provide access from Manchuria into China through the Yan Mountains , chief among them the Gubeikou and Xifengkou ( Chinese : 喜峰口 ) . Xinjiang , considered part of the Turkestan region , consists of an amalgamation of deserts , oases , and dry steppe barely suitable for agriculture . When influence from the steppe powers of Mongolia waned , the various Central Asian oasis kingdoms and nomadic clans like the Göktürks and Uyghurs were able to form their own states and confederations that threatened China at times . China proper is connected to this area by the Hexi Corridor , a narrow string of oases bounded by the Gobi Desert to the north and the high Tibetan Plateau to the south . In addition to considerations of frontier defence , the Hexi Corridor also formed an important part of the Silk Road trade route . Thus it was also in China 's economic interest to control this stretch of land , and hence the Great Wall 's western terminus is in this corridor -- the Yumen Pass during Han times and the Jiayu Pass during the Ming dynasty and thereafter . Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) ( edit ) Remnants of the Great Wall of Qi on Dafeng Mountain , Changqing District , Jinan , which was once part of the ancient State of Qi during the Warring States Period . One of the first mentions of a wall built against northern invaders is found in a poem , dated from the seventh century BC , recorded in the Classic of Poetry . The poem tells of a king , now identified as King Xuan ( r . 827 -- 782 BC ) of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BC ) , who commanded General Nan Zhong ( 南仲 ) to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun . The Xianyun , whose base of power was in the Ordos region , were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes , and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan 's response . Nan Zhong 's campaign was recorded as a great victory . However , only a few years later in 771 BC another branch of the Rong people , the Quanrong , responded to a summons by the renegade Marquess of Shen by over-running the Zhou defences and laying waste to the capital . The cataclysmic event killed King Xuan 's successor King You ( 795 -- 771 BC ) , forced the court to move the capital east to Chengzhou ( 成周 , later known as Luoyang ) a year later , and thus ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty ( 770 -- 256 BC ) . Most importantly , the fall of Western Zhou redistributed power to the states that had acknowledged Zhou 's nominal rulership . The rule of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was marked by bloody interstate anarchy . With smaller states being annexed and larger states waging constant war upon one another , many rulers came to feel the need to erect walls to protect their borders . Of the earliest textual reference to such a wall was the State of Chu 's wall of 656 BC , 1,400 metres ( 4,600 feet ) of which were excavated in southern Henan province in the modern era . However the Chu border fortifications consisted of many individual mountain fortresses ; they do not constitute to a lengthy , single wall . The State of Qi also had fortified borders up by the 7th century BC , and the extant portions in Shandong province had been christened the Great Wall of Qi . The State of Wei built two walls , the western one completed in 361 BC and the eastern in 356 BC , with the extant western wall found in Hancheng , Shaanxi . Even non-Chinese peoples built walls , such as the Di state of Zhongshan and the Yiqu Rong , whose walls were intended to defend against the State of Qin . Of these walls , those of the northern states Yan , Zhao , and Qin were connected by Qin Shi Huang when he united the Chinese states in 221 BC . Map of the Warring States and their frontier walls The State of Yan , the easternmost of the three northern states , began to erect walls after the general Qin Kai drove the Donghu people back `` a thousand li '' during the reign of King Zhao ( 燕昭王 ; r . 311 -- 279 BC ) . The Yan wall stretched from the Liaodong peninsula , through Chifeng , and into northern Hebei , possibly bringing its western terminus near the Zhao walls . Another Yan wall was erected to the south to defend against the Zhao ; it was southwest of present - day Beijing and ran parallel to the Juma River for several dozen miles . The Zhao walls to the north were built under King Wuling of Zhao ( r . 325 -- 299 BC ) , whose groundbreaking introduction of nomadic cavalry into his army reshaped Chinese warfare and gave Zhao an initial advantage over his opponents . He attacked the Xiongnu tribes of Linhu ( 林胡 ) and Loufan ( 樓煩 ) to the north , then waged war on the state of Zhongshan until it was annexed in 296 BC . In the process , he constructed the northernmost fortified frontier deep in nomadic territory . The Zhao walls were dated in the 1960s to be from King Wuling 's reign : a southern long wall in northern Henan encompassing the Yanmen Pass ; a second line of barricades encircling the Ordos Loop , extending from Zhangjiakou in the east to the ancient fortress of Gaoque ( 高闕 ) in the Urad Front Banner ; and a third , northernmost line along the southern slopes of the Yin Mountains , extending from Qinghe in the east , passing north of Hohhot , and into Baotou . Qin was originally a state on the western fringe of the Chinese political sphere , but it grew into a formidable power in the later parts of the Warring States period when it aggressively expanded in all directions . In the north , the state of Wei and the Yiqu built walls to protect themselves from Qin aggression , but were still unable to stop Qin from eating into their territories . The Qin reformist Shang Yang forced the Wei out of their walled area west of the Yellow River in 340 BC , and King Huiwen of Qin ( r . 338 -- 311 BC ) took 25 Yiqu forts in a northern offensive . When King Huiwen died , his widow the Queen Dowager Xuan acted as regent because the succeeding sons were deemed too young to govern . During the reign of King Zhaoxiang ( r . 306 -- 251 BC ) , the queen dowager apparently entered illicit relations with the Yiqu king and gave birth to two of his sons , but later tricked and killed the Yiqu king . Following that coup , the Qin army marched into Yiqu territory at the queen dowager 's orders ; the Qin annihilated the Yiqu remnants and thus came to possess the Ordos region . At this point the Qin built a wall around their new territories to defend against the true nomads even further north , incorporating the Wei walls . As a result , an estimated total of 1,775 kilometres ( 1,103 mi ) of Qin walls ( including spurts ) extended from southern Gansu to the bank of the Yellow River in the Jungar Banner , close to the border with Zhao at the time . The walls , known as Changcheng ( 長城 ) -- literally `` long walls '' , but often translated as `` Great Wall '' -- were mostly constructed of tamped earth , with some parts built with stones . Where natural barriers like ravines and rivers sufficed for defence , the walls were erected sparingly , but long fortified lines were laid where such advantageous terrains did not exist . Often in addition to the wall , the defensive system included garrisons and beacon towers inside the wall , and watchtowers outside at regular intervals . In terms of defence , the walls were generally effective at countering cavalry shock tactics , but there are doubts as to whether these early walls were actually defensive in nature . Nicola Di Cosmo points out that the northern frontier walls were built far to the north and included traditionally nomadic lands , and so rather than being defensive , the walls indicate the northward expansions of the three northern states and their desire to safeguard their recent territorial acquisitions . This theory is supported by the archeological discovery of nomadic artifacts within the walls , suggesting the presence of pre-existing or conquered barbarian societies . It is entirely possible , as Western scholars like di Cosmo and Lattimore suggest , that nomadic aggression against the Chinese in the coming centuries was partly caused by Chinese expansionism during this period . Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) ( edit ) Qin dynasty frontier walls In 221 BC , the state of Qin completed its conquest over the other Warring States and united China under Qin Shi Huang , the first emperor of China . These conquests , combined with the Legalist reforms started by Shang Yang in the 4th century BC , transformed China from a loose confederation of feudal states to an authoritarian empire . With the transformation , Qin became able to command a far greater assembly of labourers to be used in public works than the prior feudal kingdoms . Also , once unification was achieved , Qin found itself in possession of a large professional army with no more internal enemies to fight and thus had to find a new use for them . Soon after the conquests , in the year 215 BC , the emperor sent the famed general Meng Tian to the Ordos region to drive out the Xiongnu nomads settled there , who had risen from beyond the fallen marginal states along the northern frontier . Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu was preemptive in nature , since there was no pressing nomadic menace to be faced at the time ; its aim was to annexe the ambiguous territories of the Ordos and to clearly define the Qin 's northern borders . Once the Xiongnu were chased away , Meng Tian introduced 30,000 settler families to colonize the newly conquered territories . Wall configurations were changed to reflect the new borders under the Qin . General Meng Tian erected walls beyond the northern loop of the Yellow River , effectively linking the border walls of Qin , Zhao , and Yan . Concurrent to the building of the frontier wall was the destruction of the walls within China that used to divide one warring state from another -- contrary to the outer walls , which were built to stabilize the newly united China , the inner walls threatened the unity of the empire . In the following year , 214 BC , Qin Shi Huang ordered new fortifications to be built along the Yellow River to the west of the Ordos while work continued in the north . This work was completed probably by 212 BC , signalled by Qin Shi Huang 's imperial tour of inspection and the construction of the Direct Road ( 直道 ) connecting the capital Xianyang with the Ordos . The result was a series of long walls running from Gansu to the seacoast in Manchuria . Details of the construction were not found in the official histories , but it could be inferred that the construction conditions were made especially difficult by the long stretches of mountains and semi-desert that the Great Wall traversed , the sparse populations of these areas , and the frigid winter climate . Although the walls were rammed earth , so the bulk of the building material could be found in situ , transportation of additional supplies and labour remained difficult for the reasons named above . The sinologist Derk Bodde posits in The Cambridge History of China that `` for every man whom Meng Tian could put to work at the scene of actual construction , dozens must have been needed to build approaching roads and to transport supplies . '' This is supported by the Han dynasty statesman Zhufu Yan 's description of Qin Shi Huang 's Ordos project in 128 BC : ... the land was brackish and arid , crops could not be grown on them ... At the time , the young men being drafted were forced to haul boats and barges loaded with baggage trains upstream to sustain a steady supply of food and fodder to the front ... Commencing at the departure point a man and his animal could carry thirty zhong ( about 176 kilograms ( 388 lb ) ) of food supply , by the time they arrived at the destination , they merely delivered one dan ( about 29 kilograms ( 64 lb ) ) of supply ... When the populace had become tired and weary they started to dissipate and abscond . The orphans , the frail , the widowed and the seniors were desperately trying to escape from their appallingly derelict state and died on the wayside as they wandered away from their home . People started to revolt . The settlement of the north continued up to Qin Shi Huang 's death in 210 BC , upon which Meng Tian was ordered to commit suicide in a succession conspiracy . Before killing himself , Meng Tian expressed regret for his walls : `` Beginning at Lintao and reaching to Liaodong , I built walls and dug moats for more than ten thousand li ; was it not inevitable that I broke the earth 's veins along the way ? This then was my offense . '' Meng Tian 's settlements in the north were abandoned , and the Xiongnu nomads moved back into the Ordos Loop as the Qin empire became consumed by widespread rebellion due to public discontent . Owen Lattimore concluded that the whole project relied upon military power to enforce agriculture on a land more suited for herding , resulting in `` the anti-historical paradox of attempting two mutually exclusive forms of development simultaneously '' that was doomed to fail . Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) ( edit ) Western Han dynasty frontier walls and the extent of its territory See also : History of the Han dynasty In 202 BC , the former peasant Liu Bang emerged victorious from the Chu -- Han Contention that followed the rebellion that toppled the Qin dynasty , and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Han dynasty , becoming known as Emperor Gaozu of Han ( r . 202 -- 195 BC ) to posterity . Unable to address the problem of the resurgent Xiongnu in the Ordos region through military means , Emperor Gaozu was forced to appease the Xiongnu . In exchange for peace , the Han offered tributes along with princesses to marry off to the Xiongnu chiefs . These diplomatic marriages would become known as heqin , and the terms specified that the Great Wall ( determined to be either the Warring States period Qin state wall or a short stretch of wall south of Yanmen Pass ) was to serve as the line across which neither party would venture . In 162 BC , Gaozu 's son Emperor Wen clarified the agreement , suggesting the Xiongnu chanyu held authority north of the Wall and the Han emperor held authority south of it . Sima Qian , the author of the Records of the Grand Historian , describes the result of this agreement as one of peace and friendship : `` from the chanyu downwards , all the Xiongnu grew friendly with the Han , coming and going along the Long Wall '' . However , Chinese records show that the Xiongnu often did not respect the agreement , as the Xiongnu cavalry numbering up to 100,000 made several intrusions into Han territory despite the intermarriage . To Chinese minds , the heqin policy was humiliating and ran contrary to the Sinocentric world order like `` a person hanging upside down '' , as the statesman Jia Yi ( d . 169 BC ) puts it . These sentiments manifested themselves in the Han court in the form of the pro-war faction , who advocated the reversal of Han 's policy of appeasement . By the reign of Emperor Wu ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) , the Han felt comfortable enough to go to war with the Xiongnu . After a botched attempt at luring the Xiongnu army into an ambush at the Battle of Mayi in 133 BC , the era of heqin - style appeasement was broken and the Han -- Xiongnu War went into full swing . The ruins of a Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth , Gansu province . Part of Emperor Wu 's extension of Han 's defence lines to the western regions . Play media A video clip showing rammed earth ruins of the Han - period Great Wall at Dunhuang in Gansu province As the Han -- Xiongnu War progressed in favour of the Han , the Wall became maintained and extended beyond Qin lines . In 127 BC , General Wei Qing invaded the much - contested Ordos region as far as the Qin fortifications set up by Meng Tian . In this way , Wei Qing reconquered the irrigable lands north of the Ordos and restored the spur of defences protecting that territory from the steppe . In addition to rebuilding the walls , archeologists believe that the Han also erected thousands of kilometres of walls from Hebei to Inner Mongolia during Emperor Wu 's reign . The fortifications here include embankments , beacon stations , and forts , all constructed with a combination of tamped - earth cores and stone frontages . From the Ordos Loop , the sporadic and non-continuous Han Great Wall followed the northern edge of the Hexi Corridor through the cities of Wuwei , Zhangye , and Jiuquan , leading into the Juyan Lake Basin , and terminating in two places : the Yumen Pass in the north , or the Yang Pass to the south , both in the vicinity of Dunhuang . Yumen Pass was the most westerly of all Han Chinese fortifications -- further west than the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall at Jiayu Pass , about 460 kilometres ( 290 mi ) to the east . The garrisons of the watchtowers on the wall were supported by civilian farming and by military agricultural colonies known as tuntian . Behind this line of fortifications , the Han government was able to maintain its settlements and its communications to the Western Regions in central Asia , generally secure from attacks from the north . The campaigns against the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples of the west exhausted the imperial treasury , and the expansionist policies were reverted in favour of peace under Emperor Wu 's successors . The peace was largely respected even when the Han throne was usurped by the minister Wang Mang in 9 AD , beginning a brief 15 - year interregnum known as the Xin dynasty ( 9 -- 23 ) . Despite high tensions between the Xin and the Xiongnu resulting in the deployment of 300,000 men on the Great Wall , no major fighting broke out beyond minor raids . Instead , popular discontent led to banditry and , ultimately , full - scale rebellion . The civil war ended with the Liu clan on the throne again , beginning the Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 -- 220 ) . The restorer Emperor Guangwu ( r . 25 -- 57 AD ) initiated several projects to consolidate his control within the frontier regions . Defense works were established to the east of the Yanmen Pass , with a line of fortifications and beacon fires stretching from Pingcheng County ( present - day Datong ) through the valley of the Sanggan River to Dai County , Shanxi . By 38 AD , as a result of raids by the Xiongnu further to the west against the Wei River valley , orders were given for a series of walls to be constructed as defences for the Fen River , the southward course of the Yellow River , and the region of the former imperial capital , Chang'an . These constructions were defensive in nature , which marked a shift from the offensive walls of the preceding Emperor Wu and the rulers of the Warring States . By the early 40s AD the northern frontiers of China had undergone drastic change : the line of the imperial frontier followed not the advanced positions conquered by Emperor Wu but the rear defences indicated roughly by the modern ( Ming dynasty ) Great Wall . The Ordos region , northern Shanxi , and the upper Luan River basin around Chengde were abandoned and left to the control of the Xiongnu . The rest of the frontier remained somewhat intact until the end of the Han dynasty , with the Dunhuang manuscripts ( discovered in 1900 ) indicating that the military establishment in the northwest was maintained for most of the Eastern Han period . Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) ( edit ) Following the end of the Han dynasty in 220 , China disintegrated into warlord states , which in 280 were briefly reunited under the Western Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 316 ) . There are ambiguous accounts of the Jin rebuilding the Qin wall , but these walls apparently offered no resistance during the Wu Hu uprising , when the nomadic tribes of the steppe evicted the Chinese court from northern China . What followed was a succession of short - lived states in northern China known as the Sixteen Kingdoms , until they were all consolidated by the Xianbei - led Northern Wei dynasty ( 386 -- 535 ) . As Northern Wei became more economically dependent on agriculture , the Xianbei emperors made a conscious decision to adopt Chinese customs , including passive methods of frontier defence . In 423 , a defence line over 2,000 li ( 1,080 kilometres ( 670 mi ) ) long was built to resist the Rouran ; its path roughly followed the old Zhao wall from Chicheng County in Hebei Province to Wuyuan County , Inner Mongolia . In 446 , 100,000 men were put to work building an inner wall from Yanqing , passing south of the Wei capital Pingcheng , and ending up near Pingguan on the eastern bank of the Yellow River . The two walls formed the basis of the double - layered Xuanfu -- Datong wall system that protected Beijing a thousand years later during the Ming dynasty . The Northern Wei collapsed in 535 due to civil insurrection to be eventually succeeded by the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 575 ) and Northern Zhou ( 557 -- 580 ) . Faced with the threat of the Göktürks from the north , from 552 to 556 the Qi built up to 3,000 li ( about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) ) of wall from Shanxi to the sea at Shanhai Pass . Over the course of the year 555 alone , 1.8 million men were mobilized to build the Juyong Pass and extend its wall by 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) through Datong to the eastern banks of the Yellow River . In 557 a secondary wall was built inside the main one . These walls were built quickly from local earth and stones or formed by natural barriers . Two stretches of the stone - and - earth Qi wall still stand in Shanxi today , measuring 3.3 metres ( 11 ft ) wide at their bases and 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) high on average . In 577 the Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi and in 580 made repairs to the existing Qi walls . The route of the Qi and Zhou walls would be mostly followed by the later Ming wall west of Gubeikou , which includes reconstructed walls from Qi and Zhou . In more recent times , the reddish remnants of the Zhou ramparts in Hebei gave rise to the nickname `` Red Wall '' . The Sui took power from the Northern Zhou in 581 before reuniting China in 589 . Sui 's founding emperor , Emperor Wen of Sui ( r . 581 -- 604 ) , carried out considerable wall construction in 581 in Hebei and Shanxi to defend against Ishbara Qaghan of the Göktürks . The new walls proved insufficient in 582 when Ishbara Qaghan avoided them by riding west to raid Gansu and Shaanxi with 400,000 archers . Between 585 and 588 Emperor Wen sought to close this gap by putting walls up in the Ordos Mountains ( between Suide and Lingwu ) and Inner Mongolia . In 586 as many as 150,000 men are recorded as involved in the construction . Emperor Wen 's son Emperor Yang ( r . 604 -- 618 ) continued to build walls . In 607 -- 608 he sent over a million men to build a wall from Yulin to near Huhhot to protect the newly refurbished eastern capital Luoyang . Part of the Sui wall survives to this day in Inner Mongolia as earthen ramparts some 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) high with towers rising to double that . The dynastic history of Sui estimates that 500,000 people died building the wall , adding to the number of casualties caused by Emperor Yang 's projects including the aforementioned redesign of Luoyang , the Grand Canal , and two ill - fated campaigns against Goguryeo . With the economy strained and the populace resentful , the Sui dynasty erupted in rebellion and ended with the assassination of Emperor Yang in 618 . Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) ( edit ) 塞下曲 ( 望臨洮 ) Under the Wall ( Viewing Lintao ) 飲馬渡秋水 My horse crosses the river in autumn , 水寒風似刀 The cold wind off the water cuts like a knife . 平沙日未沒 Across the desert flats , the day is not yet finished , 黯黯見臨洮 I can dimly make out Lintao . 昔日長城戰 In olden days , battles along the Long Wall 咸言意氣高 Were described with praise and awe . 黃塵足今古 But today , the past is no more than yellow dust 白骨亂蓬蒿 White bones jostled amongst the grass . -- Wang Changling ( 698 -- 755 ) Frontier policy under the Tang dynasty reversed the wall - building activities of most previous dynasties that had occupied northern China since the third century BC , and no extensive wall building took place for the next several hundred years . Soon after the establishment of the Tang dynasty , during the reign of Emperor Taizong ( r . 626 -- 649 ) , the threat of Göktürk tribesmen from the north prompted some court officials to suggest drafting corvée labourers to repair the aging Great Wall . Taizong scoffed at the suggestion , alluding to the Sui walls built in vain : `` The Emperor Yang of Sui made the people labor to construct the Great Wall in order to defend against the Turks , but in the end this was of no use . '' Instead of building walls , Taizong claimed he `` need merely to establish Li Shiji in Jinyang for the dust on the border to settle . '' Accordingly , Taizong sent talented generals like Li Shiji with mobile armies to the frontier , while fortifications were mostly limited to a series of walled garrisons , such as the euphemistically - named `` cities for accepting surrender '' ( 受降城 , shòuxiáng chéng ) that were actually bases from which to launch attacks . As a result of this military strategy , the Tang grew to become one of the largest of all the Chinese empires , destroying the Göktürks of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and acquiring territory stretching all the way to Kazakhstan . Nevertheless , records show that in the Kaiyuan era ( 713 -- 742 ) of Emperor Xuanzong 's reign , the general Zhang Yue built a wall 90 li ( 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) ) to the north of Huairong ( 懷戎 ; present - day Huailai County , Hebei ) , although it remains unclear whether he erected new walls or only reinforced the existing Northern Qi walls . The Great Wall , or the ruins of it , features prominently in the subset of Tang poetry known as biansai shi ( 邊塞詩 , `` frontier verse '' ) written by scholar - officials assigned along the frontier . Emphasizing the poets ' loneliness and longing for home while hinting at the pointlessness of their posts , these frontier verses are characterized by imagery of desolate landscapes , including the ruins of the now - neglected Great Wall -- a direct product of Tang 's frontier policy . Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) ( edit ) See also : History of the Song dynasty Han Chinese power during the tumultuous post-Tang era was represented by the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , which completed its unification of the Chinese states with the conquest of Wuyue in 971 . Turning to the north after this victory , in 979 the Song eliminated the Northern Han , ultimate successors to the Later Jin , but were unable to take the Sixteen Prefectures from the Liao dynasty . As a result of Song 's military aggression , relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile . One of the battlegrounds in the Song -- Liao War was the Great Wall Gap ( 長城口 ) , so named because the southern Yan wall of the Warring States period crossed the Juma River here into Liao territory . The Great Wall Gap saw action in 979 , 988 -- 989 , and 1004 , and a Song fortress was built there in 980 . Intermittent wars between the Song and the Liao lasted until January 1005 , when a truce was called and led to the Treaty of Chanyuan . This agreement , among other things , required the Song to pay tribute to the Liao , recognized the Song and Liao as equals , and demarcated the Song -- Liao border , the course of which became more clearly defined in a series of subsequent bilateral agreements . Several stretches of the old Great Walls , including the Northern Qi Inner Wall near the Hengshan mountain range , became the border between the Song and the Liao . In the northwest , the Song were in conflict with the Western Xia , since they occupied what the Song considered as Chinese land lost during the Tang dynasty . The Song utilized the walls built during the reign of Qin 's King Zhaoxiang of the Warring States period , making it the Song -- Western Xia border , but the topography of the area was not as sharp and distinct as the Song -- Liao defences to the east . The border general Cao Wei ( 曹瑋 ; 973 -- 1030 ) deemed the Old Wall itself insufficient to slow a Tangut cavalry attack , and had a deep trench dug alongside . This trench , between 15 and 20 metres ( 49 and 66 feet ) in width and depth , proved an effective defence , but in 1002 the Tanguts caught the Song patrollers off guard and filled the trench to cross the Old Wall . Later , in 1042 , the Tanguts turned the trench against the Song by removing the bridges over it , thereby trapping the retreating army of Ge Huaimin ( 葛懷敏 ) before annihilating it at the Battle of Dingchuan Fortress ( 定川寨 ) . Despite the war with the Western Xia , the Song also settled land disputes with them by referring to prior agreements , as with the Liao . However , soon after the Jin dynasty overthrew the Liao dynasty , the Jurchens sacked the Song capital in 1127 during the Jin -- Song wars , causing the Song court to flee south of the Yangtze River . For the next two and a half centuries , the Great Wall played no role in Han Chinese geopolitics . Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) ( edit ) The Jurchen Jin dynasty ( orange ) shown with the walls of Liao , Xia , and Jin . After the Tang dynasty ended in 907 , the northern frontier area remained out of Han Chinese hands until the establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368 . During this period , non-Han `` conquest dynasties '' ruled the north : the Khitan Liao dynasty ( 907 -- 1125 ) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) in the west , all of which had built walls against the north . Liao dynasty frontier ( edit ) In 907 , the Khitan chieftain Abaoji succeeded in getting himself appointed khaghan of all Khitan tribes in the north , laying the foundations to what would officially become the Liao dynasty . In 936 , the Khitan supported the Shanxi rebel Shi Jingtang in his revolt against the Shatuo Turkic Later Tang , which had destroyed the usurpers of the Tang in 923 . The Khitan leader , Abaoji 's second son Yelü Deguang , convinced Shi to found a new dynasty ( the Later Jin , 936 -- 946 ) , and received the crucial border region known as the Sixteen Prefectures in return . With the Sixteen Prefectures , the Khitan now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the plains of northern China , including the main Great Wall line . Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe , the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei , and started to use Chinese methods of defence . In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River . The two walls of Jin dynasty ( edit ) When the Jurchens , once Liao vassals , rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin dynasty , they continued Liao 's wall - building activities with extensive work begun before 1138 . Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong , and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong . This long period of wall - building burdened the populace and provoked controversy . Sometime between 1190 and 1196 , during Zhangzong 's reign , the high official Zhang Wangong ( 張萬公 ) and the Censorate recommended that work on the wall be indefinitely suspended due to a recent drought , noting : `` What has been begun is already being flattened by sandstorms , and bullying the people into defence works will simply exhaust them . '' However , Chancellor Wanyan Xiang ( 完顏襄 ) convinced the emperor of the walls ' merits based on an optimistic cost estimate -- `` Although the initial outlay for the walls will be one million strings of cash , when the work is done the frontier will be secure with only half the present number of soldiers needed to defend it , which means that every year you will save three million strings of cash ... The benefits will be everlasting '' -- and so construction continued unabated . All this work created an extensive systems of walls , which consisted of a 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) `` outer wall '' from Heilongjiang to Mongolia and a 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) network of `` inner walls '' north and northeast of Beijing . Together , they formed a roughly elliptical web of fortifications 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) in length and 440 kilometres ( 270 mi ) in diameter . Some of these walls had inner moats ( from 10 to 60 metres ( 33 to 197 feet ) in width ) , beacon towers , battlements , parapets , and outward - facing semicircular platforms protruding from the wall -- features that set the Jin walls apart from their predecessors . The Tangut Great Wall ( edit ) In the west , the Tanguts took control of the Ordos region , where they established the Western Xia dynasty . Although the Tanguts were not traditionally known for building walls , in 2011 archeologists uncovered 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory . Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160 . The walls were as tall as 2.75 metres ( 9 ft 0 in ) at places when they were discovered , and may have been around 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) taller originally . They were built with mud and saxaul ( a desert shrub ) in one section , and dark basalt blocks in another , suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site . Archaeologists have not yet found traces of human activity around this stretch of wall , which suggests that the Western Xia wall in this location may have been incomplete and not ready for use . The onset of the Mongols ( edit ) The Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass See also : Mongol invasion of China In the 13th century , the Mongol leader Genghis Khan , once a vassal of the Jurchens , rose up against the Jin dynasty . In the ensuing Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty , the nomadic invaders avoided direct attacks on the Jin fortifications . Instead , when they could , the Mongols simply rode around the walls ; an effective example of this tactic is in 1211 , when they circumvented the substantial fortress in Zhangjiakou and inflicted a terrible defeat upon the Jin armies at the Battle of Yehuling . The Mongols also took advantage of lingering Liao resentment against the Jin ; the Khitan defenders of the garrisons along the Jin walls , such as those in Gubeikou , often preferred to surrender to the Mongols rather than fight them . The only major engagement of note along the main Great Wall line was at the heavily defended Juyong Pass : instead of laying siege , the Mongol general Jebe lured the defenders out into an ambush and charged in through the opened gates . In 1215 , Genghis Khan besieged , captured , and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing ( modern - day Beijing ) . The Jin dynasty eventually collapsed following the siege of Caizhou in 1234 . Western Xia had already fallen in 1227 , and the Southern Song resisted the Mongols until 1279 . With that , the Yuan dynasty , established by Genghis Khan 's grandson Khublai Khan , became the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China . Despite being the head of the Mongol Empire , Khublai Khan 's rule over China was not free from the threat of the steppe nomads . The Yuan dynasty faced challenges from rival claimants to the title of Great Khan and from rebellious Mongols in the north . Khublai Khan dealt with such threats by using both military blockades and economic sanctions . Although he established garrisons along the steppe frontier from the Juyan Lake Basin in the far west to Yingchang in the east , Khublai Khan and the Yuan emperors after him did not add to the Great Wall ( except for the ornate Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass ) . When the Venetian traveller Marco Polo wrote of his experiences in China during the reign of Khublai Khan , he did not mention a Great Wall . Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ming Great Wall The early walls ( edit ) The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls , which formed most of what is called the Great Wall of China today In 1368 , the Hongwu Emperor ( Zhu Yuanzhang , r . 1368 -- 98 ) ousted the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty from China to inaugurate the Ming dynasty . The Mongols fled back to Mongolia , but even after numerous campaigns , the Mongol problem remained . During his early reign , Hongwu set up the `` eight outer garrisons '' close to the steppe and an inner line of forts more suitable for defence . The inner line was the forerunner to the Ming Great Wall . In 1373 , as Ming forces encountered setbacks , Hongwu put more emphasis on defence and adopted Hua Yunlong 's ( 華雲龍 ) suggestion to establish garrisons at 130 passes and other strategic points in the Beijing area . More positions were set up in the years up Hongwu 's death in 1398 , and watchtowers were manned from the Bohai Sea to Beijing and further onto the Mongolian steppes . These positions , however , were not for a linear defence but rather a regional one in which walls did not feature heavily , and offensive tactics remained the overarching policy at the time . In 1421 , the Ming capital was relocated from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north , partly to better manage the Mongol situation . Thus defenses were concentrated around Beijing , where stone and earth began to replace rammed earth in strategic passes . A wall was erected by the Ming in Liaodong to protect Han settlers from a possible threat from the Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan around 1442 . In 1467 -- 68 , expansion of the wall provided further protection for the region from against attacks by the Jianzhou Jurchens in the northeast . Meanwhile , the outer defenses were gradually moved inward , thereby sacrificing a vital foothold in the steppe transitional zone . Despite the withdrawal from the steppe , the Ming military remained in a strong position against the nomads until the Tumu Crisis in 1449 , which caused the collapse of the early Ming security system . Over half of the campaigning Chinese army perished in the conflict , while the Mongols captured the Zhengtong Emperor . This military debacle shattered the Chinese military might that had so impressed and given pause to the Mongols since the beginning of the dynasty , and caused the Ming to be on the defensive ever after . The deterioration of the Ming military position in the steppe transitional zone gave rise to nomadic raids into Ming territory , including the crucial Ordos region , on a level unprecedented since the dynasty 's founding . After decades of deliberation between an offensive strategy and an accommodative policy , the decision to build the first major Ming walls in the Ordos was agreed upon as an acceptable compromise the 1470s . A section of the Great Wall at Jinshanling in Luanping County , Hebei province , China Yu Zijun ( 余子俊 ; 1429 -- 1489 ) first proposed constructing a wall in the Ordos region in August 1471 , but not until 20 December 1472 did the court and emperor approve the plan . The 1473 victory in the Battle of Red Salt Lake ( 紅鹽池 ) by Wang Yue ( 王越 ) deterred Mongol invasions long enough for Yu Zijun to complete his wall project in 1474 . This wall , a combined effort between Yu Zijun and Wang Yue , stretched from present day Hengcheng ( 橫城 ) in Lingwu ( northwestern Ningxia province ) to Huamachi town ( 花馬池鎮 ) in Yanchi County , and from there to Qingshuiying ( 清水營 ) in northeastern Shaanxi , a total of more than 2000 li ( about 1,100 kilometres ( 680 mi ) ) long . Along its length were 800 strong points , sentry posts , beacon - fire towers , and assorted defences . 40,000 men were enlisted for this effort , which was completed in several months at a cost of over one million silver taels . This defence system proved its initial worth in 1482 , when a large group of Mongol raiders were trapped within the double lines of fortifications and suffered a defeat by the Ming generals . This was seen as a vindication of Yu Zijun 's strategy of wall - building by the people of the border areas . By the mid-16th century , Yu 's wall in the Ordos had seen expansion into an extensive defence system . It contained two defence lines : Yu 's wall , called the `` great border '' ( 大邊 , dàbiān ) , and a `` secondary border '' ( 二邊 , èrbiān ) built by Yang Yiqing ( 楊一清 ; 1454 -- 1530 ) behind it . Following the success of the Ordos walls , Yu Zijun proposed construction of a further wall that would extend from the Yellow River bend in the Ordos to the Sihaiye Pass ( 四海冶口 ; in present - day Yanqing County ) near the capital Beijing , running a distance of more than 1300 li ( about 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) ) . The project received approval in 1485 , but Yu 's political enemies harped on the cost overruns and forced Yu to scrap the project and retire the same year . For more than 50 years after Yu 's resignation , political struggle prevented major wall constructions on a scale comparable to Yu 's Ordos project . However , wall construction continued regardless of court politics during this time . The Ordos walls underwent extension , elaboration , and repair well into the 16th century . Brick and stone started to replace tamped earth as the wall building material , because they offered better protection and durability . This change in material gave rise to a number of necessary accommodations with regard to logistics , and inevitably a drastic increase in costs . Instead of being able to draw on local resources , building projects now required brick - kilns , quarries , and transportation routes to deliver bricks to the work site . Also , masons had to be hired since the local peasantry proved inadequate for the level of sophistication that brick constructions required . Work that originally could be done by one man in a month with earth now required 100 men to do in stone . The walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the Western reaches ( edit ) The Great Wall at Dajingmen , part of the Xuanfu stretch of the Great Wall . The gate structure is a Qing dynasty construction . With the Ordos now adequately fortified , the Mongols avoided its walls by riding east to invade Datong and Xuanfu ( 宣府 ; present - day Xuanhua , Hebei Province ) , which were two major garrisons guarding the corridor to Beijing where no walls had been built . The two defence lines of Xuanfu and Datong ( abbreviated as `` Xuan -- Da '' ) left by the Northern Qi and the early Ming had deteriorated by this point , and for all intents and purposes the inner line was the capital 's main line of defence . From 1544 to 1549 , Weng Wanda ( 翁萬達 ; 1498 -- 1552 ) embarked on a defensive building program on a scale unprecedented in Chinese history . Troops were re-deployed along the outer line , new walls and beacon towers were constructed , and fortifications were restored and extended along both lines . Firearms and artillery were mounted on the walls and towers during this time , for both defence and signalling purposes . The project 's completion was announced in the sixth month of 1548 . At its height , the Xuan -- Da portion of the Great Wall totalled about 850 kilometres ( 530 miles ) of wall , with some sections being doubled - up with two lines of wall , some tripled or even quadrupled . The outer frontier was now protected by a wall called the `` outer border '' ( 外邊 , wàibiān ) that extended 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) from the Yellow River 's edge at the Piantou Pass ( 偏頭關 ) along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province ; the `` inner border '' wall ( 內邊 , nèibiān ) ran southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) , ending at the Pingxing Pass ; a `` river wall '' ( 河邊 , hébiān ) also ran from the Piantou Pass and followed the Yellow River southwards for about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) . A section of the Great Wall on the Hanging Cliffs ( 懸壁長城 ) leading up to Jiayu Pass As with Yu Zijun 's wall in the Ordos , the Mongols shifted their attacks away from the newly strengthened Xuan -- Da sector to less well - protected areas . In the west , Shaanxi province became the target of nomads riding west from the Yellow River loop . The westernmost fortress of Ming China , the Jiayu Pass , saw substantial enhancement with walls starting in 1539 , and from there border walls were built discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor to Wuwei , where the low earthen wall split into two . The northern section passed through Zhongwei and Yinchuan , where it met the western edge of the Yellow River loop before connecting with the Ordos walls , while the southern section passed through Lanzhou and continued northeast to Dingbian . The origins and the exact route of this so - called `` Tibetan loop '' are still not clear . From Beijing to Shanhai Pass ( edit ) In 1550 , having once more been refused a request for trade , the Tümed Mongols under Altan Khan invaded the Xuan -- Da region . However , despite several attempts , he could not take Xuanfu due to Weng Wanda 's double fortified line while the garrison at Datong bribed him to not attack there . Instead of continuing to operate in the area , he circled around Weng Wanda 's wall to the relatively lightly defended Gubeikou , northeast of Beijing . From there Altan Khan passed through the defences and raided the suburbs of Beijing . According to one contemporary source , the raid took more than 60,000 lives and an additional 40,000 people became prisoners . As a response to this raid , the focus of the Ming 's northern defences shifted from the Xuan -- Da region to the Jizhou ( 薊州鎮 ) and Changping Defence Commands ( 昌平鎮 ) where the breach took place . Later in the same year , the dry - stone walls of the Jizhou -- Changping area ( abbreviated as `` Ji -- Chang '' ) were replaced by stone and mortar . These allowed the Chinese to build on steeper , more easily defended slopes and facilitated construction of features such as ramparts , crenelations , and peepholes . The effectiveness of the new walls was demonstrated in the failed Mongol raid of 1554 , where raiders expecting a repeat of the events of 1550 were surprised by the higher wall and stiff Chinese resistance . In 1567 Qi Jiguang and Tan Lun , successful generals who fended off the coastal pirates , were reassigned to manage the Ji -- Chang Defense Commands and step up the defences of the capital region . Under their ambitious and energetic management , 1200 brick watchtowers were built along the Great Wall from 1569 to 1571 . These included the first large - scale use of hollow watchtowers on the Wall : up until this point , most previous towers along the Great Wall had been solid , with a small hut on top for a sentry to take shelter from the elements and Mongol arrows ; the Ji -- Chang towers built from 1569 onwards were hollow brick structures , allowing soldiers interior space to live , store food and water , stockpile weapons , and take shelter from Mongol arrows . Illustration of the Shanhai Pass garrison at the time of the Manchu conquests Altan Khan eventually made peace with China when it opened border cities for trade in 1571 , alleviating the Mongol need to raid . This , coupled with Qi and Tan 's efforts to secure the frontier , brought a period of relative peace along the border . However , minor raids still happened from time to time when the profits of plunder outweighed those of trade , prompting the Ming to close all gaps along the frontier around Beijing . Areas of difficult terrain once considered impassable were also walled off , leading to the well - known vistas of a stone - faced Great Wall snaking over dramatic landscapes that tourists still see today . Wall construction continued until the demise of the Ming dynasty in 1644 . In the decades that led to the fall of the Ming dynasty , the Ming court and the Great Wall itself had to deal with simultaneous internal rebellions and the Manchu invasions . In addition to their conquest of Liaodong , the Manchus had raided across the Great Wall for the first time in 1629 , and again in 1634 , 1638 , and 1642 . Meanwhile , the rebels led by warlord Li Zicheng had been gathering strength . In the early months of 1644 , Li Zicheng declared himself the founder of the Shun and marched towards the Ming capital from Shaanxi . His route roughly followed the line of the Great Wall , in order to neutralize its heavily fortified garrisons . The crucial defences of Datong , Xuanfu , and Juyong Pass all surrendered without a fight , and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on 25 April as the Shun army entered Beijing . At this point , the largest remaining Ming fighting force in North China was in Shanhai Pass , where the Great Wall meets the Bohai Sea . Its defender Wu Sangui , wedged between the Shun army within and the Manchus without , decided to surrender to the Manchus and opened the gates for them . The Manchus , having thus entered through the Great Wall , defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized Beijing on June 5 . They eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing their rule over all of China as the Qing dynasty . Opinions about the Wall 's role in the Ming dynasty 's downfall are mixed . Historians such as Arthur Waldron and Julia Lovell are critical of the whole wall - building exercise in light of its ultimate failure in protecting China ; the former compared the Great Wall with the failed Maginot Line of the French in World War II . However , independent scholar David Spindler notes that the Wall , being only part of a complex foreign policy , received `` disproportionate blame '' because it was the most obvious relic of that policy . Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) ( edit ) The usefulness of the Great Wall as a defence line against northern nomads became questionable under the Qing dynasty , since their territory encompassed vast areas inside and outside the wall : China proper , Manchuria , and Mongolia were all under Qing control . So instead , the Great Wall became the means to limit Han Chinese movement into the steppes . In the case of Manchuria , considered to be the sacred homeland by the ruling Manchu elites , some parts of the Ming Liaodong Wall were repaired so it could serve to control Han Chinese movement into Manchuria alongside the newly erected Willow Palisade . Culturally , the wall 's symbolic role as a line between civilized society and barbarism was suppressed by the Qing , who were keen to weaken the Han culturalism that had been propagated by the Ming . As a result , no special attention was paid to the Great Wall until the mid-Qing dynasty , when Westerners started to show interest in the structure . Western appreciation of the Wall ( edit ) `` A gate of the Wall of China , explaining its structure '' . An illustration from Athanasius Kircher 's China Illustrata , 1667 . The existence of a colossal wall in Asia had circulated in the Middle East and the West even before the first Europeans arrived in China by sea . The late antiquity historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( 330 ? -- 395 ? ) mentioned `` summits of lofty walls '' enclosing the land of Seres , the country that the Romans believed to be at the eastern end of the Silk Road . In legend , the tribes of Gog and Magog were said to have been locked out by Alexander the Great with walls of steel . Later Arab writers and travellers , such as Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( 1248 -- 1318 ) and Ibn Battuta ( 1304 -- 1377 ) , would erroneously identify the Great Wall in China with the walls of the Alexander romances . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European would see it with their own eyes for another century . The work A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions by Gaspar da Cruz ( c. 1520 -- 70 ) offered an early discussion of the Great Wall in which he noted , `` a Wall of an hundred leagues in length . And some will affirme to bee more than a hundred leagues . '' Another early account written by Bishop Juan González de Mendoza ( 1550 -- 1620 ) reported a wall five hundred leagues long , but suggested that only one hundred leagues were man - made , with the rest natural rock formations . The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci ( 1552 -- 1610 ) mentioned the Great Wall once in his diary , noting the existence of `` a tremendous wall four hundred and five miles long '' that formed part of the northern defences of the Ming Empire . Europeans first witnessed the Great Wall in the early 1600s . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Ivan Petlin 's 1619 deposition for his Russian embassy mission offers an early account based on a first - hand encounter with the Great Wall , and mentions that in the course of the journey his embassy travelled alongside the Great Wall for ten days . The Great Wall as depicted in Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall . However , when the Ming Great Wall began to take on a shape recognizable today , foreign accounts of the Wall slid into hyperbole . In the Atlas Sinensis published in 1665 , the Jesuit Martino Martini described elaborate but atypical stretches of the Great Wall and generalized such fortifications across the whole northern frontier . Furthermore , Martini erroneously identified the Ming Wall as the same wall built by Qin Shi Huang in the 3rd century BC , thereby exaggerating both the Wall 's antiquity and its size . This misconception was compounded by the China Illustrata of Father Athanasius Kircher ( 1602 -- 80 ) , which provided pictures of the Great Wall as imagined by a European illustrator . All these and other accounts from missionaries in China contributed to the Orientalism of the eighteenth century , in which a mythical China and its exaggerated Great Wall feature prominently . The French philosopher Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1774 ) , for example , frequently wrote about the Great Wall , although his feelings towards it oscillate between unreserved admiration and condemnation of it as a `` monument to fear '' . The Macartney Embassy of 1793 passed through the Great Wall at Gubeikou on the way to see the Qianlong Emperor in Chengde , who was there for the annual imperial hunt . One of the embassy 's members , John Barrow , later founder of the Royal Geographical Society , spuriously calculated that the amount of stone in the Wall was equivalent to `` all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland '' and would suffice to encircle the Earth at the equator twice . The illustrations of the Great Wall by Lieutenant Henry William Parish during this mission would be reproduced in influential works such as Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views . Exposure to such works brought many foreign visitors to the Great Wall after China opened its borders as a result of the nation 's defeat in the Opium Wars of the mid-19th century at the hands of Britain and the other Western powers . The Juyong Pass near Beijing and the `` Old Dragon Head , '' where the Great Wall meets the sea at the Shanhai Pass , proved popular destinations for these wall watchers . The travelogues of the later 19th century in turn further contributed to the elaboration and propagation of the Great Wall myth . Examples of this myth 's growth are the false but widespread belief that the Great Wall of China is visible from the Moon or Mars . Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) ( edit ) The Great Wall in 1907 The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor Puyi and ended China 's last imperial dynasty . The revolutionaries , headed by Sun Yat - sen , were concerned with creating a modern sense of national identity in the chaotic post-imperial era . In contrast to Chinese academics such as Liang Qichao , who tried to counter the West 's fantastic version of the Great Wall , Sun Yat - sen held the view that Qin Shi Huang 's wall preserved the Chinese race , and without it Chinese culture would not have developed enough to expand to the south and assimilate foreign conquerors . Such an endorsement from the `` Father of Modern China '' started to transform the Great Wall into a national symbol in the Chinese consciousness , though this transformation was hampered by conflicting views of nationalism with regard to the nascent `` new China . '' The failure of the new Republic of China fanned disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture and ushered in the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement of the mid-1910s and 1920s that aimed to dislodge China 's future trajectory from its past . Naturally , the Great Wall of China came under attack as a symbol of the past . For example , an influential writer of this period , Lu Xun , harshly criticized the `` mighty and accursed Great Wall '' in a short essay : `` In reality , it has never served any purpose than to make countless workers labour to death in vain ... ( It ) surrounds everyone . '' Arise ! All those who do n't want to be slaves ! Let our flesh and blood forge our new Great Wall ! `` The March of the Volunteers '' The Sino - Japanese conflict ( 1931 -- 45 ) gave the Great Wall a new lease of life in the eyes of the Chinese . During the 1933 defence of the Great Wall , inadequately - equipped Chinese soldiers held off double their number of Japanese troops for several months . Using the cover of the Great Wall , the Chinese -- who were at times only armed with broadswords -- were able to beat off a Japanese advance that had the support of aerial bombardment . With the Chinese forces eventually overrun , the subsequent Tanggu Truce stipulated that the Great Wall was to become a demilitarized zone separating China and the newly created Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Even so , the determined defence of the Great Wall made it a symbol of Chinese patriotism and the resoluteness of the Chinese people . The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong picked up this symbol in his poetry during his `` Long March '' escaping from Kuomintang prosecution . Near the end of the trek in 1935 , Mao wrote the poem `` Mount Liupan '' that contains the well - known line that would be carved in stone along the Great Wall in the present day : `` Those who fail to reach the Great Wall are not true men '' ( 不到长城非好汉 ) . Another noteworthy reference to the Great Wall is in the song `` The March of the Volunteers '' , whose words came from a stanza in Tian Han 's 1934 poem entitled `` The Great Wall '' . The song , originally from the anti-Japanese movie Children of Troubled Times , enjoyed continued popularity in China and was selected as the provisional national anthem of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) at its establishment in 1949 . US President Nixon visits the Great Wall , 1972 In 1952 , the scholar - turned - bureaucrat Guo Moruo laid out the first modern proposal to repair the Great Wall . Five years later , the renovated Badaling became the first section to be opened to the public since the establishment of the PRC . The Badaling Great Wall has since become a staple stop for foreign dignitaries who come to China , beginning with Nepali prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala in 1960 , and most notably the American president Richard Nixon in his historic 1972 visit to China . To date , Badaling is still the most visited stretch of the Great Wall . Other stretches did not fare so well . During the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 -- 76 ) , hundreds of kilometres of the Great Wall -- already damaged in the wars of the last century and eroded by wind and rain -- were deliberately destroyed by fervent Red Guards who regarded it as part of the `` Four Olds '' to be eradicated in the new China . Quarrying machines and even dynamite were used to dismantle the Wall , and the pilfered materials were used for construction . As China opened up in the 1980s , reformist leader Deng Xiaoping initiated the `` Love our China and restore our Great Wall '' campaign ( 爱我中华 , 修我长城 ) to repair and preserve the Great Wall . The Great Wall was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . However , while tourism boomed over the years , slipshod restoration methods have left sections of the Great Wall near Beijing `` looking like a Hollywood set '' in the words of the National Geographic News . The less prominent stretches of the Great Wall did not get as much attention . In 2002 the New York - based World Monuments Fund put the Great Wall on its list of the World 's 100 Most Endangered Sites . In 2003 the Chinese government began to enact laws to protect the Great Wall . Historiography ( edit ) See also : Chinese historiography and Sinology In China , one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th - century scholar Gu Yanwu . More recently , in the 1930s and 1940s , Wang Guoliang ( 王國良 ) and Shou Pengfei ( 壽鵬飛 ) produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border walls . However , these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references . The rise of modern archeology has contributed much to the study of the Great Wall , either in corroborating existing research or in refuting it . However these efforts do not yet give a full picture of the Great Wall 's history , as many wall sites dating to the Period of Disunity ( 220 -- 589 ) had been overlaid by the extant Ming Great Wall . The first map of China printed in a European atlas , engraved by Abraham Ortelius ( 1584 ) , shows a series of walls wedged between mountains against the Tartars , represented by yurts . Western scholarship of the Great Wall was , until recently , affected by misconceptions derived from traditional accounts of the Wall . When the Jesuits brought back the first reports of the Wall to the West , European scholars were puzzled that Marco Polo had not mentioned the presumably perennial `` Great Wall '' in his Travels . Some 17th - century scholars reasoned that the Wall must have been built in the Ming dynasty , after Marco Polo 's departure . This view was soon replaced by another that argued , against Polo 's own account , that the Venetian merchant had come to China from the south and so did not come into contact with the Wall . Thus , Father Martino Martini 's mistaken claim that the Wall had `` lasted right up to the present time without injury or destruction '' since the time of Qin was accepted as fact by the 18th - century philosophes . Since then , many scholars have operated under the belief that the Great Wall continually defended China 's border against the steppe nomads for two thousand years . For example , the 18th - century sinologist Joseph de Guignes assigned macrohistorical importance to such walls when he advanced the theory that the Qin construction forced the Xiongnu to migrate west to Europe and , becoming known as the Huns , ultimately contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire . Some have attempted to make general statements regarding Chinese society and foreign policy based on the conception of a perennial Great Wall : Karl Marx took the Wall to represent the stagnation of the Chinese society and economy , Owen Lattimore supposed that the Great Wall demonstrated a need to divide the nomadic way of life from the agricultural communities of China , and John K. Fairbank posited that the Wall played a part in upholding the Sinocentric world order . Despite the significance that the Great Wall seemed to have , scholarly treatment of the Wall itself remained scant during the 20th century . Joseph Needham bemoaned this dearth when he was compiling the section on walls for his Science and Civilisation in China : `` There is no lack of travelers ' description of the Great Wall , but studies based on modern scholarship are few and far between , whether in Chinese or Western languages . '' In 1990 , Arthur Waldron published the influential The Great Wall : From History to Myth , where he challenged the notion of a unitary Great Wall maintained since antiquity , dismissing it as a modern myth . Waldron 's approach prompted a re-examination of the Wall in Western scholarship . Still , as of 2008 , there is not yet a full authoritative text in any language that is devoted to the Great Wall . The reason for this , according to The New Yorker journalist Peter Hessler , is that the Great Wall fits into neither the study of political institutions ( favoured by Chinese historians ) nor the excavation of tombs ( favoured by Chinese archeologists ) . Some of the void left by academia is being filled by independent research from Great Wall enthusiasts such as ex-Xinhua reporter Cheng Dalin ( 成大林 ) and self - funded scholar David Spindler . See also ( edit ) History of China History of Central Asia Military history of China before 1911 Foreign relations of Imperial China Lady Meng Jiang , a Chinese folk tale about the Great Wall Battle of Shanhaiguan ( 1900 ) , British forces occupy and damage parts of Shanhai Pass during the Boxer Rebellion The Great Wall of China , a short story by Franz Kafka Great Wall of China hoax , published in 1899 and expanded in 1939 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought : Survey measures the wall at 21,196 km long '' . CBC News . June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? Google Earth , carbon dating suggest wall network even bigger than thought '' . National Geographic Daily News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Wall '' . World Heritage List . World Heritage Centre , United Nations Educational , Scientific and World Organization ( UNESCO ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 533 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 535 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Barfield 1989 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 1999 , p. 920 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : di Cosmo 2002 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 13 -- 4 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 ; Waldron 1990 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 144 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 349 ; di Cosmo 2002 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 439 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 441 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 543 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 465 , note 35 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 63 . 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Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1979 , p. 621 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 652 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 203 -- 04 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579 . This section is the report of Góis ' travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 , annotated by Henry Yule ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Petty , John Ira ; Dunbar , Brian , eds. ( 2005 - 09 - 05 ) . `` China 's Wall Less Great in View from Space '' . News Topics . United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . Jump up ^ Hvistendahl , Mara ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? Though it stretches for some 4,500 miles , the ancient Chinese fortification is not as visible from orbit as modern desert roads '' . China , the Olympics , and the Environment . Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Pickowicz 1991 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Despite falling from grace during the Cultural Revolution , the anthem 's status was confirmed in 1982 and enshrined in the Chinese Constitution in 2004 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 182 . 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Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . `` Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China '' . Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society . Issues 36 -- 37 . London : T. Richards . ( in Chinese ) Zhongguo changcheng yiji tiaocha baogao ji 中国长城遗迹调查报告集 ( Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China ) . Beijing : Cultural Relics Publishing House . 1981 . ( hide ) Great Wall of China Yumen Pass Yang Pass Jiayu Pass Yanmen Pass Jumenbu Niangzi Pass Pingxing Pass Dajingmen Badaling Juyong Pass ( Cloud Platform ) Huanghuacheng Jiankou ( Beijing Knot ) Mutianyu Baimaguan Gubeikou Jinshanling Simatai Huangya Pass Shanhai Pass Hushan History of the Great Wall of China ( Qi , Ming ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=833481066 '' Categories : Great Wall of China Chinese architectural history Military history of China Hidden categories : Good articles Use Canadian English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with Chinese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first great wall of china built	[ "The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn (771–476 BC)[1] and Warring States periods (475–221 BC) were connected by the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia. The walls were built of rammed earth, constructed using forced labour, and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria." ]	[ "771–476 BC" ]
-292732191413642251	Igneous rock	Igneous rock - wikipedia Igneous rock Jump to : navigation , search Geologic provinces of the World ( USGS ) Shield Platform Orogen Basin Large igneous province Extended crust Oceanic crust : 0 -- 20 Ma 20 -- 65 Ma > 65 Ma Igneous rock ( derived from the Latin word ignis meaning fire ) , or magmatic rock , is one of the three main rock types , the others being sedimentary and metamorphic . Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava . The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet 's mantle or crust . Typically , the melting is caused by one or more of three processes : an increase in temperature , a decrease in pressure , or a change in composition . Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks . Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular , crystalline rocks , or without crystallization to form natural glasses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geological significance 2 Geological setting 2.1 Intrusive 2.2 Extrusive 3 Classification 3.1 Texture 3.2 Chemical classification and petrology 3.3 History of classification 4 Mineralogical classification 4.1 Example of classification 5 Magma origination 5.1 Decompression 5.2 Effects of water and carbon dioxide 5.3 Temperature increase 5.4 Magma evolution 6 Etymology 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Additional Reading 11 External links Geological significance Igneous and metamorphic rocks make up 90 -- 95 % of the top 16 km of the Earth 's crust by volume . Igneous rocks form about 15 % of the Earth 's current land surface . Most of the Earth 's oceanic crust is made of igneous rock . Igneous rocks are also geologically important because : their minerals and global chemistry give information about the composition of the mantle , from which some igneous rocks are extracted , and the temperature and pressure conditions that allowed this extraction , and / or of other pre-existing rock that melted ; their absolute ages can be obtained from various forms of radiometric dating and thus can be compared to adjacent geological strata , allowing a time sequence of events ; their features are usually characteristic of a specific tectonic environment , allowing tectonic reconstitutions ( see plate tectonics ) ; in some special circumstances they host important mineral deposits ( ores ) : for example , tungsten , tin , and uranium are commonly associated with granites and diorites , whereas ores of chromium and platinum are commonly associated with gabbros . Geological setting Forming of igneous rock In terms of modes of occurrence , igneous rocks can be either intrusive ( plutonic and hypabyssal ) or extrusive ( volcanic ) . Intrusive Close - up of granite ( an intrusive igneous rock ) exposed in Chennai , India . Intrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of a planet , surrounded by pre-existing rock ( called country rock ) ; the magma cools slowly and , as a result , these rocks are coarse - grained . The mineral grains in such rocks can generally be identified with the naked eye . Intrusive rocks can also be classified according to the shape and size of the intrusive body and its relation to the other formations into which it intrudes . Typical intrusive formations are batholiths , stocks , laccoliths , sills and dikes . When the magma solidifies within the earth 's crust , it cools slowly forming coarse textured rocks , such as granite , gabbro , or diorite . The central cores of major mountain ranges consist of intrusive igneous rocks , usually granite . When exposed by erosion , these cores ( called batholiths ) may occupy huge areas of the Earth 's surface . Intrusive igneous rocks that form at depth within the crust are termed plutonic ( or abyssal ) rocks and are usually coarse - grained . Intrusive igneous rocks that form near the surface are termed subvolcanic or hypabyssal rocks and they are usually medium - grained . Hypabyssal rocks are less common than plutonic or volcanic rocks and often form dikes , sills , laccoliths , lopoliths , or phacoliths . Extrusive Extrusive igneous rock is made from lava released by volcanoes Sample of basalt ( an extrusive igneous rock ) , found in Massachusetts Extrusive igneous rocks , also known as volcanic rocks , are formed at the crust 's surface as a result of the partial melting of rocks within the mantle and crust . Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify quicker than intrusive igneous rocks . They are formed by the cooling of molten magma on the earth 's surface . The magma , which is brought to the surface through fissures or volcanic eruptions , solidifies at a faster rate . Hence such rocks are smooth , crystalline and fine - grained . Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock and forms lava flows , lava sheets and lava plateaus . Some kinds of basalt solidify to form long polygonal columns . The Giant 's Causeway in Antrim , Northern Ireland is an example . The molten rock , with or without suspended crystals and gas bubbles , is called magma . It rises because it is less dense than the rock from which it was created . When magma reaches the surface from beneath water or air , it is called lava . Eruptions of volcanoes into air are termed subaerial , whereas those occurring underneath the ocean are termed submarine . Black smokers and mid-ocean ridge basalt are examples of submarine volcanic activity . The volume of extrusive rock erupted annually by volcanoes varies with plate tectonic setting . Extrusive rock is produced in the following proportions : divergent boundary : 73 % convergent boundary ( subduction zone ) : 15 % hotspot : 12 % . Magma that erupts from a volcano behaves according to its viscosity , determined by temperature , composition , crystal content and the amount of silica . High - temperature magma , most of which is basaltic in composition , behaves in a manner similar to thick oil and , as it cools , treacle . Long , thin basalt flows with pahoehoe surfaces are common . Intermediate composition magma , such as andesite , tends to form cinder cones of intermingled ash , tuff and lava , and may have a viscosity similar to thick , cold molasses or even rubber when erupted . Felsic magma , such as rhyolite , is usually erupted at low temperature and is up to 10,000 times as viscous as basalt . Volcanoes with rhyolitic magma commonly erupt explosively , and rhyolitic lava flows are typically of limited extent and have steep margins , because the magma is so viscous . Felsic and intermediate magmas that erupt often do so violently , with explosions driven by the release of dissolved gases -- typically water vapour , but also carbon dioxide . Explosively erupted pyroclastic material is called tephra and includes tuff , agglomerate and ignimbrite . Fine volcanic ash is also erupted and forms ash tuff deposits , which can often cover vast areas . Because lava usually cools and crystallizes rapidly , it is usually fine - grained . If the cooling has been so rapid as to prevent the formation of even small crystals after extrusion , the resulting rock may be mostly glass ( such as the rock obsidian ) . If the cooling of the lava happened more slowly , the rock would be coarse - grained . Because the minerals are mostly fine - grained , it is much more difficult to distinguish between the different types of extrusive igneous rocks than between different types of intrusive igneous rocks . Generally , the mineral constituents of fine - grained extrusive igneous rocks can only be determined by examination of thin sections of the rock under a microscope , so only an approximate classification can usually be made in the field . Classification Igneous rocks are classified according to mode of occurrence , texture , mineralogy , chemical composition , and the geometry of the igneous body . The classification of the many types of different igneous rocks can provide us with important information about the conditions under which they formed . Two important variables used for the classification of igneous rocks are particle size , which largely depends on the cooling history , and the mineral composition of the rock . Feldspars , quartz or feldspathoids , olivines , pyroxenes , amphiboles , and micas are all important minerals in the formation of almost all igneous rocks , and they are basic to the classification of these rocks . All other minerals present are regarded as nonessential in almost all igneous rocks and are called accessory minerals . Types of igneous rocks with other essential minerals are very rare , and these rare rocks include those with essential carbonates . In a simplified classification , igneous rock types are separated on the basis of the type of feldspar present , the presence or absence of quartz , and in rocks with no feldspar or quartz , the type of iron or magnesium minerals present . Rocks containing quartz ( silica in composition ) are silica - oversaturated . Rocks with feldspathoids are silica - undersaturated , because feldspathoids can not coexist in a stable association with quartz . Igneous rocks that have crystals large enough to be seen by the naked eye are called phaneritic ; those with crystals too small to be seen are called aphanitic . Generally speaking , phaneritic implies an intrusive origin ; aphanitic an extrusive one . An igneous rock with larger , clearly discernible crystals embedded in a finer - grained matrix is termed porphyry . Porphyritic texture develops when some of the crystals grow to considerable size before the main mass of the magma crystallizes as finer - grained , uniform material . Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of texture and composition . Texture refers to the size , shape , and arrangement of the mineral grains or crystals of which the rock is composed . Texture Gabbro specimen showing phaneritic texture ; Rock Creek Canyon , eastern Sierra Nevada , California ; scale bar is 2.0 cm . Main article : Rock microstructure Texture is an important criterion for the naming of volcanic rocks . The texture of volcanic rocks , including the size , shape , orientation , and distribution of mineral grains and the intergrain relationships , will determine whether the rock is termed a tuff , a pyroclastic lava or a simple lava . However , the texture is only a subordinate part of classifying volcanic rocks , as most often there needs to be chemical information gleaned from rocks with extremely fine - grained groundmass or from airfall tuffs , which may be formed from volcanic ash . Textural criteria are less critical in classifying intrusive rocks where the majority of minerals will be visible to the naked eye or at least using a hand lens , magnifying glass or microscope . Plutonic rocks also tend to be less texturally varied and less prone to gaining structural fabrics . Textural terms can be used to differentiate different intrusive phases of large plutons , for instance porphyritic margins to large intrusive bodies , porphyry stocks and subvolcanic dikes ( apophyses ) . Mineralogical classification is most often used to classify plutonic rocks . Chemical classifications are preferred to classify volcanic rocks , with phenocryst species used as a prefix , e.g. `` olivine - bearing picrite '' or `` orthoclase - phyric rhyolite '' . see also List of rock textures and Igneous textures Basic classification scheme for igneous rocks on their mineralogy . If the approximate volume fractions of minerals in the rock are known , the rock name and silica content can be read off the diagram . This is not an exact method , because the classification of igneous rocks also depends on other components than silica , yet in most cases it is a good first guess . Chemical classification and petrology Total alkali versus silica classification scheme ( TAS ) as proposed in Le Maitre 's 2002 Igneous Rocks - A classification and glossary of terms Igneous rocks can be classified according to chemical or mineralogical parameters . Chemical : total alkali - silica content ( TAS diagram ) for volcanic rock classification used when modal or mineralogic data is unavailable : felsic igneous rocks containing a high silica content , greater than 63 % SiO ( examples granite and rhyolite ) , intermediate igneous rocks containing between 52 -- 63 % SiO ( example andesite and dacite ) , mafic igneous rocks have low silica 45 -- 52 % and typically high iron -- magnesium content ( example gabbro and basalt ) , ultramafic rock igneous rocks with less than 45 % silica ( examples picrite , komatiite and peridotite ) , alkalic igneous rocks with 5 -- 15 % alkali ( K O + Na O ) content or with a molar ratio of alkali to silica greater than 1 : 6 ( examples phonolite and trachyte ) . Chemical classification also extends to differentiating rocks that are chemically similar according to the TAS diagram , for instance : Ultrapotassic -- rocks containing molar K O / Na O > 3 . Peralkaline -- rocks containing molar ( K O + Na O ) / Al O > 1 . Peraluminous -- rocks containing molar ( K O + Na O ) / Al O < 1 . An idealized mineralogy ( the normative mineralogy ) can be calculated from the chemical composition , and the calculation is useful for rocks too fine - grained or too altered for identification of minerals that crystallized from the melt . For instance , normative quartz classifies a rock as silica - oversaturated ; an example is rhyolite . In an older terminology , silica oversaturated rocks were called silicic or acidic where the SiO was greater than 66 % and the family term quartzolite was applied to the most silicic . A normative feldspathoid classifies a rock as silica - undersaturated ; an example is nephelinite . History of classification In 1902 , a group of American petrographers proposed that all existing classifications of igneous rocks should be discarded and replaced by a `` quantitative '' classification based on chemical analysis . They showed how vague , and often unscientific , much of the existing terminology was and argued that as the chemical composition of an igneous rock was its most fundamental characteristic , it should be elevated to prime position . Geological occurrence , structure , mineralogical constitution -- the hitherto accepted criteria for the discrimination of rock species -- were relegated to the background . The completed rock analysis is first to be interpreted in terms of the rock - forming minerals which might be expected to be formed when the magma crystallizes , e.g. , quartz feldspars , olivine , akermannite , Feldspathoids , magnetite , corundum , and so on , and the rocks are divided into groups strictly according to the relative proportion of these minerals to one another . Mineralogical classification For volcanic rocks , mineralogy is important in classifying and naming lavas . The most important criterion is the phenocryst species , followed by the groundmass mineralogy . Often , where the groundmass is aphanitic , chemical classification must be used to properly identify a volcanic rock . Mineralogic contents -- felsic versus mafic felsic rock , highest content of silicon , with predominance of quartz , alkali feldspar and / or feldspathoids : the felsic minerals ; these rocks ( e.g. , granite , rhyolite ) are usually light coloured , and have low density . mafic rock , lesser content of silicon relative to felsic rocks , with predominance of mafic minerals pyroxenes , olivines and calcic plagioclase ; these rocks ( example , basalt , gabbro ) are usually dark coloured , and have a higher density than felsic rocks . ultramafic rock , lowest content of silicon , with more than 90 % of mafic minerals ( e.g. , dunite ) . For intrusive , plutonic and usually phaneritic igneous rocks ( where all minerals are visible at least via microscope ) , the mineralogy is used to classify the rock . This usually occurs on ternary diagrams , where the relative proportions of three minerals are used to classify the rock . The following table is a simple subdivision of igneous rocks according to both their composition and mode of occurrence . Composition Mode of occurrence Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic Intrusive Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite Extrusive Rhyolite Andesite Basalt Komatiite For a more detailed classification see QAPF diagram . Example of classification Granite is an igneous intrusive rock ( crystallized at depth ) , with felsic composition ( rich in silica and predominately quartz plus potassium - rich feldspar plus sodium - rich plagioclase ) and phaneritic , subeuhedral texture ( minerals are visible to the unaided eye and commonly some of them retain original crystallographic shapes ) . Magma origination The Earth 's crust averages about 35 kilometers thick under the continents , but averages only some 7 -- 10 kilometers beneath the oceans . The continental crust is composed primarily of sedimentary rocks resting on a crystalline basement formed of a great variety of metamorphic and igneous rocks , including granulite and granite . Oceanic crust is composed primarily of basalt and gabbro . Both continental and oceanic crust rest on peridotite of the mantle . Rocks may melt in response to a decrease in pressure , to a change in composition ( such as an addition of water ) , to an increase in temperature , or to a combination of these processes . Other mechanisms , such as melting from a meteorite impact , are less important today , but impacts during the accretion of the Earth led to extensive melting , and the outer several hundred kilometers of our early Earth was probably an ocean of magma . Impacts of large meteorites in the last few hundred million years have been proposed as one mechanism responsible for the extensive basalt magmatism of several large igneous provinces . Decompression Decompression melting occurs because of a decrease in pressure . The solidus temperatures of most rocks ( the temperatures below which they are completely solid ) increase with increasing pressure in the absence of water . Peridotite at depth in the Earth 's mantle may be hotter than its solidus temperature at some shallower level . If such rock rises during the convection of solid mantle , it will cool slightly as it expands in an adiabatic process , but the cooling is only about 0.3 ° C per kilometer . Experimental studies of appropriate peridotite samples document that the solidus temperatures increase by 3 ° C to 4 ° C per kilometer . If the rock rises far enough , it will begin to melt . Melt droplets can coalesce into larger volumes and be intruded upwards . This process of melting from the upward movement of solid mantle is critical in the evolution of the Earth . Decompression melting creates the ocean crust at mid-ocean ridges . It also causes volcanism in intraplate regions , such as Europe , Africa and the Pacific sea floor . There , it is variously attributed either to the rise of mantle plumes ( the `` Plume hypothesis '' ) or to intraplate extension ( the `` Plate hypothesis '' ) . Effects of water and carbon dioxide The change of rock composition most responsible for the creation of magma is the addition of water . Water lowers the solidus temperature of rocks at a given pressure . For example , at a depth of about 100 kilometers , peridotite begins to melt near 800 ° C in the presence of excess water , but near or above about 1,500 ° C in the absence of water . Water is driven out of the oceanic lithosphere in subduction zones , and it causes melting in the overlying mantle . Hydrous magmas composed of basalt and andesite are produced directly and indirectly as results of dehydration during the subduction process . Such magmas , and those derived from them , build up island arcs such as those in the Pacific Ring of Fire . These magmas form rocks of the calc - alkaline series , an important part of the continental crust . The addition of carbon dioxide is relatively a much less important cause of magma formation than the addition of water , but genesis of some silica - undersaturated magmas has been attributed to the dominance of carbon dioxide over water in their mantle source regions . In the presence of carbon dioxide , experiments document that the peridotite solidus temperature decreases by about 200 ° C in a narrow pressure interval at pressures corresponding to a depth of about 70 km . At greater depths , carbon dioxide can have more effect : at depths to about 200 km , the temperatures of initial melting of a carbonated peridotite composition were determined to be 450 ° C to 600 ° C lower than for the same composition with no carbon dioxide . Magmas of rock types such as nephelinite , carbonatite , and kimberlite are among those that may be generated following an influx of carbon dioxide into mantle at depths greater than about 70 km . Temperature increase Increase in temperature is the most typical mechanism for formation of magma within continental crust . Such temperature increases can occur because of the upward intrusion of magma from the mantle . Temperatures can also exceed the solidus of a crustal rock in continental crust thickened by compression at a plate boundary . The plate boundary between the Indian and Asian continental masses provides a well - studied example , as the Tibetan Plateau just north of the boundary has crust about 80 kilometers thick , roughly twice the thickness of normal continental crust . Studies of electrical resistivity deduced from magnetotelluric data have detected a layer that appears to contain silicate melt and that stretches for at least 1,000 kilometers within the middle crust along the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau . Granite and rhyolite are types of igneous rock commonly interpreted as products of the melting of continental crust because of increases in temperature . Temperature increases also may contribute to the melting of lithosphere dragged down in a subduction zone . Magma evolution Schematic diagrams showing the principles behind fractional crystallisation in a magma . While cooling , the magma evolves in composition because different minerals crystallize from the melt . 1 : olivine crystallizes ; 2 : olivine and pyroxene crystallize ; 3 : pyroxene and plagioclase crystallize ; 4 : plagioclase crystallizes . At the bottom of the magma reservoir , a cumulate rock forms . Main article : Igneous differentiation Most magmas only entirely melt for small parts of their histories . More typically , they are mixes of melt and crystals , and sometimes also of gas bubbles . Melt , crystals , and bubbles usually have different densities , and so they can separate as magmas evolve . As magma cools , minerals typically crystallize from the melt at different temperatures ( fractional crystallization ) . As minerals crystallize , the composition of the residual melt typically changes . If crystals separate from the melt , then the residual melt will differ in composition from the parent magma . For instance , a magma of gabbroic composition can produce a residual melt of granitic composition if early formed crystals are separated from the magma . Gabbro may have a liquidus temperature near 1,200 ° C , and the derivative granite - composition melt may have a liquidus temperature as low as about 700 ° C. Incompatible elements are concentrated in the last residues of magma during fractional crystallization and in the first melts produced during partial melting : either process can form the magma that crystallizes to pegmatite , a rock type commonly enriched in incompatible elements . Bowen 's reaction series is important for understanding the idealised sequence of fractional crystallisation of a magma . Magma composition can be determined by processes other than partial melting and fractional crystallization . For instance , magmas commonly interact with rocks they intrude , both by melting those rocks and by reacting with them . Magmas of different compositions can mix with one another . In rare cases , melts can separate into two immiscible melts of contrasting compositions . There are relatively few minerals that are important in the formation of common igneous rocks , because the magma from which the minerals crystallize is rich in only certain elements : silicon , oxygen , aluminium , sodium , potassium , calcium , iron , and magnesium . These are the elements that combine to form the silicate minerals , which account for over ninety percent of all igneous rocks . The chemistry of igneous rocks is expressed differently for major and minor elements and for trace elements . Contents of major and minor elements are conventionally expressed as weight percent oxides ( e.g. , 51 % SiO , and 1.50 % TiO ) . Abundances of trace elements are conventionally expressed as parts per million by weight ( e.g. , 420 ppm Ni , and 5.1 ppm Sm ) . The term `` trace element '' is typically used for elements present in most rocks at abundances less than 100 ppm or so , but some trace elements may be present in some rocks at abundances exceeding 1,000 ppm . The diversity of rock compositions has been defined by a huge mass of analytical data -- over 230,000 rock analyses can be accessed on the web through a site sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation ( see the External Link to EarthChem ) . Etymology The word `` igneous '' is derived from the Latin ignis , meaning `` of fire '' . Volcanic rocks are named after Vulcan , the Roman name for the god of fire . Intrusive rocks are also called `` plutonic '' rocks , named after Pluto , the Roman god of the underworld . See also Large igneous province List of rock types Metamorphic rock Migmatite Petrology Sedimentary rock Notes Jump up ^ 15 % is the arithmetic sum of the area for intrusive plutonic rock ( 7 % ) plus the area for extrusive volcanic rock ( 8 % ) . References Jump up ^ Prothero , Donald R. ; Schwab , Fred ( 2004 ) . Sedimentary geology : an introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Freeman . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 3905 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Bruce H. ; McElroy , Brandon J. ; Kesler , Stephen E. ; Peters , Shanan E. ; Rothman , Edward D. ( 2008 ) . `` Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers -- Rates of rock cycling from area - age frequencies '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 121 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 760 -- 779 . doi : 10.1130 / B26457. 1 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.V. & Schmincke H. - U. , ( 1984 ) Pyroclastic Rocks , Berlin , Springer - Verlag Jump up ^ Ridley , W.I. , 2012 , Petrology of Igneous Rocks , Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Occurrence Model , USGS Scientific Report 2010 - 5070 - C , Chapter 15 . Jump up ^ Cross , W. et al. ( 1903 ) Quantitative Classification of Igneous Rocks , Chicago , University of Chicago Press Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Petrology '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 323 -- 333 . Jump up ^ Geoff C. Brown ; C.J. Hawkesworth ; R.C.L. Wilson ( 1992 ) . Understanding the Earth ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42740 - 1 . Jump up ^ Foulger , G.R. ( 2010 ) . Plates vs. Plumes : A Geological Controversy . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6148 - 0 . Jump up ^ T.L. Grove , N. Chatterjee , S.W. Parman , and E. Medard , ( 2006 ) The influence of H O on mantle wedge melting . Earth and Planetary Science Letters , v. 249 , p. 74 - 89 Jump up ^ R. Dasgupta and M.M. Hirschmann ( 2007 ) Effect of variable carbonate concentration on the solidus of mantle peridotite . American Mineralogist , v. 92 , p. 370 - 379 Jump up ^ M.J. Unsworth et al. ( 2005 ) Crustal rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet inferred from magnetotelluric data . Nature , v. 438 , p. 78 - 81 Additional Reading R.W. Le Maitre ( editor ) ( 2002 ) Igneous Rocks : A Classification and Glossary of Terms , Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences , Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. , Cambridge , Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 - 521 - 66215 - X External links The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Igneous rocks and stratigraphy The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Igneous rocks USGS Igneous Rocks Igneous rock classification flowchart Igneous Rocks Tour , an introduction to Igneous Rocks The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks Wikimedia Commons has media related to Igneous rocks . ( hide ) Common igneous rocks classified by silicon dioxide content Type Ultramafic < 45 % SiO Mafic 45 -- 52 % SiO Intermediate 52 -- 63 % SiO Intermediate -- felsic 63 -- 69 % SiO Felsic > 69 % SiO Volcanic rocks : Subvolcanic rocks : Plutonic rocks : Komatiite , Picrite basalt Kimberlite , Lamproite Peridotite Basalt Diabase ( Dolerite ) Gabbro Andesite Micro diorite Diorite Dacite Micro granodiorite Granodiorite Rhyolite Micro granite , Aplite Granite GND : 4036974 - 2 NDL : 00565095 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igneous_rock&oldid=825815166 '' Categories : Igneous rocks Igneous petrology Volcanology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban . Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 16 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what igneous rock crystallizes at the earth's surface	[ "Extrusive igneous rocks, also known as volcanic rocks, are formed at the crust's surface as a result of the partial melting of rocks within the mantle and crust. Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify quicker than intrusive igneous rocks. They are formed by the cooling of molten magma on the earth's surface. The magma, which is brought to the surface through fissures or volcanic eruptions, solidifies at a faster rate. Hence such rocks are smooth, crystalline and fine-grained. Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock and forms lava flows, lava sheets and lava plateaus. Some kinds of basalt solidify to form long polygonal columns. The Giant's Causeway in Antrim, Northern Ireland is an example." ]	[ "Extrusive igneous rocks, also known as volcanic rocks" ]
