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Clan Fleming
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Clan Fleming - wikipedia Clan Fleming Clan Fleming Crest : A goat 's head erased Argent , armed Or Motto Let The Deed Shaw Profile Region Lanarkshire Plant badge None Clan Fleming has no chief , and is an armigerous clan Historic seat Cumbernauld Castle Last Chief Charles Fleming , The 7th Earl of Wigtown 1747 show Allied clans Clan Douglas show Rival clans Clan Tweedie Clan Fleming is a Scottish clan and is officially recognized as such by the Lord Lyon King of Arms . However , as the clan does not currently have a chief that is recognized by the Lord Lyon King of Arms it is therefore considered an armigerous clan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins of the clan 1.2 Wars of Scottish Independence 1.3 15th century 1.4 16th century 1.5 17th century 1.6 18th century and Jacobite risings 1.7 Modern history 2 Clan castles 3 References History ( edit ) Origins of the Clan ( edit ) The surname Fleming is derived from the French , le Fleming , which indicates that the family originated in Flanders . The once powerful medieval principality of Flanders is now split between Belgium , the Netherlands and France . During the latter part of the twelfth century the Flemish were enterprising merchants who traded with England , Scotland and Wales . A distinguished Flemish leader named Baldwin settled with his followers in Biggar , South Lanarkshire under a grant of David I of Scotland . Baldwin became Sheriff of Lanark under Malcolm IV of Scotland and William the Lion and this office appears to have been hereditary for some time . Wars of Scottish independence ( edit ) In 1296 nine Flemings signed the Ragman Rolls swearing fealty to Edward I of England . However , one of the signatories was Sir Robert Fleming who was one of the first people to join Robert the Bruce after the death of the Comyn in 1306 . In 1342 Sir Malcolm Fleming of Cumbernauld was created Earl of Wigtown by David II of Scotland for helping to keep him safe from Edward Balliol and the English . In 1371 Sir Malcolm 's grandson , Thomas Fleming , sold the earldom to Archibald Douglas , Lord of Galloway and this was confirmed by Robert II of Scotland . 15th century ( edit ) Sir Malcolm Fleming of Biggar and Cumbernauld was knighted by Robert III of Scotland . In 1423 he was one of the hostages used for the release of James I of Scotland from the captivity of the English . This Sir Malcolm Fleming was a counsellor and friend of William Douglas , 6th Earl of Douglas and was a member of the party that went to Edinburgh Castle with Douglas , on the invitation Governor Livingstone and Chancellor Crichton in November 1440 , where Douglas , his brother David and Fleming were arrested , briefly tried and then beheaded . As a result , his younger son , Sir Robert Fleming , forfeited the lands that had been returned to him by James II of Scotland because his father had died at the faith and peace of His Majesty . Sir Robert Fleming was created a Lord of Parliament before 1460 . 16th century ( edit ) Sir Robert 's grandson , John Fleming , 2nd Lord Fleming , was appointed as a guardian to James V of Scotland during the king 's infancy in July 1515 . In 1517 John became Chancellor of Scotland . However while he was out hawking on 1 November 1524 , he was assassinated by John Tweedie of Drummelzier ( chief of Clan Tweedie ) and others . Malcolm Fleming , 3rd Lord Fleming was Great Chamberlain of Scotland and married Lady Janet Stewart , daughter of James IV of Scotland . This Malcolm Fleming was killed at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 . In 1548 James Fleming , 4th Lord Fleming accompanied the young Mary , Queen of Scots to France where she married the heir to the throne . He was Great Chamberlain of Scotland for life and was one of eight commissioners to the royal wedding in 1558 . However he died of suspected poisoning two weeks later in Paris . 17th century ( edit ) In 1606 John the sixth Lord Fleming was recreated Earl of Wigtown . 18th century and Jacobite risings ( edit ) The Clan Fleming were Jacobites and the 6th earl attended James II of England and VII of Scotland after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 . Fleming opposed the Treaty of Union and voted against every article in the Parliament of 1706 . During the Jacobite rising of 1715 he was arrested by the governor of Edinburgh Castle . Charles Fleming had succeeded his brother as the earl but when he died in 1747 the title became dormant . Modern history ( edit ) According to the Collins Scottish Clan and Family Encyclopedia , Alexander Fleming who discovered Penicillin is the most distinguished bearer of the name in recent times . Clan castles ( edit ) The ruins of Boghall Castle Castles that have been owned by the Clan Fleming include amongst many others : Biggar Castle , which was on the High Street of Biggar , South Lanarkshire was once a strong castle that dates from the thirteenth century . Nothing now survives of the castle which was long held by the Flemings who were descended from Baldwin of Biggar . They moved to Boghall Castle in the fourteenth century . Boghall Castle , on the south side of Biggar , Lanarkshire , mostly dates from the sixteenth century although there was an older stronghold on the site . Two D shaped towers survive but the rest is ruinous . Edward II of England stayed at Boghall in 1310 . Cumbernauld Castle in Cumbernauld , central Scotland , was a strong castle , most of which is now gone apart from the vaulted chambers and some other fragments that are built into Cumbernauld House . The castle was originally held by the Clan Comyn but passed to the Flemings in 1306 . Mary , Queen of Scots visited the castle and the National Covenant was signed there in 1646 . The castle was burned in 1746 by government dragoons during the Jacobite rising of 1745 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clan Fleming Profile scotclans.com . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Coventry , Martin . ( 2008 ) . Castles of the Clans : The Strongholds and Seats of 750 Scottish Families and Clans . pp. 198 - 199 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 899874 - 36 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Way , George and Squire , Romily. ( 1994 ) . Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia . ( Foreword by The Rt Hon . The Earl of Elgin KT , Convenor , The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs ) . pp. 387 - 388 . Scottish clans List of tartans Clans with chiefs Agnew Anstruther Arbuthnott Arthur Bannerman Barclay Borthwick Boyd Boyle Brodie Broun Bruce Buchan Burnett Cameron Campbell Carmichael Carnegie Cathcart Charteris Chattan Chisholm Cochrane Colquhoun Colville Cranstoun Crichton Cumming ( Comyn ) Cunningham Darroch Davidson Dewar Drummond Dunbar Dundas Durie Elliot Elphinstone Erskine Farquharson Fergusson Forbes Forsyth Fraser Fraser of Lovat Gordon Graham Grant Gregor Grierson Gunn Guthrie Haig Haldane Hamilton Hannay Hay Henderson Home Hope Hunter Irvine Jardine Johnstone Keith Kennedy Kerr Kincaid Lamont Leask Lennox Leslie Lindsay Lockhart Lumsden Lyon MacAlister MacBean MacDonald Macdonald of Clanranald MacDonald of Keppoch Macdonald of Sleat MacDonell of Glengarry MacDougall Macdowall MacIntyre Mackay Mackenzie Mackinnon Mackintosh Maclachlan Maclaine of Lochbuie MacLaren MacLea ( Livingstone ) Maclean MacLennan MacLeod MacLeod of Lewis MacMillan Macnab Macnaghten MacNeacail MacNeil Macpherson MacTavish MacThomas Maitland Makgill Malcolm ( MacCallum ) Mar Marjoribanks Matheson Menzies Moffat Moncreiffe Montgomery Morrison Munro Murray Napier Nesbitt Nicolson Ogilvy Oliphant Primrose Ramsay Rattray Riddell Robertson Rollo Rose Ross Ruthven Sandilands Scott Scrymgeour Sempill Shaw Sinclair Skene Stirling Strange Stuart of Bute Sutherland Swinton Trotter Urquhart Wallace Wedderburn Wemyss Wood Armigerous clans Abercromby Abernethy Adair Adam Aikenhead Ainslie Aiton Allardice Anderson Armstrong Arnott Auchinleck Baillie Baird Balfour Bannatyne Baxter Bell Belshes Bethune Beveridge Binning Bissett Blackadder Blackstock Blair Blane Blyth Boswell Brisbane Buchanan Butter Byres Cairns Calder Caldwell Callender Campbell of Breadalbane Campbell of Cawdor Carruthers Cheyne Chalmers Clelland Clephane Cockburn Congilton Craig Crawford Crosbie Dalmahoy Dalrymple Dalzell Dennistoun Don Douglas Duncan Dunlop Edmonstone Fairlie Falconer Fenton Fleming Fletcher Forrester Fotheringham Fullarton Galbraith Galloway Gardyne Gartshore Gayre Ged Gibsone Gladstains Glas Glen Glendinning Gray Haliburton Halkerston Halket Hepburn Heron Herries Hogg Hopkirk Horsburgh Houston Hutton Inglis Innes Kelly Kinloch Kinnaird Kinnear Kinninmont Kirkcaldy Kirkpatrick Laing Lammie Langlands Learmonth Little Logan Logie Lundin Lyle MacAlpin ( e ) MacAulay Macbrayne MacDuff MacEwen MacFarlane Macfie MacGillivray MacInnes MacIver Mackie MacLellan Macquarrie Macqueen Macrae Masterton Maule Maxton Maxwell McCorquodale McCulloch McKerrell Meldrum Melville Mercer Middleton Moncur Monteith Monypenny Mouat Moubray Mow Muir Nairn Nevoy Newlands Newton Norvel Ochterlony Orrock Paisley Paterson Pennycook Pentland Peter Pitblado Pitcairn Pollock Polwarth Porterfield Preston Pringle Purves Rait Ralston Renton Roberton Rossie Russell Rutherford Schaw Seton Skirving Somerville Spalding Spens Spottiswood Stewart Stewart of Appin Stirling Strachan Straiton Sydserf Symmers Tailyour Tait Tennant Troup Turnbull Tweedie Udny Vans Walkinshaw Wardlaw Watson Wauchope Weir Whitefoord Whitelaw Wishart Young Culture and society Scotland Lord Lyon Court of the Lord Lyon Clan chief Septs Clan badge Clan crest Clan battles Tartan Bagpipes Clearances Kilt Manrent The Highlands Battle of Culloden Highland games Border Reivers Lowland Scots language Scottish Gaelic language Scottish heraldry Scottish surnames Shennachie Independent Highland Companies Sgian - dubh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clan_Fleming&oldid=829074567 '' Categories : Scottish clans Scottish clan seats Lanarkshire Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use British English from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 13 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where does the last name fleming originate from
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[
"The surname Fleming is derived from the French, le Fleming, which indicates that the family originated in Flanders.[3] The once powerful medieval principality of Flanders is now split between Belgium, the Netherlands and France.[3] During the latter part of the twelfth century the Flemish were enterprising merchants who traded with England, Scotland and Wales.[3] A distinguished Flemish leader named Baldwin settled with his followers in Biggar, South Lanarkshire under a grant of David I of Scotland.[3] Baldwin became Sheriff of Lanark under Malcolm IV of Scotland and William the Lion and this office appears to have been hereditary for some time.[3]"
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[
"Flanders"
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NBA Most Valuable Player Award
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NBA Most Valuable player award - wikipedia NBA Most Valuable player award This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) National Basketball Association awards and honors Championship O'Brien Trophy Brown Trophy ( defunct ) Individual awards All - Star Game MVP Bill Russell Finals MVP Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Community Assist Award Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Sportsmanship Award Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Honors All - NBA Team All - Rookie Team All - Defensive Team The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given since the 1955 -- 56 season to the best performing player of the regular season . The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy , which is named in honor of the first commissioner ( then president ) of the NBA , who served from 1946 until 1963 . Until the 1979 -- 80 season , the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players . Since the 1980 -- 81 season , the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada , each of whom casts a vote for first to fifth place selections . Each first - place vote is worth 10 points ; each second - place vote is worth seven ; each third - place vote is worth five , fourth - place is worth three and fifth - place is worth one . Starting from 2010 , one ballot was cast by fans through online voting . The player with the highest point total wins the award . As of June 2017 , the current holder of the award is Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder . Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won the award a record six times . Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times , while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times . Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons . Moses Malone , Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times , while Bob Pettit , Karl Malone , Tim Duncan , Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice . Only two rookies have won the award : Wilt Chamberlain in the 1959 -- 60 season and Wes Unseld in the 1968 -- 69 season . Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria , Tim Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands , Steve Nash of Canada and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only MVP winners considered `` international players '' by the NBA . Stephen Curry in 2015 -- 16 is the only player to have won the award unanimously . Shaquille O'Neal in 1999 -- 2000 and LeBron James in 2012 -- 13 are the only two players to have fallen one vote shy of a unanimous selection , both receiving 120 of 121 votes . The most recent winner , Russell Westbrook , is the first to have played for a team that failed to win at least 50 regular - season games since the 1982 -- 83 season . Every player to have won the award has made at least one appearance as a player in the NBA Finals , with the exceptions of Steve Nash and Derrick Rose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Multi-time winners 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Winners ( edit ) Bill Russell ( left ) won the award five times in his NBA career . Wilt Chamberlain ( center ) won the award four times in his career . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won the award a record - setting six times in his career . Michael Jordan won the award five times in his career . LeBron James is a four - time NBA MVP . Tim Duncan , of the San Antonio Spurs , won back - to - back Most Valuable Player awards in the ' 01 - 02 and ' 02 - 03 seasons . Derrick Rose became the youngest player to ever win the award at age 22 . Stephen Curry won back - to - back MVP awards in the ' 14 - 15 and ' 15 - 16 seasons . Russell Westbrook is the reigning MVP . Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes player whose team won championship that year Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been named MVP at that time Team ( X ) Denotes the number of times a player from this team had won at that time Season Player Position Nationality Team 1955 -- 56 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * Forward United States St. Louis Hawks 1956 -- 57 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * Guard United States Boston Celtics 1957 -- 58 Russell , Bill Bill Russell * Center United States Boston Celtics ( 2 ) 1958 -- 59 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) Forward United States St. Louis Hawks ( 2 ) 1959 -- 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * Center United States Philadelphia Warriors 1960 -- 61 Russell , Bill Bill Russell * ( 2 ) Center United States Boston Celtics ( 3 ) 1961 -- 62 Russell , Bill Bill Russell * ( 3 ) Center United States Boston Celtics ( 4 ) 1962 -- 63 Russell , Bill Bill Russell * ( 4 ) Center United States Boston Celtics ( 5 ) 1963 -- 64 Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * Guard United States Cincinnati Royals 1964 -- 65 Russell , Bill Bill Russell * ( 5 ) Center United States Boston Celtics ( 6 ) 1965 -- 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) Center United States Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) Center United States Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) 1967 -- 68 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) Center United States Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) 1968 -- 69 Unseld , Wes Wes Unseld * Center / Forward United States Baltimore Bullets 1969 -- 70 Reed , Willis Willis Reed * Center United States New York Knicks 1970 -- 71 Aaa Lew Alcindor * Center United States Milwaukee Bucks 1971 -- 72 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) Center United States Milwaukee Bucks ( 2 ) 1972 -- 73 Cowens , Dave Dave Cowens * Center United States Boston Celtics ( 7 ) 1973 -- 74 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 3 ) Center United States Milwaukee Bucks ( 3 ) 1974 -- 75 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * Forward / Center United States Buffalo Braves 1975 -- 76 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 4 ) Center United States Los Angeles Lakers 1976 -- 77 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 5 ) Center United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 1977 -- 78 Walton , Bill Bill Walton * Center United States Portland Trail Blazers 1978 -- 79 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * Center United States Houston Rockets 1979 -- 80 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 6 ) Center United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 1980 -- 81 Erving , Julius Julius Erving * Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers ( 4 ) 1981 -- 82 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * ( 2 ) Center United States Houston Rockets ( 2 ) 1982 -- 83 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * ( 3 ) Center United States Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) 1983 -- 84 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * Forward United States Boston Celtics ( 8 ) 1984 -- 85 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * ( 2 ) Forward United States Boston Celtics ( 9 ) 1985 -- 86 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * ( 3 ) Forward United States Boston Celtics 910 ! Boston Celtics ( 10 ) 1986 -- 87 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 4 ) 1987 -- 88 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * Guard United States Chicago Bulls 1988 -- 89 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * ( 2 ) Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 5 ) 1989 -- 90 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * ( 3 ) Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 6 ) 1990 -- 91 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) Guard United States Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) 1991 -- 92 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) Guard United States Chicago Bulls ( 3 ) 1992 -- 93 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * Forward United States Phoenix Suns 1993 -- 94 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * Center Nigeria Houston Rockets ( 3 ) 1994 -- 95 Robinson , David David Robinson * Center United States San Antonio Spurs 1995 -- 96 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) Guard United States Chicago Bulls ( 4 ) 1996 -- 97 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * Forward United States Utah Jazz 1997 -- 98 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) Guard United States Chicago Bulls ( 5 ) 1998 -- 99 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * ( 2 ) Forward United States Utah Jazz ( 2 ) 1999 -- 00 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Center United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 7 ) 2000 -- 01 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers ( 6 ) 2001 -- 02 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan Forward / Center United States San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) 2002 -- 03 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan ( 2 ) Forward / Center United States San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) 2003 -- 04 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett Forward / Center United States Minnesota Timberwolves 2004 -- 05 Nash , Steve Steve Nash Guard Canada Phoenix Suns ( 2 ) 2005 -- 06 Nash , Steve Steve Nash ( 2 ) Guard Canada Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) 2006 -- 07 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ Forward Germany Dallas Mavericks 2007 -- 08 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 8 ) 2008 -- 09 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers 2009 -- 10 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ ( 2 ) Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) 2010 -- 11 Rose , Derrick Derrick Rose ^ Guard United States Chicago Bulls ( 6 ) 2011 -- 12 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ ( 3 ) Forward United States Miami Heat 2012 -- 13 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ ( 4 ) Forward United States Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2013 -- 14 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ Forward United States Oklahoma City Thunder 2014 -- 15 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ Guard United States Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) 2015 -- 16 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ ( 2 ) Guard United States Golden State Warriors ( 3 ) 2016 -- 17 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ Guard United States Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) Multi-time winners ( edit ) Rank Player Team ( s ) Awards Years Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Milwaukee Bucks ( 3 ) / Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 6 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 Bill Russell Boston Celtics 5 1958 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1996 , 1998 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) 1960 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) / Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 6 Moses Malone Houston Rockets ( 2 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1979 , 1982 , 1983 Larry Bird Boston Celtics 1984 , 1985 , 1986 Magic Johnson Los Angeles Lakers 1987 , 1989 , 1990 9 Bob Pettit St. Louis Hawks 1956 , 1959 Karl Malone Utah Jazz 1997 , 1999 Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs 2002 , 2003 Steve Nash Phoenix Suns 2005 , 2006 Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 2015 , 2016 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award NBA Development League Most Valuable Player Award NOTES ( edit ) Jump up ^ The official title of the position was President until 1967 when it was changed to Commissioner . ^ Jump up to : Hakeem Olajuwon was born in Nigeria , but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1993 . He was the first ever international player to win the award . ^ Jump up to : Although Duncan was born in the U.S. Virgin Islands and is a United States citizen , the NBA considers him an international player . ^ Jump up to : Steve Nash , who was born in South Africa , was raised in Canada . Jump up ^ Allen Iverson received the only other first - place vote in 2000 , while Carmelo Anthony received the only other first - place vote in 2013 . Jump up ^ Except for seasons affected by lockouts , when the schedule was shortened from the norm of 82 games . Karl Malone won in 1998 -- 99 when Utah was 37 -- 13 in 50 games , which projected to 60 wins in 82 games . James won in 2011 -- 12 when the Miami Heat were 46 -- 20 in 66 games , which projected to 57 wins . ^ Jump up to : Before the 1971 -- 72 season , Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Jump up ^ Malone , at 35 years and 284 days old at the end of the regular season , is the oldest MVP in NBA history . Jump up ^ Rose , at 22 years and 191 days old at the end of the regular season , is the youngest MVP in NBA history . References ( edit ) General `` Most Valuable Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . `` Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . `` NBA MVP -- Maurice Podoloff Trophy -- Marc Mellon Sculpture Studio '' . Retrieved January 19 , 2002 . Specific Jump up ^ Monroe , Mike . `` The Commissioners '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron receives 116 first - place votes '' . ESPN.com . May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Valuable Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Michael ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James wins 4th MVP award '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Unseld '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hakeem Olajuwon Bio : 1992 - 93 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Players from around the world : 2005 - 2006 Season '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPeek , Jeramie . `` The Canadian Kid '' . NBA.com ( from Fastbreak Magazine of Sept. / Oct. 1996 ) . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Who is the leading MVP candidate ? '' . ESPN.com . March 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Jan ( April 22 , 1990 ) . `` NBA NOTES : Charles Barkley Running a Slick Campaign for MVP '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Malone 1998 - 99 game log '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose 2010 - 11 game log '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Most_Valuable_Player_Award&oldid=809422579 '' Categories : National Basketball Association awards National Basketball Association lists Awards established in 1956 Most valuable player awards 1956 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 00 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who has the most mvps in the nba
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"Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times.[3] Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times,[4] while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times. Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons.[5] Moses Malone, Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times, while Bob Pettit, Karl Malone, Tim Duncan, Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice.[4] Only two rookies have won the award: Wilt Chamberlain in the 1959–60 season and Wes Unseld in the 1968–69 season.[6] Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria,[b] Tim Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands,[c] Steve Nash of Canada[d] and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only MVP winners considered \"international players\" by the NBA.[9]"
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"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar"
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List of Best Picture milestones
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List of Best Picture milestones - wikipedia List of Best Picture milestones Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Listed below is a list of milestones for the Academy Award for Best Picture that various films and individuals have achieved since the inception of the Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Milestones related to acting 2 Milestones related to country or language 3 Milestones related to directing 4 Milestones related to genre 5 Milestones related to other Academy Awards 6 Milestones related to other awards ceremonies 7 Milestones related to rating 8 Milestones related to sequels , prequels , remakes , and adaptations 9 Milestones related to superlatives 10 Milestones related to technology 11 Other superlatives 12 Notes 13 See also 14 References Milestones related to acting ( edit ) Annual Year Film Awards Noms Milestone 2nd 1928 / 29 Broadway Melody , The The Broadway Melody First winner for Best Picture to receive an acting nomination 7th 1934 It Happened One Night 5 5 First Best Picture nominee and to win both Best Actor and Best Actress 15th 1942 Mrs. Miniver 6 12 First Best Picture nominee and to receive nominations in all of the four acting categories 35th 1962 Lawrence of Arabia 7 10 Only Best Picture winner to have credited roles for actors of only one gender 48th One Flew Over The Cuckoo 's Nest 5 9 Second Best Picture nominee to win both Best Actor and Best Actress 64th 1991 Silence of the Lambs , The The Silence of the Lambs 5 7 Most recent Best Picture winner to win both Best Actor and Best Actress 70th 1997 As Good As It Gets 7 Most recent Best Picture nominee to win both Best Actor and Best Actress 81st 2008 Slumdog Millionaire 8 10 Most recent film to win Best Picture without receiving any acting nominations 86th 2013 American Hustle 0 10 Most recent Best Picture nominee to receive nominations in all four of the acting categories 89th 2016 Moonlight 8 First Best Picture winner to feature an all black cast Milestones related to country or language ( edit ) Annual Year Film Awards Noms Milestone 4th 1930 / 31 Trader Horn 0 First film shot on location outside the United States ( Africa and Mexico ) to be nominated for Best Picture 6th 1932 / 33 Private Life of Henry VIII , The The Private Life of Henry VIII First foreign film to be nominated for Best Picture and to win any Academy Award ( British ) 11th 1938 Grand Illusion 0 First foreign language film to be nominated for Best Picture ( French ) 21st 1948 Hamlet 7 First foreign film to win Best Picture ( British ) 73rd 2000 Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon 10 Most recent foreign language film nominated for Best Picture with the most number of Academy Award nominations as well as First Chinese language film to be nominated for Best Picture . 84th 2011 The Artist 5 10 First production from a non-English speaking country to win Best Picture ( French ) 85th 2012 Amour 5 Most recent foreign language film to be nominated for Best Picture ( French ) Milestones related to directing ( edit ) Annual Year Film Awards Noms Milestone 19th 1946 Henry V 5 First Best Picture nominee directed by an Englishman ( Laurence Olivier ) 21st 1948 Hamlet 7 First Best Picture winner directed by an Englishman ( Laurence Olivier ) 34th 1961 West Side Story 10 11 First of only two Best Picture winners to have more than one credited director ( Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise ) 59th 1986 Children of a Lesser God 5 First Best Picture nominee directed by a woman ( Randa Haines ) 70th 1997 Titanic 11 14 First Best Picture winner to be produced , directed , written , and edited by the same person ( James Cameron ) 79th 2006 Babel 6 First Best Picture nominee directed by a Mexican ( Alejandro González Iñárritu ) 80th 2007 No Country for Old Men 8 Most recent Best Picture winner to have more than one credited director ( Joel and Ethan Coen ) 82nd 2009 Hurt Locker , The The Hurt Locker 6 9 First ( and only ) Best Picture winner directed by a woman ( Kathryn Bigelow ) 82nd 2009 Precious : Based on the Novel `` Push '' by Sapphire 6 First Best Picture nominee directed by an African - American ( Lee Daniels ) 84th 2011 The Artist 5 10 First Best Picture winner directed by a Frenchman ( Michel Hazanavicius ) 85th 2012 Argo 7 Most recent film to win Best Picture without being nominated for Best Director 86th 2013 12 Years a Slave 9 First Best Picture winner directed by a person of African descent ( Steve McQueen ) 87th 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) 9 First Best Picture winner directed by a Mexican ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu ) 89th 2016 Moonlight 8 First Best Picture winner directed by an African American ( Barry Jenkins ) Milestones related to genre ( edit ) Annual Year Film Awards Noms Milestone 1st 1927 / 28 Wings First war film to be nominated and win Best Picture 2nd 1928 / 29 Broadway Melody , The The Broadway Melody First musical ( diegetic backstage ) to win Best Picture 2nd 1928 / 29 Hollywood Revue of 1929 , The The Hollywood Revue of 1929 0 First ( and only ) revue to be nominated for Best Picture 3rd 1929 / 30 Love Parade , The The Love Parade 0 6 First non-diegetic musical nominated for Best Picture 4th 1930 / 31 Cimarron 7 First western to win Best Picture 7th 1934 It Happened One Night 5 5 First comedy to win Best Picture 9th 1936 Great Ziegfeld , The The Great Ziegfeld 7 First biographical picture ( biopic ) to win Best Picture 12th 1939 Wizard of Oz , The The Wizard of Oz 6 First children 's film to be nominated for Best Picture 13th 1940 Rebecca 11 First thriller to win Best Picture 40th 1967 In the Heat of the Night 5 7 First ( and only ) mystery to win Best Picture 44th 1971 A Clockwork Orange 0 First science fiction film to be nominated for Best Picture 46th 1973 Exorcist , The The Exorcist 10 First horror film to be nominated for Best Picture 49th 1976 Rocky 10 First sports film to win Best Picture 58th 1985 Kiss of the Spider Woman First independent film to be nominated for Best Picture 64th 1991 Beauty and the Beast 6 First animated film to be nominated for Best Picture 64th 1991 Silence of the Lambs , The The Silence of the Lambs 5 7 First ( and only ) horror film to win Best Picture 65th 1992 Unforgiven 9 Most recent Western to win Best Picture 73rd 2000 Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon 10 First ( and only ) martial arts film to be nominated for Best Picture 75th 2002 Chicago 6 13 Most recent musical to win Best Picture 76th 2003 Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , The The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 11 11 First ( and only ) fantasy film to win Best Picture 86th 2013 12 Years a Slave 9 Most recent biopic to win Best Picture 87th 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) 9 Most recent comedy to win Best Picture 89th 2016 Moonlight 8 First ( and only ) LGBT film to win Best Picture Milestones related to other Academy Awards ( edit ) Annual Year Film Awards Noms Milestone 1st 1927 / 28 Wings Winner of the first Academy award for Best Picture 2nd 1928 / 29 Broadway Melody , The The Broadway Melody First film to win Best Picture without winning any other Academy Awards 4th 1930 / 31 Cimarron 7 First film to be nominated for every major Academy Award , including Best Picture 5th 1931 / 32 Grand Hotel First ( and only ) film to win Best Picture without receiving any other nominations 7th 1934 It Happened One Night 5 5 First of only three films to win every major Academy Award , including Best Picture 8th 1935 Mutiny on the Bounty 8 Most recent film to win Best Picture without winning any other Academy Awards 13th 1940 Rebecca 11 Last film to win Best Picture without winning for directing , writing , or acting 16th 1943 Ox - Bow Incident , The The Ox - Bow Incident 0 Most recent film to be nominated for Best Picture and no other award 24th 1951 Decision Before Dawn 0 First film to be nominated for Best Picture and only one other award after the switch to five nominees in 1944 39th 1966 Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 5 13 First ( and only ) Best Picture nominee to be nominated for every award category in which it was eligible 45th 1972 Cabaret 8 10 Most Oscar wins for a film that lost Best Picture 48th One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest 5 9 Second of only three films to win every major Academy Award , including Best Picture 64th 1991 Silence of the Lambs , The The Silence of the Lambs 5 7 Third of only three films to win every major Academy Award , including Best Picture 67th 1994 Four Weddings and a Funeral 0 Second , and final , film to be nominated for Best Picture and only one other award during the five nominee era . ( 1944 - 2008 ) 70th 1997 Titanic 11 14 Most recent film to win Best Picture without a screenplay nomination ( Adapted or Original ) 76th 2003 Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , The The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 11 11 Most recent film to win Best Picture and all of its other nominated categories 87th 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) 9 Most recent film to win Best Picture without a Best Film Editing nomination . 89th 2016 La La Land 6 14 Most recent film to be nominated for every major Academy Award , including Best Picture Milestones related to other Awards ceremonies ( edit ) Annual Year Film Awards Noms Milestone 6th 1932 / 33 42nd Street 0 Earliest Best Picture nominee to be the basis for a winner of the Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1981 ) . 11th 1938 You Ca n't Take It with You 7 First of only two Best Picture winners to have been adapted for the screen from plays that won the Pulitzer Prize 12th 1939 Gone with the Wind 8 13 First of only two Best Picture winners to have been adapted for the screen from novels that won the Pulitzer Prize 18th 1945 Lost Weekend , The The Lost Weekend 7 Only film to win both Best Picture and the Cannes Film Festival Grand Prix du Festival International du Film 22nd 1949 All the King 's Men 7 Second of only two Best Picture winners to have been adapted for the screen from novels that won the Pulitzer Prize 23rd 1950 All About Eve 6 14 First Best Picture winner to be the basis for a winner ( or nominee ) of the Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1970 ) which , in turn , was the first Best Musical winner or nominee to be based on any film . 27th 1954 On the Waterfront 8 12 First of only two Best Picture winners to have been adapted for the screen from journalism that won the Pulitzer Prize ( for Local Reporting in 1949 ) 28th 1955 Marty 8 Only film to win both Best Picture and the Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or 28th 1955 Mister Roberts One of two ( along with The Rose Tattoo ) Best Picture nominees that were the first to be adapted from a recipient of the Tony Award for Best Play ( 1948 ) . ( Note : Mister Roberts was pre-selected for Best Play when that award was a non-competitive category . ) 28th 1955 Rose Tattoo , The The Rose Tattoo 8 One of two ( along with Mister Roberts ) Best Picture nominees that were the first to be adapted from a recipient of the Tony Award for Best Play ( 1951 ) . ( Note : The Rose Tattoo was pre-selected for Best Play when that award was a non-competitive category . ) 29th 1956 King and I , The The King and I 5 9 First Best Picture nominee based on a recipient of the Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1952 ) . ( Note : The 1952 production of The King and I was pre-selected for the Tony Award when Best Musical was a non-competitive category . ) 31st 1958 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 0 6 First Best Picture nominee based on a nominee for the Tony Award for Best Play ( 1956 ) in a competitive category . 32nd 1959 Diary of Anne Frank , The The Diary of Anne Frank 8 First Best Picture nominee based on a winner of the Tony Award for Best Play ( 1956 ) in a competitive category . 34th 1961 West Side Story 10 11 First Best Picture winner based on a nominee for the Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1958 ) in a competitive category . 35th 1962 Music Man , The The Music Man 6 First Best Picture nominee based on a Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1958 ) winner in a competitive category . 37th 1964 My Fair Lady 8 12 First of two Best Picture winners ( awarded in consecutive years ) to be based on a winner of the Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1957 ) . 38th 1965 Sound of Music , The The Sound of Music 5 10 Second of two Best Picture winners ( awarded in consecutive years ) to be based on a winner of the Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1960 ) . ( Note : The 1959 production of The Sound of Music tied with Fiorello ! for Best Musical . ) 39th 1966 Man for All Seasons , AA Man for All Seasons 6 8 First of only two Best Picture winners based on a winner of the Tony Award for Best Play ( 1962 ) . 46th 1973 Sting , The The Sting 7 10 First of only two films to win Best Picture without being nominated for either of the three Golden Globes for Best Motion Picture ( drama , comedy / musical or foreign film ) . 57th 1984 Amadeus 8 11 Second of only two Best Picture winners based on a winner of the Tony Award for Best Play ( 1981 ) . 61st 1988 Rain Man 8 Only film to win Berlin Golden Bear and Best Picture 62nd 1989 Driving Miss Daisy 9 Second of only two Best Picture winners to have been adapted for the screen from plays that won the Pulitzer Prize 78th 2005 Crash 6 First of only three film festival acquisitions to win Best Picture 78th 2005 Crash 6 Second of only two films to win Best Picture without being nominated for either of the three Golden Globes for Best Motion Picture ( drama , comedy / musical or foreign film ) . 82nd 2009 Hurt Locker , The The Hurt Locker 6 9 Second of only three film festival acquisitions to win Best Picture 84th 2011 The Artist 5 10 Most recent of only three film festival acquisitions to win Best Picture 88th 2015 Spotlight 6 Second of only two Best Picture winners to have been adapted for the screen from journalism that won the Pulitzer Prize ( for Public Service in 2003 ) Milestones related to rating ( edit ) Annual Year Film Awards Noms Milestone 41st 1968 Oliver ! 6 11 First film with an MPAA rating to win Best Picture 41st 1968 Oliver ! 6 11 First ( and only ) G - rated film to win Best Picture * 42nd 1969 Midnight Cowboy 7 First ( and only ) X-rated film to win Best Picture 42nd 1969 Anne of the Thousand Days 10 First M - rated film to be nominated for Best Picture 42nd 1969 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 7 Most recent M - rated film to be nominated for Best Picture 43rd 1970 Patton 7 10 First ( and only ) GP - rated film to win Best Picture 44th 1971 Clockwork Orange , AA Clockwork Orange 0 Most recent X-rated film to be nominated for Best Picture 44th 1971 Nicholas and Alexandra 7 Last GP - rated film to be nominated for Best Picture 44th 1971 French Connection , The The French Connection 5 8 First R - rated film to win Best Picture 46th 1973 The Sting 7 10 First PG - rated film to win Best Picture 58th 1985 Color Purple , The The Color Purple 0 11 First PG - 13 - rated film to be nominated for Best Picture 59th 1986 Room with a View , AA Room with a View 8 Last unrated film to receive a Best Picture nomination , as well as the only unrated film after 1967 to get a Best Picture nomination 60th Last Emperor , The The Last Emperor 9 9 First PG - 13 - rated film to win Best Picture 62nd 1989 Driving Miss Daisy 9 Most recent Best Picture winner with a PG rating 83rd Toy Story 3 5 Most recent Best Picture nominee with a G rating . 84th 2011 The Artist 5 10 Most recent Best Picture winner with a PG - 13 rating . 89th 2016 Hidden Figures 0 Most recent Best Picture nominee with a PG rating . Although some best picture winners that were made before the MPAA rating system such as Gone with the Wind were later given G ratings , Oliver ! is the only best picture winner to have been rated G at the time that it won the award . Milestones related to sequels , prequels , remakes , and adaptations ( edit ) Annual Year Film Awards Noms Milestone 3rd 1929 / 30 Disraeli First remake ( of a 1921 silent film ) to be nominated for Best Picture 4th 1930 / 31 Skippy First ( and only ) film based on a comic book , comic strip , or graphic novel to be nominated for Best Picture 8th 1935 Midsummer Night 's Dream , AA Midsummer Night 's Dream 2 * First Shakespeare adaptation to be nominated for Best Picture ( * one of its two Oscars was a write - in winner ) 18th 1945 Bells of St. Mary 's , The The Bells of St. Mary 's 8 First sequel to be nominated for Best Picture 21st 1948 Hamlet 7 First ( and only ) Shakespeare adaptation to win Best Picture 28th 1955 Marty 8 First ( and only ) film based on a television film or mini-series to win Best Picture 47th Godfather Part II , The The Godfather Part II 6 11 First sequel to win Best Picture . 63rd 1990 Godfather Part III , The The Godfather Part III 0 7 First of only two trilogies to have all three films nominated for Best Picture 63rd 1990 Godfather Part III , The The Godfather Part III 0 7 Only third installment in a trilogy that did n't win Best Picture with all of the installments in the trilogy nominated . 66th 1993 Fugitive , The The Fugitive 7 First film based on a television series to be nominated for Best Picture 73rd 2000 Traffic 5 Most recent Best Picture nominee to have been based on a television film or mini-series 76th 2003 Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , The The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 11 11 Second of only two trilogies to have all three films nominated for Best Picture , and only one to have the third installment win . 79th 2006 Departed , The The Departed 5 First ( and only ) remake of a feature film to win Best Picture 83rd Toy Story 3 5 First of only two sequels to be nominated for Best Picture without any of its predecessors being nominated 88th 2015 Mad Max : Fury Road 6 10 First fourth installment of a franchise to be nominated for Best Picture . Second of only two sequels to be nominated for Best Picture without any of its predecessors being nominated Milestones related to superlatives ( edit ) Annual Year Film Awards Noms Milestone 6th 1932 / 33 She Done Him Wrong 0 Shortest film to be nominated for Best Picture ( 1 hour 6 minutes ) 12th 1939 Gone with the Wind 8 13 Longest film to win Best Picture ( 3 hours 54 minutes ) 23rd 1950 All About Eve 6 14 First of only three films to receive 14 Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture 25th 1952 The Bad and the Beautiful 5 6 Most wins without a nomination for Best Picture 28th 1955 Marty 8 Shortest film to win Best Picture ( 1 hour 30 minutes ) 31st 1958 Gigi 9 9 Shortest title of a Best Picture winner ( tied with Argo ) 32nd 1959 Ben - Hur 11 12 First of only three films to win 11 Academy Awards , including Best Picture 36th 1963 Cleopatra 5 Longest film to be nominated for Best Picture ( 4 hours 8 minutes ) 42nd 1969 They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? 9 Most nominations without being nominated for Best Picture 42nd 1969 Z 5 Shortest title of a Best Picture nominee 45th 1972 Cabaret 8 10 Best Picture nominee to win the most Academy Awards ( 8 ) without winning Best Picture 50th 1977 Turning Point , The The Turning Point 0 11 First of two Best Picture nominees to receive 11 nominations without winning any Academy Awards 58th 1985 Color Purple , The The Color Purple 0 11 Second of two Best Picture nominees to receive 11 nominations without winning any Academy Awards 70th 1997 Titanic 11 14 Second of only three films to receive 14 Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture 70th 1997 Titanic 11 14 First Best Picture winner to gross more than a billion US dollars worldwide . 70th 1997 Titanic 11 14 Second of only three films to win 11 Academy Awards , including Best Picture 76th 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 11 11 First and only film with ten or more nominations ( 11 ) to win in every nomination it received including Best Picture 85th 2013 Argo 7 Shortest title of a Best Picture winner ( tied with Gigi ) 87th 2014 Selma Most recent film to be nominated for Best Picture and not receive at least a single nomination in direction , acting or screenplay . 87th 2014 Selma Most recent film to be nominated for Best Picture to have won every nomination except Best Picture . 89th 2016 La La Land 6 14 Third of only three films to receive 14 Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture . 89th 2016 La La Land 6 14 First film to receive 14 Academy Award nominations without winning Best Picture . 89th 2016 La La Land 6 14 Most recent film to win the most Academy Awards in its year ( 6 ) without winning Best Picture 89th 2016 Moonlight 8 Lowest - grossing film after 1955 to win Best Picture Milestones related to technology ( edit ) Annual Year Film Awards Noms Milestone 1st 1927 / 28 Wings First ( of two ) silent films to win Best Picture 2nd 1928 / 29 Broadway Melody , The The Broadway Melody First sound film to win Best Picture 10th 1937 Star Is Born , AA Star Is Born 7 First all - color film nominated for Best Picture 12th 1939 Gone with the Wind 8 13 First all - color film to win Best Picture 18th 1945 Anchors Aweigh 5 First live action / traditional animation hybrid film to be nominated for Best Picture 26th 1953 Robe , The The Robe 5 First motion picture ( and Best Picture nominee ) in CinemaScope 33rd 1960 Apartment , The The Apartment 5 10 Last black - and - white film before 1993 to win Best Picture 36th 1963 How the West Was Won 8 First ( and only ) film shot in the 3 - strip Cinerama process to be nominated for Best Picture 64th 1991 Beauty and the Beast 6 First ( and , to date , only ) traditional animated film to be nominated for Best Picture 81st 2008 Slumdog Millionaire 8 10 First film to be shot , in part , digitally to win Best Picture 82nd 2009 Avatar 9 First nominee to be entirely filmed using 3D film technology 82nd 2009 Up 5 First computer animated film to be nominated for Best Picture 84th 2011 The Artist 5 10 Most recent black - and - white film to win Best Picture 87th 2014 Birdman 9 First of three films to be entirely shot digitally to win Best Picture 88th 2015 Spotlight 6 Second of three films to be entirely shot digitally to win Best Picture 89th 2016 Manchester by the Sea 6 First film released by streaming distributor to be nominated for Best Picture 89th 2016 Moonlight 8 Third of three films to be entirely shot digitally to win Best Picture Other superlatives ( edit ) Category Record Holder Record Most Best Picture Awards by a Studio Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 5 awards Most Best Picture Nominations by a Studio Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 40 nominations Most Best Picture Awards by a Producer Sam Spiegel and Saul Zaentz 3 awards Most Best Picture Nominations by a Producer Hal B. Wallis 19 nominations Most Best Picture Awards by a Director William Wyler 3 awards Most Best Picture Nominations by a Director William Wyler 13 nominations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It remains a very close call -- a tie , virtually -- between the top two `` longest '' Best Pictures . The total film time ( without music ) of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) is almost 221 minutes ( 3 hours and 41 minutes ) ; with the Overture , Intermission , Entr'acte , and Walkout Music , it reaches 234 minutes ( 3 hours and 54 minutes ) . The total film time ( without music ) of the original Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) is just over 222 minutes ( 3 hours and 42 minutes ) , slightly longer than Gone with the Wind. Lawrence of Arabia 's additional elements extend the film to about 232 minutes ( 3 hours and 52 minutes ) . If just counting the film itself , Lawrence of Arabia is the longer of the two contenders . The other longest Best Picture winners are , in order : Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) at 212 minutes ( 3 hours and 32 minutes ) and The Lord of Rings : Return of the King ( 2003 ) at 201 minutes ( 3 hours and 21 minutes ) . However , the Extended Edition of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , which was released almost a year after the shorter theatrical version of the film won Best Picture , runs 251 minutes ( 4 hours and 11 minutes ) . Jump up ^ There is an alternate version which includes an extra scene that takes this film 's duration to 94 minutes , a minute longer than the second shortest Best Picture winner , 1977 's Annie Hall . The extra scene is included on the CBS FOX Video but deleted from the MGM Vintage Classics Video and DVD . Jump up ^ The longest film to ever win any Academy Award was Russia 's War and Peace ( 1968 ) at 414 minutes ( 6 hours and 54 minutes ) , winner of Best Foreign Language Film . ^ Jump up to : Until the 23rd Academy Awards ( 1950 ) , Best Picture was awarded to the studio that produced the film . Beginning with the 24th Academy Awards ( 1951 ) , however , it has been awarded to the individual producers credited on the film . Note also that until 1943 , there were ten ( rather than five ) nominated films per year . As of 2009 , there are once again ten nominated films . The first year in which multiple individuals jointly won was 1973 , with three winners for The Sting . The greatest number of joint winners was five , for Shakespeare in Love in 1998 . After this , the Academy imposed a limit of three nominated producers per film ; however , this limit may be exceeded in a `` rare and extraordinary circumstance '' , such as in 2008 when both Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack were posthumously included among four nominees for The Reader . See also ( edit ) Academy Award portal Book : Academy Award for Best Picture Academy Award for Best Picture List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees List of Academy Award - winning films List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners Academy Award for Best Unique and Artistic Production BAFTA Award for Best Film Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Films considered the greatest ever Lists of films List of film production companies List of presenters of Best Picture Academy Award Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2012 : Billy Crystal 's back and ' The Artist ' could make history '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 2011 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Weinstein Co . Says It 's Back With Cannes Festival Event '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Marty ( 1955 ) -- Alternate Versions '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Award Winners , Nominees , Games and Box Office Breakdowns '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Technical specifications Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( 27 January 2009 ) . `` Acad allows ' Reader ' 4 producers ; Minghella , Pollack to be named as nominees '' . Variety . Reed Business . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 . Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Original Musical Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Director of a Comedy Picture Engineering Effects Short Subject , Two - reel Short Subject , Comedy Short Subject , Novelty Story Title Writing Unique and Artistic Quality of Production Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Special Achievement Academy Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 Footnotes ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County , California . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was from August to July . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Category Portal Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Multi-win Directors Film Films Best Picture milestones Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Best_Picture_milestones&oldid=800237859 '' Categories : Academy Awards lists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 08 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what was the first horror film to be nominated for a best picture academy award
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"\n\nAnnual\nYear\nFilm\nAwards\nNoms\nMilestone\n\n\n1st\n1927/28\nWings\n2\n2\nFirst war film to be nominated and win Best Picture\n\n\n2nd\n1928/29\nBroadway Melody, TheThe Broadway Melody\n1\n3\nFirst musical (diegetic backstage) to win Best Picture\n\n\n2nd\n1928/29\nHollywood Revue of 1929, TheThe Hollywood Revue of 1929\n0\n1\nFirst (and only) revue to be nominated for Best Picture\n\n\n3rd\n1929/30\nLove Parade, TheThe Love Parade\n0\n6\nFirst non-diegetic musical nominated for Best Picture\n\n\n4th\n1930/31\nCimarron\n3\n7\nFirst western to win Best Picture\n\n\n7th\n1934\nIt Happened One Night\n5\n5\nFirst comedy to win Best Picture\n\n\n9th\n1936\nGreat Ziegfeld, TheThe Great Ziegfeld\n3\n7\nFirst biographical picture (biopic) to win Best Picture\n\n\n12th\n1939\nWizard of Oz, TheThe Wizard of Oz\n2\n6\nFirst children's film to be nominated for Best Picture\n\n\n13th\n1940\nRebecca\n2\n11\nFirst thriller to win Best Picture\n\n\n40th\n1967\nIn the Heat of the Night\n5\n7\nFirst (and only) mystery to win Best Picture\n\n\n44th\n1971\nA Clockwork Orange\n0\n4\nFirst science fiction film to be nominated for Best Picture\n\n\n46th\n1973\nExorcist, TheThe Exorcist\n2\n10\nFirst horror film to be nominated for Best Picture\n\n\n49th\n1976\nRocky\n3\n10\nFirst sports film to win Best Picture\n\n\n58th\n1985\nKiss of the Spider Woman\n1\n4\nFirst independent film to be nominated for Best Picture\n\n\n64th\n1991\nBeauty and the Beast\n2\n6\nFirst animated film to be nominated for Best Picture\n\n\n64th\n1991\nSilence of the Lambs, TheThe Silence of the Lambs\n5\n7\nFirst (and only) horror film to win Best Picture\n\n\n65th\n1992\nUnforgiven\n4\n9\nMost recent Western to win Best Picture\n\n\n73rd\n2000\nCrouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon\n4\n10\nFirst (and only) martial arts film to be nominated for Best Picture\n\n\n75th\n2002\nChicago\n6\n13\nMost recent musical to win Best Picture\n\n\n76th\n2003\nLord of the Rings: The Return of the King, TheThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n11\n11\nFirst (and only) fantasy film to win Best Picture\n\n\n86th\n2013\n12 Years a Slave\n3\n9\nMost recent biopic to win Best Picture\n\n\n87th\n2014\nBirdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)\n4\n9\nMost recent comedy to win Best Picture\n\n\n89th\n2016\nMoonlight\n3\n8\nFirst (and only) LGBT film to win Best Picture\n\n"
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"The Exorcist"
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Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
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Speaker of the United States House of Representatives - wikipedia Speaker of the United States House of Representatives This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For a list of Speakers of the House , see List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives . Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Seal of the Speaker Flag of the Speaker Incumbent Paul Ryan since October 29 , 2015 United States House of Representatives Style Mr. Speaker ( Informal and within the House ) The Honorable ( Formal ) Status Presiding officer Seat United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. Nominator Major parties ( normally ) Appointer The House sworn in by the Dean Term length At the House 's pleasure Elected at the start of each session of Congress , and upon a vacancy Constituting instrument United States Constitution Formation March 4 , 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) First holder Frederick Muhlenberg April 1 , 1789 Succession Second Deputy Speaker pro tempore Salary US $ 223,500 annually Website www.speaker.gov This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives . The office was established in 1789 by Article I , Section 2 of the United States Constitution . The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives , and is simultaneously the House 's presiding officer , de facto leader of the body 's majority party , and the institution 's administrative head . Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions . Given these several roles and responsibilities , the Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates . That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party . Neither does the Speaker regularly participate in floor debates nor vote . The Constitution does not require the Speaker to be an elected member of the House of Representatives , although every Speaker thus far has been . The Speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession , after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the Senate . The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin . He was elected to the office on October 29 , 2015 , and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker . On April 11 , 2018 , Ryan announced he will not seek re-election in the 2018 mid-terms , and will also relinquish the office of Speaker when his term ends in 2019 . Contents 1 Selection 2 History 2.1 Notable elections 3 Partisan role 4 Presiding officer 5 Other functions 6 Most recent election for speaker ( 2017 ) 7 See also 8 Bibliography 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Selection ( edit ) The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death , resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker . The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations : there are normally two , one from each major party ( each party having previously met to decide on its nominee ) . The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives , each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting . Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person , even for someone who is not a member of the House at all . They may also abstain by voting `` present '' . Although no rule exists , based on tradition and practice from the earliest days of the nation , to be elected speaker a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , i.e. excluding those who abstain . If no candidate wins such a majority , then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected . The last time repeated votes were required was in 1923 , when the Speaker was elected on the ninth ballot . The new Speaker is then sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives , the chamber 's longest - serving member . In modern practice , the Speaker is chosen by the majority party from among its senior leaders either when a vacancy in the office arrives or when the majority party changes . Previous Speakers have been minority leaders ( when the majority party changes , as they are already the House party leader , and as the minority leader are usually their party 's nominee for Speaker ) , or majority leaders ( upon departure of the current Speaker in the majority party ) , assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed . In the past , other candidates have included chairpersons of influential standing committees . So far , the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House . However , Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern . In 1919 , Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann , R - IL , who had been Minority Leader for eight years , and elected a backbencher representative , Frederick H. Gillett , R - MA , to be Speaker . Mann had `` angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor , '' and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon ( R - IL18 ) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911 , and was still in the House . Many members `` suspected that he ( Mann ) would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker . '' More recently , although Robert H. Michel was Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections , he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign , including the `` Contract with America '' , which was unveiled six weeks before Election Day . Michel opted not to seek re-election because he had been isolated in the caucus by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and other younger and more aggressive Representatives . It is expected that members of the House vote for their party 's candidate . If they do not , they usually vote for someone else in their party or vote `` present '' . Those who vote for the other party 's candidate often face serious consequences , up to and including the loss of seniority . The last instance where a representative voted for the other party 's candidate was in 2000 , when Democrat Jim Traficant of Ohio voted for Republican Dennis Hastert . In response , the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts . If the Speaker 's party loses control of the House in an election , and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy , they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip , respectively . As the minority party has historically had one less leadership position after losing the Speaker 's chair , there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions ; upon losing control of the House after the 2010 election , the Democrats created the position of Assistant Democratic Leader in order to prevent such a contest . Most Speakers whose party has lost control of the House have not returned to the party leadership ( Tom Foley lost his seat , Dennis Hastert returned to the backbenches and resigned from the House in late 2007 ) . However , Speakers Joseph William Martin , Jr. and Sam Rayburn did seek the post of Minority Leader in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker who was elected Minority Leader , after the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections . History ( edit ) Frederick Muhlenberg ( 1789 -- 1791 , 1793 -- 1795 ) , was the first Speaker . The first Speaker was Frederick Muhlenberg : he was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st Congress , an Anti-Administration candidate to the 2nd and 3rd Congresses , and a Republican candidate to the 4th Congress , according to the Biographical Directory of Congress , though Oswald Seidensticker wrote that he was elected as a Federalist for the first four Congresses . Henry Clay ( 1813 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , 1823 -- 1825 ) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored The position of Speaker started to gain its partisan role and its power in legislative development under Henry Clay ( 1811 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , and 1823 -- 1825 ) . In contrast to many of his predecessors , Clay participated in several debates , and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported -- for instance , the declaration of the War of 1812 , and various laws relating to Clay 's `` American System '' economic plan . Furthermore , when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election causing the President to be elected by the House , Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson , thereby ensuring Adams ' victory . Following Clay 's retirement in 1825 , the power of the speakership once again began to decline , despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter . As the Civil War approached , several sectional factions nominated their own candidates , often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority . In 1855 and again in 1859 , for example , the contest for Speaker lasted for two months before the House achieved a result . During this time , Speakers tended to have very short tenures . For example , from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven Speakers , only one of whom served for more than one term . To date , James K. Polk is the only Speaker of the House later elected President of the United States . Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) was one of the most powerful speakers . Towards the end of the 19th century , the office of Speaker began to develop into a very powerful one . At the time , one of the most important sources of the Speaker 's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules , which , after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880 , became one of the most powerful standing committees of the House . Furthermore , several Speakers became leading figures in their political parties ; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall , John Griffin Carlisle , and Charles F. Crisp , and Republicans James G. Blaine , Thomas Brackett Reed , and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The power of the Speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1889 -- 1891 , 1895 -- 1899 ) . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was called by his opponents , sought to end the obstruction of bills by the minority , in particular by countering the tactic known as the `` disappearing quorum '' . By refusing to vote on a motion , the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved , and that the result would be invalid . Reed , however , declared that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum . Through these and other rulings , Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda . The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) . Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process . He determined the agenda of the House , appointed the members of all committees , chose committee chairmen , headed the Rules Committee , and determined which committee heard each bill . He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House . In 1910 , however , Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers , including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee . Fifteen years later , Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much , but not all , of the lost influence of the position . One of the most influential Speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn . Rayburn was the longest - serving Speaker in history , holding office from 1940 to 1947 , 1949 to 1953 , and 1955 to 1961 . He helped shape many bills , working quietly in the background with House committees . He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman . Rayburn 's successor , Democrat John W. McCormack ( served 1962 -- 1971 ) , was a somewhat less influential speaker , particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party . During the mid-1970s , the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert . The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel , as it had been since 1910 . Instead , it once again became an arm of the party leadership . Moreover , in 1975 , the Speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee . Meanwhile , the power of committee chairmen was curtailed , further increasing the relative influence of the Speaker . Albert 's successor , Democrat Tip O'Neill , was a prominent Speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan . O'Neill is the longest continually serving Speaker , from 1977 through 1987 . He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures . Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years . The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when , after spending forty years in the minority , the Republicans regained control of the House with the `` Contract with America '' , an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich . Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton , leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 , in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed . Gingrich 's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies , and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997 . After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 ( although retaining a majority ) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker . His successor , Dennis Hastert , had been chosen as a compromise candidate , since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial . Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary Speakers , being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush . The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004 . The periods of 2001 -- 2002 and 2003 -- 2007 were the first times since 1953 -- 1955 that there was single - party Republican leadership in Washington , interrupted from 2001 -- 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51 - 49 majority . In the 2006 midterm elections , the Democrats won a majority in the House . Nancy Pelosi became Speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , making her the first female to hold the office . With the election of Barack Obama as President and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress , Pelosi became the first Speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single - party Democratic leadership in Washington . During the 111th Congress , Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama 's major initiatives that proved controversial , and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats ' legislation by staging a `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections . House Minority Leader John Boehner was elected as Speaker . Notable elections ( edit ) Speaker Nancy Pelosi ( right ) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Address making history as the first woman to sit behind the podium at such an address . President Bush acknowledged this by beginning his speech with the words , `` Tonight , I have a high privilege and distinct honor of my own -- as the first President to begin the State of the Union message with these words : Madam Speaker '' . This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Historically , there have been several controversial elections to the speakership , such as the contest of 1839 . In that case , even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2 , the House could not begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the `` Broad Seal War '' . Two rival delegations , one Whig and the other Democrat , had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government . The problem was compounded by the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority . Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite party 's delegation participating . Finally , it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a Speaker was finally chosen on December 17 . Another , more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress . The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace it . Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels , including Whig , Republican , American ( Know Nothing ) , and simply `` Opposition '' . By the time Congress actually met in December 1855 , most of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans , while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing label . Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House , with the party makeup of the 234 Representatives being 83 Democrats , 108 Republicans , and 43 Know Nothings ( primarily southern oppositionists ) . The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as Speaker , but because of sectional distrust , the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for Speaker . The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentiss Banks of Massachusetts , who had been elected as a Know Nothing but was now largely identified with the Republicans . The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky , and then Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania . The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority , until it was finally agreed to elect the Speaker by plurality vote , and Banks was elected . The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859 . Although the Republicans held a plurality , the Republican candidate , John Sherman , was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views , and once again the House was unable to elect a Speaker for several months . After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N.H. Smith , Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey , a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties , who was finally elected Speaker at the end of January 1860 . The last speakership elections in which the House had to vote more than once occurred in the 65th and 72nd United States Congress . In 1917 , neither the Republican nor the Democratic candidate could attain a majority because three members of the Progressive Party and other individual members of other parties voted for their own party . The Republicans had a plurality in the House but James `` Champ '' Clark remained Speaker of the House because of the support of the Progressive Party members . In 1931 , both the Republicans and the Democrats had 217 members with the Minnesota Farmer - Labor Party having one member who served as the deciding vote . The Farmer - Labor Party eventually voted for the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker , John Nance Garner , who later became Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt . In 1997 , several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign . However , Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker , which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt ( then Minority Leader ) as Speaker . After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats , Gingrich did not stand for re-election . The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy , Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay , chose not to run for the office . The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee , Bob Livingston , declared his bid for the speakership , which was unopposed , making him Speaker - designate . It was then revealed , by Livingston himself , who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton 's perjury during his sexual harassment trial , that he had engaged in an extramarital affair . He opted to resign from the House , despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt . Subsequently , chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker . The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000 , 2002 , and 2004 elections . The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections . On November 16 , 2006 , Nancy Pelosi , who was then Minority Leader , was selected as Speaker - designate by House Democrats . When the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , she was elected as the 52nd Speaker by a vote of 233 - 202 , becoming the first woman elected Speaker of the House . Pelosi remained Speaker through the 111th Congress . For the 112th Congress , Republican John Boehner was unanimously designated Speaker - designate by House Republicans and was elected the 53rd Speaker of the House . As a show of dissent , nineteen Democratic representatives voted for Democrats other than Pelosi , who had been chosen as House Minority Leader and the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker . Partisan role ( edit ) The sitting Speaker , Paul Ryan , seen taking his oath of office following his election on October 29 , 2015 The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the Speaker . As the office has developed historically , however , it has taken on a clearly partisan cast , very different from the speakership of most Westminster - style legislatures , such as the Speaker of the British House of Commons , which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan . The Speaker in the United States , by tradition , is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives , outranking the Majority Leader . However , despite having the right to vote , the Speaker usually does not participate in debate and rarely votes . The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party . In pursuing this goal , the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor . They also chair the majority party 's steering committee in the House . While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party , the same is not true of the President pro tempore of the Senate , whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary . When the Speaker and the President belong to the same party , the Speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial light , as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very low - key role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush . Nevertheless , when the Speaker and the President belong to the same party , there are also times that the Speaker plays a much larger role , and the Speaker is tasked , e.g. , with pushing through the agenda of the majority party , often at the expense of the minority opposition . This can be seen , most of all , in the speakership of Democratic - Republican Henry Clay , who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic - Republican John Quincy Adams . Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( under Theodore Roosevelt ) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership . In more recent times , Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama . The Republicans campaigned against Pelosi and the Democrats ' legislation with their `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour . On the other hand , when the Speaker and the President belong to opposite parties , the public role and influence of the Speaker tend to increase . As the highest - ranking member of the opposition party ( and de facto Leader of the Opposition ) , the Speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the President 's agenda . In this scenario , the Speaker is known for undercutting the President 's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate . One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed ( under Grover Cleveland ) , a Speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities , which ensured that Cleveland 's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House . Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative `` Old Guard '' wing of the Republican Party , while his President -- Theodore Roosevelt -- was of the more progressive clique , and more than just marginalizing the Democrats , Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party . More modern examples include Tip O'Neill , who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan 's economic and defense policies ; Newt Gingrich , who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy ; Nancy Pelosi , who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War ; and John Boehner , who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care . Presiding officer ( edit ) James Polk is the only Speaker to also serve as President of the United States . As presiding officer of the House of Representatives , the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest - ranking legislative official in the US government . The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore and preside over the House in the Speaker 's absence ; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party . During important debates , the Speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding . At other times , more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House . The Speaker may also designate , with approval of the House , a Speaker pro tempore for special purposes , such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington , D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses . Under the Rules of the House , the Speaker , `` as soon as practicable after the election of the Speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter , '' must deliver to the Clerk of the House a confidential list of Members who are designated to act as Speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the Speaker to perform their duties . On the floor of the House , the presiding officer is always addressed as `` Mister Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker , '' even if it is a Speaker pro tempore , and not the Speaker themselves . When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole , the Speaker designates a member to preside over the Committee as the Chairman , who is addressed as `` Mister Chairman '' or `` Madam Chairwoman . '' To speak , members must seek the presiding officer 's recognition . The presiding officer also rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House . The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant - at - Arms to enforce House rules . The Speaker 's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber . In particular , the Speaker has great influence over the committee process . The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules , subject to the approval of the entire majority party . The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members . Furthermore , the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees . Moreover , when a bill is introduced , the Speaker determines which committee will consider it . As a member of the House , the Speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote but , by custom , only does so in exceptional circumstances . Ordinarily , the Speaker votes only when the Speaker 's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance , such as constitutional amendments or major legislation . Other functions ( edit ) The speaker 's office in the US Capitol , during the term of Dennis Hastert ( 1999 to 2007 ) Because joint sessions and joint meetings of Congress are held in the House chamber , the Speaker presides over joint sessions to hear addresses by the President , and joint meetings to hear addresses from foreign leaders or other invited guests . However , the Twelfth Amendment and 3 U.S.C. § 15 require that the President of the Senate preside over joint sessions of Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election . The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the officers of the House : the Clerk , the Sergeant - at - Arms , the Chief Administrative Officer , and the Chaplain . The Speaker can dismiss any of these officers . The Speaker appoints the House Historian and the General Counsel and , jointly with the Majority and Minority Leaders , appoints the House Inspector General . The Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession , immediately after the Vice President , under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 . The Speaker is followed in the line of succession by the President pro tempore of the Senate and by the heads of federal executive departments . To date , the implementation of the Presidential Succession Act has never been necessary and no Speaker has ever acted as President . Implementation of the law almost became necessary in 1973 after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew . At the time , many believed that President Richard Nixon would resign because of the Watergate scandal , allowing Speaker Carl Albert to succeed to the Presidency . However , before he resigned , Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as Vice President in accordance with the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Nevertheless , the United States government takes the Speaker 's place in the line of succession seriously enough that , for example , following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , Speakers used military jets to fly back and forth to their districts and for other travel until Speaker Boehner discontinued the practice in 2011 . The Speaker of the House is one of the officers to whom declarations of presidential inability or ability to resume the Presidency must be addressed under the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Most recent election for Speaker ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 239 55.2 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 189 43.6 % Tim Ryan ( D ) 0.5 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 0.2 % Total 433 Not voting Vacant 0 To be elected as Speaker , a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , excluding those who abstain . The most recent election for the post of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives took place on January 3 , 2017 , during the opening day of the 115th United States Congress . The incumbent speaker , Paul Ryan , was re-elected . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Leaders of the United States House of Representatives Bibliography ( edit ) Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 -- 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Garraty , John , ed . American National Biography ( 1999 ) 20 volumes ; contains scholarly biographies of all Speakers no longer alive . Green , Matthew N. The Speaker of the House : A Study of Leadership ( Yale University Press ; 2010 ) 292 pages ; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives ; focuses on the period since 1940 . Grossman , Mark . Speakers of the House of Representatives ( Amenia , NY : Grey House Publishing , 2009 ) . The comprehensive work on the subject , covering , in depth , the lives of the Speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi . Remini , Robert V . The House : the History of the House of Representatives ( Smithsonian Books , 2006 ) . The standard scholarly history . Rohde , David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House ( 1991 ) . Smock , Raymond W. , and Susan W. Hammond , eds . Masters of the House : Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries ( 1998 ) . Short biographies of key leaders . Zelizer . Julian E. ed . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy ( 2004 ) . A comprehensive history by 40 scholars . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See the United States Presidential Line of Succession statute , 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ CNN , Phil Mattingly and Maegan Vazquez , . `` House Speaker Paul Ryan wo n't seek re-election '' . CNN . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ; Burns , Alexander ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Speaker Paul Ryan Will Not Seek Re-election in November '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ; Kim , Seung Min ; Wagner , John ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` House Speaker Paul Ryan will not seek reelection , he tells friends and colleagues '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2017 ) . Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 - 2017 ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` We 're sorry , that page ca n't be found '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ripley , Party Leaders in the House of Representatives , pp. 98 - 99 . Jump up ^ `` Muhlenberg , Frederick Augustus Conrad '' http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001063 . Jump up ^ Oswald Seidensticker , `` Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg , Speaker of the House of Representatives , in the First Congress , 1789 , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 13 , No. 2 ( Jul. 1889 ) , pp. 184 - 206 in JSTOR Jump up ^ C Stewart III , Architect or tactician ? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US House of Representatives '' 1998 , online Jump up ^ Robinson , William A. `` Thomas B. Reed , Parliamentarian '' . The American Historical Review , October 1931 . pp. 137 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Oleszek , Walter J. ( December 1998 ) . `` A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2005 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Charles O. Jones , `` Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith : An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives , '' Journal of Politics ( 1968 ) , 30 : 617 - 646 doi : 10.2307 / 2128798 Jump up ^ `` Sam Rayburn House Museum '' . Texas Historical Commission . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ See Party Divisions of United States Congresses ^ Jump up to : Condon , Stephanie ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` GOP to Launch `` Fire Pelosi '' Bus Tour `` . CBS News . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Ray ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Nancy Pelosi : House Speaker 's Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address '' . The White House . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . Ordeal of the Union , Volume II : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 ( New York , 1947 ) , 413 - 415 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . The Emergence of Lincoln , Volume II : Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( New York , 1950 ) , 116 - 123 . Jump up ^ San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... City & County of San Francisco , November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved on July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John M. Broder ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Jubilant Democrats Assume Control on Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Pelosi steeled White House for health push -- Carrie Budoff Brown and Glenn Thrush '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Steven R. ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Republicans take charge of US House , poised for clashes with Obama over spending , health care '' . 1310 News . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Speaker of the House Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Speaker Pro Tempore Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Americapedia : Taking the Dumb Out of Freedom Jodi Lynn Anderson , Daniel Ehrenhaft & Andisheh Nouraee ) 2011 , Bloomsbury Publishing Page 26 . Jump up ^ Heitshusen , Valerie ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . External links ( edit ) `` Speaker of the House of Representatives '' . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Official Website , Information about role as party leader , powers as presiding officer . `` Capitol Questions . '' C - SPAN ( 2003 ) . Notable elections and role . The Cannon Centenary Conference : The Changing Nature of the Speakership. ( 2003 ) . House Document 108 - 204 . History , nature and role of the Speakership . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress , 5th ed. ( 2000 ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . 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holders in the United States Lists of members of the United States House of Representatives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 02 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who votes for speaker of the house of representatives
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"The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death, resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker.[8] The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations: there are normally two, one from each major party (each party having previously met to decide on its nominee). The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives, each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting. Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person, even for someone who is not a member of the House at all. They may also abstain by voting \"present\".[9]\n"
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"The House of Representatives"
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Richard Dormer
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Richard Dormer - wikipedia Richard Dormer Jump to : navigation , search Richard Dormer Richard Dormer in The Gentlemen 's Tea - Drinking Society ( 2009 ) ( 1969 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1969 ( age 47 ) Lisburn , County Antrim , Northern Ireland Nationality British Occupation actor , playwright Years active 1991 -- present Richard Dormer ( born 11 November 1969 ) is an actor , playwright and screenwriter from Northern Ireland . He is best known for his role as Beric Dondarrion in HBO series Game of Thrones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Film 4 Television 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Dormer was born in Lisburn , Northern Ireland . He was accepted by the Royal College of Art , but chose a scholarship at the RADA school of acting in London . After living and working in London , he returned to Northern Ireland . He lives in Belfast and is married to director Rachel O'Riordan . Career ( edit ) Dormer gained recognition following his performance as Northern Irish snooker star Alex Higgins in Hurricane in 2003 , which he wrote and starred in . Critics and even Higgins himself praised the production , and Dormer won The Stage award for best actor in 2003 . In 2004 Dormer won the Irish Times Best Actor Award for his performance in Frank McGuinness 's Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme and in 2005 completed a season with Sir Peter Hall at the Theatre Royal and performed in Bath in the George Bernard Shaw play You Can Never Tell , William Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing , Noël Coward 's play Private Lives , and in a production of Samuel Beckett 's Waiting for Godot . Since , Dormer has written a number of plays including The Half and Gentleman 's Tea Drinking Society which were produced through Belfast 's Ransom theatre company . In 2012 Dormer was commissioned by the Abbey Theatre to write a production . Set in Brooklyn in the summer of 1969 , Dormer 's Drum Belly gives an insight into the dark edgy underworld of New York 's Irish gangsters and opened April 2013 to mainly positive reviews and was published by Bloomsbury Publishing Dormer has also provided the voices for over twenty BBC Radio 4 plays , documentaries and advertising campaigns . Film ( edit ) Following a run of film castings playing secondary characters , he was cast as the lead in the 2012 Good Vibrations which tells the story of Northern Ireland personality and punk rock visionary Terri Hooley . The film premièred at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival , was awarded Best Film at the Galway film awards , best screenplay , Dinard and nominated for the Outstanding Debut award at the 2014 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards . The film was well received by critics gaining consistent reviews , most of which highlighted Dormer 's performance as a strength . Dormer 's portrayal of Terri Hooley saw him nominated in the Best Actor award in the 2013 Irish Film and Television Awards . He has since played roles in Yann Demange 's critically acclaimed film ' 71 alongside Jack O'Connell and forthcoming Gerard Johnson directed Hyena , 2014 . Television ( edit ) Dormer has become a well known television actor , more recently playing key roles in the Cinemax drama series Hunted and BBC One 's Hidden. 2012 also saw Dormer taking over the role of Lord Beric Dondarrion , known as the `` Lightning Lord '' , the leader of the `` Brotherhood Without Banners '' for Season 3 of HBO series Game of Thrones . In 2016 , Dormer reprised his role as Dondarrion in the sixth season of the series and returned for the seventh season , airing in 2017 . Dormer is the voice of the Dad on the children 's animated series Lily 's Driftwood Bay . The series aired in May on Nick Jr. in the UK and on Sprout in the US . It will also air on RTÉ in Ireland , ABC Australia , KiKa in Germany , MTV in Finland , NRK in Norway , SVT in Sweden , and HOP ! in Israel later this year . Broadcasters in Australia and the US are keeping the original voices to the series . In 2014 Dormer began filming on Sky Atlantic 's Fortitude . Described as `` their most ambitious project to date '' , he takes the role of Sheriff Dan Anderssen and stars alongside Stanley Tucci , Michael Gambon , Christopher Eccleston and The Killing 's Sofie Gråbøl . Fortitude aired on 29 January 2015 . The series is set in the fictional Arctic Norwegian settlement of Fortitude . On 9 April 2015 , Sky Atlantic recommissioned the show for a second series consisting of 10 episodes . Also in 2015 , Dormer starred in the BBC drama We 're Doomed ! The Dad 's Army Story as TV producer David Croft . The comedy drama retells the creation of the popular BBC sitcom Dad 's Army as well as the relationship between Croft and Jimmy Perry who became successful TV comedy writers . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2015 11 Minutes 2014 Hyena Nick Taylor 2014 Shooting for Socrates Arthur 2014 ' 71 Eamon 2013 Dark Touch Henry 2013 ' S.L.R Mr Verma Short 2012 Jump Johnny 2012 Good Vibrations Terri Hooley Nominated for IFTA best actor award Ghost Machine Taggert 2009 Scapegoat Narrator 2009 Five Minutes of Heaven Michael Featured at Sundance Film Festival 2009 Pumpgirl Hammy 2009 Best : His Mother 's Son Ad Director 2006 Middletown Ned 2005 Mrs Henderson Presents Comic 2005 The Mighty Celt Ronan 2002 Puckoon Arthur Faddington 2002 The Escapist Denis ' Brief Mapmaker Harry Hawcett 2000 A Further Gesture Joe Television Year Title Role Notes 2017 Rellik DCI Gabriel Markham 2016 The Musketeers Christophe 2015 We 're Doomed ! The Dad 's Army Story David Croft 2015 -- 2017 Fortitude Dan Anderssen 2014 Lily 's Driftwood Bay Dad 2013 -- present Game of Thrones Lord Beric Dondarrion 2012 Hunted Lewis Conroy 2011 Hidden Frank Hanna Television series shown on BBC One 2011 Justice George 2011 Brendan Smyth : Betrayal of Trust Chris Moore An Crisis Kyle Braid 2008 Last Man Hanging James Brown 2007 My Boy Jack Corporal John O'Leary ITV movie with Daniel Radcliffe 2003 Holy Cross Seamus 2000 Chihuahua Short The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles Civilian Soldier Soldier Cpt David Lutchens 1991 Casualty Rick Tomlinson References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hurricane , the story of Alex Higgins , back in Belfast , BBC News , 8 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Richard Dormer - Playwright Dramatist '' . Doollee.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ 20 questions with Richard Dormer . `` What 's on ? '' . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Phillip . `` British Theatre Guide '' . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Billington . `` Waiting for Godot , Theatre Royal , Bath Stage '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Drum Belly ( Modern Plays ) Richard Dormer : Bloomsbury Methuen Drama '' . Bloomsbury.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Drum Belly '' . The Public Reviews . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Jesse ( 2013 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Irish Theatre Magazine Reviews Current Drum Belly '' . Irishtheatremagazine.ie . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ United Artists . `` United Artists '' . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2014 : NI writers nominated for Good Vibrations - BBC News '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Anthony Quinn ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Film review : Good Vibrations ( 15 ) - Reviews - Films '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's Good Vibrations Movie Review '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw . `` Good Vibrations -- review Film '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Kernan ( 2012 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Good Vibrations scoops Film Fleadh award '' . Advertiser.ie . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Hunted ( 2012 -- ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Hidden ( 2011 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Announces Casting and Return Date for Season 3 ( Comic - Con 2012 ) - / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top actors set sail for Driftwood Bay '' . Northern Ireland Screen. 2014 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Stanley Tucci , Michael Gambon , Christopher Eccleston to Star in Sky 's ' Fortitude ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Pivot Sets Jan. 29 Premiere for Stanley Tucci Drama ' Fortitude ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ . `` We 're Doomed ! The Dad 's Army Story - review '' . Radio Times . 2015 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Richard Dormer on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dormer&oldid=800547696 '' Categories : 1969 births Male film actors from Northern Ireland Living people Male musical theatre actors from Northern Ireland Male stage actors from Northern Ireland People from Lisburn 21st - century male actors from Northern Ireland 20th - century male actors from Northern Ireland Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 06 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who plays lord beric in game of thrones
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"Richard Dormer (born 11 November 1969) is an actor, playwright and screenwriter from Northern Ireland. He is best known for his role as Beric Dondarrion in HBO series Game of Thrones."