-692670788935754589	Reserve currency	Reserve currency - wikipedia Reserve currency Jump to : navigation , search A reserve currency ( or anchor currency ) is a currency that is held in significant quantities by governments and institutions as part of their foreign exchange reserves . The reserve currency is commonly used in international transactions , international investments and all aspects of the global economy . It is often considered a hard currency or safe - haven currency . People who live in a country that issues a reserve currency can purchase imports and borrow across borders more cheaply than people in other nations because they do not need to exchange their currency to do so . By the end of the 20th century , the United States dollar was considered the world 's most dominant reserve currency . The world 's need for dollars has allowed the United States government as well as Americans to borrow at lower costs , granting them an advantage in excess of $100 billion per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Global currency reserves 3 Theory 4 Major reserve currencies 4.1 United States dollar 4.2 Euro 5 Other reserve currencies 5.1 Dutch guilder 5.2 Pound sterling 5.3 Japanese yen 5.4 Swiss franc 5.5 Canadian dollar 5.6 Chinese yuan 6 Calls for an alternative reserve currency 6.1 Special drawing rights 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading History ( edit ) Reserve currencies come and go . International currencies in the past have included the Greek drachma , coined in the fifth century B.C. , the Roman denari , the Byzantine solidus and Arab dinar of the middle - ages , the Venetian ducato and the Florentine florin of the Renaissance , the seventeenth century Dutch guilder and the French franc . Under the gold standard , the predominant global financial system from 1870 to 1914 , paper notes were convertible into preset , fixed quantities of gold . The Dutch guilder emerged as a de facto world currency in the 18th century due to unprecedented domination of trade by the Dutch East India Company . However , the development of the modern concept of a reserve currency took place in the mid nineteenth century , with the introduction of national central banks and treasuries and an increasingly integrated global economy . By the 1860s , most industrialised countries had followed the lead of the United Kingdom and put their currency on to the gold standard . At that point the UK was the primary exporter of manufactured goods and services and over 60 % of world trade was invoiced in pound sterling . British banks were also expanding overseas , London was the world centre for insurance and commodity markets and British capital was the leading source of foreign investment around the world ; sterling soon became the standard currency used for international commercial transactions . John Maynard Keynes ( right ) and Harry Dexter White helped to draft the provisions of the post-war financial system . Here , they meet at the inaugural meeting of the International Monetary Fund , 1946 . Attempts were made in the interwar period to restore the gold standard . The British Gold Standard Act reintroduced the gold bullion standard in 1925 , followed by many other countries . This led to relative stability , followed by deflation , but because the onset of the Great Depression and other factors , global trade greatly declined and the gold standard fell . Speculative attacks on the pound forced Britain entirely off the gold standard in 1931 . After World War II , the international financial system was governed by a formal agreement , the Bretton Woods System . Under this system the United States dollar was placed deliberately as the anchor of the system , with the US government guaranteeing other central banks that they could sell their US dollar reserves at a fixed rate for gold . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , the system suffered setbacks ostensibly due to problems pointed out by the Triffin dilemma -- the conflict of economic interests that arises between short - term domestic objectives and long - term international objectives when a national currency also serves as a world reserve currency . Global currency reserves ( edit ) Thus the following table is a limited view about the global currency reserves that only deals with allocated reserves : Currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves ( 1965 -- 2017 ) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2003 2002 2000 1995 1985 1980 1970 1965 US dollar 62.70 % 65.34 % 65.73 % 65.14 % 61.24 % 61.47 % 62.59 % 62.14 % 62.05 % 63.77 % 63.87 % 65.04 % 66.51 % 65.51 % 65.45 % 66.50 % 71.51 % 71.13 % 58.96 % 47.14 % 56.66 % 57.88 % 84.61 % 84.85 % 72.93 % Euro ( until 1999 - ECU ) 20.15 % 19.13 % 19.14 % 21.20 % 24.20 % 24.05 % 24.40 % 25.71 % 27.66 % 26.21 % 26.14 % 24.99 % 23.89 % 24.68 % 25.03 % 23.65 % 19.18 % 18.29 % 8.53 % 11.64 % 14.00 % 17.46 % Deutsche Mark 15.75 % 19.83 % 13.74 % 12.92 % 6.62 % 1.94 % 0.17 % Japanese yen 4.89 % 3.95 % 3.75 % 3.54 % 3.82 % 4.09 % 3.61 % 3.66 % 2.90 % 3.47 % 3.18 % 3.46 % 3.96 % 4.28 % 4.42 % 4.94 % 5.04 % 6.06 % 6.77 % 9.40 % 8.69 % 3.93 % 0.61 % Pound sterling 4.54 % 4.34 % 4.71 % 3.70 % 3.98 % 4.04 % 3.83 % 3.94 % 4.25 % 4.22 % 4.82 % 4.52 % 3.75 % 3.49 % 2.86 % 2.92 % 2.70 % 2.75 % 2.11 % 2.39 % 2.03 % 2.40 % 3.42 % 11.36 % 25.76 % French franc 2.35 % 2.71 % 0.58 % 0.97 % 1.16 % 0.73 % 1.11 % Canadian dollar 2.02 % 1.94 % 1.77 % 1.75 % 1.83 % 1.42 % Australian dollar 1.69 % 1.80 % 1.77 % 1.59 % 1.82 % 1.46 % Chinese renminbi 1.23 % 1.08 % Swiss franc 0.18 % 0.16 % 0.27 % 0.24 % 0.27 % 0.21 % 0.08 % 0.13 % 0.12 % 0.14 % 0.16 % 0.17 % 0.15 % 0.17 % 0.23 % 0.41 % 0.25 % 0.27 % 0.33 % 0.84 % 1.40 % 2.25 % 1.34 % 0.61 % Dutch guilder 0.32 % 1.15 % 0.78 % 0.89 % 0.66 % 0.08 % Other 2.50 % 2.37 % 2.86 % 2.83 % 2.84 % 3.26 % 5.49 % 4.43 % 3.04 % 2.20 % 1.83 % 1.81 % 1.74 % 1.87 % 2.01 % 1.58 % 1.31 % 1.49 % 4.87 % 4.89 % 2.13 % 1.29 % 1.58 % 0.43 % 0.03 % Source : World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves International Monetary Fund The percental composition of currencies of official foreign exchange reserves from 1995 to 2013 . US dollar Euro German mark French franc Pound sterling Japanese yen Other Theory ( edit ) Economists debate whether a single reserve currency will always dominate the global economy . Many have recently argued that one currency will almost always dominate due to network externalities ( sometimes called `` the network effect '' ) , especially in the field of invoicing trade and denominating foreign debt securities , meaning that there are strong incentives to conform to the choice that dominates the marketplace . The argument is that , in the absence of sufficiently large shocks , a currency that dominates the marketplace will not lose much ground to challengers . However , some economists , such as Barry Eichengreen , argue that this is not as true when it comes to the denomination of official reserves because the network externalities are not strong . As long as the currency 's market is sufficiently liquid , the benefits of reserve diversification are strong , as it insures against large capital losses . The implication is that the world may well soon begin to move away from a financial system dominated uniquely by the US dollar . In the first half of the 20th century multiple currencies did share the status as primary reserve currencies . Although the British Sterling was the largest currency , both the French franc and the German mark shared large portions of the market until the First World War , after which the mark was replaced by the dollar . Since the Second World War , the dollar has dominated official reserves , but this is likely a reflection of the unusual domination of the American economy during this period , as well as official discouragement of reserve status from the potential rivals , Germany and Japan . The top reserve currency is generally selected by the banking community for the strength and stability of the economy in which it is used . Thus , as a currency becomes less stable , or its economy becomes less dominant , bankers may over time abandon it for a currency issued by a larger or more stable economy . This can take a relatively long time , as recognition is important in determining a reserve currency . For example , it took many years after the United States overtook the United Kingdom as the world 's largest economy before the dollar overtook the pound sterling as the dominant global reserve currency . In 1944 , when the US dollar was chosen as the world reference currency at Bretton Woods , it was only the second currency in global reserves . The G8 also frequently issues public statements as to exchange rates . In the past due to the Plaza Accord , its predecessor bodies could directly manipulate rates to reverse large trade deficits . Major reserve currencies ( edit ) Distribution of global reserve currencies United States dollar ( edit ) Main article : United States dollar The United States dollar is the most widely held currency in the Allocated Reserves today . Throughout the last decade , an average of two thirds of the total Allocated foreign exchange reserves of countries have been in US dollars . For this reason , the US dollar is said to have `` reserve - currency status '' , making it somewhat easier for the United States to run higher trade deficits with greatly postponed economic impact or even postponing a currency crisis . Central bank reserves held in dollar - denominated debt , however , are small compared to private holdings of such debt . In the event that non-United States holders of dollar - denominated assets decided to shift holdings to assets denominated in other currencies , there could be serious consequences for the US economy . Changes of this kind are rare , and typically change takes place gradually over time ; the markets involved adjust accordingly . However , the dollar remains the favorite reserve currency because it has stability along with assets such as United States Treasury security that have both scale and liquidity . The US dollar 's dominant position in global reserves is challenged occasionally , because of the growing share of unallocated reserves , and because of the doubt regarding dollar stability in the long term . However , in the aftermath of the financial crisis , the dollar 's share in the world 's foreign - exchange trades rose slightly from 85 % in 2010 to 87 % in 2013 . The dollar 's role as the undisputed reserve currency of the world allows the United States to impose unilateral sanctions against actions performed between other countries , for example the American fine against BNP Paribas for violations of U.S. sanctions that were not laws of France or the other countries involved in the transactions . In 2014 Beijing and Moscow signed a 150 billion yuan central bank liquidity swap line agreement to get around American sanctions on their behaviors . Euro ( edit ) Further information : International status and usage of the euro The euro is currently the second most commonly held reserve currency , comprising about a quarter of allocated holdings . After World War II and the rebuilding of the German economy , the German Deutsche Mark gained the status of the second most important reserve currency after the US dollar . When the euro was introduced on 1 January 1999 , replacing the Mark , French franc and ten other European currencies , it inherited the status of a major reserve currency from the Mark . Since then , its contribution to official reserves has risen continually as banks seek to diversify their reserves , and trade in the eurozone continues to expand . Former U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said in September 2007 that the euro could replace the U.S. dollar as the world 's primary reserve currency . It was `` absolutely conceivable that the euro will replace the US dollar as reserve currency , or will be traded as an equally important reserve currency . '' Econometric analysis by Jeffrey Frankel and Menzie Chinn in 2006 suggested that the euro could replace the U.S. dollar as the major reserve currency by 2020 if either the remaining EU members , including the UK and Denmark , adopted the euro by 2020 , or the recent depreciation trend of the dollar persisted into the future . In recent years , the euro 's share of the worldwide currency reserve basket has continued to increase -- albeit at a slower rate than before the beginning of the worldwide credit crunch related recession and Eurozone crisis , which harmed the euro and slowed its adoption . Since 2009 , the reserve currency use of the euro has continued to drop , down to 23.9 percent in 2013 . Other reserve currencies ( edit ) Dutch guilder ( edit ) The Dutch guilder was the de facto reserve currency in Europe in 17th and 18th centuries . Pound sterling ( edit ) The United Kingdom 's pound sterling was the primary reserve currency of much of the world in the 19th century and first half of the 20th century . The emergence of the USA as an economic superpower , and the establishment of the U.S. Federal Reserve System in 1913 , and U.S. economic dominance from the second half of the 20th century onward , as well as economic weakness in the UK at various times during the second half of the 20th century , resulted in Sterling losing its status as the world 's most important reserve currency : in the 1950s 55 % of global reserves were still held in sterling ; but the share was 10 % lower within 20 years . Since 2006 , with the exception of 2012 , Sterling is the third most widely held reserve currency , having seen a resurgence in popularity in recent years , growing from about 2.5 % to around 4 % of all currency reserves . Analysts said this resurgence was caused by carry - trade investors considering the pound as a stable high - yield proxy to the euro , and by the position of London in world financial affairs . Japanese yen ( edit ) Japan 's yen is part of the International Monetary Fund 's ( IMF ) special drawing rights ( SDR ) valuation . The SDR currency value is determined daily by the IMF , based on the exchange rates of the currencies making up the basket , as quoted at noon at the London market . The valuation basket is reviewed and adjusted every five years . The SDR Values and yen conversion for government procurement are used by the Japan External Trade Organization for Japan 's official procurement in international trade . Swiss franc ( edit ) The Swiss franc , despite gaining ground among the world 's foreign - currency reserves and being often used in denominating foreign loans , can not be considered as a world reserve currency , since the share of all foreign exchange reserves held in Swiss francs has historically been well below 0.5 % . The daily trading market turnover of the franc , however , ranked fifth , or about 3.4 % , among all currencies in a 2007 survey by the Bank for International Settlements . Canadian dollar ( edit ) A number of central banks ( and commercial banks ) keep Canadian dollars as a reserve currency . In the economy of the Americas , the Canadian dollar plays a similar role to that played by the Australian dollar ( AUD ) in the Asia - Pacific region . The Canadian dollar ( as a regional reserve currency for banking ) has been an important part of the British , French and Dutch Caribbean states ' economies and finance systems since the 1950s . The Canadian dollar is also held by many central banks in Central America and South America . It is held in Latin America because of remittances and international trade in the region . Because Canada 's primary foreign - trade relationship is with the United States , Canadian consumers , economists , and many businesses primarily define and value the Canadian dollar in terms of the United States dollar . Thus , by observing how the Canadian dollar floats in terms of the US dollar , foreign - exchange economists can indirectly observe internal behaviours and patterns in the US economy that could not be seen by direct observation . Also , because it is considered a petrodollar , the Canadian dollar has only fully evolved into a global reserve currency since the 1970s , when it was floated against all other world currencies . The Canadian dollar , since 2013 , is ranked 5th among foreign currency reserves in the world . Chinese yuan ( edit ) Main article : Internationalization of the renminbi Chinese yuan officially became a world reserve currency on November 30 , 2015 . It represents 10.92 % of the IMF 's Special Drawing Rights currency basket . This makes Chinese yuan the third reserve currency after the US dollar and Euro . Calls for an alternative reserve currency ( edit ) A report released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in 2010 , called for abandoning the U.S. dollar as the single major reserve currency . The report states that the new reserve system should not be based on a single currency or even multiple national currencies but instead permit the emission of international liquidity to create a more stable global financial system . Countries such as Russia and the People 's Republic of China , central banks , and economic analysts and groups , such as the Gulf Cooperation Council , have expressed a desire to see an independent new currency replace the dollar as the reserve currency . On 10 July 2009 , Russian President Medvedev proposed a new ' world currency ' at the G8 meeting in London as an alternative reserve currency to replace the dollar . China , Russia , India , Turkey , Brazil , Venezuela and other oil - producing countries have recently agreed `` to transact all of their mutual trade and investment in their own currencies '' effectively minimizing the need , at least in the short term , for a global reserve currency . Nevertheless , at the beginning of the 21st century , gold and crude oil were still priced in dollars , which helps export inflation and has brought complaints about OPEC 's policies of managing oil quotas to maintain dollar price stability . Special drawing rights ( edit ) Some have proposed the use of the International Monetary Fund 's ( IMF ) special drawing rights ( SDRs ) as a reserve . China has proposed using SDRs , calculated daily from a basket of U.S. dollar , euro , Japanese yen and British pounds , for international payments . On 3 September 2009 , the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) issued a report calling for a new reserve currency based on the SDR , managed by a new global reserve bank . The IMF released a report in February 2011 , stating that using SDRs `` could help stabilize the global financial system . '' See also ( edit ) Commodity currency Exorbitant privilege Floating currency Foreign exchange reserves Cryptocurrency Fiat currency Hard currency Krugerrand Seigniorage Special drawing rights Triffin dilemma World currency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere '' , The Federal Reserve System : Purposes & Functions , a publication of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , 9th Edition , June 2005 Jump up ^ Rogoff , Kenneth ( October 2013 ) . `` America 's Endless Budget Battle '' . Project Syndicate . ^ Jump up to : Pisani - Ferry , Jean ; Posen , Adam S. ( 2009 ) . The Euro at Ten : The Next Global Currency . United States of America : Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economies & Brueggel . Jump up ^ `` A history of sterling '' by Kit Dawnay , The Telegraph , 8 October 2001 Jump up ^ Text of the Gold Standard Bill speech Archived 2 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . by Winston Churchill , House of Commons , 4 May 1925 Jump up ^ Text of speech by Chancellor of the Exchequer Archived 2 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Philip Snowden to the House of Commons , 21 September 1931 Jump up ^ Eichengreen , Barry J. ( 15 September 2008 ) . Globalizing Capital : A History of the International Monetary System . Princeton University Press . pp. 61 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13937 - 1 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/international/exchange-rate-policies/Documents/Appendix%201%20Final%20October%2015%202009.pdf Jump up ^ Review of the International Role of the Euro ( PDF ) , Frankfurt am Main : European Central Bank , December 2005 , ISSN 1725 - 2210 ISSN 1725 - 6593 ( online ) . Jump up ^ For 1995 -- 99 , 2006 -- 12 : `` Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves ( COFER ) '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : International Monetary Fund . January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For 1999 -- 2005 : International Relations Committee Task Force on Accumulation of Foreign Reserves ( February 2006 ) , The Accumulation of Foreign Reserves ( PDF ) , Occasional Paper Series , Nr. 43 , Frankfurt am Main : European Central Bank , ISSN 1607 - 1484 ISSN 1725 - 6534 ( online ) . Jump up ^ Eichengreen , Barry ( May 2005 ) . `` Sterling 's Past , Dollar 's Future : Historical Perspectives on Reserve Currency Competition '' ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER ) . SSRN 723305 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Retirement of Sterling as a Reserve Currency after 1945 : Lessons for the US Dollar ? '' , Catherine R. Schenk , Canadian Network for Economic History conference , October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` In a world of ugly currencies , the dollar is sitting pretty '' . Economist.com. 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Dollar ' losing grip as world 's reserve currency ' http://www.iol.co.za/business/markets/currencies/dollar-losing-grip-as-world-s-reserve-currency-1.1093803 Jump up ^ IMF discusses plan to replace dollar as reserve currency http://money.cnn.com/2011/02/10/markets/dollar/index.htm Jump up ^ Central Banks Dump Treasuries As Dollar 's Reserve Currency Status fades https://blogs.forbes.com/afontevecchia/2011/03/16/central-banks-dump-treasuries-as-dollars-reserve-currency-status-fades/ Jump up ^ Why the Dollar 's Reign Is Near an End http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703313304576132170181013248.html Jump up ^ `` U.N. sees risk of crisis of confidence in dollar '' , Reuters , 25 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` The Dollar and Its Rivals '' by Jeffrey Frankel , Project Syndicate , 21 November 2013 Jump up ^ Irwin , Neil ( 1 July 2014 ) . `` In BNP Paribas Case , an Example of How Mighty the Dollar Is '' . www.nytimes.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Smolchenko , Anna ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` China , Russia seek ' international justice ' , agree currency swap line '' . news.yahoo.com . AFP News . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lim , Ewe - Ghee ( June 2006 ) . `` The Euro 's Challenge to the Dollar : Different Views from Economists and Evidence from COFER ( Currency Composition of Foreign Exchange Reserves ) and Other Data '' ( PDF ) . IMF . Jump up ^ `` Euro could replace dollar as top currency - Greenspan '' , Reuters , 7 September 2007 Jump up ^ Menzie , Chinn ; Jeffery Frankel ( January 2006 ) . `` Will the Euro Eventually Surpass The Dollar As Leading International Reserve Currency ? '' ( PDF ) . NBER . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Aristovnik , Aleksander & Čeč , Tanja , 2010 . `` Compositional Analysis Of Foreign Currency Reserves In The 1999 - 2007 Period . The Euro Vs . The Dollar As Leading Reserve Currency , '' Journal for Economic Forecasting , Vol. 13 ( 1 ) , pages 165 - 181 '' ( PDF ) . Institute for Economic Forecasting. 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves ( COFER ) -- Updated COFER tables include first quarter 2009 data . June 30 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Euro Takes a Hit as Reserve Currency. `` '' . Jump up ^ The euro as a reserve currency lodz.pl Jump up ^ `` Born of a Panic : Forming the Fed System - The Region - Publications & Papers - The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis '' . Minneapolisfed.org . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The United Nations Charter and Extra-State Warfare : The U.N. Grows Up '' . The World Financial Review . 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackden , Richard ( 23 January 2007 ) . `` Sterling surges to 14 - year high '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Currency Strategists : Morgan Says Pound Is Euro Proxy '' . xak.com . Bloomberg. 8 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` SDR Valuation '' , International Monetary Fund website : `` The currency value of the SDR is determined by summing the values in U.S. dollars , based on market exchange rates , of a basket of major currencies ( the U.S. dollar , Euro , Japanese yen , and pound sterling ) . The SDR currency value is calculated daily ( except on IMF holidays or whenever the IMF is closed for business ) and the valuation basket is reviewed and adjusted every five years . '' Jump up ^ Japanese Government Procurement , Japan External Trade Organization website ( accessed : 6 January 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Is the Dollar Dying ? Why US Currency Is in Danger '' by Jeff Cox , CNBC , 14 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` A new global reserve ? '' , The Economist , 2 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` Triennial Central Bank Survey , Foreign exchange and derivatives market activity in 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Bank for International Settlements . December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Canadian Dollar as a Reserve Currency '' by Lukasz Pomorski , Francisco Rivadeneyra and Eric Wolfe , Funds Management and Banking Department , The Bank of Canada Review , Spring 2014 Jump up ^ `` Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves ( COFER ) '' . www.imf.org . International Monetary Fund . 30 September 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Drawing Right ( SDR ) '' . Jump up ^ `` IMF Approves Reserve - Currency Status for China 's Yuan '' . 30 November 2015 -- via www.bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ `` Scrap dollar as sole reserve currency : U.N. Report '' . Reuters.com. 29 June 2010 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UN report calls for new global reserve currency to replace U.S. dollar '' . People 's Daily , PRC. 30 June 2010 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Conway , Edmund ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` UN wants new global currency to replace dollar '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Medvedev Shows Off Sample Coin of New ' World Currency ' at G - 8 '' . Reuters.com. 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Tired of Paying Bill for US Military '' . therealnews.com. 27 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Burleigh , Marc . `` OPEC leaves oil quotas unchanged , seeing economic ' risks ' . '' AFP , 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` China backs talks on dollar as reserve - Russian source , Reuters , 19 March 2 , 2009 '' . Reuters.com. 19 March 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UNCTAD Trade and Development Report 2009 '' . Unctad.org. 6 October 2002 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IMF calls for dollar alternative '' by Ben Rooney , CNN Money , 10 February 2011 Further reading ( edit ) Prasad , Eswar S. ( 2014 ) . The Dollar Trap : How the U.S. Dollar Tightened Its Grip on Global Finance . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 16112 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reserve_currency&oldid=842349401 '' Categories : Currency Foreign exchange reserves Monetary hegemony Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Use dmy dates from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 21 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the dollar become the reserve currency	[ "The top reserve currency is generally selected by the banking community for the strength and stability of the economy in which it is used. Thus, as a currency becomes less stable, or its economy becomes less dominant, bankers may over time abandon it for a currency issued by a larger or more stable economy. This can take a relatively long time, as recognition is important in determining a reserve currency. For example, it took many years after the United States overtook the United Kingdom as the world's largest economy before the dollar overtook the pound sterling as the dominant global reserve currency.[13] In 1944, when the US dollar was chosen as the world reference currency at Bretton Woods, it was only the second currency in global reserves.[13]" ]	[ "1944" ]
3899885427868386897	I'm into Something Good	I 'm into Something Good - wikipedia I 'm into Something Good Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm into Something Good '' Single by Herman 's Hermits from the album Herman 's Hermits Released 7 August 1964 ( UK ) September 1964 ( US ) Recorded De Lane Lea Studios , London , 26 July 1964 Genre Beat , pop Length 2 : 25 Label MGM Records K13280 ( US ) Columbia DB 7338 ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Gerry Goffin Carole King Producer ( s ) Mickie Most Herman 's Hermits singles chronology `` I 'm into Something Good '' ( 1964 ) `` Show Me Girl '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm into Something Good '' ( 1964 ) `` Show Me Girl '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm into Something Good '' is a song composed by Gerry Goffin ( lyrics ) and Carole King ( music ) and made famous by Herman 's Hermits . The song was originally recorded by Cookies member Earl - Jean on Colpix Records in 1964 and reached number 38 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Soon thereafter , Herman 's Hermits recorded the song as their debut single , reaching number one in the UK Singles Chart on 14 September 1964 , and staying there for two weeks . The song peaked at number 13 in the US later that year and number 7 in Canada . The ' A ' section from the song is a twelve - bar blues . Herman 's Hermits ' release at the height of the British Invasion came while Brill Building songwriters , Goffin and King in this case , found themselves in danger of obsolescence , as most of the British groups wrote their own material . The song has since been featured in films such as The Naked Gun : From the Files of Police Squad ! , The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue , and Ouija : Origin of Evil . The song was also featured in the Season 5 episode Road to Rupert of Family Guy . Carole King has said that in writing the song she was inspired by Brian Wilson : `` I make no bones about it , that song was influenced by Brian 's music '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Herman 's Hermits 2 Cover versions 3 Football song 4 Herman 's Hermits performance credits 5 References 6 External links Herman 's Hermits ( edit ) Peter Noone -- vocals Derek Leckenby -- lead guitar Keith Hopwood -- rhythm guitar Karl Green -- bass Barry Whitwam -- drums Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was featured in the 1988 film The Naked Gun : From the Files of Police Squad ! . From its inclusion in the soundtrack , a solo version by Herman 's Hermits frontman Peter Noone climbed the adult contemporary chart that year . The song was featured in the 1999 film `` The Brave Little Toaster To the Rescue '' , in the opening credits and also when the Master puts the WFC 11 - 12 - 55 into Radio and turns him on . Brian Wilson covered the song , which features Carole King , and it is included in the Best Buy edition of his 2008 album , That Lucky Old Sun . The Bird and the Bee covered the song and released it as a single in March 2010 . Their version was also included on the soundtrack for the film , Valentine 's Day and television Love Bites show season 1 episode 6 `` TMI . '' On television , the sitcom The Partridge Family featured a cover version ( lead vocal by David Cassidy ) recorded in 1973 , that was seen twice during the fourth season . The song ( produced by Wes Farrell ) was never officially released on either vinyl or CD . Another version was recorded as part of The Langley Schools Music Project in 1976 . Using the title `` Something Good '' Marianne Faithfull covered the song on her 2002 album Kissin Time . It featured Billy Corgan as a guest musician . The song was included in the CD release of the 1982 album by Janis Siegel , `` Experiment In White '' . Football song ( edit ) The song , with adapted lyrics , has been adopted as an anthem by fans of both Manchester United F.C. and F.C. United of Manchester . Herman 's Hermits performance credits ( edit ) Barry Whitwam has stated that the Hermits themselves played on the track , not Jimmy Page , since Mickie Most and former lead singer `` Herman '' ( Peter Noone ) had implied otherwise after having lost the rights to the band 's name . Whitwam further states , in regard to exaggerations of songs on which they supposedly did not play : `` Everything he says is that it was Jimmy Page , and Jimmy Page probably ca n't remember any of the songs that he played . If you look at our top ten in America , `` I 'm Into Something Good '' , it was us . All Hermits . There was only a piano added on . That was on a two track machine so we played at the same time . That got to number thirteen . `` Ca n't You Hear My Heartbeat '' , there were no other instruments . That got to number two . `` Mrs. Brown You 've Got a Lovely Daughter '' got to number one . `` I 'm Henry the VIII '' . Number one . `` A Must to Avoid '' . Number eight . `` Listen People '' . `` Leaning on the Lamppost '' . That 's six in the top ten with Jimmy Page or anybody else not involved ! Another seventy of the tracks on the albums is only the Hermits . I think I worked it out , and I think in only thirty percent of all the songs ever recorded the Hermits did n't do the backing , but the Hermits were always on the vocals doing the harmonies . So he 's trying to discredit us , saying that we did n't have anything to do with anything . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 84 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart UK Top 100 - 5th April 2014 The UK Charts Top 40 '' . Theofficialcharts.com . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 167 -- 8 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Song Means : Analysing and Interpreting Recorded Popular Son , '' Allen F. Moore , p 108 Jump up ^ Carole King / Brian Wilson Exclusive Tracks , 22 August 2008 Jump up ^ Manchester United fans AGAIN launch into epic rendition of Herman 's Hermits ' ' I 'm into something good ' , Daily Mirror , 26 January 2017 Jump up ^ YouTube ^ Jump up to : Tweedle , Sam . `` Memoirs of a Hermit : Setting the Record Straight with Herman 's Hermit 's Barry Whitwam '' . Confessions of a Pop Culture Addict . popcultureaddict.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Herman 's Hermits official website UK Official Charts Preceded by `` You Really Got Me '' by The Kinks UK number - one single 24 September 1964 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison ( hide ) Herman 's Hermits Peter Noone Keith Hopwood Derek Leckenby Karl Green Barry Whitwam UK albums Herman 's Hermits Both Sides of Herman 's Hermits There 's a Kind of Hush All Over the World Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter US albums Introducing Herman 's Hermits Herman 's Hermits on Tour Hold On ! Both Sides of Herman 's Hermits There 's a Kind of Hush All Over the World Blaze Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter Extended plays Hermania Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter Herman 's Hermits Hits A Must to Avoid Hold On ! Dandy The London Look Compilation albums The Most of Herman 's Hermits The Most of Herman 's Hermits Volume 2 The Very Best of Herman 's Hermits Singles `` I 'm into Something Good '' `` Show Me Girl '' `` Ca n't You Hear My Heartbeat '' `` Silhouettes '' `` Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter '' `` Wonderful World '' `` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' `` Just a Little Bit Better '' `` A Must to Avoid '' `` Listen People '' `` Leaning on the Lamp Post '' `` You Wo n't Be Leaving '' `` This Door Swings Both Ways '' `` Dandy '' `` No Milk Today '' `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' `` Do n't Go Out into the Rain ( You 're Going to Melt ) '' `` Museum '' `` I Can Take or Leave Your Loving '' `` Sleepy Joe '' `` Sunshine Girl '' `` Something 's Happening '' `` My Sentimental Friend '' `` Years May Come , Years May Go '' Related articles Discography Hold On ! ( 1966 film ) Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter ( 1968 film ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_into_Something_Good&oldid=837182519 '' Categories : 1964 singles Herman 's Hermits songs Songs with lyrics by Gerry Goffin Songs written by Carole King Song recordings produced by Mickie Most UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Debut singles 1964 songs Pye Records singles MGM Records singles Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 06 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song i'm into something good	[ "\"I'm into Something Good\" is a song composed by Gerry Goffin (lyrics) and Carole King (music) and made famous by Herman's Hermits.[1] The song was originally recorded by Cookies member Earl-Jean on Colpix Records in 1964 and reached number 38 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Soon thereafter, Herman's Hermits recorded the song as their debut single, reaching number one in the UK Singles Chart on 14 September 1964, and staying there for two weeks.[1][2][3] The song peaked at number 13 in the US later that year and number 7 in Canada. The 'A' section from the song is a twelve-bar blues.[4]" ]	[ "Gerry Goffin (lyrics) and Carole King (music)" ]
8527090060918332059	Cosmic Calendar	Cosmic Calendar - wikipedia Cosmic Calendar Jump to : navigation , search A graphical view of the Cosmic Calendar for presentations , featuring the months of the year , days of December , and the final minute . The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe , scaling its current age of 13.8 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science . In this visualization , the Big Bang took place at the beginning of January 1 at midnight , and the current moment maps onto the end of December 31 just before midnight . At this scale , there are 437.5 years per second , 1.575 million years per hour , and 37.8 million years per day . The concept was popularized by Carl Sagan in his book The Dragons of Eden ( 1977 ) and on his television series Cosmos . Sagan goes on to extend the comparison in terms of surface area , explaining that if the Cosmic Calendar is scaled to the size of a football field , then `` all of human history would occupy an area the size of ( his ) hand '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Cosmic Year 1.1 Cosmology 1.2 Evolution of life on Earth 1.3 Human evolution 1.4 History begins 1.5 The current second 2 See also 3 References 4 External links The Cosmic year ( edit ) The Cosmic Calendar shows the time - scale relationship of the universe and all events on Earth as plotted along a single 12 - month , 365 - day , year : Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← Separation from gorillas ← Possibly bipedal ← Separation from chimpanzees ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years . Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- cosmic expansion Earliest light cosmic speed - up Solar System water Single - celled life photosynthesis Multicellular life Land life Earliest gravity Dark energy Dark matter ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Earliest Earth ( − 4.54 ) ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans i f r i m o r d i l Axis scale : billions of years . Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline Cosmology ( edit ) Date Gya Event 1 Jan 13.8 Big Bang , as seen through cosmic background radiation 14 Jan 13.1 Oldest known Gamma Ray Burst 22 Jan 12.85 First galaxies form 16 Mar 11 Milky Way Galaxy formed 12 May 8.8 Milky Way Galaxy disk formed 2 Sep 4.57 formation of the Solar System 6 Sep 4.4 Oldest rocks known on Earth Date in year calculated from formula T ( days ) = 365 days * 0.100 / 13.797 ( 1 - T_Gya / 13.797 ) Evolution of life on Earth ( edit ) Date Gya Event 14 Sep 4.1 `` Remains of biotic life '' found in 4.1 billion - year - old rocks in Western Australia . 21 Sep 3.8 First Life ( Prokaryotes ) 30 Sep 3.4 Photosynthesis 29 Oct 2.4 Oxygenation of Atmosphere 9 Nov Complex Cells ( Eukaryotes ) 5 Dec 0.8 First Multicellular Life 7 Dec 0.67 Simple Animals 14 Dec 0.55 Arthropods ( ancestors of insects , arachnids ) 17 Dec 0.5 Fish and Proto - amphibians 20 Dec 0.45 Land Plants 21 Dec 0.4 Insects and Seeds 22 Dec 0.36 Amphibians 23 Dec 0.3 Reptiles 24 Dec 0.25 Permian - Triassic Extinction Event , 90 % of Species Die Out 25 Dec 0.23 Dinosaurs 26 Dec 0.2 Mammals 27 Dec 0.15 Birds 28 Dec 0.13 Flowers 30 Dec , 06 : 24 0.065 Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , Non-avian Dinosaurs Die Out Human evolution ( edit ) Date / time mya Event 30 Dec 65 Primates 31 Dec , 06 : 05 15 Apes 31 Dec , 14 : 24 12.3 Hominids 31 Dec , 22 : 24 2.5 Primitive Humans and Stone Tools 31 Dec , 23 : 44 0.4 Domestication of Fire 31 Dec , 23 : 52 0.2 Anatomically Modern Humans 31 Dec , 23 : 55 0.11 Beginning of Most Recent Glacial Period 31 Dec , 23 : 58 0.035 Sculpture and Painting 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 32 0.012 Agriculture History begins ( edit ) Date / time kya Event 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 33 12.0 End of the Ice Age 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 41 8.3 Flooding of Doggerland 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 46 6.0 Chalcolithic 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 47 5.5 Early Bronze Age ; Proto - writing ; Building of Stonehenge Cursus 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 48 5.0 First Dynasty of Egypt , Early Dynastic Period in Sumer , Beginning of Indus Valley Civilisation 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 49 4.5 Alphabet , Akkadian Empire , Wheel 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 51 4.0 Code of Hammurabi , Middle Kingdom of Egypt 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 52 3.5 Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age ; Minoan eruption 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 53 3.0 Iron Age ; Beginning of Classical Antiquity 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 54 2.5 Buddha , Mahavira , Zoroaster , Confucius , Qin Dynasty , Classical Greece , Ashokan Empire , Vedas Completed , Euclidean geometry , Archimedean Physics , Roman Republic 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 55 2.0 Ptolemaic astronomy , Roman Empire , Christ , Invention of Numeral 0 , Gupta Empire 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 56 1.5 Muhammad , Maya civilization , Song Dynasty , Rise of Byzantine Empire 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 58 1.0 Mongol Empire , Maratha Empire , Crusades , Christopher Columbus Voyages to the Americas , Renaissance in Europe , Classical Music to the Time of Johann Sebastian Bach The current second ( edit ) Date / time kya Event 31 Dec , 23 : 59 : 59 0.5 Modern History ; the last 437.5 years before present . See also ( edit ) Big History Detailed logarithmic timeline List of timelines Timeline of ancient history Timeline of early modern history Timeline of evolution Timeline of the far future Timeline of human evolution Timeline of human prehistory Timeline of modern history Timeline of natural history Timeline of plant evolution Timeline of the Big Bang Timeline of the Middle Ages References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Therese Puyau Blanchard ( 1995 ) . `` The Universe At Your Fingertips Activity : Cosmic Calendar '' . Astronomical Society of the Pacific . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Cosmos , episode 1 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Episode 1 : The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean ( Cosmos : A Personal Voyage , Carl Sagan ) Jump up ^ `` First Galaxies Born Sooner After Big Bang Than Thought '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Borenstein , Seth ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth '' . Excite . Yonkers , NY : Mindspark Interactive Network . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bell , Elizabeth A. ; Boehnike , Patrick ; Harrison , T. Mark ; et al. ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion - year - old zircon '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . Washington , D.C. : National Academy of Sciences . 112 : 14518 -- 21 . Bibcode : 2015PNAS ... 11214518B . ISSN 1091 - 6490 . PMC 4664351 . PMID 26483481 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1517557112 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Early edition , published online before print . Jump up ^ Yoko Ohtomo ; Takeshi Kakegawa ; Akizumi Ishida ; Toshiro Nagase ; Minik T. Rosing ( 8 December 2013 ) . `` Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks '' . Nature Geoscience. 7 : 25 -- 28 . Bibcode : 2014NatGe ... 7 ... 25O . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo2025 . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Borenstein , Seth ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` Oldest fossil found : Meet your microbial mom '' . AP News . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Noffke , Nora ; Christian , Daniel ; Wacey , David ; Hazen , Robert M. ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca . 3.48 Billion - Year - Old Dresser Formation , Pilbara , Western Australia '' . Astrobiology. 13 ( 12 ) : 1103 -- 24 . Bibcode : 2013AsBio ... 13.1103 N. PMC 3870916 . PMID 24205812 . doi : 10.1089 / ast. 2013.1030 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Erwin , Douglas H. ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Early metazoan life : divergence , environment and ecology '' . Phil . Trans . R. Soc . B. 370 ( 20150036 ) . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2015.0036 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( @ 35min ) External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : General Astronomy / Short History of the Universe Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : High School Earth Science More information on the image used for this article . The Cosmic Calendar in a Google Calendar format The Cosmic Calendar relayed in real time . Chronology Key topics Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Paleontology Time Eras Epochs Calendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Byzantine era Seleucid era Spanish era Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time ( Yuga ) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolk'in Haab ' Regnal year Canon of Kings Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Astronomical Lunisolar Solar Lunar Astronomical year numbering Others Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Hebrew Iranian Islamic ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count ( Plains Indians ) Astronomic time Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age ( GSSA ) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point ( GSSP ) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium - neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Radiocarbon Uranium -- lead Potassium -- argon Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Genetic methods Molecular clock Linguistic methods Glottochronology Related topics Chronicle New Chronology Periodization Synchronoptic view Timeline Year Zero Circa Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology Portal Carl Sagan Scientific career Pioneer plaque Faint young Sun paradox Cosmic Calendar Voyager Golden Record ( Contents ) Voyager Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot The Planetary Society Search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) Science books Mars and the Mind of Man ( 1971 ) The Cosmic Connection : An Extraterrestrial Perspective ( 1973 ) The Dragons of Eden : Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence ( 1977 ) Murmurs of Earth : The Voyager Interstellar Record ( 1978 ) Broca 's Brain : Reflections on the Romance of Science ( 1979 ) Cosmos ( 1980 ) The Nuclear Winter : The World After Nuclear War ( 1983 ) The Cold and the Dark : The World after Nuclear War ( 1984 ) Comet ( 1985 ) A Path Where No Man Thought : Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race ( 1990 ) Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors : A Search for Who We Are ( 1993 ) Pale Blue Dot : A Vision of the Human Future in Space ( 1994 ) The Demon - Haunted World : Science as a Candle in the Dark ( 1995 ) Billions and Billions : Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium ( 1997 ) The Varieties of Scientific Experience : A Personal View of the Search for God ( 2006 ) Novels Contact ( 1985 ) Media Cosmos : A Personal Voyage ( 1980 TV series ) Contact ( 1997 film ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 TV series ) Wanderers ( 2014 film narration ) Family Lynn Margulis ( first wife ) Dorion Sagan ( son ) Jeremy Sagan ( son ) Linda Salzman Sagan ( second wife ) Nick Sagan ( son ) Ann Druyan ( third wife ) Sagan Prizes Carl Sagan Memorial Award Carl Sagan Medal Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science Recognition Carl Sagan Institute Sagan Planet Walk Carl Sagan Memorial Station 2709 Sagan Pale Blue Dot : A Tribute to Carl Sagan Symphony of Science The Sagan series Related Quotes Sagan 's number 900 Stewart Avenue Cosmology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Calendar&oldid=799443051 '' Categories : Units of time Physical cosmology Time in astronomy Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Cymraeg Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 19 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	if we compress the entire history of the universe into one year life on earth appeared	[ "\n\nDate\nGya\nEvent\n\n\n14 Sep\n4.1\n\"Remains of biotic life\" found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.[5][6]\n\n\n21 Sep\n3.8\nFirst Life (Prokaryotes)[7][8][9]\n\n\n30 Sep\n3.4\nPhotosynthesis\n\n\n29 Oct\n2.4\nOxygenation of Atmosphere\n\n\n9 Nov\n2\nComplex Cells (Eukaryotes)\n\n\n5 Dec\n0.8\nFirst Multicellular Life[10]\n\n\n7 Dec\n0.67\nSimple Animals\n\n\n14 Dec\n0.55\nArthropods (ancestors of insects, arachnids)\n\n\n17 Dec\n0.5\nFish and Proto-amphibians\n\n\n20 Dec\n0.45\nLand Plants\n\n\n21 Dec\n0.4\nInsects and Seeds\n\n\n22 Dec\n0.36\nAmphibians\n\n\n23 Dec\n0.3\nReptiles\n\n\n24 Dec\n0.25\nPermian-Triassic Extinction Event, 90% of Species Die Out\n\n\n25 Dec\n0.23\nDinosaurs\n\n\n26 Dec\n0.2\nMammals\n\n\n27 Dec\n0.15\nBirds\n\n\n28 Dec\n0.13\nFlowers\n\n\n30 Dec, 06:24\n0.065\nCretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, Non-avian Dinosaurs Die Out[11]\n\n" ]	[ "21 Sep" ]
-1909710558539972767	My Grandmother Asked Me to Tell You She's Sorry	My Grandmother Asked Me to Tell You She 's Sorry - wikipedia My Grandmother Asked Me to Tell You She 's Sorry My Grandmother Asked Me to Tell You She 's Sorry Cover of 2015 UK hardback ed . Author Fredrik Backman Original title Min mormor hälsar och säger förlåt Translator Henning Koch Country Sweden Language English Genre Novel Publisher Washington Square Press ( US ) Publication date 2013 Sweden 2015 US Media type Print Pages 400 pp ( US ) ISBN 1501115073 My Grandmother Asked Me to Tell You She 's Sorry ( published in the UK as My Grandmother Sends her Regards and Apologises ) is a book written by Fredrik Backman . It was published in Swedish ( as Min mormor hälsar och säger förlåt ) in 2013 . The English translation was published in 2015 . The rights for translation have been sold in more than 40 countries In 2017 it was longlisted for the International Dublin Literary Award Ireland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Film and TV adaptations 3 Audiobook 4 References Plot summary ( edit ) The story takes place in Sweden and follows Elsa , a 7 year old who knows she is different from other children her age . She has a habit of correcting others ' grammar , is smart for her age , and is especially close with her grandmother ( Granny ) . When Granny passes , Elsa slowly discovers more about her grandmother 's past identities , as well as the lives of people affected by her grandmother . The UK edition was published by Sceptre , an imprint of Hodder & Stoughton , In 2015 ( ISBN 9781444775839 ) , with the title My Grandmother Sends Her Regards and Apologises . Film and tv adaptations ( edit ) The northern European based Nordisk Film acquired the rights for this book for development in May of 2018 . Audiobook ( edit ) An audio version of this book was released in 2015 by Simon & Schuster , Inc . It was read by Joan Walker . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ : www.salomonssonagency.se/books/min-mormor-halsar-och-sager-forlat + &cd = 3&hl = en&ct = clnk&gl = us Jump up ^ `` My Grandmother Sends Her Regards and Apologises '' . Hodder & Stoughton . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/05/imax-saudi-deal-edinburgh-lineup-screen-yorkshire-kino-lorber-nordisk-1202391391/ Jump up ^ Backman , Fredrik ; Walker , Joan ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) . My Grandmother Asked Me to Tell You She 's Sorry . Simon & Schuster Audio . ASIN B00ZPK2QSY . http://books.simonandschuster.com/My-Grandmother-Asked-Me-to-Tell-You-Shes-Sorry/Fredrik-Backman/9781501115066 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Grandmother_Asked_Me_to_Tell_You_She%27s_Sorry&oldid=846740828 '' Categories : Swedish books Novels set in Sweden 2013 books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 16 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where does my grandmother asked me to tell you shes sorry take place	[ "The story takes place in Sweden and follows Elsa, a 7 year old who knows she is different from other children her age. She has a habit of correcting others' grammar, is smart for her age, and is especially close with her grandmother (Granny). When Granny passes, Elsa slowly discovers more about her grandmother's past identities, as well as the lives of people affected by her grandmother.\n" ]	[ "Sweden" ]