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"Richard Dormer"
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Tropical year
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Tropical year - Wikipedia Tropical year Jump to : navigation , search A tropical year ( also known as a solar year ) , for general purposes , is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons , as seen from Earth ; for example , the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox , or from summer solstice to summer solstice . Because of the precession of the equinoxes , the seasonal cycle does not remain exactly synchronized with the position of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun . As a consequence , the tropical year is about 20 minutes shorter than the time it takes Earth to complete one full orbit around the Sun as measured with respect to the fixed stars ( the sidereal year ) . Since antiquity , astronomers have progressively refined the definition of the tropical year . The entry for `` year , tropical '' in the Astronomical Almanac Online Glossary ( 2015 ) states : the period of time for the ecliptic longitude of the Sun to increase 360 degrees . Since the Sun 's ecliptic longitude is measured with respect to the equinox , the tropical year comprises a complete cycle of seasons , and its length is approximated in the long term by the civil ( Gregorian ) calendar . The mean tropical year is approximately 365 days , 5 hours , 48 minutes , 45 seconds . An equivalent , more descriptive , definition is `` The natural basis for computing passing tropical years is the mean longitude of the Sun reckoned from the precessionally moving equinox ( the dynamical equinox or equinox of date ) . Whenever the longitude reaches a multiple of 360 degrees the mean Sun crosses the vernal equinox and a new tropical year begins '' ( Borkowski 1991 , p. 122 ) . The mean tropical year in 2000 was 365.24219 ephemeris days ; each ephemeris day lasting 86,400 SI seconds . This is 365.24217 mean solar days ( Richards 2013 , p. 587 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Early value , precession discovery 1.3 Middle Ages and the Renaissance 1.4 18th and 19th century 1.5 20th and 21st centuries 2 Time scales 3 Length of tropical year 3.1 Mean time interval between equinoxes 3.2 Mean tropical year current value 4 Calendar year 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References History Origin The word `` tropical '' comes from the Greek tropikos meaning `` turn '' ( tropic 1992 ) . Thus , the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn mark the extreme north and south latitudes where the Sun can appear directly overhead , and where it appears to `` turn '' in its annual seasonal motion . Because of this connection between the tropics and the seasonal cycle of the apparent position of the Sun , the word `` tropical '' also lent its name to the `` tropical year '' . The early Chinese , Hindus , Greeks , and others made approximate measures of the tropical year . Early value , precession discovery In the 2nd century BC Hipparchus measured the time required for the Sun to travel from an equinox to the same equinox again . He reckoned the length of the year to be 1 / 300 of a day less than 365.25 days ( 365 days , 5 hours , 55 minutes , 12 seconds , or 365.24667 days ) . Hipparchus used this method because he was better able to detect the time of the equinoxes , compared to that of the solstices ( Meeus & Savoie 1992 , p. 40 ) . Hipparchus also discovered that the equinoctial points moved along the ecliptic ( plane of the Earth 's orbit , or what Hipparchus would have thought of as the plane of the Sun 's orbit about the Earth ) in a direction opposite that of the movement of the Sun , a phenomenon that came to be named `` precession of the equinoxes '' . He reckoned the value as 1 ° per century , a value that was not improved upon until about 1000 years later , by Islamic astronomers . Since this discovery a distinction has been made between the tropical year and the sidereal year ( Meeus & Savoie 1992 , p. 40 ) . Middle Ages and the Renaissance During the Middle Ages and Renaissance a number of progressively better tables were published that allowed computation of the positions of the Sun , Moon and planets relative to the fixed stars . An important application of these tables was the reform of the calendar . The Alfonsine Tables , published in 1252 , were based on the theories of Ptolemy and were revised and updated after the original publication ; the most recent update in 1978 was by the French National Centre for Scientific Research . The length of the tropical year was given as 365 solar days 5 hours 49 minutes 16 seconds ( ≈ 365.24255 days ) . This length was used in devising the Gregorian calendar of 1582 ( Meeus & Savoie 1992 , p. 41 ) . In the 16th century Copernicus put forward a heliocentric cosmology . Erasmus Reinhold used Copernicus ' theory to compute the Prutenic Tables in 1551 , and gave a tropical year length of 365 solar days , 5 hours , 55 minutes , 58 seconds ( 365.24720 days ) , based on the length of a sidereal year and the presumed rate of precession . This was actually less accurate than the earlier value of the Alfonsine Tables . Major advances in the 17th century were made by Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton . In 1609 and 1619 Kepler published his three laws of planetary motion ( McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009 , p. 26 ) . In 1627 , Kepler used the observations of Tycho Brahe and Waltherus to produce the most accurate tables up to that time , the Rudolphine Tables . He evaluated the mean tropical year as 365 solar days , 5 hours , 48 minutes , 45 seconds ( 365.24219 days ; Meeus & Savoie 1992 , p. 41 ) . Newton 's three laws of dynamics and theory of gravity were published in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 . Newton 's theoretical and mathematical advances influenced tables by Edmund Halley published in 1693 and 1749 ( McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009 , pp. 26 - 28 ) and provided the underpinnings of all solar system models until Albert Einstein 's theory of General relativity in the 20th century . 18th and 19th century From the time of Hipparchus and Ptolemy , the year was based on two equinoxes ( or two solstices ) a number of years apart , to average out both observational errors and the effects of nutation ( periodic motions of the axis of rotation of the earth , the main cycle being 18.6 years ) and the movement of the Sun caused by the gravitational pull of the planets . These effects did not begin to be understood until Newton 's time . To model short - term variations of the time between equinoxes ( and prevent them from confounding efforts to measure long - term variations ) requires either precise observations or an elaborate theory of the apparent motion of the Sun . The necessary theories and mathematical tools came together in the 18th century due to the work of Pierre - Simon de Laplace , Joseph Louis Lagrange , and other specialists in celestial mechanics . They were able to express the mean longitude of the Sun as L = A + A T + A T days where T is the time in Julian centuries . The inverse of the derivative of L , dT / dL gives the length of the tropical year as a linear function of T. When this is computed , an expression giving the length of the tropical year as a function of T results . Two equations are given in the table . Both equations estimate that the tropical year gets roughly a half second shorter each century . Tropical year coefficients Name Equation Date on which T = 0 Leverrier ( Meeus & Savoie 1992 , p. 42 ) Y = 365.242 196 47 − 6.24 × 10 T January 0.5 , 1900 , Ephemeris Time Newcomb ( 1898 ) Y = 365.242 198 79 − 6.14 × 10 T January 0 , 1900 , mean time Newcomb 's tables were successful enough that they were used by the joint American - British Astronomical Almanac for the Sun , Mercury , Venus , and Mars through 1983 ( Seidelmann 1992 , p. 317 ) . 20th and 21st centuries The length of the mean tropical year is derived from a model of the solar system , so any advance that improves the solar system model potentially improves the accuracy of the mean tropical year . Many new observing instruments became available , including artificial satellites tracking of deep space probes such as Pioneer 4 beginning in 1959 ( Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2005 ) radars able to measure other planets beginning in 1961 ( Butrica 1996 ) lunar laser ranging since the 1969 Apollo 11 left the first of a series of retroreflectors which allow greater accuracy than reflectorless measurements artificial satellites such as LAGEOS ( 1976 ) and the Global Positioning System ( initial operation in 1993 ) Very Long Baseline Interferometry which finds precise directions to quasars in distant galaxies , and allows determination of the Earth 's orientation with respect to these objects whose distance is so great they can be considered to show minimal space motion ( McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009 , p. 265 ) . The complexity of the model used for the solar system must be limited to the available computation facilities . In the 1920s punched card equipment came into use by L.J. Comrie in Britain . At the American Ephemeris an electromagnetic computer , the IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator was used since 1948 . When modern computers became available , it was possible to compute ephemerides using numerical integration rather than general theories ; numerical integration came into use in 1984 for the joint US - UK almanacs ( McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009 , p. 32 ) . Einstein 's General Theory of Relativity provided a more accurate theory , but the accuracy of theories and observations did not require the refinement provided by this theory ( except for the advance of the perihelion of Mercury ) until 1984 . Time scales incorporated general relativity beginning in the 1970s ( McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009 , p. 37 ) . A key development in understanding the tropical year over long periods of time is the discovery that the rate of rotation of the earth , or equivalently , the length of the mean solar day , is not constant . William Ferrel in 1864 and Charles - Eugène Delaunay in 1865 indicated the rotation of the Earth was being retarded by tides . In 1921 William H Shortt invented the Shortt - Synchronome clock , the most accurate commercially produced pendulum clock ; it was the first clock capable of measuring variations in the Earth 's rotation . The next major time - keeping advance was the quartz clock , first built by Warren Marrison and J.W. Horton in 1927 ; in the late 1930s quartz clocks began to replace pendulum clocks as time standards ( McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009 , ch. 9 ) . A series of experiments beginning in the late 1930s led to the development of the first atomic clock by Louis Essen and J.V.L. Parry in 1955 . Their clock was based on a transition in the cesium atom ( McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009 , pp. 157 - 9 ) . Due to the accuracy the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 redefined the second in terms of the cesium transition . The atomic second , often called the SI second , was intended to agree with the ephemeris second based on Newcomb 's work , which in turn makes it agree with the mean solar second of the mid-19th century ( McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009 , pp. 81 - 2 , 191 - 7 ) . Time scales As mentioned in History , advances in time - keeping have resulted in various time scales . One useful time scale is Universal Time ( especially the UT1 variant ) , which is the mean solar time at 0 degrees longitude ( the Greenwich meridian ) . One second of UT is 1 / 86,400 of a mean solar day . This time scale is known to be somewhat variable . Since all civil calendars count actual solar days , they must ultimately be based on UT ( but the actual timing of official midnight is based on UTC ) . The other time scale has two parts . Ephemeris time ( ET ) is the independent variable in the equations of motion of the solar system , in particular , the equations in use from 1960 to 1984 ( McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009 , p. 378 ) . That is , the length of the second used in the solar system calculations could be adjusted until the length that gives the best agreement with observations is found . With the introduction of atomic clocks in the 1950s , it was found that ET could be better realized as atomic time . This also means that ET is a uniform time scale , as is atomic time . ET was given a new name , Terrestrial Time ( TT ) , and for most purposes ET = TT = International Atomic Time + 32.184 SI seconds . As of January 2017 , TT is ahead of UT1 by 69.184 seconds ( International Earth Rotation Service 2017 ; McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009 , pp. 86 - 7 ) . As explained below , long - term estimates of the length of the tropical year were used in connection with the reform of the Julian calendar , which resulted in the Gregorian calendar . Participants in that reform were only partially aware of the non-uniform rotation of the Earth , but now this can be taken into account to some degree . The amount that TT is ahead of UT1 is known as ΔT , or Delta T . The table below gives Morrison and Stephenson 's ( S & M ) 2004 estimates and standard errors ( σ ) for dates significant in the process of developing the Gregorian calendar . Event Year Nearest S & M Year ΔT σ Julian calendar begins − 44 0 2h56m20s 4m20s First Council of Nicaea 325 300 2h8m 2m Gregorian calendar begins 1582 1600 2m 20s low - precision extrapolation 4000 4h13m low - precision extrapolation 10,000 2d11h The low - precision extrapolations are computed with an expression provided by Morrison & Stephenson ( 2004 ) ΔT in seconds = − 20 + 32t where t is measured in Julian centuries from 1820 . The extrapolation is provided only to show ΔT is not negligible when evaluating the calendar for long periods ; Borkowski ( 1991 , p. 126 ) cautions that `` many researchers have attempted to fit a parabola to the measured ΔT values in order to determine the magnitude of the deceleration of the Earth 's rotation . The results , when taken together , are rather discouraging . '' Length of tropical year An oversimplified definition of the tropical year would be the time required for the Sun , beginning at a chosen ecliptic longitude , to make one complete cycle of the seasons and return to the same ecliptic longitude . Before considering an example , the equinox must be examined . There are two important planes in solar system calculations , the plane of the ecliptic ( the Earth 's orbit around the Sun ) , and the plane of the celestial equator ( the Earth 's equator projected into space ) . These two planes intersect in a line . This direction is given the symbol ♈ ( the symbol looks like the horns of a ram because it used to be toward the constellation Aries . The opposite direction is given the symbol ♎ ( because it used to be toward Libra ) . Because of the precession of the equinoxes and nutation these directions change , compared to the direction of distant stars and galaxies , whose directions have no measurable motion due to their great distance ( see International Celestial Reference Frame ) . The ecliptic longitude of the Sun is the angle between ♈ and the Sun , measured eastward along the ecliptic . This creates a complicated measurement , because as the Sun is moving , the direction the angle is measured from is also moving . It is convenient to have a fixed ( with respect to distant stars ) direction to measure from ; the direction of ♈ at noon January 1 , 2000 fills this role and is given the symbol ♈ . Using the oversimplified definition , there was an equinox on March 20 , 2009 , 11 : 44 : 43.6 TT . The 2010 March equinox was March 20 , 17 : 33 : 18.1 TT , which gives a duration of 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 34.5 seconds ( Astronomical Applications Dept. , 2009 ) . While the Sun moves , ♈ moves in the opposite direction . When the Sun and ♈ met at the 2010 March equinox , the Sun had moved east 359 ° 59'09 '' while ♈ had moved west 51 '' for a total of 360 ° ( all with respect to ♈ ; Seidelmann 1992 , p. 104 , expression for p ) . If a different starting longitude for the Sun is chosen , the duration for the Sun to return to the same longitude will be different . This is because although ♈ changes at a nearly steady rate there is considerable variation in the angular speed of the Sun . Thus , the 50 or so arcseconds that the Sun does not have to move to complete the tropical year `` saves '' varying amounts of time depending on the position in the orbit . Mean time interval between equinoxes As already mentioned , there is some choice in the length of the tropical year depending on the point of reference that one selects . But during the period when return of the Sun to a chosen longitude was the method in use by astronomers , one of the equinoxes was usually chosen because it was easier to detect when it occurred . When tropical year measurements from several successive years are compared , variations are found which are due to nutation , and to the planetary perturbations acting on the Sun . Meeus & Savoie ( 1992 , p. 41 ) provided the following examples of intervals between northward equinoxes : days hours min s 1985 -- 1986 365 5 48 58 1986 -- 1987 365 5 49 15 1987 -- 1988 365 5 46 38 1988 -- 1989 365 5 49 42 1989 -- 1990 365 5 51 06 Until the beginning of the 19th century , the length of the tropical year was found by comparing equinox dates that were separated by many years ; this approach yielded the mean tropical year ( Meeus & Savoie 1992 , p. 42 ) . Values of mean time intervals between equinoxes and solstices were provided by Meeus & Savoie ( 1992 , p. 42 ) for the years 0 and 2000 . Year 0 Year 2000 Between two Northward equinoxes 365.242 137 days 365.242 374 days Between two Northern solstices 365.241 726 365.241 626 Between two Southward equinoxes 365.242 496 365.242 018 Between two Southern solstices 365.242 883 365.242 740 Mean tropical year ( Laskar 's expression ) 365.242 310 365.242 189 Mean tropical year current value The mean tropical year on January 1 , 2000 was 365.242 189 7 or 365 ephemeris days , 5 hours , 48 minutes , 45.19 seconds . This changes slowly ; an expression suitable for calculating the length of a tropical year in ephemeris days , between 8000 BC and 12000 AD is 365.2421896698 − 6.15359 × 10 − 6 T − 7.29 × 10 − 10 T 2 + 2.64 × 10 − 10 T 3 ( \ displaystyle 365.2421896698 - 6.15359 \ times 10 ^ ( - 6 ) T - 7.29 \ times 10 ^ ( - 10 ) T ^ ( 2 ) + 2.64 \ times 10 ^ ( - 10 ) T ^ ( 3 ) ) where T is in Julian centuries of 36,525 days of 86,400 SI seconds measured from noon January 1 , 2000 TT ( in negative numbers for dates in the past ; McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009 , p. 18 , calculated from planetary model of Laskar 1986 ) . Modern astronomers define the tropical year as time for the Sun 's mean longitude to increase by 360 ° . The process for finding an expression for the length of the tropical year is to first find an expression for the Sun 's mean longitude ( with respect to ♈ ) , such as Newcomb 's expression given above , or Laskar 's expression ( 1986 , p. 64 ) . When viewed over a one - year period , the mean longitude is very nearly a linear function of Terrestrial Time . To find the length of the tropical year , the mean longitude is differentiated , to give the angular speed of the Sun as a function of Terrestrial Time , and this angular speed is used to compute how long it would take for the Sun to move 360 ° ( Meeus & Savoie 1992 , p. 42 ; Astronomical Almanac for the year 2011 , L8 ) . Note that the above formulae give the length of the tropical year in ephemeris days ( equal to 86,400 SI seconds ) , not solar days . It is the number of solar days in a tropical year that is important for keeping the calendar in synch with the seasons ( see below ) . Calendar year The Gregorian calendar , as used for civil and scientific purposes , is an international standard . It is a solar calendar that is designed to maintain synchrony with the mean tropical year ( Dobrzycki 1983 , p. 123 ) . It has a cycle of 400 years ( 146,097 days ) . Each cycle repeats the months , dates , and weekdays . The average year length is 146,097 / 400 = 365 ⁄ = 365.2425 days per year , a close approximation to the mean tropical year ( Seidelmann 1992 , pp. 576 - 81 ) . The Gregorian calendar is a reformed version of the Julian calendar . By the time of the reform in 1582 , the date of the vernal equinox had shifted about 10 days , from about March 21 at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 , to about March 11 . According to North ( 1983 ) , the real motivation for reform was not primarily a matter of getting agricultural cycles back to where they had once been in the seasonal cycle ; the primary concern of Christians was the correct observance of Easter . The rules used to compute the date of Easter used a conventional date for the vernal equinox ( March 21 ) , and it was considered important to keep March 21 close to the actual equinox ( North 1983 , pp. 75 - 76 ) . If society in the future still attaches importance to the synchronization between the civil calendar and the seasons , another reform of the calendar will eventually be necessary . According to Blackburn and Holford - Strevens ( who used Newcomb 's value for the tropical year ) if the tropical year remained at its 1900 value of 365.242 198 781 25 days the Gregorian calendar would be 3 days , 17 min , 33 s behind the Sun after 10,000 years . Aggravating this error , the length of the tropical year ( measured in Terrestrial Time ) is decreasing at a rate of approximately 0.53 s per century . Also , the mean solar day is getting longer at a rate of about 1.5 ms per century . These effects will cause the calendar to be nearly a day behind in 3200 . The number of solar days in a `` tropical millennium '' is decreasing by about 0.06 per millennium ( neglecting the oscillatory changes in the real length of the tropical year ) . This means there should be fewer and fewer leap days as time goes on . A possible reform would be to omit the leap day in 3200 , keep 3600 and 4000 as leap years , and thereafter make all centennial years common except 4500 , 5000 , 5500 , 6000 , etc . But the quantity ΔT is not sufficiently predictable to form more precise proposals ( Blackburn & Holford - Strevens 2003 , p. 692 ) . See also Anomalistic year Gregorian calendar Sidereal and tropical astrology Notes ^ Jump up to : `` The second is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom . '' CGPM ( 1960 , Resolution 9 , as quoted in Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2006 , 133 ) Jump up ^ The expression for p in Seidelmann 1992 , p. 104 shows the progression per 365 days of TT increases steadily from 50.25865 arcseconds ( January 1 , 2009 -- January 1 , 2010 ) to 50.25889 arcseconds ( December 1 , 2009 -- December 1 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ 365242 × 1.5 / 8640000 . References `` Astronomical almanac online glossary '' . US Naval Observatory . 2015 . Astronomical almanac for the year 2011 . Washington : Astronomical Almanac Office US Naval Observatory . 2010 . Astronomical Applications Dept. of United States Naval Observatory ( 2009 ) . Multiyear interactive computer almanac . 2.2 . Richmond VA : Willman - Bell . Blackburn , B. ; Holford - Strevens , L. ( 2003 ) . The Oxford companion to the year . Oxford University Press . Corrected reprint of 1999 . Borkowski , K.M. ( 1991 ) . `` The tropical year and the solar calendar '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 85 ( 3 ) : 121 -- 130 . `` The International System of Units '' . Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 2006 . Butrica , A.J. ( 1996 ) . `` NASA SP - 4218 : To see the unseen -- A history of planetary radar astronomy '' . NASA . Dershowitz , N. ; Reingold , E.M. ( 2008 ) . Calendrical calculations ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 70238 - 6 . Dobrzycki , J. ( 1983 ) . `` Astronomical aspects of the calendar reform '' . In Coyne , G.V. ; Hoskin , M.A. ; Pedersen , O. Gregorian reform of the calendar . Vatican Observatory . International Earth Rotation Service ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Bulletin A 30 ( 5 ) '' . US Naval Observatory . Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( 2005 ) . DSN : History . NASA . Laskar , J. ( 1986 ) . `` Secular terms of classical planetary theories using the results of general theory '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 157 : 59 -- 70 . ISSN 0004 - 6361 . Note : In the article at this URL page 68 should be put before page 66 . McCarthy , D.D. ; Seidelmann , P.K. ( 2009 ) . Time from Earth rotation to atomic physics . Weinhein : Wiley - VCH Verlag GmbH & Co . KGaA . Meeus , J. ; Savoie , D. ( 1992 ) . `` The history of the tropical year '' . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . 102 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 42 . Morrison , L.V. ; Stephenson , F.R. ( 2004 ) . `` Historical values of the Earth 's clock error ΔT and the calculation of eclipses '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 35 , Part 3 ( 120 ) : 327 -- 336 . Newcomb , S. ( 1898 ) . Tables of the four inner planets . Astronomical papers prepared for the use of the American ephemeris and nautical almanac. 6 ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington : Bureau of Equipment , Navy Department . North , J.D. ( 1983 ) . `` The Western calendar - ' Intolerabilis , horribilis , et derisibilis ' ; four centuries of discontent '' . In Coyne , G.V. ; Hoskin , , M.A. ; Pedersen , O. Gregorian reform of the calendar . Vatican Observatory . Richards , E.G. ( 2013 ) . `` Calendars '' . In Urban , S.E. ; Seidelmann , P.K. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac ( 3rd ed . ) . Mill Valley , CA : University Science Books . pp. 585 -- 624 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891389 - 85 - 6 . Seidelmann , P.K. , ed. ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . Sausalito , CA : University Science Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891389 - 85 - 6 . `` tropic '' . American Heritage Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Boston : Houghton - Mifflin. 1992 . Urban , S.E. ; Seidelmann , P.K. , eds. ( 2013 ) . Explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac ( 3rd ed . ) . Mill Valley , CA : University Science Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891389 - 85 - 6 . Time Key concepts Past history deep time Present Future Futures studies Far future in religion Far future in science fiction and popular culture Timeline of the far future Eternity Eternity of the world Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Planck time Second Minute Hour Day Week Month Year Decade Century Millennium Tropical year Sidereal year Samvatsara Measurement systems Time zone Six - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Daylight saving time Solar time Sidereal time Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Calendars Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Lunar Solar Hijri Mayan Intercalation Leap second Leap year Clocks Horology History of timekeeping devices Main types astrarium atomic quantum marine sundial sundial markup schema watch water - based Chronology History Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Chronicle Deep time Human timeline Life timeline Nature timeline Periodization Regnal year Timeline Religion Mythology Dreamtime Kāla Kalachakra Prophecy Time and fate deities Wheel of time Immortality Philosophy of time A-series and B - series B - theory of time Causality Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Perdurantism Presentism Static interpretation of time Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time Human experience and use of time Accounting period Chronemics Fiscal year Generation time Mental chronometry Music Procrastination Punctuality Temporal database Term Time discipline Time management Time perception Specious present Time - tracking software Time - use research Time - based currency ( time banking ) Time value of money Time clock Timesheet Yesterday -- Today -- Tomorrow Time in Geology Geological time age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth Physics Absolute time and space Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Imaginary time Planck epoch Planck time Proper time Rate Spacetime Theory of relativity Time dilation gravitational Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry other subject areas Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Dating methodologies in archaeology Time geography Related topics Carpe diem Clock position Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time complexity Time signature Time travel Time portal Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Units of time Century Day Decade Fortnight Hour Jiffy Lustrum Millennium Minute Moment Month Paksha Saeculum Second Shake Week Year Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_year&oldid=808614280 '' Categories : Units of time Calendars Time in astronomy Western astrology Technical factors of astrology Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use mdy dates from May 2015 Use American English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 00 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the length of a year discovered
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[
"In the 2nd century BC Hipparchus measured the time required for the Sun to travel from an equinox to the same equinox again. He reckoned the length of the year to be 1/300 of a day less than 365.25 days (365 days, 5 hours, 55 minutes, 12 seconds, or 365.24667 days). Hipparchus used this method because he was better able to detect the time of the equinoxes, compared to that of the solstices (Meeus & Savoie 1992, p. 40)."
] |
[
"2nd century BC"
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1410584594974193502
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Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy
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Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy - Wikipedia Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy Jump to : navigation , search Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy Developer ( s ) Vicarious Visions Publisher ( s ) Activision Director ( s ) Dan Tanguay Producer ( s ) Kara Massie Designer ( s ) Dan Tanguay Programmer ( s ) Dave Calvin Artist ( s ) Dustin King Composer ( s ) Josh Mancell Series Crash Bandicoot Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Release June 30 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Platform Mode ( s ) Single - player Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy is a platform video game compilation developed by Vicarious Visions and published by Activision for PlayStation 4 . It is a collection of remasters of the first three titles in the Crash Bandicoot series : Crash Bandicoot , Cortex Strikes Back , and Warped , which were originally developed by Naughty Dog for the PlayStation in the 1990s . The game was released on June 30 , 2017 , receiving generally favorable reviews from critics , who praised the game 's faithfulness to the original trilogy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Development 3 Reception 3.1 Sales 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Overview See also : Common gameplay elements of the Crash Bandicoot series N. Sane Trilogy is a collection of remasters of the first three games in the Crash Bandicoot series , Crash Bandicoot , Cortex Strikes Back and Warped , which all feature Crash Bandicoot traversing various levels in order to stop Doctor Neo Cortex . Like in the original games , Crash uses spinning and jumping techniques to defeat enemies , smash crates , and collect items such as Wumpa Fruits , extra lives , and protective Aku Aku masks . The trilogy adds new features across all three games , including unified checkpoints , pause menus and save systems , including both manual and automatic saving , time trials , which were first introduced in Warped , and the ability to play most levels in each game as Crash 's sister Coco . It also features remastered audio and cutscenes , featuring newly recorded dialogue from past voice actors from the franchise . Development A comparison between the first level of the original game ( above ) and the N. Sane Trilogy version ( below ) The compilation was developed by Vicarious Visions , the team behind several Skylanders titles who previously developed Crash Nitro Kart ( 2003 ) , as well as the Crash Bandicoot Game Boy Advance titles . During development , Vicarious Visions coined the term `` Remaster Plus '' to describe the collection , as they did not fully remake the original games , but rather used Naughty Dog 's original level geometry to rebuild the gameplay from scratch . As the levels were coming together , they also added their own art , animation , and audio . Almost none of the source code for the original game was available to the developers . as the game engine was specially written for the original PlayStation and Vicarious Visions could not find a way to use it on more powerful systems . Sony and Naughty Dog were able to provide various polygon meshes from the original , although many important elements from these were missing and the team found that `` They were compressed in some wacky format that we had to decode '' beyond that Vicarious Visions looked at various internet communities to make sure they had essences of the games captured . The team also had some fans test the game and give notes about it compared to the originals . Preceding the release of the game there was a contest for fans to submit ideas for idle animations for the character . The game was first revealed at E3 2016 preceding the announcement there were rumors of a Crash Bandicoot revival stemming from an incident in 2015 where SIE Worldwide Studios Chairman Shawn Layden wore a shirt featuring the titular character while appearing at the PlayStation Experience . The actual title would be revealed at the 2016 PlayStation Experience . Reception Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 80 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8.5 / 10 EGM 9.0 / 10 Game Informer 8 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 6 / 10 GamesRadar IGN 8.5 / 10 Polygon 6 / 10 Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy received `` generally favorable '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Sales In the United Kingdom , the N. Sane Trilogy was the best - selling game in the week of release , a first for the Crash Bandicoot series , and became the best - selling exclusive launch of the year , beating the record previously held by Horizon Zero Dawn . Its release also saw the biggest launch of a game in the first half of 2017 , behind Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Wildlands . Notes Jump up ^ Original games were developed by Naughty Dog . Jump up ^ Mancell was the composer of the original games ; the music was arranged by uncredited members of Vicarious Visions ' audio team . Mark Mothersbaugh is listed as a composer in the credits , but was only a music producer for the original games . References Jump up ^ Oh , Ashley ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Coco Bandicoot palyable in Crash N. Sane trilogy '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tanguay , Dan ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy : First Screens , In - Depth Details '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SONY INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT AMERICA UNVEILS EXTRAORDINARY GAMING EXPERIENCES FOR PLAYSTATION 4 AND PLAYSTATION VR AT E3 2016 '' . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : MACHKOVECH - , Sam . `` A remaster with no old code : Crash Bandicoot was rebuilt nearly from scratch '' . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal . `` Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy idle move contest announced '' . Gemastu . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crash Bandicoot is Back in Skylanders Imaginators and in Remastered Classics ! '' . Business Wire . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Layden Trolled Us All with Crash Bandicoot Shirt '' . Push Square . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy '' . Destructoid . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slead , Evan ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reiner , Andrew ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Aged Like A Fine , Orange Wine - Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kozanitis , James ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy Review -- Warping to the Present '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blain , Louise ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy review : ' Makes the Binding of Isaac feel like a summer getaway '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy Review '' . IGN . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oh , Ashley ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dring , Christopher . `` UK Charts : Crash Bandicoot is the biggest single - format release of the year '' . Gamesindustry.biz . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . External links Official website ( hide ) Crash Bandicoot series Games Main series Crash Bandicoot 2 : Cortex Strikes Back Warped The Wrath of Cortex Twinsanity Crash of the Titans Mind over Mutant Racing Team Racing Nitro Kart Tag Team Racing Party Bash Boom Bang ! Handheld The Huge Adventure 2 : N - Tranced Purple : Ripto 's Rampage Mobile games Other Skylanders : Imaginators N. Sane Trilogy Characters Crash Bandicoot Doctor Neo Cortex Video games portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crash_Bandicoot_N._Sane_Trilogy&oldid=801468034 '' Categories : 2017 video games 3D platform games Activision games Crash Bandicoot games Platform games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 - only games Single - player video games Video game compilations Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female protagonists Video game remakes Video games using Havok Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use American English from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano مصرى 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 21 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
which games are in crash bandicoot n sane trilogy
|
[
"Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy is a platform video game compilation developed by Vicarious Visions and published by Activision for PlayStation 4. It is a collection of remasters of the first three titles in the Crash Bandicoot series: Crash Bandicoot, Cortex Strikes Back, and Warped, which were originally developed by Naughty Dog for the PlayStation in the 1990s. The game was released on June 30, 2017, receiving generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised the game's faithfulness to the original trilogy.",
"Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy is a platform video game compilation developed by Vicarious Visions and published by Activision for PlayStation 4. It is a collection of remasters of the first three titles in the Crash Bandicoot series: Crash Bandicoot, Cortex Strikes Back, and Warped, which were originally developed by Naughty Dog for the PlayStation in the 1990s. The game was released on June 30, 2017, receiving generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised the game's faithfulness to the original trilogy.",
"Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy is a platform video game compilation developed by Vicarious Visions and published by Activision for PlayStation 4. It is a collection of remasters of the first three titles in the Crash Bandicoot series: Crash Bandicoot, Cortex Strikes Back, and Warped, which were originally developed by Naughty Dog for the PlayStation in the 1990s. The game was released on June 30, 2017, receiving generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised the game's faithfulness to the original trilogy."
] |
[
"Crash Bandicoot",
"Cortex Strikes Back",
"Warped"
] |
-7952668099306384492
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Mall of America
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Mall of America - wikipedia Mall of America Not to be confused with Mall of the Americas . Mall of America The Mall of America logo Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Alternative names MoA General information Type Shopping mall Address 60 East Broadway , Bloomington , Minnesota , United States 55425 Coordinates 44 ° 51 ′ 15 '' N 93 ° 14 ′ 32 '' W / 44.85417 ° N 93.24222 ° W / 44.85417 ; - 93.24222 Coordinates : 44 ° 51 ′ 15 '' N 93 ° 14 ′ 32 '' W / 44.85417 ° N 93.24222 ° W / 44.85417 ; - 93.24222 Opening August 11 , 1992 ; 26 years ago ( 1992 - 08 - 11 ) Owner Triple Five Group Technical details Floor count 4 on East and South Wings 3 on North and West Wings Floor area 2,500,000 sq ft ( 230,000 m ) + 5,400,000 sq ft ( 500,000 m ) Design and construction Architecture firm HGA , KKE Architects , Inc. , Jerde Partnership Main contractor Melvin Simon & Associates Triple Five Group Other information Number of stores 500 + Number of anchors Parking 12,287 spaces ( Two 7 - story ramps and two overflow surface lots ) Website mallofamerica.com Mall of America ( commonly , locally known as `` MOA '' ) is a shopping mall located in Bloomington , Minnesota , United States ( a suburb of the Twin Cities ) . It lies southeast of the junction of Interstate 494 and Minnesota State Highway 77 , north of the Minnesota River , and across the Interstate from the Minneapolis -- St. Paul International Airport . Opened in 1992 , it is the largest mall in the United States in terms of total floor area ( including Nickelodeon Universe ) , the fifth largest mall in North America in terms of leaseable space , and the twelfth largest in the world . The mall is managed by the Triple Five Group ( which in turn is owned by Canada 's Ghermezian family , along with the West Edmonton Mall ) . Eighty percent of visitors to the Mall of America are from Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , the Dakotas , Illinois , Ohio , and Canada . Contents 1 History 1.1 Legal battle 1.2 Expansions 2 Architecture 3 Tenants 4 Attractions 5 Nostalgic artifacts and memorials 6 Transit 7 Security 7.1 MOA as a protest site 8 Amusement park and other features 9 Usage in media 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) One escalator well The mall 's concept was designed by the Triple Five Group , owned by the Ghermezian brothers , who also own the largest shopping mall in North America , the West Edmonton Mall . Mall of America is located on the site of the former Metropolitan Stadium , where the Minnesota Vikings and Minnesota Twins played until the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome opened in 1982 . A plaque in the mall 's amusement park commemorates the former location of home plate , and one seat from Met Stadium was placed in Mall of America at the exact location it occupied in the stadium , commemorating a 520 - foot ( 160 m ) home run hit by hall - of - famer Harmon Killebrew on June 3 , 1967 . In 1986 , the Bloomington Port Authority signed an agreement with the Ghermezian organization . Groundbreaking for the mall took place on June 14 , 1989 . Organizations involved include Melvin Simon and Associates , Teachers Insurance and Annuity ( a.k.a. TIAA ) and the office of architect Jon Jerde . Mall of America opened its doors to the public on August 11 , 1992 . Even before opening , the mall had earned several nicknames , including `` The Megamall '' , `` Sprawl of America '' , `` Hugedale '' -- in reference to the four major `` dale '' shopping malls within the Twin Cities : Rosedale , Southdale , Ridgedale , and ( defunct as of 2010 ) Brookdale -- and simply , `` The Mall '' . Mall of America became the largest shopping mall in total area and largest in total store vendors in the United States when it opened . The Mall of America 's 42 million annual visitors equal roughly eight times the population of the state of Minnesota . As of 2015 , the mall employed over 11,000 workers year - round and 13,000 during peak seasons . Legal battle ( edit ) In 2003 , after a protracted six - year legal battle between Simon Property Group , the managing general partner of the property , and the Ghermezian brothers / Triple Five Group , over majority ownership of the site , a federal appeals court ruled in favor of the Ghermezians , effectively transferring control and planning authority of the mall back to the creator of the concept . The dispute stemmed from a 1999 purchase of Teacher 's Insurance 's 27.5 % equity stake by Simon Properties , giving them majority ownership . The Ghermezians claimed they were never told of the deal and sued Simon , citing fiduciary responsibility . On November 3 , 2006 , the Ghermezians gained full control of Mall of America by spending US $1 billion . Expansions ( edit ) On May 18 , 2008 , the Mall of America received a tax break for a proposed $2 billion expansion . The bill gave the city of Bloomington the ability to increase taxes on sales , lodging and food and beverages to finances a parking ramp at the mall . On March 24 , 2012 , the Triple Five Group announced the start of a $200 million expansion that would build into the north parking lot of the mall . The plans called for an additional hotel and an additional 200,000 square feet ( 19,000 m ) of retail space . The project broke ground in the fall of 2013 and began opening in stages in the summer of 2015 . In March 2014 , ground was broken on the mall 's north side for the $104 million , 14 - story JW Marriott hotel , owned and financed by the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community . In 2018 , it was announced that MOA had proposed to build an indoor water park , with a cost between $150 to $200 million for the project . Architecture ( edit ) Sign at a Mall of America entrance , removed in 2014 as part of the Phase II expansion The Mall of America has three levels on its West side , pictured above . The Mall of America has a gross area of 4,870,000 sq ft ( 452,000 m ) or 96.4 acres ( 390,000 m ) , enough to fit seven Yankee Stadiums inside , with 2,500,000 sq ft ( 230,000 m ) available as retail space . The mall is nearly symmetric , with a roughly rectangular floor plan . More than 530 stores are arranged along three levels of pedestrian walkways on the sides of the rectangle , with a fourth level on the east side . Four anchor department stores are located at the corners . The mall is organized into four different zones , each of those zones had its own decorative style until a series of renovations from 2010 to 2015 led to a unified and more luxurious style , as well as to coincide with the mall 's first major expansion . Despite Minnesota 's cold winters , only the mall 's entrances and some below ground areas are heated . Heat is allowed in through skylights above the central amusement park area . The majority of the heat is produced by lighting fixtures , other electric devices , and people in the mall . In fact , even during the winter , air conditioning systems may still be in use during peak hours to ensure a comfortable shopping environment . Although the common areas are unheated , the individual stores do have heating systems . Two nearly identical seven - story parking ramps on the east and west sides of the mall provide 12,287 parking spaces . Overflow parking north of the building provides an additional 1,200 -- 1,500 spaces , and 1,407 spaces are provided by IKEA . Tenants ( edit ) Level One is the location of Nickelodeon Universe amusement park ( formerly Camp Snoopy ) , and first level of general retail which includes Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium , Hard Rock Cafe , Lego Store , American Girl Place , Apple Store , Barnes & Noble , Fabletics , Nordstrom , Sears , Macy 's , and Microsoft Store , Level Two features restaurants , shopping , MOA ® Moments , and the first Verizon Wireless Destination Store . Level Three has two food courts with more than 20 fast food and full service restaurants , mini-golf , shopping , and Crayola Experience . Level Four is the entertainment level with Hooters , Cantina # 1 , Rick Bronson 's House of Comedy , Gameworks , Dick 's Last Resort , Sky Deck Sports Grille and Lane , and the first U.S. location of SMAAASH , a virtual reality sports entertainment center . During its run as an all - encompassing entertainment and retail venue , certain aspects , particularly its bars , have come under scrutiny . In early - 2000 a Mardi Gras - themed bar , Fat Tuesday , shut its doors due to indecent exposure and alcohol - related offenses . On November 29 , 2011 , Google announced indoor maps for Mall of America along with several other places like airports , parks and public spaces . On January 3 , 2012 , Macy 's Inc. announced it would close its Bloomingdale 's location at the Mall of America . The Theatres at Mall of America ( Initially run by General Cinemas , bought out then rebranded by AMC Theatres , and eventually operated by mall management ) occupied the south side of the fourth floor through December 2016 , when it closed permanently . It was replaced by Cinemex subsidiary CMX Cinemas in fall 2017 . Attractions ( edit ) Nickelodeon Universe indoor theme park Amusement park view from third floor Nickelodeon Universe is an indoor theme park in the center of the mall . The park features roller coasters , among numerous other rides and attractions , and is the largest indoor theme park in the United States . Unlike many indoor amusement parks , Nickelodeon Universe has a great deal of natural foliage in and about the park , and its floor has a wide variance in height -- the highest ground level in the park is 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) above the lowest . The rides include the roller coasters SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge and Avatar Airbender , and a thrill ride called BrainSurge . The latter attraction bills itself as a `` rather peculiar '' ride . It also has a miniature golfing section called Moose Mountain . This miniature golf course features eighteen holes and a relatively fast astroturf surface . At the Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium , guests travel through a 300 - foot - long ( 91 m ) curved tunnel through 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) of water to view over 4,500 sea creatures including sharks , turtles , stingrays , and many more . Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium offers special events such as sleepovers , scuba diving , snorkeling , and birthday parties . The Mall recently added Crayola Experience and FlyOver America to the list of family attractions . Nostalgic artifacts and memorials ( edit ) A stadium seat commemorating the longest home run at Metropolitan Stadium , hit by Minnesota Twins player Harmon Killebrew on June 3 , 1967 . The seat is painted red and bolted to a wall to mark the exact height and position at which the ball landed in the upper - deck seats . A plaque embedded in the floor of Nickelodeon Universe , marking the exact spot of home plate at Metropolitan Stadium . The home plate plaque in Nickelodeon Universe A plaque embedded in the floor of Nickelodeon Universe , marking the spot of the 50 yard line at Metropolitan Stadium was added in 2018 . United Airlines Flight 93 memorial , for those who died aboard during the September 11 , 2001 , attacks -- the bust of Tom Burnett ( who was born and raised in Bloomington ) is on the west side of the first floor , next to the fountain in front of Nordstrom . Transit ( edit ) Main article : Mall of America ( Metro Transit station ) In the lower level of the eastern parking ramp is the Mall of America Transit Station , the busiest transit hub in Minnesota with services to and from many destinations in the Minneapolis -- St. Paul metropolitan area . The Transit Station contains two stops on the Metro Transit network : the southern terminus of the METRO Blue Line ( light rail ) to Downtown Minneapolis via MSP Airport and Hiawatha Avenue ( operated by Metro Transit ) , and the northern terminus of the METRO Red Line ( BRT ) to Lakeville ( operated by the Minnesota Valley Transit Authority ) . Both agencies also operate many local bus services to the Transit Station , and many area hotels along with the Mystic Lake Casino offer free shuttles to their establishments . The mall is not a park and ride facility , and overnight parking is banned to prevent passengers taking the train to the airport . Commuters are required to use the nearby 28th Avenue Station 's parking ramp . The Mall of America Transit Station is undergoing a study to increase efficiency and capacities , and to provide a better experience for its users . Estimates for the upgrade are approximately $20 million . Security ( edit ) The Mall of America 's security program is unique and in many ways the first of its kind . Michael Rozin , who used to be employed as the mall 's Special Operations Security Captain , developed and implemented a behavior detection unit specifically focused on mitigating the threat of terrorism and enhancing counter-terrorism capabilities . Behavior Detection Officers ( BDOs ) are trained extensively in Israel , each one going through at least 240 hours of training that includes communication techniques , first aid , defensive tactics , crisis intervention , terrorism awareness , and rapid response . As Doug Reynolds , the Security Director at the mall , noted in a congressional testimony in 2008 , BDOs are taught to `` look for intent , rather than means . The objective is to focus on suspicious indicators in three categories : People , vehicles and unattended items like backpacks , shopping bags , suitcases . '' This methodology has prepared the mall for a variety of threats , both from terrorists and everyday criminals . In 2010 , it was noted that mall security officials were instructed to question or detain individuals exhibiting what they deemed `` suspicious behavior '' . Signs of suspicious behavior included photographing air - conditioning ducts , or signs that a shopper was hiding something . At the time , some officials within the Bloomington Police Department worried that the mall 's security methods may infringe on rights . In 2011 , NPR 's All Things Considered and Morning Edition and PBS 's Newshour both aired programs documenting security abuses by the mall 's security personnel . On December 31 , 2013 , members from the First Nations protest movement Idle No More attempted to repeat a successful Native - American round dance held at the mall in 2012 , but failed after being stopped by mall security . Organizers of the dance , Patricia Shepard and Reyna Crow from Duluth were arrested on site for trespassing . In February 2015 , the Al - Shabaab militant group also released a propaganda video calling for attacks on the Mall of America and other Western shopping centers . Although the group had never launched attacks in North America , security at the mall was tightened in response and Homeland Security issued a one - day alert to shoppers to remain vigilant . MOA as a protest site ( edit ) On December 21 , 2014 , thousands of protesters attended an unauthorized demonstration organized by Black Lives Matter in the mall 's rotunda . The demonstration was in response to the Michael Brown fatal shooting in Ferguson , Missouri , and the then recent jury decision not to prosecute the white officer in that case , as well as the death of Eric Garner of New York . In response to the demonstration , the Mall of America closed the areas of the mall around the rotunda . Police arrested 25 demonstrators . The Bloomington City Attorney , Sandra Johnson , pursued charges against the organizers , and the city is sought compensatory damages from some of the organizers for out - of - pocket costs the city incurred while paying overtime for additional security . In response to these charges , demonstrators have called for a boycott of the mall . Plans for another Black Lives Matter demonstration at the Mall of America on December 23 , 2015 prompted mall officials to file a restraining order against the movement 's activists . Eight individual activists were sued in Hennepin County District Court . The mall 's lawsuit would prohibit the defendants from demonstrating and require them to delete all of their posts to social media pertaining to the demonstration . The lawsuit additionally asked that the court jail Black Lives Matter activists unless they publicly announce that the demonstration is cancelled on their social media accounts . The American Civil Liberties Union of Minnesota called the mall 's lawsuit an `` improper prior restraint on speech '' and an unconstitutional overreach . Amusement park and other features ( edit ) The amusement park , during its `` Camp Snoopy '' days . The Metropolitan Stadium home plate marker . The Harmon Killebrew chair . The carousel at the amusement park . The band organ , formerly at the carousel entrance . The Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. restaurant Another shot of the amusement park during the Camp Snoopy era . Another shot of Camp Snoopy from a different angle . The Kite - Eating Tree ride is shown in this picture . When Camp Snoopy became Nickelodeon Universe in 2008 , the Kite - Eating Tree was restyled and renamed Swing - Along . The three - story American flag , which was used on July 4 , 2008 . The mall 's information sign , which shows the use of `` MOA '' . The MPR store , emphasizing A Prairie Home Companion . This has since closed . Al 's Farm Toys , a farm - themed toy store which closed in 2016 . A few of the unique sports - themed stores throughout the mall . Team Choice and Lids Locker Room ( formerly Locker Room ) closed , but Goldy 's and Rybicki Cheese remain and Goldy 's has since become Goldy 's Locker Room . The legendary mural imitating Seurat ; formerly near the food court . The Lego `` Imagination Center '' , the longest - standing Mall attraction . The Lego Store after 2009 remodeling . Usage in media ( edit ) The Mall of America was used as a filming location for various movies and television shows , including : D2 : The Mighty Ducks ( 1994 ) The first episode of WCW Monday Night Nitro Jingle All The Way ( 1996 ) You 're Invited to Mary - Kate & Ashley 's Mall Party ( 1997 ) Mall Masters ( 2001 ) Mall Cops : Mall of America ( 2010 ) The End of the Tour ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) Minnesota portal List of the world 's largest shopping malls List of largest shopping malls in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Mall of America '' . Translucency.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandra Larriva and Gabe Weisert ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` Most Visited Tourist Attractions '' . Forbes Traveler . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mower , Lawrence . `` Labor union launches ads targeting Gwen Graham over the American Dream mega-mall '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Berfield , Susan ( 15 December 2016 ) . `` How Not to Build a Supermall : $5 Billion , 5 Governors , 3 Developers , and 15 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Some images of the Mall of America since its opening in 1992 '' . La Crosse Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sid Hartman , supporter of stadium building through the decades , seeing a Super Bowl dream fulfilled '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Bank Stadium ready for Super Bowl closeup '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Best Unique Things At Mall Of America '' . 2010 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 50 years ago today , Harmon Killebrew hit his longest home run '' . Twin Cities . 2011 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Friday : Mall of America Opened its Doors 25 Years Ago '' . KSTP . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Melvin Simon , 82 , Dies ; Commercial Real Estate Magnate Co-Owned Indiana Pacers '' . 2009 - 09 - 20 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ackman , Dan . `` Mall Of America Goes To Canadians '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Uptown home invasion suspect son of prominent architect Jon Jerde '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Karlen , Neal . `` The Mall That Ate Minnesota '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts - Mall of America '' . Mall of America . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Brothers win back control of megamall ; Simon Property will contest a ruling that transfers majority ownership '' . Star Tribune . September 12 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Ackman , Dan . `` Mall Of America Goes To Canadians '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Black , Sam ( November 3 , 2006 ) . `` Ghermezians take sole control of Mall of America in $1 B deal '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Capitol budget deal beats the clock '' . Twin Cities . 2008 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Webbtwebb , Tom . `` Mall of America plans $200 million expansion '' . TwinCities.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mall of America 's $325 million addition will open in stages '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Vomhof , John ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Mall of America moves ahead with $225 M expansion ( Updated rendering ) '' . Jump up ^ ' Ground ' broken on $325 million Mall of America expansion . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mall Of America Proposes Huge Indoor Water Park '' . 2018 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Citation of fitting `` seven Yankee Stadiums '' inside the retail space of MOA , listed in the City of Bloomington , MN Web site . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mall of America ' giant makeover ditches 90 's in bid to stay hip '' . Startribune.com . Star Tribune . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Elmasry , Faiza ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` America 's Largest Mall Offers More than Shopping '' . Voice of America . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schapiro , Rose ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` Road Trip to the Mall of America '' . Chicago Weekly . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ WCCO -- TV ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` Heating Costs '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MALL OF AMERICA ® DIRECTORY MAP '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STATE OF MINNESOTA OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS FOR THE BLOOMINGTON CITY COUNCIL '' ( PDF ) . July 14 , 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A new frontier for Google Maps '' . Google . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomingdale 's at Mall of America closing ; space to be divided '' . Twin Cities . 2012 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ DiCarlo , Lisa . `` AMC To Acquire General Cinema '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Kavita . `` Shuttered Mall of America movie theaters will reopen with gourmet food , cocktails '' . Star Tribune . StarTribune . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` * Official * SEA LIFE Minnesota '' . Sharky.tv . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` * Official * SEA LIFE Minnesota '' . Sharky.tv . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball at the Mall '' . Dusty Lens . March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Merullo , Roland ( May 13 , 2006 ) . `` Who Financed 9 / 11 ? '' . Reader 's Digest Australia . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mall of America Transit Station '' ( PDF ) . Senate.MN . Minnesota Senate . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RSC Team - Security Subject Matter Experts '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Anti-Terror Task Force at the Mall of America '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Committee on Homeland Security House of Representatives One Hundred Tenth Congress ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` The Challenge of Protecting Mass Gatherings in a Post-9 / 11 World '' . US Government Printing Office . Committee on Homeland Security . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ G.W. SCHULZ , DANIEL ZWERDLING and ANDREW BECKER ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` They 're watching at the Mall of America '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The shadow of suspicion falls in the Mall of America '' . Salon . September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Under Suspicion at the Mall of America '' . NPR . September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rupar , Aaron . `` Idle No More flash dance brings more than 1,000 protesters to Mall of America '' . CityPages . Archived from the original on 22 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ KBJR News . `` '' Idle No More '' Round Dance attempt ends in arrests at Mall of America `` . Northland Newsletter . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Be particularly careful ' today , U.S. homeland security chief tells MOA visitors '' . Star Truibune. 22 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No `` imminent threat '' to West Edmonton Mall visitors , RCMP says `` . Edmonton Journal . 22 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press . `` Chanting ' Black Lives Matter , ' Protesters Shut Down Part of Mall of America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Brumfield ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Black Lives Matter ' protesters storm mall '' . CNN . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LIBOR JANY ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Bloomington seeks charges against Mall of America protesters '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandt Williams ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Mall of America demonstrators plead not guilty to charges '' . MPR News . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moyer , Justin Wm . ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mall of America sues to stop planned Dec. 23 protest by Black Lives Matter '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Black Lives Matter Minneapolis : 8 Activists Sued By MOA '' . CBS Minnesota . December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rietmulder , Michael ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mall of America wants restraining order against Black Lives Matter protest '' . City Pages . Jump up ^ Feshir , Riham ; Collins , Jon ; Cox , Peter ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Black Lives Matter vows MOA protest ; judge weighs restraining order '' . MPR News . Jump up ^ `` MOA ® Moments : Behind the Screens '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ WCW Monday Nitro # First episode Jump up ^ Wakeman , Travis . `` WWE Turning Point : Analyzing Historical Impact of First Episode of WCW Nitro '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Vomhof Jr. , John ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` Mall of America seeks more roles in reality shows after ' Mall Cops ' success '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mall of America . Official website Labelscar summary Metro Transit : Mall of America Station City Pages staff writer Matt Snyders spends one week in the Mall of America Twin Cities shopping centers North Metro Northtown Mall Riverdale Village East Metro Har Mar Mall Maplewood Mall Rosedale Center Woodbury Lakes South Metro Burnsville Center The Galleria Mall of America Southdale Center Southtown Center West Metro Albertville Premium Outlets Arbor Lakes Eden Prairie Center The Grove Ridgedale Center Shoppes at Knollwood Twin Cities Calhoun Square Cray Plaza Gaviidae Common Minneapolis City Center Nicollet Mall Saint Anthony Main Defunct Apache Plaza Bandana Square Brookdale Center Four Seasons Mall Wayzata Bay Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall_of_America&oldid=855357452 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Bloomington , Minnesota Minneapolis -- Saint Paul Shopping malls established in 1992 Shopping malls in Hennepin County , Minnesota Shopping malls in Minnesota Tourist attractions in Hennepin County , Minnesota 1992 establishments in Minnesota Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2015 Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 18 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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where is the biggest mall in america located
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"Mall of America (commonly, locally known as \"MOA\") is a shopping mall located in Bloomington, Minnesota, United States (a suburb of the Twin Cities). It lies southeast of the junction of Interstate 494 and Minnesota State Highway 77, north of the Minnesota River, and across the Interstate from the Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport. Opened in 1992, it is the largest mall in the United States in terms of total floor area (including Nickelodeon Universe), the fifth largest mall in North America in terms of leaseable space, and the twelfth largest in the world.\n"
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"Bloomington, Minnesota, United States"
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February 29
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February 29 - wikipedia February 29 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the calendar day . For the South Korean film , see February 29 ( film ) . For the Malaysian film , see 29 Februari . `` Leap Day '' redirects here . For the `` 30 Rock '' episode , see Leap Day ( 30 Rock ) . For the `` Modern Family '' episode , see Leap Day ( Modern Family ) . < < February > > Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2017 February 29 in recent years 2016 ( Monday ) 2012 ( Wednesday ) 2008 ( Friday ) February 29 , also known as leap day or leap year day , is a date added to most years that are divisible by 4 , such as 2008 , 2012 , 2016 , 2020 , and 2024 . A leap day is added in various solar calendars ( calendars based on the Earth 's revolution around the Sun ) , including the Gregorian calendar standard in most of the world . Lunisolar calendars ( whose months are based on the phases of the Moon ) instead add a leap or intercalary month . In the Gregorian calendar , years that are divisible by 100 , but not by 400 , do not contain a leap day . Thus , 1700 , 1800 , and 1900 did not contain a leap day ; neither will 2100 , 2200 , and 2300 . Conversely , 1600 and 2000 did and 2400 will . Years containing a leap day are called leap years . Years not containing a leap day are called common years . February 29 is the 60th day of the Gregorian calendar , in such a year , with 306 days remaining until the end of the year . In the Chinese calendar , this day will only occur in years of the monkey , dragon , and rat . A leap day is observed because a complete revolution around the Sun takes approximately 6 hours longer than 365 days ( 8,760 hours ) . A leap day compensates for this lag , realigning the calendar with the Earth 's position in the Solar System ; otherwise , seasons would occur earlier than intended in the calendar year . The Julian calendar used in Christendom until the 16th century added a leap day every four years ; but this rule adds too many days ( roughly 3 every 400 years ) , making the equinoxes and solstices shift gradually to earlier dates . By the 16th century the vernal equinox had drifted to March 11 , and the Gregorian calendar was introduced both to shift it back by omitting several days , and to reduce the number of leap years via the `` century rule '' to keep the equinoxes more or less fixed and the date of Easter consistently close to the vernal equinox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Leap years 1.1 Modern ( Gregorian ) calendar 1.2 Early Roman calendar 1.3 Julian reform 2 Born on February 29 2.1 Legal status 2.2 In fiction 3 Events 4 Births 5 Deaths 6 Holidays and observances 7 Folk traditions 8 References 9 External links Leap years ( edit ) Main article : Leap year Although most modern calendar years have 365 days , a complete revolution around the Sun ( one solar year ) takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours . An extra 24 hours thus accumulates every four years , requiring that an extra calendar day be added to align the calendar with the Sun 's apparent position . Without the added day , in future years the seasons would occur later in the calendar , eventually leading to confusion about when to undertake activities dependent on weather , ecology , or hours of daylight . A solar year is actually slightly shorter than 365 days and 6 hours ( 365.25 days ) . As early as the 13th century it was recognized that the year is shorter than the 365.25 days assumed by the Julian calendar : the Earth 's orbital period around the Sun was derived from the medieval Alfonsine tables as 365 days , 5 hours , 49 minutes , and 16 seconds ( 365.2425 days ) . The currently accepted modern figure is 365 days , 5 hours , 48 minutes , 45 seconds . Adding a calendar day every four years , therefore , results in an excess of around 44 minutes for those four years , or about 3 days every 400 years . To compensate for this , three days are removed every 400 years . The Gregorian calendar reform implements this adjustment by making an exception to the general rule that there is a leap year every four years . Instead , a year divisible by 100 is not a leap year unless that year is also divisible by 400 . This means that the years 1600 , 2000 , and 2400 are leap years , while the years 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , 2200 , 2300 , and 2500 are common years . Modern ( Gregorian ) calendar ( edit ) The Gregorian calendar repeats itself every 400 years , which is exactly 20,871 weeks including 97 leap days . Over this period , February 29 falls on Sunday , Tuesday , and Thursday 13 times each ; 14 times each on Friday and Saturday ; and 15 times each on Monday and Wednesday . Excepting when a century mark that is not a multiple of 400 intervenes , consecutive leaps days fall in order Thursday , Tuesday , Sunday , Friday , Wednesday , Monday , and Saturday ; then repeating with Thursday again . Early Roman calendar ( edit ) Adding a leap day ( after 23 February ) shifts the commemorations in the 1962 Roman Missal . Main article : Roman calendar The calendar of the Roman king Numa Pompilius had only 355 days ( even though it was not a lunar calendar ) which meant that it would quickly become unsynchronized with the solar year . An earlier Roman solution to this problem was to lengthen the calendar periodically by adding extra days to February , the last month of the year . February consisted of two parts , each with an odd number of days . The first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd , which was considered the end of the religious year , and the five remaining days formed the second part . To keep the calendar year roughly aligned with the solar year , a leap month , called Mensis Intercalaris ( `` intercalary month '' ) , was added from time to time between these two parts of February . The ( usual ) second part of February was incorporated in the intercalary month as its last five days , with no change either in their dates or the festivals observed on them . This followed naturally , because the days after the Ides ( 13th ) of February ( in an ordinary year ) or the Ides of Intercalaris ( in an intercalary year ) both counted down to the Kalends of March ( i.e. they were known as `` the nth day before the Kalends of March '' ) . The Nones ( 5th ) and Ides of Intercalaris occupied their normal positions . The third - century writer Censorinus says : When it was thought necessary to add ( every two years ) an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days , so that the civil year should correspond to the natural ( solar ) year , this intercalation was in preference made in February , between Terminalia ( 23rd ) and Regifugium ( 24th ) . Julian reform ( edit ) Main article : Julian calendar The set leap day was introduced in Rome as a part of the Julian reform in the 1st century BC . As before , the intercalation was made after February 23 . The day following the Terminalia ( February 23 ) was doubled , forming the `` bis sextum '' -- literally ' twice sixth ' , since February 24 was ' the sixth day before the Kalends of March ' using Roman inclusive counting ( March 1 was the Kalends of March and was also the first day of the calendar year ) . Inclusive counting initially caused the Roman priests to add the extra day every three years instead of four ; Augustus was compelled to omit leap years for a few decades to return the calendar to its proper position . Although there were exceptions , the first day of the bis sextum ( February 24 ) was usually regarded as the intercalated or `` bissextile '' day since the 3rd century AD . February 29 came to be regarded as the leap day when the Roman system of numbering days was replaced by sequential numbering in the late Middle Ages , although this has only been formally enacted in Sweden and Finland . In Britain , the extra day added to leap years remains notionally the 24th , although the 29th remains more visible on the calendar . Born on February 29 ( edit ) A person born on February 29 may be called a `` leapling '' , a `` leaper '' , or a `` leap - year baby '' . In non-leap years , some leaplings celebrate their birthday on either February 28 or March 1 , while others only observe birthdays on the authentic intercalary date , February 29 . Legal status ( edit ) The effective legal date of a leapling 's birthday in non-leap years varies between jurisdictions . In the United Kingdom and Hong Kong , when a person born on February 29 turns 18 , they are considered to have their birthday on March 1 in the relevant year . In New Zealand , a person born on February 29 is deemed to have their birthday on February 28 in non-leap years , for the purposes of Driver Licensing under § 2 ( 2 ) of the Land Transport ( Driver Licensing ) Rule 1999 . The net result is that for drivers aged 75 , or over 80 , their driver licence expires at the end of the last day of February , even though their birthday would otherwise fall on the first day in March in non-leap years . Otherwise , New Zealand legislation is silent on when a person born on 29 February has their birthday , although case law would suggest that age is computed based on the number of years elapsed , from the day after the date of birth , and that the person 's birth day then occurs on the last day of the year period . This differs from English common law where a birthday is considered to be the start of the next year , the preceding year ending at midnight on the day preceding the birthday . While a person attains the same age on the same day , it also means that , in New Zealand , if something must be done by the time a person attains a certain age , that thing can be done on the birthday that they attain that age and still be lawful . In Taiwan ( Republic of China ) , the legal birthday of a leapling is February 28 in common years : If a period fixed by weeks , months , and years does not commence from the beginning of a week , month , or year , it ends with the ending of the day which proceeds the day of the last week , month , or year which corresponds to that on which it began to commence . But if there is no corresponding day in the last month , the period ends with the ending of the last day of the last month . Thus , in England and Wales or in Hong Kong , a person born on February 29 will have legally reached 18 years old on March 1 . If they were born in Taiwan they legally become 18 on February 28 , a day earlier . In the United States , according to John Reitz , a professor of law at the University of Iowa , there is no `` ... statute or general rule that has anything to do with leap day . '' Reitz speculates that `` March 1 would likely be considered the legal birthday in non-leap years of someone born on leap day , '' using the same reasoning as described for the United Kingdom and Hong Kong . In fiction ( edit ) There are many instances in children 's literature where a person 's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out to be based on counting their leap - year birthdays . A similar device is used in the plot of Gilbert and Sullivan 's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance . As a child , Frederic was apprenticed to a band of pirates until his 21st birthday . Having passed his 21st year , he leaves the pirate band and falls in love . However , since he was born on February 29 , his 21st birthday will not arrive until he is eighty - four , so he must leave his fiancée and return to the pirates . Events ( edit ) 1504 -- Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies . 1644 -- Abel Tasman 's second Pacific voyage began . 1704 -- Queen Anne 's War : French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield , Massachusetts Bay Colony , killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive . 1712 -- February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden , in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar . 1720 -- Ulrika Eleonora , Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband , who becomes King Frederick I on 24 March . 1752 -- King Alaungpaya founds Konbaung Dynasty , the last dynasty of Burmese monarchy . 1768 -- Polish nobles formed Bar Confederation . 1796 -- The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force , facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations . 1864 -- American Civil War : Kilpatrick -- Dahlgren Raid fails : Plans to free 15,000 Union soldiers being held near Richmond , Virginia are thwarted . 1892 -- St. Petersburg , Florida is incorporated . 1912 -- The Piedra Movediza ( Moving Stone ) of Tandil falls and breaks . 1916 -- Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom . 1916 -- Child labor : In South Carolina , the minimum working age for factory , mill , and mine workers is raised from twelve to fourteen years old . 1920 -- Czechoslovak National assembly adopted the Constitution . 1936 -- February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends . 1940 -- For her performance as `` Mammy '' in Gone with the Wind , Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award . 1940 -- Finland initiates Winter War peace negotiations . 1940 -- In a ceremony held in Berkeley , California , because of the war , physicist Ernest Lawrence receives the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics from Sweden 's Consul General in San Francisco . 1944 -- World War II : The Admiralty Islands are invaded in Operation Brewer led by American General Douglas MacArthur . 1952 -- The island of Heligoland is restored to West German authority . 1960 -- The 5.7 M Agadir earthquake shakes coastal Morocco with a maximum perceived intensity of X ( Extreme ) , destroying Agadir , and leaving 12,000 dead and another 12,000 injured . 1964 -- In Sydney , Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser sets a new world record in the 100 - meter freestyle swimming competition ( 58.9 seconds ) . 1972 -- Vietnam War : Vietnamization : South Korea withdraws 11,000 of its 48,000 troops from Vietnam . 1980 -- Gordie Howe of the then Hartford Whalers makes NHL history as he scores his 800th goal . 1988 -- South African archbishop Desmond Tutu is arrested along with 100 clergymen during a five - day anti-apartheid demonstration in Cape Town . 1988 -- Svend Robinson becomes the first member of the Canadian House of Commons to come out as gay . 1992 -- First day of Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum . 1996 -- Faucett Flight 251 crashes in the Andes , all 123 passengers and crew died . 1996 -- Siege of Sarajevo officially ends . 2000 -- Second Chechen War : Eighty - four Russian paratroopers are killed in a rebel attack on a guard post near Ulus Kert . 2004 -- Jean - Bertrand Aristide is removed as President of Haiti following a coup . 2008 -- The United Kingdom 's Ministry of Defence decides to withdraw Prince Harry from a tour of Afghanistan `` immediately '' after a leak led to his deployment being reported by foreign media . 2008 -- Misha Defonseca admits to fabricating her memoir , Misha : A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years , in which she claimed to have lived with a pack of wolves in the woods during the Holocaust . 2012 -- Tokyo Skytree construction completed . It is , as of 2017 , the tallest tower in the world , 634 meters high , and second tallest ( man - made ) structure on Earth , next to Burj Khalifa . Births ( edit ) 1468 -- Pope Paul III ( d . 1549 ) 1528 -- Albert V , Duke of Bavaria ( d . 1579 ) 1528 -- Domingo Báñez , Spanish theologian ( d . 1604 ) 1572 -- Edward Cecil , 1st Viscount Wimbledon ( d . 1638 ) 1576 -- Antonio Neri , Florentine priest and glassmaker ( d . 1614 ) 1640 -- Benjamin Keach , Particular Baptist preacher and author whose name was given to Keach 's Catechism ( d . 1704 ) 1692 -- John Byrom , English poet and educator ( d . 1763 ) 1724 -- Eva Marie Veigel , Austrian - English dancer ( d . 1822 ) 1736 -- Ann Lee , English - American religious leader , founded the Shakers ( d . 1784 ) 1792 -- Gioachino Rossini , Italian pianist and composer ( d . 1868 ) 1812 -- James Milne Wilson , Scottish - Australian soldier and politician , 8th Premier of Tasmania ( d . 1880 ) 1828 -- Emmeline B. Wells , American journalist , poet , and activist ( d . 1921 ) 1836 -- Dickey Pearce , American baseball player and manager ( d . 1908 ) 1852 -- Frank Gavan Duffy , Irish - Australian lawyer and judge , 4th Chief Justice of Australia ( d . 1936 ) 1860 -- Herman Hollerith , American statistician and businessman , co-founded the Computing - Tabulating - Recording Company ( d . 1929 ) 1884 -- Richard S. Aldrich , American lawyer and politician ( d . 1941 ) 1892 -- Augusta Savage , American sculptor ( d . 1962 ) 1896 -- Morarji Desai , Indian civil servant and politician , 4th Prime Minister of India ( d . 1995 ) 1896 -- William A. Wellman , American actor , director , producer , and screenwriter ( d . 1975 ) 1904 -- Rukmini Devi Arundale , Indian dancer and choreographer ( d . 1986 ) 1904 -- Jimmy Dorsey , American saxophonist , composer , and bandleader ( d . 1957 ) 1904 -- Pepper Martin , American baseball player and manager ( d . 1965 ) 1908 -- Balthus , French - Swiss painter and illustrator ( d . 2001 ) 1908 -- Dee Brown , American historian and author ( d . 2002 ) 1908 -- Alf Gover , English cricketer and coach ( d . 2001 ) 1908 -- Louie Myfanwy Thomas , Welsh writer ( d . 1968 ) 1916 -- Dinah Shore , American singer and actress ( d . 1994 ) 1916 -- James B. Donovan , American lawyer ( d . 1970 ) 1916 -- Leonard Shoen , founder of U-Haul Corp. ( d . 1999 ) 1920 -- Fyodor Abramov , Russian author and critic ( d . 1983 ) 1920 -- Arthur Franz , American actor ( d . 2006 ) 1920 -- James Mitchell , American actor and dancer ( d . 2010 ) 1920 -- Michèle Morgan , French - American actress and singer ( d . 2016 ) 1920 -- Howard Nemerov , American poet and academic ( d . 1991 ) 1920 -- Rolland W. Redlin , American lawyer and politician ( d . 2011 ) 1924 -- David Beattie , New Zealand judge and politician , 14th Governor - General of New Zealand ( d . 2001 ) 1924 -- Carlos Humberto Romero , Salvadoran politician , President of El Salvador ( d . 2017 ) 1924 -- Al Rosen , American baseball player and manager ( d . 2015 ) 1928 -- Joss Ackland , English actor 1928 -- Vance Haynes , American archaeologist , geologist , and author 1928 -- Seymour Papert , South African mathematician and computer scientist , co-created the Logo programming language ( d . 2016 ) 1932 -- Gene H. Golub , American mathematician and academic ( d . 2007 ) 1932 -- Masten Gregory , American race car driver ( d . 1985 ) 1932 -- Reri Grist , American soprano and actress 1932 -- Jaguar , Brazilian cartoonist 1932 -- Gavin Stevens , Australian cricketer 1936 -- Jack R. Lousma , American colonel , astronaut , and politician 1936 -- Henri Richard , Canadian ice hockey player 1936 -- Alex Rocco , American actor ( d . 2015 ) 1940 -- Bartholomew I of Constantinople 1940 -- William H. Turner , Jr . American horse trainer 1944 -- Ene Ergma , Estonian physicist and politician 1944 -- Dennis Farina , American police officer and actor ( d . 2013 ) 1944 -- Nicholas Frayling , English priest and academic 1944 -- Phyllis Frelich , American actress ( d . 2014 ) 1944 -- Steve Mingori , American baseball player ( d . 2008 ) 1944 -- Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri , Italian author and illustrator 1948 -- Hermione Lee , English author , critic , and academic 1948 -- Patricia A. McKillip , American author 1948 -- Henry Small , American - born Canadian singer 1952 -- Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush , American journalist and producer 1952 -- Tim Powers , American author and educator 1952 -- Raisa Smetanina , Russian cross-country skier 1952 -- Bart Stupak , American police officer and politician 1956 -- Jonathan Coleman , English - Australian radio and television host 1956 -- Bob Speller , Canadian businessman and politician , 30th Canadian Minister of Agriculture 1956 -- Aileen Wuornos , American serial killer ( d . 2002 ) 1960 -- Lucian Grainge , English businessman 1960 -- Khaled , Algerian singer - songwriter 1960 -- Richard Ramirez , American serial killer ( d . 2013 ) 1960 -- Tony Robbins , American motivational speaker and author 1964 -- Dave Brailsford , English cyclist and coach 1964 -- Lyndon Byers , Canadian ice hockey player and radio host 1964 -- Mervyn Warren , American tenor , composer , and producer 1968 -- Suanne Braun , South African - English actress 1968 -- Chucky Brown , American basketball player and coach 1968 -- Pete Fenson , American curler and sportscaster 1968 -- Naoko Iijima , Japanese actress and model 1968 -- Bryce Paup , American football player and coach 1968 -- Howard Tayler , American author and illustrator 1968 -- Eugene Volokh , Ukrainian - American lawyer and educator 1968 -- Frank Woodley , Australian actor , producer , and screenwriter 1972 -- Mike Pollitt , English footballer and coach 1972 -- Antonio Sabàto , Jr. , Italian - American model and actor 1972 -- Pedro Sánchez , Spanish politician 1972 -- Dave Williams , American singer ( d . 2002 ) 1972 -- Saul Williams , American singer - songwriter 1972 -- Pedro Zamora , Cuban - American activist and educator ( d . 1994 ) 1976 -- Zoë Baker , English - New Zealand swimmer and coach 1976 -- Terrence Long , American baseball player 1976 -- Ja Rule , American rapper and actor 1980 -- Çağdaş Atan , Turkish footballer 1980 -- Chris Conley , American singer - songwriter and guitarist 1980 -- Patrick Côté , Canadian mixed martial artist 1980 -- Simon Gagné , Canadian ice hockey player 1980 -- Rubén Plaza , Spanish cyclist 1980 -- Clinton Toopi , New Zealand rugby league player 1980 -- Taylor Twellman , American soccer player and sportscaster 1984 -- Darren Ambrose , English footballer 1984 -- Megan Bernard , Australian audio artist 1984 -- Mark Foster , American musician ( Foster the People ) 1984 -- Rica Imai , Japanese model and actress 1984 -- Cullen Jones , American swimmer 1984 -- Nuria Martínez , Spanish basketball player 1984 -- Adam Sinclair , Indian field hockey player 1984 -- Rakhee Thakrar , English actress 1984 -- Dennis Walger , German rugby player 1984 -- Cam Ward , Canadian ice hockey player 1988 -- Lena Gercke , German model and television host 1988 -- Scott Golbourne , English footballer 1988 -- Benedikt Höwedes , German footballer 1988 -- Brent Macaffer , Australian Rules footballer 1988 -- Bobby Sanguinetti , American ice hockey player 1992 -- Sean Abbott , Australian cricketer 1992 -- Ben Hampton , Australian rugby league player 1992 -- Perry Kitchen , American soccer player 1992 -- Caitlin EJ Meyer , American actress 1992 -- Saphir Taïder , French - Algerian footballer 1996 -- Nelson Asofa - Solomona , New Zealand rugby league player 1996 -- Claudia Williams , New Zealand tennis player Deaths ( edit ) 468 -- Pope Hilarius 992 -- Oswald of Worcester , French archbishop and saint ( b . 925 ) 1212 -- Hōnen , Japanese monk , founded Jōdo - shū ( b . 1133 ) 1460 -- Albert III , Duke of Bavaria - Munich ( b . 1401 ) 1528 -- Patrick Hamilton , Scottish martyr and reformer ( b . 1504 ) 1592 -- Alessandro Striggio , Italian composer and diplomat ( b . 1540 ) 1600 -- Caspar Hennenberger , German pastor , historian , and cartographer ( b . 1529 ) 1604 -- John Whitgift , English archbishop and academic ( b . 1530 ) 1740 -- Pietro Ottoboni , Italian cardinal ( b . 1667 ) 1744 -- John Theophilus Desaguliers , French - English physicist and philosopher ( b . 1683 ) 1792 -- Johann Andreas Stein , German piano builder ( b . 1728 ) 1820 -- Johann Joachim Eschenburg , German historian and critic ( b . 1743 ) 1848 -- Louis - François Lejeune , French general , painter , and lithographer ( b . 1775 ) 1852 -- Matsudaira Katataka , Japanese daimyo ( b . 1806 ) 1868 -- Ludwig I of Bavaria ( b . 1786 ) 1880 -- James Milne Wilson , Scottish - Australian soldier and politician , 8th Premier of Tasmania ( b . 1812 ) 1908 -- Pat Garrett , American sheriff ( b . 1850 ) 1908 -- John Hope , 1st Marquess of Linlithgow , Scottish - Australian politician , 1st Governor - General of Australia ( b . 1860 ) 1920 -- Ernie Courtney , American baseball player ( b . 1875 ) 1928 -- Adolphe Appia , Swiss architect and theorist ( b . 1862 ) 1928 -- Ina Coolbrith , American poet and librarian ( b . 1841 ) 1940 -- E.F. Benson , English archaeologist and author ( b . 1867 ) 1944 -- Pehr Evind Svinhufvud , Finnish lawyer , judge , and politician , 3rd President of Finland ( b . 1861 ) 1948 -- Robert Barrington - Ward , English lawyer and journalist ( b . 1891 ) 1948 -- Rebel Oakes , American baseball player and manager ( b . 1883 ) 1952 -- Quo Tai - chi , Chinese politician and diplomat , Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations ( b . 1888 ) 1956 -- Elpidio Quirino , Filipino lawyer and politician , 6th President of the Philippines ( b . 1890 ) 1960 -- Melvin Purvis , American police officer and FBI agent ( b . 1903 ) 1960 -- Walter Yust , American journalist and author ( b . 1894 ) 1964 -- Frank Albertson , American actor and singer ( b . 1909 ) 1968 -- Lena Blackburne , American baseball player , coach , and manager ( b . 1886 ) 1968 -- Tore Ørjasæter , Norwegian poet and educator ( b . 1886 ) 1972 -- Tom Davies , American football player and coach ( b . 1896 ) 1976 -- Florence P. Dwyer , American politician ( b . 1902 ) 1980 -- Yigal Allon , Israeli general and politician , Prime Minister of Israel ( b . 1918 ) 1980 -- Gil Elvgren , American painter and illustrator ( b . 1914 ) 1984 -- Ludwik Starski , Polish screenwriter and songwriter ( b . 1903 ) 1988 -- Sidney Harmon , American screenwriter and producer ( b . 1907 ) 1992 -- Ruth Pitter , English poet and author ( b . 1897 ) 1996 -- Wes Farrell , American singer - songwriter and producer ( b . 1939 ) 1996 -- Ralph Rowe , American baseball player , coach , and manager ( b . 1924 ) 2000 -- Dennis Danell , American guitarist ( b . 1961 ) 2004 -- Kagamisato Kiyoji , Japanese sumo wrestler , the 42nd Yokozuna ( b . 1923 ) 2004 -- Jerome Lawrence , American playwright and author ( b . 1915 ) 2004 -- Harold Bernard St. John , Barbadian lawyer and politician , 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados ( b . 1931 ) 2004 -- Lorrie Wilmot , South African cricketer ( b . 1943 ) 2008 -- Janet Kagan , American author ( b . 1946 ) 2008 -- Erik Ortvad , Danish painter and illustrator ( b . 1917 ) 2008 -- Akira Yamada , Japanese scholar and philosopher ( b . 1922 ) 2012 -- Roland Bautista , American guitarist ( b . 1951 ) 2012 -- Davy Jones , English singer , guitarist , and actor ( b . 1945 ) 2012 -- Sheldon Moldoff , American illustrator ( b . 1920 ) 2012 -- P.K. Narayana Panicker , Indian social leader ( b . 1930 ) 2016 -- Wenn V. Deramas , Filipino director and screenwriter ( b . 1968 ) 2016 -- Gil Hill , American police officer , actor , and politician ( b . 1931 ) 2016 -- Josefin Nilsson , Swedish singer ( b . 1969 ) 2016 -- Louise Rennison , English author ( b . 1951 ) Holidays and observances ( edit ) Christian feast day : Auguste Chapdelaine ( one of Martyr Saints of China ) Oswald of Worcester ( in leap year only ) February 29 ( Eastern Orthodox liturgics ) Saint John Cassian The fourth day of Ayyám - i - Há ( Bahá'í Faith ) ( Please note that this observance is only locked into this date the Gregorian calendar on this date if Bahá'í Naw - Rúz takes place on March 21 , which it does n't in all years ) Rare Disease Day ( in leap years , otherwise is February 28th ) Bachelor 's Day ( Ireland , United Kingdom ) In Discordianism , February 29 is coterminus with St. Tibs ' day in the Discordian calendar Folk traditions ( edit ) There is a popular tradition known as Bachelor 's Day in some countries allowing a woman to propose marriage to a man on February 29 . If the man refuses , he then is obliged to give the woman money or buy her a dress . In upper - class societies in Europe , if the man refuses marriage , he then must purchase 12 pairs of gloves for the woman , suggesting that the gloves are to hide the woman 's embarrassment of not having an engagement ring . In Ireland , the tradition is supposed to originate from a deal that Saint Bridget struck with Saint Patrick . In the town of Aurora , Illinois , single women are deputized and may arrest single men , subject to a four - dollar fine , every February 29 . In Greece , it is considered unlucky to marry on a leap day . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Ed . K. Lee ; Lerner , Brenda W. ( 2004 ) . `` Calendar '' . The Gale Encyclopedia of Science . Detroit , MI : Gale . pp. 679 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Reform '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Censorinus , The Natal Day , 20.28 , tr . William Maude , New York 1900 , available at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens , The Oxford companion to the year ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) 678 -- 680 . Jump up ^ `` Ante Diem Bis Sextum Kalendras Martii '' , News , The British Sundial Society , 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rob . `` Leap year February 29 : 29 things you need to know about leap years and their extra day '' . Mirror Online . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Part B -- Entitlement to register '' ( PDF ) . The Electoral Commission . February 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cap 410 , s. 5 Chapter 410 : Age of Majority ( Related Provisions ) Ordinance '' . Department of Justice . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . June 30 , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Land Transport ( Driver Licensing ) Rule 1999 § 2 ( 2 ) '' . Parliamentary Counsel Office . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Re an Infant ( 1936 ) 31 MCR 42 Jump up ^ Article 121 of the Civil Code Part I General Principles of the Republic of China in effect in Taiwan . ^ Jump up to : `` Leap day not a significant concern in field of law , government '' . University of Iowa News Service . The University of Iowa . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Arthur ; Gilbert , W.S. ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Pirates of Penzance '' . Gilbert and Sullivan Archive . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' ' Excuse Me , But I Think You 're Sitting on My Hershey Bar ' and Other Openers `` , The Washington Post , February 29 , 1980 . p . D5 Jump up ^ Oblander , Terry . `` Leap Year : It Depends on How You Figure It '' . Akron Beacon Journal . February 29 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Leap Day customs & traditions '' . Time and Date AS . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tan , Tiffany . `` ' Will you marry me ? ' she says '' , ChinaDaily.com.cn , February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Convenient Year for a Leap '' . Wisconsin State Journal ( Madison , Wisconsin ) . February 28 , 1992 . `` Tradition dies hard in Aurora , Ill. , where every Feb. 29 single women are deputized and allowed to arrest bachelors and fine them $4 . '' Jump up ^ Krucoff , Carol . `` By Leaps and Seconds : It 's Feb. 29 : Call It a Time - Consuming Day '' , The Washington Post . February 29 , 1984 , p . F9 . `` Leap Day was not created , as rumor has it , to give women one day out of 1,461 to chase men ( who needs a special day for that ? ) -- even though the town of Aurora , Ill. , deputizes single women and allows them to arrest bachelors ( fine , $4 ) every Feb. 29 . '' Jump up ^ Mudhar , Raju ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Leap Day 2012 : What you need to know '' . The Star . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to February 29 . BBC : On This Day The New York Times : On This Day On This Day in Canada Leap year ( Calendar ) at Encyclopædia Britannica ( hide ) Months and days of the year Today : September 19 , 2017 January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related : January 0 February 30 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=February_29&oldid=799523530 '' Categories : Days of the year February Discordian holidays Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 M w Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Перем Коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella Gagana Samoa Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 06 : 47 . 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when do leap year babies celebrate their birthdays
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"A person born on February 29 may be called a \"leapling\", a \"leaper\", or a \"leap-year baby\".[6] In non-leap years, some leaplings celebrate their birthday on either February 28 or March 1, while others only observe birthdays on the authentic intercalary date, February 29."
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"on either February 28 or March 1, while others only observe birthdays on the authentic intercalary date, February 29"
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If You Leave Me Now
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If You Leave Me Now - wikipedia If You Leave Me Now Jump to : navigation , search For the Chicago compilation album , see If You Leave Me Now ( album ) . `` If You Leave Me Now '' Single by Chicago from the album Chicago X B - side `` Together Again '' Released July 31 , 1976 ( 1976 - 07 - 31 ) Format 7 '' Recorded March -- April 1976 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 55 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Peter Cetera Producer ( s ) James William Guercio Chicago singles chronology `` Another Rainy Day in New York City '' ( 1976 ) `` If You Leave Me Now '' ( 1976 ) `` You Are On My Mind '' ( 1977 ) `` Another Rainy Day in New York City '' ( 1976 ) `` If You Leave Me Now '' ( 1976 ) `` You Are On My Mind '' ( 1977 ) `` If You Leave Me Now '' is the title of a popular hit ballad by the American rock group Chicago , from their album Chicago X . It was written and sung by bass guitar player Peter Cetera and released as a single on July 31 , 1976 . It is also the title of a Chicago compilation album released by Columbia Records ( Columbia 38590 ) in 1983 . The single topped the US charts on October 23 , 1976 , and stayed there for two weeks , making it the first number one hit for the group as well as hitting number one on the Easy Listening charts . `` If You Leave Me Now '' was also Chicago 's biggest hit internationally , topping the charts in other countries such as the UK , Australia , Ireland , Canada , and Netherlands . In the UK it maintained the number one position for three weeks . It was one of only five `` non-disco '' songs to make it to number one in the US in a nine - month period of 1976 . According to writer Zachary Houle of PopMatters , `` The song was so pervasive on radio upon its release that , reportedly , those tuning in in New York could hear the song playing on four different stations , each with varying formats , simultaneously . '' The song won Grammy Awards for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) ( strings ) for arranger Jimmie Haskell and producer James William Guercio and Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus , the first Grammy Award won by the group . It also received a Grammy nomination for Record of the Year . In addition , by August 1978 it had sold 1.4 million copies in the United States alone . It has been certified gold and platinum by the RIAA . In 2010 Chicago teamed with the American Cancer Society and offered the opportunity to bid on the chance to sing their hit , `` If You Leave Me Now '' with them on stage live at their concerts , with proceeds going to the American Cancer Society to fight breast cancer . The fund raising effort has continued in succeeding years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Personnel 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Succession 4 Certifications 5 Cover versions 5.1 Live cover performances 5.2 Sampling 6 Use in popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Composition ( edit ) Peter Cetera originally wrote `` If You Leave Me Now '' at the same time as Chicago VII 's `` Wishing You Were Here '' , and composed it on a guitar . According to information on the sheet music for the song at MusicNotes , `` If You Leave Me Now '' is written in the key of B major , and Cetera 's vocal range varies between F sharp 4 ( F ♯ ) and D sharp 6 ( D ♯ ) . Personnel ( edit ) Peter Cetera - lead & backing vocals Terry Kath - twelve - string acoustic guitar & bass Robert Lamm - Fender Rhodes electric piano Danny Seraphine - drums Laudir de Oliveira - congas , shakers , finger cymbals , wind chimes Jimmy Pankow - trombone Lee Loughnane - trumpet Walt Parazaider - woodwinds James William Guercio - acoustic guitar Jimmie Haskell - string & French horn orchestrations Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 -- 77 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) Canadian Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart German Singles Chart Ireland ( IRMA ) Italian FIMI Norwegian Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia 10 Canada 9 New Zealand 24 UK 6 US Billboard Hot 100 48 US Billboard Easy Listening 15 Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Switzerland 12 Succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` Disco Duck ( Part one ) '' by Rick Dees & His Cast of Idiots Billboard Hot 100 number - one single October 23 , 1976 - October 30 , 1976 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Rock'n Me '' by Steve Miller Band Preceded by `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' by Olivia Newton - John Billboard Adult Contemporary chart number - one single September 25 , 1976 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` I Ca n't Hear You No More '' by Helen Reddy Preceded by `` Mississippi '' by Pussycat UK Singles Chart number - one single November 13 , 1976 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Under the Moon of Love '' by Showaddywaddy Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) There have been over 100 versions of `` If You Leave Me Now '' recorded by artists throughout the world , among them : Brotherhood of Man on their 1980 album Sing 20 Number One Hits Elkie Brooks released a version of the song on her album Pearls in 1981 Viola Wills released a Disco version of the song as a single in 1981 . Mina released a version of the song on her album Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula ... in 1985 Marti Webb included the song on her album Encore ( 1985 ) which was later re-released on CD entitled If You Leave Me Now ( 1995 ) Peter Cetera re-recorded the song as a solo artist for his 1997 album You 're the Inspiration : A Collection Khalil Fong , a R&B singer based in Hong Kong , recorded a version on his second Mandarin album , This Love The Isley Brothers on their 2001 album Eternal Danish popstar Christine Milton recorded an uptempo version for her debut album Friday in 2003 Philippine bossa nova singer Sitti recorded a cover of this song for her second album My Bossa Nova Maggie Reilly on her 2002 album Save It For A Rainy Day Suzy Bogguss on her 2007 album Sweet Danger John Barrowman on his 2007 album Another Side Upside Down , a British boy band from 1996 , charted at number 27 3T , feat . T - Rio , 2005 Boyz II Men on their 2009 album Love Egotrippi has released a Finnish version called `` Jos Sä Lähdet Pois '' Jazz singer Laura Zakian on her 2014 album Songs For Modern Lovers River Series ft . Alex Charles ( vocals ) , 1995 maxi single containing 4 Eurodance remixes , released by the Dance Pool label Afonso Nigro , Brazilian pop singer , recorded a Portuguese version called `` Se Voce me Deixar '' , in 2004 Gilmar Monteiro Brazilian singer of Arrocha , a music genre from Bahia , recorded a Portuguese version called `` Não me Deixe Amor '' , and covered the original song , in English Live cover performances ( edit ) Philip Bailey of Earth , Wind & Fire sang the song during their joint concerts with Chicago in 2004 - 2006 . This version was included in the Love Songs album by Chicago . Sampling ( edit ) A sample of the song is used by British electronica duo Lemon Jelly on the `` Nice Weather For Ducks '' B - side `` Soft '' ( 2003 ) . Daft Punk used a sample from the Viola Wills 1981 cover of the song for their track `` Fresh '' , released on the 1997 album Homework . Use in popular culture ( edit ) The song has been featured in the movies Three Kings ( 1999 ) , Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) , A Lot Like Love ( 2005 ) , Happy Feet ( 2006 ) , and Daddy 's Home 2 ( 2017 ) ; the television series Sex and the City and South Park ; and the video game Grand Theft Auto V. A sock puppet sang a version of the song in a 2000 Super Bowl commercial for Pets.com that was ranked as the number one Super Bowl commercial that year by the USA Today Ad Meter . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1976 List of number - one singles from the 1970s ( UK ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1976 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1976 ( U.S. ) List of European number - one hits of 1977 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Very Best Of : Only the Beginning ( Media notes ) . Chicago . Rhino. 2002 . pp. 10 , 13 . R2 76170 . Jump up ^ Larry Starr ; Christopher Alan Waterman ; Jay Hodgson ( 2009 ) . Rock : A Canadian Perspective . Oxford University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 542761 - 5 . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1976 The Number One Singles Official Charts '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( October 23 , 1976 ) . `` Discomania : Market Study Show Craze in Impact Akin to British of ' 60s '' . Billboard. 88 ( 43 ) : 5 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Houle , Zachary ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Exploring Chicago : ' Chicago X ' '' . PopMatters . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Haskell '' . GRAMMY.com . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Guercio '' . GRAMMY.com . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . GRAMMY.com . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( August 26 , 1978 ) . `` Platinum Singles Top ' 76 -- ' 77 Years '' . Billboard. 90 ( 34 ) . p. 114 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA Chicago If You Leave Me Now '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy - Winning Band Chicago and the American Cancer Society Create Extraordinary Fan Experience to Fight Breast Cancer '' ( Press release ) . American Cancer Society . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Cain , TIM ( Oct 6 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Cain column : Chicago keeps sniping after split '' . Herald-Review.com . Decatur , Illinois U.S.A . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Coker , Eric ( 2012 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Chicago continues to make audiences smile - Inside Binghamton University '' . www.binghamton.edu . Binghamton University . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Terry ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Chicago at Wolf Trap by Terry Byrne '' . DCMetroTheaterArts . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cetera , Peter ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Peter Cetera / September 28 '' ( audio ) . Humble & Fred Radio.Com ( Interview ) . Interview with Howard Glassman and Fred Patterson . Toronto , Ontario , Canada : Humble and Fred Radio . Event occurs at 51 : 09 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cetera , Peter . `` Chicago `` If You Leave Me Now '' Sheet Music in B Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . MusicNotes . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 05 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Chicago -- If You Leave Me Now -- Austriancharts.at '' . austriancharts.at ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Chicago -- If You Leave Me Now '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles '' . RPM. 26 ( 2 ) : 23 . October 9 , 1976 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Chicago -- If You Leave Me Now '' . GfK Dutch Charts ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Single -- Chicago , If You Leave Me Now '' . charts.de ( in German ) . Media Control . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- If You Leave Me Now '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` If You Leave Me Now '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Creative Commons . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Chicago -- If You Leave Me Now '' . norwegiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Chicago -- If You Leave Me Now '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Chicago -- If You Leave Me Now '' . swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago -- If You Leave Me Now -- Hitparade.ch '' . hitparade.ch ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian-charts.com Archived 2014 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1976 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1963 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1976 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1976 / Top 100 Songs of 1976 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Adult Contemporary Hits of 1976 '' . www.45cat.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swiss Year - End Charts , 1977 Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Chicago -- If You Leave Me Now '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Chicago -- If You Leave Me Now '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Enter If You Leave Me Now in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Chicago -- If You Leave Me Now '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Taylor , Chuck ( July 12 , 1997 ) . `` For former Chicago crooner Cetera , making hits is a hard habit to break '' . Billboard. 109 ( 28 ) . p. 85 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reuters Staff ( August 31 , 2007 ) . `` Billboard CD reviews : Lil ' Mo , Patti Scialfa '' Artist : Suzy Bogguss `` . Reuters . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Songs '' . Billboard . February 5 , 2005 . p. 64 ( Full page advertisement for album ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hyden , Steven ( June 10 , 2007 ) . `` Eleven songs in search of a soundtrack '' . AV / Music . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borders , Meredith ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` The Winchester , The Crown And THE WORLD 'S END : Film 's Unforgettable Pubs '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` A Lot Like Love '' . Variety . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Catalog : Happy Feet '' . catalog.afi.com . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melis , Matt ; Young , Killian ; Kaye , Ben ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Top 100 South Park Songs '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Stuart ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` GTA 5 PC - Xbox 360 and PS3 '' . Trusted Reviews . Time . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alex Moazed ; Nicholas L. Johnson ( May 31 , 2016 ) . Modern Monopolies : What It Takes to Dominate the 21st Century Economy . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 20 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 09190 - 1 -- via Google Books . External links ( edit ) If You Leave Me Now at allmusic.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Chicago Robert Lamm Lee Loughnane James Pankow Walter Parazaider Tris Imboden Keith Howland Lou Pardini Walfredo Reyes Jr . Jeff Coffey Danny Seraphine Peter Cetera Terry Kath Laudir de Oliveira Donnie Dacus Chris Pinnick Bill Champlin Jason Scheff Dawayne Bailey Bruce Gaitsch Drew Hester Daniel de los Reyes Studio albums Chicago Transit Authority Chicago Chicago III Chicago V Chicago VI Chicago VII Chicago VIII Chicago X Chicago XI Hot Streets Chicago 13 Chicago XIV Chicago 16 Chicago 17 Chicago 18 Chicago 19 Twenty 1 Night & Day : Big Band Chicago XXV : The Christmas Album Chicago XXX Chicago XXXII : Stone of Sisyphus Chicago XXXIII : O Christmas Three Chicago XXXV : The Nashville Sessions Chicago XXXVI : Now Live albums Chicago at Carnegie Hall Live in Japan Chicago XXVI : Live in Concert Chicago XXXIV : Live in ' 75 Compilations Chicago IX : Chicago 's Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume II If You Leave Me Now Take Me Back to Chicago Greatest Hits 1982 -- 1989 Group Portrait The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1997 The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1998 Volume II The Very Best of Chicago : Only the Beginning The Box Love Songs The Best of Chicago : 40th Anniversary Edition Singles `` Questions 67 and 68 '' `` Beginnings '' `` Make Me Smile '' `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' `` Free '' `` Lowdown '' `` Saturday in the Park '' `` Dialogue ( Part I & II ) '' `` Feelin ' Stronger Every Day '' `` Just You ' n ' Me '' `` ( I 've Been ) Searchin ' So Long '' `` Call on Me '' `` Wishing You Were Here '' `` Harry Truman '' `` Old Days '' `` Brand New Love Affair '' `` Another Rainy Day in New York City '' `` If You Leave Me Now '' `` You Are on My Mind '' `` Baby , What a Big Surprise '' `` Alive Again '' `` No Tell Lover '' `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' `` Love Me Tomorrow '' `` Stay the Night '' `` Hard Habit to Break '' `` You 're the Inspiration '' `` Along Comes a Woman '' `` Will You Still Love Me ? '' `` If She Would Have Been Faithful ... '' `` Niagara Falls '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` Look Away '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` We Can Last Forever '' `` What Kind of Man Would I Be ? '' `` Chasin ' the Wind '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Leave_Me_Now&oldid=818229565 '' Categories : 1976 singles Chicago ( band ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Songs written by Peter Cetera Rock ballads 1970s ballads Song recordings produced by James William Guercio Columbia Records singles Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 10 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sings the song if you leave me now
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"\n\n\"If You Leave Me Now\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Chicago\n\n\nfrom the album Chicago X\n\n\nB-side\n\"Together Again\"\n\n\nReleased\nJuly 31, 1976 (1976-07-31)[1]\n\n\nFormat\n7\"\n\n\nRecorded\nMarch – April 1976[1]\n\n\nGenre\nSoft rock[2][3]\n\n\nLength\n3:55\n\n\nLabel\nColumbia\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nPeter Cetera\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJames William Guercio\n\n\nChicago singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Another Rainy Day in New York City\"\n(1976)\n\"If You Leave Me Now\"\n(1976)\n\"You Are On My Mind\"\n(1977)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Another Rainy Day in New York City\"\n(1976)\n\"If You Leave Me Now\"\n(1976)\n\"You Are On My Mind\"\n(1977)\n\n\n\n\n"
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"Chicago"
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First Bank of the United States
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First bank of the United States - wikipedia First bank of the United States This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 69.119. 196.67 ( talk ) at 06 : 31 , 25 July 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 06 : 31 , 25 July 2017 by 69.119. 196.67 ( talk ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Bank of America , the modern corporation . First Bank of the United States U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark 3rd Street facade ( 2009 ) Location 120 South Third Street Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Coordinates 39 ° 56 ′ 53.25 '' N 75 ° 8 ′ 48.45 '' W / 39.9481250 ° N 75.1467917 ° W / 39.9481250 ; - 75.1467917 Coordinates : 39 ° 56 ′ 53.25 '' N 75 ° 8 ′ 48.45 '' W / 39.9481250 ° N 75.1467917 ° W / 39.9481250 ; - 75.1467917 Built 1795 Architect Samuel Blodgett , possibly with James Hoban Architectural style Greek Revival , other NRHP Reference # 87001292 Added to NRHP May 4 , 1987 The President , Directors and Company , of the Bank of the United States , commonly known as the First Bank of the United States , was a national bank , chartered for a term of twenty years , by the United States Congress on February 25 , 1791 . It followed the Bank of North America , the nation 's first de facto central bank . Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three - part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power , along with a federal mint and excise taxes , championed by Alexander Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury . Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation 's credit , and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution . The First Bank building , located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , within Independence National Historical Park , was completed in 1797 , and is a National Historic Landmark for its historic and architectural significance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Proposal 3 Opposition 4 Presidential approval 5 Expiration of charter 6 Purchase by Girard 7 Bank building 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) In 1791 , The First Bank of the United States was one of the four major financial innovations proposed and supported by Hamilton , first Secretary of the Treasury . In addition to the national bank , the other measures were assumption of the state war debts by the U.S. Government , establishment of a mint and imposition of a federal excise tax . The goals of Hamilton 's three measures were to : Establish financial order , clarity and precedence in and of the newly formed United States . Establish credit -- both in country and overseas -- for the new nation . Resolve the issue of the fiat currency , issued by the Continental Congress immediately prior to and during the American Revolutionary War -- the `` Continental '' . In simpler words , Hamilton 's four goals were to Have the Federal Government assume the Revolutionary War debts of the several states Pay off the war debts Raise money for the new government Establish a national bank and create a common currency `` The tendency of a national bank is to increase public and private credit . The former gives power to the state for the protection of its rights and interests , and the latter facilitates and extends the operations of commerce amongst individuals . '' Alexander Hamilton , December , 1790 report to George Washington Proposal ( edit ) According to the plan put before the first session of the First Congress in 1790 , Hamilton proposed establishing the initial funding for the First Bank of the United States through the sale of $10 million in stock of which the United States government would purchase the first $2 million in shares . Hamilton , foreseeing the objection that this could not be done since the U.S. government did not have $2 million , proposed that the government make the stock purchase using money lent to it by the bank ; the loan to be paid back in ten equal annual installments . The remaining $8 million of stock would be available to the public , both in the United States and overseas . The chief requirement of these non-government purchases was that one - quarter of the purchase price had to be paid in gold or silver ; the remaining balance could be paid in bonds , acceptable scrip , etc . By continuously insisting on these conditions , the First Bank of the United States might technically possess $500,000 in `` real '' money that it could , and would , use as security to make loans up to its capitalized limit of $10 million . However , unlike the Bank of England , the primary function of the bank would be credit issued to government and private interests , for internal improvements and other economic development , per Hamilton 's system of Public Credit . The business it would be involved in on behalf of the federal government -- a depository for collected taxes , making short term loans to the government to cover real or potential temporary income gaps , serving as a holding site for both incoming and outgoing monies -- was considered highly important but still secondary in nature . There were other , nonnegotiable conditions for the establishment of the First Bank of the United States . Among these were : That the bank would have a twenty - year charter running from 1791 to 1811 , after which time it would be up to the Congress to approve or deny renewal of the bank and its charter ; however , during that time no other federal bank would be authorized ; states , for their part , would be free to charter however many intrastate banks they wished . That the bank , to avoid any appearance of impropriety , would : be forbidden to buy government bonds . have a mandatory rotation of directors . neither issue notes nor incur debts beyond its actual capitalization . That foreigners , whether overseas or residing in the United States , would be allowed to be First Bank of the United States stockholders , but would not be allowed to vote . That the Secretary of the Treasury would be free to remove government deposits , inspect the books , and require statements regarding the bank 's condition as frequently as once a week . To ensure that the government could meet both the current and future demands of its governmental accounts , an additional source of funding was required , `` for interest payments on the assumed state debts would begin to fall due at the end of 1791 ... those payments would require $788,333 annually , and ... an additional $38,291 was needed to cover deficiencies in the funds that had been appropriated for existing commitments . '' To achieve this , Hamilton repeated a suggestion he had made nearly a year before -- increase the duty on imported spirits , plus raise the excise tax on domestically distilled whiskey and other liquors . Local opposition to the tax led to the Whiskey Rebellion . Opposition ( edit ) `` Hamilton 's financial system had then passed . It had two objects ; 1st , as a puzzle , to exclude popular understanding and inquiry ; 2nd , as a machine for the corruption of the legislature ; for he avowed the opinion , that man could be governed by one of two motives only , force or interest ; force , he observed , in this country was out of the question , and the interests , therefore , of the members must be laid hold of , to keep the legislative in unison with the executive . And with grief and shame it must be acknowledged that his machine was not without effect ; that even in this , the birth of our government , some members were found sordid enough to bend their duty to their interests , and to look after personal rather than public good . `` It is well known that during the war the greatest difficulty we encountered was the want of money or means to pay our soldiers who fought , or our farmers , manufacturers and merchants , who furnished the necessary supplies of food and clothing for them . After the expedient of paper money had exhausted itself , certificates of debt were given to the individual creditors , with assurance of payment so soon as the United States should be able . But the distresses of ( p. 272 ) these people often obliged them to part with these for the half , the fifth , and even a tenth of their value ; and speculators had made a trade of cozening them from the holders by the most fraudulent practices , and persuasions that they would never be paid . In the bill for funding and paying these , Hamilton made no difference between the original holders and the fraudulent purchasers of this paper . '' Thomas Jefferson , February 4 entry in The Anas `` Let the American people go into their debt - funding schemes and banking systems , and from that hour their boasted independence will be a mere phantom . '' William Pitt , Prime Minister of Great Britain Hamilton 's bank proposal faced widespread resistance from opponents of increased federal power . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and James Madison led the opposition , which claimed that the bank was unconstitutional , and that it benefited merchants and investors at the expense of the majority of the population . Like most of the Southern members of Congress , Jefferson and Madison also opposed a second of the three proposals of Hamilton : establishing an official government Mint . They believed this centralization of power away from local banks was dangerous to a sound monetary system and was mostly to the benefit of business interests in the commercial north , not southern agricultural interests , arguing that the right to own property would be infringed by these proposals . Furthermore , they contended that the creation of such a bank violated the Constitution , which specifically stated that congress was to regulate weights and measures and issue coined money ( rather than mint and bills of credit ) . Bank of the United States check signed by John Jacob Astor in 1792 The first part of the bill , the concept and establishment of a national mint , met with no real objection , and sailed through ; it was assumed the second and third part ( the bank and an excise tax to finance it ) would likewise glide through , and in their own way they did : The House version of the bill , despite some heated objections , easily passed . The Senate version of the bill did likewise , with considerably fewer , and milder , objections . It was when `` the two bills changed houses , complications set in . In the Senate , Hamilton 's supporters objected to the House 's alteration of the plans for the excise tax . '' The establishment of the bank also raised early questions of constitutionality in the new government . Hamilton , then Secretary of the Treasury , argued that the bank was an effective means to utilize the authorized powers of the government implied under the law of the Constitution . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson argued that the bank violated traditional property laws and that its relevance to constitutionally authorized powers was weak . Another argument came from James Madison , who believed Congress had not received the power to incorporate a bank , or any other governmental agency . His argument rested primarily on the Tenth Amendment : that all powers not endowed to Congress are retained by the States ( or the people ) . Additionally , his belief was that if the Constitution 's writers had wanted Congress to have such power , they would have made it explicit . The decision would ultimately fall on President George Washington , following his deliberate investigation of the cabinet members ' opinions . Presidential approval ( edit ) George Washington initially declared that he was hesitant to sign the `` bank bill '' into law . Washington asked for the written advice and supporting reasons from all his cabinet members -- most particularly from Hamilton . Attorney General Edmund Randolph from Virginia felt that the bill was unconstitutional . Jefferson , also from Virginia , agreed that Hamilton 's proposal was against both the spirit and letter of the Constitution . Hamilton , who , unlike his fellow cabinet members , came from New York , quickly responded to those who claimed incorporation of the bank unconstitutional . While Hamilton 's rebuttals were many and varied , chief among them were these two : What the government could do for a person ( incorporate ) , it could not refuse to do for an `` artificial person '' , a business . And the First Bank of the United States , being privately owned and not a government agency , was a business . `` Thus ... unquestionably incident to sovereign power to erect corporations to that of the United States , in relation to the objects entrusted to the management of the government . '' Any government by its very nature was sovereign `` and includes by force of the term a right to attainment of the ends ... which are not precluded by restrictions & exceptions specified in the constitution ... On February 25 , 1791 , convinced that the constitution authorized the measure , Washington signed the `` bank bill '' into law . On March 19 , 1791 Washington appointed three Commissioners for the taking of subscriptions for this new bank : Thomas Willing , David Rittenhouse , and Samuel Howell . Expiration of charter ( edit ) After Hamilton left office in 1795 , the new Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott , Jr. informed Congress that , due to the existing state of government finances , more money was needed . This could be achieved either by selling the government 's shares of stock in the bank , or by raising taxes . Wolcott advised the first choice . Congress quickly agreed . Hamilton objected , believing that the dividends on that stock had been inviolably pledged for the support of the sinking fund to retire the debt . Hamilton tried to organize opposition to the measure , but was unsuccessful . In 1811 , the U.S. Senate tied on a vote to renew the bank 's charter . Vice President George Clinton broke the tie and voted against renewal . The bank 's charter thus expired in 1811 . In 1816 , the bank was succeeded by the Second Bank of the United States . Purchase by Girard ( edit ) After the charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811 , Stephen Girard purchased most of its stock as well as the building and its furnishings on South Third Street in Philadelphia and opened his own bank , later known as Girard Bank . Girard hired George Simpson , the cashier of the First Bank of the United States , as cashier of the new bank , and with seven other employees , opened for business on May 18 , 1812 . He allowed the Trustees of the First Bank of the United States to use some offices and space in the vaults to continue the process of winding down the affairs of the closed bank at a very nominal rent . Over its early history the bank was known as `` Girard 's Bank , '' or as `` Girard Bank '' or also as `` Stephen Girard 's Bank '' or even the `` Bank of Stephen Girard . '' Girard was the sole proprietor of his bank , and thus avoided the Pennsylvania state law which prohibited an unincorporated association of persons from establishing a bank , and which required a charter from the legislature for a banking corporation . Bank building ( edit ) Measured drawing of the First Bank from the Historic American Buildings Survey . The First Bank of the United States was established in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , while the city served as the national capital , from 1790 to 1800 . In the eighteenth century , Philadelphia was one of the largest cities in the English - speaking world . The bank began operations in Carpenters ' Hall in 1791 , some 200 feet from its permanent home . Design of the bank building is credited to Samuel Blodgett , Superintendent of Buildings for the new capital in Washington , DC. , although it has also been attributed to James Hoban . It was completed in 1795 . The First Bank of the United States has received various designations as a historic building . It was included in Independence National Historical Park when the park was formed in 1956 . The building 's architecture was studied by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1958 . With the rest of Independence National Historical Park , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 , and the bank was then declared a National Historic Landmark on May 4 , 1987 . It is described in the landmark designation as an early masterpiece of monumental Classical Revival design . Until about 2000 , the building housed offices for Independence National Historical Park . A proposal to have it house the collection of the Philadelphia Civil War Museum was abandoned when funding from the state of Pennsylvania was not forthcoming . Future plans are for it to house the National Park Service archaeology lab , currently across the street in the old Visitor Center . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Bank Bill of 1791 Federal Reserve Act History of central banking in the United States United States Department of the Treasury Stephen Simpson ( writer ) Outspoken journalist and fierce critic of the 1st Natl Bank and its practices . List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia National Register of Historic Places listings in Center City , Philadelphia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Bailey , David M. Kennedy , Lizabeth Cohen , Thomas A. ( 2006 ) . The American pageant : a history of the Republic ( 13th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 193 -- 195 . ISBN 0618479279 . Jump up ^ `` ALEXANDER HAMILTON 'S FISCAL PROGRAM 1791 -- 1793 '' . Blinn College . Blinn.edu . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton 's Financial Program '' . Digital History . Digital History . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ See ( ed . ) The papers of Alexander Hamilton , Columbia University Press , 1963 p. 256 ) Jump up ^ The First Bank of the United States : A Chapter in the History of Central Banking ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Forrest ( 1979 ) . Alexander Hamilton : A Biography . W.W. North & Co. p. 194 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 1979 ) . Alexander Hamilton : A Biography . W.W. North & Co. pp. 194 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Report on the Bank , in Syrett , ed. , Papers , 7 : 326 - 28 Jump up ^ Further Report on Public Credit , 7 : 226 Jump up ^ See The Complete Anas of Thomas Jefferson , 1903 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Cushing , Daniel T. ( 1911 ) . Real Money Versus Banks of Issue Promises To Pay : the Most Important Factor in Civilization and Least Understood . Reprint : London : Forgotten Books ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Coblenz , Michael ( 2015 ) . `` The Fight Goes on Forever : ' Limited Government ' and the First Bank of the United States '' . Southern Illinois University Law Journal . 39 : 408 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Westley , Christopher ( Fall 2010 ) . `` The Debate Over Money Manipulations : A Short History '' ( PDF ) . Intercollegiate Review . 45 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 3 -- 11 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : John Marshall , The Life of George Washington , ( 1838 ) CHAPTER 28 : Defense , Finance , Foreign Affairs -- and the First `` Systematic Opposition '' ( 1790 to 1791 ) Jump up ^ Washington to Hamilton , February 16 , 1791 , in Syrett , ed . Papers 8 : 98 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander ( 1961 ) . Papers of Alexander Hamilton . Vol VIII 1781 - July , 1791 . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . p. 249 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Girard 's Bank '' . LOC Authorities . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Konkle , Burton Alva ( 1937 ) . Thomas Willing and the First American Financial System . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . pp. 249 -- 250 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . Jump up ^ Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . PA - 1417 , `` First Bank of the United States '' , 7 photos , 3 color transparencies , 18 measured drawings , 3 photo caption pages Jump up ^ 1984 National Register Nomination ^ Jump up to : Baigell , Matthew ( 1969 ) . `` James Hoban and the First Bank of the United States '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 28 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 136 . JSTOR 988511 . Jump up ^ Whiffen , Marcus ; Koeper , Frederick ( 1981 ) . American architecture 1607 -- 1976 . Cambridge : MIT Press . p. 125 . ISBN 0262231050 . Jump up ^ NPS historical marker at building Jump up ^ `` NHL nomination for First Bank of the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Civil War Museum Further reading ( edit ) Danzer , Gerald A. ; J. Jorge Klor de Alva ; Larry S. Krieger ; Louis E Wilson ; Nancy Woloch . The Americans . ISBN 0 - 618 - 37716 - 6 . Markham , Jerry ( 2001 ) . A Financial History of the United States . Armonk : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0730 - 1 . Perkins , Edwin J. American public finance and financial services , 1700 -- 1815 ( 1994 ) pp 324 -- 48 . Complete text line free Wilson , George ( 1995 ) . Stephen Girard . Conshohocken : Combined Books . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 56 - X . Rothbard , Murray ( 2002 ) . A History of Money and Banking in the United States : The Colonial Era to World War II . Auburn , Alabama : Ludwig Von Mises Inst . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945466 - 33 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Bank of the United States . Wikisource has original text related to this article : An Act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States ( 1791 ) Documents produced by the First Bank of the United States on FRASER Hamilton 's opinion Jefferson 's opinion Record of the Debate ( show ) Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton , Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) ( show ) US National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester East North South Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Lists by city Pittsburgh Lancaster Philadelphia Center City North Northeast Northwest South Southwest West Other lists European archaeological sites Native American archaeological sites Bridges ( covered ) National Historic Landmarks ( Philadelphia ) Category NRHP portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Bank_of_the_United_States&oldid=792219126 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Independence National Historical Park Bank buildings in Philadelphia Historic bank buildings in the United States Defunct banks of the United States Commercial buildings completed in 1797 Bank buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania 1st United States Congress Presidency of George Washington Economic history of the United States History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Banks established in 1791 Companies disestablished in 1811 1791 establishments in Pennsylvania 1810s in Pennsylvania 1791 establishments in the United States 1810s disestablishments in the United States Defunct companies based in Pennsylvania Independence National Historical Park Historic American Buildings Survey in Pennsylvania Unused buildings in Pennsylvania 18th - century architecture in the United States Neoclassical architecture in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017 , at 06 : 31 . 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when was the first bank of the united states formed by the federalists
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"The President, Directors and Company, of the Bank of the United States, commonly known as the First Bank of the United States, was a national bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. It followed the Bank of North America, the nation's first de facto central bank."
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The Girl on the Train (2016 film)
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The Girl on the Train ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia The Girl on the Train ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Girl on the Train Theatrical release poster Directed by Tate Taylor Produced by Marc Platt Jared LeBoff Screenplay by Erin Cressida Wilson Based on The Girl on the Train by Paula Hawkins Starring Emily Blunt Rebecca Ferguson Justin Theroux Haley Bennett Luke Evans Allison Janney Édgar Ramírez Lisa Kudrow Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Charlotte Bruus Christensen Edited by Michael McCusker Andrew Buckland Production company DreamWorks Pictures Reliance Entertainment Marc Platt Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $173.2 million The Girl on the Train is a 2016 American mystery thriller drama film directed by Tate Taylor and written by Erin Cressida Wilson , based on Paula Hawkins ' 2015 debut novel of the same name . The film stars Emily Blunt , Rebecca Ferguson , Haley Bennett , Justin Theroux , Luke Evans , Allison Janney , Édgar Ramírez and Lisa Kudrow . The film follows an alcoholic divorcée who becomes involved in a missing persons investigation . Principal photography began on November 4 , 2015 , in New York City . Produced by Marc Platt and DreamWorks Pictures , The Girl on the Train was the first film to be distributed by Universal Pictures , as part of DreamWorks ' new distribution deal via Amblin Partners . The film premiered in London on September 20 , 2016 and was theatrically released in the United States on October 7 , 2016 . The film was a box office success , grossing $173 million worldwide but received mixed reviews . Blunt 's performance received praise and gained a nomination at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards , as well as a nomination for BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role at the 70th British Academy Film Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Post-production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Rachel Watson is an alcoholic who rides a train aimlessly since losing her job . From the train , she fixates on the lives of her former husband , Tom Watson , and his current wife , Anna , and their neighbors , Scott and Megan Hipwell , whom she idealizes . Megan worked for the Watsons as a nanny , but recently quit . During her marriage , Rachel became depressed about her infertility and developed a drinking problem that has resulted in continual blackouts and destructive behavior . At a BBQ held by Tom 's boss , she drunkenly made a scene and is blamed when Tom is fired . From the train , Rachel spots Megan kissing a stranger and becomes infuriated at her ruining her marriage . She leaves to confront Megan , but hours later she wakes up in her bed , covered in blood . Megan disappears and Rachel is questioned by Detective Riley because she was seen in the vicinity that day . Rachel contacts Scott , pretending to be a friend , to tell him about the affair . Scott pulls up a picture of Megan 's psychiatrist Dr. Kamal Abdic , and Rachel identifies him as the man she saw . It is alluded to that Megan and Dr. Abdic were involved sexually . Dr. Abdic told the police Scott was abusive and suspicion shifts to him . Believing Dr. Abdic is involved in Megan 's disappearance , Rachel schedules an appointment with him , but discusses her own issues . Megan is found dead and tests show she was pregnant , but that neither Scott nor Dr. Abdic were the father . Scott confronts Rachel for lying to him about knowing Megan and angrily grabs her . Rachel goes to report the assault , believing Scott murdered Megan , but the detective says he has been ruled out as a suspect . On the train , Rachel sees Tom 's former boss 's wife Martha , and apologizes for her behavior , but Martha says she did nothing wrong . Tom had actually been fired for having sex with coworkers . Rachel realizes that Tom planted false memories in her head during her drinking binges . Anna suspects Tom of cheating and finds a secret phone with text messages on it to another woman , who is revealed to be Megan when Anna calls and hears the voicemail . Rachel goes back to the tunnel and in a flash back remembers that she caught Tom meeting Megan that day , and that Tom attacked her , injuring her . Rachel goes to warn Anna , and tells her Tom is dangerous and he killed Megan . Anna knows about the affair and when Tom arrives home , both women confront him with details of the affair with Megan . Tom knocks Rachel unconscious and in a flashback , it is revealed that Tom beat Megan to death when she announced her pregnancy and refused to get an abortion . When Rachel awakens he tries to strangle her , but she gets away . Tom chases her and she stabs him in the neck with a corkscrew , and Anna twists it deeper into Tom 's neck , killing him . Rachel and Anna are interviewed by Detective Riley , and tell identical stories about killing Tom in self - defense , after he admitted to being Megan 's killer . Later , a now sober Rachel sits on the opposite side of the train looking forward to the future . Cast ( edit ) Emily Blunt as Rachel Watson , a lonely alcoholic and Tom 's ex-wife Rebecca Ferguson as Anna Watson , a real estate agent and Tom 's current wife Haley Bennett as Megan Hipwell , Scott 's wife Justin Theroux as Tom Watson , Rachel 's ex-husband and Anna 's current husband Luke Evans as Scott Hipwell , Megan 's husband Allison Janney as DS . Riley , a detective Édgar Ramírez as Dr. Kamal Abdic , Megan 's psychiatrist Lisa Kudrow as Martha , the wife of Tom 's former boss Laura Prepon as Cathy , Rachel 's college friend , roommate and landlord Darren Goldstein as Man in the Suit , a stranger who witnesses Rachel 's behavior Production ( edit ) DreamWorks Pictures acquired the film rights to Hawkins ' novel and the film was planned for production by Marc E. Platt ( through Marc Platt Productions ) in March 2014 . In early 2015 , Erin Cressida Wilson was hired to write the script and Tate Taylor was hired to direct the film . Hawkins told The Sunday Times that the film 's setting would be moved from London to Westchester , New York . Casting ( edit ) In June 2015 , Emily Blunt was offered for the title role , the lonely and alcoholic divorcee Rachel . The studio had eyed Kate Mara for another of the three lead roles . In August , Rebecca Ferguson was confirmed to play Anna and Haley Bennett was added to the cast to play the third female lead role , Megan . Jared Leto and Chris Evans were in talks to join the film , where Evans would play Tom , Rachel 's ex-husband , and Leto would play the neighbor 's husband . However , Justin Theroux replaced Evans and Luke Evans replaced Leto , who both left the film due to scheduling issues . In October , Édgar Ramírez joined the film to play Dr. Kamal Abdic , who is in an affair with the married Megan , and becomes a suspect in her disappearance . Allison Janney also joined the cast to play a police detective . The next month , Lisa Kudrow was cast as Martha , the wife of Tom 's former boss . Laura Prepon joined the cast as Cathy , the landlord , roommate , and college friend of Rachel Watson . Filming ( edit ) The Ardsley - on - Hudson Metro - North station , used for several scenes in the film Principal photography on the film began on November 4 , 2015 , in New York City . In late November 2015 , filming also took place in White Plains , as well as in Hastings - on - Hudson and Irvington , New York . Filming wrapped up on January 30 , 2016 . Post-production ( edit ) During post-production on the film , a cameo appearance by Paula Hawkins was cut from the film . Release ( edit ) In November 2015 , Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures scheduled the film for an October 7 , 2016 , release through their Touchstone Pictures banner . The film was part of DreamWorks ' distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios , which began in 2009 . However , DreamWorks and Disney did not renew their distribution deal , and in December 2015 , Universal Pictures acquired the film 's distribution rights , as part of their new distribution deal with DreamWorks ' parent company , Amblin Partners . Universal retained Disney 's original release date . Universal also distributed overseas , except in Europe , the Middle East and Africa , where distribution was handled by Mister Smith Entertainment through other film companies . Entertainment One released the film in the United Kingdom on October 5 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The Girl on the Train grossed $75.4 million in the United States and Canada and $97.8 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $173.2 million , against a production budget of $45 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was projected to gross around $25 -- 30 million in its opening weekend , with some having it opening to as low as $18 million . The film was expected to play like the similarly - themed Gone Girl , which opened to $37.5 million in October 2014 , although that film had more star power to carry it . It went on to gross $24.5 million in its opening weekend , finishing first at the box office . In its second weekend it grossed $12 million , finishing third at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) The Girl on the Train received mixed reviews from critics . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 45 % based on 267 reviews , with an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Emily Blunt 's outstanding performance is n't enough to keep The Girl on the Train from sliding sluggishly into exploitative melodrama . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an grade of `` B − '' on an A+ to F scale . IGN critic Terri Schwartz gave the film a score of 5.5 / 10 , writing : `` The Girl on the Train has a talented cast , but ultimately squanders it for the sake of a hollow , ponderous plot . Alternately overly convoluted and predictable , the film relies too heavily on its twists while offering little in the way of character development , leaving its three central women as unrelatable and unlikable stereotypes . '' Chicago Sun - Times ' Richard Roeper gave 2 stars out 4 , and said that the film is `` shiny trash that begins with promise but quickly gets tripped up by its own screenplay and grows increasingly ludicrous and melodramatic , to the point where I was barely able to suppress a chuckle at some of the final scenes '' . Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com gave 11⁄2 stars out of 4 , and described the film as , `` a flat and suspense - free tale of pretty people in peril '' . Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers gave the film a positive review , commenting that : `` ( T ) he movie gives away the game faster than the novel , but Emily Blunt digs so deep into the role of a blackout drunk and maybe murderer that she raises Girl to the level of spellbinder . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . British Academy Film Awards February 12 , 2017 Best Actress in a Leading Role Emily Blunt Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 6 , 2016 Hollywood Producer Award Marc Platt ( also for Billy Lynn 's Long Halftime Walk and La La Land ) Won Location Managers Guild Awards April 8 , 2017 Outstanding Film Commission Award New York State Governor 's Office of Motion Picture Development Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 19 , 2017 Feature - Length Motion Picture -- Contemporary Hair Styling Alan D'Angerio Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 18 , 2017 Favorite Thriller Movie The Girl on the Train Won Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Thriller Film The Girl on the Train Nominated Best Actress Emily Blunt Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards January 29 , 2017 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Emily Blunt Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` THE GIRL ON THE TRAIN ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film Tax Credit - Quarterly Report Calendar Year 2017 : Second Quarter '' ( PDF ) . Empire State Development . June 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Girl on the Train ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ; Gregg Kilday ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Jeff Skoll Team to Form Ambling Partners , Strike Distribution Deal With Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Universal Boards Emily Blunt 's ' Girl on the Train ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Acquires Novel ' The Girl on the Train ' for Marc Platt '' . variety.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Erin Cressida Wilson Boards ' Girl On The Train ' For Marc Platt & Dreamworks '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tate Taylor to Direct ' The Girl on the Train ' for DreamWorks '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Richard ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood shunts British bestseller over to New York '' . thesundaytimes.co.uk . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Emily Blunt in Talks to Star in Tate Taylor 's ' The Girl on the Train ' for DreamWorks '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible 's Rebecca Ferguson Catches ' The Girl On The Train ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Haley Bennett Lands Lead In ' The Girl On The Train ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Jared Leto , Chris Evans Circling ' The Girl on the Train ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Theroux in Talks to Board ' Girl on the Train ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans Lands Key Role in DreamWorks ' ' The Girl on the Train ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Edgar Ramirez In Talks To Join ' The Girl On The Train ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Allison Janney Boards ' Girl on the Train ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Lisa Kudrow Joins ' The Girl on the Train ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Girl On The Train ' Adds ' Orange Is The New Black 's Laura Prepon '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Blunt brings her daughter Hazel to work on set of The Girl On The Train for the first time ... but the novel 's London location is swapped for New York '' . dailymail.co.uk . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 11 / 6 / 15 : Emily Blunt and Luke Evans Start ' Girl on the Train ' , Brad Pitt Wraps ' Lost City of Z ' '' . ssninsider.com . November 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Girl on the Train ' , starring Emily Blunt , filming locations in White Plains , NY '' . onlocationvacations.com . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Branch , Alfred ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Girl on the Train ' Continues Film Shoot in Irvington '' . Patch . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 1 / 29 / 16 : Danny Glover Starts on ' The Good Catholic ' , Emily Blunt and Luke Evans Wrap ' Girl on the Train ' '' . SSN Insider . January 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Biedenharn , Isabella ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` The Girl on the Train : Why Paula Hawkins did n't want to write the screenplay '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettel , Oliver ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` The Girl on the Train with Emily Blunt set for fall 2016 release '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Pits Emily Blunt , Rebecca Ferguson Thriller ' Girl On The Train ' Vs. Channing Tatum 's ' Gambit ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Girl On The Train ' Sets Arrival Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ; Gregg Kilday ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Jeff Skoll Team to Form Amblin Partners , Strike Distribution Deal With Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Forget About Summer & Sequelitis : Will Fall 's Crowded Pipeline Cannibalize B.O. ? -- Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Birth of a Nation ' and ' Girl on the Train ' Hit Box Office Tracking : How Will They Fare ? '' . Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Does n't Slow ' Girl On The Train ' , But Overall Ticket Sales Lower Than Jonas ; Controversy Conquers ' Nation ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' The Accountant ' Calculates $24.7 M Opening ; ' Max Steel ' Rusts '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` The Girl on the Train ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Girl on the Train Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` The Girl on the Train Review '' . IGN . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Girl on the Train ' : Ludicrous thriller goes off the rails '' . Chicago Sun - Times . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Girl on the Train '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Girl on the Train ' Review : Emily Blunt Powers Sex - Lies - and - Murder Mystery '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Ford , Marc Platt & Kenneth Lonergan to be Honored '' . Hollywood Film Awards . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' Hidden Figures ' , ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' , ' La La Land ' Among Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Nominees '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Girl on the Train on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Tate Taylor Chicken Party ( 2003 ) Pretty Ugly People ( 2008 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Get on Up ( 2014 ) The Girl on the Train ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_on_the_Train_(2016_film)&oldid=843404082 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s mystery films 2010s psychological thriller films 2010s thriller drama films Adultery in films American films American mystery films American psychological thriller films American thriller drama films Fiction with unreliable narrators Films about alcoholism Films about dysfunctional families Films about grieving Films about missing people Films about murder Films based on British novels Films based on crime novels Films based on thriller novels Films directed by Tate Taylor Films produced by Marc E. Platt Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City DreamWorks Pictures films Entertainment One films Mystery drama films Mystery thriller films Nonlinear narrative films Reliance Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who plays anna in girl on the train
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"Rebecca Ferguson as Anna Watson, a real estate agent and Tom's current wife"
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"Rebecca Ferguson"
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The Great British Bake Off (series 4)
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The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) - wikipedia The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 10 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 20 August ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) -- 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 3 Next → Series 5 The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 20 August 2013 . Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges . As with series three , the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . 13,000 amateur bakers applied to appear on the programme , and 100 were selected for screen test , with the best 60 advancing to a three - day audition . From these , 13 contestants were chosen this year so the judges could eliminate two people whenever they wanted . The winner of the Great British Bake Off 2013 was Frances Quinn . Contents 1 Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cakes 3.2 Episode 2 : Bread 3.3 Episode 3 : Desserts 3.4 Episode 4 : Pies and Tarts 3.5 Episode 5 : Biscuits and Traybakes 3.6 Episode 6 : Sweet Dough 3.7 Episode 7 : Pastry 3.8 Episode 8 : Unconventional Ingredients 3.9 Episode 9 : French Pastry ( Semi-Final ) 3.10 Episode 10 : Final 3.11 Masterclasses 3.11. 1 Episode 1 3.11. 2 Episode 2 3.11. 3 Episode 3 3.11. 4 Episode 4 3.11. 5 Christmas Masterclass 4 Controversy 5 Post-show careers 6 Ratings 6.1 Specials 7 References 8 External links Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age Occupation Hometown Links Ali Imdad 25 Charity worker Saltley , Birmingham Beca Lyne - Pirkis 31 Military Wives ' Choir Singer Aldershot , Hampshire Christine Wallace 66 Director of an engraving company Didcot , Oxfordshire Deborah Manger 51 Dentist Peterborough Frances Quinn 31 Children 's Clothes Designer Market Harborough , Leicestershire Glenn Cosby 37 English Teacher Teignmouth , Devon Howard Middleton 51 Council Worker Sheffield Kimberley Wilson 30 Psychologist London Lucy Bellamy 38 Horticulturist Grimsby , Lincolnshire Mark Onley 37 Carpenter and Kitchen Fitter Milton Keynes Robert Smart 54 Space Satellite Designer Melbourn , Cambridgeshire Ruby Tandoh 20 History of Art and Philosophy Student Southend , Essex Toby Waterworth 30 Web Programmer Reading , Berkshire Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frances SB WINNER Kimberley SB SB Runner Up Ruby SB SB SB Runner Up Beca OUT Christine SB SB OUT Glenn OUT Howard OUT Robert SB OUT Ali OUT Deborah OUT Mark OUT Lucy OUT Toby OUT Colour key : Baker got through to the next round Baker was eliminated Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . Baker was the Star Baker Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but did not win star baker . Baker was the series runner - up Baker was the series winner Episodes ( edit ) Episode 1 : cakes ( edit ) The bakers were given two hours to make a sandwich cake with filling of their choice for the signature challenge . For their first technical challenge , the bakers were required to bake an angel food cake using Mary Berry 's recipe in two and half hours . For the showstopper , the challenge was to make a chocolate cake using at least two types of chocolate to decorate the cake . They were given four hours for this bake . Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Baker Signature ( Sandwich Cake ) Technical ( Angel Food Cake ) Showstopper ( Chocolate Cake ) Ali Rose and Pistachio Cake 11th Chocolate , Raspberry and Passion Fruit Engagement Cake Beca Grapefruit Sandwich Cake 8th Chocolate Cherry Indulgence Christine Strawberry , Vanilla and Rosewater Summer Basket 3rd Chocolate and Orange ' Fripperous ' Hat Cake Deborah Pineapple Cake 9th ' Coffee Time ' Frances Giant Jam Sandwich 7th Secret Squirrel Cake Glenn Strawberries and Cream Cake 4th Almond and Espresso Chocolate Cake Howard Passion Fruit and Coconut Cake 6th Black Forest Revisited Kimberley Blood Orange Cake 10th Chocolate , Raspberry and Basil Layer Cake Lucy Timperley Early Cake 2nd Thyme ' Wildwood ' Cake Mark Lemon and Poppy Seed Cake 5th Chocolate Monster Robert Pecan and Apple Cake 1st Raspberry Chocolate Cake Ruby Rhubarb and Custard Sandwich Cake 12th Chocolate and Ginger Night Sky Cake Toby Spiced and Iced Carrot Cake 13th Two Tiered Chocolate Cake Episode 2 : bread ( edit ) The bakers were asked to make in two hours 36 breadsticks , all made using yeast , of at least 25 cm ( 10 inches ) in length , and the breadsticks should be crisp and produce a good snap . For the technical challenge , the bakers have to make eight English muffins using Paul 's recipe in two and three quarter hours . For the final bake , an elaborately decorated loaf was set as the showstopper challenge to be completed in four hours . Baker Signature ( 36 Bread Sticks ) Technical ( 8 English Muffins ) Showstopper ( Decorative Loaf ) Ali Italian Grissini 9th Sweet and Savoury Yin Yang Bread Beca Fennel and Chilli Breadsticks 11th Five Strand Christmas Wreath Christine Mediterranean Breadsticks with Oregano 4th Double Plaited Loaf Deborah Fennel and Chilli Breadsticks 8th Walnut Fleur Loaf Frances Giant Matchsticks 2nd Sailor 's Knot Glenn Rosemary and Parmesan Grissini 7th Harvest Crown Howard Moroccan Breadsticks 10th Picasso Sun Bread Kimberley Nigella Seed and Parmesan Breadsticks 1st Peace Bread Lucy Grissini with Salt 12th Roast Tomato Bread Mark Rosemary and Raisin Breadsticks 6th Sage and Garlic Plait Robert Twisty Rye Bread Sticks 5th Tribute Loaf Ruby Mexican Breadsticks 3rd White Chocolate and Orange Peacock Bread Episode 3 : desserts ( edit ) For the first challenge of the episode the bakers were asked to make a Trifle of their own choice , using Ladyfingers , Sponge or Biscuit for the base and either Jam or Custard for the middle layer . For their second challenge , the bakers were required to bake in an hour and a half Floating Islands using a recipe of Mary Berry . For the show - stopper , the bakers were set the task of making 24 petit fours , twelve biscuit based , twelve sponge based , to be finished in three hours . Baker Signature ( Trifle ) Technical ( Floating Islands ) Showstopper ( 24 Petit Fours - 12 Biscuit Based , 12 Sponge Based ) Ali Coconut , Raspberry and Lemon Meringue Trifle 5th Vanilla Latte Mini Cakes Lime and Mint Shortbread Pops Beca Orange and Ginger Trifle 10th Limoncello and Blueberry Bursts Millionaire Shortbread Christine Caribbean Pina Colada Trifle 4th Ninety - Niners Sachertorte Parcels Deborah Tropical Trifle * 9th Canelé Cherry and Chocolate Cakes Rose Cookies Frances Apple and Blackberry Crumble Trifle 8th ' Ballet Bites ' Ginger Nutcrackers Sugar Plum Fairy Cakes Glenn Raspberry and Almond Trifle 1st Billionaire Bouchées Orange Financiers Howard Caramel and Apple Trifle * 7th Black Coffee and Cardamom Cakes White Stilton and Pear Biscuits Kimberley Peach , Almond and Ginger Trifle 6th Chocolate Pistachio Financiers Lemon Bergamot Biscuits Mark Ginger , Mango and Passion Fruit Trifle 11th Rose and Pistachio Macaroons Chocolate and Raspberry Bites Robert Rhubarb and Orange Trifle 2nd Almond Friand s Turrón Macaroons Ruby Desert Island Trifle 3rd Lemon Shortbread and White Chocolate Seashells Blackberry and Chocolate Layer Cakes In this challenge , Deborah accidentally used Howard 's custard . As a result , Howard used Deborah 's custard in his trifle , the incident was dubbed Custardgate by the Press . Episode 4 : pies and tarts ( edit ) For the signature challenge the bakers are asked to bake a Double - crusted Fruit Pie with a filling of their choice . For their fourth Technical challenge , the bakers were required to bake a Tart that has almost a 700 - year history ; the Egg Custard Tart . For the showstopper , the challenge was to make a Filo Pie centrepiece using the Filo pastry that they had made from scratch . Baker Signature ( Double - Crusted Fruit Pie ) Technical ( 12 Egg Custard Tarts ) Showstopper ( Filo Pie ) Ali Apple and Ginger Pie with a Pecan and Walnut Shortcrust Pastry 8th Orange , Cardamom and Date M'Hanncha Beca Mamgu 's Cherry - Apple Tart 2nd Moroccan Vegetable Filo Feast Christine Granny Rogers ' Apple , Plum and Cinnamon Country Pie 7th Roasted Vegetable Filo Pie with Feta Cheese Frances Peach Pie In the Sky 1st Cherry Tree Baklava Filo Pie Glenn Apple and Maple Syrup Pie 9th Spanakopita ( Walnut and Feta Cheese ) Howard Apple Pie with Sage Pastry 5th Fresh Fig and Feta Filo Flan Kimberley Pecan and Rosemary Caramel Apple Pie 4th Chicken , Bacon and Butternut Squash Pie Robert Apple and Pear Pie with Thyme 3rd Spanakopita with St George 's Mushrooms Ruby Apple and Marzipan Pie 6th Rose , Almond and Raspberry Filo Pie Episode 5 : biscuits and traybakes ( edit ) For the signature challenge , the bakers were asked to make their favorite traybake in two hours and cut into identical pieces . Everything made as part of the traybake however needed to be made from scratch . In the technical challenge , the bakers needed to make 18 tuiles using Mary 's recipe in one and a half hour . Half of the tuiles needed to be shaped in the traditional manner and piped in a concentric circles , and the other rolled up and dipped in chocolate . In the last challenge , the baker had to make a biscuit tower of at least 30 cm high , to be finished in four hours . Baker Signature ( Traybake ) Technical ( 18 Tuiles - 9 Original , 9 Dipped in Chocolate ) Showstopper ( Biscuit Tower ) Beca Chocolate , Cherry and Hazelnut Brownies 5th Tiered Macaron and Sugar Dough Biscuit Centrepiece Christine Mixed Berry and Almond Crumble Traybake 1st Shortbread Bavarian Clock Tower Frances Millionaire Banoffee Bonus 3rd Biscuit Buttons and Beads Glenn Apricot and Pistachio Tiffin 2nd Shortbread and Macaron Helter - Skelter Howard Breakfast Traybake 8th Japanese Pagoda Tea Tower Kimberley Cherry and Almond Bakewell Florentine Slice 7th Black and White Viennese Biscuit Stack Robert Blueberry and Orange Traybake 4th Dalek Ruby Blackberry and Lemon Bakewell Slice 6th ' Dropped Ice - Cream ' Biscuit Centrepiece Episode 6 : sweet dough ( edit ) In the first challenge , the bakers were required to make a sweet tea loaf using yeast , either in a tin or free form . They were given 3 hours for the task . For the technical challenge , the bakers baked an apricot couronne using Paul 's recipe in two and three - quarter hours . For the showstopper , the bakers needed to make two different varieties of European sweet buns , 12 of each . The bakers were given 30 minutes to start in the first day so that dough may be proofed overnight , to be finished the second day in four hours . Baker Signature ( Tea Loaf ) Technical ( Apricot Couronne ) Showstopper ( 24 Sweet European Buns ) Beca Bara Brith 6th Chocolate and Rum - Soaked Prune Brioches Cardamom Spiced Lemon Iced Buns Christine Oxford Nutty Fruit Loaf 4th Schnecken Buns Vanilla Custard Skolebrød Frances Chai Tea Loaf 2nd Hot Cross Brioches Rhubarb and Custard Kolaches Glenn Devonshire Panettone 5th Almond and Apricot Brioches Sticky Caramel Kanelbullen Howard Date and Hemp Yorkshire Loaf 7th Peachy Buns German Baumschnecken Kimberley Chai Spiced Ginger and Date Tea Loaf 3rd Double Chocolate and Hazelnut Brioches Danish Kanelsnurrer Ruby Citrus Tea Loaf 1st Twisted Swedish Kanelbullar Saffron St. Lucia Buns Episode 7 : pastry ( edit ) The bakers are challenged to bring the old fashioned suet pudding back up to date for the signature challenge . In the technical bake , the bakers are challenged to create eight perfect religieuse ; these are choux buns that are topped with ganache and filled with crème patissiere then carefully balanced one on top of the other . In the Showstopper Challenge , the bakers have 4 hours to make three different types of puffed pastries ; one must be filled , another has to be iced and the final one is of their choice . Baker Signature ( Suet Pudding ) Technical ( 8 Religieuses ) Showstopper ( 36 Puff Pastry Canapés - 12 Filled , 12 Iced , 12 of Their Own Choice ) Beca Spring Lamb and Vegetable Suet Pudding with Redcurrant Gravy 1st Nectarine and Frangipane Squares Chocolate and Hazelnut Vol - au - vents Strawberries and Cream Mille - feuille Christine Spotted Dick ' With a Kick ' and Vanilla Custard Ice Cream 6th Eccles Cakes Fresh Fruit Baskets Lemon Cream Eton Mess Mille - feuille Frances Figgy Roll - y Poly Pudding with Caramelised Walnut and Honey Ice - Cream 5th French Framboise Cream Horns Sheet Music Mille - feuille Bass Clef Palmiers Glenn Prune and Armagnac Pudding with Boozy Butterscotch Sauce 3rd Caramelised Apple and Marzipan Tartlets Chocolate Elephant Ears Passion Fruit Mille - feuille Kimberley Barberry and Apple Spotted Dick with Maple Syrup and White Chocolate Custard 4th Pear , Malt and Butterscotch Mille - feuille Blackberry and Lemon Verbena Crème Brûle Custard Tarts Fig , Orange and Thyme Galette Ruby Plum Jam Roly - Poly with Ginger Ice cream 2nd Raspberry and Passion Fruit Mille - feuille Caramelised Apple Lattice Portuguese Custard Tarts Episode 8 : unconventional ingredients ( edit ) This week in the quarter final , the theme for this week were bakes that were free of something ( e.g. gluten free , dairy free ) . In the Signature Challenge , the bakers are challenged to bake a loaf that does not use traditional wheat flours , instead they must use flours such as Spelt , Rye , Potato or Tapioca . The bakers are challenged in the technical bake to make a Dacquoise which consists of 3 layers ; coiled meringue , coffee custard and a hazelnut praline top . For the showstopper , the bakers are pushed out of their comfort zones and asked to create novelty vegetable cakes which must be dairy free . Baker Signature ( Wheat - Free Loaf ) Technical ( Hazelnut Dacquoise ) Showstopper ( Dairy - Free Vegetable Cake ) Beca Potato , Spelt and Rosemary Focaccia 4th Spiced Butternut Squash and Pecan ' Cheese ' Cake Christine Multi-Seeded Loaf with Pumpkin , Sesame and Sunflower Seeds 5th Sweet Potato Guitar with Passion Fruit Icing and Marshmallow Fondant Frances ' Chelsea Flour Show ' Bun Bouquet 3rd Hidden Carrot Cake ( Ground Praline , Beetroot and Walnut ) Kimberley Wild Garlic Pesto and Parma Ham Spelt Loaf 2nd Butternut Squash and Spice Cake Toadstool House Ruby Mango and Nigella Seed Spelt Cob 1st Carrot Cake and Pistachio Garden Plot Episode 9 : French pastry ( semi-final ) ( edit ) This week 's theme was French pastry . In the Signature Challenge , the bakers are challenged to make three different types of savoury canapé ; one must be Choux , another must be Shortcrust or Rough Puff and the third can be anything of their choice . For the Technical bake , the bakers are challenged to make a Charlotte Royal ; made of Swiss roll surrounding a bavarois , it is set with gelatin to form a firm dome when turned out . In the Showstopper Challenge , the bakers are challenged to bake an iconic French Patisserie , the Opera cake . Baker Signature ( 36 Canapés - 12 Choux , 12 Shortcrust / Rough Puff , 12 Any of their Choice ) Technical ( Charlotte Royale ) Showstopper ( Opera Cake ) Beca Stilton and Walnut Macarons Beetroot and Salmon Choux Puffs Welsh Rarebit Tartlets 3rd Banoffee Opera Cake Frances Legume Canapés : Chantenay Carrots Choux Pastry Tomatoes Cauliflower Cheese Scones 2nd Great British Soap Opera Cake Kimberley Pea Purée Tarts Crab and Wasabi Profiteroles Steamed Buns with Barbecue Chicken 1st Passion Fruit and Lime Opera Cake Ruby Beetroot Jelly on Poppy Seed Biscuits Spinach , Parmesan and Egg Tartlets Choux Buns with Goat 's Cheese and Caramelised Onions 4th Chocolate , Almond Praline and Saffron Opera Cake Episode 10 : final ( edit ) In the Signature Challenge , the final three are challenged to create a Picnic Pie . The pie must be savoury , the fillings have to create a creative design and has to be strong enough to be served out of the tin . For the Technical Challenge , the bakers are challenged to make 12 perfectly shaped pretzels ; 6 savoury with rock salt and 6 sweet , flavoured with poppy seeds and topped with sweet orange zest and glaze . For the final Showstopper Challenge of the series , the bakers are asked to bake the ultimate showpiece - a three tiered wedding cake . Baker Signature ( Picnic pie ) Technical ( 12 Pretzel - 6 Savory , 6 Sweet ) Showstopper ( Three Tiered Wedding Cake ) Frances Rainbow Picnic Pie 3rd Midsummer Night 's Dream Wedding Cake Kimberley Chicken and Pig Pie 1st Languages of Love Wedding Cake Ruby Picnic Basket Pie 2nd Raspberry , Lemon and Passion Fruit Wedding Cake Masterclasses ( edit ) Mary and Paul take over the tent and take on the challenges that they set for the bakers , showing what they would have done had they been in the bakers shoes . Episode 1 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Spiced Whole Orange Cake with Orange Mascarpone Icing Angel Food Cake with Lemon Curd Chocolate Creation Showstopper Paul Olive Breadsticks English Muffins Episode 2 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Tipsy Trifle Floating Islands Wobbly Apricot Tart Paul Egg Custard Tarts Spanakopita N / A Episode 3 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Ginger and Treacle Spiced Traybake Tuiles with Chocolate Mousse N / A Paul Iced Tea Loaf Apricot Couronne Brioche Tetes Episode 4 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Sussex Pond Pudding with Apples Religieuses Opera Cake Paul Rye Bread Pretzels N / A Christmas Masterclass ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Mincemeat Streusel Tunis Cake Gingerbread House Paul Stollen Black Bun Boxing Day pie Controversy ( edit ) Before the series started , there was speculation Paul Hollywood would not appear in the show after his marriage broke down . Mary Berry , however , was said to have supported Hollywood over rumours of his possible sacking by BBC , and the BBC later denied the rumours and said that his job is safe . During the series , there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show , as well as allegations of Paul Hollywood 's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh , and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc . Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation . Prior to the final , a rash of bets were placed on Frances Quinn to win . Bookmakers were forced to suspend the book after 90 percent of wagers were placed on Quinn , and led to accusation that show insiders or friends who knew of the result were placing bets on the outcome . This subsequently led to many online media sources speculating Quinn had won , inadvertently leaking the result prematurely . Post-show careers ( edit ) Frances Quinn wrote a book , Quinntessential Baking , released on 17 August 2015 . Ruby Tandoh has written a book , Crumb : The Baking Book , published on 25 September 2014 . She took half a year out from the university after the show but has returned to complete her philosophy and history of art course at University College London . She wrote a column on baking for The Guardian . Beca Lyne - Pirkis presented a Welsh language cookery show Becws for S4C starting 11 September 2014 . Glenn Cosby left teaching and launched his own touring stage show Bake it Big . Ali Imdad has set up a bakery business and become a full - time baker . Ratings ( edit ) The show achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two . According to overnight data , the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak , and averaging over 8 million , more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV . This episode is the highest - rated show ever on BBC2 under the ratings system first introduced in 2002 , beating the previous record set by an episode of Top Gear in 2007 . Series 4 had an average of viewing figure of 7.4 million . Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking Weekly ranking all channels 20 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 6.60 11 27 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 6.65 12 3 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 7.17 13 10 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) 6.82 18 5 17 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 6.95 17 6 24 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 7.32 16 7 1 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 7.76 13 8 8 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 7.41 12 9 15 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 7.41 18 10 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 9.45 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking The Great British Bake Off , Class of 2012 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 3.69 The Great British Bake Off Masterclass 29 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 2.73 30 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2.27 10 31 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 2.21 13 1 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) 1.69 24 The Great British Bake Off , Christmas Special 17 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 3.39 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alex Fletcher ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` ' Great British Bake Off ' returns : First look at series four - Watch '' . Digital Spy . ^ Jump up to : Louise Carpenter ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Behind the scenes at The Great British Bake Off '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Ben O'Brien ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off returns to the screen - and to East Harptree '' . The Somerset Standard and Guardian . Jump up ^ Kelby McNally ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` FIRST LOOK : Great British Bake off is back ! '' . The Daily Express . Jump up ^ Sarah Bull ( 13 August 2013 ) . `` A dentist , a psychologist and a satellite designer : Meet the 13 contestants hoping to impress as The Great British Bake Off returns '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` It 's easy as pie for Frances ! Viewers ' shock as outsider whisks her way to Bake Off victory with a rainbow picnic pie and wedding cake inspired by Shakespeare '' . Daily Mail . 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Beca Lyne Pirkis . `` Diet Starts Tomorrow ... '' . Jump up ^ `` Christine Bakes '' . Jump up ^ `` Deborah Manger '' . Jump up ^ Francis Quinn , Quinntessential Jump up ^ `` Glenn Cosby '' . Jump up ^ Howard Middleton . `` HoMi Baking '' . Jump up ^ `` butimhungrynow '' . butimhungrynow . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lucy Bellamy . `` Lucy B - Female Gardener '' . Jump up ^ Rob Smart . `` Rob Smart Bakes '' . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh . `` Ruby and the Kitchen '' . Jump up ^ Toby Waterworth , Bakedown Jump up ^ Christopher Stevens ( 21 August 2013 ) . `` Christopher Stevens reviews The Great British Bake Off '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Alex Ralph ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Next on menu after marriage break - up : Paul Hollywood puts his name on pants '' . The Times . Jump up ^ Don Kaplan ( 29 May 2013 ) . `` Reported affair between judges Paul Hollywood and Marcela Valladolid adds spice to baking show '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Simon Cable ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` Mary Berry ' could quit Bake Off if pastry chef Paul Hollywood gets the axe ' '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Sam Marsden ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood 's job on The Great British Bake Off is safe , BBC says '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie and Laura Cox ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bloke Off ! Show accused of favouritism towards female contestants after last man left is eliminated '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Emma Lowe ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Is Paul sweet on Bake Off model Ruby ? Viewers suggest that TV host , 47 , is flirting on screen with 21 - year - old contestant '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Paul Hollywood shocks Bake Off fans by setting them straight on train '' . What 's on TV . 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Liam O'Brien ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Raymond Blanc rows with Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh on Twitter '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : why did our show attract so much vitriol ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sarah Ditum ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake - Off : Ruby Tandoh does n't deserve this hostility '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood denies favouring Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh : ' I think Kimberley 's far prettier ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Carl Greenwood ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beauty Ruby Tandoh definitely does NOT fancy silver fox Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ Lucy Crossley ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` Did TV insiders bet on Great British Bake Off result ? Bookies claim they were ' burned ' by suspicious backing of winner who was 5 - 2 outsider '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Georgia Morgan ( 29 August 2015 ) . `` Former Great British Bake Off winner Frances Quinn shares recipes for her yummy treats from new book '' . Jump up ^ Leah Hyslop ( 1 Apr 2014 ) . `` Frances Quinn : ' Bake Off was an endurance test ' '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off finalist Ruby Tandoh lands book deal after NINE publishers fight to sign her '' . Daily Mail . 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Siân Ranscombe ( 26 September 2014 ) . `` Ruby Tandoh on GBBO , Twitter trolls and her new baking book '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Tandoh '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Kate Rees ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` ' I 'm happy about being the only Welshie on the Great British Bake Off , ' says Beca Lyne - Pirkis '' . Wales Online . Jump up ^ Ruth Dawson ( 2 September 2014 ) . `` Bake Off 's Beca is back with new baking show Becws '' . South Wales Evening Post . Jump up ^ `` Bake it Big with Glenn Cosby -- on tour this summer ! '' . Food Heaven . 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off star Glenn Cosby returns to Bake It Big '' . Exeter Express and Echo. 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Roz Laws ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` Whatever happened to the Great British Bake Off bakers from the Midlands ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final : 9m watch Frances Quinn win '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Georg Szalai . `` BBC 's ' Great British Bake Off ' Ends Season 4 With Record Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Stephen Price ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` BBC1 rises to the challenge '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official Site The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 9 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_4)&oldid=865734782 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off British cooking television programmes BBC Television programmes 2013 British television seasons English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 20 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the great british baking show season 4 judges
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"The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 20 August 2013.[1] Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges.[2] As with series three, the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.[3]\n",
"The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 20 August 2013.[1] Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges.[2] As with series three, the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.[3]\n"
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"Mary Berry",
"Paul Hollywood"
] |
-16242482731354749
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A Place to Call Home (TV series)