-1404820547821354641	Galvanization	Galvanization - wikipedia Galvanization Jump to : navigation , search `` Galvanize '' and `` Galvanized '' redirect here . For other uses , see Galvanize ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Galvanism or Electrogalvanization . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A street lamp in Singapore showing the characteristic spangle of hot - dip galvanization Galvanization ( or galvanizing as it is most commonly called in that industry ) is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron , to prevent rusting . The most common method is hot - dip galvanizing , in which parts are submerged in a bath of molten zinc . Contents ( hide ) 1 Protective action 2 History and etymology 3 Methods 4 Eventual corrosion 5 Galvanized construction steel 6 Galvanized piping 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Protective action ( edit ) Galvanising protects the base metal in three ways : It forms a coating of zinc which , when intact , prevents corrosive substances from reaching the underlying steel or iron . The zinc serves as a sacrificial anode so that even if the coating is scratched , the exposed steel will still be protected by the remaining zinc . The zinc protects its base metal by corroding before iron . For better results , application of chromates over zinc is also seen as an industrial trend . History and etymology ( edit ) Galvanized nails The earliest known example of galvanized iron was encountered by Europeans on 17th - century Indian armor in the Royal Armouries Museum collection . It was named in English via French from the name of Italian scientist Luigi Galvani . Originally in the 19th century , the term `` galvanizing '' was used to describe the administration of electric shocks ; this was also called Faradism . This usage is the origin of the metaphorical use of the verb `` galvanize '' , such as to `` galvanize into action '' meaning stimulating a complacent person or group to take action . In modern usage , the term `` galvanizing '' has largely come to be associated with zinc coatings , to the exclusion of other metals . Galvanic paint , a precursor to hot - dip galvanizing , was patented by Stanislas Sorel , of Paris , in December 1837 . Methods ( edit ) Hot - dip galvanizing deposits a thick , robust layer of zinc iron alloys on the surface of a steel item . In the case of automobile bodies , where additional decorative coatings of paint will be applied , a thinner form of galvanizing is applied by electrogalvanizing . The hot - dip process generally does not reduce strength on a measurable scale , with the exception of high - strength steels ( > 1100 MPa ) where hydrogen embrittlement can become a problem . This deficiency is a consideration affecting the manufacture of wire rope and other highly - stressed products . The protection provided by hot - dip galvanizing is insufficient for products that will be constantly exposed to corrosive materials such as acids , including acid rain in outdoor uses . For these applications , more expensive stainless steel is preferred . Some nails made today are galvanized . Nonetheless , electroplating is used on its own for many outdoor applications because it is cheaper than hot - dip zinc coating and looks good when new . Another reason not to use hot - dip zinc coating is that for bolts and nuts of size M10 ( US 3 / 8 `` ) or smaller , the thick hot - dipped coating fills in too much of the threads , which reduces strength ( because the dimension of the steel prior to coating must be reduced for the fasteners to fit together ) . This means that for cars , bicycles , and many other light mechanical products , the practical alternative to electroplating bolts and nuts is not hot - dip zinc coating , but making the fasteners from stainless steel . Galvanized surface with visible spangle The size of crystallites in galvanized coatings is a visible and aesthetic feature , known as `` spangle '' . By varying the number of particles added for heterogeneous nucleation and the rate of cooling in a hot - dip process , the spangle can be adjusted from an apparently uniform surface ( crystallites too small to see with the naked eye ) to grains several centimetres wide . Visible crystallites are rare in other engineering materials , even though they are usually present . Thermal diffusion galvanizing , or Sherardizing , provides a zinc diffusion coating on iron - or copper - based materials . Parts and zinc powder are tumbled in a sealed rotating drum . Around 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ) , zinc will diffuse into the substrate to form a zinc alloy . The advance surface preparation of the goods can be carried out by shot blasting . The process is also known as `` dry galvanizing '' , because no liquids are involved ; this can avoid possible problems caused by hydrogen embrittlement . The dull - grey crystal structure of the zinc diffusion coating has a good adhesion to paint , powder coatings , or rubber . It is a preferred method for coating small , complex - shaped metals , and for smoothing rough surfaces on items formed with sintered metal . Eventual corrosion ( edit ) Rusted corrugated steel roof Although galvanizing will inhibit attack of the underlying steel , rusting will be inevitable after some decades of exposure to weather , especially if exposed to acidic conditions . For example , corrugated iron sheet roofing will start to degrade within a few years despite the protective action of the zinc coating . Marine and salty environments also lower the lifetime of galvanized iron because the high electrical conductivity of sea water increases the rate of corrosion , primarily through converting the solid zinc to soluble zinc chloride which simply washes away . Galvanized car frames exemplify this ; they corrode much faster in cold environments due to road salt , though they will last longer than unprotected steel . Galvanized steel can last for many decades if other supplementary measures are maintained , such as paint coatings and additional sacrificial anodes . The rate of corrosion in non-salty environments is caused mainly by levels of sulfur dioxide in the air . In the most benign natural environments , such as inland low population areas , galvanized steel can last without rust for over 100 years . Galvanized construction steel ( edit ) This is the most common use for galvanized metal , and hundreds of thousands of tons of steel products are galvanized annually worldwide . In developed countries most larger cities have several galvanizing factories , and many items of steel manufacture are galvanized for protection . Typically these include : street furniture , building frameworks , balconies , verandahs , staircases , ladders , walkways , and more . SGCC hot dip galvanized steel is also used for making steel frames as a basic construction material for steel frame buildings . Galvanized piping ( edit ) See also : Galvanic corrosion In the early 20th century , galvanized piping replaced previously - used cast iron and lead in cold - water plumbing . Typically , galvanized piping rusts from the inside out , building up layers of plaque on the inside of the piping , causing both water pressure problems and eventual pipe failure . These plaques can flake off , leading to visible impurities in water and a slight metallic taste . The life expectancy of galvanized piping is about 70 years , but it may vary by region due to impurities in the water supply and the proximity of electrical grids for which interior piping acts as a pathway ( the flow of electricity can accelerate chemical corrosion ) . Pipe longevity also depends on the thickness of zinc in the original galvanizing , which ranges on a scale from G40 to G210 , and whether the pipe was galvanized on both the inside and outside , or just the outside . Since World War II , copper and plastic piping have replaced galvanized piping for interior drinking water service , but galvanized steel pipes are still used in outdoor applications requiring steel 's superior mechanical strength . The use of galvanized pipes lends some truth to the urban myth that water purity in outdoor water faucets is lower , but the actual impurities ( iron , zinc , calcium ) are harmless . The presence of galvanized piping detracts from the appraised value of housing stock because piping can fail , increasing the risk of water damage . Galvanized piping will eventually need to be replaced if housing stock is to outlast a 50 to 70 year life expectancy , and some jurisdictions require galvanized piping to be replaced before sale . One option to extend the life expectancy of existing galvanized piping is to line it with an epoxy resin . See also ( edit ) Cathodic protection Corrugated galvanized iron Galvanic corrosion Galvannealed - galvanization and annealing Prepainted metal Rust Rustproofing Sendzimir process Sherardizing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Summary of XRF analysis conducted on or about 30 September 1999 by the Royal Armouries Museum in Leeds and written up as part of a thesis by Helen Bowstead Stallybrass at the Department of Archaeological Sciences , Bradford University . Jump up ^ Process for protecting articles made of Iron or Steel from oxidation . '' Specification of patent granted to M. Sorel , of Paris , France , December , 1837 . Journal of the Franklin Institute ( Philadelphia , Pa . ) , Published by Pergamon Press , 1838 , via Google Book Search . Jump up ^ Industrial Galvanizes : http://www.ingal.com.au/IGSM/28.htm Jump up ^ `` Zinc Plating and Hydrogen Embrittlement '' . Hydrogen Embrittlement Handbook Jump up ^ `` Steel Selection '' . American Galvanizers Association . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Frank C. ( 1991 ) . Zinc Handbook . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 8340 - 2 . Jump up ^ Natrup , F. ; Graf , W. ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` 20 - Sherardizing : corrosion protection of steels by zinc diffusion coatings '' . In Mittemeijer , Eric J. ; Somers , Marcel A.J. Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels : Improving Materials Performance . Elsevier Science . p. 737 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85709 - 652 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Resistance '' . Galvanising Association ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Look up galvanize in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galvanization . American Galvanizers Association Galvanizers Association Galvanizers Association Ireland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galvanization&oldid=803742555 '' Categories : Chemical processes Corrosion prevention Metal plating Zinc Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 10 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	galvanized metals have been covered with a thin sheet of	[ "Galvanization (or galvanizing as it is most commonly called in that industry) is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which parts are submerged in a bath of molten zinc." ]	[ "zinc" ]
-7015251502286172034	Luka Modrić	Luka Modrić - wikipedia Luka Modrić This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 16 July 2018 . Luka Modrić Modrić with Croatia at the 2018 World Cup Full name Luka Modrić Date of birth ( 1985 - 09 - 09 ) 9 September 1985 ( age 32 ) Place of birth Zadar , SR Croatia , SFR Yugoslavia Height 1.72 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 10 Youth career 1996 -- 2001 Zadar 2002 -- 2003 Dinamo Zagreb Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2003 -- 2008 Dinamo Zagreb 94 ( 26 ) 2003 -- 2004 → Zrinjski ( loan ) 22 ( 8 ) 2004 -- 2005 → Inter Zaprešić ( loan ) 18 ( 4 ) 2008 -- 2012 Tottenham Hotspur 127 ( 13 ) 2012 -- Real Madrid 166 ( 9 ) National team 2001 Croatia U15 ( 0 ) 2001 Croatia U17 ( 0 ) 2003 Croatia U18 7 ( 0 ) 2003 -- 2004 Croatia U19 11 ( 2 ) 2004 -- 2005 Croatia U21 14 ( 2 ) 2006 -- Croatia 113 ( 14 ) Honours ( show ) Representing Croatia FIFA World Cup Runner - up 2018 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 19 May 2018 ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 17 : 47 , 15 July 2018 ( UTC ) Luka Modrić ( Croatian pronunciation : ( lûːka mǒːdritɕ ) ; born 9 September 1985 ) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Spanish club Real Madrid and is the captain of the Croatia national team . Modrić plays mainly as a central midfielder but can also play as an attacking midfielder or as a defensive midfielder , usually deployed as a deep - lying playmaker . Modrić is widely regarded as one of the best midfielders of his generation , and among the greatest Croatian footballers of all - time . Able to blend traditional and trequartista playmaking effectively , he is known for his vision , precision in execution , and tactical strategy . Born in Zadar , Modrić 's childhood coincided with the 1990s Croatian War of Independence which displaced his family . At age 16 he was signed by Dinamo Zagreb in 2002 after showing promise with his hometown club 's youth team . He continued his development in Zagreb before spells on loan to Zrinjski Mostar and Inter Zaprešić . He made his debut for Dinamo in 2005 and won three consecutive league titles and domestic cups with them , being named the Prva HNL Player of the Year in 2007 . In 2008 , he moved to Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur for a record high transfer fee of £ 16.5 million , where he led Spurs to their first UEFA Champions League appearance in almost 50 years , reaching the quarter - finals of the 2010 -- 11 tournament . After the 2011 -- 12 season , Modrić joined Real Madrid for a £ 30 million transfer fee , where he became a key contributor under head coach Carlo Ancelotti and helped the team to win La Décima , being elected to the squad of the season . After Zinedine Zidane took over Madrid , Modrić was critical to three consecutive Champions League titles from 2016 to 2018 , each time being elected to the squad of the season . He would go on to win the La Liga Award for `` Best Midfielder '' in 2016 for the second time , and UEFA Club Football Award for `` Best Midfielder '' a year later . Modrić made his international debut for Croatia against Argentina in March 2006 , and scored his first international goal in a friendly match against Italy . Modrić has anchored Croatia 's `` second Golden Generation '' where he has since participated in every major tournament Croatia qualified for , including the 2008 , 2012 , and UEFA Euro 2016 , as well the 2006 , 2014 , and 2018 FIFA World Cup . At the UEFA Euro 2008 , he was elected to the Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to ever achieve this honour . In 2015 , he became the first Croatian player ever to be included in the FIFA World XI , in which he was included once again in 2016 and 2017 , as well in the UEFA Team of the Year in 2016 and 2017 . Following group stage eliminations in his first two World Cups , Modrić led Croatia to the 2018 World Cup Final , where they placed second , and he received the Golden Ball award for best player . He has been named the Croatian Footballer of the Year six times , tied with Davor Šuker for most wins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Early years 2.2 Dinamo Zagreb 2.3 Tottenham Hotspur 2.3. 1 2008 -- 09 season 2.3. 2 2009 -- 10 season 2.3. 3 2010 -- 11 season 2.3. 4 2011 -- 12 season 2.4 Real Madrid 2.4. 1 2012 -- 13 season 2.4. 2 2013 -- 14 season 2.4. 3 2014 -- 15 season 2.4. 4 2015 -- 16 season 2.4. 5 2016 -- 17 season 2.4. 6 2017 -- 18 season 3 International career 3.1 2006 World Cup 3.2 Euro 2008 3.3 Euro 2012 3.4 2014 World Cup 3.5 Euro 2016 3.6 2018 World Cup 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Position 4.3 Reception 5 Personal life 5.1 Legal issues 6 Career statistics 6.1 Club 6.2 International 6.2. 1 International goals 7 Honours 7.1 Club 7.2 International 7.3 Individual 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life ( edit ) Modrić was born in Zadar , Croatia where he began his youth career at NK Zadar . Luka Modrić was born on 9 September 1985 and was raised in the hamlet of Modrići which is a part of Zaton Obrovački , a village situated on the southern slopes of the mountain Velebit , over 40 kilometers north of the city of Zadar in SR Croatia , then a republic within SFR Yugoslavia . He is the oldest child of aeromechanic Stipe Modrić from Modrići and textile worker Radojka Dopuđ from Kruševo near Obrovac . His childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence -- in 1991 , when the war escalated , his family were forced to flee the area . His father joined the Croatian Army . Modrić 's grandfather Luka and six other elderly civilians were executed by Croatian Serb rebels who were part of the police of SAO Krajina in December 1991 in the village of Jesenice , and their house was burned to the ground . Modrić became a refugee and lived with his family in the Hotel Kolovare for seven years ; he later moved to the Hotel Iž , both in Zadar . In those years , thousands of bombs fell on the city and football was a way to escape the reality of war . He recalls it as a tough time for the family and something which shaped him as a person , but also said he was mostly unaware of the war because he befriended many other children and their parents did not let it affect their childhood . In these difficult circumstances , Modrić began playing football , mostly at the hotel parking lot . In 1992 , he simultaneously entered the primary school and a sporting academy , the latter paid for with the little money the family had , sometimes helped by Modrić 's uncle . As a boy he was inspired to play football by Zvonimir Boban and Francesco Totti . Club career ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Supported by his family , he participated in representative camps and trained in NK Zadar . He was under tutelage of coach Domagoj Bašić and the head of the youth academy , Tomislav Bašić . Tomislav Bašić , considered by Modrić as his `` sporting father '' , said Modrić 's father made him wooden shin guards because they had little money . However , Modrić later denied the story . Due to being considered too young and light , he was not signed by Croatian powerhouse Hajduk Split , the most representative team in the region of Dalmatia . After displaying some talent , including at youth tournament in Italy , Tomislav Bašić arranged Modrić 's move to Dinamo Zagreb when Modrić was a 16 - year - old in late 2001 . After a season with Dinamo Zagreb 's youth side , Modrić was loaned in 2003 to Zrinjski Mostar in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina . During this period , he established his versatile style of play and became Bosnian and Herzegovinian League Player of the Year at age 18 . Modrić later said , `` ( S ) omeone who can play in the Bosnian league can play anywhere , '' referring to its physical nature . The following year , he was loaned to Croatian side Inter Zaprešić . He spent one season there , helping the team to achieve second position in the Croatian First Football League and a place in the preliminary round of the UEFA Cup . He also won the Croatian Football Hope of the Year award in 2004 . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in 2005 . Dinamo Zagreb ( edit ) In the 2005 -- 06 season , Modrić signed a ten - year contract ( his first long - term contract ) with Dinamo Zagreb . With the contract 's earnings , he bought a flat in Zadar for his family . He secured a place in Dinamo 's first team , contributing 7 goals in 31 matches to help win the league . In the 2006 -- 07 season , Dinamo again won the league , with Modrić making a similar contribution . He was the main provider for striker Eduardo , which helped Modrić win the Prva HNL Player of the Year award . The following season , Modrić led Dinamo 's attempt to qualify for the 2007 -- 08 UEFA Cup . In the final play - off stage , Modrić converted a penalty in the second and away fixture against AFC Ajax ; the game finished 1 -- 1 after regular time . Dinamo won the game and play - off with a score of 3 -- 2 after extra time with two goals from teammate Mario Mandžukić . However , Dinamo Zagreb failed to advance beyond the group stage . At his last home game with the club at Maksimir Stadium , Modrić was given a standing ovation and fans held up supportive banners . He finished his four - year tenure at Dinamo with a tally of over 31 goals and 29 assists in four league seasons , contributing most notably in the 2007 -- 08 season when Dinamo won the second Croatian Cup and became champions by a 28 - point margin . Modrić was courted by Barcelona , Arsenal and Chelsea , but decided to wait . Tottenham Hotspur ( edit ) 2008 -- 09 season ( edit ) Modrić ( far left , No. 14 ) , preparing for a game kick off for Tottenham against Arsenal in November 2010 . Modrić agreed to transfer terms with Tottenham Hotspur on 26 April 2008 . He was the first of many summer signings for head coach Juande Ramos , and was also the Premier League 's first summer transfer . Club chairman Daniel Levy promptly flew to Zagreb , and after signing a six - year contract , Tottenham confirmed the fee paid was £ 16.5 million , equalling the club 's record fee set by Darren Bent 's move in 2007 . Modrić made his competitive Premier League debut on 16 August in a 2 -- 1 defeat to Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium in Spurs ' first match of the 2008 -- 09 season . Modrić had a slow start at Tottenham ; he suffered from a knee injury early in his tenure and was labelled as a light - weight for the Premier League by sections of the media , as well as Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger . Reflecting on that , Modrić said that such `` critics push you forward to show people they are wrong . Maybe I look lightweight but I am a really strong person mentally and physically , and I never had any problems with my size '' . This coincided with his poor form , leading to concerns both for himself and Croatia national team head coach Slaven Bilić . Modrić spent his early days at a position of number 10 , before being shifted to the left wing to play alongside Wilson Palacios . Spurs teammate Tom Huddlestone later said , `` ( H ) is versatility was probably a blessing and a curse , he was that good that he had to play out of position for a bit . '' After the appointment of manager Harry Redknapp , Modrić was given a more familiar role as a central - or left - sided midfielder , allowing him to have more influence on the team and use his footballing talent more productively , for example in a 4 -- 4 draw with arch - rivals Arsenal on 29 October . Redknapp recognised Modrić 's value to his side and planned to shape his new team around the Croatian playmaker . He scored his first competitive goal at Tottenham in a 2 -- 2 draw against Spartak Moscow during the UEFA Cup group stages on 18 December 2008 . He scored his first Premier League goals against Newcastle United in an away defeat on 21 December , a home win in the third round of the FA Cup against Wigan Athletic on 2 January 2009 , and in an away defeat against Manchester United on 25 April 2009 . Using Modrić in his former position from Dinamo days made him more effective with performances against Stoke City , Hull City , and most notably on 21 March when he scored the only goal in a win against Chelsea . 2009 -- 10 season ( edit ) Before the 2009 -- 10 season , Redknapp said of Modrić , `` ( He 's ) a hell of a player and a manager 's dream , so I am told . He trains like a demon and never complains , will work with and without the ball on the field and can beat a defender with a trick or with a pass . He could get into any team in the top four '' . On 29 August 2009 , during Tottenham 's 2 -- 1 win over Birmingham City , Modrić was taken off injured with a suspected calf injury . The following day , it was confirmed Modrić had sustained a fracture to his right fibula and was expected to be out for six weeks . He returned on 28 December in the London derby against West Ham United , which Spurs won 2 -- 0 with an 11th - minute goal scored by Modrić using the leg he broke . He again scored in a home win against Everton on 28 February 2010 , and in an away defeat against Burnley on 9 May . On 30 May 2010 , Modrić was awarded a new six - year contract that ran until 2016 ; upon signing , he said , `` Tottenham Hotspur gave me my chance in the Premier League and I want to go on to achieve great success here with them . Yes , there have been enquiries from other big clubs , but I have no interest in going anywhere . Last season 's top - four finish was an indication of where we are as a Club and I feel I can continue to improve and go on to achieve everything I want to at Spurs . '' 2010 -- 11 season ( edit ) Modrić playing against Arsenal in November 2010 . On 11 September 2010 , Modrić scored his first goal of the 2010 -- 11 season in a 1 -- 1 away draw at West Bromwich Albion . On 28 November , in a home match against Liverpool , Modrić scored one goal that was later credited as an own - goal by Liverpool 's defender . After a draw against Manchester United at White Hart Lane in January 2011 , Redknapp praised Modrić , saying , `` He was unbelievable . Magnificent . He 's an amazing footballer , the little man takes the ball in the tightest areas with people around him , wriggling out of situations . He could play in any team in the world . '' Modrić also scored in Tottenham 's 3 -- 2 victory over Stoke City on 9 April , and converted a penalty at Anfield on 15 May in a 2 -- 0 victory over Liverpool . Modrić helped Tottenham reach their first involvement in the UEFA Champions League . In the first match , against Inter Milan at the San Siro on 20 October , he exited the game early because of an injury ; Spurs lost 4 -- 3 , despite the tremendous efforts of Gareth Bale . On the return match at home , on 2 November , Modrić was given too much space to move and dictate the tempo of the game . He created and assisted for the first goal by Rafael van der Vaart in a 3 -- 1 victory . In the next match , against Werder Bremen , Modrić scored the second goal . After a scoreless draw against A.C. Milan , Spurs were eliminated from the competition in the quarter - finals by Real Madrid . Modrić played 32 Premier League games in the 2010 -- 11 season , scoring three goals , recording two assists and making the highest average number of passes per game for Spurs , with 62.5 , at an accuracy rate of 87.4 % . At the end of the season , Modrić was voted the Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Player of the Year . Sir Alex Ferguson , the manager of Manchester United , said he would have chosen Modrić as his Player of the Year for that season . 2011 -- 12 season ( edit ) `` I spent four great years there with a lot of emotions , with a lot of love from the club and the fans . I enjoyed every moment with Tottenham . But in one moment you feel you need to take a step forward , to go to a higher level . I think it was the right time for me to go , but I will always be thankful to Tottenham for everything they did for me . I became a better player there and they pushed me to this level where I am at the moment . '' -- Luka Modrić reflecting on negotiations with Chelsea and move to Real Madrid in February 2014 . In mid-2011 , Modrić was heavily pursued by Tottenham 's London rivals Chelsea , who made a first bid of £ 22 million , which they increased to £ 27 million , both of which were rejected by Spurs chairman Daniel Levy . After the failed bids , Modrić announced he would welcome a move across London and that he had a `` gentleman 's agreement '' with Levy that the club would entertain offers from a `` big club '' . Speculation continued throughout the summer transfer window , culminating in Modrić refusing to play in Tottenham 's opening match against Manchester United , which ended in a 3 -- 0 loss . Modrić said his `` head was not in the right place '' as he continued to force a move to Chelsea . On the final day of the transfer window , Chelsea made an offer of £ 40 million that was again rejected . After failing to secure a transfer , Spurs manager Harry Redknapp told Modrić to focus on his playing and named him as a starter . On 18 September , he scored his first goal of the season for Tottenham with a shot from 25 yd ( 23 m ) in a 4 -- 0 home win against Liverpool . On 14 January 2012 , Modrić scored the only goal in a home draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 31 January in a 3 -- 1 win against Wigan Athletic , he assisted for the first goal with a crossfield pass and scored the second from 20 yd ( 18 m ) . For the third time that season , he was included in `` Team of the Week '' . Modrić scored his last goal for Tottenham on 2 May in a 1 -- 4 away win against Bolton Wanderers with a powerful volley from 25 yd ( 23 m ) . Real Madrid ( edit ) 2012 -- 13 season ( edit ) On 27 August 2012 , Real Madrid announced they had agreed on a deal with Tottenham for an approximate £ 30 million transfer fee . Modrić signed a five - year contract with the Spanish club . Two days later , he made his Real Madrid debut against Barcelona in the second leg final of the 2012 Supercopa de España at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , replacing Mesut Özil in the 83rd minute . Madrid won the match , giving Modrić his first trophy with the club 36 hours after his signing was announced . Despite his positive debut , Modrić at first struggled to settle into the team under manager José Mourinho because of his lack of pre-season training , which he missed as a result of his ongoing transfer negotiations . The presence of veteran midfielder Xabi Alonso and Sami Khedira in defensive midfield , and Özil in offensive midfield , usually kept Modrić out of the starting lineup , limiting him to substitute appearances . He mostly played out - of - position for his first few months at the club . He played his first UEFA Champions League game for Real Madrid in a group match against Manchester City on 18 September , which Madrid won 3 -- 2 . On 3 November , Modrić scored his first goal for Real Madrid in the last minute of their 4 -- 0 victory over Real Zaragoza in La Liga . On 17 November , Modrić assisted a Karim Benzema goal , which was eventually ruled an own goal by Jon Aurtenetxe Borde , with a 50 m ( 55 yd ) cross-field pass . It was the first goal in a 5 -- 1 victory over Athletic Bilbao . His most notable match that year was on 4 December , when he assisted for the first two goals of Cristiano Ronaldo and José Callejón with cross-field passes in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax in the group stage of the Champions League . Modrić playing against Sevilla in February 2013 . Modrić started in Real Madrid 's home game against their league rivals Barcelona on 2 March 2013 ; from a corner kick he assisted Sergio Ramos to score the winning goal in the 82nd minute , giving Real a victory in El Clásico . On 5 March , Modrić came on as a second - half substitute during the decisive Champions League knockout leg against ten - man Manchester United at Old Trafford . With Madrid behind by a goal , Modrić equalised with a long - range shot from 25 yd ( 23 m ) out and played a key role in the rest of the game , which Real Madrid won 2 -- 1 , advancing them to the quarter - finals 3 -- 2 on aggregate . This game is often seen as the turning point in Modrić 's career in Real Madrid . On 16 March , he replicated this performance against Mallorca , giving Real Madrid the lead with a long range volley from 30 yd ( 27 m ) ; Real Madrid won the game 5 -- 2 . Modrić played as a starter in both Champions League semi-final games against Borussia Dortmund . In the first leg on 24 April , he played in the attacking midfield position where he did not influence the game and the team lost 4 -- 1 . On 30 April , in the second leg 2 -- 0 victory , Modrić played as the deep - lying playmaker , making passes to the attackers and creating several chances ; he was among the best - rated players that night . From March 2013 , Modrić 's form and influence in the midfield continued to improve , distinguishing himself as a player with most passes completed in his team . On 8 May , he assisted from the corner for the first goal and scored the fourth goal in a 6 -- 2 victory over Málaga . 2013 -- 14 season ( edit ) `` He 's the head of midfield in a complicated environment . Every day in Madrid pressure is coming at you from all sides . Modrić not only withstands the pressure but has grown among it to be Madrid 's best player , with ( Cristiano ) Ronaldo . '' -- Predrag Mijatović praises Modrić 's rising performance and significance for the team in January 2014 . With the arrival of new manager Carlo Ancelotti , Modrić became one of the most frequent starters in the team , being partnered in midfield with Alonso to provide a balance of defence and attack . He was consistently the team 's most efficient passer , averaging 90 % accuracy in La Liga , and also having the most ball recoveries among the squad . He scored his first goal of the season in the last Champions League group game against Copenhagen , making it his fifth goal for the club , all five of which were scored from the outside the box . Modrić scored his first goal of the Spanish league season in a 3 -- 0 away win against Getafe , which marked his sixth goal outside of the box . Modrić was on the pitch when Real Madrid won the 2013 -- 14 Copa del Rey , defeating Barcelona 2 -- 1 in the final . In the first leg of the Champions League quarter - finals , Modrić intercepted the ball and assisted Cristiano Ronaldo for the third goal in Real Madrid 's 3 -- 0 home victory against Borussia Dortmund . The goal was ultimately decisive because Real went on to lose 2 -- 0 in the second leg , but progressed with a marginal aggregate score of 3 -- 2 . In his 100th game for the club , Modrić assisted for the first goal in the second leg 4 -- 0 victory over Bayern Munich in the Champions League semi-final , helping Real Madrid reach the final for the first time in 12 years . He was included in UEFA 's Team of the Week for both legs of the semi-final . On 24 May , in the final , Modrić again assisted from a corner for teammate Sergio Ramos , who scored a 93rd minute equalizer against local rivals Atlético Madrid . Real won 4 -- 1 in extra time , marking the club 's tenth Champions League title , locally known as la Décima ( `` the tenth '' ) . He was included in the UEFA Champions League Team of the Season and received the LFP award for the `` Best Midfielder '' of the Spanish first league of that season . 2014 -- 15 season ( edit ) In November 2014 , Modrić signed a new contract to stay at Real Madrid until 2018 . With the departure of Alonso he was partnered with newly arrived Toni Kroos . Real Madrid began the season by winning the UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla Modrić assisted twice for Bale , first against Real Sociedad in La Liga , and second against Basel in the Champions League . In the 2 -- 0 away win against Villarreal , Modrić scored his seventh goal from outside of the box . In late November , Modrić sustained a thigh injury during an international match against Italy , because of which he did not play for three months . He returned in early March 2015 , starting in seven games and proving his form . On 21 April , in the 3 -- 1 home win against Malaga , he strained ligaments in his right knee , because of which he did not play until May . With his injury , Real Madrid 's 22 - game winning run in the season came to an end . His absence and the lack of a quality substitute were seen as the main cause of Real Madrid 's failure to win matches in La Liga and the Champions League . Ancelotti said , `` Modrić has missed most of the year and this has hurt us '' . Modrić 's influence on the game was recognized and he was selected by professional players in the FIFA World XI . 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) Modrić playing against Shakhtar Donetsk during their group stage match in the UEFA Champions League in November 2015 . Ancelotti was replaced by Rafael Benítez , under whom Modrić continued to be a key midfield player . Modrić began the season assisting in September , November and December , and scoring in the 3 -- 4 away win against Shakhtar Donetsk in the Champions League group stage . He sustained a muscular groin injury during an international game in October , initially suggesting an absence of two - to - three weeks , but by 20 October had recovered in time for the game against Paris Saint - Germain . With the arrival of new manager Zinedine Zidane in January 2016 , the relationship between them was noted in the media , with Modrić described as `` master of the game '' , and the crucial `` connector '' of the defence and attack . It was seen in the first three games , wins against Deportivo de La Coruña and Sporting de Gijón , and a draw against Real Betis , in which Modrić was praised for creating chances , his positioning and overall performance and influence on the game . On 7 February , Modrić scored a winning goal from outside the box in a 1 -- 2 away win against Granada . He was a regular in the starting lineup when the team won the 2015 -- 16 Champions League in the final against Atlético Madrid . He was included in both Champions League , and La Liga 's team of the season . For the second time received the LFP award for the `` Best Midfielder '' of the Spanish first league . He was for the second time included in the FIFA World XI , and first in the UEFA Team of the Year . 2016 -- 17 season ( edit ) On 18 October 2016 , Modrić signed a new contract with Real Madrid , keeping him at the club until 2020 . Due to injury of a left knee sustained in mid-September he missed eight games until early November . On 18 December , with the team he won the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup and received the Silver Ball award for his performance . On 12 March 2017 , in a 2 -- 1 win over Betis , Modrić played his 200th game for Real Madrid . He was a regular starter when Madrid won the 2016 -- 17 La Liga , and the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League where he provided the assist for Ronaldo 's second goal in the final against Juventus . He was included in Champions League team of the season . Modrić became the first Croatian to win the Champions League competition three times . He received the UEFA Club Football award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season . He was for the third time included in the FIFA World XI . In the competition for the UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award he came fourth , while for 2017 Ballon d'Or as fifth . 2017 -- 18 season ( edit ) With the departure of James Rodríguez to Bayern Munich , Modrić inherited the jersey with the coveted number 10 , replacing his number 19 jersey , for the new season . In December , with the team he won the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup and received the Golden Ball award for his performance . His first goal of the season came in a 7 -- 1 win over Deportivo , on 21 January . Modrić was a regular starter when Madrid won the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League in the final against Liverpool , their third consecutive title , and he was for the third consecutive time included in Champions League team of the season . International career ( edit ) Modrić at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . He is said to anchor Croatia 's Second Golden Generation . Modrić began his international career at youth level , playing for the Croatian under - 17 , under - 19 and under - 21 teams . He made his full international debut for Croatia on 1 March 2006 in a friendly match against Argentina in Basel , which Croatia won 3 -- 2 . 2006 World Cup ( edit ) Modrić made two appearances at the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals as a substitute in the group fixtures against Japan and Australia . With the appointment of new manager Slaven Bilić , Modrić earned greater recognition at international level ; he scored his first goal in Croatia 's 2 -- 0 friendly win over Italy on 16 August 2006 in Livorno . Euro 2008 ( edit ) Modrić 's performances ensured a regular place in the international side ; he gave a successful showing in Croatia 's UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign , which included home and away victories against England . As a young midfielder , much was expected of Modrić ; he was often dubbed `` the Croatian Cruyff '' . Modrić scored Croatia 's first goal of Euro 2008 , converting a penalty in the fourth minute of their 1 -- 0 victory against Austria on 8 June 2008 . It was the fastest penalty ever awarded and scored in European Championship history . He continued to impress at the tournament and was named UEFA Man of the Match in Croatia 's next game when they defeated one of the pre-tournament favourites and eventual finalists Germany . In the quarter - final against Turkey , Modrić took advantage of a mistake by veteran Turkish goalkeeper Rüştü Reçber , and crossed to teammate Ivan Klasnić for the first goal of the game with one minute of extra time remaining , but Semih Şentürk equalised for Turkey almost immediately . In the ensuing penalty shootout , Modrić 's kick was off - target and he failed to score the first penalty and Turkey won the shootout 3 -- 1 . At the end of the competition , Modrić was included in the UEFA Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to achieve this honour after Davor Šuker . Euro 2012 ( edit ) In the 2010 World Cup qualifiers , Modrić scored three goals , against Kazakhstan , Andorra and Ukraine ; matching Ivica Olić , Ivan Rakitić and Eduardo da Silva . The team failed to qualify by being one point behind Ukraine . After appearing in all of their UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier matches and scoring a goal against Israel , Modrić started in all three of Croatia group stage matches against Republic of Ireland , Italy and Spain , but the team failed to progress . His most notable performance was against Spain ; he led the team game and manager Bilić relied on Modrić to resist Spain 's football quality on the pitch . The most memorable moment of the game came when Modrić picked the ball on the halfway line skipping Spain 's midfield trio , rushing down on the right to reach the penalty area where he evaded a defender , and crossed from 18 yd ( 16 m ) to Ivan Rakitić , but Iker Casillas saved this attempt . Because Croatia did not pass the group stage , Modrić was not included in the Team of the Tournament , but The Daily Telegraph included him in the best eleven until the semi-finals , and his play was well received by critics . 2014 World Cup ( edit ) Modrić playing against Neymar of Brazil at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . After the playoffs , Modrić with the Croatian team qualified for the 2014 World Cup . They entered Group A with Brazil , Mexico and Cameroon . Croatia played the opening game against Brazil , which they lost 3 -- 1 , and Modrić sustained a minor foot injury . In the second game , Croatia won 4 - 0 against Cameroon , but did not progress to the knockout stage after losing 3 -- 1 to Mexico , despite the great expectations from the Croatian press and public . Euro 2016 ( edit ) In the Euro 2016 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored his first goals for Croatia in three years , the first against Malta on his 29th birthday with a long - range shot , and then he scored a penalty against Azerbaijan . On 3 March 2015 , for the first time Modrić served as captain of the national team , in an away draw against Azerbaijan . In the tournament proper , Modrić scored the game - winning goal in Croatia 's opening group - stage match against Turkey , a volley from 25 metres ( 28 yards ) . In doing so , he became the first Croatian to score at the finals of two separate European Championships , having previously scored against Austria in the 2008 edition . He was named Man of the Match . Modrić was forced to miss the crucial fixture against Spain on 21 June , as a result of a minor muscle injury . 2018 World Cup ( edit ) Modrić attempting a shot during the World Cup . In Croatia 's 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign , Modrić scored a penalty against Greece in the second qualifying round , enabling his team to qualify for the World Cup . Croatia were placed in Group D , along with Argentina , Iceland , and Nigeria . During the 2018 FIFA World Cup , Modrić , along with Rakitić and Mandžukić were referred to as Croatia 's second Golden Generation . In Croatia 's opening and a winning match against Nigeria , Modrić again successfully executed a penalty kick and was named Man of the Match . He once again scored in his team 's subsequent 3 -- 0 win over Argentina , with a long - range shot from 25 yd ( 23 m ) , and was named Man of the Match for the second consecutive match . Having also played against Iceland , his good performances in the first round of the tournament saw him ranked by FourFourTwo , The Daily Telegraph and ESPN as the best player of the group stage . In the round of 16 against Denmark on 1 July , with the score tied at 1 -- 1 , Modrić created a goalscoring opportunity for Ante Rebić in the second half of extra-time , who was brought down in the penalty area ; Modrić proceeded to take the penalty , but his strike was saved by Kasper Schmeichel . However , Modrić managed to score his spot - kick during the ensuing penalty shoot - out , and Croatia advanced to the next round following a 3 -- 2 victory on penalties . In the quarter - finals against hosts Russia on 7 July , Modrić provided an assist in extra-time for Domagoj Vida from a corner kick , and once again scored in the victorious penalty shoot - out following a 2 -- 2 draw ; he was named Man of the Match for the third time in the tournament . In the semi-final against England on 11 July , Croatia advanced to the World Cup final for the first time in their history following a 2 -- 1 victory in extra-time . It was reported two days before the final match that Modrić ran the most miles out of any player and was third by created chances , as well had most dribbles per game and completed passes in the opponent 's half in his team . Although Croatia was beaten 4 -- 2 by France in the final on 15 July , Modrić was awarded the Golden Ball , being proclaimed the best player in the tournament . Player Profile ( edit ) Style of play ( edit ) `` Not only is he a very hard worker , he has a good brain and he provided some calmness and composure to the midfield . His passing was neat and his contribution was outstanding . He was not only winning the ball , he was passing well . We thought that he was very influential . He did not just work hard , he made the other people play well around him '' . -- Gérard Houllier , UEFA Technical Team A diminutive midfielder , Modrić is described as a quick and creative playmaker , with great vision , who is able to change the course of the game with a deft pass , or with a solo , long - range effort . He is able to play with both feet and combines this with his swift , offensive positioning off the ball . He is noted for his ability to pass the ball accurately across long or short distances , even with the outside of his boot , as well as his ball control , first touch , positional play , and his ability to retain possession and set the tempo of the game . A former attacking midfielder , he is also noted for his passing range and dribbling skills , and is considered as a master of the `` pre-assist '' . He is often referred to as the Midfield Maestro ( `` Midfield Master '' ) for his mastery of footballing fundamentals , tactical strategy , and precision in execution . His tactical vision and strategic planning has had him compared to a conductor of an orchestra , a `` puppet master '' , and a `` midfield magician '' . When arrived at Real Madrid he was nicknamed by the Spanish media as El Pájaro ( `` the bird '' ) , while in the dressing room was simply called `` Lukita '' . Position ( edit ) Modrić 's complex game has brought him consistent success in the clubs for which he has played . Initially a trequartista or attacking midfielder at Dinamo Zagreb and in his early career at Tottenham , in the 2010 -- 11 season he flourished in a central midfield role as a deep - lying playmaker ( regista ) who conducts the attack and creates chances for teammates . Although a central midfielder , Modrić is also a hard - working player who has been seen to adopt a defensive midfield role in addition to playmaking , tracking back to win the ball from the opposition and prepare for a counter-attack , making him one of the most versatile players in the world , capable of playing in several midfield positions . According to Jonathan Wilson , in a 4 -- 2 -- 3 -- 1 system Modrić is a third type of a holding midfielder , being `` neither entirely destructive or creative '' , but a `` carrier '' who is `` capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet '' , but in his case `` with a hint of regista '' . The switch to a more deep - lying position reduced his number of assists and goals , as well as his shot per game count ( 1.2 ) , although his game was no longer based on being a goal threat ; despite this , he had the second - highest count of key passes per game ( 2.06 ) in the team , as well as a very high pass accuracy rate ( 87 % ) , with the highest passes per game count ( 62.5 ) in the team , the most long balls per game ( 5.6 ) , the most successful dribbles ( 2.2 ) , interceptions ( 2.5 ) , and the highest tackle ( 1.9 ) count per game among others , high statistics which placed him amongst the top midfielders of the Premier League . By the 2011 -- 12 season statistically he was among the top - rated central and all - round midfielders across the top five leagues , alongside players like Xabi Alonso , Andrea Pirlo , Bastian Schweinsteiger and Xavi . Upon Modrić 's arrival to Real Madrid , his midfield position was described as numbers six ( defensive ) , eight ( central ) or ten ( attacking ) , depending on the tactics , and his role was described as the second deep - lying pivot alongside Xabi Alonso in the 2012 -- 13 season , a classic deep - lying playmaker whose creativity was needed to dictate his team 's play and unlock the opposing defence . In the first half of the 2013 -- 14 season , during which he formed an effective central midfield partnership with Alonso and Angel di Maria , Modrić made more tackles ( 56 ) than any other Real Madrid player in La Liga , with an average number of 2.86 tackles per league game , as well as making the most completed passes ( 878 ) in the opposition half of the pitch among Real Madrid players , with the highest passing accuracy in the league ( 90 % ) , which was also the highest of any midfielder in Europe 's top five leagues who have made five or more assists during the season . In the 2014 -- 15 season , with the arrival of Toni Kroos , Real Madrid no longer had an effective and natural ball - winner alongside their playmakers in midfield , while the team possessed many attackers ; therefore , in addition to producing the highest count of passes ( 60.7 -- 64.7 ) and key passes per game ( 0.8 -- 1.2 ) within the team , both Modrić and Kroos had more defensive responsibility to set the rhythm of the team 's gameplay in midfield and orchestrate counterattacks . Modrić 's average passing accuracy during the season was between 91.6 -- 92 % , while his highest completion rate in a single match occurred in October against Barcelona when completed 100 % of his 42 attempted passes . For all of 2014 , Modrić 's dribble attempts ( 75 ) at a success rate of 76 % were second in Europe 's top five leagues . Reception ( edit ) Considered the most versatile and critical member of the national team , Modrić 's technical ability has been heralded both on an international and club level . Modrić is widely regarded as one of most well - rounded and effective midfielders in the world . According to Jonathan Wilson , what sets apart Modrić from old - school playmakers ( number ten ) like Juan Román Riquelme is the universality due to increased defensive responsibility , a quality which was insisted by Valeriy Lobanovskyi and Arrigo Sacchi that should make a modern footballer . Modrić 's skill in the game was recognized early by Dragan Stojković ( Piksi ) , who stated , `` I saw a small blond boy who played exactly like I would . Ideas he was showing then on the terrain were fascinating '' . Piksi considered him , along with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , as the most intelligent player . Johan Cruyff said Modrić 's quality and influence on the game depend on the freedom he gets . Paul Scholes , who played several times against Modrić , said in an interview with the Manchester Evening News in 2011 , `` Of the three ( Samir Nasri and Wesley Sneijder ) , Modrić , has been the one I have been most impressed with , ( and ) whenever we played Tottenham , he was the one who stood out '' . In 2014 , Zinedine Zidane included Modrić in his best XI currently playing the game . Andriy Shevchenko has stated that he considers Modrić to be one of the greatest midfielders to ever play . In 2018 , Robert Prosinečki , with whom Ivan Rakitić agreed , considered Modrić as the best Croatian player in the history . José Mourinho said he wanted Modrić in Real Madrid because of his influence on the game , tactical level and because he has `` that artistic sense '' . In 2012 , Carlo Ancelotti praised Modrić 's technique and versatility as a midfield player , stating , `` Modric is an outstanding player and in my opinion one of the best midfielders in the world right now , because he can play in more than one position '' . Alex Ferguson regarded him highly as a player while he played in the Premier League , saying it is fair to compare him to Paul Scholes because both are intelligent footballers with good passing consistencies , control of the game , fairplay , and wanted to sign him . Slaven Bilić said Modrić `` is a player who makes others better , they all benefit from him being in the team . He 's not selfish , he 's playing for the team ... he 's a complete player ; good in defence , good in offence -- it looks like he was born with the ball at his feet '' . Others managers who have praised Modrić 's game include Pep Guardiola and Sven - Göran Eriksson . Personal life ( edit ) Modrić married Vanja Bosnić in May 2010 in the Croatian capital Zagreb after four years of dating . His teammate at the time , Vedran Ćorluka , was his best man . Their son , Ivano , was born on 6 June 2010 . Their daughter , Ema , was born on 25 April 2013 . Their second daughter , Sofia , was born on 2 October 2017 . Modrić generally lives a quiet family life . Legal issues ( edit ) In March 2018 , in an embezzlement and tax evasion trial against the former Dinamo Zagreb executive , Zdravko Mamić , Modrić was called as a witness . Throughout the mid-late 2000s , Modrić signed multiple contracts with Mamić to play at Dinamo Zagreb . Modrić annexed most of his Tottenham transfer fee to Mamić because he was the broker of the move and gave Modrić financial backing early on in his career . Despite stating in 2017 that he signed the annex clause of the contract ten years prior , in his testimony he stated that he signed it in 2004 , a date of his first contract . Modrić was charged with perjury for stating that he annexed his fee at an earlier date than he allegedly had . Facing the judge , he said , `` I came here to state my defence and tell the truth , like every time so far . My conscience is clear '' . The Croatian Football Federation stood behind Modrić , but a part of the Croatian public , frustrated with the corruption in Croatian football , perceived the alleged perjury as a defence of Mamić and became critical of Modrić . Career statistics ( edit ) Club ( edit ) As of 26 May 2018 Club Season League Cup Europe Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Zrinjski Mostar ( loan ) 2003 -- 04 Bosnian Premier League 22 8 0 0 0 0 22 8 Inter Zaprešić ( loan ) 2004 -- 05 Prva HNL 18 0 0 0 0 18 Dinamo Zagreb 2004 -- 05 7 0 0 0 0 8 0 2005 -- 06 32 7 0 0 0 33 7 2006 -- 07 30 6 8 6 0 44 8 2007 -- 08 25 13 8 10 43 17 Total 94 26 18 16 128 32 Tottenham Hotspur 2008 -- 09 Premier League 34 6 44 5 2009 -- 10 25 7 0 0 0 32 2010 -- 11 32 0 9 43 2011 -- 12 36 0 40 5 Total 127 13 17 15 159 17 Real Madrid 2012 -- 13 La Liga 33 9 0 11 53 2013 -- 14 34 6 0 11 51 2014 -- 15 16 0 7 0 25 2015 -- 16 32 0 0 12 44 2016 -- 17 25 0 14 0 41 2017 -- 18 26 0 14 43 Total 166 9 22 0 69 257 13 Career total 427 60 57 100 10 584 74 International ( edit ) As of 15 July 2018 Croatia Year Apps Goals 2006 12 2007 10 2008 11 2009 8 0 2011 9 2012 9 0 2013 10 0 2014 11 2015 0 2016 8 2017 8 2018 10 Total 113 14 International goals ( edit ) As of match played on 15 July 2018 . Croatia score listed first , score column indicates score after each Modrić goal . International goals by date , venue , cap , opponent , score , result and competition No . Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 16 August 2006 Stadio Armando Picchi , Livorno , Italy Italy 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 7 October 2006 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Andorra 7 -- 0 7 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualification 7 February 2007 Stadion Kantrida , Rijeka , Croatia Norway 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 Friendly 8 June 2008 Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna , Austria Austria 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2008 5 6 September 2008 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Kazakhstan 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification 6 15 October 2008 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Andorra 3 -- 0 4 -- 0 7 6 June 2009 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Ukraine 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 8 6 September 2011 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Israel 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2012 qualification 9 9 September 2014 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Malta 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualification 10 13 October 2014 Stadion Gradski vrt , Osijek , Croatia Azerbaijan 5 -- 0 6 -- 0 11 12 June 2016 Parc des Princes , Paris , France Turkey 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 12 9 November 2017 Stadion Maksimir , Zagreb , Croatia Greece 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 13 16 June 2018 Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad , Russia Nigeria 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup 14 21 June 2018 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia Argentina 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 Honours ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Modrić congratulated by bishops of Almudena Cathedral after winning the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League . Modrić accepting the Golden Ball award at the hands of Vladimir Putin after the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final . Dinamo Zagreb Croatian First League : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Croatian Cup : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Croatian Super Cup : 2006 Real Madrid La Liga : 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey : 2013 -- 14 Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 International ( edit ) Croatia FIFA World Cup runner - up : 2018 Individual ( edit ) Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year : 2003 Croatian Football Hope of the Year : 2004 HNL 's Footballer of the Year : 2007 Prva HNL Player of the Year : 2007 SN Yellow Shirt Award : 2007 -- 08 Croatian Footballer of the Year : 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Football Oscar for Best Croatian Player : 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 HNS Trophy for Best Croatian Player : 2018 UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament : 2008 Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 2010 -- 11 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 La Liga 's Best Midfielder : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 FIFA FIFPro World XI 2nd team : 2014 La Liga 's Team of the Season : 2015 -- 16 UEFA La Liga Team of the Season : 2015 -- 16 Facebook FA La Liga Best Midfielder : 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2016 UEFA Team of the Year : 2016 , 2017 ESPN Midfielder of the Year : 2016 , 2017 UEFA Champions League Awards Best Midfielder : 2017 IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker Bronze Award : 2017 IFFHS Men 's World Team : 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2017 FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 2018 See also ( edit ) List of footballers with 100 or more caps Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes the Croatian Cup , Croatian Supercup , FA Cup , Football League Cup , Copa del Rey and Supercopa de España . Jump up ^ Includes the UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . Jump up ^ Tweedale , Alistair ( 17 September 2014 ) . `` Modest Modric Madrid 's Superstar in the Shadows '' . WhoScored.Com . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . `` It is fair to say with Xavi 's decline Modric is now ahead of him in the pecking order , and he , Kroos , Cesc Fàbregas and Andrea Pirlo are now arguably the best technical central midfielders on the planet at present , and some might even say that Modric is , or could soon be , leading the pack . '' Marcotti , Gabriele ( 14 November 2016 ) . `` Real Madrid star Luka Modric is ranked as the best central midfielder '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Bidwell , Nick ( 11 March 2017 ) . `` Europe 's best midfielder ? Luka Modric biography '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Ronay , Barney ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` All hail Luka Modric , the maestro who makes Real Madrid 's superstars tick '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Madu , Zito ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Luka Modrić was the most important player in Real Madrid 's run to back - to - back Champions League titles '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Buskulic , Ante ; Tironi , Hrvoje Tironi. ( 18 November 2017 ) . `` How Luka Modric went from rejected youth player to the best midfielder in the world '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Burton , Chris . ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` Luka Modric one of the best midfielder ever '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . `` Croatian playmaker Modric is yet to earn similar acclaim , amid a Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi duopoly of top individual awards , but his undoubted quality is not lost on those in Madrid and around the world . '' Sherman , Justin . ( 19 October 2017 ) `` The making of Luka Modric from war - torn Croatia to the world 's best midfielder '' . The Football Times . Retrieved 16 June 2018 Abayomi , Tosin ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Modric score stunner against Argentina '' . Pulse Nigeria . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . `` Luka Modrić is one of the greatest midfielders in the history of football , and deserves to be treated as such . '' Brown , Euan ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric : It 's time to give him a seat at the elite table '' . UK Blasting News . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . `` It 's about time ( Luka Modric ) was recognised as one of the game 's all - time greats '' . Nakrani , Sachin. ( 30 June 2018 ) `` Luka Modric : the unassuming genius driving Croatia 's tilt at the World Cup '' . The Observer . Retrieved 1 July 2018 Jump up ^ Grim , David ( 22 November 2011 ) . `` The 10 Most Important Croatian Soccer Players of All Time '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Moallim , Mohamed ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Luka Modric is the best Croatian player in history '' . Squawka . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . `` There is no way of looking at this in which he ( Modric ) does n't deserve the title as the best ( Croatian ) in history '' . Douglas , Steve ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` Modric the best Croatian player ever '' . The Fresno Bee . `` Croatia midfielder Ivan Rakitic says teammate Luka Modric plays football `` from a different planet '' and is the best to have ever played for their national team `` . Associated Press ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` Modric From ' Different Planet ' , Says Rakitic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . `` The technically gifted Prosinecki has long been seen as Croatia 's all - time best player , but even he has recently said Modric surpasses him ... `` If Robert Prosinecki said that , it has to be true because nobody knows about football more than Prosinecki . And I would agree with him completely , '' Rakitic said . `` Not only that Luka is the best player ever , but he is a great person , a leader and we are following him '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hugman , Barry J. , ed. ( 2010 ) . The PFA Footballers ' Who 's Who 2010 -- 11 . Mainstream Publishing . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84596 - 601 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Profile '' . realmadrid.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lȗka '' . Hrvatski jezični portal ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Lȗka Jump up ^ `` mȍdar '' . Hrvatski jezični portal ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Módrić ^ Jump up to : Azpitarte&Puertas 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kako je stvaran Luka Modrić '' ( Development of Luka Modrić ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Nogometni - magazin. 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Orlić , Alen ( 26 May 2014 ) . `` Filmska Priča Put od Zatona Obrovačkog do europskog trona ... Modrić je dokaz da je sve moguće '' ( Film story path from Zaton Obrovački to the European throne ... Modrić is proof that anything is possible ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Jutarnji list . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Holiga , Aleksandar ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Real Madrid 's Luka Modric : from Balkan warzone to the Bernabéu '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Otac Luke Modrića serviser zrakoplova HRZ - a '' ( Father of Luka Modrić service aircraft of the Croatian Air Force ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Jutarnji list . 14 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sinovčić , Dean ( 14 August 2006 ) . `` Nogometna zvijezda iz obitelji prognanika '' ( Football star from family of exiles ) . Nacional ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Radoš , Ivica ( 9 March 2013 ) . `` Luka Modrić , odrastanje i karijera '' ( Luka Modrić , rising up and career ) . Večernji list ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ivana Jakelić , Frane Šarić ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` Bivse milicajce u Srbiji će ispitati io likvidaciji djeda Luke Modrića '' ( Former policemen in Serbia will be examined for the liquidation of grandfather of the Luka Modrić ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Večernji list . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Justin Sherman ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` The making of Luka Modrić from war - torn Croatia to the world 's best midfielder '' . These Football Times . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Karlo Ledinski ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Četnici su Luki Modriću ubili djeda i zapalili kuću '' ( Chetniks killed grandfather of Luka Modrić and burned his house ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Večernji list . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modrić će nositi broj 19 , donosimo biografiju dječaka iz Obrovca '' ( Modrić will wear number 19 , we bring the biography of a boy from Obrovac ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Portal Boboska. 28 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cerezo , Hugo ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` Luka Modric 's Beverly Hills '' . Marca . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nathanson , Patrick ( 6 November 2008 ) . `` Luka Modric 's return to Dinamo Zagreb with Tottenham revives tough childhood memories '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Alan ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` Luka Modric puts war years behind him at Spurs '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Castro , Juan ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` The boy with the wooden shin pads '' . Marca . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Redondo , Alba ( 27 August 2012 ) . `` Modric : `` I 'm ready to play against Barcelona '' `` . Marca . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Žura , Dražen ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` ' Modrića je u Hajduk doveo Džoni , ali bio im je fizički slabašan ' '' ( ' Modrić was brought to Hajduk by Džoni , but for them physically weak ' ) . Slobodna Dalmacija ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ornstein , David ( 21 February 2014 ) . `` Luka Modric : Real Madrid midfielder outshining the rest '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modric in demand '' . The World Game . 2 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Brunislav Matasovic . `` Croatia -- 2002 / 03 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 12 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luka Modric '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Live : Ajax -- Dinamo 2 -- 3 '' . Jutarnji list . 4 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Modric 's Last Dance at Maksimir Stadium '' . Javno. 6 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Mario ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` Dinamo Dominate , Modric Bids Farewell '' . World Cup blog . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric -- statistika '' ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Hrvatska Nogometna Liga . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rekordni Dinamo : S 28 bodova razlike najuvjerljiviji prvak '' ( A record high Dinamo : With 28 points difference most convincing champion ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . ezadar.hr. 19 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 27 May 2016 ) . `` Luka Modric : The elegant maestro dictating from deep '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Islamović , Elvir ( 7 February 2008 ) . `` Dutch test for the Croatian Cruyff '' . UEFA . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs sign Croatian star Modric '' . BBC Sport. 26 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Wilson ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric is having a stand - out World Cup - but it is no surprise to his former coaches '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs equal record fee for Modric '' . BBC Sport. 29 April 2008 . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Sam ( 16 August 2008 ) . `` Middlesbrough 2 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Maw , James ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` ' Ice cold ' Luka Modric now Real Madrid 's second most important Galactico '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modric admits to poor start '' . The Sun . 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 29 October 2008 ) . `` Arsenal 4 -- 4 Tottenham '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I 'll build Spurs team around Modrić and Palacios , insists Redknapp '' . Metro. 28 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` Tottenham 2 -- 2 Spartak Moscow '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Newcastle 2 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs prove troubles lie in their minds not their boots '' . The Independent . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lillywhite , Jamie ( 23 February 2009 ) . `` Hull 1 -- 2 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Sam ( 21 March 2009 ) . `` Tottenham 1 -- 0 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Hover , Ashley ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Why Croatia maestro Luka Modric is the most underrated star at Euro 2016 '' . Squawka . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Sam ( 29 August 2009 ) . `` Tottenham 2 -- 1 Birmingham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs suffer Modric injury blow '' . BBC Sport. 30 August 2009 . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 28 December 2009 ) . `` Tottenham 2 -- 0 West Ham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Tottenham 2 -- 1 Everton '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Roach , Stuart ( 9 May 2010 ) . `` Burnley 4 -- 2 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka signs new six - year contract '' . Tottenham Hotspur . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lillywhite , Jamie ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` West Brom 1 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Redknapp praises ' magnificent ' Modrić '' . ESPN . 17 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( 9 April 2011 ) . `` Tottenham 3 -- 2 Stoke '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 15 May 2011 ) . `` Liverpool 0 -- 2 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 20 October 2010 ) . `` Inter Milan 4 -- 3 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2 November 2010 ) . `` Tottenham 3 -- 1 Inter Milan '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 3 -- 1 Inter : Inter fail to deal with Bale '' . Zonal Marking. 2 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 24 November 2010 ) . `` Tottenham 3 -- 0 Werder Bremen '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 9 March 2011 ) . `` Tottenham 0 -- 0 AC Milan ( agg 1 -- 0 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Tottenham 0 -- 1 Real Madrid ( agg 0 -- 5 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Squad Summary Premier League 2010 / 11 '' . WhoScored . Jump up ^ `` Papers : Top man Modric '' . manutd.com. 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 18 June 2011 ) . `` Luka Modric reveals he wants to leave Tottenham for Chelsea '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea cautious over Luka Modric deal '' . BBC Sport. 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 10 July 2011 ) . `` Luka Modric accuses Tottenham Hotspur of playing dirty in transfer row '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 0 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric 's ' head is not right ' to face Man Utd says Harry Redknapp '' . BBC Sport. 21 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham reject £ 40m Luka Modric bid from Chelsea '' . The Independent Online . 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Paul ( 1 September 2011 ) . `` Harry Redknapp urges Luka Modric to focus on Tottenham '' . The Independent Online . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Kerry ( 18 September 2011 ) . `` Tottenham 4 -- 0 Liverpool '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Darling , Kevin ( 14 January 2012 ) . `` Tottenham missed the chance to go level on points with the Premier League leaders as they were held by Wolves '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lillywhite , Jamie ( 31 January 2012 ) . `` Tottenham 3 -- 1 Wigan '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EA Sports PPI Team of the Week '' . Premier League . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` Bolton 1 -- 4 Tottenham '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luka Modric : Real Madrid sign midfielder from Tottenham '' . BBC . 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Modrić completes move to Madrid '' . UEFA. 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Modric delighted with first Madrid title '' . insidespanishfootball.com . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Modric thrilled to score first Real Madrid goal '' . tribalfootball.com. 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Modrić briljantno asistirao Benzemi s udaljenosti od 50 m ! '' . Večernji list . 17 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid - Ajax : resumen , goles y resultado '' . Marca. 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Jiméenez , Rubén ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Modric ya tiene galones '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid - Ajax Live '' . WhoScored. 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mourinho : Modric made the difference '' . FIFA. 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Burt , Jason ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Manchester United v Real Madrid : five things we learnt from the Champions League tie at Old Trafford '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ J.I. García - Ochoa ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Luka Modric ya no tiene precio '' . Marca . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid recover against Real Mallorca with Luka Modric screamer '' . The Guardian . 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Cox , Michael ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` How Mourinho 's subs helped Real score two and almost scrape through '' . Guardian . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El uno a uno del Real Madrid '' . Marca. 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid - Borussia Dortmund Live '' . WhoScored. 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Jabalquinto , Diego ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid surpassed 5,500 goals in La Liga against Malaga '' . realmadrid.com . Archived from the original on 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Modric ' as important as Ronaldo ' '' . Football - Espana. 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McAleer , Ben ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` Player Focus : How Luka Modrić Won Over The Real Madrid Fans '' . WhoScored . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cerezo , H. ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Modric is Carlo 's fifth most used player '' . Marca . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Modric : Shades of Old Trafford '' . Marca. 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real keep firing against Getafe '' . Marca. 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Matchett , Karl. `` 10 Games That Proved Why Luka Modric Is the Midfield Maestro '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham ace Modric happy to mark 100 games with `` amazing '' win `` . tribalfootball.com. 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Team of the week -- Matchday 11 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Team of the week -- Matchday 12 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Atletico Madrid '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modrić , ' Best Midfielder in the 2013 -- 14 Liga BBVA ' '' . LFP. 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric signs Real Madrid deal until 2018 '' . BBC . 20 August 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Tweedale , Alistair ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` Modest Modric Madrid 's Superstar in the Shadows '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Rob ( 12 August 2014 ) . `` Super Cup : Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice in Real Madrid win '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad 's David Zurutuza scores twice to defeat Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . 31 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale on the mark as Basel suffer Champions League blitz at Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joseph ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Rampant Madrid ease Basel aside '' . UEFA . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First - half goals from Luka Modric and Cristiano Ronaldo helped Real Madrid continue their La Liga resurgence with a hard - fought victory over Villarreal '' . BBC . 27 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric : Real Madrid star ruled out for over three months '' . BBC . 18 November 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Modric , the midfielder with most passes since his return '' . Real Madrid . 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric Injury : Updates on Real Madrid Star 's Knee and Return '' . Bleacher Report . 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric hopes to play for Real Madrid again this season '' . ESPN . 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No row with Real Madrid over Luka Modric , says Croatia coach Kovac '' . ESPN . 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modric -- Real Madrid 's image of maturity '' . Marca. 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Tim ( 2 July 2015 ) . `` Why Luka Modric Is Absolutely Vital to Real Madrid 's Midfield Fluency '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 FIFA FIFPro World XI revealed '' . FIFA. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modric now master of the game '' . Marca. 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Polo , Pablo ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Super Luka '' . Marca . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shakhtar Donetsk 3 Real Madrid 4 , match report : Real hold on to top Champions League group ahead of PSG '' . The Telegraph . 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modric out for 2 -- 3 weeks '' . Marca. 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ramos and Modric make the trip to PSG '' . Marca. 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric backs new Real Madrid boss Zinedine Zidane '' . Sky Sports . 10 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cerezo , Hugo ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` Luka y Zidane , conexión total '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Jerrad ( 18 January 2016 ) . `` Modric flourishing under Zidane at Real Madrid '' . SportsNet . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Medina , David G. ( 26 January 2016 ) . `` Modric de 10 '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modric earns Real Madrid late win '' . BBC . 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spot - on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again '' . uefa.com. 28 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . uefa.com. 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Liga BBVA 2015 / 16 Team of the Season '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luka Modric named Best Midfielder of LaLiga Santander 2015 / 16 '' . LFP. 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team of the Year 2016 '' . UEFA.com. 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Announcement : Modric '' . Real Madrid . 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` Real Madrid 's Luka Modric ' happy ' to be back after injury layoff '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Florentino Pérez presented Modric with a shirt for his 200 matches '' . realmadrid.com. 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Real Madrid , campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016 / 17 '' . laliga.es. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga '' . bbc.com. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff '' . uefa.com. 3 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . uefa.com. 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rik ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` Majestic Modric the key to Madrid 's Champions League final turnaround '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luka Modrić named # UCL midfielder of the season '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Lieke Martens cap dream season at The Best FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modrić , the best midfielder of 2016 / 17 Champions League '' . Croatian Football Federation . 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric est dans le top 5 du Ballon d'Or France Football 2017 '' . France Football . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Modric takes No. 10 shirt at Real Madrid following James Rodriguez departure '' . Goal.com. 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juan Ignacio García - Ochoa ( 16 December 2017 ) . `` Modric claims 2017 Club World Cup golden ball '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 - 1 Deportivo La Coruna '' . BBC Sport. 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid beat Liverpool to complete hat - trick '' . UEFA. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Miladin , Neven ( 18 June 2006 ) . `` Japan 0 -- 0 Hrvatska : Neiskorišteni penal Srne i manjak sreće u završnici '' ( Japan 0 -- 0 Croatia : Unused penalty by Srna and lack of luck in the final ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Nogometni - magazin . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Miladin , Neven ( 22 June 2006 ) . `` Hrvatska 2 -- 2 Australija : Dvaput vodili i ispali sa SP - a '' ( Croatia 2 -- 2 Australia : Twice led and dropped from the World Cup ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Nogometni - magazin . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italija -- Hrvatska 0 -- 2 : Slaven Bilić startao pobjedom '' ( Italy -- Croatia 0 -- 2 : Slaven Bilic started with win ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Jutarnji list . 16 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 October 2006 ) . `` Croatia 2 -- 0 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 21 November 2007 ) . `` England 2 -- 3 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cerezo , Hugo ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Modric aiming to emulate Barcelona legend Cruyff '' . MARCA English . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ian , Hughes ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` Austria 0 -- 1 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 8 June 2012 ) . `` Modrić penalty undoes gutsy Austria '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Croatia 2 -- 1 Germany '' . UEFA. 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrold , Michael ( 21 June 2008 ) . `` Turkey triumph in Vienna shoot - out '' . UEFA . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric In EURO ` s Best Team , Xavi Best Player '' . dalje.com . Kontineo oglašavanje. 30 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia cruise to Kazakhstan victory '' . UEFA. 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 4 -- 0 Andorra '' . FIFA. 15 October 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 2 -- 2 Ukraine '' . FIFA. 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 6 September 2011 ) . `` Eduardo double against Israel sends Croatia top '' . UEFA . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Croatia 0 -- 1 Spain '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 day 11 analysis : Ivan Rakitic miss leaves Croatia short '' . BBC Sport. 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kristian ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : the best eleven so far '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Redknapp : My Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament '' . betting.betfair.com . Bet Fair . 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Modric 's Euros prove his suitability for Madrid move '' . fourfourtwo.com . Haymarket Consumer Media & FourFour Two . 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 3 Croatia 1 '' . BBC Sport. 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Stojanovic , Dusan ( 13 June 2013 ) . `` Modric injury in loss against Brazil not serious '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Luka Modric hoping to be fit to face Cameroon '' . BBC Sport. 14 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon 0 Croatia 4 '' . BBC Sport. 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 1 Mexico 3 '' . BBC Sport. 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Croatia 's World Cup highs and lows '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Modrić sets Croatia on course to sink Malta '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` Croatia beat Azerbaijan for third straight win '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Pavić , Marko ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` Modrić uoči kapetanskog debija : Ponosan sam , vjerujem da ću na pravi način predstavljati Hrvatsku '' ( Modrić ahead of the captain 's debut : I am proud , I believe that I will properly represent Croatia ) . Večernji list . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haslam , Andrew ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Modrić magic helps Croatia down Turkey '' . uefa.com . Paris : Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Miles ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Modrić makes Euros history with two Croatia firsts '' . Goal . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modrić propušta Španjolsku ! Još pet igrača propustilo trening '' ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia midfielder Luka Modric advised to miss Spain game by doctor '' . Squawka Football News . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Callaghan , Joe ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Modric magic at heart of Croatian soccer 's golden generation The Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . The golden generation -- with Modric , Rakitic and striker Mario Mandzukic as its pillars -- have more often watched such efforts go up in flames . Jump up ^ Miller , Nick ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Are Ivan Rakitic and Luka Modric the World Cup 's biggest unsung heroes ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Mike Whalley ( 17 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : Luka Modric penalty secures 2 - 0 win for Croatia against Nigeria '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Modric - inspired Croatia open with a win '' . FIFA. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Oliver Kay ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` Mesmerising Luka Modric makes it a nightmare for misfiring Lionel Messi '' . The Times . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Patrick Jennings ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia stun Argentina to reach World Cup last 16 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia advance on a dark night for Argentina '' . FIFA. 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Nick Miller ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` Ranked ! The 10 best players of the 2018 World Cup group stage '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Wilson ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` Top 10 best players of the World Cup group stages - but who has made the biggest impact in Russia so far ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric beats Cristiano Ronaldo , tops World Cup Play Power Rankings '' . ESPN . 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Fletcher ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia beat Denmark in tense shootout '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gabriele Marcotti ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric vanquishes ghosts of penalties past in what could be his final World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ David Hytner ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` ' Now we can forget Turkey ' : Modric and Croatia lay ghost of 2008 to rest '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Patrick Jennings ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia knock out Russia on penalties '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia through as hosts pay the penalty '' . FIFA. 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Phil McNulty ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 - 1 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Ryan ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` Who Is the Defining Player of the 2018 World Cup ? '' . The Ringer . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . The most impressive thing about Modric 's World Cup might be how much of him there 's been . Despite declining club usage , he 's played 40 more minutes than anyone else in Russia -- goalkeepers , who never get subbed , included . He 's created more chances than all but three players , he 's leading his team in dribbles per game and completed passes in the final third , and he 's tied with Kane for the most Man of the Match awards . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France 4 -- 2 Croatia : France beat Croatia in thrilling World Cup final '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modrić Bio , Stats , News '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 August 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modrić the key man for Bilić '' . FIFA. 11 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 July 2008 . Jump up ^ McAleer , Ben ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Modric at the heart of Real Madrid 's quest to top group '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ronay , Barney ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` All hail Luka Modric , the maestro who makes Real Madrid 's superstars tick '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Matchett , Karl ( 2 July 2016 ) . `` A Complete Tactical Profile of Real Madrid Midfielder Luka Modric '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Stafford - Bloor , Seb ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` FourFourTwo 's Best 100 Football Players In The World 2016 : No. 12 - Luka Modric '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I can play anywhere in midfield `` '' . RealMadrid.com . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Price , Greg ( 7 September 2012 ) . `` Real Madrid News : Jose Mourinho Warns His Players , Praises Luka Modric , Supports Kaka '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 27 May 2016 ) . `` Luka Modric : The elegant maestro dictating from deep '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovrić , Dejan . `` Dok je Ramos kakao , maestro Modrić Eibaru ' prodao ćevape ' '' ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Matchett , Karl ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` 10 Games That Proved Why Luka Modric Is the Midfield Maestro '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Heneage , Kristan . `` From worst signing in La Liga to the best midfielder in the world - How Real Madrid 's Luka Modric proved them all wrong '' . www.unibet.co.uk . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Modric is the conductor , he controls the play . He knows when to run , and when to pass . He creates , and even though he may not apply the killer touch or the final ball , he often plays a part . Jump up ^ West , Andy ( 21 January 2017 ) . `` La Liga : Puppet - master Luka Modric strings Real Madrid together - Article - Sport360 '' . sport360.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Footy , Pwan ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` Luka Modric : The midfield magician of Real Madrid '' . Sport Skeeda . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jose Luis Moreno ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` ' El Pájaro ' emigra a Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hugo Cerezo ( 28 September 2014 ) . `` Modric the sharpshooter '' ( in Spanish ) . Marca . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Davie , Chris ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` How Luka Modric 's Contribution Makes him Tottenham 's Irreplaceable Asset '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` The Question : what does the changing role of holding midfielders tell us ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Paul ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` What Makes Luka Modric So Much in Demand ? '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Paul ( 13 March 2012 ) . `` Stats Analysis : WhoScored 's Top Rated Centre - Midfielders '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Laurence , Martin ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Stats Analysis : Europe 's Best All - Round Midfielders '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mourinho vows to deliver another European Cup '' . Total Football Magazine . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Modrić treba Realu za plan C ' '' ( ' Modric needs to Real for plan C ' ) . Sportske Novosti ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Tim ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Why Luka Modric , not Xabi Alonso , should be Real Madrid 's heartbeat '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tweedale , Alistair ( 17 September 2014 ) . `` Player Focus : Modest Modric Madrid 's Superstar in the Shadows '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . It is fair to say with Xavi 's decline Modric is now ahead of him in the pecking order , and he , Kroos , Cesc Fàbregas and Andrea Pirlo are now arguably the best technical central midfielders on the planet at present , and some might even say that Modric is , or could soon be , leading the pack . Jump up ^ McAleer , Ben ( 17 February 2016 ) . `` Player Focus : Majestic Modric Essential in Zidane 's Real Madrid Setup '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Team Focus : Madrid 's Progression Sees Them Beat Barca at Their Own Game '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Laurence , Martin ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Player Focus : The Stats Leaders You May Not Have Seen in 2014 '' . WhoScored.com . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Balseiro , Jesús ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` Madrid season player review '' . Diario AS . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcotti , Gabriele ( 14 November 2016 ) . `` # FC100 : Real Madrid star Luka Modric is ranked as the best central midfielder '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Bidwell , Nick ( 11 March 2017 ) . `` Europe 's best midfielder ? Luka Modric biography '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Madu , Zito ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Luka Modrić was the most important player in Real Madrid 's run to back - to - back Champions League titles '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kalvapalle , Rahul ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` Magisterial Modric leaves Juventus chasing shadows '' . Marca . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 27 April 2008 ) . `` Luka Modric 's finesse can work for Spurs '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Modric maps a future for the old - school playmaker '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juranović , Tomislav ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` Piksi Stojković : ' Modrić je uz Xavija i Iniestu najinteligentniji veznjak svijeta ! ' '' ( Piksi Stojković ' Modrić with Xavi and Iniesta is most intelligent midfielder in the world ! ' ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Matteoni , Robert ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` Cruyff o nasljedniku : ' Luka Modrić ima ogromnu kvalitetu , treba mu dati slobodu ' '' ( Cruyff 's successor : ' Luka Modrić has a huge quality , he should be given the freedom ' ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Okwonga , Musa ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` The Luka Modric mystique '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Menezes , Jack de ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` Zinedine Zidane best XI : Who joins usual suspects Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi in the former Real Madrid legend 's dream team '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric is ' one of the best midfielders ever ' -- Shevchenko '' . Squawka Football News . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Legendarni ' Žuti ' Zna Kako Protiv Argentine : Jedan Vatreni imat će veliku odgovornost : ' Uspije li u tome imamo izgleda , ako ne , slijedi nam patnja ' '' . Jutarnji List . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Modric From ' Different Planet ' , Says Rakitic '' . The New York Times . 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . The technically gifted Prosinecki has long been seen as Croatia 's all - time best player , but even he has recently said Modric surpasses him ... `` If Robert Prosinecki said that , it has to be true because nobody knows about football more than Prosinecki . And I would agree with him completely , '' Rakitic said . `` Not only that Luka is the best player ever , but he is a great person , a leader and we are following him . '' Jump up ^ `` Ancelotti , a great admirer of Modric '' . Marca. 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 's Luka Modric receives high praise from PSG coach Carlo Ancelotti as club 's jostle for his signature '' . The Telegraph . 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson : Modric has Scholes class '' . ESPN . 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvat u Sir Alexovoj Knjizi Ferguson : `` Želio sam Modrića , on nikad ne simulira '' '' ( Croat in book by Sir Alex Ferguson : `` I wanted Modrić , he never simulates '' ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Jutarnji List . 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Dean ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` Direktor Barce za SN : ' Guardiola obožava Modrića , već godinama priča o njemu ! ' '' ( Director of Barca for SN : ' Guardiola loves Modrić , for years talks about him ! ' ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Luka Modrić je igrač za Barcelonu , nikako za Real ! ' '' ( ' Luka Modrić is a player for Barcelona , not for Real ! ' ) . sportski.net.hr ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Star Luka Modric Wedding Bells '' . Croatian Times . 12 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football star Luka Modric becomes a father '' . Croatian Times . 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obiteljska idila Luke Modrića '' ( Family idyll of Luka Modrić ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Gloria. 9 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vanja i Luka Modrić kćer nazvali Ema '' ( Vanja and Luka Modrić named daughter Ema ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Večernji list . 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modrić nakon dva tjedna napokon pokazao kćerkicu preslatkog imena '' ( After two weeks Luka Modric finally showed the daughter with adorable name ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Gloria. 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Modric lives the quiet life '' . Marca. 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Guy Delauney ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 's Luka Modric : Chequered past haunts World Cup star '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Modric was supposed to be the star witness at the trial . He had told anti-corruption investigators that Mamic had altered paperwork in order to divert millions of euros of the transfer fee to his own pocket , swindling both Dinamo and Croatia 's tax authorities . Many football fans had been longing for Mamic to be brought to justice for years . Dinamo supporters accused him of carrying out a `` silent privatisation '' of their club , which is supposed to be a non-profit organisation owned by its members . Jump up ^ Aleksandar Holiga ( 7 June 2018 ) . `` How Luka Modric and Dejan Lovren got caught up in Croatian corruption case '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Bate ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric on the brink of glory but Zdravko Mamic complicates it '' . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Wilson ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric 's Croatia Success Story Comes With Complications '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kevin Palmer ( 4 July 2018 ) . `` ' The stench of death that was never far away ' - Luka Modric 's brutal childhood makes his rise to the top all the more remarkable '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Modrić konačno progovorio o suđenju Zdravku Mamiću : To je velika nepravda ! '' ( Modric finally spoke about the trial of Zdravko Mamic : It is a great injustice ! ) ( in Croatian ) . Večernji list . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . I svojim igrama u kvalifikacijama iu Real Madridu pokazao sam da me to ništa ne ometa . Znam da mi je savjest čista , to je meni najbitnije . Mislim da je sve ovo što mi se događa velika nepravda , ali što je tu je , vjerojatno tu ima i neke moje krivice , no dobro ... Ponavljam , najbitnije je da mi je savjest čista i da mi te stvari ne smetaju i ne utječu na moju izvedbu na terenu Jump up ^ Richard Fitzpatrick ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric , His Mentor and the Perjury Case That Has Divided Croatia '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Matthew Hall ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Luka Modric , His Mentor and the Perjury Case That Has Divided Croatia '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Nick Miller ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` What 's Croatia 's problem with Luka Modric ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Luka Modrić at Soccerway Jump up ^ `` Prvi Nogometni Oscar '' ( First Football Oscar ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti. 8 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Igrači i treneri drugu godinu za redom Luku Modrića proglasili najbolji igračem Hrvatske '' ( Players and coaches for the second year in a row declared Luka Modrić the best player of Croatia ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti. 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nogometni Oscari : Modrić najbolji hrvatski igrač , najtrener Mamić se ispričao '' ( Football Oscars : Modrić best Croatian player , the best coach Mamić apologized ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Sportske Novosti. 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nogometni Oscar 2016 '' ( Football Oscar 2016 ) ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Hrvatska udruga `` Nogometni sindikat '' . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trofej Nogometaš 2017 '' ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Hrvatska udruga `` Nogometni sindikat '' . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Održana šesta dodjela nagrada Trofej Nogometaš '' ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Hrvatska udruga `` Nogometni sindikat '' . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Prvi Trofej HNS - a pripao Modriću , Majeru , Soudaniju , Keku ... '' ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . HNS. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Atletico Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World XI : the reserve teams - FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atletico dominate UEFA 's La Liga team of the season '' . MARCA.com. 