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A Place to Call Home ( TV series ) - Wikipedia A Place to Call Home ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search A Place to Call Home Genre Period drama Created by Bevan Lee Starring Marta Dusseldorp Noni Hazlehurst Brett Climo Craig Hall David Berry Abby Earl Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood Aldo Mignone Frankie J. Holden Sara Wiseman Jenni Baird Matt Levett Composer ( s ) Michael Yezerski Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Holmes Julie McGauran Penny Win Producer ( s ) Chris Martin - Jones Location ( s ) Camelot ( renamed as Ash Park ) ( 34 ° 2'15.09 `` S 150 ° 42'22.30 '' E ) Camden and Southern Highlands ( Inverness ) Cinematography John Stokes Running time 42 -- 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Seven Productions Distributor Endemol Release Original network Seven Network ( 2013 -- 14 ) SoHo ( 2015 ) Showcase ( 2016 -- ) Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 28 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) -- present External links Website au.tv.yahoo.com/a-place-to-call-home/ A Place to Call Home is an Australian television drama program that debuted on the Seven Network on Sunday 28 April 2013 . Set in rural New South Wales in the period following the Second World War , it follows Sarah Adams ( Marta Dusseldorp ) , who has returned to Australia after twenty years abroad to start a new life and ends up clashing with wealthy matriarch Elizabeth Bligh ( Noni Hazlehurst ) . The main cast also consists of Brett Climo ( George Bligh ) , Craig Hall ( Dr. Jack Duncan ) , David Berry ( James Bligh ) , Abby Earl ( Anna Poletti ) , Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood ( Olivia Bligh ) , Aldo Mignone ( Gino Poletti ) , Sara Wiseman ( Carolyn Bligh ) , Jenni Baird as ( Regina Bligh ) and Frankie J. Holden ( Roy Briggs ) . It was created by Bevan Lee and has been described as a `` compelling melodrama about love and loss set against the social change of the 1950s '' . The program was threatened with cancellation at the end of its second series , but the show was revived by pay - TV provider Foxtel for it 's SoHo . as of February 2017 , four series have been aired and a fifth series is in production . The series has gained loyal followings in international distribution as well as in its home country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Broadcast 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 International 6 Home media 6.1 Box sets 6.2 Notes 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) Development for A Place to Call Home began after Bevan Lee completed his `` domestic trilogy '' ( Always Greener , Packed to the Rafters and Winners & Losers ) . He took inspiration from film director Douglas Sirk 's 1950s films such as Written on the Wind ( 1956 ) and All That Heaven Allows ( 1955 ) . Lee told The Age that he wanted to create a romance - driven melodrama based in the 1950s because people 's lives in the present are `` relatively bland '' . He said : `` At the end of the day , conflict is drama and we live in relatively conflict - free society . I had to go to a place where there was pain and damage and hurt ; after the war there was . '' The script is co-written by Lee and Trent Atkinson . Noni Hazlehurst ( Elizabeth Bligh ) was the first cast member to be announced for A Place to Call Home , on 18 June 2012 . Marta Dusseldorp ( Sarah Adams ) , Brett Climo ( George Bligh ) and Frankie J. Holden ( Roy Briggs ) were announced a month later , with Dusseldorp leading the overall cast . Newcomers David Berry ( James Bligh ) , Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood ( Olivia Bligh ) , Abby Earl ( Anna Bligh ) and Aldo Mignone ( Gino Poletti ) , made up the rest of the main cast . A Place to Call Home is set primarily in both the fictional estate `` Ash Park '' and the nearby fictional town of `` Inverness '' in country New South Wales . Camden and the Southern Highlands in New South Wales serves as the backdrop for Inverness . Ash Park is actually Camelot , a heritage - listed property located at Kirkham , on the outskirts of Camden . Sydney , the capital city of New South Wales , is a third location where major events occur , but most city scenes are filmed indoors , aside from some establishing shots such as historic footage of the Sydney Harbour Bridge . Filming for the first season began on 9 July 2012 and concluded on 12 December 2012 . Season one was shot on a Sony F65 camera , the first Australian television production to do so . In June 2013 , Erin McWhirter of TV Week announced that A Place to Call Home had been renewed for another season . Abby Earl told McWhirter , `` We 're locked in pre-production in August and then we start filming in September , so there 's plenty of time for me to get back in Anna 's shoes . '' The second season started on 11 May 2014 and concluded on 13 July 2014 . TV Week confirmed that a third season had been commissioned . However , in June 2014 , the magazine reported that Channel Seven had declined the option to renew the series , and that the cast and crew had been told that they would not be required for a third season . On 15 October 2014 , it was announced that Foxtel had finalised a deal with Channel Seven that would see a third season written by Bevan Lee , produced by Seven Productions , but aired on Foxtel . On 25 October 2014 , The Daily Telegraph announced that A Place to Call Home was renewed for another two seasons and would return in late 2015 , airing on Foxtel channel , SoHo . It was also announced that all the original cast and crew members would return . On 16 August 2015 it was announced via the official Facebook page that season 3 would premiere on Sunday 27 September 2015 at 8 : 30 pm on SoHo . Season 4 premiered on Foxtel 's Showcase channel on Sunday 11 September 2016 . Season 5 was announced by Foxtel on 16 November 2016 . The timeline of season 5 will skip ahead from 1954 to the year 1958 . Production of A Place to Call Home resumed in February 2017 with principal photography continuing through July 2017 . Season 5 will air on Foxtel 's Showcase Channel in Australia starting on 8 October 2017 . Cast and Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 Marta Dusseldorp Sarah Adams Main Noni Hazlehurst Elizabeth Bligh / Elizabeth Goddard Main Brett Climo George Bligh Main Craig Hall Jack Duncan Main David Berry James Bligh Main Abby Earl Anna Bligh / Anna Poletti Main Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood Olivia Bligh Main Aldo Mignone Gino Poletti Main Frankie J. Holden Roy Briggs Main Sara Wiseman Carolyn Bligh Recurring Main Jenni Baird Regina Standish / Regina Bligh Recurring Main Recurring Tim Draxl Doctor Henry Fox Main Ben Winspear Doctor Rene Nordmann Recurring Main Matt Levett Andrew Swanson Recurring Main Brenna Harding Rose O'Connell Recurring Main Dominic Allburn Harry Polson Main Main Deborah Kennedy Doris Collins Recurring Main Marta Dusseldorp as Sarah Adams , who despite a strictly religious Catholic upbringing , had moved to Paris to be with the man she loved and to adopt his Jewish faith . However , a new life awaits her when she comes to work for the local hospital near the Bligh family , whom she met while serving as a nurse on the ship taking them all back to Australia from Europe . Later , she is astonished to hear a report that her husband is still alive following World War II , and her life again spins into troubled times . Noni Hazlehurst as Elizabeth Bligh , the headstrong and stubborn matriarch of the Bligh family . She is at first rude and cruel to Sarah , but she grudgingly mellows over time . Later in the series , she leaves for Sydney to live with her daughter Carolyn , and to become a better person . Brett Climo as Elizabeth 's son , George Bligh , a good - hearted man who takes Sarah under his protection and gradually falls in love with her . He is Elaine 's widower ; at the beginning of the series , he appears to be father to James and Anna ; eventually it emerges that Anna is actually a secret child of his sister Carolyn and their friend Jack , taken in by George and Elaine to spare Carolyn any scandal . His worst flaw may be his trust in people who seek to take advantage of him . Craig Hall as Jack Duncan , the secret past lover of Carolyn , who now faces many challenges in his work as a doctor in a hospital run by the Bligh family . He is a genuine person despite his personal problems and would do anything to help others . David Berry as James Bligh , the only son of George and Elaine , who grows up unaware of his `` sister '' Anna 's true background . He marries Olivia , but is tormented by the realisation that he is gay , and tries to commit suicide . He later feels betrayed when his wife has an affair , but returns to Ash Park to live for his young son . Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood as Olivia Bligh , James ' wife , a newlywed from England at the start of the series . She develops anger toward James for his indifference to her desperate need for affection , but does try to come to terms with his `` condition '' . Abby Earl as Anna Bligh ( later Poletti ) , the secret child of Carolyn and Jack , who was raised believing she was daughter of George and Elaine . Anna marries a local farmer , Gino , after rebelling against the Bligh family . However the marriage faces difficulties when Gino goes into debt , and his attempts to expand the farm fail . Aldo Mignone as Gino Poletti , the young , handsome Italian farmer who has set Anna 's heart on fire . He has a real passion for farming and trying to please everybody , but his ambitious business decisions are not very successful . Sara Wiseman as Carolyn Bligh . Much like her secret daughter Anna , Carolyn was the rebel child of her generation . For a long time , she gave up on her relationship with the Bligh family , and has had little contact for years . Once her secret is revealed , she is reunited with her long - separated daughter Anna and they develop an even closer relationship than before . Later on Carolyn works for Sir Richard Bennett , encountering new problems . Frankie J. Holden as Roy Briggs , a kindly old farmer who lives alone at the series start . He is very generous toward Sarah from the time she arrives in town , eventually offering her a refuge in his small home . They develop an easy , informal , mutually - supportive friendship . Ben Winspear as Doctor Rene Nordmann , the long - lost first love and husband of Sarah Adams . First seen only in flashback , Rene had been arrested by the Nazi occupiers of Paris , and had disappeared without a trace . Later , when Sarah is amazed to learn that he is still alive , she travels to Paris to rescue him from the deep psychological damage caused by his long ordeal of imprisonment and torture . Rene has great difficulty adjusting to normal life , and still seems to carry his imprisonment within him . Jenni Baird as Regina Standish , the widowed , formerly wealthy and still money - hungry sister of George 's late wife , Elaine . Regina is the opposite of who Elaine had been : cold , bitter , and scheming , she despises Jews and openly displays religious intolerance toward Sarah . Regina has now set her sights on the widower George 's inheritance , and would take extreme actions to achieve her goals regardless of anyone she sees as an obstacle . Dominic Allburn as Harry Polson , the gay brother of Amy . He has a brief romantic involvement with James , but when much of the village learns of Harry 's true nature , he leaves Inverness for a new life elsewhere . Later , when he returns after having been severely beaten , Sarah helps him to settle back into a more stable life at Inverness . Tim Draxl as Doctor Henry Fox , the doctor who helps to save George 's life after he is shot . Henry then goes on to befriend James , and they realize their mutual attraction to each other is stronger than mere friendship . Henry falls under the devious control of Regina , when she blackmails him into supplying her with morphine for her addiction . Matt Levett as Andrew Swanson , a somewhat entitled heir apparent who tries to win the hand of Anna Bligh . Deborah Kennedy as Doris Collins , the most widely - known member of the Inverness village , who seems omnipresent on her bicycle . Although she means well , her gossiping ways can sometimes make her seem rude and intrusive . Sarah dislikes her at first , but as time goes on , finds her helpful as someone who always knows who has done what in the village . Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Krew Boylan Amy Polson Recurring Amy Matthews Amy Polson Recurring Heather Mitchell Prudence Swanson Recurring Judi Farr Peg Maloney Recurring Dina Panozzo Carla Poletti Recurring Angelo D'Angelo Amo Poletti Recurring Jacinta Acevski Alma Grey Recurring Scott Grimley Norman Parker Recurring Erica Lovell Eve Walker Recurring Guest Rick Donald Lloyd Ellis - Parker Recurring Guest Michael Sheasby Bert Ford Recurring Guest Heather Mitchell as Prudence Swanson , the wealthy friend of Elizabeth . Prudence socializes with Elizabeth whenever she comes to visit Sydney . As a member of Sydney 's upper class , she is very aristocratic and looks down her nose at Sarah when she arrives for a garden party . Judi Farr as Peg Maloney , the aunt of Sarah Adams , who writes to her frequently from her home in Sydney . She and Sarah have grown very close , and when Sarah later decides to take a difficult action , she asks Peg for help . Dina Panozzo as Carla Poletti , the mother of Gino . She is very critical of the relationship with Anna and her son , saying that it will never work because she is not Catholic . But when George accedes , she does so as well . Krew Boylan and then Amy Mathews as Amy Polson , the maid of the Bligh household . When Regina suspects that James is gay she manipulates Amy into spying for her , which eventually forces Elizabeth to fire Amy with great sorrow . Angelo D'Angelo as Amo Poletti , the father of Gino Jacinta Acevski as Alma Grey Scott Grimley as Norman Parker ( driver ) Rick Donald as Lloyd Ellis - Parker , a talented portrait artist on temporary assignment , who seems to offer Olivia the romantic affection she desperately craves . Michael Sheasby as Bert Ford , a local yobbo who always seems to be looking for a fight . His suspicion of outsiders and religious intolerance make Sarah a natural target , as are the Italian Poletti family . Bert disappears under mysterious circumstances , but his unknown fate continues to haunt his former victims . Mark Lee as Sir Richard Bennett , a rich and powerful , but unprincipled owner of a major city newspaper . He is used to taking whatever he wishes to possess , including the people around him . Robert Coleby as Douglas Goddard , a retiree who now runs a club for Australian war veterans . Broadcast ( edit ) Main article : List of A Place to Call Home episodes Series overview Series Episodes Originally aired OzTAM ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Average viewership 13 28 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 21 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) Seven Network 8 1,480,000 10 11 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 13 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 7 1,150,000 10 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 29 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) SoHo 168,000 12 11 September 2016 27 November 2016 Showcase 139,000 When Seven Network revealed its new television series lineup for 2012 , A Place to Call Home was mentioned alongside other titles . Seven Network 's Angus Ross said that it would potentially premiere in late 2012 , but would not be rushed to air by a certain date unless `` casting and other elements '' were right . The first season of A Place to Call Home consisted of thirteen episodes . The pilot episode was originally broadcast on 28 April 2013 , in the 8 : 30 pm time slot ( previously occupied by Downton Abbey ) . Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Australian Cinematographers Society Awards Year Category Nominee ( s ) Work Result Ref 2014 Telefeatures , TV Drama & Mini Series Award of Distinction John Stokes Season 1 , Episode 9 : `` Cane Toad '' Won Equity Ensemble Awards Year Category Nominee ( s ) Work Result Ref 2014 Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Cast Season 1 Nominated Logie Awards Year Category Nominee Work Result Ref 2014 Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Popular Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Popular New Talent Abby Earl A Place to Call Home Nominated 2016 Best Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actor David Berry A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated Best Drama Program N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated 2017 Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Won International ( edit ) Shortly after airing in Australia A Place to Call Home started broadcasting on TV One in New Zealand in the Sundays 8.30 pm slot , moving later to 9.40 pm . Subsequent series have also aired on TV One , with series four currently screening at 8.30 pm on Fridays . The first season began airing in Denmark on DR1 in March 2014 . The show airs under the Danish title En Ny Begyndelse , which roughly translates to A New Beginning . In other Nordic countries the show has been aired in Finland by the national broadcasting company 's TV channel Yle TV1 . The show airs under the Finnish title Kotiin takaisin , which roughly translates to Back to home . In Finland , the series has been very popular , collecting at best over one million viewers ( twenty percent of the population ) . Series one and two began airing on BBC2 in the United Kingdom on 17 November 2014 , series three on 25 February 2016 , and series four on 13 February 2017 . The show also airs in Israel on Yes Drama under the title מקום בלב , which translates to A Place in the Heart . In the Netherlands the series airs too on MAX ( npo2 ) . The first four seasons are available for streaming in the US on Acorn TV . The show is also distributed to Public broadcasting # television stations by American Public Television . In Croatia the show airs on HRT under the title Mjesto koje zovem dom , which translates to A Place That I Call Home . Home Media ( edit ) Title Set details DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Special features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region B A Place to Call Home -- Season 1 Discs : 4 Episodes : 13 3 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 23 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 8 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) Photo gallery ( region 2 only ) Interviews with the Cast ( region 4 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 30 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 23 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 17 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Character Profiles ( region 1 & 2 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 : Revised Edition Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) N / A Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 : Collector 's Edition Discs : 1 Episodes : 3 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) N / A Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Season 3 Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 5 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 14 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 7 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) N / A New season 2 finale Picture gallery Season 3 episode recaps ( region 4 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 4 Discs : 3 Episodes : 12 28 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 6 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 26 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) N / A Region 1 : Cast and crew interviews ( region 1 only ) Behind - the - scenes featurettes ( region 1 only ) Photo gallery Box sets ( edit ) Title Set details DVD release dates Special features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 A Place to Call Home -- Season 1 & 2 Discs : 7 Episodes : 23 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons One to Three Discs : 10 Episodes : 33 N / A 14 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 1 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer New season 2 finale ( region 2 & 4 ) Picture gallery ( region 2 & 4 ) Season 3 episode recaps A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons 1 -- 4 Discs : 13 Episodes : 45 N / A 6 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 26 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Alternative series two finale ( region 2 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Blu - ray includes 3 discs . Jump up ^ Blu - ray and UK release includes 2 discs . Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 6 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 8 discs in the UK . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Blake , Elissa ( 21 April 2013 ) . `` A Marta for her cause '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 July 2012 ) . `` More cast for A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` A Place to Call Home Drama Launch '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Blundell , Graeme ( 20 April 2013 ) . `` Home truths revealed in Bevan Lee 's new family drama '' . The Australian . News Limited ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Craven , Peter ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Dressed with vintage appeal '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 31 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Noni Hazlehurst to call Seven home again '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Marta finds a home at Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeap , Sue ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` New Seven blockbuster cranks up '' . The West Australian . Seven West Media Limited ( Kohlberg Kravis Roberts ) . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ B , Alicia ( 10 June 2012 ) . `` New Seven Show - A Place to Call Home '' . Throng.com.au . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chancellor , Jonathan ( 28 April 2013 ) . `` Camelot at Camden is captivating as A Place to Call Home location on Channel 7 's new 1950s drama series '' . Property Observer . Private Media Pty Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Leys , Nick ( 17 April 2013 ) . `` Seven has high hopes for Bevan Lee 's A Place To Call Home '' . The Australian . News Limited ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home production details '' . Inside Film . 4 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Swift , Brendan ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` First Aus TV drama shot with Sony F65 : A Place to Call Home '' . Inside Film . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 22 -- 28 June 2013 ) . `` TV Insider '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 25 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ Vnuk , Helen ( 10 -- 16 May 2014 ) . `` Home comforts '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 19 ) : 97 . Jump up ^ Williams , Glen ( 14 -- 20 June 2014 ) . `` No place to call home '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 22 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` New Place for A Place to Call Home '' . Sunday Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Amy ( 25 October 2014 ) . `` Foxtel breathes new life into A Place To Call Home after Seven signs deal to keep the show alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Returning : A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Characters '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 4 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV ratings : 2013 '' . Government of Australia . Screen Australia . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV ratings : 2014 '' . Government of Australia . Screen Australia . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Zautsen , Daniel ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` A Place to Call Home , filmed at Camelot in Kirkham , will return for its fourth series on Foxtel 's showcase . '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 September 2011 ) . `` Seven Reveals 2012 Highlights '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 February 2012 ) . `` Programmers Wrap 2012 : Seven Network '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Congratulations to all our National Award Winners '' . Australian Cinematographers Society ( ACS ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Equity Ensemble Awards - Winners Announced '' . TV Tonight . 30 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Logie Awards 2014 : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 May 2016 ) . `` 2016 Logie Awards : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 9 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home - TV ONE '' . TV One ( Television New Zealand , Ltd ) . Archived from the original on 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two - A Place to Call Home - Episode guide '' . Archived from the original on 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Programmers ' APT Marketplace choices include Aussie romantic drama and MST3K Archived 24 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : American DVD releases : Lambert , David ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- ' Season 1 ' of the Australian Show Coming to These Shores '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- ' Season 2 ' DVDs : Finalized Date , Details , Front Cover Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 16 February 2016 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- The Sexy ' Season 3 ' is Coming to DVD this Spring '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 19 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- The ' Season 4 ' DVD 's Press Release Arrives from RLJ / Acorn '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : British DVD releases : `` A Place to Call Home Series One ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series Two ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . British box set releases : `` A Place to Call Home -- Series 1 -- 3 Complete ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home -- Series 1 -- 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Australian DVD releases : `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . `` A Place To Call Home ; S2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 2 -- Revised Edition '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 2 Collector 's Disc -- New Final Episode '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Australian Blu - ray releases : `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . `` A Place To Call Home ; S2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Australian box set releases : `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 1 -- 2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Place to Call Home on IMDb ( hide ) Current Australian drama television series ABC Rake ( 2010 -- ) Jack Irish ( 2012 -- ) Miss Fisher 's Murder Mysteries ( 2012 -- ) The Doctor Blake Mysteries ( 2013 -- ) Janet King ( 2014 -- ) The Code ( 2014 -- ) Cleverman ( 2016 - ) Newton 's Law ( 2017 - ) ABC3 Nowhere Boys ( 2013 -- ) Tomorrow When the War Began ( 2016 -- ) Seven Network Home and Away ( 1988 -- ) 800 Words ( 2015 -- ) Wanted ( 2016 -- ) The Secret Daughter ( 2016 -- ) Nine Network House Husbands ( 2012 -- ) Love Child ( 2014 -- ) Doctor Doctor ( 2016 -- ) Network Ten Offspring ( 2010 -- ) The Wrong Girl ( 2016 -- ) Eleven Neighbours ( 1985 -- ) Showcase Wentworth ( 2013 -- 2016 on SoHo , 2017 -- on Showcase ) The Kettering Incident ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) A Place to Call Home ( 2013 -- 14 on Seven Network , 2015 on SoHo , 2016 -- on Showcase ) Stan Wolf Creek ( 2016 -- ) Future shows Safe Harbour ( 2017 on SBS ) Sisters ( 2017 on Network Ten ) Sunshine ( 2017 on SBS ) Underbelly Files : Chopper ( 2017 on Nine Network ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Place_to_Call_Home_(TV_series)&oldid=800270836 '' Categories : 2010s Australian television series 2013 Australian television series debuts 2014 Australian television series endings 2015 Australian television series debuts Australian drama television series Australian LGBT - related television shows Australian subscription television series Costume drama television series English - language television programs Period television series Seven Network shows SoHo ( Australian TV channel ) shows Showcase Australia shows Television series by Endemol Television series by Seven Productions Television series revived after cancellation Television series set in the 1950s Television shows set in New South Wales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use Australian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 13 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is inverness in a place to call home
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[
"A Place to Call Home is set primarily in both the fictional estate \"Ash Park\" and the nearby fictional town of \"Inverness\" in country New South Wales.[10] Camden and the Southern Highlands in New South Wales serves as the backdrop for Inverness. Ash Park is actually Camelot, a heritage-listed property located at Kirkham, on the outskirts of Camden.[1][11][12] Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, is a third location where major events occur, but most city scenes are filmed indoors, aside from some establishing shots such as historic footage of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.",
"A Place to Call Home is set primarily in both the fictional estate \"Ash Park\" and the nearby fictional town of \"Inverness\" in country New South Wales.[10] Camden and the Southern Highlands in New South Wales serves as the backdrop for Inverness. Ash Park is actually Camelot, a heritage-listed property located at Kirkham, on the outskirts of Camden.[1][11][12] Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, is a third location where major events occur, but most city scenes are filmed indoors, aside from some establishing shots such as historic footage of the Sydney Harbour Bridge."
] |
[
"Camden",
"Southern Highlands in New South Wales"
] |
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Titan (moon)
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Titan ( moon ) - Wikipedia Titan ( moon ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Titania ( moon ) or Triton ( moon ) . For other uses , see Titan ( disambiguation ) . Titan Titan in natural color . The thick atmosphere is orange due to a dense organonitrogen haze . Discovery Discovered by Christiaan Huygens Discovery date March 25 , 1655 Designations Pronunciation / ˈtaɪtən / ( listen ) Alternative names Saturn VI Adjectives Titanean , Titanian Orbital characteristics Periapsis 7009118668000000000 ♠ 1186680 km Apoapsis 7009125706000000000 ♠ 1257060 km Semi-major axis 7009122187000000000 ♠ 1221870 km Eccentricity 6998288000000000000 ♠ 0.0288 Orbital period 7006137764800000000 ♠ 15.945 d Average orbital speed 5.57 km / s ( calculated ) Inclination 6997608317057490105 ♠ 0.348 54 ° ( to Saturn 's equator ) Satellite of Saturn Physical characteristics Mean diameter 7006515100000000000 ♠ 5151. 0 ± 4.0 km ( 0.404 Earths ) ( 1.480 Moons ) Surface area 7013830000000000000 ♠ 8.3 × 10 km ( 0.163 Earths ) ( 2.188 Moons ) Volume 7019716000000000000 ♠ 7.16 × 10 km ( 0.066 Earths ) ( 3.3 Moons ) Mass 7023134520000000000 ♠ ( 1.3452 ± 0.0002 ) × 10 kg ( 0.0225 Earths ) ( 1.829 Moons ) Mean density 7003187980000000000 ♠ 1.8798 ± 0.0044 g / cm Surface gravity 7000135200000000000 ♠ 1.352 m / s ( 6999140000000000000 ♠ 0.14 g ) ( 0.85 Moons ) Moment of inertia factor 6999341400000000000 ♠ 0.3414 ± 0.0005 ( estimate ) Escape velocity 7003263900000000000 ♠ 2.639 km / s ( 0.236 Earths ) ( 1.11 Moons ) Rotation period Synchronous Axial tilt Zero Albedo 0.22 Temperature 93.7 K ( − 179.5 ° C ) Apparent magnitude 8.2 to 9.0 Atmosphere Surface pressure 7005146700000000000 ♠ 146.7 kPa ( 7005146921250000000 ♠ 1.45 atm ) Composition by volume Variable Stratosphere : 98.4 % nitrogen ( N ) , 1.4 % methane ( CH ) , 0.2 % hydrogen ( H ) ; Lower troposphere : 95.0 % N , 4.9 % CH ; 97 % N , 2.7 ± 0.1 % CH , 0.1 -- 0.2 % H Titan is the largest moon of Saturn . It is the only moon known to have a dense atmosphere , and the only object in space other than Earth where clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found . Titan is the sixth gravitationally rounded moon from Saturn . Frequently described as a planet - like moon , Titan is 50 % larger than Earth 's Moon , and it is 80 % more massive . It is the second - largest moon in the Solar System , after Jupiter 's moon Ganymede , and is larger than the smallest planet , Mercury , but only 40 % as massive . Discovered in 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens , Titan was the first known moon of Saturn , and the sixth known planetary satellite ( after Earth 's Moon and the four Galilean moons of Jupiter ) . Titan orbits Saturn at 20 Saturn radii . From Titan 's surface , Saturn subtends an arc of 5.09 degrees and would appear 11.4 times larger in the sky than the Moon from Earth . Titan is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material . Much as with Venus before the Space Age , the dense opaque atmosphere prevented understanding of Titan 's surface until new information from the Cassini -- Huygens mission in 2004 , including the discovery of liquid hydrocarbon lakes in Titan 's polar regions . The geologically young surface is generally smooth , with few impact craters , although mountains and several possible cryovolcanoes have been found . The atmosphere of Titan is largely nitrogen ; minor components lead to the formation of methane and ethane clouds and nitrogen - rich organic smog . The climate -- including wind and rain -- creates surface features similar to those of Earth , such as dunes , rivers , lakes , seas ( probably of liquid methane and ethane ) , and deltas , and is dominated by seasonal weather patterns as on Earth . With its liquids ( both surface and subsurface ) and robust nitrogen atmosphere , Titan 's methane cycle is analogous to Earth 's water cycle , at the much lower temperature of about 94 K ( − 179.2 ° C ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Discovery 1.2 Naming 2 Orbit and rotation 3 Bulk characteristics 4 Formation 5 Atmosphere 6 Climate 7 Surface features 7.1 Lakes 7.2 Impact craters 7.3 Cryovolcanism and mountains 7.4 Dark terrain 8 Observation and exploration 8.1 Cassini -- Huygens 8.1. 1 Huygens landing 8.2 Proposed or conceptual missions 9 Prebiotic conditions and life 9.1 Formation of complex molecules 9.2 Possible subsurface habitats 9.3 Methane and life at the surface 9.4 Obstacles 9.5 Panspermia hypothesis 9.6 Future conditions 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Discovery ( edit ) Christiaan Huygens discovered Titan in 1655 . Titan was discovered on March 25 , 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens . Huygens was inspired by Galileo 's discovery of Jupiter 's four largest moons in 1610 and his improvements in telescope technology . Christiaan , with the help of his older brother Constantijn Huygens , Jr. , began building telescopes around 1650 and discovered the first observed moon orbiting Saturn with one of the telescopes they built . It was the sixth moon to be discovered , after Earth 's Moon and the Galilean moons of Jupiter . Naming ( edit ) Huygens named his discovery Saturni Luna ( or Luna Saturni , Latin for `` Saturn 's moon '' ) , publishing in the 1655 tract De Saturni Luna Observatio Nova ( A New Observation of Saturn 's Moon ) . After Giovanni Domenico Cassini published his discoveries of four more moons of Saturn between 1673 and 1686 , astronomers fell into the habit of referring to these and Titan as Saturn I through V ( with Titan then in fourth position ) . Other early epithets for Titan include `` Saturn 's ordinary satellite '' . Titan is officially numbered Saturn VI because after the 1789 discoveries the numbering scheme was frozen to avoid causing any more confusion ( Titan having borne the numbers II and IV as well as VI ) . Numerous small moons have been discovered closer to Saturn since then . The name Titan , and the names of all seven satellites of Saturn then known , came from John Herschel ( son of William Herschel , discoverer of two other Saturnian moons , Mimas and Enceladus ) , in his 1847 publication Results of Astronomical Observations Made during the Years 1834 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , at the Cape of Good Hope . He suggested the names of the mythological Titans ( Ancient Greek : Τῑτᾶνες ) , brothers and sisters of Cronus , the Greek Saturn . In Greek mythology , the Titans were a race of powerful deities , descendants of Gaia and Uranus , that ruled during the legendary Golden Age . Orbit and rotation ( edit ) Titan 's orbit ( highlighted in red ) among the other large inner moons of Saturn . The moons outside its orbit are ( from the outside to the inside ) Iapetus and Hyperion ; those inside are Rhea , Dione , Tethys , Enceladus , and Mimas . Titan orbits Saturn once every 15 days and 22 hours . Like the Moon and many of the satellites of the giant planets , its rotational period ( its day ) is identical to its orbital period ; Titan is tidally locked in synchronous rotation with Saturn , and permanently shows one face to the planet , so Titan 's `` day '' is equal to its orbit period . Because of this , there is a sub-Saturnian point on its surface , from which the planet would always appear to hang directly overhead . Longitudes on Titan are measured westward , starting from the meridian passing through this point . Its orbital eccentricity is 0.0288 , and the orbital plane is inclined 0.348 degrees relative to the Saturnian equator . Viewed from Earth , Titan reaches an angular distance of about 20 Saturn radii ( just over 1,200,000 kilometers ( 750,000 mi ) ) from Saturn and subtends a disk 0.8 arcseconds in diameter . The small , irregularly shaped satellite Hyperion is locked in a 3 : 4 orbital resonance with Titan . A `` slow and smooth '' evolution of the resonance -- in which Hyperion migrated from a chaotic orbit -- is considered unlikely , based on models . Hyperion probably formed in a stable orbital island , whereas the massive Titan absorbed or ejected bodies that made close approaches . Bulk characteristics ( edit ) Size comparison : Titan ( lower left ) with the Moon and Earth ( top and right ) A model of Titan 's internal structure Titan is 5,151 kilometers ( 3,201 mi ) in diameter , 1.06 times that of the planet Mercury , 1.48 that of the Moon , and 0.40 that of Earth . Before the arrival of Voyager 1 in 1980 , Titan was thought to be slightly larger than Ganymede ( diameter 5,262 kilometers ( 3,270 mi ) ) and thus the largest moon in the Solar System ; this was an overestimation caused by Titan 's dense , opaque atmosphere , which extends many kilometres above its surface and increases its apparent diameter . Titan 's diameter and mass ( and thus its density ) are similar to those of the Jovian moons Ganymede and Callisto . Based on its bulk density of 1.88 g / cm , Titan 's composition is half water ice and half rocky material . Though similar in composition to Dione and Enceladus , it is denser due to gravitational compression . It has a mass 1 / 4226 that of Saturn , making it the largest moon of the gas giants relative to the mass of its primary . It is second in terms of relative diameter of moons to a gas giant ; Titan being 1 / 22.609 of Saturn 's diameter , Triton is larger in diameter relative to Neptune at 1 / 18.092 . Titan is likely differentiated into several layers with a 3,400 - kilometer ( 2,100 mi ) rocky center surrounded by several layers composed of different crystalline forms of ice . Its interior may still be hot enough for a liquid layer consisting of a `` magma '' composed of water and ammonia between the ice I crust and deeper ice layers made of high - pressure forms of ice . The presence of ammonia allows water to remain liquid even at a temperature as low as 176 K ( − 97 ° C ) ( for eutectic mixture with water ) . The Cassini probe discovered the evidence for the layered structure in the form of natural extremely - low - frequency radio waves in Titan 's atmosphere . Titan 's surface is thought to be a poor reflector of extremely - low - frequency radio waves , so they may instead be reflecting off the liquid -- ice boundary of a subsurface ocean . Surface features were observed by the Cassini spacecraft to systematically shift by up to 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) between October 2005 and May 2007 , which suggests that the crust is decoupled from the interior , and provides additional evidence for an interior liquid layer . Further supporting evidence for a liquid layer and ice shell decoupled from the solid core comes from the way the gravity field varies as Titan orbits Saturn . Comparison of the gravity field with the RADAR - based topography observations also suggests that the ice shell may be substantially rigid . Formation ( edit ) The moons of Jupiter and Saturn are thought to have formed through co-accretion , a similar process to that believed to have formed the planets in the Solar System . As the young gas giants formed , they were surrounded by discs of material that gradually coalesced into moons . Whereas Jupiter possesses four large satellites in highly regular , planet - like orbits , Titan overwhelmingly dominates Saturn 's system and possesses a high orbital eccentricity not immediately explained by co-accretion alone . A proposed model for the formation of Titan is that Saturn 's system began with a group of moons similar to Jupiter 's Galilean satellites , but that they were disrupted by a series of giant impacts , which would go on to form Titan . Saturn 's mid-sized moons , such as Iapetus and Rhea , were formed from the debris of these collisions . Such a violent beginning would also explain Titan 's orbital eccentricity . In 2014 , analysis of Titan 's atmospheric nitrogen suggested that it has possibly been sourced from material similar to that found in the Oort cloud and not from sources present during co-accretion of materials around Saturn . Atmosphere ( edit ) Main article : Atmosphere of Titan True - color image of layers of haze in Titan 's atmosphere Titan is the only known moon with a significant atmosphere , and its atmosphere is the only nitrogen - rich dense atmosphere in the Solar System aside from Earth 's . Observations of it made in 2004 by Cassini suggest that Titan is a `` super rotator '' , like Venus , with an atmosphere that rotates much faster than its surface . Observations from the Voyager space probes have shown that Titan 's atmosphere is denser than Earth 's , with a surface pressure about 1.45 atm . It is also about 1.19 times as massive as Earth 's overall , or about 7.3 times more massive on a per surface area basis . Opaque haze layers block most visible light from the Sun and other sources and obscures Titan 's surface features . Titan 's lower gravity means that its atmosphere is far more extended than Earth 's . The atmosphere of Titan is opaque at many wavelengths and as a result , a complete reflectance spectrum of the surface is impossible to acquire from orbit . It was not until the arrival of the Cassini -- Huygens spacecraft in 2004 that the first direct images of Titan 's surface were obtained . Titan 's South Pole Vortex -- a swirling HCN gas cloud ( November 29 , 2012 ) . Titan 's atmospheric composition is nitrogen ( 97 % ) , methane ( 2.7 ± 0.1 % ) , hydrogen ( 0.1 -- 0.2 % ) with trace amounts of other gases . There are trace amounts of other hydrocarbons , such as ethane , diacetylene , methylacetylene , acetylene and propane , and of other gases , such as cyanoacetylene , hydrogen cyanide , carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide , cyanogen , argon and helium . The hydrocarbons are thought to form in Titan 's upper atmosphere in reactions resulting from the breakup of methane by the Sun 's ultraviolet light , producing a thick orange smog . Titan spends 95 % of its time within Saturn 's magnetosphere , which may help shield it from the solar wind . Energy from the Sun should have converted all traces of methane in Titan 's atmosphere into more complex hydrocarbons within 50 million years -- a short time compared to the age of the Solar System . This suggests that methane must be replenished by a reservoir on or within Titan itself . The ultimate origin of the methane in its atmosphere may be its interior , released via eruptions from cryovolcanoes . Sunset studies on Titan by Cassini help to better understand exoplanet atmospheres ( artist 's concept ) . Trace organic gases in Titan 's atmosphere -- HNC ( left ) and HC N ( right ) . On April 3 , 2013 , NASA reported that complex organic chemicals , collectively called tholins , likely arise on Titan , based on studies simulating the atmosphere of Titan . On June 6 , 2013 , scientists at the IAA - CSIC reported the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the upper atmosphere of Titan . On September 30 , 2013 , propene was detected in the atmosphere of Titan by NASA 's Cassini spacecraft , using its composite infrared spectrometer ( CIRS ) . This is the first time propene has been found on any moon or planet other than Earth and is the first chemical found by the CIRS . The detection of propene fills a mysterious gap in observations that date back to NASA 's Voyager 1 spacecraft 's first close flyby of Titan in 1980 , during which it was discovered that many of the gases that make up Titan 's brown haze were hydrocarbons , theoretically formed via the recombination of radicals created by the Sun 's ultraviolet photolysis of methane . On October 24 , 2014 , methane was found in polar clouds on Titan . Polar clouds , made of methane , on Titan ( left ) compared with polar clouds on Earth ( right ) , which are made of water or water ice . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Titan Atmospheric polar vortex over Titan 's south pole Titan 's surface temperature is about 94 K ( − 179.2 ° C ) . At this temperature , water ice has an extremely low vapor pressure , so the little water vapor present appears limited to the stratosphere . Titan receives about 1 % as much sunlight as Earth . Before sunlight reaches the surface , about 90 % has been absorbed by the thick atmosphere , leaving only 0.1 % of the amount of light Earth receives . Atmospheric methane creates a greenhouse effect on Titan 's surface , without which Titan would be far colder . Conversely , haze in Titan 's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space , cancelling a portion of the greenhouse effect and making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere . Methane clouds ( animated ; July 2014 ) . Titan 's clouds , probably composed of methane , ethane or other simple organics , are scattered and variable , punctuating the overall haze . The findings of the Huygens probe indicate that Titan 's atmosphere periodically rains liquid methane and other organic compounds onto its surface . Clouds typically cover 1 % of Titan 's disk , though outburst events have been observed in which the cloud cover rapidly expands to as much as 8 % . One hypothesis asserts that the southern clouds are formed when heightened levels of sunlight during the southern summer generate uplift in the atmosphere , resulting in convection . This explanation is complicated by the fact that cloud formation has been observed not only after the southern summer solstice but also during mid-spring . Increased methane humidity at the south pole possibly contributes to the rapid increases in cloud size . It was summer in Titan 's southern hemisphere until 2010 , when Saturn 's orbit , which governs Titan 's motion , moved Titan 's northern hemisphere into the sunlight . When the seasons switch , it is expected that ethane will begin to condense over the south pole . Surface features ( edit ) See also : List of geological features on Titan Global map of Titan -- with IAU labels ( August 2016 ) . North pole South pole Titan ( 2014 ) The surface of Titan has been described as `` complex , fluid - processed , ( and ) geologically young '' . Titan has been around since the Solar System 's formation , but its surface is much younger , between 100 million and 1 billion years old . Geological processes may have reshaped Titan 's surface . Titan 's atmosphere is twice as thick as Earth 's , making it difficult for astronomical instruments to image its surface in the visible light spectrum . The Cassini spacecraft used infrared instruments , radar altimetry and synthetic aperture radar ( SAR ) imaging to map portions of Titan during its close fly - bys . The first images revealed a diverse geology , with both rough and smooth areas . There are features that may be volcanic in origin , disgorging water mixed with ammonia onto the surface . There is also evidence that Titan 's ice shell may be substantially rigid , which would suggest little geologic activity . Senkyo region There are also streaky features , some of them hundreds of kilometers in length , that appear to be caused by windblown particles . Examination has also shown the surface to be relatively smooth ; the few objects that seem to be impact craters appeared to have been filled in , perhaps by raining hydrocarbons or volcanoes . Radar altimetry suggests height variation is low , typically no more than 150 meters . Occasional elevation changes of 500 meters have been discovered and Titan has mountains that sometimes reach several hundred meters to more than 1 kilometer in height . Titan 's surface is marked by broad regions of bright and dark terrain . These include Xanadu , a large , reflective equatorial area about the size of Australia . It was first identified in infrared images from the Hubble Space Telescope in 1994 , and later viewed by the Cassini spacecraft . The convoluted region is filled with hills and cut by valleys and chasms . It is criss - crossed in places by dark lineaments -- sinuous topographical features resembling ridges or crevices . These may represent tectonic activity , which would indicate that Xanadu is geologically young . Alternatively , the lineaments may be liquid - formed channels , suggesting old terrain that has been cut through by stream systems . There are dark areas of similar size elsewhere on Titan , observed from the ground and by Cassini ; at least one of these , Ligeia Mare , Titan 's second - largest sea , is almost a pure methane sea . Titan mosaic from a Cassini flyby . The large dark region is Shangri - La . Titan in false color showing surface details and atmosphere . Xanadu is the bright region at the bottom - center . Titan globe , a mosaic of infrared images with nomenclature . Titan composite image in infrared . It features the dark , dune - filled regions Fensal ( north ) and Aztlan ( south ) . Lakes ( edit ) Main article : Lakes of Titan False - color Cassini radar mosaic of Titan 's north polar region . Blue coloring indicates low radar reflectivity , caused by hydrocarbon seas , lakes and tributary networks filled with liquid ethane , methane and dissolved N . About half of the large body at lower left , Kraken Mare , is shown . Ligeia Mare is at lower right . Mosaic of three Huygens images of channel system on Titan The possibility of hydrocarbon seas on Titan was first suggested based on Voyager 1 and 2 data that showed Titan to have a thick atmosphere of approximately the correct temperature and composition to support them , but direct evidence was not obtained until 1995 when data from Hubble and other observations suggested the existence of liquid methane on Titan , either in disconnected pockets or on the scale of satellite - wide oceans , similar to water on Earth . The Cassini mission confirmed the former hypothesis . When the probe arrived in the Saturnian system in 2004 , it was hoped that hydrocarbon lakes or oceans would be detected from the sunlight reflected off their surface , but no specular reflections were initially observed . Near Titan 's south pole , an enigmatic dark feature named Ontario Lacus was identified ( and later confirmed to be a lake ) . A possible shoreline was also identified near the pole via radar imagery . Following a flyby on July 22 , 2006 , in which the Cassini spacecraft 's radar imaged the northern latitudes ( that were then in winter ) , several large , smooth ( and thus dark to radar ) patches were seen dotting the surface near the pole . Based on the observations , scientists announced `` definitive evidence of lakes filled with methane on Saturn 's moon Titan '' in January 2007 . The Cassini -- Huygens team concluded that the imaged features are almost certainly the long - sought hydrocarbon lakes , the first stable bodies of surface liquid found outside Earth . Some appear to have channels associated with liquid and lie in topographical depressions . The liquid erosion features appear to be a very recent occurrence : channels in some regions have created surprisingly little erosion , suggesting erosion on Titan is extremely slow , or some other recent phenomena may have wiped out older riverbeds and landforms . Overall , the Cassini radar observations have shown that lakes cover only a small percentage of the surface , making Titan much drier than Earth . Most of the lakes are concentrated near the poles ( where the relative lack of sunlight prevents evaporation ) , but several long - standing hydrocarbon lakes in the equatorial desert regions have also been discovered , including one near the Huygens landing site in the Shangri - La region , which is about half the size of Utah 's Great Salt Lake . The equatorial lakes are probably `` oases '' , i.e. the likely supplier is underground aquifers . Evolving feature in Ligeia Mare In June 2008 , the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer on Cassini confirmed the presence of liquid ethane beyond doubt in Ontario Lacus . On December 21 , 2008 , Cassini passed directly over Ontario Lacus and observed specular reflection in radar . The strength of the reflection saturated the probe 's receiver , indicating that the lake level did not vary by more than 3 mm ( implying either that surface winds were minimal , or the lake 's hydrocarbon fluid is viscous ) . Specular reflections are indicative of a smooth , mirror - like surface , so the observation corroborated the inference of the presence of a large liquid body drawn from radar imaging . The observation was made soon after the north polar region emerged from 15 years of winter darkness . Near - infrared radiation from the Sun reflecting off Titan 's hydrocarbon seas On July 8 , 2009 , Cassini 's VIMS observed a specular reflection indicative of a smooth , mirror - like surface , off what today is called Jingpo Lacus , a lake in the north polar region shortly after the area emerged from 15 years of winter darkness . Early radar measurements made in July 2009 and January 2010 indicated that Ontario Lacus was extremely shallow , with an average depth of 0.4 -- 3 m , and a maximum depth of 3 to 7 m ( 9.8 to 23.0 ft ) . In contrast , the northern hemisphere 's Ligeia Mare was initially mapped to depths exceeding 8 m , the maximum discernable by the radar instrument and the analysis techniques of the time . Later science analysis , released in 2014 , more fully mapped the depths of Titan 's three methane seas and showed depths of more than 200 meters ( 660 ft ) . Ligeia Mare averages from 20 to 40 m ( 66 to 131 ft ) in depth , while other parts of Ligeia did not register any radar reflection at all , indicating a depth of more than 200 m ( 660 ft ) . While only the second largest of Titan 's methane seas , Ligeia `` contains enough liquid methane to fill three Lake Michigans . '' During a flyby on 26 September 2012 , Cassini 's radar detected in Titan 's northern polar region what is likely a river with a length of more than 400 kilometers . It has been compared with the much larger Nile river on Earth . This feature is connected to Ligeia Mare . Later , a paper ( `` Liquid - filled Canyons on Titan '' ) published on Geophysical Research Letters on 9 August 2016 reported about the May 2013 Cassini RADAR altimeter observation of Vid Flumina channels , defined as a drainage network connected to Titan 's second largest hydrocarbon sea , Ligeia Mare . Analysis of the received altimeter echoes showed that the channels are located in deep ( up to ~ 570 m ) , steep - sided , canyons and have strong specular surface reflections that indicate they are currently liquid filled . Elevations of the liquid in these channels are at the same level as Ligeia Mare to within a vertical precision of about 0.7 m , consistent with the interpretation of drowned river valleys . Specular reflections are also observed in lower order tributaries elevated above the level of Ligeia Mare , consistent with drainage feeding into the main channel system . This is likely the first direct evidence of the presence of liquid channels on Titan and the first observation of hundred - meter deep canyons on Titan . Vid Flumina canyons are thus drowned by the sea but there are a few isolated observations to attest to the presence of surface liquids standing at higher elevations . During six flybys of Titan from 2006 to 2011 , Cassini gathered radiometric tracking and optical navigation data from which investigators could roughly infer Titan 's changing shape . The density of Titan is consistent with a body that is about 60 % rock and 40 % water . The team 's analyses suggest that Titan 's surface can rise and fall by up to 10 metres during each orbit . That degree of warping suggests that Titan 's interior is relatively deformable , and that the most likely model of Titan is one in which an icy shell dozens of kilometres thick floats atop a global ocean . The team 's findings , together with the results of previous studies , hint that Titan 's ocean may lie no more than 100 kilometers ( 62 mi ) below its surface . On July 2 , 2014 , NASA reported the ocean inside Titan may be as salty as the Dead Sea . On September 3 , 2014 , NASA reported studies suggesting methane rainfall on Titan may interact with a layer of icy materials underground , called an `` alkanofer , '' to produce ethane and propane that may eventually feed into rivers and lakes . In 2016 , Cassini found the first evidence of fluid - filled channels on Titan , in a series of deep , steep - sided canyons flowing into Ligeia Mare . This network of canyons , dubbed Vid Flumina , range in depth from 240 to 570 m and have sides as steep as 40 ° . They are believed to have formed either by crustal uplifting , like Earth 's Grand Canyon , or a lowering of sea level , or perhaps a combination of the two . The depth of erosion suggests that liquid flows in this part of Titan are long - term features that persist for thousands of years . Photo of infrared specular reflection off Jingpo Lacus , a lake in the north polar region Perspective radar view of Bolsena Lacus ( lower right ) and other northern hemisphere hydrocarbon lakes Contrasting images of the number of lakes in Titan 's northern hemisphere ( left ) and southern hemisphere ( right ) Two images of Titan 's southern hemisphere acquired one year apart , showing changes in south polar lakes Impact craters ( edit ) Radar image of a 139 km - diameter impact crater on Titan 's surface , showing a smooth floor , rugged rim , and possibly a central peak . Radar , SAR and imaging data from Cassini have revealed few impact craters on Titan 's surface . These impacts appear to be relatively young , compared to Titan 's age . The few impact craters discovered include a 440 - kilometer - wide ( 270 mi ) two - ring impact basin named Menrva seen by Cassini 's ISS as a bright - dark concentric pattern . A smaller , 60 - kilometer - wide ( 37 mi ) , flat - floored crater named Sinlap and a 30 km ( 19 mi ) crater with a central peak and dark floor named Ksa have also been observed . Radar and Cassini imaging have also revealed `` crateriforms '' , circular features on the surface of Titan that may be impact related , but lack certain features that would make identification certain . For example , a 90 - kilometer - wide ( 56 mi ) ring of bright , rough material known as Guabonito has been observed by Cassini . This feature is thought to be an impact crater filled in by dark , windblown sediment . Several other similar features have been observed in the dark Shangri - la and Aaru regions . Radar observed several circular features that may be craters in the bright region Xanadu during Cassini 's April 30 , 2006 flyby of Titan . Ligeia Mare -- SAR and clearer despeckled views . Many of Titan 's craters or probable craters display evidence of extensive erosion , and all show some indication of modification . Most large craters have breached or incomplete rims , despite the fact that some craters on Titan have relatively more massive rims than those anywhere else in the Solar System . There is little evidence of formation of palimpsests through viscoelastic crustal relaxation , unlike on other large icy moons . Most craters lack central peaks and have smooth floors , possibly due to impact - generation or later eruption of cryovolcanic lava . Infill from various geological processes is one reason for Titan 's relative deficiency of craters ; atmospheric shielding also plays a role . It is estimated that Titan 's atmosphere reduces the number of craters on its surface by a factor of two . The limited high - resolution radar coverage of Titan obtained through 2007 ( 22 % ) suggested the existence of nonuniformities in its crater distribution . Xanadu has 2 -- 9 times more craters than elsewhere . The leading hemisphere has a 30 % higher density than the trailing hemisphere . There are lower crater densities in areas of equatorial dunes and in the north polar region ( where hydrocarbon lakes and seas are most common ) . Pre-Cassini models of impact trajectories and angles suggest that where the impactor strikes the water ice crust , a small amount of ejecta remains as liquid water within the crater . It may persist as liquid for centuries or longer , sufficient for `` the synthesis of simple precursor molecules to the origin of life '' . Cryovolcanism and mountains ( edit ) See also : Cryovolcano Near - infrared image of Tortola Facula , thought to be a possible cryovolcano Scientists have long speculated that conditions on Titan resemble those of early Earth , though at a much lower temperature . The detection of argon - 40 in the atmosphere in 2004 indicated that volcanoes had spawned plumes of `` lava '' composed of water and ammonia . Global maps of the lake distribution on Titan 's surface revealed that there is not enough surface methane to account for its continued presence in its atmosphere , and thus that a significant portion must be added through volcanic processes . Still , there is a paucity of surface features that can be unambiguously interpreted as cryovolcanoes . One of the first of such features revealed by Cassini radar observations in 2004 , called Ganesa Macula , resembles the geographic features called `` pancake domes '' found on Venus , and was thus initially thought to be cryovolcanic in origin , until Kirk et al. refuted this hypothesis at the American Geophysical Union annual meeting in December 2008 . The feature was found to be not a dome at all , but appeared to result from accidental combination of light and dark patches . In 2004 Cassini also detected an unusually bright feature ( called Tortola Facula ) , which was interpreted as a cryovolcanic dome . No similar features have been identified as of 2010 . In December 2008 , astronomers announced the discovery of two transient but unusually long - lived `` bright spots '' in Titan 's atmosphere , which appear too persistent to be explained by mere weather patterns , suggesting they were the result of extended cryovolcanic episodes . In March 2009 , structures resembling lava flows were announced in a region of Titan called Hotei Arcus , which appears to fluctuate in brightness over several months . Though many phenomena were suggested to explain this fluctuation , the lava flows were found to rise 200 meters ( 660 ft ) above Titan 's surface , consistent with it having been erupted from beneath the surface . A mountain range measuring 150 kilometers ( 93 mi ) long , 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) wide and 1.5 kilometers ( 0.93 mi ) high was also discovered by Cassini in 2006 . This range lies in the southern hemisphere and is thought to be composed of icy material and covered in methane snow . The movement of tectonic plates , perhaps influenced by a nearby impact basin , could have opened a gap through which the mountain 's material upwelled . Prior to Cassini , scientists assumed that most of the topography on Titan would be impact structures , yet these findings reveal that similar to Earth , the mountains were formed through geological processes . In December 2010 , the Cassini mission team announced the most compelling possible cryovolcano yet found . Named Sotra Patera , it is one in a chain of at least three mountains , each between 1000 and 1500 m in height , several of which are topped by large craters . The ground around their bases appears to be overlaid by frozen lava flows . Most of Titan 's highest peaks occur near its equator in so - called `` ridge belts '' . They are believed to be analogous to Earth 's fold mountains such as the Rockies or the Himalayas , formed by the collision and buckling of tectonic plates , or to subduction zones like the Andes , where upwelling lava ( or cryolava ) from a melting descending plate rises to the surface . One possible mechanism for their formation is tidal forces from Saturn . Because Titan 's icy mantle is less viscous than Earth 's magma mantle , and because its icy bedrock is softer than Earth 's granite bedrock , mountains are unlikely to reach heights as great as those on Earth . In 2016 , the Cassini team announced what they believe to be the tallest mountain on Titan . Located in the Mithrim Montes range , it is 3,337 m tall . False - color VIMS image of the possible cryovolcano Sotra Patera , combined with a 3D map based on radar data , showing 1000 - meter - high peaks and a 1500 - meter - deep crater . If volcanism on Titan really exists , the hypothesis is that it is driven by energy released from the decay of radioactive elements within the mantle , as it is on Earth . Magma on Earth is made of liquid rock , which is less dense than the solid rocky crust through which it erupts . Because ice is less dense than water , Titan 's watery magma would be denser than its solid icy crust . This means that cryovolcanism on Titan would require a large amount of additional energy to operate , possibly via tidal flexing from nearby Saturn . The low - pressure ice , overlaying a liquid layer of ammonium sulfate , ascends buoyantly , and the unstable system can produce dramatic plume events . Titan is resurfaced through the process by grain - sized ice and ammonium sulfate ash , which helps produce a wind - shaped landscape and sand dune features . In 2008 Jeffrey Moore ( planetary geologist of Ames Research Center ) proposed an alternate view of Titan 's geology . Noting that no volcanic features had been unambiguously identified on Titan so far , he asserted that Titan is a geologically dead world , whose surface is shaped only by impact cratering , fluvial and eolian erosion , mass wasting and other exogenic processes . According to this hypothesis , methane is not emitted by volcanoes but slowly diffuses out of Titan 's cold and stiff interior . Ganesa Macula may be an eroded impact crater with a dark dune in the center . The mountainous ridges observed in some regions can be explained as heavily degraded scarps of large multi-ring impact structures or as a result of the global contraction due to the slow cooling of the interior . Even in this case , Titan may still have an internal ocean made of the eutectic water -- ammonia mixture with a temperature of 176 K ( − 97 ° C ) , which is low enough to be explained by the decay of radioactive elements in the core . The bright Xanadu terrain may be a degraded heavily cratered terrain similar to that observed on the surface of Callisto . Indeed , were it not for its lack of an atmosphere , Callisto could serve as a model for Titan 's geology in this scenario . Jeffrey Moore even called Titan Callisto with weather . Many of the more prominent mountains and hills have been given official names by the International Astronomical Union . According to JPL , `` By convention , mountains on Titan are named for mountains from Middle - earth , the fictional setting in fantasy novels by J.R.R. Tolkien . '' Colles ( collections of hills ) are named for characters from the same Tolkien works . Dark terrain ( edit ) Sand dunes in the Namib Desert on Earth ( top ) , compared with dunes in Belet on Titan In the first images of Titan 's surface taken by Earth - based telescopes in the early 2000s , large regions of dark terrain were revealed straddling Titan 's equator . Prior to the arrival of Cassini , these regions were thought to be seas of liquid hydrocarbons . Radar images captured by the Cassini spacecraft have instead revealed some of these regions to be extensive plains covered in longitudinal dunes , up to 330 ft ( 100 m ) high about a kilometer wide , and tens to hundreds of kilometers long . Dunes of this type are always aligned with average wind direction . In the case of Titan , steady zonal ( eastward ) winds combine with variable tidal winds ( approximately 0.5 meters per second ) . The tidal winds are the result of tidal forces from Saturn on Titan 's atmosphere , which are 400 times stronger than the tidal forces of the Moon on Earth and tend to drive wind toward the equator . This wind pattern , it was theorized , causes granular material on the surface to gradually build up in long parallel dunes aligned west - to - east . The dunes break up around mountains , where the wind direction shifts . The longitudinal ( or linear ) dunes were initially presumed to be formed by moderately variable winds that either follow one mean direction or alternate between two different directions . Subsequent observations indicate that the dunes point to the east although climate simulations indicate Titan 's surface winds blow toward the west . At less than 1 meter per second , they are not powerful enough to lift and transport surface material . Recent computer simulations indicate that the dunes may be the result of rare storm winds that happen only every fifteen years when Titan is in equinox . These storms produce strong downdrafts , flowing eastward at up to 10 meters per second when they reach the surface . The `` sand '' on Titan is likely not made up of small grains of silicates like the sand on Earth , but rather might have formed when liquid methane rained and eroded the water - ice bedrock , possibly in the form of flash floods . Alternatively , the sand could also have come from organic solids called tholins , produced by photochemical reactions in Titan 's atmosphere . Studies of dunes ' composition in May 2008 revealed that they possessed less water than the rest of Titan , and are thus most likely derived from organic soot like hydrocarbon polymers clumping together after raining onto the surface . Calculations indicate the sand on Titan has a density of one - third that of terrestrial sand . The low density combined with the dryness of Titan 's atmosphere might cause the grains to clump together because of static electricity buildup . The `` stickiness '' might make it difficult for the generally mild breeze close to Titan 's surface to move the dunes although more powerful winds from seasonal storms could still blow them eastward . Observation and exploration ( edit ) Voyager 1 view of haze on Titan 's limb ( 1980 ) Titan is never visible to the naked eye , but can be observed through small telescopes or strong binoculars . Amateur observation is difficult because of the proximity of Titan to Saturn 's brilliant globe and ring system ; an occulting bar , covering part of the eyepiece and used to block the bright planet , greatly improves viewing . Titan has a maximum apparent magnitude of + 8.2 , and mean opposition magnitude 8.4 . This compares to + 4.6 for the similarly sized Ganymede , in the Jovian system . Observations of Titan prior to the space age were limited . In 1907 Spanish astronomer Josep Comas i Solà observed limb darkening of Titan , the first evidence that the body has an atmosphere . In 1944 Gerard P. Kuiper used a spectroscopic technique to detect an atmosphere of methane . Cassini 's Titan flyby radio signal studies ( artist 's concept ) The first probe to visit the Saturnian system was Pioneer 11 in 1979 , which revealed that Titan was probably too cold to support life . It took images of Titan , including Titan and Saturn together in mid to late 1979 . The quality was soon surpassed by the two Voyagers . Titan was examined by both Voyager 1 and 2 in 1980 and 1981 , respectively . Voyager 1 's trajectory was designed to provide an optimized Titan flyby , during which the spacecraft was able to determine the density , composition , and temperature of the atmosphere , and obtain a precise measurement of Titan 's mass . Atmospheric haze prevented direct imaging of the surface , though in 2004 intensive digital processing of images taken through Voyager 1 's orange filter did reveal hints of the light and dark features now known as Xanadu and Shangri - la , which had been observed in the infrared by the Hubble Space Telescope . Voyager 2 , which would have been diverted to perform the Titan flyby if Voyager 1 had been unable to , did not pass near Titan and continued on to Uranus and Neptune . Cassini -- Huygens ( edit ) Main articles : Cassini -- Huygens and Huygens ( spacecraft ) Cassini image of Titan in front of the rings of Saturn Cassini image of Titan , behind Epimetheus and the rings Even with the data provided by the Voyagers , Titan remained a body of mystery -- a large satellite shrouded in an atmosphere that makes detailed observation difficult . The mystery that had surrounded Titan since the 17th - century observations of Christiaan Huygens and Giovanni Cassini was revealed by a spacecraft named in their honor . The Cassini -- Huygens spacecraft reached Saturn on July 1 , 2004 , and began the process of mapping Titan 's surface by radar . A joint project of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) and NASA , Cassini -- Huygens proved a very successful mission . The Cassini probe flew by Titan on October 26 , 2004 , and took the highest - resolution images ever of Titan 's surface , at only 1,200 kilometers ( 750 mi ) , discerning patches of light and dark that would be invisible to the human eye . On July 22 , 2006 , Cassini made its first targeted , close fly - by at 950 kilometers ( 590 mi ) from Titan ; the closest flyby was at 880 kilometers ( 550 mi ) on June 21 , 2010 . Liquid has been found in abundance on the surface in the north polar region , in the form of many lakes and seas discovered by Cassini . Huygens landing ( edit ) Huygens in situ image from Titan 's surface -- the only image from the surface of a body farther away than Mars Same image with contrast enhanced Huygens landed on Titan on January 14 , 2005 , discovering that many of its surface features seem to have been formed by fluids at some point in the past . Titan is the most distant body from Earth to have a space probe land on its surface . The Huygens probe landed just off the easternmost tip of a bright region now called Adiri . The probe photographed pale hills with dark `` rivers '' running down to a dark plain . Current understanding is that the hills ( also referred to as highlands ) are composed mainly of water ice . Dark organic compounds , created in the upper atmosphere by the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun , may rain from Titan 's atmosphere . They are washed down the hills with the methane rain and are deposited on the plains over geological time scales . After landing , Huygens photographed a dark plain covered in small rocks and pebbles , which are composed of water ice . The two rocks just below the middle of the image on the right are smaller than they may appear : the left - hand one is 15 centimeters across , and the one in the center is 4 centimeters across , at a distance of about 85 centimeters from Huygens . There is evidence of erosion at the base of the rocks , indicating possible fluvial activity . The surface is darker than originally expected , consisting of a mixture of water and hydrocarbon ice . The `` soil '' visible in the images is interpreted to be precipitation from the hydrocarbon haze above . In March 2007 , NASA , ESA , and COSPAR decided to name the Huygens landing site the Hubert Curien Memorial Station in memory of the former president of the ESA . Proposed or conceptual missions ( edit ) The balloon proposed for the Titan Saturn System Mission ( artistic rendition ) There have been several conceptual missions proposed in recent years for returning a robotic space probe to Titan . Initial conceptual work has been completed for such missions by NASA , the ESA and JPL . At present , none of these proposals have become funded missions . The Titan Saturn System Mission ( TSSM ) was a joint NASA / ESA proposal for exploration of Saturn 's moons . It envisions a hot - air balloon floating in Titan 's atmosphere for six months . It was competing against the Europa Jupiter System Mission ( EJSM ) proposal for funding . In February 2009 it was announced that ESA / NASA had given the EJSM mission priority ahead of the TSSM . The proposed Titan Mare Explorer ( TiME ) was a low - cost lander that would splash down in a lake in Titan 's northern hemisphere and float on the surface of the lake for three to six months . It was selected for a Phase - A design study in 2011 as a candidate mission for the 12th NASA Discovery Program opportunity , but was not selected for flight . Another mission to Titan proposed in early 2012 by Jason Barnes , a scientist at the University of Idaho , is the Aerial Vehicle for In - situ and Airborne Titan Reconnaissance ( AVIATR ) : an unmanned plane ( or drone ) that would fly through Titan 's atmosphere and take high - definition images of the surface of Titan . NASA did not approve the requested $715 million , and the future of the project is uncertain . A conceptual design for another lake lander was proposed in late 2012 by the Spanish - based private engineering firm SENER and the Centro de Astrobiología in Madrid . The concept probe is called Titan Lake In - situ Sampling Propelled Explorer ( TALISE ) . The major difference compared to the TiME probe would be that TALISE is envisioned with its own propulsion system and would therefore not be limited to simply drifting on the lake when it splashes down . A Discovery Program contestant for its mission # 13 is Journey to Enceladus and Titan ( JET ) , an astrobiology Saturn orbiter that would assess the habitability potential of Enceladus and Titan . In 2015 , the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts program ( NIAC ) awarded a Phase II grant to a design study of a submarine to explore the seas of Titan . Prebiotic conditions and life ( edit ) Main article : Life on Titan See also : Planetary habitability Titan is thought to be a prebiotic environment rich in complex organic chemistry with a possible subsurface liquid ocean serving as a biotic environment . The Cassini -- Huygens mission was not equipped to provide evidence for biosignatures or complex organic compounds ; it showed an environment on Titan that is similar , in some ways , to ones theorized for the primordial Earth . Scientists surmise that the atmosphere of early Earth was similar in composition to the current atmosphere on Titan , with the important exception of a lack of water vapor on Titan . Formation of complex molecules ( edit ) The Miller -- Urey experiment and several following experiments have shown that with an atmosphere similar to that of Titan and the addition of UV radiation , complex molecules and polymer substances like tholins can be generated . The reaction starts with dissociation of nitrogen and methane , forming hydrogen cyanide and acetylene . Further reactions have been studied extensively . It has been reported that when energy was applied to a combination of gases like those in Titan 's atmosphere , five nucleotide bases , the building blocks of DNA and RNA , were among the many compounds produced . In addition , amino acids , the building blocks of protein were found . It was the first time nucleotide bases and amino acids had been found in such an experiment without liquid water being present . On April 3 , 2013 , NASA reported that complex organic chemicals could arise on Titan based on studies simulating the atmosphere of Titan . On July 26 , 2017 , Cassini scientists positively identified the presence of carbon chain anions in Titan 's upper atmosphere which appeared to be involved in the production of large complex organics . These highly reactive molecules were previously known to contribute to building complex organics in the Interstellar Medium , therefore highlighting a possibly universal stepping stone to producing complex organic material . On July 28 , 2017 , scientists reported that acrylonitrile , or vinyl cyanide , ( C H CN ) , possibly essential for life by being related to cell membrane and vesicle structure formation , had been found on Titan . Possible subsurface habitats ( edit ) Laboratory simulations have led to the suggestion that enough organic material exists on Titan to start a chemical evolution analogous to what is thought to have started life on Earth . The analogy assumes the presence of liquid water for longer periods than is currently observable ; several theories suggest that liquid water from an impact could be preserved under a frozen isolation layer . It has also been theorized that liquid - ammonia oceans could exist deep below the surface . Another model suggests an ammonia -- water solution as much as 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ) deep beneath a water - ice crust with conditions that , although extreme by terrestrial standards , are such that life could survive . Heat transfer between the interior and upper layers would be critical in sustaining any subsurface oceanic life . Detection of microbial life on Titan would depend on its biogenic effects . That the atmospheric methane and nitrogen might be of biological origin has been examined , for example . Methane and life at the surface ( edit ) See also : Hypothetical types of biochemistry It has been suggested that life could exist in the lakes of liquid methane on Titan , just as organisms on Earth live in water . Such organisms would inhale H in place of O , metabolize it with acetylene instead of glucose , and exhale methane instead of carbon dioxide . All living things on Earth ( including methanogens ) use liquid water as a solvent ; it is speculated that life on Titan might instead use a liquid hydrocarbon , such as methane or ethane . Water is a stronger solvent than methane . Water is also more chemically reactive , and can break down large organic molecules through hydrolysis . A life - form whose solvent was a hydrocarbon would not face the risk of its biomolecules being destroyed in this way . In 2005 , astrobiologist Chris McKay argued that if methanogenic life did exist on the surface of Titan , it would likely have a measurable effect on the mixing ratio in the Titan troposphere : levels of hydrogen and acetylene would be measurably lower than otherwise expected . In 2010 , Darrell Strobel , from Johns Hopkins University , identified a greater abundance of molecular hydrogen in the upper atmospheric layers of Titan compared to the lower layers , arguing for a downward flow at a rate of roughly 10 molecules per second and disappearance of hydrogen near Titan 's surface ; as Strobel noted , his findings were in line with the effects McKay had predicted if methanogenic life - forms were present . The same year , another study showed low levels of acetylene on Titan 's surface , which were interpreted by McKay as consistent with the hypothesis of organisms consuming hydrocarbons . Although restating the biological hypothesis , he cautioned that other explanations for the hydrogen and acetylene findings are more likely : the possibilities of yet unidentified physical or chemical processes ( e.g. a surface catalyst accepting hydrocarbons or hydrogen ) , or flaws in the current models of material flow . Composition data and transport models need to be substantiated , etc . Even so , despite saying that a non-biological catalytic explanation would be less startling than a biological one , McKay noted that the discovery of a catalyst effective at 95 K ( − 180 ° C ) would still be significant . As NASA notes in its news article on the June 2010 findings : `` To date , methane - based life forms are only hypothetical . Scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere . '' As the NASA statement also says : `` some scientists believe these chemical signatures bolster the argument for a primitive , exotic form of life or precursor to life on Titan 's surface . '' In February 2015 , a hypothetical cell membrane capable of functioning in liquid methane in Titan conditions was modeled . Composed of small molecules containing carbon , hydrogen , and nitrogen , it would have the same stability and flexibility as cell membranes on Earth , which are composed of phospholipids , compounds of carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , and phosphorus . This hypothetical cell membrane was termed an `` azotosome '' , a combination of `` azote '' , French for nitrogen , and `` liposome '' . Obstacles ( edit ) Despite these biological possibilities , there are formidable obstacles to life on Titan , and any analogy to Earth is inexact . At a vast distance from the Sun , Titan is frigid , and its atmosphere lacks CO . At Titan 's surface , water exists only in solid form . Because of these difficulties , scientists such as Jonathan Lunine have viewed Titan less as a likely habitat for life , than as an experiment for examining theories on the conditions that prevailed prior to the appearance of life on Earth . Although life itself may not exist , the prebiotic conditions on Titan and the associated organic chemistry remain of great interest in understanding the early history of the terrestrial biosphere . Using Titan as a prebiotic experiment involves not only observation through spacecraft , but laboratory experiments , and chemical and photochemical modeling on Earth . Panspermia hypothesis ( edit ) It is hypothesized that large asteroid and cometary impacts on Earth 's surface may have caused fragments of microbe - laden rock to escape Earth 's gravity , suggesting the possibility of transpermia . Calculations indicate that these would encounter many of the bodies in the Solar System , including Titan . On the other hand , Jonathan Lunine has argued that any living things in Titan 's cryogenic hydrocarbon lakes would need to be so different chemically from Earth life that it would not be possible for one to be the ancestor of the other . Future conditions ( edit ) Conditions on Titan could become far more habitable in the far future . Five billion years from now , as the Sun becomes a red giant , its surface temperature could rise enough for Titan to support liquid water on its surface , making it habitable . As the Sun 's ultraviolet output decreases , the haze in Titan 's upper atmosphere will be depleted , lessening the anti-greenhouse effect on the surface and enabling the greenhouse created by atmospheric methane to play a far greater role . These conditions together could create a habitable environment , and could persist for several hundred million years . This is proposed to have been sufficient time for simple life to spawn on Earth , though the presence of ammonia on Titan would cause chemical reactions to proceed more slowly . 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Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saturn 's moon Titan may harbour simple life forms -- and reveal how organisms first formed on Earth '' . The Conversation . July 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Titan is thought by some scientists to be a possible host for microbial extraterrestrial life . Grasset , O. ; Sotin , C. ; Deschamps , F. ( 2000 ) . `` On the internal structure and dynamic of Titan '' . Planetary and Space Science . 48 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 617 -- 636 . Bibcode : 2000P&SS ... 48 ... 617G . doi : 10.1016 / S0032 - 0633 ( 00 ) 00039 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Fortes , A.D. ( 2000 ) . `` Exobiological implications of a possible ammonia - water ocean inside Titan '' . Icarus . 146 ( 2 ) : 444 -- 452 . Bibcode : 2000Icar ... 146 ... 444F . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2000.6400 . ^ Jump up to : Mckay , Chris ( 2010 ) . `` Have We Discovered Evidence For Life On Titan '' . New Mexico State University , College of Arts and Sciences , Department of Astronomy . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Raulin , F. ( 2005 ) . `` Exo - astrobiological aspects of Europa and Titan : From observations to speculations '' . Space Science Reviews . 116 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 471 -- 487 . Bibcode : 2005SSRv ... 116 ... 471R . doi : 10.1007 / s11214 - 005 - 1967 - x . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Lakes on Saturn 's Moon Titan Filled With Liquid Hydrocarbons Like Ethane and Methane , Not Water '' . ScienceDaily . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Raulin , F. ; Owen , T. ( 2002 ) . `` Organic chemistry and exobiology on Titan '' . Space Science Reviews . 104 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 377 -- 394 . Bibcode : 2002SSRv ... 104 ... 377R . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1023636623006 . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Titan 's haze may hold ingredients for life '' . Astronomy . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Desai , R.T. ; A.J. Coates ; A. Wellbrock ; V. Vuitton ; D. González - Caniulef ; et al. ( 2017 ) . `` Carbon Chain Anions and the Growth of Complex Organic Molecules in Titan 's Ionosphere '' . Astrophys . Journ . Lett. 844 ( 2 ) : L18 . arXiv : 1706.01610 . Bibcode : 2017ApJ ... 844L ... 18D . doi : 10.3847 / 2041 - 8213 / aa7851 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Has Cassini found a universal driver for prebiotic chemistry at Titan ? '' . European Space Agency . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mike ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Moon Titan Has Molecules That Could Help Make Cell Membranes '' . Space.com . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Maureen Y. ; et al. ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` ALMA detection and astrobiological potential of vinyl cyanide on Titan '' . Science Advances. 3 ( 7 ) : e1700022 . Bibcode : 2017SciA ... 3E0022P . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1700022 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Kaplan , Sarah ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` This weird moon of Saturn has some essential ingredients for life '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Artemivia , N. ; Lunine , J ( 2003 ) . `` Cratering on Titan : impact melt , ejecta , and the fate of surface organics '' . Icarus . 164 ( 2 ) : 471 -- 480 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 164 ... 471A . doi : 10.1016 / S0019 - 1035 ( 03 ) 00148 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Richard A. ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Saturn Moon Titan May Have Underground Ocean '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McKay , C.P. ; Smith , H.D. ( 2005 ) . `` Possibilities for methanogenic life in liquid methane on the surface of Titan '' . Icarus . 178 ( 1 ) : 274 -- 276 . Bibcode : 2005Icar ... 178 ... 274M . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2005.05. 018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems '' . Committee on the Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems , Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life , National Research Council . The National Academies Press . 2007 . p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is Consuming Hydrogen and Acetylene on Titan ? '' . NASA / JPL. 2010 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Strobel , Darrell F. ( 2010 ) . `` Molecular hydrogen in Titan 's atmosphere : Implications of the measured tropospheric and thermospheric mole fractions '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 208 ( 2 ) : 878 -- 886 . Bibcode : 2010Icar ... 208 ... 878S . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2010.03. 003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Life ' not as we know it ' possible on Saturn 's moon Titan '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , James ; Lunine , Jonathan ; Clancy , Paulette ( 27 Feb 2015 ) . `` Membrane alternatives in worlds without oxygen : Creation of an azotosome '' . Science Advances. 1 ( 1 ) : e1400067 . Bibcode : 2015SciA ... 114067S . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1400067 . PMC 4644080 . PMID 26601130 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn 's Moon Titan : Prebiotic Laboratory '' . Astrobiology Magazine . August 11 , 2004 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2004 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Earth could seed Titan with life '' . BBC News . March 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gladman , Brett ; Dones , Luke ; Levinson , Harold F. ; Burns , Joseph A. ( 2005 ) . `` Impact Seeding and Reseeding in the Inner Solar System '' . Astrobiology. 5 ( 4 ) : 483 -- 496 . Bibcode : 2005AsBio ... 5 ... 483G . doi : 10.1089 / ast. 2005.5. 483 . PMID 16078867 . Jump up ^ Lunine , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . `` Saturn 's Titan : A Strict Test for Life 's Cosmic Ubiquity '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 153 ( 4 ) : 403 . arXiv : 0908.0762 . Bibcode : 2009arXiv0908. 0762L . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2012 . copy at archive.org Jump up ^ The National Air and Space Museum ( 2012 ) . `` Climate Change in the Solar System '' . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lorenz , Ralph D. ; Lunine , Jonathan I. ; McKay , Christopher P. ( 1997 ) . `` Titan under a red giant sun : A new kind of `` habitable '' moon '' ( PDF ) . NASA Ames Research Center , Lunar and Planetary Laboratory , Department of Planetary Sciences , University of Arizona . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . Bibliography ( edit ) Coustenis , Athéna ; Taylor , F.W. ( 2008 ) . Titan : Exploring an Earthlike World . World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 981 - 270 - 501 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Lorenz , Ralph ; Mitton , Jacqueline ( 2002 ) . Lifting Titan 's Veil : Exploring the Giant Moon of Saturn . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79348 - 3 . Lorenz , Ralph ; Mitton , Jacqueline ( 2008 ) . Titan Unveiled . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0691146331 . Lorenz , Ralph ( 2017 ) . NASA / ESA / ASI Cassini - Huygens : 1997 onwards ( Cassini orbiter , Huygens probe and future exploration concepts ) ( Owners ' Workshop Manual ) . Haynes Manuals , UK . ISBN 978 - 1785211119 . External links ( edit ) Solar System Objects by orbit by size by discovery date Lists Gravitationally - rounded ( equilibrium ) objects Possible dwarf planets Moons ( natural satellites ) Minor planets Comets Asteroids Planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Solar System portal Star portal Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Titan ( moon ) '' dated 2011 - 10 - 25 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Media related to Titan ( moon ) at Wikimedia Commons Cassini -- Huygens Mission To Saturn & Titan . Multimedia Feature Titan Virtual Tour Titan Profile at NASA 's Solar System Exploration site Video of Huygens ' descent from the ESA Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations ( CICLOPS ) site Titan image search European Space Agency . ( 2005 ) . ESA -- Cassini -- Huygens . Retrieved March 28 , 2005 . The Planetary Society ( 2005 ) . TPS : Saturn 's moon Titan . Retrieved March 28 , 2005 . University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Lab ( 2005 ) . Lunar and Planetary Lab The Descent Imager - Spectral Radiometer of the Cassini -- Huygens Mission to Titan . Retrieved March 28 , 2005 . The Alien Noise . This recording is a laboratory reconstruction of the sounds heard by Huygens ' microphones . Movie of Titan 's rotation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration site AstronomyCast : Titan Fraser Cain and Pamela Gay , 2010 . Titan nomenclature and Titan map with feature names from the USGS planetary nomenclature page Google Titan 3D , interactive map of the moon ( hide ) Titan General Atmosphere of Titan Climate of Titan Life on Titan Lists Lakes of Titan List of geological features on Titan Lakes and seas Seas Kraken Mare Ligeia Mare Punga Mare Lakes Abaya Lacus Bolsena Lacus Feia Lacus Hammar Lacus Jingpo Lacus Kivu Lacus Koitere Lacus Ladoga Lacus Mackay Lacus Müggel Lacus Neagh Lacus Ontario Lacus Sotonera Lacus Albano Lacus Rivers Vid Flumina Dry lakes Eyre Lacuna Ngami Lacuna Woytchugga Lacuna Features Adiri Arrakis Planitia Dilmun Doom Mons Erebor Mons Ganesa Macula Guabonito Irensaga Montes Mayda Insula Menrva Mezzoramia Mindolluin Montes Misty Montes Mithrim Montes Perkunas Virgae Shangri - La Shikoku Facula Sotra Patera Taniquetil Montes Tsegihi Tui Regio Xanadu Exploration Past Pioneer program Pioneer 11 Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Cassini -- Huygens Huygens Proposed AVIATR Dragonfly Explorer of Enceladus and Titan Journey to Enceladus and Titan TALISE Titan Mare Explorer Titan Saturn System Mission Oceanus See also Colonization of Titan Other topics Memorials on Titan Titan in fiction Moons of Saturn Listed in approximately increasing distance from Saturn . Temporary names in italics . Ring shepherds S / 2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus Pandora Co-orbitals Epimetheus Janus G Ring Aegaeon Mimas and Alkyonides Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Inner large ( with trojans ) Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Outer large Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Inuit group Kiviuq Ijiraq Paaliaq Siarnaq Tarqeq Norse group Phoebe Skathi S / 2007 S 2 ( ? ) Skoll S / 2004 S 13 ( ? ) Greip Hyrrokkin Jarnsaxa Mundilfari S / 2006 S 1 ( ? ) S / 2004 S 17 ( ? ) Bergelmir Narvi Suttungr Hati S / 2004 S 12 ( ? ) Farbauti Thrymr Aegir S / 2007 S 3 ( ? ) Bestla S / 2004 S 7 ( ? ) S / 2006 S 3 Fenrir Surtur Kari Ymir Loge Fornjot Gallic group Albiorix Bebhionn Erriapus Tarvos Rings of Saturn Cassini -- Huygens Themis Chiron S / 2004 S 6 S / 2004 S 4 S / 2004 S 3 In fiction Atmospheres Star Sun Exoplanet HD 209458 b Kepler - 7b Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planet Ceres Pluto Makemake Satellite Callisto Dione Enceladus Europa Ganymede Io Moon Rhea Titan Triton See also Coma ( cometary ) Extraterrestrial atmosphere Stellar atmosphere Natural satellites of the Solar System Planetary satellites Terrestrial Martian Jovian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian Other satellites Minor - planet moons Plutonian Haumean Eridian Makemakean Largest satellites ( mean radius ≥ 100 km ) size Ganymede largest / 2634 km / 0.413 Earths Titan Callisto Io Moon Europa Triton Titania Rhea Oberon Iapetus Charon Umbriel Ariel Dione Tethys ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Miranda Proteus Mimas ( Hi'iaka ) Nereid Hyperion Phoebe smallest / 106 km / 0.017 Earths abc 's Ariel Callisto Charon Dione ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Europa Ganymede ( Hi'iaka ) Hyperion Iapetus Io Mimas Miranda Moon Nereid Oberon Phoebe Proteus Rhea Tethys Titan Titania Triton Umbriel Discovery timeline Inner moons Irregular moons List Naming Regular moons Trojan moons NOTE : Italicized moons are not close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium ; ( bracketed ) moons may or may not be close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium . Extraterrestrial life Events and objects ALH84001 Cells in the stratosphere CI1 fossils Murchison meteorite Nakhla meteorite Polonnaruwa meteorite Red rain in Kerala Shergotty meteorite Viking lander biological experiments Yamato 000593 Signals of interest CP 1919 ( misidentified pulsar ) CTA - 102 ( misidentified quasar ) Fast radio burst ( unknown origin ) Wow ! signal ( inconclusive ) KIC 8462852 ( unusual light fluctuations ) SHGb02 + 14a ( radio source ) HD 164595 signal ( unknown origin ) Life in the Universe Earliest known life forms Life on Enceladus Life on Europa Life on Mars Life on Titan Life on Venus Planetary habitability Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog Extraterrestrial liquid water Galactic habitable zone Habitability of binary star systems Habitability of orange dwarf systems Habitability of red dwarf systems Natural satellite habitability Planetary habitability Space missions Beagle 2 Biological Oxidant and Life Detection BioSentinel Curiosity Darwin Enceladus Explorer Enceladus Life Finder Europa Clipper ExoMars ExoLance EXPOSE Foton - M3 Icebreaker Life Journey to Enceladus and Titan Laplace - P Life Investigation For Enceladus Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment Mars Geyser Hopper Mars sample return mission Mars 2020 Northern Light Opportunity SpaceX Red Dragon Spirit Tanpopo Titan Mare Explorer Venus In Situ Explorer Viking 1 Viking 2 Interstellar communication Active SETI Allen Telescope Array Arecibo message Arecibo Observatory Berkeley SETI Research Center Bracewell probe Breakthrough Initiatives Breakthrough Listen Breakthrough Message Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence Gauss 's Pythagorean right triangle proposal Lincos language NIROSETI Pioneer plaque Project Cyclops Project Ozma Project Phoenix SERENDIP Search for extraterrestrial intelligence SETI@home setiQuest Voyager Golden Record Water hole Xenolinguistics Exhibitions The Science of Aliens Hypotheses Ancient astronauts Aestivation hypothesis Aurelia and Blue Moon Cosmic pluralism Directed panspermia Drake equation Extraterrestrial hypothesis Fermi paradox Great Filter Hypothetical types of biochemistry Interplanetary contamination Kardashev scale Mediocrity principle Neocatastrophism Panspermia Planetarium hypothesis Rare Earth hypothesis Zoo hypothesis Related topics Astrobiology Astroecology Biosignature Rejection of Earth - based abiogenesis ( Fred Hoyle ) Brookings Report Planetary protection Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact Exotheology Extraterrestrials in fiction Extremophile Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Noogenesis San Marino Scale Technosignature UFO religion Xenoarchaeology Saturn Outline of Saturn Geography Dragon Storm Great White Spot Hexagon Magnetosphere Rings Moons S / 2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus S / 2004 S 6 S / 2004 S 4 S / 2004 S 3 Pandora Epimetheus Janus Aegaeon Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Kiviuq Ijiraq Phoebe Paaliaq Skathi Albiorix S / 2007 S 2 Bebhionn Erriapus Skoll Siarnaq Tarqeq S / 2004 S 13 Greip Hyrrokkin Jarnsaxa Tarvos Mundilfari S / 2006 S 1 S / 2004 S 17 Bergelmir Narvi Suttungr Hati S / 2004 S 12 Farbauti Thrymr Aegir S / 2007 S 3 Bestla S / 2004 S 7 S / 2006 S 3 Fenrir Surtur Kari Ymir Loge Fornjot Astronomy Delta Octantis Saturn - crossing minor planets Exploration Cassini -- Huygens ( Huygens ) timeline retirement Pioneer 11 Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Related Fiction Saturn Moons In Saturn 's Rings ( 2018 documentary ) Christiaan Huygens Books Systema Saturnium ( 1659 ) De Vi Centrifiga ( 1659 ) Horologium Oscillatorium ( 1673 ) Traité de la Lumiére ( 1692 ) Cosmotheoros ( 1698 ) In science and natural philosophy Centripetal acceleration Coupled oscillation Conception of the standardization of the temperature scale Early history of classical mechanics Early history of calculus Huygens ' law Huygens ' lemniscate Huygens ' principle ( Huygens -- Fresnel principle ) Huygens ' construction Huygens ' tritone Huygens ' wavelet Huygens ' wave theory Huygens -- Steiner theorem Hypothesis of intelligent extraterrestrial life Isochrone curve ( tautochrone curve ) Foundations of differential geometry of curves ( mathematical notions of the evolute and involute of the curve ) Scientific foundations of horology Mathematical and physical investigations of properties of the pendulum Modern conception of centrifugal and centripetal forces Music theory of microtones ( 31 equal temperament ) Polarization of light ( Iceland spar ) Rings of Saturn Titan ( moon ) Theoretical foundations of wave optics ( wave theory of light ) In technology Inventions by Huygens Aerial telescope Cycloidal pendulum Huygens ' engine Huygens ' eyepiece Magic lantern Spiral balance spring Precision timekeeping ( pendulum clock and spiral - hairspring watch ) Recognitions List of things named after Christiaan Huygens 2801 Huygens Cassini -- Huygens Huygens probe Mons Huygens Huygens ( crater ) Huygens - Fokker Foundation Huygens Gap Huygens Ringlet Horologium ( constellation ) Other topics Cosmos : A Personal Voyage - Episode 6 : `` Travellers ' Tales '' ( 1980 documentary TV series by Carl Sagan ) Clocks and Culture , 1300 -- 1700 ( 1967 history book by Carlo Cipolla ) Revolution in Time : Clocks and the Making of the Modern World ( 1983 history book by David Landes ) Scientific Revolution Golden Age of Dutch science and technology Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Académie des Sciences Related people Huygens family Galileo Galilei René Descartes Salomon Coster Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Isaac Newton Robert Hooke Denis Papin Augustin - Jean Fresnel Thomas Young A rudimentary prototype of internal combustion piston engine . An early practical type of image projector and a precursor to both the modern slide projector and the movie projector . Wikiquote Wikisource texts The Solar System Sun Heliosphere Planets Rings Moons Mercury Venus Earth 1 moon Mars 2 moons : Phobos Deimos Jupiter Rings 69 moons : Ganymede Callisto Io Europa Saturn Rings 62 moons : Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Uranus Rings 27 moons : Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda Neptune Rings 14 moons : Triton Minor planets Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto 5 moons : Charon Haumea 2 moons : Hiʻiaka Makemake 1 moon Eris Dysnomia Asteroids ( Small Solar System bodies ) Notable asteroids Vesta Gaspra Ida Apophis Kalliope Pallas Juno Hygiea Groups and families Near - Earth objects Asteroid belt Trojans Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Uranus Neptune Centaurs Asteroid moons Meteoroids Naming Meanings of asteroid names Trans - Neptunian ( Distant Minor planets ) Kuiper belt Plutinos Orcus Ixion Cubewanos 2002 UX Varuna Albion 2002 TX Quaoar Huya 2002 AW Scattered disc 2002 TC 2004 XR 190 2007 OR Other Sednoids Sedna 2012 VP 113 Detached objects Damocloids Oort cloud objects Hills cloud Comets Lists of comets Periodic comets Non-periodic comets Main - belt Sungrazing Great Extinct Lost Lists Solar System objects by orbit By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Space probes Extremes Tallest mountains Largest craters Largest valleys Largest lakes Hypothetical Planet Nine Five - planet Nice model Vulcanoids Tyche Nemesis Planets beyond Neptune Claimed moons of Earth List of hypothetical Solar System objects See also : Formation and evolution of the Solar System , list of the Solar System 's objects by discovery date , by orbit , and by radius or mass , and the Solar System Portal VIAF : 63145067194466631158 GND : 4581722 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titan_(moon)&oldid=832605921 '' Categories : Titan ( moon ) Astronomical objects discovered in 1655 Discoveries by Christiaan Huygens 1655 in the Dutch Republic Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Use American English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Spoken articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Arpetan Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 中文 81 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 23 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is saturn's moon titan made of
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"Titan is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material. Much as with Venus before the Space Age, the dense opaque atmosphere prevented understanding of Titan's surface until new information from the Cassini–Huygens mission in 2004, including the discovery of liquid hydrocarbon lakes in Titan's polar regions. The geologically young surface is generally smooth, with few impact craters, although mountains and several possible cryovolcanoes have been found."