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five madridistas pick up prizes at the Facebook Football Awards '' . realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 12 May 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Ronaldo ( best striker and best player ) , James ( best goal ) , Modric ( best midfielder ) , Marcelo ( best defender ) and Navas ( best goalkeeper ) were the winners at the ceremony which took place at Facebook 's offices in Madrid . The Real Madrid fans were also chosen as the best supporters in La Liga . Jump up ^ `` UEFA.com Fans ' Team of the Year 2017 announced '' . UEFA.com. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` # FC100 : Real Madrid star Luka Modric is ranked as the best central midfielder '' . espn.com. 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CENTRAL MIDFIELD '' . espn.com. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S BEST PLAYMAKER 2017 : ONE MORE FOR LIONEL MESSI '' . iffhs.de. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE IFFHS MEN WORLD TEAM 2017 '' . IFFHS.de. 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Čop , Goran ( 2014 ) . Luka Modrić : životna i sportska biografija ( in Serbo - Croatian ) . Profil knjiga . ISBN 978 - 84 - 15726 - 61 - 6 . Azpitarte , Vicente ; Puertas , José Manuel ( 2016 ) . Luka Modric : El hijo de la guerra ( in Spanish ; in Croatian Luka Modrić : trnovit put do svjetske slave ) . Al Poste Ediciones . ISBN 978 - 84 - 15726 - 61 - 6 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luka Modrić . Official website Profile at Realmadrid.com Luka Modrić La Liga profile Luka Modrić -- UEFA competition record Luka Modrić -- FIFA competition record Luka Modrić at Soccerbase Luka Modrić at National-Football-Teams.com Luka Modrić at the Croatian Football Federation Real Madrid C.F. -- current squad 1 Navas 2 Carvajal 3 Vallejo 4 Ramos ( c ) 5 Varane 6 Nacho 8 Kroos 9 Benzema 10 Modrić 11 Bale 12 Marcelo 13 Casilla 14 Casemiro 15 Theo 17 Vázquez 18 Llorente 20 Asensio 21 Mayoral 22 Isco 23 Kovačić 24 Ceballos 30 Luca -- Coentrão -- De Tomás -- Lunin -- Odriozola -- Ødegaard -- Valverde -- Vinícius Jr . Head coach : Lopetegui Awards UEFA Euro 2008 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Gianluigi Buffon Iker Casillas Edwin van der Sar Defenders José Bosingwa Philipp Lahm Carlos Marchena Pepe Carles Puyol Yuri Zhirkov Midfielders Hamit Altıntop Michael Ballack Cesc Fàbregas Andrés Iniesta Luka Modrić Lukas Podolski Marcos Senna Wesley Sneijder Xavi Konstantin Zyryanov Forwards Andrey Arshavin Roman Pavlyuchenko Fernando Torres David Villa 2015 -- 16 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Oblak RB : Ramos CB : Piqué CB : Godín LB : Marcelo MF : Iniesta MF : Busquets MF : Modrić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Suárez 2016 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Gianluigi Buffon RB : Jérôme Boateng CB : Gerard Piqué CB : Sergio Ramos LB : Leonardo Bonucci MF : Luka Modrić MF : Toni Kroos MF : Andrés Iniesta FW : Lionel Messi FW : Antoine Griezmann FW : Cristiano Ronaldo 2017 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Gianluigi Buffon RB : Dani Alves CB : Sergio Ramos CB : Giorgio Chiellini LB : Marcelo MF : Luka Modrić MF : Toni Kroos MF : Kevin De Bruyne MF : Eden Hazard FW : Lionel Messi FW : Cristiano Ronaldo Croatian Football Hope of the Year 1995 : Šimić 1996 : Vučko 1997 : Marić 1998 : Vranješ 1999 : Šokota 2000 : Lovrek 2001 : Olić 2002 : Kranjčar 2003 : Ljubojević 2004 : Modrić 2005 : Benko 2006 : Rukavina 2007 : Kalinić 2008 : Tomasov 2009 : Badelj 2010 : Vrsaljko 2011 : Kovačić 2012 : Andrijašević 2013 : Rebić 2014 : Jedvaj 2015 : Ćorić 2016 : Benković 2017 : Majer Croatian Footballer of the Year 1991 : Boban 1992 : Šuker 1993 : Bokšić 1994 : Šuker 1995 : Šuker 1996 : Šuker 1997 : Prosinečki / Šuker 1998 : Šuker 1999 : Boban 2000 : Bjelica 2001 : Tudor 2002 : Pletikosa 2003 : Pršo 2004 : Pršo 2005 : Pršo 2006 : Eduardo 2007 : Modrić 2008 : Modrić 2009 : Olić 2010 : Olić 2011 : Modrić 2012 : Mandžukić 2013 : Mandžukić 2014 : Modrić 2015 : Rakitić 2016 : Modrić 2017 : Modrić SN Yellow Shirt Award 1992 : Vučević 1993 : Vlaović 1994 : Mladenović 1995 : Špehar 1996 : Cvitanović 1997 : Cvitanović 1998 : Bazina 1999 : Mumlek 2000 : Bošnjak 2001 : Balaban 2002 : Olić 2003 : Olić 2004 : Kranjčar 2005 : Bartolović 2006 : Eduardo 2007 : Eduardo 2008 : Modrić 2009 : Mandžukić 2010 : Ibričić 2011 : Krstanović 2012 : Sharbini 2013 : Benko 2014 : Čop 2015 : Boban 2016 : Sušić 2017 : Andrijašević 2018 : Héber Prva HNL Player of the Year ( Tportal ) 2003 : Kranjčar 2004 : Erceg 2005 : Eduardo 2006 : Eduardo 2007 : Modrić 2008 : Mandžukić 2009 : Zec 2010 : Sammir 2011 : Santini 2012 : Sammir 2013 : Benko 2014 : Kramarić 2015 : Tomasov 2016 : Andrijašević 2017 : Soudani La Liga Defensive Midfielder of the Year / Best Midfielder -- LFP Awards 2009 : Xavi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Xavi 2012 : Alonso 2013 : Illarramendi 2014 : Modrić 2015 : Rodríguez 2016 : Modrić Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Player of the Year 1987 : Mabbutt 1988 : Waddle 1989 : Thorstvedt 1990 : Gascoigne 1991 : Allen 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Anderton 1994 : Klinsmann 1995 : Sheringham 1996 : Campbell 1997 : Campbell 1998 : Ginola 1999 : Carr 2000 : Carr 2001 : Sullivan 2002 : Davies 2003 : Keane 2004 : Defoe 2005 : Award not given 2006 : Keane 2007 : Berbatov 2008 : Keane 2009 : Lennon 2010 : Dawson 2011 : Modrić 2012 : Parker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Eriksen 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alderweireld 2017 : Eriksen 2018 : Vertonghen UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball 2000 : Edílson 2005 : Rogério Ceni 2006 : Deco 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Messi 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Messi 2012 : Cássio 2013 : Ribéry 2014 : Ramos 2015 : Suárez 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Modrić FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi 2018 : Modrić Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . Croatia squads Croatia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Srna 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Tudor 6 Vranješ 7 Šimić 8 Babić 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Tokić 12 Didulica 13 Tomas 14 Modrić 15 I. Leko 16 J. Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 N. Kranjčar 20 Šerić 21 Balaban 22 Bošnjak 23 Butina Coach : Z . Kranjčar Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Pletikosa 2 Šimić 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Ćorluka 6 Vejić 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Kalinić 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Srna 12 Galinović 13 Pokrivač 14 Modrić 15 Knežević 16 Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 Kranjčar 20 Budan 21 Petrić 22 Pranjić 23 Runje Coach : Bilić Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 1 Pletikosa 2 Strinić 3 Šimunić 4 Buljat 5 Ćorluka 6 Pranjić 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Kelava 13 Schildenfeld 14 Badelj 15 Vrsaljko 16 Dujmović 17 Mandžukić 18 Kalinić 19 Kranjčar 20 Perišić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Bilić Croatia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Kovač Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Vargić 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Jedvaj 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 L. Kalinić 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Ćorić 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rog 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Čop 23 Subašić Coach : Čačić Croatia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Livaković 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić ( c ) 11 Brozović 12 L. Kalinić 13 Jedvaj 14 Bradarić 15 Ćaleta - Car 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rebić 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Pivarić 23 Subašić Coach : Dalić Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Luka_Modrić&oldid = 850577300 '' Categories : 1985 births Living people Croatian footballers Croatia under - 21 international footballers Croatia international footballers GNK Dinamo Zagreb players NK Inter Zaprešić players HŠK Zrinjski Mostar players Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Real Madrid C.F. players 2006 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Sportspeople from Zadar Croatian First Football League players Premier League players La Liga players Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Croatian expatriate footballers Croatian expatriates in England Croatian expatriates in Spain Croatia youth international footballers UEFA Euro 2016 players FIFA Century Club Association football midfielders UEFA Champions League winning players 2018 FIFA World Cup players Hidden categories : CS1 Serbo - Croatian - language sources ( sh ) NFT template with ID same as Wikidata CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) Soccerway template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles using Template : Medal with Runner - up CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Official website not in Wikidata UEFA player ID same as Wikidata FIFA player ID same as Wikidata CFF player ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who did luka modric play for in england	[ "Modrić's performances ensured a regular place in the international side; he gave a successful showing in Croatia's UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign, which included home and away victories against England.[158][159] As a young midfielder, much was expected of Modrić; he was often dubbed \"the Croatian Cruyff\".[32][160] Modrić scored Croatia's first goal of Euro 2008, converting a penalty in the fourth minute of their 1–0 victory against Austria on 8 June 2008.[161] It was the fastest penalty ever awarded and scored in European Championship history.[162] He continued to impress at the tournament and was named UEFA Man of the Match in Croatia's next game when they defeated one of the pre-tournament favourites and eventual finalists Germany.[163] In the quarter-final against Turkey, Modrić took advantage of a mistake by veteran Turkish goalkeeper Rüştü Reçber, and crossed to teammate Ivan Klasnić for the first goal of the game with one minute of extra time remaining, but Semih Şentürk equalised for Turkey almost immediately. In the ensuing penalty shootout, Modrić's kick was off-target and he failed to score the first penalty and Turkey won the shootout 3–1.[164] At the end of the competition, Modrić was included in the UEFA Team of the Tournament, becoming only the second Croatian to achieve this honour after Davor Šuker.[165]\n" ]	[ "Croatia" ]
-7338744820412074058	Lori Alan	Lori Alan - wikipedia Lori Alan Jump to : navigation , search Lori Alan Potomac , Maryland , United States Residence Los Angeles , California Occupation Actress , comedian , voice actress Years active 1990 -- present Website www.lorialan.com Lori Alan is an American actress , comedian , and voice actress . She has played a long - running role as Pearl Krabs on the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . She also voiced Diane Simmons on Family Guy , the Invisible Woman on The Fantastic Four , and The Boss in the Metal Gear video game series . Alan is active with animal rescue and politics , and she currently lives in Los Angeles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 3.4 Video games 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Alan was born in Potomac , Maryland . She had a mixed - faith family : her mother is a Southern Baptist and her father is Jewish . Both of her parents were performers and supported her choice to be an actress . She started acting at the age five making her television debut in a Shakey 's Pizza commercial . Her theater debut was as Annie 's youngest sister in a local community theater production of Annie Get Your Gun . A longtime member of New York 's Gotham City Improv ( Groundlings East ) , she went on to Emerson College and graduated with honors from Tisch School of the Arts . Alan has spoken out against animal cruelty and has campaigned for the anti-dog meat charity World Protection for Dogs and Cats in the Meat Trade . She is also on the board of Pickle Pants Rescue , an animal rescue organization in Los Angeles . Career ( edit ) Alan has done vocal work for over three decades . Her process of getting to the authentic personality of the character she is providing the voice for is to improvise and trust her own choices , something she learned at her first voice acting job . Alan voices Pearl the Whale on SpongeBob SquarePants , Sue Richards ( the Invisible Woman ) on Marvel Comics ' The Fantastic Four , newsreader - turned - murderer Diane Simmons on Family Guy , and The Boss in the Metal Gear series . Lori has done voices in feature films : Monsters University , Toy Story 3 , Despicable Me 2 , WALL E , Inside Out , and each movie in the SpongeBob SquarePants film series . She has also voiced roles for Henry Hugglemonster , Cow and Chicken , Animaniacs , and Futurama . Her work as The Boss was praised as the `` most amazing female character of gaming at the time '' according to Rizwan Anwer . Her rendition of The Boss was also rated as one of the top 25 `` Greatest Acting Performances in Video Games '' by Complex . In 2005 , she joined Warren Beatty , Rob Reiner , Kurtwood Smith and Jason George to help voice commercials against proposals made by California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger . In 2014 , she won a Voice Arts Award ( VAA ) for outstanding body of work and outstanding national television commercial . Alan 's on - camera roles include Desperate Housewives , Ray Donovan , Comedy Central 's Workaholics , Bones , Southland , CSI , 90210 , Law & Order : LA , Law & Order and many more . On stage credits include The Pee - wee Herman Show , solo show Lori Alan : The Musical , Queen Celia in the hit musical Sneaux ! , and the award - winning musical Reefer Madness . Her 1999 performance in Reefer Madness as a `` Reefer Madam '' was praised by the Los Angeles Times . She revisited her role in the Reefer Madness tenth Anniversary Cast in 2015 . Her vocals on the song `` The Stuff '' was considered both sultry and comical by Broadway World . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Holy Matrimony Cleopatra 1994 The Rockford Files : `` I Still Love L.A. '' Karen Kupfer Television film 1995 Boys on the Side Girl with Attitude 1995 Father of the Bride Part II Wife Mrs. Habib The Oz Kids Toto Lost in New York Mother and Wife ( voice ) Direct - to - video The Oz Kids Virtual Oz Auntie Scraps ( voice ) Direct - to - video The Oz Kids Underground Adventure Auntie Scraps ( voice ) Direct - to - video Garage Sale Gwen Short film Larry & Steve Cindy , Loudspeaker Voice ( voice ) Short film 2001 The Fluffer Harmony Comic Book : The Movie Anita Levine Direct - to - video The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Pearl Krabs ( voice ) 2008 WALL - E Axiom Passenger # 8 2008 Tokyo Mater Additional voices Short film 2009 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Additional voices 2009 Divorce Sale Hot Chick Short film Pee - Wee Gets an iPad ! Chairry , Magic Screen ( voice ) Video short Toy Story 3 Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) 2011 Hawaiian Vacation Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) Short film 2011 Small Fry Bonnie 's Mom , Tae - Kwon Doe ( voice ) Short film 2012 Partysaurus Rex Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) Short film 2013 Monsters University Bus Driver ( voice ) 2013 Despicable Me 2 Additional voices 2013 Dean Slater : Resident Advisor Mrs. Harris 2013 Meet My Rapist Mom Short film 2015 The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Pearl Krabs ( voice ) 2015 Inside Out Mom 's Sadness ( voice ) 2015 Minions Additional voices 2015 Riley 's First Date ? Mom 's Sadness ( voice ) Short film 2017 Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Mrs. Teevee ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2017 Despicable Me 3 Additional voices 2019 Toy Story 4 Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) In production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order Martha Episode : `` Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die '' Phenom Beverly Episode : `` Answered Prayers '' 1994 Dave 's World The T.A. Episode : `` Family Membership '' 1994 SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron Lt. Felina Feral ( voice ) 6 episodes 1995 The George Carlin Show Nurse Episode : `` George Tells the Truth '' 1995 Ned and Stacey Theresa Episode : `` Reality Check '' 1995 Buford 's Got a Gun Estelle Television short 1994 -- 1996 The Fantastic Four Invisible Woman , additional voices 27 episodes Boston Common Liz 3 episodes Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters Mom , Girl ( voice ) Episode : `` Eye Full of Wander / Lifestyles of the Rich and Scary '' Touched by an Angel Rachel Carson Episode : `` Into the Light '' 1997 The Angry Beavers Porcupine , Skunk ( voice ) Episode : `` Enter the Daggett / Bugaboo '' 1997 Cow and Chicken Winney ( voice ) Episode : `` I Am Ambassador '' 1997 -- 1999 , 2001 Hey Arnold ! Brooke Lloyd , School Secretary , Chocolate Woman , Police Officer Pudney , Announcer ( voice ) 5 episodes 1999 -- 2002 , 2005 -- 2010 Family Guy Diane Simmons , additional voices 63 episodes 1999 Animaniacs Sharon Stone , additional voices Episode : `` Hooray for North Hollywood : Part 2 '' 1999 Johnny Bravo Production Assistant , Robot Walla ( voice ) Episode : `` Karma Krisis / A Star Is Bruised / The Prince and the Pinhead '' 1999 -- present SpongeBob SquarePants Pearl Krabs , additional voices All seasons 1999 The Kids from Room 402 Nurse Pitts ( voice ) Episode : `` Son of Einstein '' 1999 The Brothers Flub Additional voices 2001 Will and Grace Jean Episode : `` Coffee & Commitment '' 2002 The Tick District Attorney Episode : `` The Tick vs. Justice '' 2002 Charmed Cynthia Episode : `` Lost and Bound '' 2002 Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Sabrina 's Car ( voice ) Episode : `` Driving Mr. Goodman '' 2002 Rocket Power Game Voice ( voice ) Episode : `` Sim Sammy / Otto Hangs 11 '' 2002 3 South Felicity , Various ( voice ) 2 episodes 2003 Friends Sonya Episode : `` The One Where Monica Sings '' 2003 Good Morning , Miami Loretta Episode : `` Mutt and Jake '' 2003 Six Feet Under Macy 's Saleswoman Episode : `` The Eye Inside '' The Wild Thornberrys Elder 's Daughter ( voice ) Episode : `` Eliza Unplugged '' 2005 The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Librarian , Rosella , Girl # 2 ( voice ) Episode `` Duck ! / Are n't You Chupacabra to See Me ? '' 2005 Stroker and Hoop Leslie , Helena St. Chloe - Butz , Coed , Grandma , Reporter , Woman , Porche , Tour Guide , Sunshine ( voice ) 3 episodes 2005 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Valerie Esposito Episode : `` Still Life '' 2006 W.I.T.C.H. Brenda ( voice ) Episode : `` U is for Undivided '' 2007 Cory in the House Mrs. Flowers 4 episodes 2007 -- 2009 Rick & Steve : The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World Ivory , Nerds , Dr. Joy , Various Characters , Dixie , Nerd , Eunice , Mail Lady ( voice ) 7 episodes 2008 Days of Our Lives Java Café Patron Episode : `` Episode # 1.10942 '' 2009 Chuck Judy Roberts Episode : `` Chuck Versus the First Kill '' 2009 Chowder Lady # 2 , Lady # 6 , Lady # 8 ( voice ) Episode : `` Won Ton Bombs '' 2009 Southland D.A. Deborah Janowitz 3 episodes 2009 The Closer Kathy Weber Episode : `` Strike Three '' 2010 -- 2011 Mater 's Tall Tales Additional voices 4 episodes The Hard Times of RJ Berger Linda Robbins 2 episodes 90210 Realtor Episode : `` Holiday Madness '' Futurama Additional voices Fanboy & Chum Chum Additional voices 2011 BlackBoxTV Joanna Haywood Episode : `` The Family Circus '' 2011 McCracken Live ! Lauren Hanson Episode : `` The Pilot Lot '' 2011 Law & Order : LA Robbi Nathan Episode : `` Benedict Canyon '' 2011 Workaholics Betsy Russ Episode : `` 6 Hours Til Hedonism II '' 2012 Lab Rats Edie ( voice ) Episode : `` Commando App '' 2012 School Board Susan 4 episodes 2012 Bones Gina Carson Episode : `` The Gunk in the Garage '' 2013 Rolling with Dad Brenda Stickle Television short 2013 -- 2014 Henry Hugglemonster Momma ( voice ) 43 episodes 2013 Ray Donovan Darlene Episode : `` Road Trip '' 2013 Mighty Med Mrs. Gleason Episode : `` Evil Gus '' 2013 Doc McStuffins Gloria the Gorilla Episode : `` You Crack Me Up '' 2014 Castle Ms. Papen Episode : `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' 2014 Acting Dead Zombietologist 2 episodes 2014 Grey 's Anatomy Ellen Weaver Episode : `` Do n't Let 's Start '' 2014 Toy Story That Time Forgot Bonnie 's Mom Television short 2015 Natasha Natasha 's Mother Episode : `` A Finale '' 2015 The League Mrs. Shtotelman Episode : `` Deflategate '' Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Hollywood is Like High School with Money Iris Whitaker 9 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Metal Gear Solid 3 : Snake Eater The Boss 2005 Area 51 Additional voices 2006 Metal Gear Solid 3 : Subsistence The Boss 2006 Family Guy Video Game ! Diane Simmons 2008 CSI : NY Amy Yablans , Olivia Moretti , Eloise Stanwick - Lourdes 2009 Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 Newscaster Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker The Boss / The Boss AI Pod 2012 Kinect Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure Bonnie 's Mom 2015 Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain The Boss AI Pod References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Our Team '' . NoToDogMeat . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kang , K. Connie ( 27 December 2003 ) . `` Spiritual Blend Appeals to People of Many Faiths '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fix , Annette ( 2008 ) . `` 20 Questions Answered by Lori Alan '' . Wow ! Women on Writing . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Alan , Lori . `` Bio '' . Lori Alan . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/julia-de-cadenet-/animal-cruelty_b_6557208.html Jump up ^ Levy , Carmi ( 9 November 2014 ) . `` Voice Arts Awards Celebrate The Industry 's Best And Brightest '' . Voice Over Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gaskins , Rudy ; Baker , Joan ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` 6 Inspiring Teachable Moments for Voice Actors '' . Back Stage . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Anwer , Rizwan ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` Phantom Pain Could See The Return of `` The Boss '' , Voice Actress Confirms `` . WCCF Tech . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hester , Larry ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` The 25 Greatest Voice Acting Performances in Video Games '' . Complex . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Booth , William ( 6 November 2005 ) . `` The Terminatee '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Smart , Jack ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` The Oscars for Voice '' . Back Stage. 55 ( 46 ) : 11 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Krystal ( 8 October 2010 ) . `` Watch the Pee - Wee Herman Show Preview '' . Screen Crave . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hohenadel , Kristin ( 8 August 1999 ) . `` In a Sense , It 's High Comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( 6 May 1999 ) . `` A Pot Parody and a Sea Spoof '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , David ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` Reefer Madness Tenth Anniversary Reunion Concert Leaves Audience High '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lori Alan Filmography '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Konami . Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain . Konami . Scene : Prologue , 4 : 14 in , Opening Credits . External links ( edit ) Lori Alan on IMDb VIAF : 7204068 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lori_Alan&oldid=798831556 '' Categories : American film actresses American television actresses American voice actresses People from Potomac , Maryland Actresses from Maryland Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American people of Jewish descent Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 02 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of pearl in spongebob	[ "Lori Alan is an American actress, comedian, and voice actress. She has played a long-running role as Pearl Krabs on the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. She also voiced Diane Simmons on Family Guy, the Invisible Woman on The Fantastic Four, and The Boss in the Metal Gear video game series. Alan is active with animal rescue and politics, and she currently lives in Los Angeles.[1]" ]	[ "Lori Alan" ]
219359591246809135	Made in America (The Sopranos)	Made in America ( the Sopranos ) - wikipedia Made in America ( the Sopranos ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Made in America '' The Sopranos episode The Soprano family meeting for dinner Episode no . Season 6 Episode 21 Directed by David Chase Written by David Chase Produced by David Chase Featured music `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' by Vanilla Fudge `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' by Bob Dylan `` Scratch Your Name '' by Noisettes `` All That You Dream '' by Little Feat `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' by Journey Cinematography by Alik Sakharov Editing by Sidney Wolinsky Production code S621 Original air date June 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) Running time 60 minutes Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Blue Comet '' Next → -- List of The Sopranos episodes `` Made in America '' is the series finale of the HBO drama series The Sopranos . It is the 86th episode of the series , the ninth episode of the second part of the show 's sixth season , and the 21st episode of the season overall . Written and directed by series creator , executive producer and showrunner David Chase , it first aired in the United States on June 10 , 2007 . The plot of `` Made in America '' details the aftermath of the mob war between the DiMeo crime family , headed by series protagonist Tony Soprano ( James Gandolfini ) , and the New York - based Lupertazzi family . Tony also has to deal with many familial concerns involving his wife Carmela ( Edie Falco ) , son A.J. ( Robert Iler ) , and daughter Meadow ( Jamie - Lynn Sigler ) . As the series comes to a close , several characters make personal and professional adjustments . `` Made in America '' was filmed in February and March 2007 , and was the only episode other than the series ' pilot directed by Chase . It attracted 11.9 million viewers on its premiere date . The initial critical response was mostly favorable and since the episode 's original broadcast that appreciation has grown considerably , ranking it as one of the best television finales . The episode was nominated for a Directors Guild of America Award and won an Emmy Award for writing and an Eddie Award for editing . `` Made in America '' -- especially its closing scene -- has been the subject of much discussion , criticism , and analysis . It has , like the whole series , taken a prominent place in American popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Starring 1.1 Guest starring 2 Plot summary 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Writing 3.3 Cast notes 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 3.6 Music 4 Interpretations of the final scene 4.1 Comments from David Chase 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Response 5.2. 1 Initial 5.2. 2 Retrospective 5.3 Awards 6 References 7 External links Starring ( edit ) James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi * Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti * * Dominic Chianese as Corrado `` Junior '' Soprano Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano , Jr . Jamie - Lynn Sigler as Meadow Soprano Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Baccalieri Frank Vincent as Phil Leotardo Ray Abruzzo as Little Carmine Lupertazzi Dan Grimaldi as Patsy Parisi Sharon Angela as Rosalie Aprile Maureen Van Zandt as Gabriella Dante * = credit only * * = photo only Guest starring ( edit ) Gregory Antonacci as Butch DeConcini Max Casella as Benny Fazio Carl Capotorto as `` Little Paulie '' Germani Arthur J. Nascarella as Carlo Gervasi Matt Servitto as Agent Harris Frank Albanese as Patrizio `` Uncle Pat '' Blundetto John Cenatiempo as Anthony Maffei John `` Cha Cha '' Ciarcia as Albie Cianflone Michele DeCesare as Hunter Scangarelo Michael Drayer as Jason Parisi Frank John Hughes as Walden Belfiore Michael Kelly as Agent Goddard Geraldine LiBrandi as Patty Leotardo David Margulies as Neil Mink Angelo Massagli as Bobby Baccalieri , Jr . Peter Mele as George Paglieri Donna Pescow as Donna Parisi Joseph Perrino as Jason Gervasi Anthony Ribustello as Dante Greco Daniel Sauli as Patrick Parisi Jenna Stern as Dr. Doherty Emily Wickersham as Rhiannon Flammer Danielle Di Vecchio as Barbara Soprano Giglione Ed Vassallo as Tom Giglione Ricky Aiello as Raymond `` Ray - Ray '' D'Abaldo Melanie Minichino as Tara Zincone Amy Russ as Female FBI Agent Paolo Colandrea as Man in Members Only Jacket Rajesh Bose as Gas Station Manager Avery Elaine and Emily Ruth Pulcher as Domenica Baccalieri ( photo only ) Plot summary ( edit ) Tony is in hiding with his crew . At nightfall , he meets FBI Agent Harris and gives him information about Ahmed and Muhammad . In exchange , he asks for Phil 's location , but Harris says he knows nothing . Tony visits his family in the safe house where they are hiding and later joins them in attending Bobby 's funeral . Tony visits Janice at her house ; she tells him she will raise Bobby 's children . Harris calls Tony with information that Phil has been using payphones from gas stations in Oyster Bay , Long Island , and Tony 's crew begins surveilling gas stations in the area . Phil calls Butchie from a payphone , expresses anger about his failure to kill Tony , and rejects Butchie 's suggestion to make peace . Tony meets with Butchie to negotiate without Phil 's knowledge . Butchie refuses to disclose his boss ' location , but agrees to a truce and tells Tony to `` do what you got ta do '' . Tony and his family move back into their North Caldwell home . Benny and Walden track Phil to a gas station and shoot him dead ; Agent Harris is pleased by this news , seemingly because there was an FBI pool on which crime family would kill the other . A.J. and his girlfriend Rhiannon escape from his SUV after he left its engine running in dry leaves and let it catch fire . He takes up jogging and tells his parents he intends to join the Army . They arrange for him to work for Little Carmine 's film production company , instead . Meadow and Patrick announce they are engaged and that Meadow may land a job at a law firm . Meadow tells Tony she wants to defend those oppressed by the government , particularly immigrants ; she considers her father a victim of FBI prejudice against Italian - Americans . Tony visits the comatose Silvio in the hospital . Carlo goes missing ; Paulie fears he may have become an informant after his son Jason was arrested on a drugs charge . Tony 's lawyer , Neil Mink , tells Tony that Carlo is likely testifying and that Tony will be indicted . With Carlo gone , Tony offers the leadership of the Aprile crew to Paulie . Paulie initially refuses , worrying that the crew is cursed , but accepts when Tony tells him he will offer the position to Patsy . Janice meets Junior in the care home to tell him of Bobby 's death , but Junior is too confused to understand . Pat tells Tony he believes Janice is scheming to claim for herself the last money Junior 's accountant is holding . Tony visits Junior and tells him to give the money to Bobby 's children , but realizes Junior does not recognize him . Junior reacts with surprise when Tony reminds him of his involvement in the Mafia , and Tony leaves with tears in his eyes . The Sopranos arrange to meet at a diner . Tony arrives first , and watches customers come and go . Carmela arrives next , and Tony tells her Carlo will testify . A.J. then arrives and reminds his father of his advice to `` remember the good times '' . Meadow arrives late and parks her car outside . As the bell rings , Tony looks up . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Showrunner David Chase planned the series ending and the final scene during the 21 - month hiatus between Seasons 5 and 6 , a long break HBO had granted him . The final scene was filmed almost exactly as Chase had envisioned . It was not intended as a setup for a future film , although Chase later commented `` ( t ) here may be a day where we all come up with something , '' regarding a possible Sopranos feature . It was then - HBO chairman Chris Albrecht who suggested to Chase to conclude the series with the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) As with every episode of the season , the plot outline of `` Made in America '' was developed by Chase and his writing staff , which for the final season consisted of executive producers Terence Winter and Matthew Weiner , and supervising producers and writing team Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider . Frequent episode director Tim Van Patten also provided Chase with some storyline suggestions . After the episode 's story had been outlined , Chase wrote the first draft . After some input from his writing staff , Chase revised the script to its finished state , although he also made minor changes during filming . `` Made in America '' is Chase 's 30th and final official writing credit ( including story credits ) for the series and his ninth as sole writer of an episode . Chase included allusions to real - life American Mafia history and events in the script for `` Made in America '' , something he is well known for . Specifically , the line `` Damn ! We 're gon na win this thing ! '' , spoken in the episode by the character Dwight Harris after being informed of the death of Phil Leotardo , alludes to former FBI supervisor Lindley DeVecchio . DeVecchio famously uttered the line after being told that Lorenzo `` Larry '' Lampasi had been shot to death in front of his Brooklyn home and was later charged for informing the Mafia on various accounts , another parallel to Tony Soprano and Dwight Harris . Cast notes ( edit ) Maureen Van Zandt , who plays Gabriella Dante , is promoted to the main cast and billed in the opening credits but for this episode only . She is the final addition to the main cast of The Sopranos . Filming ( edit ) Holsten 's Brookdale Confectionery , located in Bloomfield , New Jersey . The final scene of `` Made in America '' -- also the final scene of the series -- was shot in the restaurant in March 2007 . `` Made in America '' was directed by Chase and photographed by Alik Sakharov . The two served in the same capacities for the pilot episode , `` The Sopranos '' , which was filmed in 1997 . The series finale marks the second time Chase has officially directed an episode of The Sopranos , although as showrunner , he would oversee the direction of most episodes throughout the show 's production . `` Made in America '' marks the 38th and final credit for Sakharov as director of photography . Principal photography commenced in late February and concluded in late March 2007 . Exterior scenes and certain interior scenes of `` Made in America '' were filmed on location in Bergen County , New Jersey and in Brooklyn and Manhattan , New York City , New York . Additional interior scenes -- including indoor shots of the Soprano residence and the back room of the strip club Bada Bing ! -- were filmed in a sound stage in Silvercup Studios , New York , where most such scenes of the series had been filmed . The final scene of the episode was filmed in late March 2007 at Holsten 's Brookdale Confectionery , an ice cream and candy shop located in Bloomfield , New Jersey . The Bloomfield Township Council initially tried to stop HBO from filming in the town because `` ( they ) found the HBO mob drama offensive to Italian - Americans '' and voted to deny the production company a filming permit . However , as the council had no authority to stop filming in the town as long as the crew met the requirements stated in Bloomfield 's code for filming crews , a permit was later issued . As the show 's producers needed to ensure that plot details of the ending would be kept a secret until the airdate , the scripts given to the crew members had their final pages removed . The final scene of these edited scripts was the one in which Tony is raking leaves outside his house , a scene that occurs 10 minutes before the real ending in the final cut . Chase received compliments for this scene from people who thought it was the real ending . Post-production ( edit ) `` Made in America '' was edited by Sidney Wolinsky , one of the show 's three editors , under the supervision of Chase . Chase originally wanted the black screen at the end of the episode to last `` all the way to the HBO whoosh sound , '' meaning that no credits would roll at the end of the episode , but did not receive a waiver from the Directors Guild of America to do so . Music ( edit ) `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' is played throughout the final scene of the series . Journey 's lead singer Steve Perry initially refused to let David Chase use the song until he knew the fate of the leading characters and did not give final approval until three days before the episode aired . Perry feared that the song would be remembered as the soundtrack to Tony 's demise until Chase assured him that would not be the case . Immediately following the airing of `` Made in America , '' the song enjoyed a great surge of popularity ; its sales on iTunes , for example , grew 482 percent . The newly growing attention to the band helped it climb out of the reportedly difficult times it was having at the time . Interpretations of the final scene ( edit ) The final shot of Tony Soprano in `` Made in America '' The final scene of `` Made in America '' became the subject of much discussion , controversy , and analysis after its original broadcast . The use of an abrupt cut to black followed by several seconds of silence led many viewers to initially believe that their cable or DVR had cut out at a crucial moment . Opposing interpretations soon emerged among viewers regarding the ultimate fate of series protagonist Tony Soprano , with some believing that he was killed while others believe that he remains alive . One argument for the former points to a conversation that Tony had in the midseason premiere episode `` Soprano Home Movies '' with his brother - in - law Bobby , in which Bobby comments on how suddenly and without sound death can happen in their lives as gangsters : `` You probably do n't even hear it when it happens , right ? '' A flashback to this scene also appears in the final minutes of `` The Blue Comet '' , the episode preceding `` Made in America '' . When questioned on the theory , HBO spokesman Quentin Schaffer stated that the conversation is a `` legitimate '' hint . Also , Butchie DeConcini ( the presumed successor of Phil Leotardo ) was last seen saddled with reparations following the mob war . He had expressed ideas about killing Tony before ( `` Kaisha '' ) , and Tony was , in the end , the very last DiMeo man left standing out of the three original Lupertazzi targets , who , Phil believed , if killed , would totally cripple the Jersey family . Hence , Tony would have been a tempting target of a hit . The final scene showing a man who glances at Tony ( credited as `` Man in Members Only Jacket '' ) and who later goes to the bathroom , has been interpreted as a nod to the famous scene in The Godfather in which Michael Corleone retrieves a gun from the bathroom before shooting his enemies to death ( Tony 's favorite scene from the film , as revealed in the episode `` Johnny Cakes '' ) . Speculation has also linked the jacket of the man to the title of the opening episode of the season , `` Members Only '' , in which Tony is shot , and also as a symbolic reference to the mysterious man 's membership of the Mafia . Actor Matt Servitto said that in the script , the scene continued with the man in the Members Only jacket emerging from the bathroom and starting to walk towards Tony 's table . Servitto later clarified this statement , saying that he did not mean to imply that there was a completely different scripted ending , only that the `` genius '' editing was not what he had expected . Other viewers offer opposing interpretations . It has been suggested that the final scene portrays that , while Tony 's life is fraught with fear and danger , which could come from anyone anywhere , and that while Tony has to constantly watch his back and look out for any emerging trouble ( he keeps an eye on the diner entrance ) , life nevertheless goes on and the viewer simply does not get to continue seeing it . The lyrics of the closing song , seemingly telling the viewer `` Do n't stop believin ' , '' are thought to support this , while the silent black screen space before the credits is meant to allow people to imagine and believe in their own continuations of Tony 's story . It can be stated that because of Tony 's peace agreement with the Lupertazzi family , their tacit sanction of a hit on Phil , and Butchie 's visible unwillingness to continue the hostilities , there was little legitimate basis to expect a hit on Tony from the Lupertazzis and the threat to him , although always present , was not higher than usual . Comments from David Chase ( edit ) Chase has made various comments about the finale but has avoided providing an explanation to the meaning of the final scene . In his first interview after the broadcast of the finale with New Jersey paper The Star - Ledger , Chase stated , I have no interest in explaining , defending , reinterpreting , or adding to what is there . No one was trying to be audacious , honest to God . We did what we thought we had to do . No one was trying to blow people 's minds , or thinking , `` Wow , this 'll piss them off . '' People get the impression that you 're trying to fuck with them and it 's not true . You 're trying to entertain them . ( ... ) Anybody who wants to watch it , it 's all there . Chase also addressed the opinion of some that the open - ended finale was insulting to the show 's longtime fans : I saw some items in the press that said , `` This was a huge fuck you to the audience . '' That we were shitting in the audience 's face . Why would we want to do that ? Why would we entertain people for eight years only to give them the finger ? We do n't have contempt for the audience . In fact , I think The Sopranos is the only show that actually gave the audience credit for having some intelligence and attention span . We always operated as though people do n't need to be spoon - fed every single thing -- that their instincts and feelings and humanity will tell them what 's going on . In an interview conducted by Brett Martin several weeks after the finale 's original broadcast , Chase shared his views on the final episode and the reaction to it . On those fans of the show who demanded an unambiguous and definitive ending , Chase remarked , There was so much more to say than could have been conveyed by an image of Tony facedown in a bowl of onion rings with a bullet in his head . Or , on the other side , taking over the New York mob . The way I see it is that Tony Soprano had been people 's alter ego . They had gleefully watched him rob , kill , pillage , lie , and cheat . They had cheered him on . And then , all of a sudden , they wanted to see him punished for all that . They wanted `` justice . '' They wanted to see his brains splattered on the wall . I thought that was disgusting , frankly . ( ... ) The pathetic thing -- to me -- was how much they wanted his blood , after cheering him on for eight years . Chase also made comments about the purported lack of finality in the final episode : This was n't really about `` leaving the door open . '' There was nothing definite about what happened , but there was a clean trend on view -- a definite sense of what Tony and Carmela 's future looks like . Whether it happened that night or some other night does n't matter . On the future of the Soprano children , Chase said , A.J. 's not going to be citizen - soldier or join the Peace Corps or try to help the world ; he 'll probably be some low - level movie producer . But he 's not going to be a killer like his father , is he ? Meadow may not be a pediatrician or even a lawyer , but she 's not going to be a housewife like her mother . She 'll learn to operate in the world in ways Carmela never did . ( ... ) Tiny , little bits of progress -- that 's how it works . On moments during and after the final scene , Chase referred to a scene from the episode `` Stage 5 '' : There are no esoteric clues in there . No Da Vinci Code . Everything that pertains to that episode was in that episode . And it was in the episode before that and the one before that and seasons before this one and so on . There had been indications of what the end is like . Remember when Gerry Torciano was killed ? Silvio was not aware that the gun had been fired until after Gerry was on his way down to the floor . That 's the way things happen : It 's already going on by the time you even notice it . ( ... ) I 'm not saying anything . And I 'm not trying to be coy . It 's just that I think that to explain it would diminish it . In a December 2008 radio interview with Richard Belzer , Chase also mentioned the scenes from `` Stage 5 '' and `` Soprano Home Movies '' in relation to the final scene . At the 2008 TCA Awards , held on July 22 , Chase commented , I was n't going to do this , but somebody said it would be a good idea if we said something about that ending . I really was n't going to go into it , but I 'll just say this ... when I was going to Stanford University 's graduate film school and was 23 , I went to see Planet of the Apes with my wife . When it was over , I said , `` Wow ... so they had a Statue of Liberty , too . '' In a November 2008 interview with Entertainment Weekly 's Steve Daly , Chase stated , `` There 's more than one way of looking at the ending . That 's all I 'll say . '' Chase revisited the final scene in an April 2015 interview with DGA Quarterly and `` suggested that fans , experts , and scholars have been over-thinking the ending to the show . '' `` The ceiling I was going for at that point , the biggest feeling I was going for , honestly , was do n't stop believing . It was very simple and much more on the nose than people think . That 's what I wanted people to believe . That life ends and death comes , but do n't stop believing . There are attachments we make in life , even though it 's all going to come to an end , that are worth so much , and we 're so lucky to have been able to experience them . Life is short . Either it ends here for Tony or some other time . But in spite of that , it 's really worth it . So do n't stop believing . '' In response to reports that Chase has offered a definitive answer to the question of whether Tony Soprano lived or died , at the show 's conclusion , Chase has issued denials indicating such reports were incorrect and reiterated the stance he has consistently taken on the subject , and publications have printed retractions . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) According to Nielsen ratings , an average of 11.9 million viewers watched `` Made in America '' on its United States premiere date Sunday June 10 , 2007 . This was a 49 % increase from the previous episode and the show 's best ratings for both parts of the sixth season . It was also the show 's largest audience since the season five premiere . Response ( edit ) Initial ( edit ) `` Made in America '' received mainly favorable to semi-favorable initial reviews from critics , while early fan reception was mixed to negative , described by one critic as `` a mixture of admiration and anger '' . During the weeks following the episode 's original broadcast , `` Made in America '' and its closing scene in particular became the subject of much discussion and analysis . Several new interpretations and explanations of the ending were presented in magazines and on blogs , which led many critics and fans to reevaluate the ending . Marisa Carroll of PopMatters awarded `` Made in America '' a score of 8 out of 10 and particularly praised the final scene as one of the best of the series . Mark Farinella of The Sun Chronicle called the episode `` ( a ) perfect ending to a perfect TV series . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly called `` Made in America '' `` the perfect ending '' and wrote about the final scene , `` On shock of that cut to black , the marvelous way it got you to roll the scene over , again and again , in your mind 's eye . ( sic ) Rather than bringing the series to a close , that blackout made The Sopranos live forever . '' Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle characterized the finale as `` ( a ) n ending befitting genius of Sopranos '' and wrote that `` Chase managed , with this ending , to be true to reality ( ... ) while also steering clear of trite TV conventions . '' Frazier Moore of the Associated Press called the episode `` brilliant '' and wrote that `` Chase was true to himself . '' Kim Reed of Television Without Pity gave `` Made in America '' the highest score of A+ and praised it for staying true to the show . Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger called the finale `` satisfying '' and wrote that the episode `` fit ( s ) perfectly with everything Chase has done on this show before . '' Chicago Tribune critic Maureen Ryan 's first review was mixed ; she criticized the final scene for not providing any closure . Ryan later wrote : `` Chase got me totally wound up , then ripped me away from that world . I was really mad at first ( ... ) I still think what Chase did was , all due respect , kind of jerky . But minutes after the finale ended , I started laughing . '' Retrospective ( edit ) Retrospective reviews of `` Made in America '' have been highly positive ; the episode has been included on several lists of the best series finales of all time . Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger wrote , in an essay analyzing the finale one year after its original broadcast , that he felt the episode was `` brilliant . '' In 2009 , Arlo J. Wiley of Blogcritics wrote : `` by focusing on that last ambiguous parting shot from creator David Chase , we run the risk of forgetting just how beautifully structured and executed an hour of television ' Made in America ' is '' and ranked it as the eighth - best series finale ever . Also in 2009 , Stacey Wilson of Film.com named `` Made in America '' one of the 10 best series finales of all time and wrote : `` Crude , rude and no time for emotional B.S. , this finale was a delicious end to a show that reveled in the ugliness of humanity . '' TV Guide included `` Made in America '' in their `` TV 's Best Finales Ever '' feature , writing : `` What 's there to say about this finale that has n't already been said ? The much - anticipated closer had everyone waiting to see if Tony was finally going to go from whacker to whackee . Instead , they got Journey , a greasy plate of onion rings and a black screen . But , the fact that we 're still talking about it proves -- for better or worse -- that the episode did its job . '' In 2011 , the finale was ranked # 2 on the TV Guide Network special , TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales . Awards ( edit ) In 2007 , `` Made in America '' won an Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . It was the only category the episode was nominated in . This is the third and final time series creator / executive producer David Chase has won the award for his writing of the series . In 2008 , Chase was nominated for a Directors Guild of America Award in the category of Drama Series ( Night ) but lost to fellow Sopranos director Alan Taylor , who won for directing the pilot episode of Mad Men , a series created by former Sopranos writer Matthew Weiner . Also in 2008 , Editor Sidney Wolinsky won an American Cinema Editors Eddie Award in the category of Best Edited One - Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( 2007 - 06 - 11 ) . `` David Chase speaks ! '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Brett ( 2007 - 10 - 18 ) . `` ' Sopranos ' Creator Takes on Angry Fans '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( 2008 - 04 - 23 ) . `` '' The Sopranos `` : David Chase fesses up '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The 59th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards '' . 