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"water ice and rocky material"
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8594845258042853497
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Samsung Galaxy S4
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Samsung Galaxy S4 - wikipedia Samsung Galaxy S4 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Android phone . For other uses , see Galaxy 4 ( disambiguation ) . Samsung Galaxy S4 Galaxy S4 in White Frost Codename ja3gxx for Exynos variant ( 9500 ) and jfltexx for Qualcomm variant ( 9505 ) Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Slogan `` Life companion '' Series Galaxy S Model GT - I9500 ( Chipset - Exynos 5 Octa 5410 CPU - Quad - core 1.6 GHz Cortex - A15 & quad - core 1.2 GHz Cortex - A7 GPU - PowerVR SGX 544MP3 ) GT - I9505 ( Quad - core Snapdragon 600 , LTE ) GT - I9506 ( Quad - core Snapdragon 800 , LTE - A ) GT - I9515 value edition ( Quad - core Snapdragon 600 , LTE ) SHV - E300K / S / L ( Korean ; Exynos 5 Octa - core , LTE ) Compatible networks List ( show ) 2.5 G GSM / GPRS / EDGE -- 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz 2.5 G CDMA 1xRTT / 1x - Advanced - 800 , 1900 MHz 3G UMTS / HSPA+ -- 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz 3G TD - SCDMA - 1900 / 2000 MHz 3G CDMA Ev - DO Rev. A - 800 , 1900 MHz ( select carrier models also support the AWS 1700 / 2100 MHz band ) 4G LTE Rel. 8 ( UE Cat 3 ) -- 700 , 800 , 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2600 MHz or up to 6 different band sets ( dependent on market ) FDD TDD ( dual mode version ) LTE - A ( Cat 4 ) Only available on I9506 and SHV - E330 First released April 27 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 04 - 27 ) Units sold 40 million sold in the first 6 months Predecessor Samsung Galaxy S III Successor Samsung Galaxy S5 Related Samsung Galaxy S4 Active Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Type Touchscreen smartphone Form factor Slate Dimensions 136.6 mm ( 5.38 in ) H 69.8 mm ( 2.75 in ) W 7.9 mm ( 0.31 in ) D Weight 130 g ( 4.6 oz ) Operating system Original : Android 4.2. 2 `` Jelly Bean '' Current : Android 5.0. 1 `` Lollipop '' System on chip Exynos 5 Octa 5410 ( 3G & South Korea LTE Versions ) Qualcomm Snapdragon 600 ( LTE & China Mobile TD - SCDMA versions ) CPU 1.6 GHz quad - core Cortex - A15 and 1.2 GHz quad - core Cortex - A7 ( big. LITTLE ) ( 3G & South Korea LTE Versions ) 1.9 GHz quad - core Krait 300 ( LTE & China Mobile TD - SCDMA versions ) GPU IT tri-core PowerVR SGX 544 GPU ( 3G & South Korea LTE Versions ) Adreno 320 ( LTE & China Mobile TD - SCDMA versions ) Memory 2 GB LPDDR3 RAM Storage 16 or 32 GB ( 8 GB used by the system ) Removable storage Up to 200 GB ; microSD Battery 2600 mAh Li - ion User replaceable Qi wireless charging ( optional ) Data inputs List ( show ) Accelerometer Barometer Gesture sensor GPS GLONASS Gyroscope Hall effect sensor Hygrometer Magnetometer Proximity sensor RGB light sensor Thermometer Display 5 in ( 130 mm ) 1920x1080 px ( 441 ppi ) Super AMOLED ( PenTile RGBG ) Corning Gorilla Glass 3 Rear camera 13 megapixels Sony IMX135 ( Exmor RS ) List ( show ) 13 megapixels back - side illuminated sensor LED flash HD video ( 1080p ) at 30 frames / s Autofocus Zero shutter lag Simultaneous HD video and image recording Smile and face detection Image stabilization Exposure compensation White balance presets Digital zoom Geo tagging High Dynamic Range mode ( HDR ) Panorama Self - timer Voice activation Front camera 2 megapixels ( 1080p ) HD Video Recording @ 30 frames / s Back - illuminated sensor Sound Mono speaker on back side with Qualcomm DAC or Wolfson Micro WM5102 audio chip depending on version Connectivity List ( show ) Wi - Fi : 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 / 5 GHz ) Wi - Fi Direct Wi - Fi hotspot DLNA Miracast GPS / GLONASS NFC Bluetooth 4.0 ANT+ Infrared VLC USB 2.0 ( Micro-B port , USB charging ) USB OTG 1.3 MHL 2.0 HDMI ( TV - out , via MHL A \ V link ) 3.5 millimetres ( 0.14 in ) headphone jack Other List ( show ) Wi - Fi hotspot , Samsung Link , Group Play , damage - resistant Gorilla Glass 3 Online services Google Play , Samsung Apps SAR List ( show ) * GT - I9500 version : US 0.85 W / kg ( head ) 1.55 W / kg ( body ) EU 0.42 W / kg ( head ) 0.54 W / kg ( body ) * GT - I9505 version : US 0.77 W / kg ( head ) 1.17 W / kg ( body ) EU 0.28 W / kg ( head ) 0.40 W / kg ( body ) Website Website References The Samsung Galaxy S4 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics and was first shown publicly on March 14 , 2013 at Samsung Mobile Unpacked in New York City . It is the successor to the Galaxy S III which maintains a similar design , but with upgraded hardware and an increased focus on software features that take advantage of its hardware capabilities -- such as the ability to detect when a finger is hovered over the screen , and expanded eye tracking functionality . A hardware variant of the S4 became the first smartphone to support the emerging LTE Advanced mobile network standard . The S4 was made available in late April 2013 on 327 carriers in 155 countries . It became Samsung 's fastest selling smartphone , with 20 million sold worldwide in the first two months , and 40 million in the first six months . While some users called all new Galaxy S4 features `` innovation '' , others called them feature creep or just gimmicks . Those features are , for example , Smart Pause , Smart Rotation , Smart Scroll , Air View , Air gesture , Story Album and Temperature and humidity sensors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Specifications 1.1 Hardware 1.2 Software 1.2. 1 Updates 1.3 Model variants 1.3. 1 Google Play Edition 1.4 Accessories 2 Reception 2.1 Critical reception 2.2 Commercial reception 2.3 Battery problems and safety issues 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The Samsung Galaxy S4 uses a refined version of the hardware design introduced by the Samsung Galaxy S III , with a rounded , polycarbonate chassis and a removable rear cover . It is slightly lighter and narrower than the Samsung Galaxy S III , with a length of 136.6 mm ( 5.38 in ) , a width of 69.8 mm ( 2.75 in ) , and a thickness of 7.9 mm ( 0.31 in ) . At the bottom of the device is a microphone and a microUSB port for data connections and charging ; it also supports USB - OTG and MHL 2.0 . Near the top of the device are a front - facing camera , infrared , proximity , and ambient light sensors , and a notification LED . In particular , the infrared sensor is used for the device 's `` Air View '' features . A headphone jack , secondary microphone and infrared blaster are located at the top . The S4 is widely available in black and white color finishes ; in selected regions , Samsung also introduced versions in red , purple , pink , brown with gold trim , and light pink with gold trim . In late - January 2014 , Samsung 's Russian website briefly listed a new black model with a plastic leather backing , similar to the Galaxy Note 3 . The S4 's display is larger than its predecessor , with a 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) , 1080p PenTile RGBG Super AMOLED screen with a resolution of 441 PPI , and Corning Gorilla Glass 3 . Unlike previous models , the S4 does not contain FM radio support , citing the increased use of online media outlets for content consumption on mobile devices . Galaxy S4 models use one of two processors , depending on the region and network compatibility . The S4 version for North America , most of Europe , parts of Asia , and other countries contains Qualcomm 's Snapdragon 600 system - on - chip , containing a quad - core 1.9 GHz Krait 300 CPU and an Adreno 320 GPU . The chip also contains a modem which supports LTE . Other models include Samsung 's Exynos 5 Octa system - on - chip with a heterogeneous CPU . The octa - core CPU comprises a 1.6 GHz quad - core Cortex - A15 cluster and a 1.2 GHz quad - core Cortex - A7 cluster . The chip can dynamically switch between the two clusters of cores based on CPU usage ; the chip switches to the A15 cores when more processing power is needed , and stays on the A7 cores to conserve energy on lighter loads . Only one of the clusters is used at any particular moment , and software sees the processor as a single quad - core CPU . The SoC also contains an IT tri-core PowerVR SGX 544 graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . Regional models of the S4 vary in support for LTE ; for Exynos 5 - based models , while the E300K / L / S versions support LTE , with the Cortex - A15 also clocked at 1.6 GHz . the GT - I9500 model does not . The S4 GT - I9505 includes a multiband LTE transceiver . On 24 June 2013 , a variant supporting LTE Advanced , the first commercially available device to do so , was announced for South Korea . The S4 comes with either 16 GB , 32 GB or 64 GB of internal storage , which can be supplemented with up to an additional 64 GB with a microSD card slot . Unofficially , the S4 microSD card slot supports 128GB cards as well . The S4 contains a 2600 mAh , NFC - enabled battery . Software ( edit ) Further information : Android ( operating system ) , TouchWiz , and S Voice S4 using TouchWiz on `` Jelly Bean '' The S4 was originally released with Android 4.2. 2 and Samsung 's TouchWiz Nature UX 2 interface . Head tracking features have been extended on the S4 ; the new `` Smart Scroll '' feature can be used to scroll while looking at the screen by slightly tilting head or phone forward or backward , and `` Smart Pause '' allows the video player to pause videos if the user is not looking at the screen . `` Air View '' and `` Air Gestures '' implement gestures and other functionality ( such as previewing images or messages ) by holding or swiping a hand or finger slightly above the screen , similarly to Samsung 's Galaxy Note series , and adds a feature known as `` Quick Glance '' , which uses the proximity sensor to wake the phone so it can display notifications . The `` Group Play '' feature allows ad hoc sharing of files between Galaxy phones , along with multiplayer games and music streaming between S4 phones . The S4 also introduces Knox in the Android 4.3 update , a suite of features which implements a sandbox for enterprise environments that can co-exist with a user 's `` personal '' data . Knox incorporates use of the ARM TrustZone extensions and security enhancements to the Android platform . The camera app implements numerous new features ( some of which were first seen on the Galaxy Camera ) , including an updated interface , and new modes such as `` Drama '' ( which composes a moving element from multiple shots into a single photo ) , `` Eraser '' ( which takes multiple shots and allows the user to remove unnecessary elements from a picture ) , `` Dual Shot '' ( which uses the front - facing camera for a picture - in - picture effect ) , `` Sound and Shot '' ( which allows the user to record a voice clip alongside a photo ) , `` Animated Photo '' , and `` Story Album '' among others . The S4 also supports High Efficiency Video Coding ( HEVC ) , a next - generation video codec . Other new pre-loaded apps include WatchOn ( an electronic program guide that can utilize the S4 's infrared transmitter to be a remote control ) , S Translator , the workout tracker S Health , S Voice Drive , S Memo , TripAdvisor , and an optical character recognition app . The previous `` Hub '' apps from past Samsung devices were replaced by a single Samsung Hub app , with access to music , e-books , and games that can be purchased by users . To take a screenshot , a user can simply swipe their hand from one end of the screen to the other end horizontally . Updates ( edit ) A minor update was released in June 2013 , restoring the ability to move apps to the SD card , and adding HDR video support among other tweaks . In November 2013 , Samsung began rolling out an update to Android 4.3 for the S4 , notably adding the Bluetooth low energy support needed for compatibility with the Galaxy Gear smartwatch . However , Samsung halted the rollout following reports from Galaxy S III users that Samsung 's version of 4.3 had caused instability and increased battery usage . The rollout was resumed in December 2013 . In February 2014 , Samsung began rolling out an update to Android 4.4 `` KitKat '' for the S4 ; the update adds user interface tweaks such as a camera shortcut on the corner of the lock screen , options for setting default launcher and text messaging applications , support for printing , and a new location settings menu for tracking and controlling the use of location tracking by apps . It also makes significant changes to the handling of secondary storage on the device for security reasons ; applications ' access to the SD card is restricted to designated , app - specific directories only , while full access to internal primary storage is still allowed . Although this behavior has existed since Android 3.0 `` Honeycomb '' , OEMs such as Samsung previously modified their distributions of Android to retain the previous behavior , allowing applications to have unlimited access to SD card contents . In January 2015 , Samsung began rolling out an update to Android 5.0. 1 `` Lollipop '' in Russia and India , an update which brings all the features of Lollipop , such as enhanced performance and lockscreen , including a refined interface with a flatter and geometric look , as seen on the Galaxy S5 . Samsung paused the rollout soon after , when users reported major bugs . The rollout continued in March 2015 starting with unlocked models in the UK , Nordic and Baltic countries and has since then spread to several other countries . US ( starting with AT&T and Sprint ) and Canadian Samsung Galaxy S4 models received Android 5.0. 1 Lollipop update in April 2015 . Model variants ( edit ) Several different model variants of the S4 are sold , with most variants varying mainly in handling regional network types and bands . To prevent grey market reselling , models of the S4 manufactured after July 2013 implement a regional lockout system in certain regions , requiring that the first SIM card used on a European and North American model be from a carrier in that region . Samsung stated that the lock would be removed once a local SIM card is used . SIM format for all variants is Micro-SIM , which can have one or two depending on model . Model GT - I9500 SHV - E300K / L / S SHV - E330K / L / S GT - I9505 GT - I9506 GT - I9505G SGH - I337 SGH - M919 SCH - I545 SPH - L720 SCH - R970 GT - I9508 SCH - I959 GT - I9502 SGH - N045 ( SC - 04E ) SGH - I337M SGH - M919V SCH - R970X SCH - R970C Countries International South Korea International United States China Japan Canada / Mexico Canada United States Carriers International KT , LG U+ , SK Telecom International ( LTE ) AT&T , Cricket Wireless ( GSM ) T - Mobile , MetroPCS Verizon Sprint , Boost Mobile U.S. Cellular China Mobile China Telecom China Unicom NTT docomo Telcel , Bell , Rogers , Telus , Koodo , Virgin Videotron , Wind , EastLink , Mobilicity C Spire Wireless Cricket Wireless ( CDMA ) 2G 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz GSM / GPRS / EDGE 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz GSM / GPRS / EDGE 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz GSM / GPRS / EDGE CDMA 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz GSM / GPRS / EDGE CDMA 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz GSM / GPRS / EDGE 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz GSM / GPRS / EDGE 3G 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz UMTS / HSPA+ 1900 , 2100 MHz UMTS / HSPA+ 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz UMTS / HSPA+ 850 , 1700 , 1900 , 2100 MHz UMTS / HSPA+ 800 , 1900 MHz EVDO Rev. A 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz UMTS / HSPA+ 800 , 1700 , 1900 MHz EVDO Rev. A 1880 , 2010 MHz TD - SCDMA 900 , 2100 MHz UMTS / HSPA+ 800 , 1900 MHz EVDO Rev. A 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz UMTS / HSPA+ 800 , 2100 MHz UMTS / HSPA+ 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz HSPA+ 850 , 1700 , 1900 , 2100 MHz UMTS / HSPA+ 800 , 1900 MHz EVDO Rev. A 4G LTE No K : 900 , 1800 L : 850 , 2100 MHz S : 850 , 1800 800 , 850 , 900 , 1800 , 2100 , 2600 MHz 700 ( Band 17 ) , 850 , 1700 , 1900 , 2100 , 2600 MHz 750 ( Band 13 ) , 1700 MHz Extended PCS 700 ( Band 12 ) , 850 , 1700 , 1900 MHz No 800 , 1500 , 2100 MHz 700 , 800 , 850 , 900 , 1700 , 2100 , 2600 MHz Eastlink : 1700 ( Band 4 ) ? ? Max network speed DC - HSPA+ : 42 Mbit / s LTE : 100 Mbit / s LTE - A : 150 Mbit / s LTE : 100 Mbit / s LTE - A : 150 Mbit / s LTE : 100 Mbit / s DC - HSPA+ : 42 Mbit / s EVDO Rev. A : 3.1 Mbit / s DC - HSPA+ : 42 Mbit / s LTE : 100 Mbit / s DC - HSPA+ : 42 Mbit / s Broadcast receiver No T - DMB No 1seg ISDB - Tmm No Dimensions 136.6 mm × 69.8 mm × 7.9 mm ( 5.38 in × 2.75 in × 0.31 in ) Weight 130 g ( 4.6 oz ) 133 g ( 4.7 oz ) 131 g ( 4.6 oz ) 130 g ( 4.6 oz ) 132 g ( 4.7 oz ) 134 g ( 4.7 oz ) 130 g ( 4.6 oz ) Operating system Android 4.2. 2 with TouchWiz Nature UX 2.0 ( OTA upgrade to 5.0. 1 available ) Stock Android 4.2. 2 ( OTA upgrade to 5.0. 1 available ) Android 4.2. 2 with TouchWiz Nature UX 2.0 ( OTA upgrade to 5.0. 1 available ) Android 4.2. 2 with TouchWiz Nature UX 2.0 ( OTA upgrade to 5.0. 1 available ) ( T - Mobile / MetroPCs OTA not available at this time . ) Wi - Fi Broadcom BCM4335 a / b / g / n / ac + Bluetooth GPS Broadcom BCM47521 ? Qualcomm NFC Broadcom BCM2079x ? Broadcom BCM2079x SoC Samsung Exynos 5 Octa Exynos 5410 Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 MSM8974 Qualcomm Snapdragon 600 APQ8064AB Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 MSM8974 Qualcomm Snapdragon 600 APQ8064AB Samsung Exynos 5 Octa Exynos 5410 Qualcomm Snapdragon 600 APQ8064AB CPU 1.6 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A15 & 1.2 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A7 2.3 GHz quad - core Qualcomm Krait 400 1.9 GHz quad - core Qualcomm Krait 300 2.3 GHz quad - core Qualcomm Krait 400 1.9 GHz quad - core Qualcomm Krait 300 1.6 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A15 & 1.2 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A7 1.9 GHz quad - core Qualcomm Krait 300 GPU IT SGX544MP3 Qualcomm Adreno 330 Qualcomm Adreno 320 Qualcomm Adreno 330 Qualcomm Adreno 320 IT SGX544MP3 Qualcomm Adreno 320 RAM 2 GB Internal storage 16 / 32 / 64 GB 32 GB 16 / 32 GB 16 GB 16 / 32 GB 16 GB 16 / 32 GB 16 GB 16 / 32 GB 32 GB 16 / 32 / 64 GB 16 GB SAR US Head : 0.85 W / kg Body : 1.55 W / kg Head : 0.77 W / kg Body : 1.17 W / kg Head : 0.926 W / kg Body : 1.389 W / kg Head : 0.84 W / kg Body : 1.18 W / kg Head : 1.03 W / kg Body : 1.31 W / kg Head : 0.75 W / kg Body : 1.43 W / kg Head : 0.98 W / kg Body : 1.58 W / kg Head : 0.96 W / kg Body : 1.23 W / kg Head : 0.84 W / kg Body : 1.18 W / kg Head : 0.88 W / kg Body : 1.43 W / kg Google Play edition ( edit ) At the Google I / O 2013 keynote , Samsung and Google revealed that an edition of the U.S. S4 would be released on June 26 , 2013 through Google Play , initially featuring stock Android 4.2. 2 , later updated to 4.4. 4 , with Samsung provided updates ; it has an unlockable bootloader ( similar to Nexus devices ) and supports LTE on AT&T and T - Mobile 's networks . The model number is GT - I9505G . Accessories ( edit ) The `` S - View Cover '' accessory contains a window that can be used to display notifications and a clock At retail , the S4 is bundled with a USB cable , AC adapter , and in - ear headphones . The `` S - View Cover '' accessory `` closes '' the phone . When this cover is detected ( by a hall effect sensor ) , the time and battery are displayed in this cover 's window area . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The S4 received many positive reviews , though some criticism . Gigaom 's Tofel says he would recommend the S4 `` without hesitation '' and says that it 's `` Samsung 's defining phone '' . ReadWrite 's Rowinski described the phone as a `` solid '' and `` first - rate smartphone '' , but criticised Samsung 's use of `` bloatware , pre-loaded apps and features that you will likely never use '' . TIME 's McCraken says the S4 is a smartphone with everything ; it has the biggest screen and the most built - in features . He wishes the S4 would mark the end of Samsung 's plan to add too many new features with its flagship smartphones . Technology journalist Walt Mossberg described the S4 as `` a good phone , just not a great one '' . Mossberg wrote : `` while I admire some of its features , overall , it is n't a game - changer . '' He criticized the software as `` especially weak '' and `` often gimmicky , duplicative of standard Android apps , or , in some cases , only intermittently functional . '' He urged readers to `` consider the more polished - looking , and quite capable , HTC One , rather than defaulting to the latest Samsung . '' Consumer Reports named the S4 as the top smartphone as of May 2013 due to its screen quality , multitasking support , and built - in IR blaster . Critics noted that about half of the internal storage on the S4 's 16 GB model was taken up by its system software , using 1 GB more than the S III and leaving only 8.5 to 9.15 GB for the storage of other data , including downloaded apps ( some of which can not be moved to the SD card ) . Samsung initially stated that the space was required for the S4 's new features , but following a report regarding the issue on the BBC series Watchdog , Samsung stated that it would review the possibility of optimising the S4 's operating system to use less local drive space in a future update . Storage optimizations were brought in an update first released in June 2013 , which frees 80 MB of internal storage and restores the ability to move apps to the device 's microSD card . Commercial reception ( edit ) The S4 reached 10 million pre-orders from retailers in the first two weeks after its announcement . In the United States , this prompted Samsung to announce that due to larger than expected demand , the roll out of devices on U.S. carriers Sprint and T - Mobile would be slower than expected . The S4 sold 4 million in 4 days and 10 million in 27 days making it the then fastest selling smartphone in Samsung 's history ( this has been eclipsed by the Galaxy S5 ) . The Galaxy S III sold 4 million units in 21 days , the Galaxy S II took 55 days and the Galaxy S took 85 days . Samsung shipped more than 20 million S4 smartphones by June 30 , which is around 1.7 times faster than the Galaxy S III . As of October 23 , 2013 , Samsung has sold over 40 million S4 units six months after release . Battery problems and safety issues ( edit ) This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A house in Hong Kong is alleged to have been set on fire by an S4 in July 2013 , followed by a minor burnt S4 in Pakistan . A minor fire was also reported in Newbury , United Kingdom in October 2013 . Some users of the phone have also reported swelling batteries and overheating ; Samsung has offered affected customers new batteries free of charge . On December 2 , 2013 , Canadian Richard Wygand uploaded a YouTube video describing his phone combusting . The phone was plugged into AC power overnight ; he woke up to the smell of smoke and burning matter . In the video , the power cord was shown to be severely burnt and showed warped damage to the power plug . Later in the video , Wygand describes how he attempted to get a replacement : We have a service provider ; it 's Rogers here in Canada . Rogers ( has ) seen it , and they freaked out . They even said , ' You could send it in through us -- it 'll take three weeks -- or just go see Samsung . ' The Samsung reps just said that they need video proof , and now we have to call it in . So we 're gon na upload this , send it to Samsung . We 'll let you know how it goes . In his second video , uploaded a few days after the first one , Wygand states that in order to receive a replacement phone , Samsung allegedly asked him to sign a legal document requiring him to remove the video , remain silent about the agreement , and surrender any future claims against the company . It is unknown whether or not he signed the document , but his frustrations had been expressed in his video . In an interview with Mashable , Wygand said that since he posted the second video , no further response from Samsung was received . However , an official spokesman from Samsung told Mashable , `` Samsung takes the safety and security of our customers very seriously . Our Samsung Canada team is in touch with the customer , and is investigating the issue . '' In the UK companies which sold the S4 have varied in their reactions to claims by worried customers for replacement batteries under the Sale of Goods Act . Amazon , for example , have simply refunded part of the purchase price to allow for the cost of a replacement battery . O2 however insist that the complete phone , with the faulty battery , be returned to them so that they in turn can send it to Samsung to consider the claim . See also ( edit ) Comparison of Samsung Galaxy S smartphones Comparison of smartphones Samsung Galaxy S4 Active References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S4 - Life companion '' . Samsung.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : DannyD ( 10 April 2013 ) . `` Galaxy S4 ′ s latest benchmark confirms Samsung 's Exynos 5 Octa kills Qualcomm 's Snapdragon 600 '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . 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Jump up ^ FaryaabS ( 2 April 2013 ) . `` Galaxy S4 ′ s Korean variant ( SHV - E300S / K ) to feature Exynos 5 Octa clocked at 1.8 GHz , confirmed by FCC '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SHV - E330L 삼성 갤럭시 S4 LTE - A '' ( in Korean ) . Samsung . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung I9505 Galaxy S4 - Full phone specifications '' . GSMArena . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S4 , 4G , 3G , WiFi , 13MP Camera , 5 '' Full HD , 1.9 GHz `` . United Kingdom : Samsung . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung GT - i9506 Galaxy S4 LTE - A Specs '' . PDAdb . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung GT - i9506 Galaxy S4 with LTE+ Specs '' . Samsung . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy S4 Google Play Edition '' . Google Play . Google . 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Galaxy S4 Models '' . Android Authority . 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Specs - AT&T Cell Phones SGH - I337 '' . Samsung . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T SGH - I337 16 and 32 GB internal storage black mist '' . AT&T . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Specs - T - Mobile Cell Phones SGH - M919 '' . Samsung . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Specs - Verizon Wireless Cell Phones SCH - I545 '' . Samsung . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Specs - Sprint Cell Phones SPH - L720 '' . Samsung . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Specs - US Cellular SCH - R970 '' . Samsung . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 三星 I9508 - Samsung Galaxy S4 '' ( in Chinese ) . Samsung . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 三星 I959 - Samsung GALAXY S4 ( 电信 版 ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Samsung . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 三星 I9502 - Samsung Galaxy S4 ( 联通 版 ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Samsung . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GALAXY S4 ( ドコモ スマートフォン ) ハイ スペック と 新 感覚 操作 . The Flagship model - 概要 '' ( in Japanese ) . Samsung . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` docomo GALAXY S4 SC - 04E : サービス ・ 機能 と スペック '' ( in Japanese ) . NTT DoCoMo . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Samsung . `` Specs - Samsung Galaxy S4 SGH - I337M ( Canada ) '' . Samsung . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Samsung . `` Specs - Samsung Galaxy S4 SGH - I337M ( Mexico ) '' . Samsung . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S4 16GB black at Rogers ( Canada ) '' . Canada : Rogers Communications Inc . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bader , Daniel . `` Galaxy S4 receiving small OTA update on WIND , Mobilicity , Videotron and Eastlink , adds Apps2SD and bug fixes '' . MobileSyrup.com . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S4 '' . Vidéotron . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S4 ( C Spire ) , White Frost '' . Samsung . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S4 ( Cricket ) , White Frost '' . Samsung . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Google Play edition . `` Samsung Galaxy S 4 Google Play edition tech specs - Google Play edition Help '' . Google Support . Google . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Eastlink S4 Specifications '' . Eastlink Wireless . Canada : Bragg . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruddock , David ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` Google : No Factory Image Or Proprietary Binary Hosting For Google Play Edition One Or S4 , OEMs Will Handle OTAs '' . Android Police . Illogical Robot LLC . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` Google turns the Samsung Galaxy S4 into a Nexus phone , coming June 26th for $649 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ La , Lynn ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S4 Google Play Edition review : Powerhouse Android gets elegantly purified '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( 14 March 2013 ) . `` Galaxy S4 's ' S View Cover ' shows phone notifications through a cut - out window '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Eli , Nora ( 26 September 2015 ) . `` Samsung S4 Flip Cover '' . The Verge . Samsung Galaxy Grand . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Tofel , Kevin C. ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S 4 reviewed : Too many features or just right ? '' . GigaOM . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Rowiski , Dan ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S4 : Sometimes , More Is Less ( Review ) '' . ReadWrite . SAY Media . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ McCracken , Harry ( 24 April 2013 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S 4 Review : Gimme One Smartphone , with Everything '' . Time Tech . Time Inc . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mossberg , Walt ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Galaxy S 4 Is a Good , but Not a Great , Step Up '' . AllThingsD . Jump up ^ Kelly , Heather ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S4 named top smartphone by Consumer Reports '' . CNN Tech . CNN . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Westaway , Luke ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` Samsung defends 16GB S4 's mere 8GB of usable storage '' . CNET UK . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Kate ( 16 May 2013 ) . `` Samsung promises to review Galaxy S4 storage space after Watchdog exposé '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Chris ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S4 suffers from storage woes '' . PC Advisor . IDG . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Souppouris , Aaron ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S4 update addresses storage complaints with move to SD card feature '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Luke . `` Samsung Galaxy S4 is already a hit with 10 million pre-orders in two weeks '' . The Tech Stuff . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` S4 launch date delays '' . London : The Guardian . 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Davies , Chris ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S4 already hits 6 million sales '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Culpan , Tim ( 23 May 2013 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S4 Sales Hit 10 Million in Half the Time of S3 '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Kate ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` Samsung ships 4m Galaxy S 4 in 4 days : Breaks internal record '' . SlashGear . R3 Media LLC . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Aditya Dey . `` Samsung Already Shipped 20 Million plus Galaxy S4 Units Worldwide , '' . techstake.org . Retrieved July 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Moon , Mariella ( 2013 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Samsung sold over 40 million Galaxy S 4s in six months '' . Engadget.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Exploding Samsung Galaxy S4 Allegedly Starts Fire , Destroys House '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Another Samsung Galaxy S4 found burned at the bottom during charging '' . Axeetech.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Exploding phone sets pram on fire '' . Oxfordmail.co.uk. 2013 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Exploding phone ' sets children 's stroller on fire '' . Carloz.newsvine.com. 2013 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ P. , Daniel ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Samsung acknowledges Galaxy S4 swelling battery issue , offers free replacements '' . PhoneArena . PhoneArena . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Launches Galaxy S4 Battery Trade - In Program '' . En.kioskea.net. 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wygand , Richard . `` samsung galaxy s4 caught fire proof for samsung '' . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Wygand , Richard . `` et tu , samsung ? ( Legal document received from Samsung ) '' . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Wygand , Richard . `` samsung galaxy s4 catches on fire samsung wants silence '' . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Strange , Adario . `` Galaxy S4 Customer Posts Defective Phone Video , Samsung Demands Removal '' . Mashable . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samsung Galaxy S4 . Official website Preceded by Samsung Galaxy S III Samsung Galaxy S4 2013 Succeeded by Samsung Galaxy S5 Samsung smartphones by operating system Android Captivate Glide Droid Charge Exhibit 4G Galaxy Galaxy 3 Galaxy 5 Galaxy A A3 2016 2017 A5 2016 2017 A7 2016 2017 A8 2016 A9 A9 Pro Galaxy Ace Plus Galaxy Alpha Galaxy Beam i8520 i8530 Galaxy Core LTE Galaxy E E5 E7 Galaxy Express Galaxy Fame Galaxy Fit Galaxy Gio Galaxy J J1 2016 Mini J2 J5 2016 J7 2016 Galaxy Mini Galaxy Nexus Galaxy Pocket Duos Neo Galaxy Portal Galaxy Prevail Galaxy R Galaxy S ( Duos Duos 2 Duos 3 Plus Advance ) S II Plus S III Mini Relay 4G S4 Mini Active Zoom S5 Mini Active Sport S6 / S6 Edge / S6 Edge+ Active S7 / S7 Edge S8 / S8+ Galaxy Spica Galaxy Star Galaxy W ( Exhibit II 4G ) Galaxy Y ( Duos Pro Duos ) Galaxy Young Galaxy Grand Max Galaxy Win Galaxy Mega Galaxy Note ( Original II Neo Edge 5 7 8 ) Galaxy Round Infuse 4G Intercept Moment Nexus S Replenish Rugby Smart Transform T - Mobile Sidekick 4G Symbian iNNOV8 ( i8510 ) Omnia HD ( i8910 ) Windows Mobile Omnia Omnia II Omnia Lite Omnia Pro ( B7610 B7330 ) Windows Phone Focus Focus Flash Focus S Focus 2 Omnia 7 Omnia W Omnia M Ativ S Ativ Odyssey Ativ SE Tizen ZEQ 9000 Z1 Z2 Z3 Bada Wave II S8500 Wave II S8530 LiMo M1 Vodafone Palm OS SPH - i500 SPH - i300 Samsung phones by series A127 A167 A177 A300 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2015 ) ) A310 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2016 ) ) A320 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2017 ) ) A460 A500 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2015 ) ) A510 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2016 ) ) A520 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2017 ) ) A503 ( The Drift ) A640 A700 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2015 ) ) A710 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2016 ) ) A720 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2017 ) ) A767 ( Propel ) A800 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2015 ) ) A810 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2016 ) ) A877 ( Impression ) Galaxy A9 ( 2016 ) A940 B450 B5200 B5310 ( Genio Slide , Corby Pro ) B7330 ( Omnia Pro ) D500 D600 D807 D900 E250 E250i E715 E900 E1107 ( Crest Solar / Solar Guru ) E1120 E1170 E2130 ( Guru ) E3210 ( Hero ) F210 F480 ( Tocco ) F700 G350E ( Galaxy Star 2 ) G386F ( Galaxy Core LTE ) G600 G750x ( Galaxy Mega 2 ) G800 G810 G800x ( Galaxy S5 Mini ) G850x ( Galaxy Alpha ) G890A ( Galaxy S6 Active ) G900x ( Galaxy S5 ) G920x ( Galaxy S6 ) G925x ( Galaxy S6 Edge ) G928x ( Galaxy S6 Edge+ ) G930x ( Galaxy S7 ) G935x ( Galaxy S7 Edge ) G1000 G7100 ( Galaxy Grand 2 ) G950x ( Galaxy S8 ) G955x ( Galaxy S8 Plus ) i300 ( Palm OS ) i300 ( Windows Mobile ) i330 i500 i550 i600 i607 ( BlackJack ) i617 ( BlackJack II ) i627 ( Propel Pro ) i637 ( Jack ) i667 ( Focus 2 ) i700 i760 i770 i847 ( Rugby Smart ) i900 ( Omnia ) i907 ( Epix ) i917 ( Focus ) i927 ( Captivate Glide ) i937 ( Focus S ) i997 ( Infuse 4G ) i5500 ( Galaxy 5 ) i5700 ( Galaxy Spica ) i5800 ( Galaxy 3 ) i7500 ( Galaxy ) i8000 ( Omnia II ) i8150 ( Galaxy W ) i8160 ( Galaxy Ace 2 ) i8190 ( Galaxy S3 mini ) i8520 ( Galaxy Beam i8520 ) i8530 ( Galaxy Beam ) i8550 ( Galaxy Win ) i8730 ( Galaxy Express ) i9000 ( Galaxy S ) i9001 ( Galaxy S Plus ) i9070 ( Galaxy S Advance ) i9080 / i9082 ( Galaxy Grand ) i9100 ( Galaxy S II ) i9105 ( Galaxy S II Plus ) i9250 ( Galaxy Nexus ) i9150 ( Galaxy Mega 5.8 ) i9190 / i9192 / i9195 ( Galaxy S4 Mini ) i9200 ( Galaxy Mega 6.3 ) i9295 ( Galaxy S4 Active ) i9300 / i9305 ( Galaxy S III ) i9500 / i9505 / i9506 ( Galaxy S4 ) J J J1 Ace Neo J2 J3 J5 J5 ( 2016 ) J7 J7 ( 2016 ) M100 M300 M310 M520 M540 ( Rant ) M550 ( Exclaim ) M620 ( Upstage ) M800 ( Instinct ) M810 ( Instinct S30 ) M900 ( Moment ) M910 ( Intercept ) M920 ( Transform ) M7500 ( Emporio Armani ) N270 N7000 ( Galaxy Note ) N7100 ( Galaxy Note II ) N9000 ( Galaxy Note 3 ) N7500 ( Galaxy Note 3 Neo ) N9100 ( Galaxy Note 4 ) N9200 ( Galaxy Note 5 ) N9300 ( Galaxy Note 7 ) N9500 ( Galaxy Note 8 ) P520 R810 ( Finesse ) S3650 ( Corby / Corby Classic ) S5230 ( Star ) S5280 ( Galaxy Star ) S5300 ( Galaxy Pocket ) S5310 / S5312 ( Galaxy Pocket Neo ) S5360 ( Galaxy Y ) S5570 ( Galaxy Mini ) S5660 ( Galaxy Gio ) S5670 ( Galaxy Fit ) S5830 ( Galaxy Ace ) S6310 ( Galaxy Young ) S6500 ( Galaxy Mini 2 ) S6810 ( Galaxy Fame ) S7270 ( Galaxy Ace 3 ) S7500 ( Galaxy Ace Plus ) S7530 ( Omnia M ) S7560 ( Galaxy Trend ) S7560M ( Galaxy Ace II x ) S7562 ( Galaxy S Duos ) S7582 ( Galaxy S Duos 2 ) S8000 ( Jet ) S8300 ( UltraTOUCH ) S8500 ( Wave ) S8530 ( Wave II ) T100 T409 T459 ( Gravity ) T559 ( Comeback ) T639 T669 ( Gravity T ) T699 ( Galaxy S Relay 4G ) T729 ( Blast ) T749 ( Highlight ) T819 T919 ( Behold ) T939 ( Behold II ) U U450 ( Intensity ) U460 ( Intensity 2 ) U470 ( Juke ) U485 ( Intensity 3 ) U520 U600 U700 U740 ( Alias ) U750 ( Alias 2 / Zeal ) U800 ( Soul ) U940 ( Glyde ) U960 ( Rogue ) X X200 X480 X427m X820 Z Z1 Z2 Z3 Series / other Ativ Galaxy Gravity Minikit Omnia Rugby REX Google Nexus ( for Nexus S ) SGH for GSM Handset SCH for CDMA ( non-Sprint ) Handset SPH for CDMA ( Sprint ) Handset GT for Global Telecommunications SM for Samsung Mobile Samsung Galaxy S series Smartphones Galaxy S L I9003 Plus Player Advance Duos Duos 2 Duos 3 Galaxy S II Galaxy S III Mini Galaxy S4 Mini Active Zoom Galaxy S5 Mini Galaxy S6 Active Galaxy S7 Galaxy S8 Tablets Tab S 8.4 Tab S 10.5 Tab S2 8.0 Tab S2 9.7 Samsung Subsidiaries Electronics Samsung Electronics Samsung Electro - Mechanics Samsung SDI Samsung SDS Samsung Display Samsung Corning Advanced Glass Heavy Industries Samsung C&T Engineering & Construction Group Samsung Heavy Industries Samsung Engineering Financial Services Samsung Life Insurance Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance Samsung Card Samsung Securities Samsung Asset Management Samsung Venture Investment Others Samsung C&T Trading & Investment Group Samsung C&T Fashion Group Bean Pole Samsung C&T Resort Group Everland Everland Resort Caribbean Bay Hotel Shilla Cheil Worldwide S - 1 Samsung Medical Center Samsung Economic Research Institute Samsung Biologics Samsung Bioepis Samsung Welstory Samsung Indonesia Samsung Electronics Indonesia Samsung Tugu Insurance Naver Indonesia Spotify Indonesia Affiliated Organisations Samsung Human Resources Development Center Samsung Foundation Samsung Foundation of Culture Samsung Welfare Foundation Samsung Life Public Welfare Foundation Ho - am Foundation Ho - am Art Museum Ho - am Art Hall Ho - am Prize Leeum , Samsung Museum of Art PLATEAU Samsung Childcare Center Samsung Child Education and Culture Center Samsung Dream Class Samsung Scholarship Samsung Corporate Citizenship Mydog & Samsung Samsung Institude of Safety & Environment Samsung Press Foundation Samsung Science & Technology Foundation Samsung Electronics Science & Technology Center Samsung Legal Aid Services Samsung Transportation Museum Sports Samsung Sports Suwon Samsung Bluewings Samsung Lions Seoul Samsung Thunders Yongin Samsung Blueminx Daejeon Samsung Bluefangs Samsung Galaxy Samsung Training Center People Lee Byung - chul Lee Kun - hee Lee Jae - yong Lee Boo - jin Lee Seo - hyun Lee Yoon - hyung Other Samsung Hub Samsung Town Samsung Global Scholarship Program Sungkyunkwan University CJ Shinsegae Hansol Saehan JoongAng Ilbo TBC Category Commons Android Software development Category Official development tools Software Development Kit ( SDK ) Android Debug Bridge ( ADB ) Fastboot Android application package ( APK ) Native Development Kit ( NDK ) Android Open Accessory Development Kit Bionic RenderScript Skia Dalvik Android Runtime ( ART ) Firebase Google Cloud Messaging ( GCM ) Firebase Cloud Messaging ( FCM ) AdMob Material Design Fonts Droid Roboto Noto Google Developers Other development tools OpenBinder Apache Harmony OpenJDK Gradle Integrated development environments ( IDE ) Android Studio IntelliJ IDEA Eclipse Android Development Tools ( ADT ) App Inventor Languages & Databases Java Kotlin XML C++ SQLite Virtual reality Cardboard Daydream Events & Communities Google I / O Developer Challenge Developer Lab Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) Releases 1.0 1.1 Cupcake ( 1.5 ) Donut ( 1.6 ) Eclair ( 2.0 - 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when did the samsung galaxy s4 come out
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[
"\nSamsung Galaxy S4\n\n\n\n\n\nGalaxy S4 in White Frost\n\n\n\nCodename\nja3gxx for Exynos variant (9500) and jfltexx for Qualcomm variant (9505)\n\n\nManufacturer\nSamsung Electronics\n\n\nSlogan\n\"Life companion\"[1]\n\n\nSeries\nGalaxy S\n\n\nModel\n\nGT-I9500 (Chipset - Exynos 5 Octa 5410 CPU - Quad-core 1.6 GHz Cortex-A15 & quad-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7 GPU - PowerVR SGX 544MP3)[2]\nGT-I9505 (Quad-core Snapdragon 600, LTE)\nGT-I9506 (Quad-core Snapdragon 800, LTE-A)\nGT-I9515 value edition (Quad-core Snapdragon 600, LTE)\nSHV-E300K/S/L (Korean; Exynos 5 Octa-core, LTE)\n\n\nCompatible networks\n\n\nList[show]\n\n2.5G GSM/GPRS/EDGE – 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz\n2.5G CDMA 1xRTT/1x-Advanced - 800, 1900 MHz\n3G UMTS/HSPA+ – 850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz\n3G TD-SCDMA - 1900 / 2000 MHz\n3G CDMA Ev-DO Rev. A - 800, 1900 MHz (select carrier models also support the AWS 1700/2100 MHz band)\n4G LTE Rel. 8 (UE Cat 3) – 700, 800, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2600 MHz or up to 6 different band sets (dependent on market)\nFDD\nTDD (dual mode version)\nLTE-A (Cat 4) Only available on I9506 and SHV-E330\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst released\nApril 27, 2013; 4 years ago (2013-04-27)[3]\n\n\nUnits sold\n40 million sold in the first 6 months\n\n\nPredecessor\nSamsung Galaxy S III\n\n\nSuccessor\nSamsung Galaxy S5\n\n\nRelated\nSamsung Galaxy S4 Active\nSamsung Galaxy S4 Mini\nSamsung Galaxy S4 Zoom\nSamsung Galaxy Note 3\n\n\nType\nTouchscreen smartphone\n\n\nForm factor\nSlate\n\n\nDimensions\n136.6 mm (5.38 in) H\n69.8 mm (2.75 in) W\n7.9 mm (0.31 in) D\n\n\nWeight\n130 g (4.6 oz)\n\n\nOperating system\nOriginal: Android 4.2.2 \"Jelly Bean\"\nCurrent: Android 5.0.1 \"Lollipop\"\n\n\nSystem on chip\nExynos 5 Octa 5410 (3G & South Korea LTE Versions)\nQualcomm Snapdragon 600 (LTE & China Mobile TD-SCDMA versions)\n\n\nCPU\n\n1.6 GHz quad-core Cortex-A15 and 1.2 GHz quad-core Cortex-A7 (big.LITTLE)(3G & South Korea LTE Versions)\n1.9 GHz quad-core Krait 300 (LTE & China Mobile TD-SCDMA versions)\n\n\nGPU\n\nIT tri-core PowerVR SGX 544 GPU(3G & South Korea LTE Versions)\nAdreno 320 (LTE & China Mobile TD-SCDMA versions)\n\n\nMemory\n2 GB LPDDR3 RAM\n\n\nStorage\n16 or 32 GB (8 GB used by the system)[4]\n\n\nRemovable storage\nUp to 200 GB; microSD\n\n\nBattery\n2600 mAh Li-ion\nUser replaceable\nQi wireless charging (optional)\n\n\nData inputs\n\n\nList[show]\n\nAccelerometer\nBarometer\nGesture sensor\nGPS\nGLONASS\nGyroscope\nHall effect sensor\nHygrometer\nMagnetometer\nProximity sensor\nRGB\nlight sensor\nThermometer[5]\n\n\n\n\n\nDisplay\n5 in (130 mm) 1920x1080 px (441 ppi) Super AMOLED\n(PenTile RGBG)\nCorning Gorilla Glass 3\n\n\nRear camera\n\n13 megapixels Sony IMX135(Exmor RS)\n\nList[show]\n\n13 megapixels back-side illuminated sensor\nLED flash\nHD video (1080p) at 30 frames/s\nAutofocus\nZero shutter lag\nSimultaneous HD video and image recording\nSmile and face detection\nImage stabilization\nExposure compensation\nWhite balance presets\nDigital zoom\nGeo tagging\nHigh Dynamic Range mode (HDR)\nPanorama\nSelf-timer\nVoice activation\n\n\n\n\n\nFront camera\n2 megapixels (1080p) HD Video Recording @ 30 frames/s Back-illuminated sensor\n\n\nSound\nMono speaker on back side with Qualcomm DAC or Wolfson Micro WM5102 audio chip[6] depending on version\n\n\nConnectivity\n\n\nList[show]\n\nWi-Fi :802.11 a/b/g/n/ac (2.4/5 GHz)\nWi-Fi Direct\nWi-Fi hotspot\nDLNA\nMiracast\nGPS/GLONASS\nNFC\nBluetooth 4.0\nANT+\nInfrared\nVLC\nUSB 2.0 (Micro-B port, USB charging)\nUSB OTG 1.3\nMHL 2.0\nHDMI (TV-out, via MHL A\\V link)\n3.5 millimetres (0.14 in) headphone jack\n\n\n\n\n\nOther\n\n\nList[show]\n\nWi-Fi hotspot, Samsung Link, Group Play, damage-resistant Gorilla Glass 3\nOnline services Google Play, Samsung Apps\n\n\n\n\n\nSAR\n\n\nList[show]\n\n* GT-I9500 version:[7]\nUS\n0.85 W/kg (head)\n1.55 W/kg (body)\nEU\n0.42 W/kg (head)\n0.54 W/kg (body)\n* GT-I9505 version:[7]\nUS\n0.77 W/kg (head)\n1.17 W/kg (body)\nEU\n0.28 W/kg (head)\n0.40 W/kg (body)\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nWebsite\n\n\nReferences\n[8][9][10]\n\n"
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[
"April 27, 2013"
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2556631031161412096
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Sterling Holloway
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Sterling Holloway - wikipedia Sterling Holloway Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sterling Holloway Andy Griffith and Holloway in 1962 Sterling Price Holloway , Jr . ( 1905 - 01 - 04 ) January 4 , 1905 Cedartown , Georgia , U.S. November 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 22 ) ( aged 87 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Cardiac arrest Resting place Cremains buried in Pacific Ocean Alma mater Georgia Military Academy Occupation Actor , voice actor Years active 1926 -- 1986 Notable work Original voice of Winnie the Pooh , Kaa , Roquefort , Cheshire Cat , Adult Flower and Mr. Stork Children Richard Holloway ( adopted ) Sterling Price Holloway Jr . ( January 4 , 1905 -- November 22 , 1992 ) was an American character actor and voice actor who appeared in over 100 films and 40 television shows . He was also a voice actor for The Walt Disney Company , well known for his distinctive tenor voice , and served as the original voice of the title character in Walt Disney 's Winnie the Pooh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Motion pictures and shorts 2.2 With Walt Disney 2.3 Radio and recordings 2.4 Television 3 Final years , death and legacy 4 Quotes 5 Filmography 5.1 Feature films 5.2 Short subjects 5.3 Television 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Born in Cedartown , Georgia , Holloway was named after his father , Sterling Price Holloway , who himself was named after a prominent Confederate general , Sterling `` Pap '' Price . His mother was Rebecca DeHaven ( some sources say her last name was Boothby ) . He had a younger brother named Boothby . The family owned a grocery store in Cedartown , where his father served as mayor in 1912 . After graduating from Georgia Military Academy in 1920 at the age of fifteen , he left Georgia for New York City , where he attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts . While there , he befriended actor Spencer Tracy , whom he considered one of his favorite working colleagues . Career ( edit ) Motion pictures and shorts ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In his late teens , Holloway toured with stock company of The Shepherd of the Hills , performing in one - nighters across much of the American West before returning to New York where he accepted small walk - on parts from the Theatre Guild , and appeared in the Rodgers and Hart review The Garrick Gaieties in the mid-1920s . A talented singer , he introduced `` Manhattan '' in 1925 , and the following year sang `` Mountain Greenery '' . He moved to Hollywood in 1926 to begin a film career that lasted almost 50 years . His bushy red hair and high pitched voice meant that he almost always appeared in comedies . His first film was The Battling Kangaroo ( 1926 ) , a silent picture . Over the following decades , Holloway would appear with Fred MacMurray , Barbara Stanwyck , Lon Chaney Jr , Clark Gable , Joan Crawford , Bing Crosby , and John Carradine . In 1942 , during World War II , Holloway enlisted in the United States Army at the age of 37 and was assigned to the Special Services . He helped develop a show called `` Hey Rookie '' , which ran for nine months and raised $350,000 for the Army Relief Fund . In 1945 , Holloway played the role of a medic assigned to an infantry platoon in the critically acclaimed film A Walk in the Sun . During 1946 and 1947 , he played the comic sidekick in five Gene Autry Westerns . With Walt Disney ( edit ) Walt Disney originally considered Holloway for the voice of Sleepy in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) , but chose Pinto Colvig instead . Holloway 's voice work in animated films began in 1941 when he was first heard in Dumbo ( 1941 ) , as the voice of Mr. Stork . Holloway was the voice of the adult Flower in Bambi ( 1942 ) , the narrator of the Antarctic penguin sequence in The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) and the narrator in the Peter and the Wolf sequence of Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) . He was the voice of the Cheshire Cat in Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) , the narrator in The Little House ( 1952 ) , Susie the Little Blue Coupe ( 1952 ) , Lambert the Sheepish Lion ( 1952 ) , Kaa the snake in The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) , and Roquefort in The Aristocats ( 1970 ) . He is perhaps best remembered as the voice of Winnie the Pooh in Disney 's Winnie the Pooh featurettes through 1977 . He was honored as a Disney Legend in 1991 , the first person to receive the award in the Voice category . His final role was Hobe Carpenter , a friendly moonshiner who helps Harley Thomas ( David Carradine ) in Thunder and Lightning ( 1977 ) . Radio and recordings ( edit ) Holloway acted on many radio programs , including The Railroad Hour , The United States Steel Hour , Suspense and Lux Radio Theater . In the late 1940s , he could be heard in various roles on NBC 's `` Fibber McGee and Molly '' . His distinctive tenor voice retained a touch of its Southern drawl and was very recognizable . Holloway was chosen to narrate many children 's records , including Uncle Remus Stories ( Decca ) , Mother Goose Nursery Rhymes ( Disneyland Records ) , Walt Disney Presents Rudyard Kipling 's Just So Stories ( Disneyland Records ) and Peter And The Wolf ( RCA Victor ) . Television ( edit ) Holloway with William Bendix on The Life of Riley , 1957 . Holloway easily made the transition from radio to television . He appeared on the Adventures of Superman as `` Uncle Oscar '' , an eccentric inventor , and played a recurring role on The Life of Riley . He guest - starred on Fred Waring 's CBS television program in the 1950s and appeared on Circus Boy as a hot air balloonist . Some other series on which he performed include Five Fingers ( episode `` The Temple of the Swinging Doll '' ) , The Untouchables , The Real McCoys ( `` The Jinx '' ) , Hazel , Pete and Gladys , The Twilight Zone ( `` What 's in the Box '' ) , The Brothers Brannagan , Gilligan 's Island , The Andy Griffith Show , The Donald O'Connor Show , Peter Gunn , F Troop , and Moonlighting . During the 1970s , Holloway did commercial voice - overs for Purina Puppy Chow dog food and sang their familiar jingle , `` Puppy Chow / For a full year / Till he 's full - grown ! '' . He also provided the voice for Woodsy Owl in several 1970s and 1980s United States Forest Service commercials . In 1982 he auditioned for the well - known comic book character Garfield but lost to Lorenzo Music . In 1984 , he provided voice - over work for a commercial for Libby 's baked beans . Final years , death and legacy ( edit ) Never married , Holloway once claimed this was because he felt lacking in nothing and did not wish to disturb his pattern of life , but he did adopt a son , Richard . Holloway died on November 22 , 1992 of a cardiac arrest in a Los Angeles hospital . His body was cremated and his ashes scattered in the Pacific Ocean . Voice actor Hal Smith took over the role of Winnie the Pooh for the 1981 short Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons . He would maintain the role until Jim Cummings replaced him in 1988 for The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and also took over most of Holloway 's other voice roles , including Kaa in Jungle Cubs and The Jungle Book 2 . Quotes ( edit ) `` I 've always loved the theater very much . I 've always been in it . I hate being away from it . I 'm very stubborn -- I like to do what I want to do . And what I want to do most is theater . '' `` I started in show business when I was fifteen years old by enrolling at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York . That was in 1920 . Some of my classmates included Spencer Tracy , Allen Jenkins , and Pat O'Brien . You know what happened to them . '' Filmography ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Casey at the Bat ( 1927 ) as Elmer Putnam American Madness ( 1932 ) as Oscar ( uncredited ) Blonde Venus ( 1932 ) as Joe , Hiker ( uncredited ) Faithless ( 1932 ) as Photographer ( uncredited ) Rockabye ( 1932 ) as Speakeasy Pianist ( uncredited ) Lawyer Man ( 1932 ) as Olga 's Dining Friend ( uncredited ) Hard to Handle ( 1933 ) as Andy Heaney ( uncredited ) Blondie Johnson ( 1933 ) as Red Charley Fast Workers ( 1933 ) as Pinky Magoo Hell Below ( 1933 ) as Seaman Jenks Elmer , the Great ( 1933 ) as Nick Kane Picture Snatcher ( 1933 ) as Journalism Student ( uncredited ) Adorable ( 1933 ) as Emile , Karl 's Valet ( uncredited ) International House ( 1933 ) as Sailor Gold Diggers of 1933 ( 1933 ) as Second Hat Delivery Boy ( uncredited ) Professional Sweetheart ( 1933 ) as Stu When Ladies Meet ( 1933 ) as Jerome -- the Caddy ( uncredited ) Wild Boys of the Road ( 1933 ) as Ollie , another hobo Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) as Pinky -- the Show 's Author Advice To The Lovelorn ( 1933 ) as Benny Alice in Wonderland ( 1933 ) as Frog Going Hollywood ( 1933 ) as Radio Remote Technician ( uncredited ) The Cat and the Fiddle ( 1934 ) as Flower Messenger ( uncredited ) Strictly Dynamite ( 1934 ) as Elmer Fleming The Back Page ( 1934 ) as Bill Giddings Operator 13 ( 1934 ) as Wounded Union Soldier ( uncredited ) Murder in the Private Car ( 1934 ) as Office Boy ( uncredited ) Tomorrow 's Children ( 1934 ) as Dr. Dorsey Down to Their Last Yacht ( 1934 ) as Freddy Finn Gift of Gab ( 1934 ) as Sound Effects Man The Merry Widow ( 1934 ) as Orderly Girl o ' My Dreams ( 1934 ) as Spec Early A Wicked Woman ( 1934 ) as Peter Lottery Lover ( 1935 ) as Cadet Harold Stump Life Begins At Forty ( 1935 ) as Chris Doubting Thomas ( 1935 ) as Mr. Spindler I Live My Life ( 1935 ) as Max 1,000 Dollars A Minute ( 1935 ) as Pete Rendezvous ( 1935 ) as Taxi Driver ( uncredited ) Palm Springs ( 1936 ) as Oscar Career Woman ( 1936 ) as George Rogers Join the Marines ( 1937 ) as Alfred , the Steward Maid of Salem ( 1937 ) as Miles Corbin -- Cow Herder When Love Is Young ( 1937 ) as Orville Kane The Woman I Love ( 1937 ) as Duprez Varsity Show ( 1937 ) as Trout Behind the Mike ( 1937 ) as Tommy Astor Of Human Hearts ( 1938 ) as Chauncey Ames Dr. Rhythm ( 1938 ) as Luke ( Ice - Cream Man ) Held For Ransom ( 1938 ) as RFD Mailman ( uncredited ) Professor Beware ( 1938 ) as The Groom Spring Madness ( 1938 ) as Buck St. Louis Blues ( 1939 ) as Boatman ( uncredited ) East Side of Heaven ( 1939 ) as Accordion player ( uncredited ) Nick Carter , Master Detective ( 1939 ) as Bee - Catcher The Blue Bird ( 1940 ) as Wild Plum Remember the Night ( 1940 ) as Willie Hit Parade of 1941 ( 1940 ) as Soda Clerk Street of Memories ( 1940 ) as Student Barber Little Men ( 1940 ) as Reporter Cheers for Miss Bishop ( 1941 ) as Chris Jensen Meet John Doe ( 1941 ) as Dan The Great Awakening ( 1941 ) as Otto , the bookkeeper Top Sergeant Mulligan ( 1941 ) as Frank Snark Dumbo ( 1941 ) as Mr. Stork ( voice ) Look Who 's Laughing ( 1941 ) as Rusty , Soda Jerk ( uncredited ) Do n't Get Personal ( 1942 ) as Lucky The Lady Is Willing ( 1942 ) as Arthur Miggle ( uncredited ) Star Spangled Rhythm ( 1942 ) as Sterling - ' Sweater , Sarong & Peekaboo Bang ' number Bambi ( 1942 ) as Adult Flower ( voice , uncredited ) Iceland ( 1942 ) as Sverdrup Svenssen Here We Go Again ( 1942 ) as Tommy , Western Union Messenger ( uncredited ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) as Prof. Holloway ( voice ) Wildfire ( 1945 ) as Alkali Jones A Walk in the Sun ( 1945 ) as McWilliams Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) as Narrator ( segment `` Peter and the Wolf '' ) ( voice ) Death Valley ( 1946 ) as Slim Sioux City Sue ( 1946 ) as Nellie Bly Her Wonderful Lie ( 1947 ) Trail to San Antone ( 1947 ) as Droopy Stearns Twilight on the Rio Grande ( 1947 ) as Pokie Saddle Pals ( 1947 ) as Waldo T. Brooks Jr . Robin Hood of Texas ( 1947 ) as Droopy Haynes Addio Mimí ! ( 1949 ) as Aristide The Beautiful Blonde from Bashful Bend ( 1949 ) as Basserman Boy Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) as Vito the Cheshire Cat ( voice ) Kentucky Rifle ( 1955 ) as Lon Setter Shake , Rattle and Rock ! ( 1956 ) as Albert ' Axe ' McAllister The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1960 ) as Barber Alakazam the Great ( 1960 ) as Narrator ( English version , voice ) My Six Loves ( 1963 ) as Oliver Dodds ( uncredited ) It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) as Fire Chief Batman ( 1966 ; scenes deleted ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) as Kaa , The Snake ( voice ) Live a Little , Love a Little ( 1968 ) as Milkman The Aristocats ( 1970 ) as Roquefort , The Mouse ( voice ) Cries ( 1975 ) as Narrator Super Seal ( 1976 ) as Cap'n Zach Won Ton Ton , the Dog Who Saved Hollywood ( 1976 ) as Old Man on Bus The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) as Winnie the Pooh ( voice ) Thunder & Lightning ( 1977 ) as Hobe Carpenter Short subjects ( edit ) The Battling Kangaroo ( 1926 ) as Napoleon French The Girl from Everywhere ( 1927 ) as Assistant Director The Girl from Nowhere ( 1928 ) as Minor Role ( uncredited ) One Track Minds ( 1933 ) as Train Snack Salesman Not the Marrying Kind ( 1933 ) Meeting Mazie ( 1933 ) Born April First ( 1934 ) Pleasing Grandpa ( 1934 ) Picnic Perils ( 1934 ) Sterling 's Rival Romeo ( 1934 ) as Sterling Father Knows Best ( 1935 ) as Bashful Boy My Girl Sally ( 1935 ) Bring ' Em Back A Lie ( 1935 ) Double Crossed ( 1935 ) His Last Fling ( 1935 ) Boy Meets Dog ( 1938 ) as Himself The Pelican & The Snipe ( 1944 ) as Narrator ( voice , uncredited ) The Cold - Blooded Penguin ( 1944 ) as Narrator ( voice ) Donald 's Crime ( 1945 ) as Donald 's Conscience ( voice ) Unusual Occupations L - 5 - 2 ( 1945 ) as Himself Peter & The Wolf ( 1946 ) as Narrator ( voice ) Moron Than Off ( 1946 ) as Elmer Fossdinkle Mr. Wright Goes Wrong ( 1946 ) Scooper Dooper ( 1947 ) as Himself Hectic Honeymoon ( 1947 ) as Eddie Jones Mickey and the Beanstalk ( 1947 ) as Narrator ( voice ) Speaking of Animals No . Y7 - 1 : Dog Crazy ( 1947 ) as Dog Owner Man or Mouse ( 1948 ) as Elmer Dinkle Flat Feat ( 1948 ) as Officer Sterling Smith / Smith 's Father Lambert the Sheepish Lion ( 1952 ) as Narrator / Mr. Stork ( voice ) Susie the Little Blue Coupe ( 1952 ) as Narrator ( voice ) The Little House ( 1952 ) as Narrator Ben and Me ( 1953 ) as Amos Mouse ( voice ) Goliath II ( 1960 ) as Narrator ( voice ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) as Winnie the Pooh ( voice ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) as Winnie the Pooh ( voice ) Man , Monsters & Mysteries ( 1974 ) as Nessie ( voice ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) as Winnie the Pooh ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Adventures of Superman ( 1953 -- 55 ) as Prof. Oscar Quinn / Prof. Twiddle The Life of Riley ( 1953 -- 56 ) as Waldo Binny The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet ( episode `` Pancake Mix '' ; 1953 ) as The Groceryman Willy ( 1955 ) as Harvey Evelyn Our Mr. Sun ( 1956 ) as Chloro Phyll ( voice , uncredited ) Hemo the Magnificent ( 1957 ) as Lab assistant ( uncredited ) The Real McCoys ( episode `` The Jinx '' ; 1960 ) as Orval McCoy Zane Grey Theatre ( episode `` Blood Red '' ; 1961 ) as Luther The Andy Griffith Show ( episode `` The Merchant of Mayberry '' ; 1962 ) as Bert , a traveling salesman Hazel ( `` The Retiring Milkman '' Season 3 , Episode 13 ; 1963 ) as Claude the Milkman The Twilight Zone ( episode `` What 's in the Box '' ; 1964 ) as TV Repairman The Restless Sea ( 1964 ) as Mr. H2O ( voice ) Burke 's Law ( episode 28 , `` Who Killed Annie Foran ? '' ; 1964 ) as Fisk The Baileys of Balboa ( 1964 -- 65 ) as Buck Singleton F - Troop ( in the episode `` Wilton the Kid '' ; 1966 ) as Sheriff Pat Lawton That Girl ( episode 14 , `` Phantom of the Horse Opera '' ; 1966 ) as Everett Valentine Gilligan 's Island ( 1967 ) as Burt , a prisoner with a homing pigeon Tony the Pony ( 1976 ) as GG , the Wizard Tukiki and His Search for a Merry Christmas ( 1979 ) as Northwind ( voice ) We Think the World Is Round ( 1984 ) as Pegleg Pelican ( voice ) Moonlighting ( episode `` Atomic Shakespeare '' ; 1986 ) as Narrator ( voice ) ( final television appearance ) Biography portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal Radio portal Theatre portal Music portal Film portal Television portal World War II portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sterling Holloway , Actor , 87 , Is Dead -- Voice of Pooh Bear '' . NYTimes.com . November 24 , 1992 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sterling Holloway , Voice of Disney Characters , Dies : Entertainment : Actor who made Winnie the Pooh speak also played country bumpkins in comedy films in the 1930s and ' 40s . He was 87 . -- latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com . November 24 , 1992 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Collura , Joe . `` Sterling Holloway : A Way with Words '' . Classic Images . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sterline Holloway biography from Internet Movie Database ^ Jump up to : Rothel . Jump up ^ Libbys Baked Beans 1984 . January 11 , 2014 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Sterling Holloway , Actor , 87 , Is Dead ; Voice of Pooh Bear '' . New York Times . November 24 , 1992 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Rothel , David . 1984 . Those Great Cowboy Sidekicks . Scarecrow Press , Metuchen , New Jersey ; ISBN 0 - 8108 - 1707 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sterling Holloway . Sterling Holloway on IMDb Sterling Holloway at the TCM Movie Database Sterling Holloway at the Internet Broadway Database Disney Legends New Georgia Encyclopedia : Sterling Holloway `` A Perfect Day '' by Carrie Jacobs - Bond sung by Sterling Holloway : Video on YouTube Sterling Holloway at Find a Grave ( hide ) Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne Books When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) Return to the Hundred Acre Wood ( 2009 ) The Best Bear in All the World ( 2016 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen ( 2016 ) Characters Winnie - the - Pooh Disney version Piglet Tigger Christopher Robin Rabbit Eeyore Owl Roo Heffalumps Featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1969 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit ( 1971 ) Winnie - the - Pooh and a Busy Day ( 1972 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Short films Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Feature films Walt Disney Animation Studios films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) DisneyToon Studios films The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Live - action remake Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video films Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) Winnie the Pooh : A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Winnie the Pooh : Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) Television Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1987 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Specials Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( 1991 ) Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh ( 1996 ) A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving ( 1998 ) A Valentine for You ( 1999 ) Video games Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood ( 1986 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1995 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1999 ) Kingdom Hearts ( 2002 onwards Ready to Read with Pooh ( 1997 ) Tigger 's Honey Hunt ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Game ( 2003 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Home Run Derby ( 2007 ) Songs `` Winnie the Pooh '' ( 1966 ) `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' ( 1966 ) `` Rumbly in My Tumbly '' ( 1966 ) `` Little Black Rain Cloud '' ( 1966 ) `` Mind over Matter '' ( 1966 ) `` A Rather Blustery Day '' ( 1968 ) `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' ( 1968 ) `` Heffalumps and Woozles '' ( 1968 ) `` The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down '' ( 1968 ) `` Hip Hip Pooh - Ray ! '' ( 1968 ) `` House at Pooh Corner '' ( 1970 ) `` I Hum to Myself '' ( 1983 ) `` Just Say , ' Yes I Can ' '' ( 1983 ) `` The Right Side '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're the Only You '' ( 1983 ) `` Try a Little Something New '' ( 1983 ) People Christopher Robin Milne E.H. Shepard Harry Colebourn Shirley Slesinger Lasswell Stephen Slesinger Sherman Brothers David Benedictus Mark Burgess Related Ashdown Forest Bother ! The Brain of Pooh Disney franchise Hundred Acre Wood The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction More Songs from Pooh Corner Pooh 's Hunny Hunt Poohsticks Return to Pooh Corner The Tao of Pooh The Te of Piglet Eeyore 's Birthday Party Winnipeg the Bear A Bear Named Winnie Goodbye Christopher Robin VIAF : 14975548 LCCN : n78013170 ISNI : 0000 0001 1560 7145 BNF : cb140529748 ( data ) MusicBrainz : ace542c8 - d312 - 4054 - 84a2 - e3dba12a78b9 SNAC : w6pg41d5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sterling_Holloway&oldid=812231514 '' Categories : 1905 births 1992 deaths Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) American male stage actors American male film actors American male television actors American male radio actors American male voice actors People from Cedartown , Georgia Walt Disney Animation Studios people American military personnel of World War II RCA Victor artists Grammy Award winners 20th - century American male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 19 : 40 . 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who voiced kaa in the original jungle book
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"Sterling Price Holloway Jr. (January 4, 1905 – November 22, 1992) was an American character actor and voice actor who appeared in over 100 films and 40 television shows. He was also a voice actor for The Walt Disney Company, well known for his distinctive tenor voice, and served as the original voice of the title character in Walt Disney's Winnie the Pooh."
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"Sterling Price Holloway Jr."
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List of Family Guy characters
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List of family Guy characters - wikipedia List of family Guy characters Jump to : navigation , search The Griffin family . From the left : Chris , Peter , Stewie ( in baby carrier ) , Lois , Meg , and Brian ( dog in front ) Family Guy is an American animated comedy series created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company . Characters are listed only once , normally under the first applicable subsection in the list ; very minor characters are listed with a more regular character with whom they are associated . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Griffin family 1.1 Peter Griffin 1.2 Lois Griffin 1.3 Meg Griffin 1.4 Chris Griffin 1.5 Stewie Griffin 1.6 Brian Griffin 1.7 Relatives of the Griffin family 2 Spooner Street neighbors 2.1 Quagmire family 2.2 Brown family 2.3 Swanson family 2.4 Goldman family 3 Quahog Channel 5 News 4 Peter 's co-workers 5 Members of James Woods High School 6 Other recurring characters 7 Gag characters 8 Deaths 9 References The Griffin family ( edit ) Main article : Griffin family Peter Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Peter Griffin Peter Griffin ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) is the patriarch of the Griffin household , an Irish - American blue - collar worker . For most of the series , Peter is shown as an obese , unintelligent , lazy , outspoken , immature , and eccentric alcoholic . He has several jobs , which have included working at the Happy Go Lucky Toy Factory , a fisherman , and currently as a shipping clerk at the Pawtucket Brewery . Lois Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Lois Griffin Lois Patrice Griffin ( née Pewterschmidt ) ( voiced by Alex Borstein ) is the matriarch of the Griffin household , Peter 's wife , and the mother of Meg , Chris , and Stewie . She is an Anglo - American housewife who cares deeply for her kids and her husband , while also working as a piano instructor . Lois is also very flirtatious and has slept with numerous people on the show . Meg Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Meg Griffin Megan `` Meg '' Griffin ( voiced by Lacey Chabert in season 1 , Mila Kunis since season 2 ) is the Griffins ' 18 - year - old daughter and oldest child . She is a self - conscious , unattractive , sensitive , and emotionally fragile teenager who is more often than not ridiculed and ignored by the people around her . Meg just wants to be another face in the crowd by fitting in with her peers and being accepted , but she often finds herself to be a victim of circumstance . She has had several love interests over the course of the series , including Brian Griffin , Mayor Adam West , Tom Tucker , Glenn Quagmire , and Joe Swanson . Chris Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Chris Griffin Christopher Cross `` Chris '' Griffin ( voiced by Seth Green ) is the Griffins ' 15 - year - old son and middle child who , like Meg , is a teenager . He is friendly , outgoing , funny , and good - hearted . A recurring gag is that an evil monkey lives in his closet which he finds out is not evil in the episode `` Hannah Banana '' . Physically , he is a younger version of Peter , but intellectually , he more often than not shows better potential , as demonstrated from moments of coherence and articulation within his speech , especially when talking about films , TV series , actors and actresses , etc . Stewie Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Stewie Griffin Stewart Gilligan `` Stewie '' Griffin ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) is the Griffin 's 1 - year - old child , but often behaves in adult ways such as speaking in an upper - class British accent . He is a child genius who frequently aspired to murder his mother Lois and take over the world but has since mellowed out considerably . Stewie built a time machine with which he and Brian have traveled through time . He turned 1 year old in `` Chitty Chitty Death Bang , '' and has not aged past one year since . As a fact in `` Road to Rupert , '' he says he is a year old . Brian Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Brian Griffin Brian Griffin ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) is the family 's anthropomorphic talking white Labrador Retriever and the best friend of both Stewie and Peter . He and Stewie are often at the center of the show 's most critically acclaimed episodes , most notably the `` Road to ... '' episodes , where he and Stewie go on road - trips together . Brian is portrayed as an intellectual -- a Brown University attendee -- who often serves as the family 's voice of reason , pointing out how ridiculous Peter 's ideas are . He is not - so - secretly in love with Lois and is an unsuccessful , unemployed writer . Brian was not revealed to be an atheist until season 7 . In earlier seasons , he was shown to be very much a believer of God especially in `` If I 'm Dyin ' , I 'm Lyin ' '' in season 2 . How this change occurred in Brian is unknown . In `` Life of Brian '' , Brian is hit by a car and dies from his injuries , with the family by his side . The family then decides to adopt a new streetwise dog with a New Jersey / Italian American way of speaking named Vinny . However , in `` Christmas Guy '' ( two episodes later ) , Stewie still misses Brian . He finds a way to go back in time and successfully saves him , also meaning that the family never adopted Vinny . Though Stewie and Vinny did say their goodbyes . Relatives of the Griffin family ( edit ) Francis Griffin ( voiced by Charles Durning ) -- Peter 's grumpy and stubborn adoptive father , Lois 's adoptive father - in - law , and the adoptive paternal grandfather of Meg , Chris , and Stewie . He was once married to Peter 's biological mother Thelma Griffin . An obsessively devout Roman Catholic , he hates Lois because she is not a Catholic , and often calls her a `` Protestant whore '' , disapproves of his son 's family 's lifestyle , and frequently attempts to force his religious views on them . To a lesser extent he disapproves of Lois due to her heritage , and is angry with Peter for not marrying an `` Irish rose '' . When Peter and Lois got married , Francis taped the sign `` To a Protestant Whore '' underneath the `` Just Married '' sign on the limousine . Despite all of this , he truly did love and care for Peter , and showed on multiple occasions to care for his grandchildren . Francis used to have a job at a metal fabrication plant ; after his short retirement , he became a bodyguard for the Pope . In the episode `` Peter 's Two Dads '' , Francis dies on Meg 's 17th birthday when Peter ( dressed up as a clown ) gets drunk and tries to ride a unicycle down the stairs , but ends up falling off the stairs and landing on top of Francis . Francis dies in a hospital after uttering `` Peter ... you 're a fat stinking drunk ! '' as his last words . Francis appears at the memorial in `` Perfect Castaway '' . In `` Family Goy '' , Francis appears as a ghost where he tells Peter not to convert to Judaism . Mickey McFinnigan ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Peter 's biological father , making him the biological paternal grandfather of Meg , Chris , and Stewie , and father - in - law of Lois . He is an Irish drunk . He reprises a major role in `` Peter 's Two Dads '' , when Peter visits him in Ireland . Mickey mocks Peter at first and bullies him , but Peter challenges him to a drinking contest and wins . Finally , Mickey accepts Peter into his family and spoils him ever after by buying Guinness and more . Thelma Griffin ( voiced by Florence Stanley in the first appearance , Phyllis Diller in later appearances , Alex Borstein as a young woman in `` Do n't Be a Dickens at Christmas '' ) -- Ex-wife to Francis , mother of Peter , and paternal grandmother of Meg , Chris , and Stewie . She is the mother - in - law of Lois . She first appears in `` Holy Crap '' . She is 82 years old as stated in the episode `` Mother Tucker '' , has gray hair and noticeable wrinkles below her eyes , and wears purple earrings and a purple bead necklace . She also wears glasses like her son and husband and is a heavy smoker . Unlike Francis , she is generally friendly and personable , and gets along well with Lois . Before Francis ' death , she divorced him because she had `` needs he did n't fill '' and dated Tom Tucker for a while in `` Mother Tucker '' . She often appears with news inconvenient or troubling to Peter and his family . Her brief partnership with Peter 's biological father , Irishman Mickey McFinnegan , is only established in the episode `` Peter 's Two Dads '' . In the episode `` Grumpy Old Man '' , it is revealed that Thelma was sent to a retirement home . In the Season 12 episode `` Mom 's the Word '' , it is revealed that Thelma died from a stroke . Thelma 's death was written into the series because of Phyllis Diller 's own death in August 2012 . Karen `` Heavy Flo '' Griffin ( voiced by Kate McKinnon ) -- Peter 's older sister who is a professional wrestler who first appears in `` Peter 's Sister . '' She is the aunt of Meg , Chris and Stewie and sister - in - law of Lois . Karen is shown as the reason Peter bullies Meg where he was picked on by Karen . During her fight with Peter in the ring , Karen was knocked out by Meg using a real folding chair instead of a fake folding chair which puts her in a coma . At the end of the episode a doctor calls Peter on the phone and tells him that Karen needs a blood transfusion to save her but Peter refuses . Carter Pewterschmidt ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Lois 's father , Babs 's husband , and the maternal grandfather of Meg , Chris , and Stewie , and father - in - law of Peter . He is also a billionaire industrialist , shipping mogul , and owner of several major companies . His company in the episode `` Business Guy '' is named Pewterschmidt Industries , and he is also a member of a fancy yacht club , where he mingles with other superwealthy people . He is a hard worker , and has been shown to have become temporarily senile as a result of forced retirement in `` Grumpy Old Man '' . Carter is a domineering , devious and manipulative individual who despises his son - in - law , Peter , whom he often insults , badmouths and seeks to humiliate . On rare occasions , he and Peter work together , normally with a common goal . He is married to Barbara , with whom he had three children -- Lois , Carol , and Patrick . In `` No Chris Left Behind '' and `` Fresh Heir '' , he is shown to have a strong relationship with Chris . It is revealed in `` Welcome Back , Carter '' that he was an Allied officer . He is shown to be a womanizer with a fetish for Asian women , having had affairs in `` Welcome Back , Carter '' and `` Carter and Tricia '' , and hiring an Asian prostitute in `` Stewie Kills Lois '' . Lois left Peter once , but with persuasion from him , entered the dating scene , but he eventually convinced her to take him back . In `` Screwed the Pooch '' , it is implied that Carter had an affair with an African - American woman , resulting in a biracial son as mentioned by Lois . In Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy , Carter plays both Owen Lars and Emperor Palpatine . Barbara `` Babs '' Pewterschmidt ( voiced by Alex Borstein ) -- Carter 's wife , the mother of Lois , Carol , and Patrick , and the maternal grandmother of Meg , Chris and Stewie , and mother - in - law to Peter . It is noted on a few occasions Barbara only married Carter for his wealth and family heritage . She is demeaning but more polite to Peter than her husband is . In appearance , she is basically an older version of Lois . In the episode `` The Fat Guy Strangler '' , it is revealed that she had an affair with Jackie Gleason which traumatized Patrick . In `` Family Goy '' , it is revealed she is Jewish , and a survivor of the Holocaust . She only changed her religion so she and Carter could gain access to country clubs . It is also revealed in that episode that her maiden name was Hebrewbergmoneygrabber , which was changed to Hebrewberg to escape Nazi prosecution . In the episode `` Running Mates '' , she is described as passive aggressive . Barbara Pewterschmidt is also the ex-wife of billionaire Ted Turner . She left Carter in `` Welcome Back Carter '' after learning he had an affair . However , she does eventually forgive him after deeming herself too old to remarry . In Do n't Be a Dickens at Christmas , most of Pewterschimdt family are fluent in German , but Lois is not , and Stewie understands it , but can not speak it . Carol Pewterschmidt - West ( voiced by Carol Kane in the first appearance , Julie Hagerty in later appearances ) -- Lois ' younger sister and the aunt of Meg , Chris and Stewie , and sister - in - law of Peter . She has been married and divorced nine times where her previous last names have included Johnson , Carrington , Stone , O'Craggedy , Consago , Steinhols , Washington , Proudfoot and Thong . In `` Emission Impossible '' , Peter and Lois had to stay with her when she ended up pregnant . The baby , a boy , is born in the episode yet never seen again . In `` Brothers & Sisters '' , Carol moved in with Peter and Lois after her latest divorce where she ended up meeting Mayor Adam West . Her previous husbands include Evan Johnson ( who bonded with Peter over the Boston Red Sox baseball team ) , Randall Carrington ( who is always bringing people very unusual and inconvenient gifts ) , and Doggie Daddy ( it was mentioned that Augie caused a strain in their relationship ) . She gets married to Adam West and is still with him since the `` Thanksgiving '' episode . Patrick Pewterschmidt ( voiced by Robert Downey Jr. in the first appearance , Oliver Vaquer in the second appearance ) -- The older brother of Lois and Carol and the uncle of Meg , Chris , and Stewie , and Peter 's brother - in - law . He has been kept hidden by her mother and father . He first appeared in the episode `` The Fat Guy Strangler '' . When a picture of Lois 's family was broken , she noticed a folded - in part of the picture included a brother she did not know she had . She then broke into her parents ' house and found out where he lived . Then she and the family drove to the address which was found to be a mental institution . When there seemed to be nothing wrong with him they decided to check him out and take him in . Later it is discovered that he has an imaginary wife named Marian and , more importantly , that he had a hatred of overweight people due to a bad experience from his childhood ( witnessing comedian Jackie Gleason having a sexual encounter with his mother ) . At the same time , there is a rash of killings in the neighborhood of fat men , and Patrick is strongly suggested to be this `` Fat Guy Strangler '' . After denying it , Lois finally decides she must take him back , after he tries to strangle Peter to death . Patrick appeared in the season 10 episode `` Killer Queen '' , in which he helped Peter and Joe after he is released from the mental institution by Charles Yamamoto as part of his revenge plot on Chris which involved framing Patrick . After Charles dies from having the cover of the Queen album News of the World shown to him by Stewie , Patrick identifies Charles as the one who let him out of the mental institution . Patrick manages to slip away after that with Peter having to injure Joe to make it look like a struggle . Jasper ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Brian 's flamboyantly homosexual cousin . Brian stays with him in Hollywood in `` Brian Does Hollywood '' . Jasper marries a Filipino named Ricardo , in `` You May Now Kiss the ... Uh ... Guy Who Receives '' . Jasper also makes a short appearance in `` E. Peterbus Unum '' during a flashback of Peter getting something the family does not need ( in this case , a new dog -- one that looks like a flamboyantly gay version of Brian ) . He also appeared in `` Brian 's Play '' , when he was seen chatting to Brian through a webcam . His most recent appearance ( along with Ricardo ) was at Brian 's funeral in `` Life of Brian '' . Bertram ( voiced by Wallace Shawn ) -- The son of a gym teacher and her partner through artificial insemination . Bertram 's biological father is Peter Griffin . Bertram appears in `` Emission Impossible '' , `` Sibling Rivalry '' and `` The Big Bang Theory '' . In `` Emission Impossible '' , Bertram is a sperm inside Peter 's testicles . He enters combat with Stewie Griffin in order to prevent his destruction , as Stewie wishes to remain the baby of the family . The two became frenemies , and Stewie changes his mind on a new family member . In `` Sibling Rivalry '' , it is revealed that a mishap prior to Peter receiving a vasectomy caused Bertram to be part of a sperm donation used to impregnate a female gym teacher 's partner . After he is born , he begins playing at the same park as Stewie , and the two fight over who will rule the playground . Stewie eventually disarms Bertram , who admits defeat and runs away . Bertram appears again in `` The Big Bang Theory '' , in which he tries to erase Stewie from the universe by killing Leonardo da Vinci , one of Stewie 's ancestors . Although he kills da Vinci , he is killed in turn by Stewie who manages to maintain the time line and save the universe . Bertram also appears as the main antagonist in Stewie 's history in Family Guy Video Game ! . An alternate reality version of Bertram is the main antagonist in the video game Family Guy : Back to the Multiverse . Dylan Flannigan ( voiced by Seth Green ) -- Brian 's human son . He first appears in , `` The Former Life of Brian '' . His mother Tracy was devastated when Brian left her . After Brian apologizes to Dylan for not being there for him , Brian turns his son 's life around , making him into a charming , polite young man . Dylan then decides to leave the Griffin house and change his mother like Brian changed him . In `` Brian 's a Bad Father '' , Dylan returns as the star of a Disney Channel show . Biscuit -- Brian 's deceased mother who appears in a flashback of `` Road to Rhode Island '' . She was stuffed by her owners after her death . She is also seen during a flashback in `` Chris Cross '' . Coco -- Brian 's deceased father who has never appeared on screen , but has been mentioned several times by Brian . According to Chris in `` Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr . High '' , Coco was hit by a milk truck . Brian , when saying a statement with racism in it , quickly follows it with `` that was my father talking '' . Spooner Street neighbors ( edit ) John Herbert ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- An elderly pederast often referred to solely by last name , who resides just down the street from the Griffin family and distributes Popsicles to small children in his basement . He has a particular interest in Chris ; in the episode `` Play It Again , Brian '' , Chris finally realizes this and asks Herbert , `` Are you a pedophile ? '' , to no onscreen answer . Also , in `` Spies Reminiscent of Us '' , Stewie refers to a `` pedophile who lives down the street '' about which nobody is taking any action `` because he 's so funny '' , clearly talking about Herbert . He has a dog named Jesse , who is also very old and is unable to use his hind legs . He has a high - pitched , very soft effeminate voice and pronounces sibilant consonants with a high - pitched whistle . Herbert is often seen wearing a light blue robe and slippers , walks with a walker and frequently makes inappropriate , sexually tinged comments to teenage boys ( in `` Road to the North Pole '' , Herbert wants a little drummer boy for Christmas , while staring at a poster of Nick Jonas ) . It is revealed later on that he is the eldest member of the Skull and Bones secret society . He was also a corporal in the United States Army and a POW during World War II . Herbert plays Obi - Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars episodes . In `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , he drove an ice cream truck which in past episodes he has used to lure little boys . In `` Internal Affairs '' , Herbert 's ice cream truck is hijacked and destroyed during one of Peter and the Giant Chicken 's fighting rampages . In an interview , Henry stated that he based Herbert 's voice on an old man he used to meet at a grocery store . Before the character was used for the show , Mike would use the Herbert voice to motivate stalled writers at meetings . He also appeared in The Cleveland Show episode `` It 's the Great Pancake , Cleveland Brown '' as Cleveland Jr. 's first house when he was trick or treating . In `` Valentine 's Day in Quahog '' , it is revealed that Herbert 's first name is John and that he has a grandniece named Sandy . Quagmire family ( edit ) Glenn Quagmire ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- The Griffins ' next - door single sex - addicted neighbor and one of Peter 's best friends . He is an airline pilot for Spirit Airlines ( as revealed at the end of `` Passenger Fatty - Seven '' ) , but is best known for his extreme sexuality and always saying `` Giggity '' or `` Alright '' . He is attracted to nearly every woman ( especially Lois Griffin ) . His sister is Brenda Quagmire . In one episode , he is revealed to have been Jack the Ripper in a past life . He has a soft side for cats and despises Brian from `` Jerome is the New Black '' and onward . His dad is Dan Quagmire / Ida Davis , who is a male - to - female transgender woman . Crystal Quagmire ( voiced by Alex Borstein in `` Fore , Father '' , Allison Janney in `` Quagmire 's Mom '' ) -- The mother of Glenn and Brenda Quagmire and the ex-wife of Dan . Her first appearance was in `` Fore Father '' where she is seen in a flashback breastfeeding Glenn . When facing prison time for statutory rape in `` Quagmire 's Mom '' , Quagmire places the blame for his behavior on living with his sexually promiscuous mom during his trial where her actions are seen during a flashback sequence . She arrives at his trial where a lot of the generic men attending the trial recognize her as noted by Mayor Adam West . Crystal admits her faults , but claims to have found religion and asks that he be released to her custody . The judge presiding over the trial rejects her request and sentences Quagmire to twenty years in prison . She tries to get him to find solace in God as well , but he rejects her words . Stewie even asked Crystal if she is aware of what Dan has been through . Just before he enters the prison , the judge arrives and announces that he has commuted Quagmire 's sentence , thanks to his mother 's `` talents '' and that new DNA evidence has turned up . He is surprised that despite her new religious life , she would do such a thing , but she admits that she would do anything to help him . Dan Quagmire / Ida Davis ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- The father of Glenn and Brenda Quagmire and the ex-husband of Crystal Quagmire . Dan was a war hero in the Vietnam War . He was thought to be a homosexual by Peter . When Glenn asked his father if this was true , Dan claimed that he was a woman trapped in a man 's body and came to Quahog for a sex change operation . Following the operation , he takes the name Ida Davis . In `` Quagmire 's Mom '' , Stewie asks Crystal if she knows what her ex-husband has gone through . Brenda Quagmire ( voiced by Nana Visitor in `` Jerome Is the New Black '' , Kaitlin Olson in `` Screams of Silence : The Story of Brenda Q '' ) -- The sister of Glenn Quagmire and the daughter of Dan and Crystal , who used to be in an abusive relationship . Brown family ( edit ) Cleveland Brown ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- Peter 's mild - mannered friend who formerly owned and ran a deli . He is a heavyset , mustached African - American male who is very polite to everyone and has a unique laugh . He is the father of Cleveland Jr . A running gag in the series is the front of his house being damaged , usually as a result of one of Peter 's shenanigans , while Cleveland is in the upstairs bathtub . The tub always falls into the front yard with Cleveland exclaiming , `` What the hell ? ! No , no , no , no , no , no ! ! ! '' Following his departure from Quahog , the character became the star of his own spin - off series The Cleveland Show during which he lived in Stoolbend , Virginia . In `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' , Cleveland brings his family along when he moves back to Quahog ever since The Cleveland Show had stopped production . In `` Take a Letter , '' Cleveland obtains a job as a postal worker at Quahog 's branch of the United States Postal Service . Cleveland appears as R2 - D2 in the Star Wars episodes . Loretta Brown ( voiced by Alex Borstein ) -- Cleveland 's late ex-wife , and the mother of Cleveland Brown Jr . She had a liking for cricket and the television program Friends . Performing Loretta 's gravely voice was very demanding on Alex Borstein , and early in the show , Loretta had very few lines , the bulk of which were `` Mm - hmm ! '' She treats Cleveland harshly , and cheats on him with , among others , Glenn Quagmire , leading the Browns to divorce . In the episode `` Love , Blactually '' , it is revealed that Loretta has regretted her actions and wants Cleveland back , but he refuses her advances . Cleveland informs her he needs to move on , and advises her to do the same . She takes Cleveland 's house in the divorce and puts it up for sale , yet is still apparently living there some months later . In The Cleveland Show episode `` Gone with the Wind '' , Loretta dies in an accident when Peter drops a Brontosaurus skeleton ( which Brian had dug up from the Griffin family 's yard ) on her house and she goes through the same bathtub gag that Cleveland went through which she does not survive . Quagmire ended up driving her body down to Stoolbend for her funeral . It is also revealed in this episode that , according to Peter Griffin , she had also cheated on Cleveland with Mayor Adam West , Ollie Williams , Frank Sinatra Jr. , and the Greased - Up Deaf Guy . Cleveland Brown Jr. ( voiced by Mike Henry in earlier appearances , Kevin Michael Richardson in `` The Cleveland Show '' and later appearances ) -- The son of Cleveland and Loretta Brown . In his appearances on Family Guy , he is slim , hyperactive and has an apparent knack for golf . However , starting with the first episode of The Cleveland Show , he is somewhat older and both obese and somewhat lethargic ; the reason for this sudden weight gain is never explained until the episode Season 4 episode `` A Rodent Like This '' where Cleveland Jr. is really an agent that appears to have killed the slimmer Cleveland Jr. from Family Guy and took his place as Cleveland 's son . Also , it is revealed that he has lost his faith in God because of the affair his mother had with Quagmire that led to his parents ' divorce . When Cleveland became engaged to Donna , Cleveland Brown Jr. became the stepbrother of Roberta and Rallo . As of `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' , Junior has moved back to Quahog along with Cleveland and the rest of the family and has become an infrequently - appearing member of the Family Guy cast as one of Chris 's friends , retaining his appearance from The Cleveland Show . Donna Tubbs - Brown ( voiced by Sanaa Lathan ) -- Cleveland 's second and current wife and one of the main characters of The Cleveland Show . She has two biological children from a previous marriage with Robert named Roberta and Rallo . As a result of her marriage to Cleveland , she has adopted his son Cleveland Brown Jr. as her stepson . In `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' , Donna moved to Quahog with Cleveland when The Cleveland Show folded , and now replaces the former role of the now - deceased Loretta as part of the major cast of Family Guy . Roberta Tubbs ( voiced by Reagan Gomez - Preston if she ever speaks in an episode ) - Donna 's teenage daughter and stepdaughter to Cleveland . She was one of the main characters of The Cleveland Show . As of `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' , she is now occasionally referred to and less frequently seen on Family Guy . She 's also the only member of the Tubbs family that has yet to speak in Family Guy ( Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff does n't count as a speaking role ) . Rallo Tubbs ( voiced by Mike Henry ) - Donna 's five - year - old son , stepson to Cleveland and stepbrother to Cleveland Jr . He was one of the main characters of The Cleveland Show and , as of `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' , he is now an infrequently - appearing cast member of Family Guy . Swanson family ( edit ) Joseph `` Joe '' Swanson ( voiced by Patrick Warburton ) -- the Griffins ' neighbor and Peter 's friend . He is a paraplegic police officer who suffers from impotence and incontinence . Joe still proves to be an extremely skilled police officer , as he is constantly seen pursuing criminals or rescuing victims with the aid of his wheelchair and even goes so far as to abandon his wheelchair to complete his work . In `` A Hero Sits Next Door '' , Joe mentioned that he was crippled stopping the Grinch from stealing Christmas from an orphanage . He is usually shown as being very tactful , but he also has severe anger issues ( In `` Road to Rupert '' , for example , he overreacts when Peter makes it difficult for him to revoke his driving license . ) He is married to Bonnie Swanson , who was once pregnant for many years . They have a son named Kevin who staged his own death in Iraq . He also has an infant daughter , Susie . In `` Joe 's Revenge '' , it is revealed that Joe 's story about being crippled during a fight with the Grinch was a cover - up . Joe Swanson was actually crippled by Bobby `` The Shirt '' Briggs , who he kills later in that episode . A recurring joke for Joe is that his legs are often depicted as being flexible to the point of not seeming to have any bones in them at all . Bonnie Swanson ( voiced by Jennifer Tilly ) -- Joe 's calm and soft - spoken wife who is the mother of Kevin and Susie Swanson . She is pregnant from her first appearance in `` A Hero Sits Next Door '' in season one until `` Ocean 's Three and a Half '' in season seven . Her prolonged pregnancy is pointed out by Peter in the season four episode `` Blind Ambition '' . Joe temporarily leaves her in `` Believe It or Not , Joe 's Walking on Air '' , when he regains the ability to walk . He returns to her when she tries shooting him to paralyze him . After missing several times , he shoots himself . In `` Ocean 's Three and a Half '' , she finally gives birth to a daughter named Susie . In `` The Hand That Rocks The Wheelchair '' , Bonnie is arrested after Meg plants a gun in her purse due to Meg 's infatuation with Joe , which she acquires when Bonnie asks her to look after Joe while she is out of town . She is later released from police custody . In `` Foreign Affairs '' , Bonnie goes to Paris with Lois in the hopes of having an affair after feeling neglected by Joe . She nearly leaves Joe for a French man , also in a wheelchair , named François . After intervention from Lois , Joe comes to Paris and apologizes for neglecting her before proving his love by walking ( although it is actually Quagmire walking while tied to Joe 's back ) . Bonnie reunites with Joe and they return to Quahog . In the season ten episode `` Internal Affairs '' , it is shown that Bonnie was once a stripper at The Fuzzy Clam where she first met Joe . In `` A House Full of Peters , Bonnie uses a non-nasally voice ( provided by Portia di Rossi ) to pull a prank call on Joe causing Lois and Donna to wonder if this is Bonnie 's real voice or not . Kevin Swanson ( voiced by Jon Cryer in his debut episode , Scott Grimes in later appearances ) -- Joe and Bonnie 's son and older brother to Susie Swanson . He was mainly seen in the first three seasons , only making a few occasional appearances after that with no speaking parts . He seems to have been Meg 's first crush as well . In the episode `` Stew - Roids '' , Joe said that Kevin died in the Iraq War . In `` Thanksgiving '' , Kevin returns and tells them a story that he was in a coma following a bomb that had been placed inside a turkey during Thanksgiving years before and faked his own death in order to leave the war and return home . However even upon the episode of his return to the series , Kevin 's appearances remain occasional and somewhat less frequent than his baby sister Susie , even though he continues to live under his parents ' roof . In `` Tom Tucker : The Man and His Dream '' , it was mentioned that Bonnie stopped Kevin 's suicide attempt . In `` Joe 's Revenge '' , it is revealed that Kevin shares a room with Susie as they get to know each other . In `` Turkey Guys '' , it is revealed that Kevin is dating a short person . Susie Swanson -- Joe and Bonnie 's infant daughter who was born in the episode `` Ocean 's Three and a Half '' . Upon first meeting her , Stewie develops a crush on the newborn Susie and is seen practicing guitar to write a song about her and later shows Brian a music video he made of the song `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' by Bryan Adams . In the episode `` Stew - Roids '' , it is shown that Susie is strong enough to beat up Stewie . In `` Joe 's Revenge '' , it is revealed that Susie and Kevin share a room as they get to know each other . Although Susie has not yet spoken , the voice of her inner monologues are provided by Patrick Stewart . Bud Swanson ( voiced by Ed O'Neill ) -- The father of Joe Swanson and the grandfather of Kevin and Susie Swanson . His first and only appearance so far was in `` Papa Has a Rollin ' Son '' . Joe was initially estranged from Bud because of Bud 's intolerance towards handicapped people and his fear that it would happen to him , Joe , or anyone else he loved ( though he was unaware of Joe 's paraplegic state when they reconnected ) . After putting up with Peter passing off as him , Joe tells his father to confront his fears and the two reconcile with Bud having accepted Joe 's paraplegic state . Goldman family ( edit ) Mort Goldman ( voiced by John G. Brennan ) -- A Jewish pharmacist of Polish descent , and one of Peter 's friends . He runs Goldman 's Pharmacy and was married to Muriel Goldman , with whom he had one son , Neil . Mort 's family are stereotypes of American Jews . Mort frequently discusses his various maladies and childhood bullying in casual conversations . Although he first appeared one season after his son Neil , Mort became a major supporting character , especially during the period when Cleveland Brown was absent doing The Cleveland Show -- when Cleveland returns to Family Guy , he interrupts the opening title song sequence to take Mort 's place in the line - up of male characters on the left side of the stairs . Mort bowled a perfect game in the episode `` Blind Ambition '' . Mort plays a Jawa in the `` Blue Harvest '' episode , and Lando Calrissian in the `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' and `` It 's a Trap ! '' episodes . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Mort attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where he is placed next to Krusty the Clown due to both of them being Jewish . Neil Goldman ( voiced by Seth Green ) -- Mort 's stereotypical nerdy teenage son who is one of Chris 's friends at James Woods Regional High School . He is the editor of the school 's newspaper , is a member of the A / V Club , and works at his father 's pharmacy where he is employee of the month , according to Family Guy Online . He is more confident than his father , so much so that he does not seem to realize that he is highly considered an annoyance amongst them . He also has crush on Meg , but she , too , finds him annoying . At one point in the series , however , Neil and Meg become interns at the local news station , Channel 5 , and they share a kiss . Neil speaks with a lateral lisp when he wears his retainer , but in one episode , when he removes it he speaks with a deep , smooth bass voice ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) until he puts his retainer back in . Muriel Goldman ( voiced by Nicole Sullivan ) -- Mort 's wife and Neil 's mother , whose physical appearance is very similar to her husband 's . She met Mort via a video dating service , and they had their first kiss at age of fourteen while both of them were suffering from a cold . Later in her life , one of recreations of herself and Mort was watching old films along with the album Hotel California to find if any of them synchronized . She was murdered in the Season 9 premiere `` And Then There Were Fewer '' where she was stabbed in the back by Diane Simmons . It is also revealed in that episode that she provided James Woods with multiple prescriptions for Oxycontin . In `` Follow the Money , '' there is a park bench dedicated to her as Neil throws money on it telling her to buy something nice in Hell . Quahog Channel 5 news ( edit ) Thomas `` Tom '' Tucker ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Tucker is the arrogant , baritone male news anchor at Channel 5 . He was also an actor before moving to Quahog ; he was in Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers . Tom tends to insult everybody around him , particularly former co-anchor Diane Simmons . He disliked her and frequently traded insults with her on - air . His family includes his first wife , Stacy ; his second wife , Sarah ; and a son from his first marriage named Jake , whose face is upside down . He is shown to be protective of his son and dislikes people 's use of the term `` freak '' . MacFarlane stated that Tucker 's voice is the easiest to do for him , and he was `` sort of modeled after the cigarette spokesmen from the 1940s commercials '' . Tom hardly speaks in completely normal sentences , instead using his news anchor voice in regular conversation ( e.g. `` Back to you , ( character ) '' ) . In `` The Kiss Seen Around the World '' , Meg Griffin developed a crush on him until he showed his true colors by saying he does not care if Neil Goldman died , then yelled at Tom by saying he only cared about his ratings . In the episode `` Mother Tucker '' , Tom has a brief relationship with Peter Griffin 's mother , Thelma Griffin , where he became a father figure to a childish Peter . In the episode `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , Simmons killed Muriel Goldman and Derek Wilcox , James Woods , as well as Woods ' then girlfriend leaving evidence to frame Tucker . In `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' , Tucker was released from prison and mentions on the news that Diane was the killer and is now dead . He introduces Joyce Kinney as Diane 's successor . In `` Tom Tucker : The Man and His Dream '' , Peter learns about Tucker 's life as George P. Wilbur and had done minor TV appearances after that . Peter plans to get Tom back on the track in Hollywood . He started off by getting Tom a minor part in an episode of NCIS where Tom played a mechanic that Leroy Jethro Gibbs questions . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Tom Tucker attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where he was sitting next to Kent Brockman . Diane Simmons ( voiced by Lori Alan ) -- The station 's former news co-anchor and talk show hostess . In `` The King Is Dead '' , it was revealed that her birth name was Diane Seidelman . She and fellow anchor Tom Tucker often traded insults on the air . Her largest role on the show was when Peter hired her to play Anna in his version of The King and I ; she quit after he kept changing everything . In `` Patriot Games '' , it was revealed that she was the widow of an unnamed man who committed suicide after Tom Tucker asked , `` Diane , did n't your first husband blow his brains out ? '' In the season 9 premiere `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , it was mentioned that she used to date James Woods until he broke up with her around the same time when Tom Tucker tried to replace her . Diane reveals that she worked with Tom for 15 years . This caused her to plan revenge on both men with James Woods ending up murdered and leaving evidence that Tom Tucker murdered Muriel Goldman , Derek Wilcox , James Woods ' girlfriend Priscilla and Quagmire 's then - girlfriend Stephanie . Lois put the pieces together , only to come face to face with Diane , who took Lois to the edge of a cliff , where she intended to kill her . However , Diane is shot and killed with a sniper rifle fired by Stewie . After saving Lois 's life he then states that `` If anyone 's gon na take that bitch down , it 's gon na be me ... '' In `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' , her murderous actions and demise were mentioned by Tom ; Diane was replaced by Joyce Kinney . Lori Alan has appeared in Seth MacFarlane 's animated short Larry & Steve , a precursor to Family Guy . When Family Guy was created , Lori Alan auditioned for the role of Lois , but eventually was cast as Diane . Lori Alan stated that she based Diane 's voice on her own mother ( who was also a voice actress ) . Joyce Kinney ( voiced by Christine Lakin ) -- The station 's latest news co-anchor who was introduced in the episode `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' as a successor to the late Diane Simmons . In the season 9 episode `` And I 'm Joyce Kinney '' , it is revealed that she went to high school with Lois and harbors a grudge against her for a humiliating prank committed by Lois and the cheerleading squad . When Lois confides in her over drinks that she was in a porn film , Joyce announces it on the news the next day causing most of Quahog to loathe Lois . Also , it is revealed that in order to have a name that would work on television she changed her last name from Chevapravatdumrong ( the last name of the series ' co-producer ) to Kinney . When Lois showed the `` Quest for Fur '' porn film in church , Joyce was present and not pleased that the congregation forgave Lois . Tricia Takanawa ( voiced by Alex Borstein ) -- Typically referred to as `` Asian reporter Tricia Takanawa '' by her colleagues , she speaks in a nasal monotone cadence that Borstein has described as `` all presentation and no substance '' . She is confirmed as being Japanese in Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story . In `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' , Tricia has a distrusting African - American boyfriend named Tyrone who gets suspicious of her when she has to work at night . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Tricia Takanawa attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . When Peter brings her word that Carter plans to use toxic materials in the beer cans of the Pawtucket Brewery in `` Carter and Tricia '' , she has an affair with him and becomes a mother figure to Peter in order to record the truth . When the guys later try to exact revenge , they find that her actions are partially a result of her upbringing by her mother , Irene Takanawa , who was first introduced in `` 12 and a Half Angry Men '' . Ollie Williams ( voiced by Phil LaMarr ) -- The Channel 5 Blaccu - Weather Forecast reporter . Ollie Williams is a fast - talking black man who rarely speaks for more than about 1 -- 3 seconds . His news reports are always rapidly spoken and loud . The only time he was ever calm was in `` 420 '' , having smoked marijuana and it was later revealed his hyperkinetic style was also influenced by alcoholism in the episode `` Friends of Peter G . '' . Ollie has only spoken for longer than a few seconds on two occasions , one in an episode where Ollie and Tom were talking about him stuck in a rainstorm with his umbrella blown away , and in `` Lois Kills Stewie '' where he recaps the previous episode , `` Stewie Kills Lois '' . Peter 's co-workers ( edit ) The following characters have worked with Peter at different jobs : Mr. Jonathan Weed ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui ) -- The owner of the Happy - Go - Lucky Toy Factory , where Peter originally worked under his supervision . He speaks with a strong Spanish accent and is described as an `` effeminate weirdo '' by his employees . He disapproves of nearly all of Peter 's actions , mainly because most of them are detrimental to the company , and fires or comes close to firing Peter on multiple occasions . In `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' , he is invited to the Griffins ' house for dinner . He promotes Peter to head of toy development and minutes later chokes to death on a dinner roll after it was Heimlich maneuvered out of Brian 's throat and into Mr. Weed 's mouth . His video will describes how the factory will be replaced by a children 's hospital starting `` now '' as the machinery promptly endangers everyone at the factory . His great - grandfather 's surname was `` Bermudagrass '' but was changed to Weed at Ellis Island . In the episode `` Lois Kills Stewie '' , Stewie tells Lois , before attempting to shoot her , `` Say hello to Cleveland for me , Oh , and Mr. Weed '' . Santos and Pasqual -- A pair of Portuguese immigrants who do not speak English . All of their dialogue is subtitled and not understood by the other characters . In `` From Method to Madness '' , they lament leaving Portugal for various low - paying jobs in Quahog such as caterers , fishermen , janitors , and babysitters . Peter treats them poorly . In return , they urinate in his refreshments when the opportunity arises as seen in `` The Cleveland - Loretta Quagmire '' . In this episode , Pasqual saves Joe 's life after he nearly drowns by using CPR . This prompts Lois to demand that Peter take CPR classes in order to learn what to do should the situation happen again . Angela ( voiced by Carrie Fisher ) -- Peter and Opie 's supervisor who is in charge of the Shipping Department at the Pawtucket Brewery . She likes Opie far better than Peter , and treats Peter very coldly , repeatedly rewarding Opie as employee of the month . However , Angela fires Opie in `` The Blind Side '' . Peter tried to befriend her based on her love of animals , but ended up horrifying her by staging a bloody cockfight in her house . In `` Peter - assment '' , Angela targets Peter with sexual lust after Peter comes to work without wearing his glasses ( which were broken at the time ) . After Peter refused to have sex with her and cheat on Lois , she tried to gas herself in her car . After Peter rescued her , it was revealed that she has not dated anyone in ten years . Feeling sorry for her , Peter disguised himself as a stereotypical 1920s New York billionaire and had sex with her . Angela knew it was really Peter , but what she did not know was that Peter , as a means of remaining faithful to Lois , hid Mort Goldman ( who did it for $2 ) in his pants so it was Mort who actually had sex with her , not Peter . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Angela attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . Following Carrie Fisher 's unexpected death on December 27 , 2016 , Seth MacFarlane revealed that Angela would appear on at least two more episodes that Fisher had already done voiceover work on in Season 15 , but would not comment on the character 's future except by saying that `` Family Guy will miss ( Fisher ) immensely . '' Her final appearance was during the sixteenth - season episode `` Do n't Be A Dickens At Christmas '' aired on December 10 , 2017 . Opie ( voiced by Mark Hentemann ) -- An apparently mentally - challenged and gibberish - speaking co-worker of Peter at the Pawtucket Brewery and ward of the state . He has won `` Employee of the Month '' at least twenty times and has been promoted ahead of Peter . He seems to have mental retardation and never really does anything about it . He sometimes tells Peter to stick his finger in his mouth , only to bite it . He wears two different shoes on each foot . He once went for a haircut that went horribly awry . No - one other than Angela seems to understand what he is saying . However , Peter has been shown to understand him in some instances such as when he gets fired . In `` Whistle While Your Wife Works '' , Opie watched Peter and Lois have sex in his office at the brewery . In `` Blue Harvest '' , he played a Tusken Raider . In `` New Kidney in Town '' , Peter sends him a shoutout on The Price is Right . In `` It 's A Trap ! '' , he plays a small amphibious alien that swallows the door droid , voiced by Consuela , from Jabba the Hutt , played by Joe Swanson 's , palace . In `` The Blind Side '' , Opie is fired from his position for doing something unnecessary that only Peter understood and is replaced by a deaf woman named Stella . He makes a cameo crowd appearance when Peter proposes reinstating the city government in `` Tea Peter '' . Opie can also be seen as Stewie rides through town under Brian 's car in `` Family Guy Viewer Mail 2 '' . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Opie attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . In `` Underage Peter , '' it is revealed that Opie spoke gibberish due to the effects of alcohol . Fouad ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- One of Peter Griffin 's co-workers at the Pawtucket Brewery . He is a recent immigrant to the United States , apparently of Arab ethnicity . In all his appearances , he has demonstrated that he is extremely earnest in his attempts to learn a Western sense of humor and understand its subtleties , such as the nature of a sarcastic or ironic comment . He laughs in a loud manner at sarcastic or ironic statements before explaining why the joke was funny ( for example , `` Ahh ! Is funny because ... '' ) . Peter does not seem to have a strong relationship with Fouad , likely due to his comparatively short time employed at the Pawtucket Brewery , however Peter gets along much better with Fouad than he does with Opie or Angela . Fouad first appears in `` Chick Cancer '' , being introduced by Peter as that foreign guy at work who helped him understand sarcasm . In `` Blue Harvest '' , Fouad plays Lieutenant Shann Childsen on the Death Star prison deck , who laughs when Chewbacca ( played by Brian ) asks for a cell by the pool , stating that it is funny because prisons do not have luxury areas such as swimming pools . In `` Padre de Familia '' , Peter suspects that Fouad may be an illegal immigrant and is angered because of it . Fouad 's voice is also heard off - camera in a DVD exclusive scene in `` Three Kings '' . In `` The Shawshank Redemption '' segment , Captain Byron Hadley ( played by Seamus ) yells for lights out calling the inmates `` ladies '' and Fouad replies that it is funny because they are men . Stella ( voiced by Marlee Matlin ) -- A deaf worker at the Pawtucket Brewery . She debuted in `` The Blind Side '' as Opie 's successor . Members of James Woods High School ( edit ) Principal John Shepherd ( voiced by Gary Cole ) -- The principal of James Woods Regional High School . He was revealed to be Jewish in `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Principal Shepherd attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where he was placed next to Principal Skinner . In `` The Peter Principal , '' Principal Shepherd had a bitter divorce and suffers a breakdown causing the board of education to put him on an indefinite paid leave . As Vice-Principal Brenda McGuire was found dead in her car , the board of education asks for someone to come forward to be the interim principal until a permanent replacement for Principal Shepherd can be found . When Lois anonymously tipped off the board of education about how Peter was helping Meg and her friends on their revenge on the mean students , the board of education intervenes causing them to fire him and reinstate Principal Shepherd after he recovered from his divorce following his sex trip to Thailand . In `` Crimes and Meg 's Demeanor , '' Principal Shepherd is revealed to have the first name with John and lives in an apartment building across from the building that is managed by Lou Spinazola . After a confrontation with Stewie and Brian over what appeared to have been him killing his ex-wife Fiona which ended with Brian falling out of the window , Principal Shepherd admitted to the police and the medic about him living off food taken from the school to make ends meet when the police find the bag that supposedly leaked blood . Mr. Berler ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Mr. Berler is one of Meg 's teachers at James Woods Regional High School . In `` The Kiss Seen Around the World '' , he disagrees with Neil Goldman 's selection of James T. Kirk as the better Star Trek captain supporting Captain Jean - Luc Picard as the superior officer . In `` The Simpsons Guy , '' Mr. Berler made a cameo at the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . Connie D'Amico ( voiced by Fairuza Balk in `` Let 's Go to the Hop '' , Lisa Wilhoit in all subsequent appearances ) -- The head of the cheerleading squad and most popular girl at James Woods Regional High School . Connie is a beautiful yet self - absorbed , callous , shallow , sassy , and promiscuous bully girl who tends to look down on those who are either socially inept or unpopular and encourages the other popular students who she is friends with to bully them , with Meg being an object of favoritism to this abuse . However , Connie does have a softer side ; in `` Stew - Roids '' -- Connie begs Meg for help after she realizes what it is like to be shunned and ridiculed by her classmates . In the same episode , she fell in love with ( and dated ) Chris and discovered a world when she realized how deep he was . In `` Let 's Go to the Hop '' , she dances with Peter when he went undercover as `` Lando Griffin '' at the Winter Snowball dance . Gina ( voiced by Alex Borstein in the first appearance , Camille Guaty in later appearances ) -- A popular student and cheerleader at James Woods Regional High School who is Connie D'Amico's best friend . Esther ( voiced by Tamera Mowry in `` Barely Legal '' and `` Peter 's Daughter '' , Christina Milian in later episodes ) -- An African - American girl who is one of Meg 's friends . Patty ( voiced by Alexandra Breckenridge in `` Barely Legal '' , Barclay DeVeau in `` Halloween on Spooner Street '' , Emily Osment in later episodes ) -- A redheaded girl who is one of Meg 's friends . She has two moms implying that her biological mother is a lesbian . Brian briefly had a crush on her after realizing she has a more attractive body than she seems . Ruth Cochamer ( voiced by Natasha Melnick ) -- One of Meg 's friends . Her tongue is supposedly cut off during her and Meg 's trip to Paris when they are kidnapped in `` Leggo My Meg - O '' . In later episodes however , she converses normally . She has at least once hinted to have a crush on Lois but tried to keep it under wraps . Other recurring characters ( edit ) Mayor Adam West ( voiced by Adam West ) -- The Mayor of Quahog who is named after the actor who provides his voice . He is a highly odd and delusional politician . He has been shown to be good - natured but generally irresponsible . He also has a love affair with Meg in `` Deep Throats '' . Mayor West played Grand Moff Tarkin in `` Blue Harvest '' . As of `` Brothers & Sisters '' , he marries Lois ' sister Carol thus making him Peter and Lois 's brother - in - law and the uncle - by - marriage of Meg , Chris and Stewie . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Mayor Adam West attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Beer where he was sitting next to Mayor Joe Quimby . Bruce ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- A mustached man who speaks effeminately in a calm , drawn - out voice with a slight lisp , as well as occasionally smacking his lips before a sentence . Though he was not given a name until the episode `` No Chris Left Behind '' , he has appeared in several episodes without being named on - screen ; however , he is referred to in commentary tracks prior to that episode as `` the Performance Artist '' . He even comments on it the first time his name is spoken in the series . He has several catchphrases , the most notable being `` Oh , no ! '' . He first appeared as the clerk of an `` exotic entertainment '' shop in the Season 1 episode `` Chitty Chitty Death Bang '' , and was then seen sitting astride an obese donkey at the Renaissance fair when Peter fought the Black Knight . He has since been seen with a variety of jobs including a deacon , a therapist , a medium , a lawyer , a masseur and a barman . More recently , he was seen working at the bowling alley selling rental shoes as seen in `` The Splended Source '' , refereeing the boxing match where Lois fought Deirdre Jackson in `` Baby , You Knock Me Out '' , and working at Quahog Laser Tag in `` Forget - Me - Not '' . He has also been seen training to be a police officer , teaching a CPR course , chairing the Quahog Alcoholics Anonymous meetings and entertaining children at the Quahog Library . He is a member of the school board committee of James Woods Regional High School . Although Bruce himself is generally limited to occasional appearances , his voice is lent to a number of anthropomorphic creatures including a large bee , the shark in a parody of Jaws , a Xenomorph from a parody of Aliens , a Tetris block , and a giant mutant rat . In `` Blue Harvest '' , he played the role of Greedo . He makes an appearance as Admiral Piett on the Imperial Star Destroyer in the episode `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' . Bruce often talks to his roommate Jeffrey . It is implied that Bruce is gay and that Jeffrey is his domestic partner , as in `` Road to the North Pole '' where he states in the song `` All I Want for Christmas '' that he wants a wedding ring from a guy named Jeffrey . In the episode `` BFFs '' of The Cleveland Show , Peter says that Bruce was his therapist and referred to him as `` that gay guy who has , like , a thousand jobs '' . Another character voiced by Mike Henry who was heavily implied to be Jeffrey appeared in both the Family Guy episodes `` Friends of Peter G . '' and `` Finders Keepers '' , and The Cleveland Show episode `` Die Semi-Hard '' before being confirmed to be Jeffrey in `` Underage Peter . '' Bruce is also noted for his tendency to give unsolicited advice about mundane subjects , often during critical events . This occurs most notably during his training as a 911 operator . When a victim calls to report a man in her home , he provides tips for being a good host to unexpected guests . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Bruce attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where he was sitting next to Waylon Smithers . Carl ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- The manager of the local gas station and convenience store called the Quahog Mini Mart . He speaks in a calm , monotone voice and shows almost no emotion regarding anything happening around him . Carl is a cinephile , having an obsession with films and attractive actresses . In `` Road to the North Pole '' , he wants a Blu - ray of The Wiz for Christmas . He goes out of his way to discuss exciting movies . He becomes friends Chris , when Chris worked for him in `` Movin ' Out ( Brian 's Song ) '' . Their friendship is based on their mutual interest in movies . He does not get along well with Meg , although he did once hire her to work in the store . In `` Friends of Peter G . '' , it is revealed that the reason that he knows so much about movies is because he is an alcoholic and he spent so much time in his house and watched every film he could get his hands on . In the Star Wars episodes , Carl plays Yoda . Consuela ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- A maid who in one cut - away gag is shown as the head of the Maids ' Union . She is Hispanic and speaks broken English . She usually says `` No , no , no ... '' , whenever asked to do anything . She first appears in `` Believe It or Not , Joe 's Walking on Air '' demanding Lemon Pledge in a court case . She is seen answering the door as Superman 's maid at the Fortress of Solitude in `` Stewie Kills Lois '' telling Joe and the police officers that Superman is not home . She appears in a cutaway in `` Ocean 's Three and a Half '' on the game show Are You Smarter Than a Hispanic Maid ? . In `` Dog Gone '' , she goes to work for the Griffin family , but proves to be so annoying that they drug her with chloroform and leave her with Joe . She has a nephew named Mikey , who sells light - up yo - yos , and a son named Rodrigo , who is in prison . Another of her nephews was molested by James Woods before he committed suicide , as revealed in `` And Then There Were Fewer '' when she was working as Woods ' maid . In `` Stewie Goes for a Drive '' , Stewie runs away from home and ends up in a bad neighborhood . Consuela finds and takes him to her home and puts him in her bathtub , which is also being used to make soup for a Quinceañera celebration being held at her house . Brian tracks Stewie to Consuela 's house but she refuses to let him go , claiming that Stewie is her son `` Ernesto '' . Consuela also appears as Darth Vader 's maid in `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' , and as the controller of the security system at the palace of Jabba the Hutt in `` It 's a Trap ! '' . She also appears as Donna 's housekeeper in The Cleveland Show season 3 episode `` Die Semi-Hard '' . In `` Valentine 's Day in Quahog '' , it is revealed that Consuela has a husband who is still living in Mexico , and to see him annually on Valentine 's Day , she crosses the border illegally into Mexico . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Consuela attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where she was sitting next to Bumblebee Man due to their both being Hispanic . In `` Dearly Deported , '' it is revealed that Consuela has an attractive niece named Isabella who has children of her own . Death ( voiced by Norm Macdonald in the first appearance , Adam Carolla in later appearances ) -- The Grim Reaper figure in the form of a skeleton in a black robe who seldom removes his hood . Underneath his hood is a human skull with spiders and snakes crawling in and out of the eye sockets , mouth , and ear cavities as seen in `` Death Lives '' . He is present in `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' when Mr. Weed dies after choking during dinner at the Griffins ' . In `` I Take Thee Quagmire '' , it is revealed that anyone who touches his bones dies instantly ( though in `` Death Is a Bitch '' it seems that this is contradicted , but while Stewie rubs his ankle to heal it faster , Death being out of commission , no one at all is able to die ) . In `` Wasted Talent '' , Death comes to a college campus where a party had taken place and everybody is dead with beer bottles around the room . After doing his deed , he drinks some beer bottles to try to find a silver scroll ( for Pawtucket Pat 's contest ) . He ends up getting drunk and crashes his car . In `` Friends of Peter G . '' , Death shows Peter what his life would be like if he continues to drink as much as he does , and if he does not drink at all . Peter learns to control his drinking from this . Death later ends up in a car crash in `` Grumpy Old Man '' , leading him to be taken away by `` Super Death '' ( a larger version of himself ) who tells him he was going to be reincarnated as a Chinese child . He disappears only to reappear seconds later as he was reincarnated a Chinese baby girl . In `` 3 Acts of God '' , Death takes Peter , Quagmire , Cleveland , and Joe to speak to God . Dr. Elmer Hartman ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- An incompetent doctor who works at Quahog 's hospital . Dr. Hartman is generally shown to be an unskilled doctor and his skills fluctuate from episode to episode . In one episode , he mentions his Yale Medical School degree , but then implies it is a product of his calligraphy skills . Occasionally , he seems to know exactly what he is doing and performing great medical feats , such as plastic surgery to restore Peter 's face , to other episodes where he does not even understand common medical terminology , or needs a chart to find body parts and lets Meg take care of patients while he is gone , as in `` You Ca n't Do That on Television , Peter '' . He temporarily loses his medical license in `` Stewie Loves Lois '' when Peter accuses him of rape ( it turns out that Hartman had in fact merely performed a normal prostate exam , though Peter did not understand the procedure ) . He manages to regain his license after treating Peter 's urination problem . In `` Believe It or Not , Joe 's Walking on Air '' , Peter brought up the fact that Hartman sounds very similar to Carter Pewterschmidt when he speaks . As a response , Hartman tells Peter that Carter is one of his patients and that there are only so many voices in the world ; some are bound to be similar and that he never noticed because they do not talk all that much despite the fact that Carter is in fact a patient of his . This was brought up to turn the scenario that MacFarlane voices both Hartman and Carter into a comical situation . His name comes from MacFarlane 's close friend and fellow animator Elmer `` Butch '' Hartman . In `` New Kidney in Town '' , Hartman gives Peter one of his kidneys because the Griffin family are his last paying customers . Also in the episode , Hartman reveals that while attempting to clone a chicken , he inadvertently created the Giant Chicken where Peter says he is going to want to discuss with Dr. Hartman later . In `` Secondhand Spoke '' , it is revealed that Hartman has a gay son . In `` Ratings Guy '' , it is revealed that Hartman is the worst doctor at Quahog 's hospital . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Dr. Hartman was among the Quahog citizens to attend the trial between Pawtucket Patriot Ale and Duff Beer in Springfield . He was shown to have been seated next to Dr. Nick Riviera ( who was also an incompetent doctor ) . In `` Once Bitten '' , Dr. Hartman enlisted his dad to get him and Seamus into a movie theater . In `` Papa Has a Rollin ' Son '' , it is revealed that Hartman has Dyslexia . Frank Sinatra Jr. ( voiced by himself ) -- A singer , songwriter and conductor who meets Brian Griffin in `` Brian Sings and Swings '' following his near - death experience . Frank gives him some words of wisdom before taking the stage at the Quahog Cabana Club . Brian and Frank start to sing together , and eventually Stewie Griffin joins them , forming the `` New Rat Pack '' . In `` Tales of a Third Grade Nothing , '' Frank and Brian purchase the Quahog Cabana Club . When business fails to improve , the two look to Stewie to bring in more customers . Stewie turns the club into a trendy Hollywood style night club called pLace that ultimately fails when Andy Dick shows up to party . The episode `` Bookie of the Year '' was Frank Sinatra Jr. 's final role before he died where he was shown helping Brian and Stewie with a restaurant plan . God ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- The father of Jesus Christ and the creator of life . He is a central part of the basic tenets in the religion of Christianity . Although the basic concept of God exists in other monotheistic and polytheistic religions , it is the Christian God that serves as the basis for the character in Family Guy . His appearance in the show is the stereotypical appearance of an Abrahamic god in the Western world ; a bald - headed Caucasian man with long white hair , a huge white beard and a white robe . Contrary to the widespread belief of a benevolent and pure God , the `` God '' character in Family Guy has often been shown to have several human flaws , especially being shown as being socially irresponsible and sexually perverted . In the episode `` Fifteen Minutes of Shame '' , he aims a sniper rifle with red dot sight at Meg from the clouds after she says , `` Oh God , kill me now '' , but is interrupted by a phone call before he can complete the task . In the episode `` Blind Ambition '' , God flirts with a woman at the Drunken Clam , and lights her a cigarette with lightning before accidentally vaporizing her and setting the bar on fire , to which he exclaims , `` Jesus Christ ! '' Jesus then arrives , and hastily leaves the area with God in a Cadillac Escalade before they can be caught up in the blaze . In `` Untitled Griffin Family History '' , God asks his roommate Chuggs for a lighter , using it to light a fart . On his second attempt , the lit fart sets in motion the Big Bang that creates the universe . In `` The Courtship of Stewie 's Father '' , Joseph quarrels with a teenage Jesus , before Jesus storms out of the room shouting , `` You 're not my real father ! '' . He then goes on to give God a phone call asking if he can go back to live with him in Heaven , but is rejected . God then turns to a young woman named Janet lying in his bed , hoping to have sex with her . Janet hands him a condom to his disappointment , and asks her to reconsider , saying it is his birthday , but Janet refuses . In `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' , Peter thanks God thinking he is set to participate in a threesome with Lois and her friend Naomi , to which God replies `` Do n't mention it , Peter '' . A jingle is then heard singing , `` God ! He knows what turns you on ! '' after which God says , `` Have fun ! '' In `` Into Fat Air '' , God and Jesus discuss on how to name a country in the Himalayas . God says that the mountains look like nipples , to which Jesus replies by saying that he can not just call a country `` Nipples '' . In response , God suggests the name `` Nepal '' to Jesus ' approval . In other episodes , God 's serious side has also been shown on occasion such as in `` If I 'm Dyin ' , I 'm Lyin ' '' where he curses Peter with six of the 10 plagues after he lied to the people of Quahog about being a healer and is then worshipped as a god . In `` Holy Crap '' , while reading the Bible , Stewie declares his love for God for being `` so deliciously evil '' . Horace ( voiced by John G. Brennan ) -- The proprietor and bartender of The Drunken Clam for 30 years . Has been shown to have been working there for at least as long as Peter and his friends have been regulars . Horace has also been shot a handful of times , but has recovered from each incident . In `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' , Horace sold The Drunken Clam following a storm and moved to Florida . He later repurchased it after moving back to Quahog . In `` Blind Ambition '' , Horace 's life is saved by Peter ( who was blind at the time ) when The Drunken Clam was on fire . In `` Save the Clam '' , Horace is accidentally killed when a baseball hit by Jerome hits him during a baseball game between The Drunken Clam and Mort 's Pharmacy . His death causes the bank to close The Drunken Clam which was enough for Peter , Joe and Quagmire to protest this until Jerome buys The Drunken Clam to keep Horace 's legacy alive . Jake Tucker ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Tom Tucker 's deformed son and Chris ' former classmate . Jake 's many appearances show him with an `` upside - down face '' ; a mouth near the top of his head and eyes near the bottom . In `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' , he gets a normal face , via toxic waste . Although typically depicted as a demanding and obnoxious brat , Jake craves his father 's attention , which he rarely gets . It is also revealed in `` Peter Griffin : Husband , Father ... Brother ? '' that he `` does n't have a bottom '' . Though Tom often neglects him , he often shows that he cares when Brian accused Jake of giving Chris alcohol . However , when Chris gets his own back on Jake by planting drugs in his locker an enraged Tom declares him a `` bad boy '' and loses faith in him . In `` Mother Tucker '' , Jake is noticeably neglected by Tom when Tom pays more attention to Peter . But Peter then realizes that Tom should pay more attention to Jake . James Woods ( voiced by himself ) -- An actor whose fictional persona becomes a criminal sociopath . In `` Peter 's Got Woods '' , he is invited by Peter to help deal with the local high school being named for Woods , i.e. James Woods Regional High School . While Brian 's attentions are turned to his girlfriend , Peter becomes friends with Woods . This friendship ends when Woods becomes jealous of Brian . Peter and Brian lure Woods into a crate , forgetting to make holes for air , and ship him off to be studied by `` top men '' . Woods returns in `` Back to the Woods '' , stealing Peter 's wallet and assuming his identity . Peter retaliates by assuming Woods ' identity and ruining his credibility on the Late Show with David Letterman . When Woods shows up to fight Peter , he is again lured into a crate to be studied by `` top men '' . In `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' , Woods makes an appearance as General Maximilian Veers . In `` Brian Griffin 's House of Payne '' , the CBS producers hire Woods to star in Brian Griffin 's television show , Woods making multiple changes to Brian 's original script that prompt Brian to back out of the project . James Woods reappears in `` And Then There Were Fewer '' in which he becomes a born - again Christian due to his new relationship with young news intern Priscilla . Woods turns his life over to Jesus wishing to make amends for his sins . Woods is later killed as part of an elaborate murder plot orchestrated by Diane Simmons . In `` Tom Tucker : The Man and His Dream '' , it is revealed that the paramedics who loaded Woods ' body into the ambulance recognized him and had his body rushed to a special Hollywood hospital where a teenage girl 's life force was drained into Woods which successfully resurrected him . He is still a born - again Christian when he encounters Peter Griffin and Tom Tucker in Hollywood . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , James Woods was present in Springfield at the trial between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . During this time , he interacted with his Simpsons counterpart from `` Homer and Apu '' . The episode `` Inside Family Guy '' had James Woods hosting the behind the scenes - theme of the episode . Jeffrey ( voiced by Mike Henry ) - Jeffrey is Bruce 's boyfriend . Jerome ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) -- An African - American man who first appeared in `` Jerome is the New Black '' where he won the audition as a temporary replacement for Cleveland . It is revealed he was involved with Lois Griffin in their younger days before she met Peter , which made Peter jealous enough to burn down Jerome 's house . So Lois invited him to come live with them . Peter believed that Jerome was trying to steal Lois from him and became jealous . He kicked Jerome out of his house , but later apologized to him and they remained friends . Jerome also tells Peter that he had some nasty ass sex with Meg when he was staying with the Griffins although Peter told him that he does not care about that . He returns in `` Save the Clam '' playing for Mort Goldman 's softball team against Peter and his team from The Drunken Clam . He accidentally kills Horace by swinging the ball towards his face . Jerome appears at the funeral where he apologizes for accidentally killing Horace . When it came to the demolition of The Drunken Clam which Peter , Quagmire , and Joe were protesting , Jerome appears and uses his sports earnings from lacrosse ( which also happens to be his brother 's name ) to buy The Drunken Clam in order to keep Horace 's legacy alive . In `` Baby Got Black '' , it is revealed that Jerome has a daughter named Pam and at first disapproved of her relationship with Chris . In `` Follow the Money '' , Jerome reveals that he lost both his childhood sweetheart and their daughter shortly after their wedding . Jesus Christ ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane in early episodes , David Goodman in `` Stu and Stewie 's Excellent Adventure '' , Seth Green in `` The Courtship of Stewie 's Father '' , Alec Sulkin in later episodes ) -- The central figure of Christianity . Throughout the duration of the series , there has been a running gag that Jesus drives a Cadillac Escalade . This is first seen in the episode `` Blind Ambition '' , in which he uses it to pick up God from the Drunken Clam after He accidentally set the bar on fire . In `` North by North Quahog '' , he is seen in the car in a trailer for the action film The Passion of the Christ 2 : Crucify This starring Jim Caviezel as Jesus and Chris Tucker , and directed by Mel Gibson . Jesus Christ 's most prominent appearance on the show came in the episode `` I Dream of Jesus '' , where he worked in disguise at a vinyl record store called `` Dead Format Records '' before being recognized by Peter . After a public display of his powers , including walking on water , he becomes a huge celebrity in Quahog . While having dinner with the Griffins , Jesus proves to Brian that he actually is Jesus Christ by turning their dinners into ice cream sundaes , before immensely enlarging Lois ' breasts at Peter 's request , to the absolute shock of Brian . As the episode progresses , Jesus lets fame get to his head more and more while becoming more distant from Peter and his family , and ultimately gets himself incarcerated for drug abuse . When Peter visits him in prison , Jesus apologizes for his actions and decides that he probably was not mature enough to return to the world . He then gives Peter another record of `` Surfin ' Bird '' as a gift after the first one he had was destroyed by Brian and Stewie . In `` Chitty Chitty Death Bang '' , he turned water into funk . In the episode `` Holy Crap '' , Francis repeatedly gives Jesus the employee of the week award , and is himself later seen in a golf course going for a fourth birdie . Upon missing his putt , he uses his power to move the ball into the hole . In the episode `` And the Wiener is ... '' , Jesus and Moses use guns to defeat the Romans in a film by the National Gun Association . In the episode `` Deep Throats '' , Lois asks `` What if Jesus had given up ? '' , after which Jesus is seen in a shabby - looking house sitting lazily in a chair , with several children running around him , and calls out to their mother asking why their ironing board is still out . In `` Stu and Stewie 's Excellent Adventure '' , the adult Stewie tells his infant self of a time when he went back in time on vacation to see Jesus , saying that his abilities may have been exaggerated a bit . A cutaway shows adult Stewie and other members of the public watching Jesus perform Art Metrano 's `` tricks '' while humming the song `` Fine and Dandy '' . In `` Boys Do Cry '' , Stewie imagines what it would be like meeting Jesus , and in a cutaway is then seen entering a room in Jesus ' house to find him naked washing himself in a tub . Despite noticing Stewie , he carries on . In `` Jerome is the New Black '' , he has an African - American counterpart in `` Black Jesus '' who is portrayed as a cool laid back character and is seen wearing sunglasses . In `` Go , Stewie , Go '' , he is seen in a dodgeball game on the side of the jocks pelting numerous balls at the nerds . In `` Life of Brian '' , Stewie is seen at the last supper suggesting the idea of rebellion to Judas Iscariot , pointing out that Jesus ordered five margaritas while all Judas had was the salad . In other episodes , Jesus has also been portrayed as a voice of reason , such as in `` Family Goy '' , where he tells Peter about his Jewish identity after Peter and Lois quarreled over whether their family should be Christian or Jewish . However , in response to Peter 's question asking which religion his family should follow , Jesus says `` 6 of 1 , they 're all complete crap '' . In `` 3 Acts of God '' , it is shown that Jesus is dating Carrie Underwood . In `` The 2000 - Year - Old Virgin , '' Jesus has broken up with Carrie Underwood . Jillian Russell ( voiced by Drew Barrymore ) -- Brian 's cute , bulimic , and dimwitted ex-girlfriend who is portrayed as a stereotypical blonde . She is quite ignorant ; for example , she does not understand that Adolf Hitler was defeated decades ago . She has a close friendship with Peter , who treats her more like a daughter than he does Meg , due to their similar levels of intelligence . The remainder of the Griffin family look on her as a figure of mockery and symbol of Brian 's shallowness , although she has affection for them , involving them all in her wedding . She first appeared in `` Whistle While Your Wife Works '' . She is the only girlfriend that Brian has dated for more than one episode , and was a recurring character in Season 5 . He stays with her purely for sex , though after they split , he felt strong feelings of love for her . In `` Prick Up Your Ears '' , when Brian talks about Jillian 's bulimia , he goes on to compare her to Karen from The Carpenters , who succumbed to anorexia in 1983 , claiming she `` overdid it '' but he thinks `` Jillian 's found a good balance '' . She breaks up with Brian in `` Movin ' Out '' when it is revealed that Brian did not want a committed relationship with her , and she briefly dated Mayor West . She got married in the episode `` We Love You , Conrad '' . In `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , her husband Derek Wilcox was murdered by Diane Simmons , making Jillian a widow . She is shown dating again in `` Tiegs for Two '' , where Quagmire attempts to date her to make Brian jealous , but she and Cheryl Tiegs leave together when they realize how immature both men are acting . In `` Valentine 's Day in Quahog '' , Jillian is among the ex-girlfriends of Brian that Stewie assembles . Jim Kaplan ( voiced by Danny Smith ) -- A con man who tricks Peter into spending money on various useless things on many occasions . He was first introduced as Doug but has been referred to as Jim in later episodes . First appearing in `` There 's Something About Paulie '' , he sells a car to Peter that does not have an engine under the hood but rather a picture of one by claiming that the car belonged to James Bond . He later sells Peter volcano insurance in `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' where Peter paid him with Lois ' rainy day money ( which she planned to use after Stewie broke Meg 's glasses ) . With help from the accountant Max Weinstein , Peter reclaimed the money . Jim later sells Peter a TiVo in `` Bango Was His Name Oh ! '' . In `` A Fish out of Water '' , he gives Peter a loan for Peter 's new fishing boat and Peter offers up his house as collateral which later gets taken over by the bank and sold to a fashionable , artsy , neo-hippie - ish new couple named Jim and Abby . In `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' , he sells Peter a tank for Meg at a car dealership for her first car and finally convinces him by saying `` Did I mention it 's a tank ? '' Judge Dignified Q. Blackman ( voiced by Phil LaMarr ) -- The African - American judge who presides over trials involving any of this show 's characters . His full name was revealed by the bailiff in `` Veteran Guy '' when Peter , Cleveland , and Joe were on trial for committing the Stolen Valor Act of 2013 . Paddy Tanniger -- A short red - haired angry man who was a caddy manager and a Hummer salesman . He was best known for ending his statements with `` Big whoop , wan na fight about it ? '' He was eventually killed when he was run over by a tank piloted by Brian and Stewie in `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' . It is mentioned on the DVD commentary for `` The Perfect Castaway '' that the character is disliked by nearly all the writing staff which led to his death . Rupert ( voiced by David Boat in `` Road to the North Pole '' ) -- A stuffed teddy bear that belongs to one - year - old Stewie Griffin . Though inanimate , Rupert has become his personal confidant and best friend . Stewie confides all his secrets and machinations in Rupert , and often gets upset when Rupert does not respond . Rupert has been known to double as a pistol when needed `` Peter , Peter , Caviar Eater '' . Rupert has been damaged several times . The first time in a flashback in `` Stu & Stewie 's Excellent Adventure '' , Stewie argued with Brian about the economy and Brian decided to eat one of Rupert 's legs . Stewie got the leg back after a while . The second time involved encountering an unfamiliar Rottweiler dog in `` Stewie Loves Lois '' . Rupert was torn to shreds but was later sewn back together by Lois . In `` A Very Special Family Guy Freakin ' Christmas '' , Stewie tears Rupert in two , after waking up from a Santa Claus - themed nightmare . In `` Killer Queen '' , Stewie shoots Rupert in the head with a gun rather than risk letting him die a worse death when he sees the cover of a Queen album . In `` The Man with Two Brians '' , he is humped by New Brian for two hours . Stewie is then shown dragging a body into the garbage , later revealed to be New Brian . At the end of the episode Stewie is shown crying in the shower and washing Rupert in despair , constantly reassuring him that it was not his fault . In `` Chick Cancer '' , when Stewie married Olivia Fuller , he had Rupert officiate the ceremony . `` 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter '' had the creation of Stewpert , a being where Stewie and Rupert were fused together after Stewie activated his teleportation device before he realized Rupert was inside , in reference to Brundlefly of The Fly . Stewie had several times referred to him as gay . Stewie accused Rupert of choosing to watch the boys in `` Road to Rhode Island '' as opposed to watching their bags as Stewie has told him to , much to Stewie 's chagrin . In the episode `` Road to Rupert '' . Brian accidentally sells Rupert causing both Brian and Stewie ( after Brian confesses to selling Rupert by accident ) to head off to the Swiss Alps to retrieve him from the family that he was sold to , eventually challenging the father of the family to a ski race to either get him back or give the family Brian as the stakes , Stewie does not respect the rules and throws hot tea in the other young boy ' eyes blinding him long enough to grab Rupert , but Stewie later says that he was through with Rupert and was too old for him , saying `` ... after all , Brian , I 'm nearly one . '' Stewie has also imagined Rupert as a muscular , human male a few times , including in `` Road to the North Pole '' , where he builds a buff Rupert snowman in the opening credit sequence . However , Rupert retains his Teddy Bear head . In a DVD exclusive scene in `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' , Stewie explores the experience of masturbating and in his fantasy buff Rupert makes out with an equally buff Brian while Stewie is tied to the bed . In the episode `` Lois Comes Out of Her Shell '' , Rupert 's head is ripped off by Stewie 's evil pet turtle Sheldon who Stewie enters a fight with in return . In `` Total Recall '' , the factory that made Rupert demands all bears are sent back due to them becoming a choking hazard . Lois in shock sends him back and Brian and Stewie go on a life - threatening quest to get him back , only just saving Rupert ( and Stewie ) from instant death on a furnace . As they return home , Stewie celebrates with Rupert only for Rupert 's eye to come off and Stewie to swallow it supposedly killing him with Chris who witnessed the scene casually shouting `` Mom , Stewie 's dead '' . In the episode `` Quagmire 's Quagmire '' , Stewie must decide whether to `` play '' with Rupert anymore after Lois finds his newborn plush toy , a blue , scruffy looking , bow - tied teddy bear named Oscar who was apparently given to him by Babs Pewterschmidt ( his maternal grandmother ) when Stewie was born . This fact is stated by Meg who is in the attic , organizing items from boxes along with Lois . Stewie treats Rupert like a nagging wife juxtaposed to Oscar 's imaginary role as the still loved ex-girlfriend . In `` Stewie , Chris & Brian 's Excellent Adventure '' , Rupert tells the other stuffed animals that he is straight after Stewie and Brian leave with Chris in the time machine . In `` Dog Bites Bear '' , Brian accidentally destroys Rupert while drunk but later replaces him with an identical looking bear that Stewie believes to be Rupert having returned from the dead . Seamus Levine ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Seamus is a tough fisherman with two peg - legs as well as two peg arms . He wears a black eye - patch over his right eye . He makes his first appearance in the episode `` A Fish Out of Water '' . While spending time with Peter and the gang in a steam room , it is revealed his whole body from the neck down is wood . He tends to warn Peter of danger . Seamus had his own talk show in `` Perfect Castaway '' . In his premiere episode , he jokes that his father was a tree , but in the episode `` And Then There Were Fewer '' he blames his condition on James Woods . Seamus initially claims that Woods carved him from wood and did not wish hard enough for him to be a real boy , but he later revealed that they both got high on acid one day and Woods ate off Seamus ' arms and legs , thinking that he was a steak . In `` Ocean 's Three and a Half '' , when Seamus is seen naked , his body is entirely wooden while his head is human , bringing into question how he can sustain life . He played Byron Hadley in the series ' portrayal of The Shawshank Redemption which was seen the second of the `` Three kings '' . In a DVD exclusive scene , Seamus tries out for Fox News Channel in `` FOX - y Lady '' . He gets a ship in a bottle for Christmas in `` Road to the North Pole '' . In `` Tiegs for Two '' , he attends Quagmire 's class on how to pick up women . In `` Cool Hand Peter '' , Seamus attempts to join in Peter , Joe , Cleveland , and Quagmire 's road trip only to be rejected by Peter . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Seamus attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where he was sitting next to Captain Horatio McCallister . Vinny ( voiced by Tony Sirico ) -- A talking Italian greyhound whose first appearance in the franchise occurs in `` Life of Brian '' . After Brian is killed in a tragic car accident , the Griffin family decides to find another dog at the pet store to ease their grief . They meet Vinny , a pussyhound ( he is 1 / 16th cat ) of Italian descent . Each member of the family is taken by the dog , save for Stewie , and he is adopted into their family . Stewie , still mourning over the death of Brian , rebuffs the hound and makes several attempts to get him out of the family . However , once Stewie learns that Vinny had also undergone a period of mourning when his owner died in a freak yoga accident , he comes to accept Vinny as a part of the family . Like Brian , Vinny is an anthropomorphized dog where he is described as having a `` tough guy attitude '' , and according to executive producer Steve Callaghan , `` Vinny is just a lot more rough around the edges , and is a really good match for Stewie . '' His personality is that of a streetwise , `` wise guy '' Italian American . In `` Christmas Guy '' , Vinny found out that Carter Pewterschmidt canceled an event at Quahog Mall upon asking around and reported this to the Griffin family . Vinny helps Stewie distract his past self so he can steal the return pad from his backpack and travel back in time to save Brian . Before Stewie goes back in time , he says his goodbyes to Vinny . Just before Stewie travels back in time , Vinny walks off shouting `` Georgette , I 'm coming home ! '' to which Stewie questions himself on who `` Georgette '' is . At the end of `` The Boys in the Band , '' Vinny was seen performing with Olivia Fuller . Gag characters ( edit ) Al Harrington ( voiced by Danny Smith ) -- The owner , president , and CEO of `` Al Harrington 's Wacky Waving Inflatable Arm - Flailing Tubeman Emporium and Warehouse '' . In an advertisement , he speaks at an incredibly fast rate and could be described as `` in - your - face '' , but just in that friendly - annoying way , as described by Peter . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Al Harrington made a cameo at the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . Barbershop Quartet ( voiced by Jon Joyce , Bob Joyce , Rick Logan , and Randy Crenshaw ) -- A group of four men that sing close harmony songs in specific episodes . Buzz Killington ( voiced by Danny Smith ) -- A man who dresses and acts as if he is a 19th - century British man of means . His name is based on the term `` buzzkill '' . He is a stereotype of a socially popular person in the late 19th century , but by today 's standard would be regarded as a `` buzzkill '' . He is typically introduced into otherwise fun situations , such as a wild party , but his contributions ( showing etchings , telling stories ) bring the party ( and fun ) to a grinding halt . Conway Twitty -- Usually seen in archival footage of his performances , which are used when one of the characters needs a distraction . The first such appearance was in the episode `` Peter 's Daughter '' where Meg 's wedding had just been called off and Peter said that the guests were expecting a show -- cut to a clip of Twitty singing his best - known song , `` Hello Darlin ' '' . Twitty has also been featured in `` Bill and Peter 's Bogus Journey '' and `` The Juice is Loose '' ( which featured a 3 - minute clip of him singing `` I See the Want To in Your Eyes '' ) . In `` It 's a Trap ! '' , he 's referred to as Darth Twitty and a Darth Vader helmet is digitally placed over his hair . In `` Lois Comes Out of Her Shell '' , Peter beats up Justin Bieber just before a concert , so the scene cuts to `` Conway Bieber '' digitally sporting the young singer 's floppy hair . In `` 3 Acts of God '' , God tells Peter that Twitty wanted him to tell Peter to quit using him in cutaway gags . Cookie Monster ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Cookie Monster is a character from Sesame Street who has made various appearances on this show . A stuffed Evil Monkey hanging in a closet Evil Monkey ( voiced by Danny Smith ) -- A monkey living in Chris 's closet , who scares Chris whenever he jumps out of the closet by pointing at him with an evil grimace and a strange tremble ( which the monkey claims is due to a copper deficiency ) . For much of the series , the family believes the Evil Monkey is a figment of Chris 's imagination . In `` Hannah Banana '' , Chris blames him for a bad test grade , saying that he scared him while he was trying to study . Peter and Lois are stunned when Chris catches him and shows him to them . The Evil Monkey explains that he moved into Chris 's closet after his wife had an affair and divorced him , and pointing at Chris was his way of trying to make conversation . Chris is unconvinced , but when Monkey helps him write a book report , they become friends . Eventually , Monkey moves out of Chris 's closet and , saying `` I 'll go where I 'm needed '' , moves into Jake Tucker 's closet . The monkey 's trademark grimace and pointing was the idea of writer Mike Barker . In The Cleveland Show episode `` BFFs '' , Peter Griffin brought the Evil Monkey with him to rescue Cleveland and his friends from hillbilly rapists . Ernie the Giant Chicken ( voiced by Danny Smith ) -- An anthropomorphic , human - sized chicken that often fights violently and suddenly with Peter Griffin , usually interrupting some unrelated event . The fight scenes are often long and melodramatic , involving the destruction of large sections of Quahog and sometimes killing bystanders . Peter always wins , but it is then shown that the Giant Chicken is still alive . This rivalry begins in `` Da Boom '' when the Giant Chicken gives Peter an expired coupon , which angers Peter ( however , in `` Meet the Quagmires '' , Peter 's meddling in his past allows him to accidentally punch the Giant Chicken while dancing at the Country Club , giving a new origin to the rivalry ) . In `` Blind Ambition '' , the Giant Chicken turns up while the Spooner Street residents are discussing Quagmire peeping in the ladies ' room watching Lois , and Peter interrupts his defense of Quagmire to rejoin the fight . In `` No Chris Left Behind '' , their fight comes to a halt when Peter and the Giant Chicken forget what they have been fighting about , and Peter is cordially invited to dinner with the Chicken and his wife Nicole . Although the character 's official name in scripts and production documents is simply `` the Giant Chicken '' , the Chicken is referred to as `` Ernie '' in this dinner scene . When the bill comes , both Peter and Ernie try to pay . This starts out politely but quickly escalates to a fight that resumes their feud . In `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' , the Chicken ends up attacking an amnesiac Peter when he insults his lawn . The blow to the head causes Peter to remember who he is , and he states that he does not remember making peace with the Chicken , who resumes smashing various objects on his head . Ernie is shown as Boba Fett in the Star Wars episodes `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' and `` It 's a Trap ! '' . In `` New Kidney in Town '' , Dr. Hartman tells the Griffins about a failed cloning attempt that resulted in a violent man - sized chicken . Peter responds that they should talk . He also appears in `` Trading Places '' , when Chris makes a chicken noise and says it was fake . The Chicken 's fight with Peter continues in `` Internal Affairs '' , where Peter accidentally backs into the front of the Chicken 's car ; during this brawl , the Chicken is close to killing Peter at an oil rig , but gets burned alive by the falling debris and plunges into the ocean , taking on the appearance of a roasted chicken -- but he reveals he is still alive by opening his eyes . In `` Yug Ylimaf '' , Brian and Stewie witness a backwards fight between Peter and the Chicken that `` ends '' by Peter opening his car door in front of the Chicken 's moving bicycle . He is the main antagonist in Family Guy Video Game ! disguised as Mr. Belvedere . Ernie is not directly referenced in the episode `` Life of Brian '' , but in the veterinary surgery waiting room when Peter asks a decapitated chicken if he should be running around , the chicken says `` Do n't talk to me . You have a bad reputation in the chicken community '' . In the crossover episode with The Simpsons , titled `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Comic Book Guy references the aforementioned `` chicken fights '' , by claiming the epic fight between Peter and Homer Simpson was the `` worst chicken fight ever '' . In `` Follow the Money , '' Lois has become friends with Ernie much to the dismay of Peter and Nicole . Fred Flintstone ( voiced by Jeff Bergman ) -- Fred Flintstone is a caveman from The Flintstones who has made various appearances on the show . In `` Patriot Games '' where he warns viewers to ' vote no on Indian gaming laws ' . He also bet with Stewie on the Mike Tyson vs. Carol Channing fight on Celebrity Boxing . In `` Believe it or Not , Joe 's Walking on Air '' when at Peter Griffin 's men 's club , he confesses to Barney that he was walking by his house when he saw Betty undressing . Fred says that Betty saw him , but kept undressing leading to an `` erocktion . '' Fred also appeared in `` Peter 's Daughter '' as they see a marriage counselor / divorce lawyer named Mr. Stoneberg over the rough parts of their marriage . In `` Quagmire 's Baby , '' Fred Flintstone was seen in Wildest Police Chases being pursued by police officers which ended at a movie theater where the police officers apprehend Fred Flintstone when he tried to climb the fence . In `` The Simpsons Guy , '' Fred Flintstone is the judge who presided over the trial involving Pawtucket Patriot Beer and Duff Beer in Springfield . While he finds in favor of Duff Beer , Fred Flintstone states that they pale in comparison to his favorite beer Bud Rock . The Greased - up Deaf Guy ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- A naked man covered in grease who first appears in `` The Thin White Line '' . His speech is indicative of someone with prelingual deafness . He is always shown running ; even when stopped , he will continue to run in place , flailing his arms . In `` North by North Quahog '' , he mentions that he used to be a lawyer . In `` Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr . High '' , he is seen speaking in court during the show 's Law and Order - parody intro . He was named Jay after an audience member by the same name in Family Guy Live queried his name in a Q&A session . He appears in the direct - to - DVD movie Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story . He also appears in Family Guy Online . The reason for his condition was revealed in `` Yug Ylimaf '' where an accident with Stewie 's time machine caused Brian and Stewie to witness him on his way to work hurrying past a grease truck that explodes , burning off his suit , and covering him in grease . James William Bottomtooth III ( voiced by Chris Sheridan ) -- A character who suffers from a severe underbite ( Habsburg jaw ) , which has given him a comically oversized lower jaw and has made his speech impossible to understand due to his extreme Locust Valley lockjaw accent . He has a taste for brandy , which he pours into his lower jaw . He is part of the staff of The New Yorker in `` Brian Goes Back to College '' . In `` You May Now Kiss the ... Uh ... Guy Who Receives '' , he refuses to sign Brian 's petition against Mayor Adam West 's gay marriage ban because he is a devout Christian . He has a son named James William Bottomtooth IV who attends Morningwood Academy and bears a strong resemblance to his father ( particularly the large lower jaw and speech ) . Like his classmates , he holds a strong antipathy for Chris , as seen in `` No Chris Left Behind '' , until he finds out that Chris is the grandson of Carter Pewterschmidt , who also attended Morningwood . He is part of the mob that rushes the Griffin home in `` The Juice Is Loose '' to deal with O.J. Simpson . In `` 420 '' , he catches a bag of marijuana in his jaw . In `` Tiegs for Two '' , he attends Quagmire 's class on how to pick up women . Kool - Aid Man ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- The mascot for the popular drink Kool - Aid , is parodied in several episodes . In `` Death Has a Shadow '' and `` Stewie Kills Lois '' , when each family member exclaims `` Oh no ! '' to the Judge 's sentencing of Peter , the Kool - Aid Man breaks through the courtroom wall yelling `` OH YEAH ! '' , then backs away awkwardly . In `` Peterotica '' , he has an epiphany while sitting in his living room when a car crashes through his wall , which put him on the receiving end of the trademarked breaking wall for the first time . In `` Prick Up Your Ears '' , after Stewie panics about the existence of the Tooth Fairy , Brian and Chris fail to calm Stewie , then Glenn Quagmire makes an attempt , then the Kool - Aid Man is seen in a pair of boxing gloves at the back of a line of other characters . In `` The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair '' , Evil Stewie lures him out by pretending to impersonate other people saying `` Oh no ! '' ; when he bursts through the wall , Evil Stewie shatters him with a baseball bat , and drinks up the spilled Kool - Aid . Thanks to Stewie 's and Brian 's interference , the Kool - Aid Man misses his cue when they travel back to the events in `` Death Has a Shadow '' in `` Back to the Pilot '' , when he shatters trying to back out of the courthouse . He is still able to yell at Stewie and Brian where he blamed them for messing things up . In `` Valentine 's Day in Quahog '' , the Kool - Aid Man is with his parents when they meet his date in the form of an anthropomorphic Yoo - hoo bottle ( much to his father 's dismay ) . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , the Kool - Aid Man attempts to break through the wall during a trial between Peter and Homer Simpson in Springfield . However , he calls Peter to apologize that he `` went to the wrong Springfield '' as he broke through the wall of the courthouse there . This references the fact that the state in which The Simpsons version of Springfield is located has never been revealed . Phineas and Barnaby -- Two strongmen that usually pursue two goals : working out at the Quahog Gym and riding high - wheel ' Ordinary ' bicycles of the 1860s -- 1890s . Tomik and Bellgarde ( voiced by John Viener and Alec Sulkin ) -- Two foreign guys who have `` been living in the United States almost long enough to sound American '' . They first appear in `` The Former Life of Brian '' sitting in a coffee shop discussing how much fun they had at a `` discotheque '' and reflecting that they had drunk `` so many liters of beer '' . In `` Extra Large Medium '' , they wonder how to celebrate Gerbitz Day , a holiday in their native country . In `` Road to the North Pole '' , they participated in the musical number `` All I Really Want For Christmas '' where they revealed they do not know what Christmas is and that their home country has a similar holiday called `` Kishkev Fufleer '' . They are alcoholics attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings Peter attends in `` Friends of Peter G . '' They do not share any stories , but participate in the performance of `` Mr. Booze '' . Vern and Johnny ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Two Vaudeville characters who appear in cutaways and are dressed in traditional turn - of - the - century outfits . Vern will often perform a line or two of a song and then , either because he is finished or because his act is not going well , he asks Johnny to `` play me off '' , at which point Johnny enthusiastically plays `` Galloping Gertie '' on the piano . They debut in the episode `` Holy Crap '' and perform in the talent show in `` Deep Throats '' . They appear in two small boats connected by a rope by Carter Pewterschmidt 's racing yacht in `` Model Misbehavior '' . In `` Saving Private Brian '' , they are both shot to death by Stewie , who says `` They 're dead , all right ? We 're not gon na be seeing them again '' . This is later proven wrong in `` Back to the Woods '' when Vern is shown to be performing in the surface world as a ghost and Johnny is shown playing piano in Hell because he is later revealed to be a child molester . Deaths ( edit ) Four actors who voiced semi-regular Family Guy characters have died : Phyllis Diller ( d . 2012 ) , who played Peter 's mother , Thelma , after the character 's first appearance ; Charles Durning ( d . 2012 ) , who voiced his father , Francis , and who died after his character had already died in the series ; Carrie Fisher ( d . 2016 ) , who played Angela , Peter 's boss at the brewery ; Adam West ( d . 2017 ) , who voiced Mayor Adam West . In addition , Frank Sinatra Jr. , who appeared in three episodes as himself , died in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Brian Griffin Returns to Family Guy '' . Mediaite. 2013 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kraus , Leah ; Venkateswaren , Nandini ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` Mike Henry of `` Family Guy '' talks voices , gags and instinct `` . Campus Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Meg and Quagmire Jump up ^ Walker , Jodi ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' : Details on Cleveland 's return '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` FOX November Sweeps -- Press Release Spoilers '' . SpoilerTV.com. 2011 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane '' . IGN . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / SethMacFarlane : Yes , tonight 's episode is '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : Interview with Lori Alan , the voice of Diane Simmons '' . everyjoe.com . January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friends of Peter G . '' . Family Guy . Season 9 . Episode 10 . February 13 , 2011 . 12 : 13 minutes in . Fox . This poor gentleman used to speak in long , eloquent sentences . But after years of drinking he can only speak in short , choppy utterances . Jump up ^ Steve Callaghan ( writer ) ( September 5 , 2001 ) . `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 9 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2016/12/28/carrie-fisher-family-guy/ Jump up ^ `` Scammed Yankees '' . Family Guy . Season 14 . Episode 12 . 2016 - 01 - 17 . Fox . Jump up ^ Valentine 's Day in Quahog Jump up ^ Cannon , William ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Brian Griffin Dies : 4 Things To Know About ' Family Guy ' Newcomer Vinny '' . Latin Times . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Mike ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Vinny Arrives '' . DailyMail.co.uk . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy Episode Guide 2014 Season 12 -- 3 Acts of God , Episode 13 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Interview '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. April 21 , 2003 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diller 's last episode was in season 6 , episode 6 , `` Padre de Familia '' Jump up ^ Francis Griffin died in season 5 , episode 10 , `` Peter 's Two Dads '' , but then came back as a vision of Peter 's in season 8 , episode 2 , `` Family Goy '' Jump up ^ Fisher 's last appearance was in season 15 , episode 17 , `` Peter 's Lost Youth '' Jump up ^ West 's last appearance will be in the episode `` Peter Gets Fired '' , scheduled to air in November 2017 Jump up ^ Sinatra 's last appearance was in season 15 , episode 2 , `` Bookie of the Year '' ( hide ) Family Guy ( franchise ) Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Adam West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Family Guy portal Animation portal Television portal Comedy portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Family_Guy_characters&oldid=837278502 '' Categories : Animated human characters Family Guy characters Lists of characters in American television adult animation Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 20 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who does the voice of peter's mom on family guy
|
[
"Thelma Griffin (voiced by Florence Stanley in the first appearance, Phyllis Diller in later appearances, Alex Borstein as a young woman in \"Don't Be a Dickens at Christmas\") – Ex-wife to Francis, mother of Peter, and paternal grandmother of Meg, Chris, and Stewie. She is the mother-in-law of Lois. She first appears in \"Holy Crap\". She is 82 years old as stated in the episode \"Mother Tucker\", has gray hair and noticeable wrinkles below her eyes, and wears purple earrings and a purple bead necklace. She also wears glasses like her son and husband and is a heavy smoker. Unlike Francis, she is generally friendly and personable, and gets along well with Lois. Before Francis' death, she divorced him because she had \"needs he didn't fill\" and dated Tom Tucker for a while in \"Mother Tucker\". She often appears with news inconvenient or troubling to Peter and his family. Her brief partnership with Peter's biological father, Irishman Mickey McFinnegan, is only established in the episode \"Peter's Two Dads\". In the episode \"Grumpy Old Man\", it is revealed that Thelma was sent to a retirement home. In the Season 12 episode \"Mom's the Word\", it is revealed that Thelma died from a stroke. Thelma's death was written into the series because of Phyllis Diller's own death in August 2012.",
"Thelma Griffin (voiced by Florence Stanley in the first appearance, Phyllis Diller in later appearances, Alex Borstein as a young woman in \"Don't Be a Dickens at Christmas\") – Ex-wife to Francis, mother of Peter, and paternal grandmother of Meg, Chris, and Stewie. She is the mother-in-law of Lois. She first appears in \"Holy Crap\". She is 82 years old as stated in the episode \"Mother Tucker\", has gray hair and noticeable wrinkles below her eyes, and wears purple earrings and a purple bead necklace. She also wears glasses like her son and husband and is a heavy smoker. Unlike Francis, she is generally friendly and personable, and gets along well with Lois. Before Francis' death, she divorced him because she had \"needs he didn't fill\" and dated Tom Tucker for a while in \"Mother Tucker\". She often appears with news inconvenient or troubling to Peter and his family. Her brief partnership with Peter's biological father, Irishman Mickey McFinnegan, is only established in the episode \"Peter's Two Dads\". In the episode \"Grumpy Old Man\", it is revealed that Thelma was sent to a retirement home. In the Season 12 episode \"Mom's the Word\", it is revealed that Thelma died from a stroke. Thelma's death was written into the series because of Phyllis Diller's own death in August 2012.",
"Thelma Griffin (voiced by Florence Stanley in the first appearance, Phyllis Diller in later appearances, Alex Borstein as a young woman in \"Don't Be a Dickens at Christmas\") – Ex-wife to Francis, mother of Peter, and paternal grandmother of Meg, Chris, and Stewie. She is the mother-in-law of Lois. She first appears in \"Holy Crap\". She is 82 years old as stated in the episode \"Mother Tucker\", has gray hair and noticeable wrinkles below her eyes, and wears purple earrings and a purple bead necklace. She also wears glasses like her son and husband and is a heavy smoker. Unlike Francis, she is generally friendly and personable, and gets along well with Lois. Before Francis' death, she divorced him because she had \"needs he didn't fill\" and dated Tom Tucker for a while in \"Mother Tucker\". She often appears with news inconvenient or troubling to Peter and his family. Her brief partnership with Peter's biological father, Irishman Mickey McFinnegan, is only established in the episode \"Peter's Two Dads\". In the episode \"Grumpy Old Man\", it is revealed that Thelma was sent to a retirement home. In the Season 12 episode \"Mom's the Word\", it is revealed that Thelma died from a stroke. Thelma's death was written into the series because of Phyllis Diller's own death in August 2012."
] |
[
"Florence Stanley in the first appearance",
"Phyllis Diller in later appearances",
"Alex Borstein as a young woman in \"Don't Be a Dickens at Christmas\""
] |
3079751597495307944
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Black History Month
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Black History Month - wikipedia Black History Month Jump to : navigation , search For the song , see Black History Month ( song ) . Black History Month A painting dedicated to the founders of Black History Month , the Black United Students at Kent State University , by Ernie Pryor . Also called African - American History Month Observed by United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Germany , Netherlands Significance Celebration of African - American history Date Months of February and October Frequency Annual Black History Month , also known as African - American History Month in America , is an annual observance in the United States , Canada , United Kingdom and in the Netherlands ( as of 2016 ) where it is known as Black Achievement Month . it began as a way for remembering important people and events in the history of the African diaspora . It is celebrated annually in the United States and Canada in February , as well as in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in October . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Negro History Week ( 1926 ) 1.2 United States : Black History Month ( 1976 ) 1.3 United Kingdom ( 1987 ) 1.4 Canada ( 1995 ) 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 Further reading 6 External links History Carter G. Woodson Negro History Week ( 1926 ) The precursor to Black History Month was created in 1926 in the United States , when historian Carter G. Woodson and the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History announced the second week of February to be `` Negro History Week . '' This week was chosen because it coincided with the birthday of Abraham Lincoln on February 12 and of Frederick Douglass on February 14 , both of which dates Black communities had celebrated together since the late 19th century . From the event 's initial phase , primary emphasis was placed on encouraging the coordinated teaching of the history of American blacks in the nation 's public schools . The first Negro History Week was met with a lukewarm response , gaining the cooperation of the Departments of Education of the states of North Carolina , Delaware , and West Virginia as well as the city school administrations of Baltimore and Washington , D.C. . Despite this far from universal acceptance , the event was regarded by Woodson as `` one of the most fortunate steps ever taken by the Association , '' and plans for a repeat of the event on an annual basis continued apace . At the time of Negro History Week 's launch , Woodson contended that the teaching of black history was essential to ensure the physical and intellectual survival of the race within broader society : `` If a race has no history , it has no worthwhile tradition , it becomes a negligible factor in the thought of the world , and it stands in danger of being exterminated . The American Indian left no continuous record . He did not appreciate the value of tradition ; and where is he today ? The Hebrew keenly appreciated the value of tradition , as is attested by the Bible itself . In spite of worldwide persecution , therefore , he is a great factor in our civilization . '' By 1929 The Journal of Negro History was able to note that with only two exceptions , officials with the State Departments of Educations of `` every state with considerable Negro population '' had made the event known to that state 's teachers and distributed official literature associated with the event . '' Churches also played a significant role in the distribution of literature in association with Negro History Week during this initial interval , with the mainstream and black press aiding in the publicity effort . Negro History Week was met with enthusiastic response ; it prompted the creation of black history clubs , an increase in interest among teachers , and interest from progressive whites . Negro History Week grew in popularity throughout the following decades , with mayors across the United States endorsing it as a holiday . On 21 February 2016 , 106 - year Washington D.C. resident and school volunteer Virginia McLaurin visited the White House as part of Black History Month . When asked by the president why she was there , McLaurin said , `` A black president . A black wife . And I 'm here to celebrate black history . That 's what I 'm here for . '' United States : Black History Month ( 1976 ) The Black United Students 1st Black culture center where many events of the 1st Black History Month celebration took place . Black History Month was first proposed by Black educators and the Black United Students at Kent State University in February 1969 . The first celebration of Black History Month took place at Kent State one year later , in February 1970 . Six years later Black History Month was being celebrated all across the country in educational institutions , centers of Black culture and community centers , both great and small , when President Gerald Ford recognized Black History Month , during the celebration of the United States Bicentennial . He urged Americans to `` seize the opportunity to honor the too - often neglected accomplishments of black Americans in every area of endeavor throughout our history . '' United Kingdom ( 1987 ) Black History Month was first celebrated in the United Kingdom in 1987 . It was organized through the leadership of Ghanaian analyst Akyaaba Addai - Sebo , who had served as a coordinator of special projects for the Greater London Council ( GLC ) and created a collaboration to get it underway . It was first celebrated in London . Canada ( 1995 ) In 1995 , after a motion by politician Jean Augustine , representing the riding of Etobicoke -- Lakeshore in Ontario , Canada 's House of Commons officially recognized February as Black History Month and honored Black Canadians . In 2008 , Senator Donald Oliver moved to have the Senate officially recognize Black History Month , which was unanimously approved . Criticism Black History Month often sparks an annual debate about the continued usefulness and fairness of a designated month dedicated to the history of one race . Criticisms include questions over whether it is appropriate to confine the celebration of Black history to one month , as opposed to integration of Black history into the mainstream education the rest of the year . Another criticism is that contrary to the original inspiration for Black History Month , which was a desire to redress the manner in which American schools failed to represent Black historical figures as anything other than slaves or colonial subjects , Black History Month reduces complex historical figures to overly simplified objects of hero worship . Another criticism is that the celebration is racist . Black celebrities such as actor and director Morgan Freeman and actress Stacey Dash have criticized Black History Month , with Freeman saying , `` I do n't want a Black history month . Black history is American history . '' Freeman has argued that there was no White History Month , because white people did not want their history relegated to just one month . See also African - American Heritage Sites African - American history African - American Music Appreciation Month Other history months Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Filipino American History Month Women 's History Month LGBT History Month Heritage months Irish - American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month National Hispanic Heritage Month Puerto Rican Heritage Month National Tibetan American Heritage Month Native American Indian Heritage Month Gay and Lesbian Pride Month International : Black Awareness Day , Brazil Footnotes Jump up ^ http://dks.library.kent.edu/cgi-bin/kentstate?a=d&d=dks19700203-01.2.10&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN -- -- -- - # Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/remembering-hogan-s-alley-hub-of-vancouver-s-black-community-1.3448080 Jump up ^ http://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-intros/6962/ Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/bhmhamburg/photos/a.10152041200799563.1073741825.44836849562/10154601922004563/?type=3&theater Jump up ^ http://afroeurope.blogspot.com/2011/02/black-history-month-2011-association-of.html ^ Jump up to : `` NiNsee launches Black Achievement Month '' . The Daily Herald . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Milton . `` Involvement / 2 Years Later : A Report On Programming In The Area Of Black Student Concerns At Kent State University , 1968 -- 1970 '' . Special Collections and Archives : Milton E. Wilson , Jr. papers , 1965 -- 1994 . Kent State University . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Black History Month '' . Citizenship and Immigration Canada . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BHM365 '' . Black History Month 365 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Daryl Michael Scott , `` The Origins of Black History Month , '' Archived 2013 - 02 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Association for the Study of African American Life and History , 2011 , www.asalh.org/ ^ Jump up to : C.G. Woodson , `` Negro History Week , '' Journal of Negro History , vol. 11 , no . 2 ( April 1926 ) , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Woodson , `` Negro History Week , '' p. 239 . Jump up ^ `` Negro History Week : The Fourth Year , '' Journal of Negro History , vol. 14 , no . 2 ( April 1929 ) , p. 109 . Jump up ^ `` Negro History Week : The Fourth Year , '' p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` President Gerald R. Ford 's Message on the Observance of Black History Month '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum . University of Texas . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Kubara Zamani , `` Akyaaba Addai - Sebo Interview '' , Every Generation Media , reprinted from New African magazine . Jump up ^ `` Black History Month FAQ '' . Black History Month . Archived from the original on 21 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Afua ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Black History Month has to be more than hero worship '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Mccarter , William Matt ( 2012 ) . `` There is a White Sale at Macy 's : Reflections on Black History Month '' . International Journal of Radical Critique. 1 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stacey Dash says Morgan Freeman agrees with her views on Black History Month , ask for apology from ' Twitter haters ' '' . The Grio . January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeman calls Black History Month ' ridiculous ' '' . MSNBC. 15 December 2005 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Further reading Derrick Bell , `` Brown v. Board of Education and the Black History Month Syndrome , '' Harvard Blackletter Law Journal , vol. 1 , no . 1 ( 1984 ) , p. 13 . C.G. Woodson , `` Negro History Week , '' Journal of Negro History , vol. 11 , no . 2 ( April 1926 ) , pp. 238 -- 242 . In JSTOR . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black History Month . Library of Congress Black History Month Website Official UK Black History Month Website Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada Black History Month website Youmanity and Black History Month Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_History_Month&oldid=802183338 '' Categories : African - American history African - American events Black British history History of Black people in Canada February observances Commemorative months 1976 introductions Observances in the United States Observances in Canada Observances in the United Kingdom October observances Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Esperanto Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 14 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did black history week become black history month
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[
"Black History Month was first proposed by Black educators and the Black United Students at Kent State University in February 1969. The first celebration of Black History Month took place at Kent State one year later, in February 1970.[7]"
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[
"February 1970"
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List of My Hero Academia episodes
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List of My Hero Academia episodes - wikipedia List of My Hero Academia episodes My Hero Academia is a Japanese superhero manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi . It has been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since July 2014 , and 12 volumes have been collected in tankōbon format . The series has been licensed for English - language release by Viz Media , and began serialization in their weekly digital manga anthology Weekly Shonen Jump on February 9 , 2015 . The story follows Izuku Midoriya , a boy born without superpowers in a world where they are the norm , but who still dreams of becoming a superhero himself , and is scouted by the world 's greatest hero who shares his powers with Izuku after recognizing his value and enrolls him in a high school for heroes in training . The manga was adapted into an anime television series produced by Bones . The first season aired from April 3 to June 26 , 2016 , on TBS , MBS and other JNN stations in ' Nichigo ' timeslot at 5pm on Sundays in Japan . The opening theme is `` The Day '' , performed by Porno Graffitti and the ending theme is `` Heroes '' , performed by Brian the Sun . The second season aired from April 1 to September 30 , 2017 on NTV and YTV , with the staff and cast from the first season returning to reprise their roles . The second season 's first opening theme is `` Peace Sign '' ( ピース サイン ) performed by Kenshi Yonezu and the first ending theme is `` Dakara , Hitori ja nai '' ( だから 、 ひとり じゃ ない , lit . Therefore , I am not Alone ) , performed by Little Glee Monster . The second opening theme is `` Sora ni Utaeba '' ( 空 に 歌 えば , lit . If I Sing to the Sky ) performed by amazarashi and the ending theme is `` Datte Atashi no Hero '' ( だって アタシ の ヒーロー , lit . Still My Hero ) by LiSA . The third season premiered on April 7 , 2018 . The third season 's first opening theme is `` Odd Future '' by Uverworld and the first ending theme is `` Update '' ( アップデート ) by miwa . The third season 's second opening theme is `` Make my Story '' by Lenny Code Fiction and the second ending theme is `` Long Hope Philia '' ( ロング ホープ ・ フィリア ) by Masaki Suda . Adult Swim 's Toonami block premiered the series on May 5 , 2018 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 OVA 4 References 5 See also Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 25 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 25 April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) TBA Episode list Season 1 ( 2016 ) Main article : List of My Hero Academia episodes ( season 1 ) No. in Series No. in Season Title Original airdate English airdate `` Izuku Midoriya : Origin '' `` Midoriya Izuku : Orijin '' ( 緑 谷 出 久 : オリジン ) April 3 , 2016 May 5 , 2018 In a world where most of the population is gifted with special powers known as `` Quirks '' , Izuku Midoriya is a young boy who always dreamed of becoming a hero , despite not having a Quirk himself , until one day he is attacked by a villain and is rescued by none other than All Might , the most famous hero ever and his idol since childhood . Note : The episode was watched by 718,000 viewers in the United States . `` What It Takes to Be a Hero '' `` Hīrō no Jōken '' ( ヒーロー の 条件 ) April 10 , 2016 May 12 , 2018 Izuku discovers that All Might 's true form is that of a frail , emaciated man , who suffered a massive injury years ago . All Might tells Izuku that he should give up on being a hero and focus on a more realistic dream . Disheartened , Izuku makes his way home , only to see his classmate and bully Katsuki Bakugō attacked by a villain . With no heroes around able to fight the villain , Izuku , without any thought given , rushes in . Note : The episode was watched by 578,000 viewers in the United States . `` Roaring Muscles '' `` Unare kin'niku '' ( うなれ 筋肉 ) April 17 , 2016 May 19 , 2018 All Might tells Izuku of his quirk , `` One For All '' , a special quirk that transfers its strength from person to person . While All Might believes Izuku to be worthy of his quirk , bestowing it to him right away would ruin his untrained body . All Might then designs a ten - month training regimen to ensure that Izuku can become a vessel that can carry it . Note : The episode was watched by 554,000 viewers in the United States . `` Start Line '' `` Sutaatorain '' ( スタート ライン ) April 24 , 2016 June 2 , 2018 After receiving All Might 's Quirk , the time has come for Izuku to attend the exams for the prestigious U.A. High School for heroes in training . During the practical exam , Izuku gets himself in a pinch and is about to fail until one of his fellow examinees finds herself in serious danger and he runs to her rescue . Note : The episode was watched by 608,000 viewers in the United States . 5 5 `` What I Can Do For Now '' `` Ima Boku ni Dekiru Koto wo '' ( 今 僕 に 出来る こと を ) May 1 , 2016 June 9 , 2018 It 's Izuku 's first day as a student of U.A. High School . However , his homeroom teacher Shōta Aizawa decides to hold a physical test to evaluate how the students use their Quirks . Mr. Aizawa threatens the worst ranked student with expulsion , and Izuku finds himself in another predicament as he still has not learned to control his Quirk properly . Note : The episode was watched by 520,000 viewers in the United States . 6 6 `` Rage , You Damned Nerd '' `` Takere Kusonādo '' ( 猛 れ クソナード ) May 8 , 2016 June 16 , 2018 Now donning their own hero costumes , the students are assigned to a mock battle between teams of two to test their combat abilities . Izuku is paired with Ochako Uraraka , the girl he helped during the entrance exams who also becomes his friend much to his joy . However , also to his dismay , one of his opponents is Bakugō , who always mocked him for his quirklessness , and is now furious at him . Note : The episode was watched by 720,000 viewers in the United States . 7 7 `` Deku vs. Kacchan '' `` Deku bāsasu Kacchan '' ( デク vs かっちゃん ) May 15 , 2016 June 23 , 2018 The mock battle continues with Izuku barely holding against Bakugō 's devastating attacks , leaving Ochako to face the other opponent Tenya Iida by herself . As the time limit approaches , Izuku seems to have no option but to use his Quirk against Bakugō in an attempt to defeat him , until he comes up with a better idea . Note : The episode was watched by 661,000 viewers in the United States . 8 8 `` Bakugo 's Start Line '' `` Sutāto Rain , Bakugō no . '' ( スタート ライン 、 爆 豪 の . ) May 22 , 2016 June 30 , 2018 After losing against Izuku in the mock battle , Bakugō watches the rest of his classmates in action and realizes that he still has a long way to stand above his peers . After recovering from his injuries , Izuku attempts to cheer him up , to the point of sharing with him parts of his secret . Meanwhile , news that All Might is teaching at U.A. are received by some individuals with contempt . Note : The episode was watched by 601,000 viewers in the United States . 9 9 `` Yeah , Just Do Your Best , Iida ! '' `` Ii zo Ganbare Īda - kun ! '' ( いい ぞ ガンバレ 飯田 くん ! ) May 29 , 2016 July 7 , 2018 Izuku is chosen as the class president , much to his surprise , but he ends up relinquishing the position to Iida when he and his friends find him more suitable for the position . The students are then assigned to another field exercise , but before it begins , a horde of villains suddenly appear before them . Note : The episode was watched by 560,000 viewers in the United States . 10 10 `` Encounter with the Unknown '' `` Michi to no Sōgū '' ( 未知 と の 遭遇 ) June 5 , 2016 July 14 , 2018 The villains use their powers to scatter and ambush the students in order to attract All Might for a trap . Izuku ends up stranded and surrounded on a boat along with his classmates Tsuyu Asui and Minoru Mineta , but after learning more about their powers , he comes up with a plan to turn the tides . Elsewhere , Iida is chosen by the others to break through the enemy trap and call for help . Note : The episode was watched by 497,000 viewers in the United States . 11 11 `` Game Over '' `` Gēmu Ōbā '' ( ゲーム オーバー ) June 12 , 2016 July 21 , 2018 The students fight for their lives against the Villains while Iida manages to escape with his friends ' help . Once it 's clear that Iida will warn the other teachers who will come to stop them , the Villains ' leader Tomura Shigaraki decides to kill Izuku and his friends just to hurt All Might 's pride before they leave , when All Might himself appears . Note : The episode was watched by 537,000 viewers in the United States . 12 12 `` All Might '' `` Ōrumaito '' ( オール マイト ) June 19 , 2016 July 28 , 2018 Shigaraki unleashes his secret weapon , the multi-quirk monster called `` Nomu '' against All Might , who finds himself in a pinch , until Izuku and some other students arrive to assist him , but All Might has little time left before he runs out of power to defeat the creature in order to protect the school . 13 13 `` In Each of our Hearts '' `` Onoono no Mune ni '' ( 各々 の 胸 に ) June 26 , 2016 August 4 , 2018 Although he was able to defeat the Nomu , All Might has no energy left and is defenseless against Shigaraki , but Izuku manages to stall the enemy long enough for the other teachers to arrive and force him to retreat . As the leftover Villains are captured and the students are rescued , All Might thanks Izuku for saving his life , but elsewhere , Shigaraki confers with his master , implying that their feud against the Heroes is just beginning . Season 2 ( 2017 ) Main article : List of My Hero Academia episodes ( season 2 ) No. in Series No. in Season Title Original airdate English airdate 13.5 0 `` Hero Notebook '' `` Hīrō Nōto '' ( ヒーロー ノート ) March 25 , 2017 Unaired A recap of the first season . Note : The episode earned a 3.3 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 14 `` That 's the Idea , Ochaco '' `` Sou iu Koto ne Ochako - san '' ( そういう こと ね お茶 子 さん ) April 1 , 2017 August 11 , 2018 Still recovering from the previous incident , the school is about to hold the Sports Festival , which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for sidekicks . In the occasion , All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing , and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world . Note : The episode earned a 3.4 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 15 `` Roaring Sports Festival '' `` Unare Taiikusai '' ( うなれ 体育 祭 ) April 8 , 2017 August 18 , 2018 Todoroki expresses to Izuku that he will defeat him and show his true power . As the Sports Festival begins , the students from the four branches of the school - Hero , General Studies , Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle - course race . Note : The episode earned a 3.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 16 `` In Their Own Quirky Ways '' `` Minna Koseiteki de ii ne '' ( みんな 個性 的 で いい ね ) April 15 , 2017 August 25 , 2018 During the obstacle race , Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit . At the last obstacle , Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race . However , his victory is short - lived when he learns that by being first place , he is the top target for the next round . 17 `` Strategy , Strategy , Strategy '' `` Saku Saku Saku '' ( 策 策 策 ) April 22 , 2017 -- In the next round , the Cavalry Battle , Izuku teams up with Ochako , Tokoyami and Support Course student Mei . Being the team with most points , they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class , while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves . 18 5 `` Cavalry Battle Finale '' `` Kibasen Kecchaku '' ( 騎馬 戦 決着 ) April 29 , 2017 -- As the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches , Izuku 's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them , they earn a place in the next round by working together . 19 6 `` The Boy Born with Everything '' `` Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko '' ( 全て を 持っ て 生まれ た 男の子 ) May 6 , 2017 -- The 16 remaining students advance to the final stage , with battles one on one to decide the winner . Before the fights begin , Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku , revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father , the world 's second - best hero Endeavor . Note : The episode earned a 3.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 20 7 `` Victory or Defeat '' `` Kachimake '' ( 勝ち負け ) May 13 , 2017 -- In the first round , Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso 's brainwashing ability , but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory , while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero , becoming Izuku 's opponent in the following round . Note : The episode earned a 3.4 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 21 8 `` Battle on , Challengers ! '' `` Furue ! Charenjā '' ( 奮 え ! チャレンジャー ) May 20 , 2017 -- The U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches . Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari . Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies , giving him the win by stepping out . Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness . Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami 's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring . Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie . Throughout all of this , Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 22 9 `` Bakugo vs. Uraraka '' `` Bakugō vs. Uraraka '' ( 爆 vs 麗 日 豪 ) May 27 , 2017 -- Ochako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo . However , despite her plans , Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious . Afterwards , Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her , but to no avail . Also during this time , Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm - wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round ; Kirishima wins and the two become friends . Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki . 23 10 `` Shoto Todoroki : Origin '' `` Todoroki Shōto : Orijin '' ( 轟 焦 凍 : オリジン ) June 3 , 2017 -- Izuku and Todoroki begin their match . Izuku , while still trying to win , is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power . As Todoroki fights on , more of his past is revealed through flashbacks . He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero . So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides . Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail . Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 24 11 `` Fight on , Iida '' `` Īda - kun Faito '' ( 飯田 くん ファイト ) June 10 , 2017 -- Izuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery ; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again . All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku 's . Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father . In the last matches of the second round , Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds , while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima . When Iida fights Todoroki , Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on . Bakugo figures Tokoyami 's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield . Meanwhile in Tokyo , Iida 's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer : Stain , and Iida is informed not long after by his mother . Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain 's League . 25 12 `` Todoroki vs. Bakugo '' `` Todoroki vs. Bakugo '' ( 轟 vs 爆 豪 ) June 17 , 2017 -- Todoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side . As the match starts , Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power . Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides . After Izuku 's cheer , Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his `` Howitzer Impact '' , Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side . The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds , resulting in Bakugo being named the winner . Angered , Bakugo still goes after Todoroki , but Midnight stops him . After the match , All Might gives everyone medals . Iida already to see his brother at the hospital and did not attend the award ceremony . After everyone went home to recover , Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years . 26 13 `` Time to Pick Some Names '' `` Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai '' ( 名前 を つけ て みよう の 会 ) June 24 , 2017 -- The Sports Festival is over , and everyone 's injuries are almost recovered . Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves , and that since many of the students have gotten multiple offers from pro heroes , everyone will be doing a one - week internship at a hero agency . Midnight joins in to offer feedback on everyone 's hero name requests . After that , everyone chooses an agency for their internship . Izuku is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up . He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship , and Izuku accepts it . Meanwhile , Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked . The next day , everyone sets off for the internship . 27 14 `` Bizarre ! Gran Torino Appears '' `` Kaiki ! Guran Torino Arawaru '' ( 怪奇 ! グラン トリノ 現 る ) July 8 , 2017 -- The internship program starts and Izuku is waiting to meet Gran Torino but when he does he is not what he expected . Izuku begins to leave until Gran Torino shows his power and tempts Izuku to fight him . Meanwhile Tenya is looking for hero - killer Stain and the other students of Class A are also busy in their internship . Izuku trains hard with Gran Torino and finally starts to understand One For All . 28 15 `` Midoriya and Shigaraki '' `` Midoriya to Shigaraki '' ( 緑 谷 と 死 柄 木 ) July 15 , 2017 -- Now that Izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with Gran Torino to perfect that power . All Might learns more about the captured Nomu . After Stain refuses to join the League of Villains , he returns to Hosu City to hunt down more heroes . Shigaraki also goes to Hosu , releasing several Nomus into the city . On the way to respond to the Nomu attacks , Tenya discovers Stain just as he is about to kill another hero . Meanwhile , Gran Torino decides to take Izuku to Shibuya city , and their train is attacked by a Nomu as they pass Hosu . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 29 16 `` Hero Killer : Stain vs U.A. Students '' `` Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito '' ( ヒーロー 殺し ステイン vs 雄英 生徒 ) July 22 , 2017 -- Hosu City is under attack by Stain and by three Nomus released by the League of Villains . As Gran Torino battles the Nomu that attacked their train , Izuku searches the city for Tenya and arrives just in time to prevent Stain from killing him . Having received a cryptic message from Izuku before he attacked Stain , Shoto arrives just as Stain has used his Quirk to paralyze Izuku . As Izuku figures out the secret of Stain 's Quirk , Shoto struggles to evade Stain 's many blades and Tenya struggles with his own rage and quest for vengeance . Note : The episode earned a 2.8 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 30 17 `` Climax '' `` Ketchaku '' ( 決着 ) July 29 , 2017 -- Tenya fights off Stain 's Quirk and joins the battle with Shoto and Izuku . Endeavor and Gran Torino defeat a Nomu while the three UA students defeat Stain - at the cost of serious injuries to Tenya and Izuku . Endeavor defeats the remaining Nomu and controls the situation . Note : The episode earned a 4.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 31 18 `` The Aftermath of Hero Killer : Stain '' `` ' Hīrō - Goroshi Sutein ' Sono Yoha '' ( 「 ヒーロー 殺し ステイン 」 その 余波 ) August 5 , 2017 -- Following Stain 's arrest , the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral , and more people are falling to those views . With Stain in custody , they begin to gravitate towards the League of Villains . Meanwhile , credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor , to ensure that Tenya , Izuku and Shoto are not arrested for using their powers without permission . Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself . 32 19 `` Everyone 's Internships '' `` Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken '' ( それぞれ の 職場 体験 ) August 12 , 2017 -- Anime - original episode showing what some of the other characters did during their internships , particularly Tsuyu / Froppy . Note : The episode earned a 2.7 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 33 20 `` Listen Up ! ! A Tale from the Past '' `` Shire ! ! Mukashi no Hanashi '' ( 知れ ! ! 昔 の 話 ) August 19 , 2017 -- Following their internships , everyone has returned to school , and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind his Quirk , One for All . Note : The episode earned a 4.1 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 34 21 `` Gear up for Final Exams '' `` Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto '' ( 備え ろ 期末 テスト ) September 2 , 2017 -- Final exams are approaching , and the class prepares for their written and practical exams . Momo hosts a study party at her mansion , and Itsuka tells Izuku and his friends that the practical exam will be against robot enemies . After making it through three days of written exams , everyone is shocked to learn that the practical exam will not involve robots this year - instead , they will be fighting in predetermined pairs against one of their teachers . To pass , they must either defeat the teacher or escape the arena before time runs out . Note : The episode earned a 3.2 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 35 22 `` Yaoyorozu : Rising '' `` Yaoyorozu : Raijingu '' ( 八 百 万 : ライジング ) September 9 , 2017 -- Tsuyu and Fumikage work together to evade Ectoplasm 's army of clones . Tenya and Mashirao face off against the burrowing Power Loader . Todoroki and Momo , whose confidence was shattered after being easily defeated by Fumikage in the Sports Festival , attempt to evade Aizawa 's Quirk . Ochaco and Yuga try to avoid being sucked into Thirteen 's black hole . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 36 23 `` Stripping the Varnish '' `` Mukero Hitokawa '' ( むけ ろ 一 皮 ) September 16 , 2017 -- Yuga asks Ochaco if she likes Izuku , prompting an unexpected resolution to their match with Thirteen . Denki and Mina attempt to evade the buildings being toppled by Principal Nezu as he strategically cuts off their escape routes . Kyoka and Koji , who both have sound - dependent Quirks , struggle to come up with a strategy against Present Mic 's overpowering noise . Mezo creates a distraction to allow Toru an opening against Snipe . Midnight takes out Hanta quickly , leaving Mineta alone against her somnambulist Quirk . Note : The episode earned a 3.9 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 37 24 `` Katsuki Bakugo : Origin '' `` Bakugo Katsuki : Orijin '' ( 爆 豪 勝己 : オリジン ) September 23 , 2017 -- The final match of the final exams pits Izuku and Katsuki against All Might . Izuku struggles to convince Katsuki to work with him , especially since Izuku believes they have no choice but to escape and Katsuki seems determined to fight All Might head - on . Even with All Might 's diminishing strength and handicap weights , both students face serious injuries as they put everything they have into the fight . Note : The episode earned a 3.4 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 38 25 `` Encounter '' `` Enkauntā '' ( エン カウンター ) September 30 , 2017 -- At the League of Villains hideout , two visitors express interest in joining the League of Villains . Tomura resents the fact that Stain 's ideology has inspired so many people when his own approach has not been nearly as successful . Meanwhile , Izuku and his classmates go on a shopping trip to prepare for summer training camp . Season 3 ( 2018 ) Main article : List of My Hero Academia episodes ( season 3 ) No. in Series No. in Season Title Original airdate 39 `` Game Start '' `` Gēmu Sutāto '' ( ゲーム ・ スタート ) April 7 , 2018 The students of 1 - A have a PE class at the pool , while reminiscing about the main events of the previous seasons . Note : The episode earned a 4.9 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 40 `` Wild , Wild Pussycats '' `` Wairudo Wairudo Pusshīkyattsu '' ( ワイルド ・ ワイルド ・ プッシー キャッツ ) April 14 , 2018 On the day of the forest lodge trip , Class 1 - A and 1 - B prepare to board buses . An hour later , Class 1 - A 's bus stops for a restroom break . Suddenly , two women wearing cat - like costumes and a small boy appear . The women introduce themselves as the professional Hero Team , The Pussycats , while the boy is revealed to be Kota , an orphan in their care who despises heroes . Mandalay tells class 1 - A that they must reach the training camp at the base of the mountain by midday or they will miss lunch . Despite their best efforts , class 1 - A 's progress is inhibited by earthen beasts throughout the forest , controlled by Pixie - Bob with her Quirk , and the students miss their deadline by hours . However , team Pussycats is satisfied with their performances , and they are offered dinner instead . Afterwards , Class 1 - A go to the hot springs for a bath . Mineta tries to peek at the girls ' bath side but is prevented by Kota ; Kota accidentally sees the girls and faints , but is saved by Izuku . Izuku brings the unconscious Kota to the cabin and learns the story of his parents ; pro heroes who died in the line of duty . 41 `` Kota '' `` Kōta - kun '' ( 洸 汰 くん ) April 21 , 2018 Class 1 - A and 1 - B continues training as the villains prepare to attack . Despite Kota 's hatred for heroes , and the superhuman society in general , Midoriya tries to convince Kota by telling his own tales as his friend 's story . The villains attack when the students are participating in a training exercise and catch them unawares . 42 `` My Hero '' `` Boku no Hīrō '' ( 僕 の ヒーロー ) April 28 , 2018 The villains continue their attack , working in teams or alone to target different groups of students and teachers . Muscular , one of the villains chances upon Kota at his secret hideout and tries to kill him , but is stopped by Izuku . Izuku is pushed to his limit in the fight but manages to defeat Muscular with a 1,000,000 % Delaware Detroit Smash and saves Kota . Kota finally overcomes his prejudices due to Izuku 's selflessness and calls him `` My Hero '' . 43 5 `` Drive It Home , Iron Fist ! ! ! '' `` Buchikomu Tekken ! ! ! '' ( ブチ 込む 鉄拳 ! ! ! ) May 5 , 2018 After defeating Muscular , Izuku carries Kota back to the camp and runs into Eraserhead . Izuku passes Kota over to him , as he has a message to deliver to everyone through Mandalay 's telepathy . The teacher asks Izuku to deliver a message from him as well . Mandalay delivers both messages : That `` Kacchan '' ( Katsuki ) is one of the villains ' targets and the students have permission to use their quirks to defend themselves . Meanwhile , Tetsutetsu and Itsuka find the source of a poisonous gas that is filling part of the forest : a villain named Mustard . The two work together to defeat Mustard and this results in the gas dissipating . Izuku runs into Mezo while searching for Katsuki and learns that Fumikage 's quirk , Dark Shadow , is out of control . 44 6 `` Roaring Upheaval '' `` Ganaru Fūunkyū '' ( が なる 風雲 急 ) May 12 , 2018 Mezo asks for Izuku 's help in saving Fumikage from his own quirk and to choose between saving Fumikage or Katsuki . Izuku devises a plan to save both , which involves leading Dark Shadow to Katsuki and Shoto who are fighting the villain Moonfish . Dark Shadow defeats Moonfish and is then weakened and brought back under control by Katsuki and Shoto . The students team up and run into Ochaco and Tsuyu fighting a villain called Himiko . As there are now more student present than she is ready to take on by herself , Himiko retreats . Izuku asks the girls to help them protect Katsuki but Katsuki and Fumikage have already been kidnapped by the villain Mr. Compress . A Nomu chases Yosetsu who is carrying a heavily injured Momo but the Nomu is called back by Dabi as their mission has been accomplished . Momo makes a tracking device which Yosetsu attaches to the Nomu . Izuku and the others continue to chase Mr. Compress but are unable to keep up with his speed . Izuku devises a plan to launch him , Shoto and Mezo into the air using Ochaco and Tsuyu 's quirks . They manage to successfully tackle Mr. Compress to the ground . 45 7 `` What a Twist ! '' `` Ten Ten Ten ! '' ( 転 転転 ! ) May 19 , 2018 Midoriya , Todoroki and Shoji have caught up with Mr. Compress , and with Aoyama 's assistance , they manage to rescue Tokoyami . However , the villains retreat with Bakugo , leaving the heroes - in - training in anguish . U.A. faces serious backlash over the next couple of days , even while the police pursues a lead to find the League of Villains . Midoriya wakes up in a hospital bed , two days after the attack . Almost all of class A comes to visit him . Kirishima and Todoroki reveal that they plan to go rescue Bakugo . 46 8 `` From Iida to Midoriya '' `` Īda - kara Midoriya e '' ( 飯田 から 緑 谷 へ ) May 26 , 2018 At Midoriya 's room in the hospital , class 1A debates whether or not they should attempt a rescue mission . Kirishima lets Midoriya know that he and Todoroki intend to make their move that very night . U.A organizes a press conference whose airing is met with criticism . Meanwhile the police continues with their investigation and organizes a team of heroes to strike back against the villains . Midoriya decides to join Todoroki and Kirishima in their rescue attempt , as does Yaoyorozu . Iida attempts to convince them to drop their plan but ultimately decides to join them so that he can keep an eye on them and call the mission off if actual combat breaks out . The group makes their way to Camino ward and change into disguises to avoid standing out . Shigaraki attempts to convince Bakugo to join the League of Villains but Bakugo reveals his commitment to becoming a hero and attacks Twice and Shigaraki . 47 9 `` All For One '' `` Ōru Fō Wan '' ( オール ・ フォー ・ ワン ) June 2 , 2018 Midoriya , Yaoyorozu , Todoroki , Kirishima , and Iida continue their search and rescue to save Bakugo . After arriving at what seems to be the hideout , they discover a large amount of Nomus inside . The Pro-Heroes then capture the members of the League of Villains , but an unexpected warp attacks the heroes and takes Bakugo once again . 48 10 `` Symbol of Peace '' `` Heiwa no Shōchō '' ( 平和 の 象徴 ) June 9 , 2018 All for One , the mastermind behind the League of Villains , has snatched back his underlings from the heroes , and Bakugo as well . All Might flies to the rescue , but he 's worried about Bakugo 's safety and ca n't fight at full power . Midoriya comes up with a plan that would allow the students to escape with Bakugo , without fighting the villains , and it all comes down to Kirishima . 49 11 `` One For All '' `` Wan Fō Ōru '' ( ワン ・ フォー ・ オール ) June 16 , 2018 All Might and All for One clash furiously as their battle is witnessed by the entire world . To shatter All Might 's resolve , All For One reveals he killed his mentor , and brainwashed her grandson over several years into the now notorious Tomura Shigaraki ; which strikes a pain into All Might 's heart . This backfires as the hero now musters his power into his fist to deliver his coup de gras : The United States of SMASH . Victorious but entirely spent , All Might sends a message through the TV which the populace thinks is a threat to future villains ; however Midoriya realizes it is to let him know that it 's time for him take on the mantle of his hero . 50 12 `` End of the Beginning , Beginning of the End '' `` Hajimari no Owari Owari no Hajimari '' ( 始まり の 終わり 終わり の 始まり ) June 23 , 2018 As All Might is officially retired , and All For One imprisoned in the Maximum Security Prison `` Tartarus '' , the Police hold a closed conference on how this may embolden more villains to Shigaraki 's League . A depressed Midoriya receives a text from All Might to meet at Degoba Beach where he trained for the entrance exams and the two share a heartfelt moment . Sometime later , Aizawa & All Might visit the student 's parents to discuss a new dorm system to better protect the students . While many are open to it , including the Bakugo family , Izuku 's mother Inko is against it as her son has repeatedly suffered grave bodily injuries in emulation of All Might since attending U.A. To prove his determination , Izuku shows his mother the note from Kota thanking him for being his hero ; and as a show of humility , All Might bows his head to the ground to promise Inko he will be a better teacher for Izuku , finally earning her hesitant approval . Izuku promises to be more considerate of his mother 's feelings from now on and work to be safer . Meanwhile , All For One is gleeful that Tomura will now evolve with his teacher 's absence . 51 13 `` Moving into Dorms '' `` Haire Ryō '' ( 入れ 寮 ) June 30 , 2018 After Midoriya 's mother reluctantly allows him to live in the dorm , he and all his friends shift to the recently constructed dorm for 1A . The principal thinks to himself about how the dorm does n't only help the students , but will help to determine the identity of the U.A. traitor . Aizawa informs the class that , had the situation been different , he would have expelled not only those who went to save Bakugo , but also those who knew about their plan and did n't stop them . After explaining the dorm system , Aizawa leaves the students to unpack . Later that evening , most of the students ( the exception being Bakugo and Asui ) take a tour of the rooms to elect a King of Rooms . Sato is the surprise winner , due to his baking talent . Uraraka calls those who went to save Bakugo out to the courtyard . There , Asui reveals her conflicted feelings that she was unable to prevent her friends from breaking the rules , and her desire for everything to go back the way it was before . Uraraka confirms that the whole class feels the same way , ergo the King of Rooms contest . The Bakugo Rescue Squad apologizes to Asui , and Midoriya looks forward to the future . 52 14 `` Create Those Ultimate Moves '' `` Ame Hissatsuwaza '' ( 編め 必殺 技 ) July 14 , 2018 Midoriya woke up from a dream where he and All Might had a conversation by the beach , and prepared for school along with his classmates who now all resides in the newly constructed dorm . During homeroom , Aizawa emphasizes that to be able to pass the provisional license which only has a 50 % rate of passing in being a hero , they must acquire at least 2 ultimate moves . They were guided by Cementoss , Midnight and Ectoplasm . Inside the gym , while everyone was busy training , All Might appeared and gave each students some advice . Deku , who has trouble creating an ultimate move went to the development studio to have his costume altered to support the ligaments of his arms . There together with Ilda and Uraraka , they were reunited with support hero Hatsume who was developing her new babies which she eagerly tried on them . After several conversations , Deku was able to come up with an idea on how to overcome his problem and redesigned his costume . Just when the rock Bakugo hit with his ultimate weapon fell and hit All Might , Deku jumped in and destroyed it with his ultimate move , Full cowling : shoot style , a technique which uses his legs contrasting All Might 's Plus Ultra which uses his arms . 53 15 `` The Test '' `` THE Shinken '' ( THE 試験 ) July 21 , 2018 Class 1 - A were finally able to adjust their costumes and create ultimate weapons . Before their training is finished , Class B arrives at the gym claiming the place to be their time for training . Monoma , who has an obvious dislike for class A , provokes them haughtily and declares to defeat their class in the coming examination ; however , Aizawa states that the two classes will be having the exam in different locations to avoid fighting each other . After reaching the place for the provisional examination , Aizawa meets Ms. Joke , a colleague from his former neighboring agency . She constantly teases him into going out with her , to which he always quickly declines . The class meets several other students from other schools and the test starts with an elimination exam . However , unbeknownst to the U.A. students , there is a tradition where other schools primarily target U.A. students every time an examination starts . 54 16 `` Shiketsu High Lurking '' `` Haiyoru Shiketsu Kōkō '' ( 這い 寄る 士 傑 高校 ) July 28 , 2018 Ketsubutsu Academy students ambush Class 1 - A , but they manage to evade Ketsubutsu 's balls by working together . Shindo then separates them by using his Vibrate Quirk to break the ground . Meanwhile , in another part of the arena , Shiketsu High School 's Yoarashi uses his Whirlwind Quirk to pass , taking out 120 students at once . Midoriya gets hit once by Shiketsu High School student Utsushimi using her Glamour Quirk . A big group of students finds them but Midoriya manages to dodge all of their attacks . He rescues Uraraka , but he discovers that it 's only Utsushimi pretending to be Uraraka . Sero and the real Uraraka help him . Somewhere else , Todoroki is ambushed by a group of students from Seijin High School . 55 17 `` Class 1 - A '' `` Ichi - Nen Ei - Gumi '' ( 1 年 A 組 ) August 4 , 2018 As the battle continues , Todoroki uses his fire quirk against a water attack in order to generate a huge steam cloud , thus obscuring his opponents ' vision . He lures his opponents to a large gas tank and ignites it , causing them to be knocked down and then subdued with his freezing quirk . He easily activates their target rings and passes the exam . While trapped in a building , Shoji , Asui , Jiro and Yaoyorozu also pass the exam after defeating their opponents from Seiai Academy . Meanwhile , Midoriya acts as a decoy while Uraraka and Sero attempt to restrain as many opponents as possible . Elsewhere , Bakugo , Kaminari and Kirishima face off against Shiketsu High student Seiji Shishikura . While waiting for the exam to conclude , Aizawa comments to Ms. Joke that he has noticed that Midoriya and Bakugo seem to inspire Class 1 - A to achieve greatness . 56 18 `` RUSH ! '' `` Rasshu ! '' ( RUSH ! ) August 11 , 2018 57 19 `` Rescue Exercises '' `` Kyūjo Enshū '' ( 救助 演習 ) August 18 , 2018 OVA No . Title Original air date `` Save ! Rescue Training ! '' `` Sukue ! Kyūjo Kunren ! '' ( 救え ! 救助 訓練 ! ) November 27 , 2016 ( event ) April 4 , 2017 ( DVD ) `` Training of the Dead '' ( トレーニング ・ オブ ・ ザ ・ デッド ) June 2 , 2017 References Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump to Launch 4 Manga Series in Next 3 Issues '' . Anime News Network . June 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viz 's Shonen Jump Adds My Hero Academia '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia TV Anime Adaptation Confirmed '' . Anime News Network . October 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Latest `` My Hero Academia '' Anime Cast Addition And Plans Spotted `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Season 2 's Ad Previews Opening Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime Reveals New Opening Theme Artist , Cast for Gran Torino '' . Anime News Network . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LiSA Performs New Ending Theme For My Hero Academia Anime 's 2nd Season '' . Anime News Network . June 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime Gets 3rd Season '' . Anime News Network . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime 's 3rd Season Premieres April 7 '' . Anime News Network . January 30 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia 3rd Anime Season 's 2nd Promo Video Previews UVERworld 's Theme '' . Anime News Network . March 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2018 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny code fiction , Masaki Suda Perform New Themes for My Hero Academia Anime 's 3rd Season '' . Anime News Network . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia to Air on Toonami '' . Anime News Network . April 19 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Season 3 Listed With 25 Episodes '' . Anime News Network . March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.5. 2018 '' . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.12. 2018 '' . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.19. 2018 '' . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . 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August 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , August 14 ― 20 '' . Anime News Network . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , August 28 ― September 3 '' . Anime News Network . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , September 3 ― 9 '' . Anime News Network . September 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , September 10 ― 16 '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , September 17 ― 23 '' . Anime News Network . September 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , April 2 - 8 '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . See also List of My Hero Academia chapters List of My Hero Academia characters My Hero Academia by Kōhei Horikoshi Chapters Characters Episodes season 1 My Hero Academia : Two Heroes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_My_Hero_Academia_episodes&oldid=854585098 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles using Template : Episode table with invalid colour combination Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 11 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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when does season 3 episode 12 of my hero academia come out