2007 - 09 - 16 . FOX . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ Directed by Greg Colton ; Written by Steve Callaghan ( 2007 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Lois Kills Stewie '' . Family Guy . Season 6 . Episode 5 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : The Sopranos -- The Complete Series : Supper with The Sopranos ( DVD ) . HBO . 2008 . Jump up ^ The Sopranos -- The Complete Series : Alec Baldwin interviews David Chase ( DVD ) . HBO . 2008 . Jump up ^ Moushey , Bill ( 1998 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Switching Sides '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Raab , Selwyn ( 2006 ) . Five Families : The Rise , Decline , and Resurgence of America 's Most Powerful Mafia Empires . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 341 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 36181 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Biskind , Peter ( 2007 - 03 - 13 ) . `` The Family that Preys Together '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Moore , Elizabeth ( 2007 - 03 - 10 ) . `` A mob scene in Bloomfield : ' Sopranos ' shooting is cleared '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Moss , Linda ( 2007 - 06 - 11 ) . `` The Sopranos Ends in an Ice Cream Parlor '' . Multichannel News . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( 2008 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Stars , creator dish on ' The Sopranos ' in DVD extras '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sopranos ' creator defends famous finale '' . Associated Press . 2007 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( 2007 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Fans Online Sift for Clues in the ' Sopranos ' Finale '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Journey Rocker Kept Sopranos Boss Waiting '' . pr-inside.com. 2007 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Journey song achieves digital landmark '' . theguardian.com. 2008 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Journey Members Reflect on Importance of ' Sopranos ' and ' Glee , ' Talk PBS Doc '' . hollywoodreporter.com. 2013 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Noveck , Jocelyn ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Sopranos ending splits fans '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Steve ( 2007 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Sopranos rub - out theory gains credence '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Farinella , Mark ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` A perfect ending to a perfect TV series '' . The Sun Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Directed by Alan Taylor ; Written by David Chase and Matthew Weiner ( 2007 - 06 - 03 ) . `` The Blue Comet '' . The Sopranos . Season 6 . Episode 20 . HBO . Jump up ^ `` Sopranos Creator : Movie No Sure Thing '' . Associated Press . 2007 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Agrawal , Meeta ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Family Gathering - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rowin , Craig ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) . `` It 's That Episode 29 : Matt Servitto ( ' The Sopranos ' ) Watches ' The Sopranos ' Finale ( 22 : 00 - 26 : 30 ) '' . Splitsider . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) . `` ' The Sopranos ' : Eighty - Sixed '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( 2007 - 06 - 13 ) . `` '' Sopranos '' finale : What really happened `` . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Brett ( 2007 - 10 - 30 ) . The Sopranos : The Complete Book . New York : Time . pp. 182 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933821 - 18 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richard Belzer : I was working with Steve Schirripa recently . We were judging Last Comic Standing for NBC and we were talking about a lot of different things , obviously . And he was saying that he heard all these theories about the show that were n't , had nothing to do with what your intention was or what any of the actors thought . Like little hints along the way . Like a word . Like when Tony and Steve are on the boat at the lake and they say `` you can never know it 's gon na happen '' or `` you never know when it 's gon na hit you . '' / David Chase : That was part of the ending . / Richard Belzer : Oh , it was ? You see , what do I know ? Are there other things that were in previous episodes that were a hint towards it ? / David Chase : There was that . And there was a shooting to which Silvio was a witness . Well , he was n't a witness , he was eating dinner with a couple of hookers and some other guy who got hit and there was some visual stuff that went on there which sort of amplified Tony 's remarks to Bacala about , you know , `` you do n't know it 's happened '' or `` you wo n't know it happens when it hits you . '' That 's about it. -- Belzer , Richard ; Chase , David ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Belzer and David Chase interview '' . Premium Air America . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Michael ( 2007 - 07 - 22 ) . `` David Chase on The Sopranos ending -- TCA Awards report '' . TV Squad . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Gangsters ' Paradise '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , James ( Spring 2015 ) . `` This Magic Moment '' . DGA Quarterly . `` Eight years after it aired , the finale of The Sopranos continues to be hotly debated . David Chase explains how he created the excruciating tension of the last scene . What he wo n't say is what happened at the end . '' Jump up ^ `` David Chase Breaks Down ' The Sopranos ' Ending , Talks Tony Soprano 's Death '' . Inquisitr. April 2015 . Jump up ^ Whiteman , Bobbie ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` Sopranos creator David Chase finally reveals fate of mob boss Tony Soprano seven years after THAT ending '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Nochimson , Martha P. ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` Did Tony die at the end of The Sopranos ? David Chase finally answers the question he wants fans to stop asking '' . Vox . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` Retraction : David Chase Responds to Our Sopranos Piece '' . Vox . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` David Chase Offers Response to ' Tony Soprano Did n't Die ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sopranos ' Body Count : 11.9 Million '' . zap2it.com. 2007 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ratings for ' Wife , ' ' Wives ' '' . zap2it.com. 2007 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . External link in publisher = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( 2008 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Onion rings and other things , one year later '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Marisa ( 2007 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Before the Flood : The Series Finale '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 2007 - 06 - 15 ) . `` The Sopranos - Made in America '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( 2007 - 06 - 11 ) . `` An ending befitting genius of ' Sopranos ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) . `` No Easy Ending for ' The Sopranos ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Reed , Kim ( 2007 - 06 - 15 ) . `` The Sopranos - `` Made in America '' `` . Television Without Pity . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Sopranos Rewind : Made in America '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Are you kidding me ? That was the ending of ' The Sopranos ' ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Further thoughts on that ' Sopranos ' finale '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Arlo J. ( 2009 - 03 - 27 ) . `` The Ten Best Television Series Finales '' . Blogcritics . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stacey ( 2009 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Top 10 TV Series Finales : The Sopranos , Friends , Cheers '' . Film.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Best Finales Ever : The Sopranos '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales . TV Guide Network . May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards Database '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in All Categories for 2007 '' . Directors Guild of America . 2008 - 01 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Award Winners and Special Award Recipients '' . Directors Guild of America . 2008 - 01 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` American Cinema Editors > ACE Eddie Awards '' . American Cinema Editors . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . External links ( edit ) `` Made in America '' at HBO `` Made in America '' on IMDb `` Made in America '' at TV.com The Sopranos Episodes Season 1 `` The Sopranos '' `` 46 Long '' `` Denial , Anger , Acceptance '' `` Meadowlands '' `` College '' `` Pax Soprana '' `` Down Neck '' `` The Legend of Tennessee Moltisanti '' `` Boca '' `` A Hit Is a Hit '' `` Nobody Knows Anything '' `` Isabella '' `` I Dream of Jeannie Cusamano '' Season 2 `` Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist 's Office ... '' `` Do Not Resuscitate '' `` Toodle - Fucking - Oo '' `` Commendatori '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` The Happy Wanderer '' `` D - Girl '' `` Full Leather Jacket '' `` From Where to Eternity '' `` Bust Out '' `` House Arrest '' `` The Knight in White Satin Armor '' `` Funhouse '' Season 3 `` Mr. Ruggerio 's Neighborhood '' `` Proshai , Livushka '' `` Fortunate Son '' `` Employee of the Month '' `` Another Toothpick '' `` University '' `` Second Opinion '' `` He Is Risen '' `` The Telltale Moozadell '' `` ... To Save Us All from Satan 's Power '' `` Pine Barrens '' `` Amour Fou '' `` Army of One '' Season 4 `` For All Debts Public and Private '' `` No Show '' `` Christopher '' `` The Weight '' `` Pie - O - My '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Watching Too Much Television '' `` Mergers and Acquisitions '' `` Whoever Did This '' `` The Strong , Silent Type '' `` Calling All Cars '' `` Eloise '' `` Whitecaps '' Season 5 `` Two Tonys '' `` Rat Pack '' `` Where 's Johnny ? '' `` All Happy Families ... '' `` Irregular Around the Margins '' `` Sentimental Education '' `` In Camelot '' `` Marco Polo '' `` Unidentified Black Males '' `` Cold Cuts '' `` The Test Dream '' `` Long Term Parking '' `` All Due Respect '' Season 6 Part I `` Members Only '' `` Join the Club '' `` Mayham '' `` The Fleshy Part of the Thigh '' `` Mr. & Mrs. John Sacrimoni Request ... '' `` Live Free or Die '' `` Luxury Lounge '' `` Johnny Cakes '' `` The Ride '' `` Moe n ' Joe '' `` Cold Stones '' `` Kaisha '' Part II `` Soprano Home Movies '' `` Stage 5 '' `` Remember When '' `` Chasing It '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Kennedy and Heidi '' `` The Second Coming '' `` The Blue Comet '' `` Made in America '' Characters Primary Tony Soprano Jennifer Melfi Carmela Soprano Christopher Moltisanti Junior Soprano Big Pussy Bonpensiero Silvio Dante Paulie Gualtieri Anthony Soprano , Jr . Meadow Soprano Adriana La Cerva Richie Aprile Janice Soprano Livia Soprano Secondary Johnny Sack Bobby Baccalieri Furio Giunta Vito Spatafore Ralph Cifaretto Tony Blundetto Carmine Lupertazzi Jackie Aprile Jr . Mikey Palmice Matthew Bevilaqua Sean Gismonte Ray Curto Dwight Harris Larry Barese Fictional universe Soprano crime family Lupertazzi crime family Friends and family Satriale 's Pork Store Bada Bing Cleaver FBI Related articles Awards and nominations Music The Sopranos : Road to Respect Pinball game David Chase Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series 1955 -- 1975 Reginald Rose for Twelve Angry Men ( 1955 ) Rod Serling ( 1960 ) Rod Serling ( 1961 ) Reginald Rose ( 1962 ) Robert Thom / Reginald Rose for `` The Madman '' ( 1963 ) Ernest Kinoy for `` Blacklist '' and Rod Serling for `` It 's Mental Work '' ( 1964 ) David Karp for `` The 700 Year Old Gang '' ( 1965 ) Millard Lampell for `` Eagle in a Cage '' ( 1966 ) Bruce Geller for `` Mission : Impossible '' ( 1967 ) Loring Mandel for `` Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night '' ( 1968 ) JP Miller for `` The People Next Door '' ( 1969 ) Richard Levinson & William Link for `` My Sweet Charlie '' ( 1970 ) Joel Oliansky for `` To Taste of Death But Once '' ( 1971 ) Richard Levinson & William Link for `` Death Lends a Hand '' ( 1972 ) John McGreevey for `` The Scholar '' ( 1973 ) Joanna Lee for `` The Thanksgiving Story '' ( 1974 ) Howard Fast for `` Benjamin Franklin : The Ambassador '' ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Sherman Yellen for `` John Adams : Lawyer '' ( 1976 ) William Blinn & Ernest Kinoy for `` Show # 2 '' ( 1977 ) Gerald Green for `` Holocaust '' ( 1978 ) Michele Gallery for `` Dying '' ( 1979 ) Seth Freeman for `` Cop '' ( 1980 ) Steven Bochco , Michael Kozoll for `` Hill Street Station '' ( 1981 ) Steven Bochco , Michael Kozoll , Jeff Lewis , Michael I. Wagner , Anthony Yerkovich for `` Freedom 's Last Stand '' ( 1982 ) David Milch for `` Trial by Fury '' ( 1983 ) Tom Fontana , John Masius , John Ford Noonan for `` The Women '' ( 1984 ) Patricia Green for `` Who Said It 's Fair , Part 2 '' ( 1985 ) Tom Fontana , John Masius , Joe Tinker for `` Time Heals , Parts I & II '' ( 1986 ) Steven Bochco , Terry Louise Fisher for `` The Venus Butterfly '' ( 1987 ) Paul Haggis , Marshall Herskovitz for `` Business as Usual '' ( 1988 ) Joseph Dougherty for `` First Day / Last Day '' ( 1989 ) David E. Kelley for `` Blood , Sweat , and Fears '' ( 1990 ) David E. Kelley for `` On the Toad Again '' ( 1991 ) Diane Frolov / Andrew Schneider for `` Seoul Mates '' ( 1992 ) Tom Fontana for `` Three Men and Adena '' ( 1993 ) Ann Biderman for `` Steroid Roy '' ( 1994 ) Lance A. Gentile for `` Love 's Labor Lost '' ( 1995 ) Darin Morgan for `` Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose '' ( 1996 ) Stephen Gaghan / David Milch / Michael R. Perry for `` Where 's Swaldo ? '' ( 1997 ) Bill Clark / Nicholas Wootton / David Milch for `` Lost Israel : Part II '' ( 1998 ) David Chase / James Manos Jr. for `` College '' ( 1999 ) Rick Cleveland & Aaron Sorkin for `` In Excelsis Deo '' ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Mitchell Burgess & Robin Green for `` Employee of the Month '' ( 2001 ) Robert Cochran / Joel Surnow for `` 12 : 00 a.m. -- 1 : 00 a.m. '' ( 2002 ) Mitchell Burgess & David Chase & Robin Green for `` Whitecaps '' ( 2003 ) Terence Winter for `` Long Term Parking '' ( 2004 ) David Shore for `` Three Stories '' ( 2005 ) Terence Winter for `` Members Only '' ( 2006 ) David Chase for `` Made in America '' ( 2007 ) Matthew Weiner for `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' ( 2008 ) Kater Gordon & Matthew Weiner for `` Meditations in an Emergency '' ( 2009 ) Erin Levy & Matthew Weiner for `` Shut the Door . Have a Seat . '' ( 2010 ) Jason Katims for `` Always '' ( 2011 ) Alex Gansa & Howard Gordon & Gideon Raff for `` Pilot ( Homeland ) '' ( 2012 ) Henry Bromell for `` Q&A '' ( 2013 ) Moira Walley - Beckett for `` Ozymandias '' ( 2014 ) David Benioff & D.B. Weiss for `` Mother 's Mercy '' ( 2015 ) David Benioff & D.B. Weiss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ( 2016 ) Bruce Miller for `` Offred '' ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Made_in_America_(The_Sopranos)&oldid=827001801 '' Categories : The Sopranos episodes 2007 American television episodes American television series finales Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 errors : external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 05 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the last episode of the sopranos	[ "\"Made in America\" is the series finale of the HBO drama series The Sopranos. It is the 86th episode of the series, the ninth episode of the second part of the show's sixth season, and the 21st episode of the season overall. Written and directed by series creator, executive producer and showrunner David Chase, it first aired in the United States on June 10, 2007." ]	[ "Made in America" ]
2784028567988157464	She Walks in Beauty	She Walks in beauty - wikipedia She Walks in beauty Jump to : navigation , search She Walks in Beauty She walks in beauty , like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies ; And all that 's best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes : Thus mellow 'd to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies . One shade the more , one ray the less , Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress , Or softly lightens o'er her face ; Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure , how dear their dwelling - place . And on that cheek , and o'er that brow , So soft , so calm , yet eloquent , The smiles that win , the tints that glow , But tell of days in goodness spent , A mind at peace with all below , A heart whose love is innocent ! `` She Walks in Beauty '' is a short lyrical poem in iambic tetrameter written in 1813 by Lord Byron , and is one of his most famous works . It is said to have been inspired by an event in Byron 's life ; while at a ball , Byron met best friend Robert Wilmot , Mrs. Anne Beatrix Wilmot . She was in mourning , wearing a black dress set with spangle she was striking and he adored her and soon fell in love and she became his wife , as in the opening lines ; `` She walks in beauty , like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies '' He was struck by her unusual beauty , and the next morning the poem was written . It is thought that she was the first inspiration for his unfinished epic poem about Goethe , a personal hero of his . In this unpublished work , which Byron referred to in his letters as his magnum opus , he switches the gender of Goethe and gives him the same description of his cousin . This idea would have truly put Byron on the avant - garde . Cultural references ( edit ) Literature The first two verses are cited in the novel The Philadelphian by Richard P. Powell . The poem is also referenced in a House of Night book , where Nathan , in his reminiscences of Byron , suggests ( without any justification ) that the subject of the poem may have been Byron 's half - sister , Augusta Leigh . Musical settings The poem has inspired various composers over time , including Roger Quilter , Gerald Finzi , Isaac Nathan , Connor J. Koppin and Chanticleer Men 's Chorus Conductor / Composer Eric Barnum . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cummings , Michael J. ( 2008 ) `` Byron 's She Walks in Beauty '' at Cummings Study Guides . Accessed 10 July 2014 Jump up ^ The complete works of Lord Byron , A. and W. Galignani , 1841 , p. 254 External links ( edit ) Works related to She walks in beauty at Wikisource Lord Byron Topics Barony of Byron The Byronic hero Early life Newstead Abbey Timeline of Lord Byron People Anne Isabella , Lady Byron ( wife ) Ada Lovelace ( daughter ) Allegra Byron ( daughter ) John Byron ( father ) Claire Clairmont Nicolo Giraud Contessa Guiccioli Jane Harley John Cam Hobhouse Lady Caroline Lamb Augusta Leigh ( half - sister ) Medora Leigh Thomas Moore John William Polidori Walter Scott Mary Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley Edward John Trelawny Longer poetry Hours of Idleness ( 1807 ) English Bards and Scotch Reviewers ( 1809 ) The Giaour ( 1813 ) The Bride of Abydos ( 1813 ) The Corsair ( 1814 ) Lara , A Tale ( 1814 ) Hebrew Melodies ( 1815 ) The Siege of Corinth ( 1816 ) Parisina ( 1816 ) The Prisoner of Chillon ( 1816 ) The Dream ( 1816 ) Prometheus ( 1816 ) `` Darkness '' ( 1816 ) The Lament of Tasso ( 1817 ) Beppo ( 1818 ) Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage ( 1812 - 1818 ) Don Juan ( 1819 -- 1824 ; incomplete upon Byron 's death in 1824 ) Mazeppa ( 1819 ) The Prophecy of Dante ( 1819 ) The Vision of Judgment ( 1821 ) The Age of Bronze ( 1823 ) The Island ( 1823 ) Plays Manfred ( 1817 ) Marino Faliero ( 1820 ) Sardanapalus ( 1821 ) The Two Foscari ( 1821 ) Cain ( 1821 ) Heaven and Earth ( 1821 ) Werner ( 1822 ) The Deformed Transformed ( 1822 ) Shorter poetry `` The First Kiss of Love '' ( 1806 ) `` Thoughts Suggested by a College Examination '' ( 1806 ) `` To a Beautiful Quaker '' ( 1807 ) `` The Cornelian '' ( 1807 ) `` Lines Addressed to a Young Lady '' ( 1807 ) `` Lachin y Gair '' ( 1807 ) `` Epitaph to a Dog '' ( 1808 ) `` Maid of Athens , ere we part '' ( 1810 ) `` She Walks in Beauty '' ( 1814 ) `` My Soul is Dark '' ( 1815 ) `` The Destruction of Sennacherib '' ( 1815 ) `` Fare Thee Well '' ( 1816 ) `` When We Two Parted '' ( 1817 ) `` Love 's Last Adieu '' `` So , we 'll go no more a roving '' ( 1830 ) Prose Fragment of a Novel ( 1819 ) Letters Related Byron ( 1908 play ) Lord Byron ( 1972 opera ) Childe Byron ( 1977 play ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_Walks_in_Beauty&oldid=816983441 '' Categories : Poetry by Lord Byron 1814 poems Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Talk About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 06 : 03 . About Wikipedia	who was she walks in beauty written about	[ "It is said to have been inspired by an event in Byron's life; while at a ball, Byron met best friend Robert Wilmot, Mrs. Anne Beatrix Wilmot. She was in mourning, wearing a black dress set with spangle she was striking and he adored her and soon fell in love and she became his wife , as in the opening lines;" ]	[ "Mrs. Anne Beatrix Wilmot" ]
3818175402648918388	Naruto	Naruto - Wikipedia Naruto Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the media franchise . For the title character , see Naruto Uzumaki . For the food , see narutomaki . For other uses , see Naruto ( disambiguation ) . Naruto Cover of the first Japanese Naruto manga volume featuring Naruto Uzumaki . NARUTO - ナルト - Genre Adventure , comedy , fantasy Manga Naruto ( pilot chapter ) Written by Masashi Kishimoto Published by Shueisha English publisher Viz Media Demographic Shōnen Magazine Akamaru Jump English magazine Shonen Jump Published 1997 Manga Written by Masashi Kishimoto Published by Shueisha English publisher Madman Entertainment Viz Media Viz Media Demographic Shōnen Imprint Jump Comics Magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump English magazine Weekly Shonen Jump Shonen Jump ( formerly ) Original run September 21 , 1999 -- November 10 , 2014 Volumes 72 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Hayato Date Written by Katsuyuki Sumisawa ( Episodes # 1 -- 132 ) Junki Takegami ( Episodes # 133 -- 220 ) Music by Musashi Project Toshio Masuda Studio Pierrot Licensed by Madman Entertainment Viz Media Manga Entertainment Original network TXN ( TV Tokyo ) English network Network Ten , ABC3 Cartoon Network ( Toonami ) Jetix YTV , Télétoon Neon Alley ABS - CBN , HERO TV , Yey ! Animax Asia Cartoon Network / Adult Swim ( Toonami ) SABC 2 Original run October 3 , 2002 -- February 8 , 2007 Episodes 220 ( List of episodes ) Anime television series Naruto : Shippuden Directed by Hayato Date Masa'aki Kumagai ( Episodes # 261 -- 280 ) Yasuaki Kurotsu ( Episodes # 290 -- 295 ) Written by Junki Takegami ( Episodes # 1 -- 289 , # 296 -- 500 ) Satoru Nishizono ( Episodes # 1 -- 53 ) Yasuyuki Suzuki ( Episodes # 54 -- 71 ) Yasuaki Kurotsu ( Episodes # 290 -- 295 ) Music by Yasuharu Takanashi Studio Pierrot Licensed by Viz Media Original network TXN ( TV Tokyo ) English network Cartoon Network Neon Alley ABS - CBN , HERO TV , Yey ! Animax Asia Disney XD , Adult Swim ( Toonami ) SABC 2 Original run February 15 , 2007 -- March 23 , 2017 Episodes 500 ( List of episodes ) Manga Naruto : The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring Boruto : Naruto Next Generations Films Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow Legend of the Stone of Gelel Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom Naruto Shippuden the Movie Bonds The Will of Fire The Lost Tower Blood Prison Road to Ninja The Last Boruto Anime and Manga portal Naruto ( ナルト ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto . It tells the story of Naruto Uzumaki , an adolescent ninja who searches for recognition from his peers and the village and also dreams of becoming the Hokage , the leader of his village . The story is in two parts , the first set in Naruto 's pre-teen years , and the second in his teens . The series is based on two one - shot manga by Kishimoto : Karakuri ( 1995 ) , which earned Kishimoto an honorable mention in Shueisha 's monthly Hop Step Award the following year , and Naruto ( 1997 ) . Naruto was serialized in Shueisha 's magazine , Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1999 to 2014 , and released in tankōbon ( book ) form in 72 volumes . The manga was adapted into an anime television series produced by Studio Pierrot and Aniplex , which broadcast 220 episodes in Japan from 2002 to 2007 ; the English adaptation of the series aired on Cartoon Network from 2005 to 2009 . Naruto : Shippuden , a sequel to the original series , premiered in Japan in 2007 , and ended in 2017 , after 500 episodes . The English adaptation was broadcast on Disney XD from 2009 to 2011 , and then switched to Adult Swim 's Toonami block in January 2014 . Besides the anime series , Studio Pierrot has developed eleven movies and eleven original video animations ( OVAs ) . Other Naruto - related merchandise includes light novels , video games , and trading cards developed by several companies . Viz Media licensed the manga and anime for North American production and serialized Naruto in their digital Weekly Shonen Jump magazine . The anime series began airing in the United States and Canada in 2005 , and in the United Kingdom and Australia in 2006 and 2007 , respectively . The films and most OVAs from the series were also released by Viz , with the first film premiering in movie theaters . Viz Media began streaming the two anime series on their streaming service Neon Alley in December 2012 . The story of Naruto continues with Naruto 's son , Boruto Uzumaki , in Boruto : Naruto Next Generations : Boruto wishes to create his own ninja way instead of following his father 's . As of 2017 , Naruto is the third best - selling manga series in history , selling more than 220 million copies worldwide in 35 countries outside Japan . It has become one of Viz Media 's best - selling manga series ; their English translations of the volumes have appeared on USA Today and The New York Times bestseller list several times , and the seventh volume won a Quill Award in 2006 . Reviewers praised the manga 's character development , strong storylines , and well - executed fight scenes , though some felt the fight scenes slowed the story down . Critics noted that the manga , which has a coming - of - age theme , makes use of cultural references from Japanese mythology and Confucianism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Part I 1.2 Part II 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Characters 2.3 Setting 2.4 Conclusion 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.1. 1 Spin - offs 3.2 Anime 3.2. 1 Naruto : Shippuden 3.3 Original video animations 3.4 Films 3.5 Novels 3.6 Music 4 Merchandise 4.1 Video games 4.2 Art and guidebooks 4.3 Collectible card game 5 Commercial performance 6 Reception 6.1 Manga 6.2 Anime 6.3 Themes 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot Part I See also : List of Naruto chapters ( Part I ) A powerful fox known as the Nine - Tails attacks Konoha , the hidden leaf village in the Land of Fire , one of the Five Great Shinobi Countries in the Ninja World . In response , the leader of Konoha , the Fourth Hokage , seals the fox inside the body of his newborn son , Naruto Uzumaki , making Naruto a host of the beast ; this costs Naruto 's father his life , and the Third Hokage returns from retirement to become leader of Konoha again . Naruto is often ridiculed by the Konoha villagers for being the host of the Nine - Tails . Because of a decree made by the Third Hokage forbidding anyone to mention these events , Naruto knows nothing about the Nine - Tails until 12 years later , when Mizuki , a renegade ninja , reveals the truth to Naruto . Naruto then defeats Mizuki in combat , earning the respect of his teacher Iruka Umino . Shortly afterwards , Naruto becomes a ninja and joins with Sasuke Uchiha , against whom he often competes , and Sakura Haruno , on whom he has a crush , to form Team 7 , under an experienced sensei , the elite ninja Kakashi Hatake . Like all the ninja teams from every village , Team 7 completes missions requested by the villagers , ranging from doing chores and being bodyguards to performing assassinations . After several missions , including a major one in the Land of Waves , Kakashi allows Team 7 to take a ninja exam , enabling them to advance to a higher rank and take on more difficult missions , known as Chunin Exams . During the exams , Orochimaru , a wanted criminal , invades Konoha and kills the Third Hokage for revenge . Jiraiya , one of the three legendary ninjas , declines the title of Fifth Hokage and searches with Naruto for Tsunade whom he chooses to become Fifth Hokage instead . During the search , it is revealed that Orochimaru wishes to train Sasuke because of his powerful genetic heritage , the Sharingan . After Sasuke attempts and fails to kill his older brother Itachi when he showed up in Konoha to kidnap Naruto , he joins Orochimaru , hoping to gain from him the strength needed to kill Itachi . The story takes a turn when Sasuke leaves the Konoha village and when Tsunade finds out , she sends a group of ninja , including Naruto , to retrieve Sasuke , but Naruto is unable to persuade or force him to come back . Naruto and Sakura do not give up on Sasuke : Naruto leaves Konoha to receive training from Jiraiya to prepare himself for the next time he encounters Sasuke , while Sakura becomes Tsunade 's apprentice . Part II See also : List of Naruto chapters ( Part II , volumes 28 -- 48 ) and List of Naruto chapters ( Part II , volumes 49 -- 72 ) Two and a half years later , Naruto returns from his training with Jiraiya . The Akatsuki starts kidnapping the hosts of the powerful Tailed Beasts . Team 7 ( and other ninja ) fight against them and search for their teammate Sasuke . The Akatsuki succeeds in capturing and extracting seven of the Tailed Beasts , killing all the hosts except Gaara ( the host of the One - Tail ) who is resurrected by an Elder of the Sand village ( of which he is the new Kage ) at the cost of her life . Meanwhile , Sasuke betrays Orochimaru and faces Itachi to take revenge . After Itachi dies in battle , Sasuke learns from the Akatsuki founder Tobi that Itachi received an order from Konoha 's superiors to destroy his clan to prevent a coup rebellion . He accepted it on the condition that he would be allowed to leave Sasuke alive . Saddened by this revelation , Sasuke joins the Akatsuki to kill Konoha 's superiors and destroy Konoha in revenge . As Konoha ninjas defeat several Akatsuki members , the Akatsuki figurehead leader , Nagato , kills Jiraiya and devastates Konoha , but Naruto defeats and redeems him , earning the village 's respect and admiration . With Nagato 's eventual death , Tobi , disguised as Madara Uchiha ( one of Konoha 's founding fathers ) , announces that he wants to get all nine Tailed Beasts to perform an illusion powerful enough to control all humanity , to create world peace . The leaders of the five ninja villages refuse to help him and instead join forces to confront Tobi and his allies . That decision results in a fourth great ninja war between the combined armies of the Five Great Countries ( known as the Allied Shinobi Forces ) and Akatsuki 's forces of zombie - like ninjas . The Five Kage tries to keep Naruto , unaware of the war , in a secret island turtle near Kumogakure ( Hidden Cloud Village ) , but Naruto finds out and escapes from the island with Killer Bee , the host of the Eight - Tails . At that time , Naruto along with the help of Killer Bee gains control on is Tailed - beast and the two of them head for the battlefield . During the conflict , it is revealed that Tobi is Obito Uchiha , a former teammate of Kakashi 's who was thought to be dead . The real Madara saved Obito 's life , and they have since collaborated . As Sasuke learns the history of Konoha , including the circumstances that led to his clan 's downfall , he decides to protect the village and rejoins Naruto and Sakura to thwart Madara and Obito 's plans . However , Madara 's body ends up possessed by Kaguya Otsutsuki , an ancient princess who intends to subdue all humanity . A reformed Obito sacrifices himself to help Team 7 stop her . Once Kaguya is sealed , Madara dies as well . Sasuke takes advantage of the situation and takes control of all the Tailed Beasts , as he reveals his goal of ending the current village system . Naruto confronts Sasuke to dissuade him from his plan , and after they almost kill each other in a final battle , Sasuke admits defeat and reforms . After the war , Kakashi becomes the Sixth Hokage and pardons Sasuke for his crimes . Years later , Kakashi steps down while Naruto marries Hinata Hyuga and becomes the Seventh Hokage , raising the next generation . Production Development In 1995 , Shueisha released Karakuri , a one - shot manga by Masashi Kishimoto that earned an honorable mention in the Hop Step Award in 1996 . Kishimoto was unsatisfied with his subsequent drafts for a follow up , and decided to work on another project . The new project was originally going to feature Naruto as a chef , but this version never made it to print . Kishimoto originally wanted to make Naruto a child who could transform into a fox , so he created a one - shot of Naruto for the summer 1997 issue of Akamaru Jump based on the idea . Despite the positive feedback it received in a readers ' poll , Kishimoto was unhappy with the art and the story , so he rewrote it as a story about ninjas . The first eight chapters of Naruto were planned before it appeared in Weekly Shōnen Jump , and these chapters originally devoted many panels of intricate art to illustrating the Konoha village . By the time Naruto debuted , the background art was sparse , instead emphasizing the characters . Though Kishimoto had concerns that chakra ( the energy source used by the ninjas in Naruto ) made the series too Japanese , he still believed it is an enjoyable read . Kishimoto is a fan of Godzilla , and the tailed beasts mythology was introduced because Kishimoto wanted an excuse to draw monsters . He has said that the central theme in Part I of Naruto is how people accept each other , citing Naruto 's development across the series as an example . For Part II of the manga , Kishimoto tried to keep the panel layouts and the plot easy for the reader to follow , and avoid `` overdo ( ing ) the typical manga style '' . He considers that his drawing style has changed from `` the classic manga look to something a bit more realistic . '' Because of wishing to end the arc involving Sasuke Uchiha search for his brother , Itachi , in a single volume , Kishimoto decided that volume 43 should include more chapters than regular volumes . As a result , Kishimoto apologized to readers for this since volume 43 was more expensive than regular volumes . Characters Main article : List of Naruto characters When he created Naruto , Kishimoto looked to other shōnen manga as influences for his work and tried to make his characters unique , while basing the story on Japanese culture . The separation of the characters into different teams was intended to give each group a particular flavor . Kishimoto wanted each member to have a high level of aptitude in one skill and be talentless in another . He found it difficult to write about romance , but emphasized it more in Part II of the manga , beginning with volume 28 . He introduced villains into the story to have them act as a counterpoint to his characters ' moral values and clearly illustrate their differences . As a result of how the younger characters were significantly weaker than the villains , Kishimoto made the timeskip in order to have them age and become stronger during this time . Setting Main article : Ninja World Kishimoto made use of the Chinese zodiac tradition , which had a long - standing presence in Japan ; the zodiac hand signs originate from this . When Kishimoto was creating the primary setting of the Naruto manga , he concentrated initially on the designs for the village of Konoha . The idea of the setting came to him `` pretty spontaneously without much thought , '' but admits that the scenery became based on his home in the Japanese prefecture of Okayama prefecture . Since the storyline does not specify when it is set , he was able to include modern elements in the series such as convenience stores . He considered including automobiles , planes and simple computers , but excluded projectile weapons and vehicles from the plot . Conclusion When serialization began , Kishimoto decided the ending would feature a fight between two characters : Naruto and Sasuke , which would end with Naruto forgiving Sasuke as he had forgiven Nagato . Kishimoto chose Hinata Hyuga as Naruto 's romantic partner from the early stages of the manga , since Hinata had always respected and admired Naruto even before the series ' beginning , and Kishimoto felt this meant the two of them could build a relationship . This decision annoyed his wife because she wanted Naruto to marry Sakura Haruno , but Kishimoto viewed Sakura as Naruto 's friend and teammate , rather than a future wife . When Hinata first appeared , Kishimoto thought of forming a love triangle among the three characters , but because he decided that fighting was the main focus of the manga , there was little room for romantic plotlines . Media See also : List of Naruto media Manga Main article : List of Naruto volumes Naruto was published in Shueisha 's magazine , Weekly Shōnen Jump from September 21 , 1999 ( No. 43 ) , to November 10 , 2014 ( No. 50 ) . The manga was also published in tankōbon ( book ) form in Japan and other countries , releasing 72 volumes -- 27 for Part I , and the rest for Part II . The first 238 chapters are Part I and constitute the first section of the Naruto storyline . Chapters 239 to 244 include a gaiden ( side - story ) focusing on Kakashi Hatake 's background . The remaining chapters ( 245 to 700 ) belong to Part II , which continues the story after a two - and - a-half year gap in the internal timeline . The first tankōbon was released on March 3 , 2000 . Shueisha have also released several ani - manga tankōbon , each based on one of the Naruto movies , and has released the series in Japanese for cell - phone download on their website Shueisha Manga Capsule . A miniseries titled Naruto : The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring ( Naruto − ナルト − 外伝・七代目火影と緋色の花つ月 , Naruto Gaiden : Nanadaime Hokage to Akairo no Hanatsuzuki ) , centered on the main characters ' children , began serialization in the Japanese and English editions of Weekly Shōnen Jump on April 27 , 2015 , and ended after ten chapters on July 6 , 2015 . Naruto was scanlated ( translated by fans ) and available online before a licensed version was released in North America ; the rights were acquired by Viz Media , who began serializing Naruto in their anthology comic magazine Shonen Jump , starting with the January 2003 issue . The schedule was accelerated at the end of 2007 to catch up with the Japanese version , and again in early 2009 , with 11 volumes ( from 34 to 44 ) appearing in three months , after which it returned to a quarterly schedule . All 27 volumes of Part I were released in a boxed set on November 13 , 2007 . On May 3 , 2011 , Viz started selling the manga in an omnibus format with each book containing three volumes . As of March 31 , 2008 , the franchise has been licensed in 90 countries , and the manga serialized in 35 countries . Carlsen Comics has licensed the series , through its regional divisions , and released the series in German and Danish . The series is also licensed for regional language releases in French and Dutch by Kana , in Polish by Japonica Polonica Fantastica , in Russian by Comix - ART , in Finnish by Sangatsu Manga , in Swedish by Bonnier Carlsen , and Italian by Panini Comics . Spin - offs A spin - off comedy manga by Kenji Taira , titled Rock Lee no Seishun Full - Power Ninden ( ロック・リーの青春フルパワー忍伝 , Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals ) focuses on the character Rock Lee , a character who aspires to be strong as a ninja but has no magical jutsu abilities . It ran in Shueisha 's Saikyō Jump magazine from December 3 , 2010 , to July 4 , 2014 , and was made into an anime series , produced by Studio Pierrot , and premiering on TV Tokyo on April 3 , 2012 . Crunchyroll simulcasted the series ' premiere on their website and streamed the following episodes . Taira also wrote Uchiha Sasuke no Sharingan Den ( うちはサスケの写輪眼伝 , Sasuke Uchiha 's Sharingan Legend ) , which released on October 3 , 2014 , which runs in the same magazine and features Sasuke . A monthly sequel series titled Boruto : Naruto Next Generations began in the Japanese and English editions of Weekly Shōnen Jump in early 2016 , illustrated by Mikio Ikemoto and written by Ukyō Kodachi , with supervision by Kishimoto . Ikemoto was Kishimoto 's chief assistant during the run of the original Naruto series , and Kodachi was his writing partner for the Boruto : Naruto the Movie film screenplay . The monthly series was preceded by a one - shot written and illustrated by Kishimoto . The staff from Shueisha asked Kishimoto if he would write a sequel to Naruto . However , Kishimoto refused the offer and offered his former assistant Mikio Ikemoto and writer Ukyo Kodachi write Boruto : Naruto Next Generations as the sequel to Naruto . Anime Main article : List of Naruto episodes Tetsuya Nishio was the character designer for Naruto when the manga was adapted into an anime series ; Kishimoto had requested that Nishio be given this role . Directed by Hayato Date , and produced by Studio Pierrot and TV Tokyo , the Naruto anime premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo October 3 , 2002 , and concluded on February 8 , 2007 after 220 episodes . The first 135 episodes were adapted from Part I of the manga ; the remaining 85 episodes are original and use plot elements that are not in the manga . Beginning on April 29 , 2009 , the original Naruto anime began a rerun on Wednesdays and Thursdays ( until the fourth week of September 2009 when it changed to only Wednesdays ) . It was remastered in HD , with new 2D and 3D effects , under the name Naruto : Shōnen Hen ( 少年篇 , `` Youth Version '' ) . Episodes from the series have been released on both VHS and DVD , and collected as boxed sets . Viz licensed the anime series for broadcast and distribution in the Region 1 market . The English adaptation of the anime began airing on September 10 , 2005 and concluded on January 31 , 2009 , with 209 episodes aired on Cartoon Network 's Toonami in the United States . The episodes were also broadcast on SABC 2 ( South Africa ) , YTV 's Bionix ( Canada ) and Jetix 's ( United Kingdom ) programming blocks , and were released on DVD on March 28 , 2006 . The first 26 volumes contain four episodes ; later DVD volumes have five episodes . Uncut editions were released in DVD box sets , each containing 12 -- 15 episodes , with some variation based on story arcs . In the American broadcast , references to alcohol , Japanese culture , sexual innuendo , and the appearance of blood and death were sometimes edited but remained in the DVD editions . Other networks cut more material , for example Jetix censored scenes with blood , strong language , and smoking . The series was also licensed to Hulu , Joost , and Crunchyroll , which aired the episodes online with the original Japanese audio tracks and English subtitles . On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that an HD remaster version of the original Naruto television anime series would debut on Japanese TV on June 24 , starting with the show 's first episode . Naruto : Shippuden Main article : List of Naruto : Shippuden episodes Naruto : Shippuden ( Naruto - ナルト - 疾風伝 , Naruto Shippūden , lit . `` Naruto : Hurricane Chronicles '' ) , developed by Studio Pierrot and directed by Hayato Date , is the sequel to the original Naruto anime ; it corresponds to Part II of the manga . It debuted on Japanese TV on February 15 , 2007 , on TV Tokyo , and concluded on March 23 , 2017 . On January 8 , 2009 , TV Tokyo began broadcasting new episodes via internet streaming to monthly subscribers . Each streamed episode was available online within an hour of its Japanese release and includes English subtitles . Viz began streaming English subtitled episodes on January 2 , 2009 , on its series ' website , including episodes that had already been released as well as new episodes from Japan . In North America , the English dub of Naruto : Shippuden aired weekly on Disney XD from October 28 , 2009 , to November 5 , 2011 . Episodes 98 onward premiered uncut on Neon Alley , and on Toonami in January 5 , 2014 . The series was released on Region 2 DVD in Japan with four or five episodes per disk ; there are four series of DVD releases divided by story arc . There was a special feature included with the seventh Naruto : Shippuden compilation DVD called Hurricane ! `` Konoha Academy '' Chronicles . Kakashi Chronicles : Boys ' Life on the Battlefield ( カカシ外伝 ~ 戦場のボーイズライフ ~ , Kakashi Gaiden ~ Senjō no Bōizu Raifu ~ ) was released on December 16 , 2009 ; featuring episodes 119 -- 120 , the story revolves around Kakashi Hatake 's childhood . The first North American DVD of the series was released on September 29 , 2009 . Only the first 53 episodes were made available in this format before it ended with the 12th volume on August 10 , 2010 . Subsequent episodes were released as part of DVD boxed sets , beginning with the first season on January 26 , 2010 . In the United Kingdom , the series was licensed by Manga Entertainment who released the first DVD collection on June 14 , 2010 . Original video animations Eleven Naruto original video animations ( OVAs ) have been released . Find the Crimson Four - Leaf Clover ! ( 2003 ) . Follows Team 7 as they help Konohamaru with his mission to retrieve a four leaf clover that makes a wish come true . Mission : Protect the Waterfall Village ! ( 2004 ) . Team 7 are on a mission to escort a shinobi to his hometown . This and the previous OVA were later released on DVD in Australia under the title Naruto Jump Festa Collection . The English localization of Mission : Protect the Waterfall Village ! was released on DVD by Viz on May 22 , 2007 , in the USA under the title Naruto -- The Lost Story . Konoha Annual Sports Festival . ( 2004 ) Multiple groups of shinobi , including Team 7 , participate in a sports competition where the award is a week break from missions . A short video released with the first Naruto movie ; in North America , this was included on the Deluxe Edition DVD of the first film . Finally a clash ! Jonin VS Genin ! ! Indiscriminate grand melee tournament meeting ! ! ( 2005 ) Fifth Hokage Tsunade creates a competition between Jonin ( high level ninja ) and Genin ( low level ninja ) . Released on a bonus disk with the Japanese edition of the Naruto : Ultimate Ninja 3 video game for the PlayStation 2 . Shippū ! `` Konoha Gakuen '' Den ( 2008 ) . This OVA follows Naruto Uzumaki and his peers as they live their lives in high school . Naruto : The Cross Roads ( 2010 ) . Focuses on Team 7 after their encounter with Zabuza and Haku . Naruto , The Genie , and The Three Wishes ! ! ( 2010 ) . While Team 7 are at the beach , Naruto finds a bottle and opens it to find a genie who grants three wishes . Naruto x UT ( 2011 ) . Naruto is defeated by Sasuke and is pronounced dead ; the events leading to the combat are shown in flashback . Chūnin Exam on Fire ! Naruto vs. Konohamaru ! ( 2011 ) . Naruto and Konohamaru are participants in the Chunin Exams , and are matched with each other ; they fight with no limits . Naruto Shippūden : Sunny Side Battle ! ! ! ( 2014 ) . In his sleep , Sasuke dreams of his brother Itachi making him breakfast repeatedly until it is perfect . The Day Naruto Became Hokage ( 2016 ) . Naruto Uzumaki is officially the Seventh Hokage , but does not make it to the ceremony . Films The series was adapted into eleven films ; the first three correspond to the first anime series , and the remaining eight correspond to the second series . Dates in the list below are for the original Japanese release ; all the films were released in English , usually no more than three years later . Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow ( 2004 ) . Team 7 travels to the Land of Snow to protect the actors during the shooting of the new Princess Fuun movie . The fourth original video animation , Konoha Annual Sports Festival , was included with the Japanese release of the film . Legend of the Stone of Gelel ( 2005 ) . Naruto , Shikamaru , and Sakura go on a ninja mission involving them in a war between the Sunaga village and a large force of armored warriors . Unlike its predecessor , Legend of the Stone of Gelel did not have a theatrical release in the United States but was released in direct - to - video format instead . Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom ( 2006 ) . Naruto , Sakura , Lee , and Kakashi are assigned to protect the future prince of the Land of Moon , Hikaru Tsuki . Naruto Shippuden the Movie ( 2007 ) . Naruto goes on a mission to protect the priest Shion , who starts to have visions of his death . Naruto Shippuden the Movie : Bonds ( 2008 ) . Naruto and Sasuke join forces when ninja from the Sky Country attack Konoha . Naruto Shippuden the Movie : The Will of Fire ( 2009 ) . Team 7 works to prevent Kakashi from sacrificing himself to end a world war . Naruto Shippuden the Movie : The Lost Tower ( 2010 ) . Naruto is sent 20 years into the past as he explores a mystical tower to capture a rogue ninja , and discovers the Fourth Hokage , his father , alive in the timeline . Naruto the Movie : Blood Prison ( 2011 ) . Naruto is framed for attempted murder of the Raikage ; as he tries to break out of the prison , he discovers its secrets . Road to Ninja : Naruto the Movie ( 2012 ) . Naruto and Sakura are sent to an alternate universe by Tobi and discover the meaning of companionship and parenthood . The story planning and character designs were created by Masashi Kishimoto . The Last : Naruto the Movie ( 2014 ) . Naruto and his companions try to stop the moon from colliding with Earth . The film explains some loose ends involving the series ' mythology and focuses on Naruto and Hinata 's romantic relationship . The story and character designs were created by Masashi Kishimoto , who also served as chief story supervisor . Boruto : Naruto the Movie ( 2015 ) . The film focuses on the children of the main characters , mainly Boruto Uzumaki , who trains with his father 's rival Sasuke to surpass him . The story , screenplay and character designs were created by Masashi Kishimoto , who also served as chief production supervisor . In July 2015 , Lionsgate announced they were developing a live - action Naruto with Avi Arad through his production company Arad Productions , with Michael Gracey directing , and Erik Feig , Geoff Shaveitz , and Kelly O'Malley producing . On December 17 , 2016 , Kishimoto announced that he has been asked to help develop the movie . Novels Twenty - six Naruto light novels , the first nine written by Masatoshi Kusakabe , have been published in Japan . Of these , the first two have been released in English in North America . The first adapted novel , Naruto : Innocent Heart , Demonic Blood ( 2002 ) , retells a Team 7 mission in which they encounter the assassins Zabuza and Haku ; the second , Naruto : Mission : Protect the Waterfall Village ! ( 2003 ) was based on the second OVA of the anime . Viz has also published 16 chapter books written by Tracey West with illustrations from the manga . Unlike the series , these books were aimed at children ages seven to ten . Thirteen original novels have appeared in Japan ; eleven of these are part of a series , and the other two are independent novels unconnected to the series . The first independent novel , titled Naruto : Tales of a Gutsy Ninja ( 2009 ) , is presented as an in - universe novel written by Naruto 's master Jiraiya . It follows the adventures of a fictional shinobi named Naruto Musasabi , who served as Naruto 's namesake . The other independent novel , Naruto Jinraiden : The Day the Wolf Howled ( 2012 ) , is set shortly after Sasuke 's fight with Itachi . Itachi Shinden , which consists of two novels , and Sasuke Shinden , a single novel , both appeared in 2015 , and both were adapted into anime arcs in Naruto : Shippuden in 2016 , titled Naruto Shippūden : Itachi Shinden - hen : Hikari to Yami and Book of Sunrise respectively . Hiden is a series of six light novels published in 2015 that explores the stories of various characters after the ending of the manga . Music Toshio Masuda composed and arranged the Naruto soundtracks . Naruto Original Soundtrack was released on April 3 , 2003 , and contains 22 tracks used during the first season of the anime . This was followed by Naruto Original Soundtrack II , released on March 18 , 2004 , which includes 19 tracks . The third , Naruto Original Soundtrack III , was released on April 27 , 2005 , with 23 tracks . Two soundtracks containing all the opening and ending themes of the series , titled Naruto : Best Hit Collection and Naruto : Best Hit Collection II were released on November 17 , 2004 , and August 2 , 2006 . Eight tracks from the series were selected and released on a CD called Naruto in Rock - The Very Best Hit Collection Instrumental Version - released on December 19 , 2007 . Soundtracks for the three movies based on the first anime series were available for sale near their release dates . On October 12 , 2011 , a CD collecting the themes from Naruto Shōnen Hen was released . Various CD series were released with voice actors performing original episodes . The soundtracks of Naruto : Shippuden were produced by Yasuharu Takanashi ; they were titled Naruto Shippūden Original Soundtrack I , II , and III , and were released in 2007 , 2009 , and 2016 . Naruto All Stars , released in 2008 , consists of 10 original Naruto songs remixed and sung by characters from the series . Ten themes from the two anime series were collected in the DVD box Naruto Super Hits 2006 -- 2008 , which appeared in 2008 . Soundtracks from the Shippuden films have also been released , with the first one available in 2007 . A final one composed of the series is set to be released in late 2017 with Aniplex having started a survey of all Naruto and Naruto Shippuden themes to be included in the CD . Merchandise Video games Main article : List of Naruto video games Naruto video games have been released on various consoles by Nintendo , Sony , and Microsoft . Most of them are fighting games in which the player directly controls one of the characters from Naruto . The player pits their character against another character controlled by the game 's AI or by another player ; the object is to reduce the opponent 's health to zero using basic attacks as well as special techniques unique to each character derived from techniques they use in the Naruto anime or manga . The first Naruto video game was Naruto : Konoha Ninpōchō , which was released in Japan on March 27 , 2003 , for the WonderSwan Color . Most Naruto video games have been released only in Japan . The first games released outside of Japan were the Naruto : Gekitou Ninja Taisen series and the Naruto : Saikyou Ninja Daikesshu series , released in North America under the titles of Naruto : Clash of Ninja and Naruto : Ninja Council . In January 2012 , Namco Bandai announced they had sold 10 million Naruto games worldwide . Art and guidebooks Main article : List of Naruto supplemental material Three official artbooks based on the Naruto series have been released . The first two , titled Art Collection : Uzumaki , and Illustration Collection : Naruto , were released in Japan in 2004 and 2009 , with North American editions following in 2007 and 2010 respectively . The third artbook Illustration Collection : Naruto Uzumaki , was published in 2015 in Japan and later the same year in North America ; it contains artwork originally on Shonen Jump comic covers . It has no text except a brief commentary by Kishimoto about his favorite artworks . An interactive coloring book called Paint Jump : Art of Naruto was released in 2008 . An unreleased artbook titled Naruto Exhibition Official Guest Book by Masashi Kishimoto was given to those who attended the Naruto art exhibition at the Mori Art Museum on April 25 , 2015 . Four guidebooks titled First Official Data Book through Fourth Official Data Book have been released ; the first two cover Part I of the manga , and were released in 2002 and 2005 ; the third and fourth volumes appeared in 2008 and 2014 These books contain character profiles , Jutsu guides , and drafts by Kishimoto . For the anime , a series of guidebooks called Naruto Anime Profiles was released . These books contain information about the production of the anime episodes and explanations of the characters ' designs . A manga fan book titled Secret : Writings from the Warriors Official Fanbook appeared in 2002 , and another fan book was released to commemorate the series ' 10th anniversary , including illustrations of Naruto Uzumaki by other manga artists , a novel , Kishimoto 's one - shot titled Karakuri , and an interview between Kishimoto and Yoshihiro Togashi . Collectible card game Produced by Bandai , the Naruto Collectible Card Game was released in Japan in 2003 , and in North America in 2006 . The game is played between two players using a customized deck of fifty cards from the set , and a game mat . To win , a player must either earn ten `` battle rewards '' through their actions in the game or cause the other player to exhaust their deck . The cards were released in named sets called `` series , '' in the form of four 50 - card pre-constructed box sets . Each set includes a starter deck , the game mat , a turn - counter , and one stainless steel `` Ninja Blade Coin . '' Extra cards are available in 10 - card booster packs , and deck sets . Four box sets sold in retailers are available for each series . Cards for each set are available in collectible tins , containing several booster packs and exclusive promotional cards in a metal box . By October 2006 , seventeen series had been released in Japan with 417 unique cards . As of August 2008 , ten of these series had been released in North America . Commercial performance The manga has sold more than 220 million copies worldwide , making it the third best - selling manga series in history . More than half of the sales were in Japan , with the remaining sales from 35 other countries . It has become one of North American publisher Viz Media 's best - selling manga series ; their translation of the series appeared on USA Today and The New York Times bestseller lists several times , and volume seven of the manga won the Quill Award for graphic novel in 2006 . It was included in the fiction section of Teacher Librarian 's recommended list for 2008 , and School Library Journal described it as an essential manga for school libraries . Volume 28 of the manga reached 17th place in the USA Today Booklist in its first week of release in March 2008 , only two places short of the record for a manga , held by Fruits Basket . The volume had one of the biggest debut weeks of any manga in years , becoming the top - selling manga volume of 2008 and the second best - selling book in North America . In 2010 , Viz , the publisher , commented on the loyalty of readers , who reliably continued to buy the manga as the volume count went over 40 . In April 2007 , volume 14 earned Viz the Manga Trade Paperback of the Year Gem Award from Diamond Comic Distributors . The manga was nominated for Favorite Manga Series in Nickelodeon Magazine 's 2009 Comics Awards . In February 2015 , Asahi Shimbun announced that Naruto was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize , and the following month Kishimoto was the winner of Rookie of the Year for the series in the Japanese government 's Agency for Cultural Affairs 2014 Minister of Education , Culture , Sports , Science , and Technology Fine Arts Recommendation Awards . Responding to Naruto 's success , Kishimoto said in Naruto Collector Winter 2007 / 2008 that he was `` very glad that the American audience has accepted and understood ninja . It shows that the American audience has good taste ( ... ) because it means they can accept something previously unfamiliar to them . '' Naruto Shippuden has been ranked several times as one of the most watched series in Japan . The first DVD compilation released by Viz received a nomination from the American Anime Awards for best package design . Reception Manga Several reviewers commented on the balance between fight scenes and plot development ; A.E. Sparrow of IGN and Casey Brienza of Anime News Network ( ANN ) felt that the result was a strong storyline , but Carl Kimlinger , also writing for ANN , suggested that there were too many fights , which slowed down the plot . Kimlinger liked the character designs , and approved of the fight scenes themselves which also drew positive comments from Rik Spanjers , who felt that the excitement of the scenes depends on Kishimoto 's skill in depicting action . Javier Lugo , writing for Manga Life , agreed , describing the artwork as `` dramatic , exciting , and just right for the story he 's telling '' . The anime and manga magazine Neo described Naruto 's character as `` irksome '' , but considered that the series ' `` almost sickening addictiveness '' was due to the quality of the characterization , and in Briana Lawrence 's opinion the growth of the characters gave Part II an adult feel . In a review of volume 28 Brienza also praised Part II 's storyline and characterization , though she commented that not every volume reached a high level of quality . Gō Itō , a professor in the manga department of Tokyo Polytechnic University , compared the series ' development to the manga of Dragon Ball , saying that both manga present good illustrations of three - dimensional body movements that capture the characters ' martial arts very well . Gō felt readers could empathize with the characters in Naruto via their inner monologue during battles . The series also influenced the movie Scott Pilgrim vs. The World with director Edgar Wright saying he was inspired by how whenever there is a `` killer move '' in the manga , there is an impact in the background following any technique 's usage . There is an internet meme known as `` Naruto run '' based on the way the characters run leaning forward with their arms behind their backs . In September 2017 , students from the University of the Philippines Los Baños Perspective started covering publications of students running like Naruto characters . When the manga ended , multiple authors from the magazine expressed congratulations to Kishimoto 's work . Anime The Naruto anime was listed as the 38th best animated show in IGN 's Top 100 Animated Series . In September 2005 , Japanese television network TV Asahi broadcast a popularity poll based on a nationwide survey in which Naruto placed 17th . Mike Hale of The New York Times described the series as much better than American animation aimed at children , but the animation received some criticism from both the T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews critics : Christina Carpenter felt Kishimoto 's artistic style translated poorly into animation , and Derrick Tucker was also negative , though he felt that at their best , the depictions `` ( left ) little to be desired '' . As with the manga , some reviewers , such as Martin Theron of ANN , along with Tucker , felt there were too many fight scenes , though Justin Rich argued that the fight scenes were the most important and enjoyable element of the show . Carpenter also commented positively on the characters , though she felt that most were fairly stereotypical . Naruto : Shippuden was well - reviewed by Activeanime 's David C. Jones who commented that the animation had improved . ANN noted that the series has a more serious tone and a better balance between comedy and drama than the first anime series ; with more interesting digressions from the main plot . Although the pacing for the first episodes was criticised as slow , the delivery and development of the interactions between the characters received positive comments . Writing for the Los Angeles Times , Charles Solomon ranked Shippuden the third best anime on his `` Top 10 '' . Themes Amy Plumb argues that Kishimoto 's use of references to Japanese mythology in Naruto are intended to add further layers to the story . Kishimoto expects his readers to decode the references , which allows him to avoid direct explanations . One example is Itachi , who has three ninja techniques named after Shinto deities : Tsukiyomi , Amaterasu , and Susano - o . Plumb also cites Sasuke 's clan 's heraldic symbol , a fan known as an uchiwa . These fans are used in Japanese myths to exorcise evil , by blowing it away ; Sasuke discovers late in the series that he has the ability to `` blow away '' the influence of the Nine - Tailed Fox on Naruto . Foxes ( kitsune tsuki ) are tricksters in Japanese mythology , and in some stories they take over human bodies ; Plumb comments on the obvious similarities to the Nine - Tail sealed in Naruto , and the pranks Naruto plays . Christopher A. Born notes that the Naruto storyline contains traditional Confucian values , and suggests that students who analyse manga such as Naruto and Bleach will learn more about Confucianism than they would from studying its abstract ideas . Norman Melchor Robles Jr. evaluated the portrayal of both positive and negative ideas in Naruto by counting words in the script which were associated with either violence or positive values ; he found that a small majority of tagged words were violent , but commented that the portrayal of violence seemed organized to show how positive strategies on the part of the protagonists could overcome the violence . Sheuo Hui Gan considers the series to have a set of `` traditional ethical values . '' She also compares the treatment of alienation in Naruto , which Naruto overcomes by joining his society , to the portrayal of alienation in Akira and Neon Genesis Evangelion , where the main characters remain alienated . Naruto has been described by several critics as a coming - of - age story . Psychologist Lawrence C. Rubin suggests that the storylines would appeal to readers of any age who have lost loved ones , or are having difficulty finding friends , or who are in other situations shown in the series . In Yukari Fujimoto 's view , as the characters mature , they show respect to the adults who have raised and taught them , making it a conservative storyline in comparison to other manga of the same time period such as One Piece and Air Gear . Rik Spanjers sees the difference between Sasuke ( a loner ) and Naruto ( an optimist ) as tragic , arguing that the contrast between the two protagonists ' approach to the world is fundamental to the plot : `` Naruto 's strength grows as he gains more loved ones to protect , while Sasuke remains alone and is increasingly absorbed by his quest for revenge '' . Omote Tomoyuki points out that there are many comic moments in the story despite the difficulties Naruto finds himself in , but the comic elements diminish dramatically over time as Naruto grows into a teenager , particularly once Part II begins . Shōnen Jump began to carry comedies such as Gintama and Reborn ! from 2003 onwards , and in Tomoyuki 's view this is part of the reason for the change in emphasis : Naruto `` was not supposed to provide laughter anymore '' . Fujimoto argues that the story has overly traditional gender roles , noting `` ( ... ) its representations suggest that men are men and women are women and that they differ naturally regarding aptitude and vocation '' . For example , the girls initially outperform the boys in the Ninja Academy , but `` once the boys get serious , the girls can not keep pace '' . Fujimoto points out that this does not upset Sakura , who is now surpassed by Naruto . Character development based on female roles , when it does occur , again uses stereotypical roles : Tsunade , for example , a middle - aged woman with large breasts , is a clear mother figure , and when she teaches Sakura to be a medical ninja , which requires special skills possessed only by women , the story reinforces the idea that women only belong on the battlefield as healers . Tsunade herself , who is a figure of authority in Naruto , is portrayed as ridiculous in a way that men in the same position are not . Fujimoto suggests this presentation of women may explain why the female characters are often the most disliked characters among readers of the manga . Notes Jump up ^ Pseudonym for Toshiyuki Tsuru Jump up ^ Credited as シリーズディレクター ( Series Director ) Jump up ^ Credited as コンセプトワーク ( Conception Work ) Jump up ^ The host is known as a jinchuriki in the story . The secret that the fourth Hokage who sealed the beast in naruto is his father is revealed in Part II . It is a human being in the Ninja World who has a Tailed Beast inside of them . A Tailed Beast is a giant creature that contains a large amount of chakra ( energy ) inside of their bodies . Jump up ^ In Naruto , a jutsu is a skill or a technique involving supernatural abilities . Jump up ^ The Sharingan is a special ability of the eye that the Uchiha clan holds . The Sharingan can copy any type of jutsu , is able to see rapid movements and can cast an illusion on its victim and Sasuke being the last member of his clan as he holds the Sharingan . Jump up ^ He destroyed their clan and joined a criminal organization called Akatsuki . Jump up ^ The film is set two years after the conclusion of the manga . Jump up ^ The film is set fifteen years after the conclusion of the manga . References Jump up ^ `` The Official Website for Naruto '' . Viz Media . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . Naruto , Volume 16 . Viz Media . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1090 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2013 ) . NARUTO - ナルト - 名言集絆 - KIZUNA - 天ノ巻 ( Naruto Kizuna : The Words That Bind -- Scroll of Heaven ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . pp. 188 -- 195 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 720681 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` SJ Runs Yu - Gi - Oh 's End , Slam Dunk 's Debut , Naruto 's Origin '' . Anime News Network . May 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gan , Sheuo Hui ( 2013 ) . `` Auteur and Anime as Seen in the Naruto TV Series '' . In Berndt , Jacqueline ; Kümmerling - Meibauer , Bettina . Manga 's Cultural Crossroads . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 10283 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naruto : Page 68 '' . Shonen Jump Special Collector Edition ( Free Collector 's Edition ) . Viz Media ( 00 ) : 68 . 2005 . ISSN 1545 - 7818 . Jump up ^ `` Farewell , Naruto : The Curtain Closes on the World 's Best - Loved Ninja '' . Nippon Communications Foundation . December 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2005 ) . NARUTO ― ナルト ― ( 秘伝・闘の書 ) ( Naruto : The Second Official Character Data Book ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . pp. 310 -- 311 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873734 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naruto : Volume 7 '' . Shonen Jump . Viz Media . 7 ( 11 # 83 ) : 16 -- 17 . November 2009 . ISSN 1545 - 7818 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2008 ) . Naruto , Volume 43 . Viz Media . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2929 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . Uzumaki : the Art of Naruto . Viz Media . p. 138 . ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1407 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . Uzumaki : the Art of Naruto . Viz Media . p. 141 . ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1407 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( 2007 ) . Uzumaki : the Art of Naruto . Viz Media . p. 142 . ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1407 - 9 . Jump up ^ 漫道コバヤシ第 13 号「 NARUTO 完結 ! 岸本斉史 SP 」 ( Kobayashi No. 13 ' Completion of Naruto ! Masashi Kishimoto SP ' ) ( in Japanese ) . Fuji Television . 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Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( イベント ) 「週刊少年ジャンプ」読者招待制音楽イベント「 NARUTO THE LIVE vol. 0 」、 4 月 11 日 ( 土 ) に東京国際フォーラムにて開催 ! 出演アーティスト第 1 弾を発表 ! '' ( ( Event ) `` Weekly Shonen Jump '' Readers ' invitation music event `` NARUTO THE LIVE vol. 0 '' will be held at the Tokyo International Forum on Saturday , April 11 ! Announced the first stage of casting artists ! ) . Music Lounge ( in Japanese ) . February 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto 28 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Naruto Ani - Manga : Books '' . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NARUTO -- ナルト -- '' ( Naruto ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2009 . 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Comix - ART . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto '' . Tokio.fi ( in Finnish ) . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Masashi Kishimoto - Bonnier Carlsen Förlag '' ( in Swedish ) . Bonnier Carlsen . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strignano , Roberto ( September 17 , 2016 ) . `` PLANET MANGA : Le novità di Novembre per NARUTO '' ( PLANET MANGA : What 's new in November for NARUTO ) . MangaForever.net ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shueisha to Launch Super Strong Jump Mag for Kids '' . Anime News Network . November 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Spin - Off : Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals Manga to End '' . Anime News Network . June 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pierrot 's Naruto : Rock Lee Anime Slated for Bleach 's Timeslot '' . Anime News Network . 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Anime News Network . November 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Disney XD schedule '' . toonzone.com . December 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` VIZ Media 's Neon Alley Begins a New Era for Digital Anime and Delivers the Best in Free Dynamic Programming '' . Anime News Network . April 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Debuts on Adult Swim 's Toonami This Sunday 1 / 5 at 12 : 30AM '' . Anime News Network . January 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto - ナルト - 疾風伝五影集結の章 1 DVD '' ( Naruto -- Shippuden Shinjo Congregation Chapter 1 DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto - ナルト - 疾風伝風影奪還の章 7 '' ( Naruto -- Shippuden Windscape Retreat Chapter 7 ) ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Kakashi Gaiden -- Senjo no Boys ' Life w / CD , Limited Edition '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 1 '' . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Vol. 12 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden , Box Set 1 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Box Set 1 DVD '' . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naruto Jump Festa Collection '' . Madman.com.au . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto OVA '' . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto The Movie : Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow ( Deluxe Edition ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto - ナルト - ナルティメットヒーロー 3 '' ( Naruto -- Narutimate Hero 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 風影奪還の章 TV DVD NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風伝アニプレックス '' ( Chapter of the Temporary Recovery TV DVD NARUTO -- Naruto -- Shippuden Aniplex ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto , Toriko , One Piece Event Anime Shorts Streamed '' . Anime News Network . November 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場版 NARUTO ナルトそよ風伝ナルトと魔神と 3 つのお願いだってばよ ! ! : 作品情報 - 映画. com '' ( Naruto theatrical version Naruto breeze and the devil and three wishings ! ! : Work information -- Eiga.com ) ( in Japanese ) . Eiga . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` News : Naruto Anime DVD Offered at Uniqlo T - Shirt Stores '' . Anime News Network . December 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 炎の中忍試験 ! ナルト VS 木ノ葉丸 ! ! '' ( Naruto test of fire ! Naruto vs. Konoha Maru ! ! ) . シネマトゥデイ ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Ultimate Ninja Storm Revolution to Bundle Anime '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BORUTO - NARUTO THE MOVIE - 劇場版 DVD NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風伝アニプレックス '' ( BORUTO - NARUTO THE MOVIE - Theatrical Version DVD NARUTO - Naruto Shippuden Aniplex ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Yearly Box Office 2004 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Yearly Box Office 2005 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto the Movie 2 : Legend of the Stone of Gelel '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Yearly Box Office 2006 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Yearly Box Office 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newest Naruto Movie Named , Dated : Kizuna on August 2 '' . Anime News Network . April 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto10th '' ( in Japanese ) . Naruto 10th anniversary website . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newest Naruto Movie Named , Dated : Kizuna on August 2 '' . Anime News Network . December 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Naruto Shippuuden Movie Titled , Dated '' . Animekon . March 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Road to Ninja Film 's Story , Designs Penned by Kishimoto '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Last - Naruto The Movie - ( 2014 ) '' . www.allcinema.net ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boruto : - Naruto The Movie - ( 仮 ) '' . www.toho.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Toho Co. , Ltd . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Naruto Movie Titled ' The Last , ' Slated for December 6 '' . Anime News Network . July 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boruto - Naruto the Movie - Story Teased '' . Anime News Network . May 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Drew ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` Lionsgate Ramping ' Naruto ' Movie with Michael Gracey '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Naruto Live - Action Hollywood Film Confirmed , Creator Involved With Project '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naruto -- ライトノベル / コミック・ラノベ・ BL : 本 '' ( Naruto -- Light Novel / Comic Ranove / BL : Book ) . Amazon.co.jp . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Innocent Heart , Demonic Blood ( Novel ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NARUTO ― ナルト ― 白の童子、血風の鬼人 '' ( Naruto -- white childish child , demon of blood style ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto : Mission : Protect the Waterfall Village ! ( Novel ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NARUTO ― ナルト ― 滝隠れの死闘オレが英雄だってばよ '' ( NARUTO -- Naruto Falls Hidden death fight I am a hero ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viz to Ship Anniversary Shonen Jump , Naruto Kids ' Novels '' . Anime News Network . June 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NARUTO ― ナルト ― ド根性忍伝 '' ( NARUTO -- Naruto the gutsy ninja ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NARUTO ― ナルト ― 迅雷伝狼の哭く日 '' ( Naruto Jinraiden : The Day the Wolf Howled ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Itachi Shinden Spinoff Novels Get TV Anime Adaptation in Spring 2016 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J - World Tokyo Hosts Event For Naruto : Sasuke Shinden Novel , Previews Anime Visual '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contents of Naruto Epilogue Novels Unveiled '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto -- Original Soundtrack '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto -- Original Soundtrack II '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto -- Original Soundtrack III '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto -- Best Hit Collection Regular Edition '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto -- Best Hit Collection 2 w / DVD , Limited Pressing '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto in Rock - The Very Best Hit Collection Instrumental Version - '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Feature Naruto -- Daikatsugeki ! Yukihime Ninpocho Dattebayo ! ! -- Original Soundtrack '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Feature Naruto Daigekitotsu ! Maboroshi no Chitei Iseki Dattebayo -- Original Soundtrack '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Naruto Daikofun ! Mikazukito no Animal Sodo Dattebayo Original Soundtrack '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JAPAN ANIMESONG COLLECTION SPECIAL 「 Naruto - ナルト - 少年篇」 '' ( JAPAN ANIMESONG COLLECTION SPECIAL 「 Naruto - ナルト - Shonen Hen 」 ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Drama CD Series Vol. 1 '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Original Soundtrack '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Original Soundtrack II '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Original Soundtrack III NARUTO CD Album '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto All Stars '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CD '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden The Movie Original Soundtrack '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Naruto Shippuden Kizuna Original Soundtrack '' . CDJapan . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Final Best '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Torres , Ricardo ( February 24 , 2006 ) . `` Naruto : Clash of Ninja Updated Hands - On '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpot : Naruto : Konoha Ninpouchou '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump 's Naruto Coming to North America ! '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IGN : Naruto : Ninja Council '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Million Naruto Games Shipped '' . Anime News Network . January 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Art of Naruto : Uzumaki '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NARUTO ― ナルト ― 岸本斉史画集 UZUMAKI '' ( NARUTO -- Masashi Kishimoto art book UZUMAKI ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto - ナルト - イラスト集 Naruto '' ( Naruto -- Illustration Collection Naruto ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto : The Official Character Data Book '' . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` イラスト集 UZUMAKI NARUTO '' ( Illustration Collection : Naruto Uzumaki ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uzumaki Naruto : Illustrations '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uzumaki Naruto Illustrations '' . Internet Bookwatch . Midwest Book Review . February 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paint Jump Art of Naruto '' ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bassel , Casey ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Naruto art exhibition coming to Tokyo and Osaka with free , new manga for all attendees '' . Japan Today . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NARUTO ― ナルト ― ( 秘伝・臨の書 ) '' ( NARUTO -- Naruto ( Book of secrets clinic ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NARUTO ― ナルト ― ( 秘伝・闘の書 ) '' ( NARUTO -- Naruto ( Book of secret fighting ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NARUTO ― ナルト ― ( 秘伝・者の書 ) '' ( Naruto ( Secret Letter / Person 's Book ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto : The Official Character Data Book '' . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Media -- products . Naruto : Anime Profiles '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NARUTO ― ナルト ― ( 秘伝・兵の書 ) '' ( NARUTO -- Naruto ( Book of secret militia ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto - ナルト - 秘伝・皆の書オフィシャルプレミアムファ '' ( Naruto -- Secrets Everyone 's Official Official Premium Fanbook ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naruto - ナルト - カードゲーム '' ( Naruto card game ) ( in Japanese ) . Bandai . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series # 1 : The Path to Hokage '' . Bandai . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Rule Book '' ( PDF ) . Bandai. 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Naruto : Secret of the Masters Tin : Naruto Uzumaki & Jiraiya '' . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Series # 10 : Lineage of the Legends '' . Bandai . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masashi Kishimoto at New York Comic - con : Part II -- An Evening with Masashi Kishimoto '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Box Set 1 : Volumes 1 -- 27 with Premium '' . Amazon.com , Inc . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huang , Cheng - Wen ; Archer , Arlene ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Fluidity of modes in the translation of manga : the case of Kishimoto 's Naruto '' . Visual Communication . 13 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 486 . doi : 10.1177 / 1470357214541746 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Wins 2006 Quill Award '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The best , notable , and recommended from 2008 '' . Teacher Librarian . EL Kurdyla Publishing LLC. 36 ( 4 ) : 8 ( 14 ) . April 1 , 2009 . ISSN 1481 - 1782 . Jump up ^ Lipinski , Andrea ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Manga 101 : a primer that will turn you into an otaku ( fan ) '' . School Library Journal . Library Journals , LLC. 61 ( 6 ) : 38 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0362 - 8930 . Jump up ^ `` USA Today Booklist , March 3 -- 9 : Highest - Ranking Naruto '' . Anime News Network . March 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Bookstore Graphic Novels of 2008 '' . ICv2 . January 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BookScan 's Top 20 Graphic Novels for March '' . ICv2 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Viz 's Gonzalo Ferreyra , Part 1 '' . ICv2 . January 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Wins Two 2007 Gem Manga Awards from Diamond '' . Anime News Network . April 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Wins Nickelodeon Mag 's Favorite Manga Award '' . Anime News Network . March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Nominees Announced '' . Anime News Network . March 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Masashi Kishimoto Wins ' Rookie of the Year ' Award for Naruto '' . Anime News Network . March 14 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Anniversary : The Masashi Kishimoto Files '' . Shonen Jump . Viz Media . 7 ( 11 ) . November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , April 9 -- 15 '' . Anime News Network . April 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , September 22 -- 28 '' . Anime News Network . October 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( February 13 , 2007 ) . `` NYCC 07 : Viz Anime Dominates Award Noms '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brienza , Casey ( August 7 , 2008 ) . `` Naruto GN 28 Review '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sparrow , A.E. ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Naruto Vol. 13 Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kimlinger , Carl ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Naruto GN 8 -- 10 -- Review '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lugo , Javier . `` Naruto v. 14 Review '' . Mangalife.com . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Nik ( September 2006 ) . `` Naruto Vol. 1 : Unleashed '' . Neo ( 23 ) . United Kingdom : Uncooked Media . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISSN 1744 - 9596 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Briana ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Naruto Vol. # 28 review '' . Mania Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Itō , Gō ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Particularities of boys ' manga in the early 21st century : How NARUTO differs from DRAGON BALL '' . In Berndt , Jacqueline . Intercultural crossovers , transcultural flows manga / comics ( PDF ) . Global Manga Studies , vol. 2 . Kyoto Seika University International Manga Research Center . pp. 9 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 905187 - 06 - 6 . OCLC 962747377 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 12 Strange Origin Stories Behind Famous Movies And Shows '' . Cracked . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayle , Alfred ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : ' Naruto Run ' gets UPLB students running like ninjas '' . Iquirer . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump Manga Creators Also Send Off Naruto With Comments '' . Anime News Network . November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 38 . Naruto '' . IGN . January 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Asahi Top 100 Anime '' . Anime News Network . September 23 , 2005 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Just Watch Out for the Fox Demon in the Ninja 's Body '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Christina . `` THEM Anime Reviews 4.0 -- Naruto '' . T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Derrick . `` THEM Anime Reviews 4.0 -- Naruto -- Second Opinion '' . T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Theron , Martin ( February 29 , 2008 ) . `` Naruto DVD -- Uncut DVD Box Set 6 -- Review '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich , Justin ( August 7 , 2007 ) . `` Disc Reviews > > Naruto Box Set 04 ( also w / special edition ) '' . Mania.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David C. , Jones ( October 25 , 2009 ) . `` Naruto SHIPPUDEN VOL. 2 ( ADVANCE REVIEW ) '' . Activeanime . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimlinger , Carl ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` Naruto Shippuden DVD 1 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimlinger , Carl ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Naruto Shippūden DVD Box Set 5 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimlinger , Carl ( December 12 , 2010 ) . `` Naruto Shippūden DVD Box Set 4 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Naruto : Shippuden Box Set 04 ( also w / LE ) '' . Mania Entertainment . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` Anime Top 10 : ' Evangelion , ' ' Fullmetal Alchemist ' lead 2010s best '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Amy ( 2010 ) . `` Japanese Religion , Mythology , and the Supernatural in Anime and Manga '' . The International Journal of the Humanities. 8 ( 5 ) : 237 -- 246 . ISSN 1447 - 9508 . Jump up ^ Born , Christopher A. ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` In the Footsteps of the Master : Confucian Values in Anime and Manga '' . ASIANetwork Exchange : A Journal for Asian Studies in the Liberal Arts . 17 ( 2 ) : 39 -- 53 . doi : 10.16995 / ane. 206 . Jump up ^ Pena , Norman Melchor Robles Jr. ( 2013 ) . Drummond , Phillip , ed . Violence and Values in the Japanese Manga Naruto ( PDF ) . London : The London Film and Media Reader 1 . pp. 406 -- 417 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9573631 - 3 - 7 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Gan , Sheuo Hui ( 2013 ) . `` Auteur and Anime as Seen in the Naruto TV Series '' . In Berndt , Jacqueline ; Kümmerling - Meibauer , Bettina . Manga 's Cultural Crossroads . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . pp. 238 -- 239 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 10283 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Lawrence C. ( 2008 ) . `` Big Heroes on the Small Screen : Naruto and the Struggle Within '' . Popular Culture in Counseling , Psychotherapy , and Play - Based Interventions . Springer Pub . pp. 232 -- 234 . ISBN 0 - 8261 - 0118 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Fujimoto , Yukari ( 2013 ) . `` Women in Naruto , Women Reading Naruto '' . In Berndt , Jacqueline ; Kümmerling - Meibauer , Bettina . Manga 's Cultural Crossroads . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . pp. 172 -- 175 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 10283 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Spanjers , Rik ( 2013 ) . `` Naruto '' . In Beaty , Bart H. ; Weiner , Stephen . Critical Survey of Graphic Novels : Manga . Ipswich , Mass. : Salem Press . pp. 215 -- 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 955 - 3 -- via EBSCOhost . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Tomoyuki , Omote ( 2013 ) . `` Naruto as a Typical Weekly Magazine Manga '' . In Berndt , Jacqueline ; Kümmerling - Meibauer , Bettina . Manga 's Cultural Crossroads . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . pp. 167 -- 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 10283 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fujimoto , Yukari ( 2013 ) . `` Women in Naruto , Women Reading Naruto '' . In Berndt , Jacqueline ; Kümmerling - Meibauer , Bettina . Manga 's Cultural Crossroads . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . pp. 175 -- 177 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 10283 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naruto . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Naruto Official website Official Madman Entertainment Naruto website Official Studio Pierrot Naruto website ( in Japanese ) Official TV Tokyo Naruto website ( in Japanese ) Official TV Tokyo Naruto : Shippūden website ( in Japanese ) Naruto ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Naruto by Masashi Kishimoto Media Volumes Part I Part II , volumes 28 -- 48 Part II , volumes 49 -- 72 Naruto episodes Season 1 5 Shippuden episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals episodes The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring Boruto : Naruto Next Generations Mikio Ikemoto Boruto episodes Films Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow Legend of the Stone of Gelel Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom Shippuden Bonds The Will of Fire The Lost Tower Blood Prison Road to Ninja The Last Boruto Video games Clash of Ninja series Clash of Ninja Ninja Council series The New Era Ultimate Ninja series Generations Revolution Rise of a Ninja The Broken Bond Naruto Shippuden : Legends : Akatsuki Rising Characters Naruto Uzumaki Sasuke Uchiha Sakura Haruno Kakashi Hatake Gaara Rock Lee Shikamaru Nara Hinata Hyuga Orochimaru Jiraiya Itachi Uchiha Boruto Uzumaki Sarada Uchiha Mitsuki Related Jutsu Ninja World Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars Battle Stadium D.O.N J - Stars Victory VS Weekly Shōnen Jump : 1990 -- 1999 Hana no Keiji Shin Jungle King Tar - chan Slam Dunk Yu Yu Hakusho Diamond Is Unbreakable Kyūkyoku ! ! Hentai Kamen Ninku Tottemo ! Luckyman DNA2 Hell Teacher Nūbē Bomber Girl Captain Tsubasa : World Youth Rurouni Kenshin Midori no Makibaō 1995 Karakurizōshi Ayatsuri Sakon Shadow Lady Level E Sexy Commando Gaiden : Sugoi yo ! ! Masaru - san Vento Aureo Hoshin Engi Yu - Gi - Oh ! 1997 Butsu Zone I `` s Seikimatsu Leader den Takeshi ! One Piece Cowa ! 1998 Rookies Whistle ! Hunter × Hunter Shaman King Kajika 1999 Hikaru no Go The Prince of Tennis Zombiepowder . Naruto Works of Pierrot Television series The Wonderful Adventures of Nils ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Miss Machiko ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Urusei Yatsura ( 1981 -- 1984 ) The Mysterious Cities of Gold ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Mrs. Pepper Pot ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Creamy Mami , the Magic Angel ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Chikkun Takkun ( 1984 ) Persia , the Magic Fairy ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Star Musketeer Bismarck / Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs ( 1984 -- 1985 / 1987 -- 1988 ) Magical Emi , the Magic Star ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ninja Senshi Tobikage ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Pastel Yumi , the Magic Idol ( 1986 ) Anmitsu Hime : From Amakara Castle ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Ganbare , Kickers ! ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Kimagure Orange Road ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Norakuro - kun ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Osomatsu - kun ( 1988 -- 1989 ) The Burning Wild Man ( 1988 ) Magical Hat ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Heisei Genius Bakabon ( 1990 ) Eight Factor ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Musashi , the Samurai Lord ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Clown Monkey Patch ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Tasuke , the Samurai Cop ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Chiisana Obake Acchi , Kocchi , Socchi ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Chokkaku , the Stubborn Samurai Boy ( 1991 ) Marude Dameo ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Cho Tsushin Boy Mao ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Yu Yu Hakusho ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Shima Shima Tora no Shimajirō ( 1993 -- 2008 ) Chō Kuse ni Narisō ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Tottemo ! Luckyman ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Eight Factor ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Ninku ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Fushigi Yûgi ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Crush Cyborg ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Midori no Makibaō ( 1996 -- 1997 ) First Human Gon ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Baby & Me ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Victory Captain ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Hyper Police ( 1997 ) Clamp School Detectives ( 1997 ) Flame of Recca ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Takoyaki Mantoman ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fancy Lala ( 1998 ) Neo Ranga ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Shogun Recuts ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Shaorin ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Dokkiri Doctor ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Yoiko ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Mio the Cashier ( 1999 ) Microman , The Little Giant ( 1999 ) Shogun Recuts ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Power Stone ( 1999 ) I 'm Gonna Be An Angel ! ( 1999 ) Cho Omo Hatsumei Idol ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Great Teacher Onizuka ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Rerere no Tensai Bakabon ( 1999 -- 2000 ) OH ! Super Milk Chan ( 2000 ) Gensomaden Saiyuki ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Ceres , Celestial Legend ( 2000 ) Super Legend Web ( 2000 ) Ghost Stories ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Super Gals ! Kotobuki Ran ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Kaze no Yojimbo ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Hikaru no Go ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Kogepan ( 2001 ) Tokyo Underground ( 2002 ) Mythical Jigsaw ( 2002 ) Tokyo Mew Mew ( 2002 -- 2003 ) The Twelve Kingdoms ( 2002 -- 2003 ) PiNMeN ( 2002 ) Eight Factor ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Naruto ( 2002 -- 2007 ) E 's Otherwise ( 2003 ) Detective School Q ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Saiyuki ReLoad ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Hikaru no Go : New Year Special ( 2004 ) Saiyuki ReLoad GunLock ( 2004 ) Midori Days ( 2004 ) Gachi e Hohoemi ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Bleach ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Emma - A Victorian Romance ( 2005 ) Sugar Sugar Rune ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Naruto : Shippuden ( 2007 -- 2017 ) Blue Dragon ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Chess the Champion ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Blue Dragon : Trials of the Seven Shadows ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Hakken Taiken Daisuki ! Shimajirō ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Hanasakeru Seishōnen ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Tegami Bachi ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Yumeiro Patissiere ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Shimajirō Hesoka ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tegami Bachi Reverse ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Yumeiro Patissiere SP Professional ( 2010 ) Beelzebub ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Level E ( 2011 ) Naruto : Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Shirokuma Cafe ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Kingdom ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Gaist Crusher ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Baby Steps ( 2014 -- 2015 ) The World Is Still Beautiful ( 2014 ) Sabagebu ! ( 2014 ) Tokyo Ghoul ( 2014 ) Yona of the Dawn ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Tokyo Ghoul √ A ( 2015 ) Re-Kan ! ( 2015 ) Mr. Osomatsu ( 2015 -- present ) Divine Gate ( 2016 ) Twin Star Exorcists ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Onigiri ( 2016 ) The Morose Mononokean ( 2016 ) Puzzle & Dragons X ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Tsukiuta . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the order of the naruto shows	[ "Naruto: Shippuden (Naruto -ナルト- 疾風伝, Naruto Shippūden, lit. \"Naruto: Hurricane Chronicles\"), developed by Studio Pierrot and directed by Hayato Date, is the sequel to the original Naruto anime; it corresponds to Part II of the manga.[74] It debuted on Japanese TV on February 15, 2007, on TV Tokyo, and concluded on March 23, 2017.[75][76] On January 8, 2009, TV Tokyo began broadcasting new episodes via internet streaming to monthly subscribers. Each streamed episode was available online within an hour of its Japanese release and includes English subtitles.[77] Viz began streaming English subtitled episodes on January 2, 2009, on its series' website, including episodes that had already been released as well as new episodes from Japan.[78] In North America, the English dub of Naruto: Shippuden aired weekly on Disney XD from October 28, 2009, to November 5, 2011.[79] Episodes 98 onward premiered uncut on Neon Alley,[80] and on Toonami in January 5, 2014.[81]", "Naruto: Shippuden (Naruto -ナルト- 疾風伝, Naruto Shippūden, lit. \"Naruto: Hurricane Chronicles\"), developed by Studio Pierrot and directed by Hayato Date, is the sequel to the original Naruto anime; it corresponds to Part II of the manga.[74] It debuted on Japanese TV on February 15, 2007, on TV Tokyo, and concluded on March 23, 2017.[75][76] On January 8, 2009, TV Tokyo began broadcasting new episodes via internet streaming to monthly subscribers. Each streamed episode was available online within an hour of its Japanese release and includes English subtitles.[77] Viz began streaming English subtitled episodes on January 2, 2009, on its series' website, including episodes that had already been released as well as new episodes from Japan.[78] In North America, the English dub of Naruto: Shippuden aired weekly on Disney XD from October 28, 2009, to November 5, 2011.[79] Episodes 98 onward premiered uncut on Neon Alley,[80] and on Toonami in January 5, 2014.[81]" ]	[ "Naruto", "Naruto: Shippuden" ]

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