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"\n\n\nNo. in Series\n\nNo. in Season\n\nTitle\n\nOriginal airdate\n\n391\n\"Game Start\"\"Gēmu Sutāto\" (ゲーム・スタート) April 7, 2018\nThe students of 1-A have a PE class at the pool, while reminiscing about the main events of the previous seasons.\n\nNote: The episode earned a 4.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[41] \n402\n\"Wild, Wild Pussycats\"\"Wairudo Wairudo Pusshīkyattsu\" (ワイルド・ワイルド・プッシーキャッツ) April 14, 2018\nOn the day of the forest lodge trip, Class 1-A and 1-B prepare to board buses. An hour later, Class 1-A's bus stops for a restroom break. Suddenly, two women wearing cat-like costumes and a small boy appear. The women introduce themselves as the professional Hero Team, The Pussycats, while the boy is revealed to be Kota, an orphan in their care who despises heroes. Mandalay tells class 1-A that they must reach the training camp at the base of the mountain by midday or they will miss lunch. Despite their best efforts, class 1-A's progress is inhibited by earthen beasts throughout the forest, controlled by Pixie-Bob with her Quirk, and the students miss their deadline by hours. However, team Pussycats is satisfied with their performances, and they are offered dinner instead. Afterwards, Class 1-A go to the hot springs for a bath. Mineta tries to peek at the girls' bath side but is prevented by Kota; Kota accidentally sees the girls and faints, but is saved by Izuku. Izuku brings the unconscious Kota to the cabin and learns the story of his parents; pro heroes who died in the line of duty. \n413\n\"Kota\"\"Kōta-kun\" (洸汰くん) April 21, 2018\nClass 1-A and 1-B continues training as the villains prepare to attack. Despite Kota's hatred for heroes, and the superhuman society in general, Midoriya tries to convince Kota by telling his own tales as his friend's story. The villains attack when the students are participating in a training exercise and catch them unawares. \n424\n\"My Hero\"\"Boku no Hīrō\" (僕のヒーロー) April 28, 2018\nThe villains continue their attack, working in teams or alone to target different groups of students and teachers. Muscular, one of the villains chances upon Kota at his secret hideout and tries to kill him, but is stopped by Izuku. Izuku is pushed to his limit in the fight but manages to defeat Muscular with a 1,000,000% Delaware Detroit Smash and saves Kota. Kota finally overcomes his prejudices due to Izuku's selflessness and calls him \"My Hero\". \n435\n\"Drive It Home, Iron Fist!!!\"\"Buchikomu Tekken!!!\" (ブチ込む鉄拳!!!) May 5, 2018\nAfter defeating Muscular, Izuku carries Kota back to the camp and runs into Eraserhead. Izuku passes Kota over to him, as he has a message to deliver to everyone through Mandalay's telepathy. The teacher asks Izuku to deliver a message from him as well. Mandalay delivers both messages: That “Kacchan” (Katsuki) is one of the villains' targets and the students have permission to use their quirks to defend themselves. Meanwhile, Tetsutetsu and Itsuka find the source of a poisonous gas that is filling part of the forest: a villain named Mustard. The two work together to defeat Mustard and this results in the gas dissipating. Izuku runs into Mezo while searching for Katsuki and learns that Fumikage's quirk, Dark Shadow, is out of control. \n446\n\"Roaring Upheaval\"\"Ganaru Fūunkyū\" (がなる風雲急) May 12, 2018\nMezo asks for Izuku's help in saving Fumikage from his own quirk and to choose between saving Fumikage or Katsuki. Izuku devises a plan to save both, which involves leading Dark Shadow to Katsuki and Shoto who are fighting the villain Moonfish. Dark Shadow defeats Moonfish and is then weakened and brought back under control by Katsuki and Shoto. The students team up and run into Ochaco and Tsuyu fighting a villain called Himiko. As there are now more student present than she is ready to take on by herself, Himiko retreats. Izuku asks the girls to help them protect Katsuki but Katsuki and Fumikage have already been kidnapped by the villain Mr. Compress. A Nomu chases Yosetsu who is carrying a heavily injured Momo but the Nomu is called back by Dabi as their mission has been accomplished. Momo makes a tracking device which Yosetsu attaches to the Nomu. Izuku and the others continue to chase Mr. Compress but are unable to keep up with his speed. Izuku devises a plan to launch him, Shoto and Mezo into the air using Ochaco and Tsuyu's quirks. They manage to successfully tackle Mr. Compress to the ground. \n457\n\"What a Twist!\"\"Ten Ten Ten!\" (転転転!) May 19, 2018\nMidoriya, Todoroki and Shoji have caught up with Mr. Compress, and with Aoyama's assistance, they manage to rescue Tokoyami. However, the villains retreat with Bakugo, leaving the heroes-in-training in anguish. U.A. faces serious backlash over the next couple of days, even while the police pursues a lead to find the League of Villains. Midoriya wakes up in a hospital bed, two days after the attack. Almost all of class A comes to visit him. Kirishima and Todoroki reveal that they plan to go rescue Bakugo. \n468\n\"From Iida to Midoriya\"\"Īda-kara Midoriya e\" (飯田から緑谷へ) May 26, 2018\nAt Midoriya's room in the hospital, class 1A debates whether or not they should attempt a rescue mission. Kirishima lets Midoriya know that he and Todoroki intend to make their move that very night. U.A organizes a press conference whose airing is met with criticism. Meanwhile the police continues with their investigation and organizes a team of heroes to strike back against the villains. Midoriya decides to join Todoroki and Kirishima in their rescue attempt, as does Yaoyorozu. Iida attempts to convince them to drop their plan but ultimately decides to join them so that he can keep an eye on them and call the mission off if actual combat breaks out. The group makes their way to Camino ward and change into disguises to avoid standing out. Shigaraki attempts to convince Bakugo to join the League of Villains but Bakugo reveals his commitment to becoming a hero and attacks Twice and Shigaraki. \n479\n\"All For One\"\"Ōru Fō Wan\" (オール・フォー・ワン) June 2, 2018\nMidoriya, Yaoyorozu, Todoroki, Kirishima, and Iida continue their search and rescue to save Bakugo. After arriving at what seems to be the hideout, they discover a large amount of Nomus inside. The Pro-Heroes then capture the members of the League of Villains, but an unexpected warp attacks the heroes and takes Bakugo once again. \n4810\n\"Symbol of Peace\"\"Heiwa no Shōchō\" (平和の象徴) June 9, 2018\nAll for One, the mastermind behind the League of Villains, has snatched back his underlings from the heroes, and Bakugo as well. All Might flies to the rescue, but he's worried about Bakugo's safety and can't fight at full power. Midoriya comes up with a plan that would allow the students to escape with Bakugo, without fighting the villains, and it all comes down to Kirishima. \n4911\n\"One For All\"\"Wan Fō Ōru\" (ワン・フォー・オール) June 16, 2018\nAll Might and All for One clash furiously as their battle is witnessed by the entire world. To shatter All Might's resolve, All For One reveals he killed his mentor, and brainwashed her grandson over several years into the now notorious Tomura Shigaraki; which strikes a pain into All Might's heart. This backfires as the hero now musters his power into his fist to deliver his coup de gras: The United States of SMASH. Victorious but entirely spent, All Might sends a message through the TV which the populace thinks is a threat to future villains; however Midoriya realizes it is to let him know that it's time for him take on the mantle of his hero. \n5012\n\"End of the Beginning, Beginning of the End\"\"Hajimari no Owari Owari no Hajimari\" (始まりの終わり 終わりの始まり) June 23, 2018\nAs All Might is officially retired, and All For One imprisoned in the Maximum Security Prison \"Tartarus\", the Police hold a closed conference on how this may embolden more villains to Shigaraki's League. A depressed Midoriya receives a text from All Might to meet at Degoba Beach where he trained for the entrance exams and the two share a heartfelt moment. Sometime later, Aizawa & All Might visit the student's parents to discuss a new dorm system to better protect the students. While many are open to it, including the Bakugo family, Izuku's mother Inko is against it as her son has repeatedly suffered grave bodily injuries in emulation of All Might since attending U.A. To prove his determination, Izuku shows his mother the note from Kota thanking him for being his hero; and as a show of humility, All Might bows his head to the ground to promise Inko he will be a better teacher for Izuku, finally earning her hesitant approval. Izuku promises to be more considerate of his mother's feelings from now on and work to be safer. Meanwhile, All For One is gleeful that Tomura will now evolve with his teacher's absence. \n5113\n\"Moving into Dorms\"\"Haire Ryō\" (入れ寮) June 30, 2018\nAfter Midoriya's mother reluctantly allows him to live in the dorm, he and all his friends shift to the recently constructed dorm for 1A. The principal thinks to himself about how the dorm doesn't only help the students, but will help to determine the identity of the U.A. traitor. Aizawa informs the class that, had the situation been different, he would have expelled not only those who went to save Bakugo, but also those who knew about their plan and didn't stop them. After explaining the dorm system, Aizawa leaves the students to unpack. Later that evening, most of the students (the exception being Bakugo and Asui) take a tour of the rooms to elect a King of Rooms. Sato is the surprise winner, due to his baking talent. Uraraka calls those who went to save Bakugo out to the courtyard. There, Asui reveals her conflicted feelings that she was unable to prevent her friends from breaking the rules, and her desire for everything to go back the way it was before. Uraraka confirms that the whole class feels the same way, ergo the King of Rooms contest. The Bakugo Rescue Squad apologizes to Asui, and Midoriya looks forward to the future. \n5214\n\"Create Those Ultimate Moves\"\"Ame Hissatsuwaza\" (編め必殺技) July 14, 2018\nMidoriya woke up from a dream where he and All Might had a conversation by the beach, and prepared for school along with his classmates who now all resides in the newly constructed dorm. During homeroom, Aizawa emphasizes that to be able to pass the provisional license which only has a 50% rate of passing in being a hero, they must acquire at least 2 ultimate moves. They were guided by Cementoss, Midnight and Ectoplasm. Inside the gym, while everyone was busy training, All Might appeared and gave each students some advice. Deku, who has trouble creating an ultimate move went to the development studio to have his costume altered to support the ligaments of his arms. There together with Ilda and Uraraka, they were reunited with support hero Hatsume who was developing her new babies which she eagerly tried on them. After several conversations, Deku was able to come up with an idea on how to overcome his problem and redesigned his costume. Just when the rock Bakugo hit with his ultimate weapon fell and hit All Might, Deku jumped in and destroyed it with his ultimate move, Full cowling: shoot style, a technique which uses his legs contrasting All Might's Plus Ultra which uses his arms. \n5315\n\"The Test\"\"THE Shinken\" (THE試験) July 21, 2018\nClass 1-A were finally able to adjust their costumes and create ultimate weapons. Before their training is finished, Class B arrives at the gym claiming the place to be their time for training. Monoma, who has an obvious dislike for class A, provokes them haughtily and declares to defeat their class in the coming examination; however, Aizawa states that the two classes will be having the exam in different locations to avoid fighting each other. After reaching the place for the provisional examination, Aizawa meets Ms. Joke, a colleague from his former neighboring agency. She constantly teases him into going out with her, to which he always quickly declines. The class meets several other students from other schools and the test starts with an elimination exam. However, unbeknownst to the U.A. students, there is a tradition where other schools primarily target U.A. students every time an examination starts. \n5416\n\"Shiketsu High Lurking\"\"Haiyoru Shiketsu Kōkō\" (這い寄る士傑高校) July 28, 2018\nKetsubutsu Academy students ambush Class 1-A, but they manage to evade Ketsubutsu's balls by working together. Shindo then separates them by using his Vibrate Quirk to break the ground. Meanwhile, in another part of the arena, Shiketsu High School's Yoarashi uses his Whirlwind Quirk to pass, taking out 120 students at once. Midoriya gets hit once by Shiketsu High School student Utsushimi using her Glamour Quirk. A big group of students finds them but Midoriya manages to dodge all of their attacks. He rescues Uraraka, but he discovers that it's only Utsushimi pretending to be Uraraka. Sero and the real Uraraka help him. Somewhere else, Todoroki is ambushed by a group of students from Seijin High School. \n5517\n\"Class 1-A\"\"Ichi-Nen Ei-Gumi\" (１年A組) August 4, 2018\nAs the battle continues, Todoroki uses his fire quirk against a water attack in order to generate a huge steam cloud, thus obscuring his opponents' vision. He lures his opponents to a large gas tank and ignites it, causing them to be knocked down and then subdued with his freezing quirk. He easily activates their target rings and passes the exam. While trapped in a building, Shoji, Asui, Jiro and Yaoyorozu also pass the exam after defeating their opponents from Seiai Academy. Meanwhile, Midoriya acts as a decoy while Uraraka and Sero attempt to restrain as many opponents as possible. Elsewhere, Bakugo, Kaminari and Kirishima face off against Shiketsu High student Seiji Shishikura. While waiting for the exam to conclude, Aizawa comments to Ms. Joke that he has noticed that Midoriya and Bakugo seem to inspire Class 1-A to achieve greatness. \n5618\n\"RUSH!\"\"Rasshu!\" (RUSH!) August 11, 2018\n5719\n\"Rescue Exercises\"\"Kyūjo Enshū\" (救助演習) August 18, 2018\n"
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List of chemical element name etymologies
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List of chemical element name etymologies - wikipedia List of chemical element name etymologies Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( super - / eka - super - ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals polyatomic diatomic monatomic ( noble gas ) By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ... ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( ( Allen ) ) ( ( Pauling ) ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal This is the list of etymologies for all chemical element names . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Table ( edit ) Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 89 Actinium Ac Greek ἀκτίς ( aktis ) beam Greek aktinos ἀκτίς , ἀκτῖνος ( aktis ; aktinos ) , which means `` beam ( ray ) '' . 13 Aluminium Al Latin alumen alum ( literally : bitter salt ) Latin alumen Latin alumen , which means `` alum '' ( literally `` bitter salt '' ) . 95 Americium Am America toponym : the Americas Named for the Americas , because it was discovered in the United States ( by analogy with europium ) ( the name of the continent America is derived from the name of the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci ) . 51 Antimony Sb Greek ? via Medieval Latin and Middle English ἀντί + μόνος ( anti monos ) ; antimonium / antimonie various Possibly from Greek ἀντί + μόνος ( anti monos ) , approximately meaning `` opposed to solitude '' , as believed never to exist in pure form , or ἀντί + μοναχός ( anti monachos ) for `` monk - killer '' ( in French folk etymology , anti-moine `` monk 's bane '' ) , because many early alchemists were monks , and antimony is poisonous . This may also be derived from the Pharaonic ( ancient Egyptian ) , Antos Ammon ( expression ) , which could be translated as `` bloom of the god Ammo '' . The symbol Sb is from Latin name stibium , which is derived from Greek Στίβι stíbi , a variant of στίμμι stimmi ( genitive : στίμμεος or στίμμιδος ) , probably a loan word from Arabic or Egyptian sdm meaning `` eyepaint '' . Littré suggests that the first form is derived from * stimmida , a hypothetical alternative accusative of stimmi ( the canonical accusative of the noun is the same as the nominative : stimmi ) . The Arabic word for the substance , as `` mark '' or `` the cosmetic '' , can appear as تحميض ، ثمود ، وثمود ، وثمود ithmid , athmoud , othmod or uthmod . 18 Argon Ar Greek ἀργόν ( argon ) inactive descriptive : argon Greek argon means `` inactive '' ( literally `` slow '' ) . 33 Arsenic As Syriac / Persian via Greek , Latin , Old French , and Middle English ἀρσενικόν ( arsenikon ) orpiment Greek arsenikon From Greek ἀρσενικόν ( arsenikon ) , which is adapted from the Syriac ܠܐ ܙܐܦܢܝܐ ( al ) zarniqa and Persian , زرنيخ ( zarnik ) , `` yellow orpiment '' . Ἀρσενικόν ( arsenikon ) is paretymologically related to the Greek word ἀρσενικός ( arsenikos ) , which means `` masculine '' or `` potent '' . These words were adapted as the Latin arsenicum and Old French arsenic , which is the source for the English arsenic . Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 85 Astatine At Greek ἄστατος ( astatos ) unstable Greek astatos ἄστατος ( astatos ) means `` unstable '' . 56 Barium Ba Greek via Modern Latin βαρύς ( barys ) heavy Greek barys βαρύς ( barys ) means `` heavy '' . The oxide was initially called `` barote '' , then `` baryta '' , which was modified to `` barium '' to describe the metal . Sir Humphry Davy gave the element this name because it was originally found in baryte , which shares the same source . 97 Berkelium Bk Anglo - Saxon via English University of California , Berkeley toponym : Berkeley , California Named for the University of California , Berkeley , where it was discovered . Berkeley , California , was named in honour of George Berkeley . `` Berkeley '' is derived from Old English beorce léah , which means birch lea . Beryllium Be Sanskrit , Pali , and Prakrit via Greek , Latin , Old French , and Middle English City of Belur via Greek βήρυλλος ( beryllos ) a blue - green spar ( beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate , Be Al ( SiO ) ) . Possibly related to the name of Belur . descriptive ( colour ) : beryl βήρυλλος beryllos , denoting beryl , which contains beryllium . The word is derived ( via Latin : beryllus and French : béryl ) from the Greek βήρυλλος , bērullos , a blue - green spar , from Prakrit veruliya ( वॆरुलिय ) , from Pāli veḷuriya ( वेलुरिय ) ; veḷiru ( भेलिरु ) or , viḷar ( भिलर् ) , `` to become pale , '' in reference to the pale semiprecious gemstone beryl . The word is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit word वैडूर्य vaidurya , which might be related to the name of the Indian city of Belur . 83 Bismuth Bi Modern Latin from German bisemutum white mass descriptive ( colour ) : bisemutum bisemutum is derived from German Wismuth , perhaps from weiße Masse , and means `` white mass '' , due to its appearance . 107 Bohrium Bh Bohr , Niels eponym : Niels Bohr Named in honour of Niels Bohr , who made fundamental contributions to the understanding of atomic structure and quantum mechanics . Unnilseptium was used as a temporary systematic element name . 5 Boron Arabic , Medieval Latin , Anglo - Norman , Middle French , and Middle English بورق ( buraq ) Latin borax from Arabic From the Arabic بورق ( buraq ) , which refers to borax . Possibly derived from the Persian , بوره ( burah ) . The Arabic was adapted as Medieval Latin baurach , Anglo - Norman boreis , and Middle English boras , which became the source of the English `` boron '' . Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 35 Bromine Br Greek via French βρόμος ( brómos ) dirt or stench ( of he - goats ) Greek bromos βρόμος ( brómos ) means `` stench ( lit . clangor ) '' , due to its characteristic smell . 48 Cadmium Cd Greek / Latin καδμεία ( kadmeia ) calamine or Cadmean earth Greek kadmia From Latin cadmia , which is derived from Greek καδμεία ( kadmeia ) and means `` calamine '' , a cadmium - bearing mixture of minerals . Cadmium is named after Cadmus ( in Greek : Κάδμος Kadmos ) , a character in Greek mythology and calamine is derived from Le Calamine , the French name of the Belgian town of Kelmis . 55 Caesium Cs Latin caesius blue - gray or sky blue descriptive ( colour ) : Latin caesius From Latin caesius , which means `` sky blue '' . Its identification was based upon the bright - blue lines in its spectrum , and it was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis . 20 Calcium Ca Greek / Latin χάλιξ / calx χάλιξ means `` pebble '' , and calx means limestone Latin calx From Latin calx , which means `` lime '' . Calcium was known as early as the first century when the Ancient Romans prepared lime as calcium oxide . 98 Californium Cf English California toponym : State and University of California Named for California , the U.S. state of California and for the University of California , Berkeley . ( The origin of the state 's name is disputed . ) 6 Carbon Latin via French charbone charcoal Latin carbo From the French , charbone , which in turn came from Latin carbō , which means `` charcoal '' and is related to carbōn , which means `` a coal '' . ( The German and Dutch names , `` Kohlenstoff '' and `` koolstof '' , respectively , both literally mean `` coal matter '' . ) These words were derived from the PIE base * ker - meaning heat , fire , or to burn . 58 Cerium Ce Latin Ceres grain , bread astrological ; mythological Ceres Named after the asteroid Ceres , discovered two years earlier . ( The asteroid , now classified as a dwarf planet , was named after Ceres , the goddess of fertility in Roman mythology . ) Ceres is derived from PIE * ker - es - from base * ker - meaning to grow . 17 Chlorine Cl Greek χλωρός ( chlorós ) pale green descriptive ( colour ) : Greek chloros From Greek χλωρός ( chlorós ) , which means `` yellowish green '' or `` greenish yellow '' , because of the colour of the gas . Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 24 Chromium Cr Greek via French χρῶμα ( chróma ) colour descriptive ( colour ) : Greek chroma From Greek χρῶμα ( chróma ) , `` colour '' , because of its multicoloured compounds . This word was adapted as the French chrome , and adding the suffix - ium created the English `` chromium '' . 27 Cobalt Co German Kobold evil spirit German kobold From German Kobold , which means `` evil spirit '' . The metal was named by miners , because it was poisonous and troublesome ( polluted and degraded other mined elements , such as nickel ) . Other sources cite the origin in the silver miners ' belief that cobalt had been placed by `` Kobolds '' , who had stolen the silver . Some also think that the name may have been derived from Greek κόβαλος , kobalos , which means `` mine '' and which may have common roots with kobold , goblin , and cobalt . 112 Copernicium Cn Polish via Latin Copernicus , Nicolaus Polish surname , literally : `` copper nickel '' eponym : Nicolaus Copernicus Named in honour of Nicolaus Copernicus . Ununbium was used as a temporary systematic element name , and it was referred to as eka - mercury . 29 Copper Cu Greek ? via Latin , West Germanic , Old English , and Middle English Κύπριος ( Kyprios ) ? who / which is from Cyprus toponym : Latin Cuprum Possibly derived from Greek Κύπριος ( Kyprios ) ( which comes from Κύπρος ( Kypros ) , the Greek name of Cyprus ) via Latin cuprum , West Germanic * kupar , Old English coper / copor , and Middle English coper . The Latin term , during the Roman Empire , was aes cyprium ; `` aes '' was the generic term for copper alloys such as bronze ) . Cyprium means `` Cyprus '' or `` which is from Cyprus '' , where so much of it was mined ; it was simplified to cuprum and then eventually Anglicized as copper ( Old English coper / copor ) . 96 Curium Cm Curie , Marie and Pierre eponym : Pierre and Marie Curie and the - um ending Named in honour of Marie and Pierre Curie , who discovered radium and researched radioactivity . 110 Darmstadtium Ds German Darmstadt proper name , literally : `` intestine city '' toponym Named for Darmstadt , where it was discovered ( GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , located in Wixhausen , a small suburb north of Darmstadt ) . It has also been called eka - platinum and temporarily by IUPAC ununnilium ( Uun ) . 105 Dubnium Db Russian Дубна ( Dubna ) toponym Named for Dubna ( Joint Institute for Nuclear Research , U.S.S.R. ) where it was discovered . Researchers at the University of California , Berkeley proposed hahnium ( Ha ) , in honour of Otto Hahn , for his pioneering work in radioactivity and radiochemistry , but the proposal was rejected . Unnilpentium was used as a temporary systematic element name . 66 Dysprosium Dy Greek δυσπρόσιτος ( dysprositos ) hard to get at descriptive Derived from Greek δυσπρόσιτος ( dysprositos ) , which means `` hard to get at '' . Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 99 Einsteinium Es German Einstein , Albert German - Jewish surname , which means `` one stone '' eponym Named in honour of Albert Einstein , for his work on theoretical physics , which included the photoelectric effect . 68 Erbium Er Swedish Ytterby proper name , literally : `` outer village '' toponym Named after the village of Ytterby in Sweden , where large concentrations of yttria and erbia are located . Erbia and terbia were confused at this time . After 1860 , what had been known as terbia was renamed erbia , and after 1877 , what had been known as erbia was renamed terbia . 63 Europium Eu Ancient Greek Εὐρώπη ( Europe ) broad - faced or well - watered toponym ; mythological Named for Europe , where it was discovered . Europe was named after the fictional Phoenician princess Europa . 100 Fermium Fm Italian Fermi , Enrico Italian surname , from ferm - `` fastener '' and - i eponym Named in honour of Enrico Fermi , who developed the first nuclear reactor , quantum theory , nuclear and particle physics , and statistical mechanics . Unnilnilium would have been used as a temporary systematic element name if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time . 114 Flerovium Fl Russian Flerov , Georgy Russian surname eponym Named in honour of Georgy Flyorov , who was at the forefront of Soviet nuclear physics and founder of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna , Russia , where the element was discovered . Ununquadium was used as a temporary systematic element name . 9 Fluorine Latin fluor a flowing From fluorspar , one of its compounds ( calcium fluoride , CaF ) . 87 Francium Fr French France proper name ( Land of the Franks ) toponym Named for France , where it was discovered ( at the Curie Institute ( Paris ) ) . 64 Gadolinium Gd Gadolin , Johan eponym Named in honour of Johan Gadolin , who was one of the founders of Nordic chemistry research , discovered yttrium , and pioneered laboratory exercise teaching . ( Gadolinite , the mineral , is also named for him . ) 31 Gallium Ga Latin Gallia Gaul ( Ancient France ) toponym From Latin Gallia , which means Gaul ( Ancient France ) , and also gallus , which means `` rooster '' . The element was obtained as free metal by Lecoq de Boisbaudran , who named gallium after France , his native land , and also , punningly , after himself , as Lecoq , which means `` the rooster '' , or in Latin , gallus . Gallium was called eka - aluminium by Mendeleev who predicted its existence . 32 Germanium Ge Latin Germania Germany toponym From Latin Germania , which means `` Germany '' . Germanium has also been called eka - silicon by Mendeleev . Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 79 Gold Au Anglo - Saxon via Middle English gold descriptive ( colour ) : Latin aurum From the Anglo - Saxon , `` gold '' , from PIE * ghel - meaning `` yellow / bright '' . Au is from Latin aurum , which means `` shining dawn '' . 72 Hafnium Hf Latin Hafnia Copenhagen toponym From Latin Hafnia , which means `` Copenhagen '' of Denmark . 108 Hassium Hs Latin Hassia Hesse toponym Derived from Latin Hassia , which means Hesse , the German state where it was discovered ( at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research , Darmstadt ) . It has also been called eka - osmium and temporarily by IUPAC unniloctium ( Uno ) . Helium He Greek ἥλιος ( hélios ) sun astrological ; mythological Named after the Greek ἥλιος ( helios ) , which means `` the sun '' or the mythological sun - god . It was first identified by its characteristic emission lines in the Sun 's spectrum . 67 Holmium Ho Latin Holmia Stockholm toponym Derived from Latin Holmia , which means Stockholm . Hydrogen Greek via Latin and French ὕδωρ ( root : ὑδρ - ) + - γενής ( - genes ) water + begetter descriptive From French hydrogène and Latin hydro - and - genes , derived from the Greek ὕδωρ γείνομαι ( hydor geinomai ) , meaning `` Ι beget water '' . 49 Indium In Greek via Latin and English indigo descriptive ( colour ) Named after indigo , because of an indigo - coloured spectrum line . The English word indigo is from Spanish indico and Dutch indigo ( from Portuguese endego ) , from Latin indicum `` indigo , '' from Greek ἰνδικόν , indikon , `` blue dye from India '' . 53 Iodine Greek via French ἰώδης ( iodes ) violet descriptive ( colour ) Named after the Greek ἰώδης ( iodes ) , which means `` violet '' , because of the colour of the gaseous phase . This word was adapted as the French iode , which is the source of the English `` iodine '' . 77 Iridium Ir Greek via Latin ἴρις ( genitive : ἴριδος ) of rainbows descriptive ( colour ) Named after the Latin noun iris , which means `` rainbow , iris plant , iris of the eye '' , because many of its salts are strongly coloured ; Iris was originally the name of the goddess of rainbows and a messenger in Greek mythology . 26 Iron Fe Anglo - Saxon via Middle English īsern ( earlier : īren / īsen ) / yren / yron holy metal or strong metal descriptive : Anglo - Saxon From the Anglo - Saxon īsern which is derived from Proto - Germanic isarnan meaning `` holy metal '' or `` strong metal '' . The symbol Fe is from Latin ferrum , meaning `` iron '' . 36 Krypton Kr Greek κρυπτός ( kryptos ) hidden descriptive From Greek κρυπτός ( kryptos ) , which means `` hidden one '' , because of its colourless , odorless , tasteless , gaseous properties , as well as its rarity in nature ( like other noble gases ) . 57 Lanthanum La Greek λανθάνειν ( lanthanein ) to lie hidden From Greek lanthanein , `` to lie ( hidden ) '' . Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 103 Lawrencium Lr Lawrence , Ernest O . eponym Named in honour of Ernest O. Lawrence , who was involved in the development of the cyclotron . The symbol has been Lr since 1963 ; formerly Lw was used . Unniltrium would have been used as a temporary systematic element name if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time . 82 Lead Pb Anglo - Saxon lead The symbol Pb is from the Latin name plumbum , hence the English `` plumbing '' . Lithium Li Greek λίθος ( lithos ) stone From Greek λίθος ( lithos ) `` stone '' , because it was discovered from a mineral while other common alkali metals ( sodium and potassium ) were discovered from plant tissue . 116 Livermorium Lv English American surname toponym Named in honour of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , which collaborated in the discovery and is in Livermore , California , in turn named after the rancher Robert Livermore . Ununhexium was used as a temporary systematic element name . 71 Lutetium Lu Latin Lutetia Paris toponym Named after the Latin Lutetia ( Gaulish for `` place of mud '' ) , the city of Paris . 12 Magnesium Mg Greek Μαγνησία ( Magnesia ) toponym From the Ancient Greek Μαγνησία ( Magnesia ) ( district in Thessaly ) , where discovered . 25 Manganese Mn Greek via Latin , Italian , and French Μαγνησία ( Magnesia ; Medieval Latin : magnesia ) Magnesia descriptive From Latin Magnesia , ultimately from Greek ; Magnesia evolved into `` manganese '' in Italian and into `` manganèse '' in French . 109 Meitnerium Mt Meitner , Lise eponym Named in honour of Lise Meitner , who shared discovery of nuclear fission . It has also been called eka - iridium and temporarily by IUPAC unnilennium ( Une ) . 101 Mendelevium Md Mendeleyev , Dmitri eponym Named in honour of Dmitri Mendeleyev , who invented periodic table . It has also been called eka - thulium and would have been temporarily called , by IUPAC , unnilunium ( Unu ) if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time . 80 Mercury Hg Latin Mercurius Mercury mythological Named after Mercury , the god of speed and messenger of the Gods , as was the planet Mercury named after the god . The symbol Hg is from the Greek words ὕδωρ and ἀργυρός ( hydor and argyros ) , which became the Latin hydrargyrum ; both mean `` water - silver '' , because it is a liquid like water ( at room temperature ) , and has a silvery metallic sheen . Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 42 Molybdenum Mo Greek μόλυβδος ( molybdos ) lead - like descriptive From Greek μόλυβδος ( molybdos ) , `` lead '' . 115 Moscovium Mc Latin Moscovia Moscow toponym Named after Moscow Oblast , where the element was discovered . It has also been called eka - bismuth and temporarily by IUPAC ununpentium ( Uut ) . 60 Neodymium Nd Greek νέος δίδυμος ( neos didymos ) new twin descriptive Derived from Greek νέος διδύμος ( neos didymos ) , which means `` new twin '' , because didymium separated into praseodymium and neodymium . The metals have different - coloured salts , which helps distinguish them . 10 Neon Ne Greek νέος ( neos ) new From Greek `` νέος '' ( neos ) , which means `` new '' . 93 Neptunium Np Latin Neptunus Neptune astrological ; mythological Named for Neptune , the planet . ( The planet was named after the god Neptune , the god of oceans in Roman mythology . ) 28 Nickel Ni Swedish via German Kopparnickel / Kupfernickel copper - coloured ore descriptive From the Swedish kopparnickel , meaning `` copper - coloured ore '' ; this referred to the ore niccolite from which it was obtained . 113 Nihonium Nh Japanese 日本 ( Nihon ) Japan toponym Named after Japan , where the element was discovered . It has also been called eka - thallium and temporarily by IUPAC ununtrium ( Uut ) . 41 Niobium Nb Greek Νιόβη ( Niobe ) snowy mythological Named after Niobe , daughter of Tantalus in Classical mythology . The alternate name columbium comes from Columbia , personification of America . 7 Nitrogen Greek via Latin and French νίτρον ( Latin : nitrum ) - γενής ( - genes ) native - soda begetter descriptive From French `` nitrogène '' , derived from Greek νίτρον γείνομαι ( nitron geinomai ) , meaning `` I form / beget native - soda ( niter ) '' . Also used was azoth , from Andalusian Arabic al - zuq , from the Classical Arabic name of the element . 102 Nobelium No Nobel , Alfred eponym Named in honour of Alfred Nobel , who invented dynamite and instituted the Nobel Prizes foundation . Unnilbium would have been used as a temporary systematic element name if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time . 118 Oganesson Og Russian Оганесян ( Oganessian ) Yuri Oganessian eponym Named after Yuri Oganessian , a great contributor to the field of synthesizing superheavy elements . It has also been called eka - radon and temporarily by IUPAC ununoctium ( Uuo ) . 76 Osmium Os Greek via Modern Latin ὀσμή ( osme ) a smell descriptive From Greek ὀσμή ( osme ) , meaning `` a smell '' ; the tetroxide is foul - smelling . 8 Oxygen Greek via French ὀξύ γείνομαι ( oxy geinomai ) / oxygène to bring forth acid From Greek ὀξύ γείνομαι ( oxy geinomai ) , which means `` Ι bring forth acid '' , as it was believed to be an essential component of acids . This phrase was corrupted into the French oxygène , which became the source of the English `` oxygen '' . 46 Palladium Pd Greek via Latin Παλλάς ( genitive : Παλλάδος ) ( Pallas ) little maiden astrological ; mythological Named after Pallas , the asteroid discovered two years earlier . ( The asteroid was named after Pallas Athena , goddess of wisdom and victory . ) The word Palladium is derived from Greek Παλλάδιον and is the neuter version of Παλλάδιος , meaning `` of Pallas '' . Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 15 Phosphorus Greek via Latin φῶς + - φόρος ( phos + - phoros ) light - bearer descriptive From Greek φῶς + - φόρος ( phos + phoros ) , which means `` light bearer '' , because white phosphorus emits a faint glow upon exposure to oxygen . Phosphorus was the ancient name for Venus , or Hesperus , the ( Morning Star ) . 78 Platinum Pt Spanish via Modern Latin platina ( del Pinto ) little silver ( of the Pinto River ) descriptive From the Spanish , platina , which means `` little silver '' , because it was first encountered in a silver mine . Platina can also mean `` stage ( of a microscope ) '' , and the modern Spanish is platino . Platina is a diminutive of plata ( silver ) ; it is a loan word from French plate or Provençal plata ( sheet of metal ) and is the origin of the English `` plate '' . 94 Plutonium Pu Greek via Latin Πλούτων ( Ploutōn ) via Pluto god of wealth astrological ; mythological Named after Pluto , the dwarf planet , because it was discovered directly after Neptunium and is higher than Uranium in the periodic table , so by analogy with the ordering of the planets . ( The planet Pluto was named after Pluto , a Greek god of the dead ) Πλούτων ( Ploutōn ) is related to the Greek word πλοῦτος ( ploutos ) meaning `` wealth '' . 84 Polonium Po Latin Polonia Poland toponym Named after Poland , homeland of discoverer Marie Curie . Was also called radium F . 19 Potassium Modern Latin via Dutch and English potassa ; potasch via potash pot - ash From the English `` potash '' , which means `` pot - ash '' ( potassium compound prepared from an alkali extracted in a pot from the ash of burnt wood or tree leaves ) . Potash is a literal translation of the German Potaschen , which means `` pot ashes '' . The symbol K is from the Latin name kalium , from Arabic القلي ( al qalīy ) , which means `` calcined ashes '' . 59 Praseodymium Pr Greek πράσιος δίδυμος ( prasios didymos ) green twin descriptive From Greek πράσιος δίδυμος ( prasios didymos ) , meaning `` green twin '' , because didymium separated into praseodymium and neodymium , with salts of different colours ; praseodymium oxide is green . 61 Promethium Pm Greek Προμηθεύς ( Prometheus ) forethought mythological Named after Prometheus , who stole the fire of heaven and gave it to mankind ( in Classical mythology ) . 91 Protactinium Pa Greek πρῶτος + ἀκτίς first beam element descriptive ? Derived from former name protoactinium , from the Greek prefix proto `` first '' + Neo-Latin actinium from Greek ἀκτίς ( gen. : ἀκτῖνος ) `` ray '' + Latin - ium . 88 Radium Ra Latin via French radius ray descriptive From Latin radius meaning `` ray '' , because of its radioactivity . 86 Radon Rn Latin via German and English Radium Contraction of radium emanation , since the element appears in the radioactive decay of radium . An alternative , rejected name was niton ( Nt ) , from Latin nitens `` shining '' , because of the radioluminescence of radon . 75 Rhenium Re Latin Rhenus Rhine toponym From Latin Rhenus , the river Rhine . 45 Rhodium Rh Greek ῥόδον ( rhodon ) rose descriptive ( colour ) From Greek ῥόδον ( rhodon ) , which means `` rose '' . From rose - red compounds . 111 Roentgenium Rg Röntgen , Wilhelm Conrad eponym Named in honour of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , who produced and detected X-rays . It has also been called eka - gold and temporarily by IUPAC unununium ( Uuu ) . Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 37 Rubidium Rb Latin rubidus deepest red descriptive ( colour ) From Latin rubidus , which means `` deepest red '' , because of the colour of a spectral line . 44 Ruthenium Ru Latin Ruthenia Ruthenia , Kievan Rus ' toponym From Latin Ruthenia , geographical exonym for Kievan Rus ' . 104 Rutherfordium Rf Rutherford , Ernest eponym Named in honour of Baron Ernest Rutherford , who pioneered the Bohr model of the atom . Rutherfordium has also been called kurchatovium ( Ku ) , named in honour of Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov , who helped develop understanding of the uranium chain reaction and the nuclear reactor . Unnilquadium was used as a temporary systematic element name . 62 Samarium Sm Samarsky - Bykhovets , Vasili eponym Named after samarskite , the mineral . ( Samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky - Bykhovets , a Russian mine official . ) 21 Scandium Sc Latin Scandia Scandinavia toponym Named from Latin Scandia , which means Scandinavia ; formerly eka - boron . 106 Seaborgium Sg Swedish via English Seaborg , Glenn Teodor Swedish surname , literally : `` Lake Mountain '' eponym Named in honour of Glenn T. Seaborg , who discovered the chemistry of the transuranium elements , shared in the discovery and isolation of ten elements , and developed and proposed the actinide series . Other names : eka - tungsten and temporarily by IUPAC unnilhexium ( Unh ) . 34 Selenium Se Greek σελήνη ( selene ) moon astrological ; mythological From Greek σελήνη ( selene ) , which means `` Moon '' , and also moon - goddess Selene . 14 Silicon Si Latin silex , - icis flint descriptive From Latin `` silex '' or `` silicis '' , which means `` flint '' , a kind of stone ( chiefly silicon dioxide ) . 47 Silver Ag Akkadian via Anglo - Saxon and Middle English 𒊭𒁺𒁍 / 𒊭𒅈𒇥 ; siolfor / seolfor to refine , smelt Latin argentum From the Anglo - Saxon , seolfor which was derived from Proto - Germanic * silubra - ; compare Old High German silabar ; and has cognates in Balto - Slavic languages : Church Slavonic : sĭrebro , Lithuanian : sidabras , Old Prussian sirablan . Possibly borrowed from Akkadian 𒊭𒅈𒇥 sarpu `` refined silver '' and related to 𒊭𒁺𒁍 sarapu `` to refine , smelt '' . Alternatively , possibly from one of the Pre-Indo - European languages , compare Basque : zilar . The symbol Ag is from the Latin name argentum , which is derived from PIE * arg - ent - . 11 Sodium Na English soda From the English `` soda '' , used in names for sodium compounds such as caustic soda , soda ash , and baking soda . Probably from Italian sida ( or directly from Medieval Latin soda ) `` a kind of saltwort , '' from which soda was obtained , of uncertain origin . The symbol Na is from the Modern Latin noun natrium , derived from Greek νίτρον ( nítron ) , `` natural soda , a kind of salt '' + Latin - ium . The original source is either the Arabic word نطرون natrun or the Egyptian word netjeri . Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 38 Strontium Sr Scottish Gaelic via English Sròn an t - Sìthein ; Strontian proper name ( literally : `` nose ( i.e. , ' point ' ) of the fairy hill ) '' toponym Named after strontianite , the mineral . ( Strontianite was named after the town of Strontian , the source of the mineral in Scotland . ) 16 Sulfur Latin Proto - Indo - European Old Latin sulpur ( later sulphur , sulfur ) PIE * swépl̥ ( genitive * sulplós ) , nominal derivative of * swelp . > PIE * swelp ' to burn ' Latin sulfur The word came into Middle English from Anglo - Norman sulfre , itself derived through Old French soulfre from Late Latin sulfur . 73 Tantalum Ta Greek Τάνταλος ( Tantalus ) Tantalus ; possibly `` the bearer '' or `` the sufferer '' mythological Named after the Greek Τάνταλος ( `` Tantalus '' ) , who was punished after death by being condemned to stand knee - deep in water . If he bent to drink the water , it drained below the level he could reach ( in Greek mythology ) . This was considered similar to tantalum 's general non-reactivity ( that is , `` unreachability '' ) because of its inertness ( it sits among reagents and is unaffected by them ) . 43 Technetium Tc Greek τεχνητός ( technetos ) artificial descriptive From Greek τεχνητός ( technetos ) , which means `` artificial '' , because it was the first artificially produced element . Technetium has also been called eka - manganese . 52 Tellurium Te Latin Tellus Earth From Latin tellus ( `` Earth '' ) . 117 Tennessine Ts Cherokee via English Tennessee Tennessee toponym Named after Tennessee ( itself named after the Cherokee village of ᏔᎾᏏ / tanasi / ) , where important work for one of the steps to synthesise the element was done . It has also been called eka - astatine and temporarily by IUPAC ununseptium ( Uut ) . 65 Terbium Tb Swedish Ytterby Proper name ( literally : outer village ) toponym Named after Ytterby , the village in Sweden where the element was first discovered . 81 Thallium Tl Greek θαλλός ( thallos ) green twig descriptive From Greek θαλλός ( thallos ) , which means `` a green shoot ( twig ) '' , because of its bright - green spectral emission lines . 90 Thorium Th Old Norse Þōrr ( modern English Thor ) thunder mythological Named after Thor , a god associated with thunder in Norse mythology . The former name ionium ( Io ) was given early in the study of radioactive elements to the Th isotope . Element Language of origin Original word Meaning Symbol origin Description 69 Thulium Tm Greek Θούλη , Θύλη a mythical country mythological Named after Thule , an ancient Roman and Greek name ( Θούλη , Θύλη ) for a mythical country in the far north , perhaps Scandinavia . By the same token , thulia , its oxide . 50 Tin Sn Anglo - Saxon via Middle English tin Borrowed from a Proto - Indo - European language , and has cognates in several Germanic and Celtic languages . The symbol Sn is from its Latin name stannum . 22 Titanium Ti Greek Τιτάν Titan ( gen. : Τιτάνος ) Earth mythological From Greek τιτάν ( titan ) , which means `` Earth '' , and also `` Titans '' , the first sons of Gaia in Greek mythology . 74 Tungsten Swedish and Danish tung sten heavy stone descriptive From the Swedish and Danish `` tung sten '' , which means `` heavy stone '' . The symbol W is from the scientific name wolfram . The element 's ore , wolframite , was named in honour of Peter Woulfe , who discovered its existence . The names wolfram or volfram are still used in Swedish and several other languages . 92 Uranium U Greek via Latin Οὐρανός ( Ouranos ) ; Uranus sky astrological ; mythological Named after the planet Uranus , which had been discovered eight years earlier in 1781 . The planet was named after the god Uranus , the god of sky and heaven in Greek mythology . 23 Vanadium V Old Norse Vanadís `` Dís of the Vanir '' mythological From Vanadís , one of the names of the Vanr goddess Freyja in Norse mythology , because of multicoloured chemical compounds deemed beautiful . 54 Xenon Xe Greek ξένος ( xenos ) foreign From the Greek adjective ξένος ( xenos ) , which means `` foreign , a stranger '' . 70 Ytterbium Yb Swedish Ytterby proper name , literally : `` outer village '' toponym Named after ytterbia , the ( oxide ) compound of ytterbium . ( The compound ytterbia was named after Ytterby , the Swedish village ( near Vaxholm ) where the mineral gadolinite was also found . ) 39 Yttrium Y Swedish Ytterby proper name , literally : `` outer village '' toponym Named after yttria , the ( oxide ) compound of yttrium . ( The compound yttria was named after Ytterby , the village where the mineral gadolinite was also found . ) 30 Zinc Zn German Zink Cornet From German Zink which is related to Zinken `` prong , point '' , probably alluding to its spiky crystals . May be derived from Old Persian . 40 Zirconium Zr Syriac / Persian via Arabic and German ܙܐܪܓܥܢܥ zargono , زرگون ( zargûn ) gold - like From Arabic زركون ( zarkûn ) . Derived from the Persian , زرگون ( zargûn ) , which means `` gold - like '' . Zirkon is the German variant of these and is the origin of the English `` zircon '' . See also ( edit ) List of chemical elements naming controversies Naming of elements References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Aluminum in Online Etymological Dictionary , accessed March 9 , 2010 '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Antimony Define Antimony at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Vygus , Mark ( April 2012 ) . Vygus dictionary ( PDF ) . p. 1409 . Jump up ^ Antimony , LSJ , s.v. , vocalisation , spelling , and declension vary ; Endlich ; Celsus , 6.6. 6 ff ; Pliny Natural History 33.33 ; Lewis and Short : Latin Dictionary . OED , s . antimony . stimmi is used by the Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC . Later Greeks also used στίβι ( stibi ) , which is written in Latin by Celsus and Pliny in the first century AD . Pliny also names stimi ( sic ) , larbaris , alabaster ( Greek : ἀλάβαστρον ) , `` very common platyophthalmos ( πλατυόφθαλμος ) '' , `` wide - eye '' in Greek ( the description refers to the effects of the cosmetic ) . In Egyptian hieroglyphics , mśdmt ; the vowels are uncertain , but in Coptic and according to an Arabic tradition , it is pronounced mesdemet ( Albright ; Sarton , quotes Meyerhof , the translator ) . In Arabic , the word for powdered stibnite is kuhl. ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Astatine , An earlier proposed name for astatine was alabamine ( Ab ) Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ At one time , beryllium was called glucinium , which is from Greek γλυκύς ( glykys ) , which means `` sweet '' , due to the sweet taste of its salts . Jump up ^ `` The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language : beryl '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . 2000 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Beryl in Online Etymological Dictionary , accessed March 9 , 2010 '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : see Naming controversy below Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gemoll W , Vretska K ( 1997 ) . Griechisch - Deutsches Schul - und Handwörterbuch ( Greek -- German dictionary ) , 9th ed. öbvhpt . ISBN 3 - 209 - 00108 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Some elements ( particularly ancient elements ) were associated with Greek ( or Roman or other ) gods or people , in Greek mythology ( or other mythology ) , and with planets ( or other objects in the solar system ) , such as Mercury ( mythology ) -- Mercury ( planet ) -- Mercury ( element ) , etc . Also , astrological symbols for the planets were often used as symbols for the ancient elements . Jump up ^ Mike Campbell . `` Meaning , Origin and History of the Name Ceres '' . Behind the Name . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Darmstadtium , Some humorous scientists suggested the name policium , because 110 is the emergency telephone number for the German police . ^ Jump up to : Previous to the discovery of some unknown elements , Prof. Dmitri Mendeleev predicted and described most of their properties ; with these , he was able to accurately place them in the gaps in his periodic table . The properties of four predicted elements , eka - boron ( Eb ) , eka - aluminium ( El ) , eka - manganese ( Em ) , and eka - silicon ( Es ) , proved to be good predictors of scandium , gallium , technetium and germanium , respectively . The prefix eka - , from the Sanskrit , means `` one '' ( one place down from a known element in the table ) , and is sometimes used in discussions about undiscovered elements . For example , untriennium was referred to as eka - actinium . see also : Mendeleev 's predicted elements Jump up ^ Derived from a Latin masculine genitive . Jump up ^ Gold in Sanskrit is ज्वल jval ; in Greek , χρυσός ( khrusos ) ; in Chinese , 金 ( jīn ) . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lead , Lead was mentioned in the Book of Exodus . Alchemists believed that lead was the oldest metal and associated the element with Saturn . Jump up ^ Mendelevium , `` Mendeleyev '' commonly spelt as Mendeleev , Mendeléef , or Mendelejeff , and first name sometimes spelt as Dmitry or Dmitriy Jump up ^ Mercury -- The Indian alchemy called Rassayana , which means `` the way of mercury '' . Jump up ^ Neodymium is frequently misspelled as neodynium Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nickel in Online Etymological Dictionary . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nitrogen , The pure gas is inert enough that Antoine Lavoisier referred to it as `` azote '' , meaning `` without life '' , since animals placed in it died of asphyxiation . This term became the French for nitrogen and later spread to many other languages . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Woods , Ian ( 2004 ) . The Elements : Platinum . The Elements . Benchmark Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 1550 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Potassium '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ The ancient Greek derivation of Prometheus from the Greek πρό pro ( `` before '' ) + μανθάνω manthano ( `` learn '' ) , thus `` forethought '' , which engendered a contrasting brother Epimetheus ( `` afterthought '' ) , was a folk etymology ; it is succinctly expressed in Servius ' commentary on Virgil , Eclogue 6.42 : `` Prometheus vir prudentissimus fuit , unde etiam Prometheus dictus est ἀπὸ τής πρόμηθείας , id est a providentia . '' Modern scientific linguistics suggests that the name derived from the Proto - Indo - European root that also produces the Vedic pra math , `` to steal , '' hence pramathyu - s , `` thief '' , cognate with `` Prometheus '' , the thief of fire . The Vedic myth of fire 's theft by Mātariśvan is an analog to the Greek account . Pramantha was the tool used to create fire . See : Fortson , Benjamin W. ( 2004 ) . Indo - European Language and Culture : An Introduction . Blackwell Publishing , p. 27. ; Williamson ( 2004 ) , The Longing for Myth in Germany , 214 -- 15 ; Dougherty , Carol ( 2006 ) . Prometheus . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Protactinium ; In 1913 , Kasimir Fajans and Otto H. Göhring identified and named element 91 brevium , from Latin brevis , which means `` brief , short '' ; protactinium has a short half - life . The name was changed to `` protoactinium '' in 1918 and shortened to protactinium in 1949 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Magocsi , Paul Robert ( 1996 - 01 - 01 ) . A History of Ukraine . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 9780802078209 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` soda '' . soda . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ In medieval Europe , sodanum is the Latin name of `` a compound of sodium '' . Jump up ^ Vygus , Mark ( April 2012 ) . Vygus dictionary ( PDF ) . p. 1546 . Jump up ^ Mallory & Adams ( 2006 ) The Oxford introduction to Proto - Indo - European and the Proto - Indo - European world , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Sulfur '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Thule in Wordnik , accessed March 9 , 2010 '' . Wordnik.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Tin -- The American Heritage Dictionary Jump up ^ Pearse , Roger ( 2002 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Syriac Literature '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Further reading ( edit ) Eric Scerri , The Periodic System , Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , New York , 2007 . ( hide ) Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Category Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&oldid=821266602 '' Categories : Lists of chemical elements Naming of chemical elements Lists of etymologies Hidden categories : Articles containing Church Slavonic - language text Articles containing Lithuanian - language text Articles containing Basque - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Galego Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ქართული Magyar مصرى Română Русский Slovenčina Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 11 : 47 . 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which element is named for the greek word for green
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"\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n89\nActinium\nAc\nGreek\nἀκτίς (aktis)\nbeam\nGreek aktinos\nἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος (aktis; aktinos), which means \"beam (ray)\".\n\n\n13\nAluminium\nAl\nLatin\nalumen\nalum (literally: bitter salt)[1]\nLatin alumen\nLatin alumen, which means \"alum\" (literally \"bitter salt\").\n\n\n95\nAmericium\nAm\n\nAmerica\n\ntoponym: the Americas\nNamed for the Americas, because it was discovered in the United States (by analogy with europium) (the name of the continent America is derived from the name of the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci).\n\n\n51\nAntimony\nSb\nGreek? via Medieval Latin and Middle English[2]\nἀντί + μόνος\n(anti monos);\nantimonium/\nantimonie[3]\nvarious\n\nPossibly from Greek ἀντί + μόνος (anti monos), approximately meaning \"opposed to solitude\", as believed never to exist in pure form, or ἀντί + μοναχός (anti monachos) for \"monk-killer\" (in French folk etymology, anti-moine \"monk's bane\"), because many early alchemists were monks, and antimony is poisonous. This may also be derived from the Pharaonic (ancient Egyptian), Antos Ammon (expression), which could be translated as \"bloom of the god Ammo\".\nThe symbol Sb is from Latin name stibium, which is derived from Greek Στίβι stíbi, a variant of στίμμι stimmi (genitive: στίμμεος or στίμμιδος), probably a loan word from Arabic or Egyptian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nsdm meaning \"eyepaint\".[4] Littré suggests that the first form is derived from *stimmida, a hypothetical alternative accusative of stimmi (the canonical accusative of the noun is the same as the nominative: stimmi). The Arabic word for the substance, as \"mark\" or \"the cosmetic\", can appear as تحميض، ثمود، وثمود، وثمود ithmid, athmoud, othmod or uthmod.[5]\n\n\n18\nArgon\nAr\nGreek\nἀργόν (argon)\ninactive\ndescriptive: argon\nGreek argon means \"inactive\" (literally \"slow\").\n\n\n33\nArsenic\nAs\nSyriac/Persian via Greek, Latin, Old French, and Middle English\nἀρσενικόν (arsenikon)\norpiment\nGreek arsenikon\nFrom Greek ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon), which is adapted from the Syriac ܠܐ ܙܐܦܢܝܐ (al) zarniqa[6] and Persian, زرنيخ (zarnik), \"yellow orpiment\". Ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon) is paretymologically related to the Greek word ἀρσενικός (arsenikos), which means \"masculine\" or \"potent\". These words were adapted as the Latin arsenicum and Old French arsenic, which is the source for the English arsenic.[6]\n\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n\n85\nAstatine\nAt\nGreek\nἄστατος (astatos)\nunstable\nGreek astatos\nἄστατος (astatos) means \"unstable\".[7]\n\n\n56\nBarium\nBa\nGreek via Modern Latin\nβαρύς (barys)\nheavy\nGreek barys\nβαρύς (barys) means \"heavy\". The oxide was initially called \"barote\", then \"baryta\", which was modified to \"barium\" to describe the metal. Sir Humphry Davy gave the element this name because it was originally found in baryte, which shares the same source.[8]\n\n\n97\nBerkelium\nBk\nAnglo-Saxon via English\nUniversity of California, Berkeley\n\ntoponym: Berkeley, California\nNamed for the University of California, Berkeley, where it was discovered. Berkeley, California, was named in honour of George Berkeley. \"Berkeley\" is derived from Old English beorce léah, which means birch lea.\n\n\n4\nBeryllium\nBe\nSanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit via Greek, Latin, Old French, and Middle English\nCity of Belur via Greek βήρυλλος (beryllos)\na blue-green spar (beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate, Be3Al2(SiO3)6). Possibly related to the name of Belur.\ndescriptive (colour): beryl\nβήρυλλος beryllos, denoting beryl, which contains beryllium.[9] The word is derived (via Latin: beryllus and French: béryl) from the Greek βήρυλλος, bērullos, a blue-green spar, from Prakrit veruliya (वॆरुलिय), from Pāli veḷuriya (वेलुरिय); veḷiru (भेलिरु) or, viḷar (भिलर्), \"to become pale,\" in reference to the pale semiprecious gemstone beryl.[10] The word is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit word वैडूर्य vaidurya, which might be related to the name of the Indian city of Belur.[11]\n\n\n83\nBismuth\nBi\nModern Latin from German\nbisemutum\nwhite mass\ndescriptive (colour): bisemutum\nbisemutum is derived from German Wismuth, perhaps from weiße Masse, and means \"white mass\", due to its appearance.\n\n\n107\nBohrium\nBh\n\nBohr, Niels\n\neponym: Niels Bohr\nNamed in honour of Niels Bohr, who made fundamental contributions to the understanding of atomic structure and quantum mechanics.[12]\nUnnilseptium was used as a temporary systematic element name.\n\n\n\n5\nBoron\nB\nArabic, Medieval Latin, Anglo-Norman, Middle French, and Middle English\nبورق (buraq)\n\nLatin borax from Arabic\nFrom the Arabic بورق (buraq), which refers to borax. Possibly derived from the Persian, بوره (burah). The Arabic was adapted as Medieval Latin baurach, Anglo-Norman boreis, and Middle English boras, which became the source of the English \"boron\".\n\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n\n35\nBromine\nBr\nGreek via French\nβρόμος (brómos)[13]\ndirt or stench (of he-goats)[14]\nGreek bromos\nβρόμος (brómos) means \"stench (lit. clangor)\", due to its characteristic smell.\n\n\n48\nCadmium\nCd\nGreek/Latin\nκαδμεία (kadmeia)\ncalamine or Cadmean earth\nGreek kadmia\nFrom Latin cadmia, which is derived from Greek καδμεία (kadmeia) and means \"calamine\", a cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals. Cadmium is named after Cadmus (in Greek: Κάδμος Kadmos), a character in Greek mythology and calamine is derived from Le Calamine, the French name of the Belgian town of Kelmis.\n\n\n55\nCaesium\nCs\nLatin\ncaesius\nblue-gray[15] or sky blue\ndescriptive (colour): Latin caesius\nFrom Latin caesius, which means \"sky blue\". Its identification was based upon the bright-blue lines in its spectrum, and it was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis.\n\n\n20\nCalcium\nCa\nGreek/Latin\nχάλιξ/calx\nχάλιξ means \"pebble\", and calx means limestone[16]\nLatin calx\nFrom Latin calx, which means \"lime\". Calcium was known as early as the first century when the Ancient Romans prepared lime as calcium oxide.\n\n\n98\nCalifornium\nCf\nEnglish\nCalifornia\n\ntoponym: State and University of California\nNamed for California, the U.S. state of California and for the University of California, Berkeley. (The origin of the state's name is disputed.)\n\n\n6\nCarbon\nC\nLatin via French\ncharbone\ncharcoal\nLatin carbo\nFrom the French, charbone, which in turn came from Latin carbō, which means \"charcoal\" and is related to carbōn, which means \"a coal\". (The German and Dutch names, \"Kohlenstoff\" and \"koolstof\", respectively, both literally mean \"coal matter\".) These words were derived from the PIE base *ker- meaning heat, fire, or to burn.[17]\n\n\n58\nCerium\nCe\nLatin\nCeres\ngrain, bread\nastrological;\nmythological Ceres\nNamed after the asteroid Ceres, discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid, now classified as a dwarf planet, was named after Ceres, the goddess of fertility in Roman mythology.)[18] Ceres is derived from PIE *ker-es- from base *ker- meaning to grow.[19][20]\n\n\n17\nChlorine\nCl\nGreek\nχλωρός (chlorós)\npale green[21]\ndescriptive (colour): Greek chloros\nFrom Greek χλωρός (chlorós), which means \"yellowish green\" or \"greenish yellow\", because of the colour of the gas.\n\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n\n24\nChromium\nCr\nGreek via French\nχρῶμα (chróma)\ncolour\ndescriptive (colour): Greek chroma\nFrom Greek χρῶμα (chróma), \"colour\", because of its multicoloured compounds. This word was adapted as the French chrome, and adding the suffix -ium created the English \"chromium\".[22]\n\n\n27\nCobalt\nCo\nGerman\nKobold\nevil spirit\nGerman kobold\nFrom German Kobold, which means \"evil spirit\". The metal was named by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome (polluted and degraded other mined elements, such as nickel). Other sources cite the origin in the silver miners' belief that cobalt had been placed by \"Kobolds\", who had stolen the silver. Some also think that the name may have been derived from Greek κόβαλος, kobalos, which means \"mine\" and which may have common roots with kobold, goblin, and cobalt.\n\n\n112\nCopernicium\nCn\nPolish via Latin\nCopernicus, Nicolaus\nPolish surname, literally: \"copper nickel\"\neponym: Nicolaus Copernicus\nNamed in honour of Nicolaus Copernicus. Ununbium was used as a temporary systematic element name, and it was referred to as eka-mercury.\n\n\n29\nCopper\nCu\nGreek? via Latin, West Germanic, Old English, and Middle English[23]\nΚύπριος (Kyprios)?\nwho/which is from Cyprus\ntoponym: Latin Cuprum\nPossibly derived from Greek Κύπριος (Kyprios) (which comes from Κύπρος (Kypros), the Greek name of Cyprus) via Latin cuprum, West Germanic *kupar, Old English coper/copor, and Middle English coper. The Latin term, during the Roman Empire, was aes cyprium; \"aes\" was the generic term for copper alloys such as bronze). Cyprium means \"Cyprus\" or \"which is from Cyprus\", where so much of it was mined; it was simplified to cuprum and then eventually Anglicized as copper (Old English coper/copor).\n\n\n96\nCurium\nCm\n\nCurie, Marie and Pierre\n\neponym: Pierre and Marie Curie and the -um ending\nNamed in honour of Marie and Pierre Curie, who discovered radium and researched radioactivity.\n\n\n110\nDarmstadtium\nDs\nGerman\nDarmstadt\nproper name, literally: \"intestine city\"\ntoponym\nNamed for Darmstadt, where it was discovered (GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, located in Wixhausen, a small suburb north of Darmstadt).\nIt has also been called eka-platinum and temporarily by IUPAC ununnilium (Uun).[24][25]\n\n\n105\nDubnium\nDb\nRussian\nДубна (Dubna)\n\ntoponym\nNamed for Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, U.S.S.R.) where it was discovered. Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley proposed hahnium (Ha), in honour of Otto Hahn, for his pioneering work in radioactivity and radiochemistry, but the proposal was rejected.\nUnnilpentium was used as a temporary systematic element name.[12]\n\n\n\n66\nDysprosium\nDy\nGreek\nδυσπρόσιτος (dysprositos)\nhard to get at\ndescriptive\nDerived from Greek δυσπρόσιτος (dysprositos), which means \"hard to get at\".\n\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n\n99\nEinsteinium\nEs\nGerman\nEinstein, Albert\nGerman-Jewish surname, which means \"one stone\"\neponym\nNamed in honour of Albert Einstein, for his work on theoretical physics, which included the photoelectric effect.\n\n\n68\nErbium\nEr\nSwedish\nYtterby\nproper name, literally: \"outer village\"\ntoponym\nNamed after the village of Ytterby in Sweden, where large concentrations of yttria and erbia are located. Erbia and terbia were confused at this time. After 1860, what had been known as terbia was renamed erbia, and after 1877, what had been known as erbia was renamed terbia.\n\n\n63\nEuropium\nEu\nAncient Greek\nΕὐρώπη (Europe)\nbroad-faced or well-watered\ntoponym;\nmythological\nNamed for Europe, where it was discovered. Europe was named after the fictional Phoenician princess Europa.\n\n\n100\nFermium\nFm\nItalian\nFermi, Enrico\nItalian surname, from ferm- \"fastener\" and -i[26]\neponym\nNamed in honour of Enrico Fermi, who developed the first nuclear reactor, quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics.\nUnnilnilium would have been used as a temporary systematic element name if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time.[12]\n\n\n\n114\nFlerovium\nFl\nRussian\nFlerov, Georgy\nRussian surname\neponym\nNamed in honour of Georgy Flyorov, who was at the forefront of Soviet nuclear physics and founder of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered.\nUnunquadium was used as a temporary systematic element name.[12]\n\n\n\n9\nFluorine\nF\nLatin\nfluor\na flowing\n\nFrom fluorspar, one of its compounds (calcium fluoride, CaF2).\n\n\n87\nFrancium\nFr\nFrench\nFrance\nproper name (Land of the Franks)\ntoponym\nNamed for France, where it was discovered (at the Curie Institute (Paris)).\n\n\n64\nGadolinium\nGd\n\nGadolin, Johan\n\neponym\nNamed in honour of Johan Gadolin, who was one of the founders of Nordic chemistry research, discovered yttrium, and pioneered laboratory exercise teaching. (Gadolinite, the mineral, is also named for him.)\n\n\n31\nGallium\nGa\nLatin\nGallia\nGaul (Ancient France)\ntoponym\nFrom Latin Gallia, which means Gaul (Ancient France), and also gallus, which means \"rooster\". The element was obtained as free metal by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, who named gallium after France, his native land, and also, punningly, after himself, as Lecoq, which means \"the rooster\", or in Latin, gallus.\nGallium was called eka-aluminium by Mendeleev who predicted its existence.[25]\n\n\n\n32\nGermanium\nGe\nLatin\nGermania\nGermany\ntoponym\nFrom Latin Germania, which means \"Germany\". Germanium has also been called eka-silicon by Mendeleev.[25]\n\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n\n79\nGold\nAu\nAnglo-Saxon via Middle English\ngold\n\ndescriptive (colour): Latin aurum\nFrom the Anglo-Saxon, \"gold\", from PIE *ghel- meaning \"yellow/ bright\".\nAu is from Latin aurum, which means \"shining dawn\".[27]\n\n\n72\nHafnium\nHf\nLatin\nHafnia\nCopenhagen\ntoponym\nFrom Latin Hafnia, which means \"Copenhagen\" of Denmark.\n\n\n108\nHassium\nHs\nLatin\nHassia\nHesse\ntoponym\nDerived from Latin Hassia, which means Hesse, the German state where it was discovered (at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt).[12] It has also been called eka-osmium[25] and temporarily by IUPAC unniloctium (Uno).[12]\n\n\n2\nHelium\nHe\nGreek\nἥλιος (hélios)\nsun\nastrological;\nmythological\nNamed after the Greek ἥλιος (helios), which means \"the sun\" or the mythological sun-god.[18] It was first identified by its characteristic emission lines in the Sun's spectrum.\n\n\n67\nHolmium\nHo\nLatin\nHolmia\nStockholm\ntoponym\nDerived from Latin Holmia, which means Stockholm.\n\n\n1\nHydrogen\nH\nGreek via Latin and French\nὕδωρ (root: ὑδρ-) + -γενής (-genes)\nwater + begetter\ndescriptive\nFrom French hydrogène[28] and Latin hydro- and -genes, derived from the Greek ὕδωρ γείνομαι (hydor geinomai), meaning \"Ι beget water\".\n\n\n49\nIndium\nIn\nGreek via Latin and English\nindigo\n\ndescriptive (colour)\nNamed after indigo, because of an indigo-coloured spectrum line. The English word indigo is from Spanish indico and Dutch indigo (from Portuguese endego), from Latin indicum \"indigo,\" from Greek ἰνδικόν, indikon, \"blue dye from India\".\n\n\n53\nIodine\nI\nGreek via French\nἰώδης (iodes)\nviolet\ndescriptive (colour)\nNamed after the Greek ἰώδης (iodes), which means \"violet\", because of the colour of the gaseous phase. This word was adapted as the French iode, which is the source of the English \"iodine\".[29]\n\n\n77\nIridium\nIr\nGreek via Latin\nἴρις (genitive: ἴριδος)\nof rainbows\ndescriptive (colour)\nNamed after the Latin noun iris, which means \"rainbow, iris plant, iris of the eye\", because many of its salts are strongly coloured; Iris was originally the name of the goddess of rainbows and a messenger in Greek mythology.[18]\n\n\n26\nIron\nFe\nAnglo-Saxon via Middle English\nīsern\n(earlier: īren/īsen)\n/yren/yron\nholy metal or strong metal[30]\ndescriptive: Anglo-Saxon\nFrom the Anglo-Saxon īsern which is derived from Proto-Germanic isarnan meaning \"holy metal\" or \"strong metal\".\nThe symbol Fe is from Latin ferrum, meaning \"iron\".\n\n\n36\nKrypton\nKr\nGreek\nκρυπτός (kryptos)\nhidden\ndescriptive\nFrom Greek κρυπτός (kryptos), which means \"hidden one\", because of its colourless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous properties, as well as its rarity in nature (like other noble gases).\n\n\n57\nLanthanum\nLa\nGreek\nλανθάνειν (lanthanein)\nto lie hidden\n\nFrom Greek lanthanein, \"to lie (hidden)\".\n\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n\n103\nLawrencium\nLr\n\nLawrence, Ernest O.\n\neponym\nNamed in honour of Ernest O. Lawrence, who was involved in the development of the cyclotron.\nThe symbol has been Lr since 1963; formerly Lw was used. Unniltrium would have been used as a temporary systematic element name if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time.[12]\n\n\n\n82\nLead\nPb\nAnglo-Saxon\nlead\n\n\nThe symbol Pb is from the Latin name plumbum, hence the English \"plumbing\".[18][31]\n\n\n3\nLithium\nLi\nGreek\nλίθος (lithos)\nstone\n\nFrom Greek λίθος (lithos) \"stone\", because it was discovered from a mineral while other common alkali metals (sodium and potassium) were discovered from plant tissue.\n\n\n116\nLivermorium\nLv\nEnglish\nAmerican surname\n\ntoponym\nNamed in honour of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which collaborated in the discovery and is in Livermore, California, in turn named after the rancher Robert Livermore.\nUnunhexium was used as a temporary systematic element name.[12]\n\n\n\n71\nLutetium\nLu\nLatin\nLutetia\nParis\ntoponym\nNamed after the Latin Lutetia (Gaulish for \"place of mud\"), the city of Paris.[12]\n\n\n12\nMagnesium\nMg\nGreek\nΜαγνησία (Magnesia)\n\ntoponym\nFrom the Ancient Greek Μαγνησία (Magnesia) (district in Thessaly), where discovered.\n\n\n25\nManganese\nMn\nGreek via Latin, Italian, and French\nΜαγνησία\n(Magnesia;\nMedieval Latin: magnesia)\nMagnesia\ndescriptive\nFrom Latin Magnesia, ultimately from Greek; Magnesia evolved into \"manganese\" in Italian and into \"manganèse\" in French.\n\n\n109\nMeitnerium\nMt\n\nMeitner, Lise\n\neponym\nNamed in honour of Lise Meitner, who shared discovery of nuclear fission.[12] It has also been called eka-iridium[25] and temporarily by IUPAC unnilennium (Une).[12]\n\n\n101\nMendelevium\nMd\n\nMendeleyev, Dmitri\n\neponym\nNamed in honour of Dmitri Mendeleyev, who invented periodic table.[32] It has also been called eka-thulium[25] and would have been temporarily called, by IUPAC, unnilunium (Unu) if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time.[12]\n\n\n80\nMercury\nHg\nLatin\nMercurius\nMercury\nmythological\nNamed after Mercury, the god of speed and messenger of the Gods, as was the planet Mercury named after the god.\nThe symbol Hg is from the Greek words ὕδωρ and ἀργυρός (hydor and argyros), which became the Latin hydrargyrum; both mean \"water-silver\", because it is a liquid like water (at room temperature), and has a silvery metallic sheen.[18][33]\n\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n\n42\nMolybdenum\nMo\nGreek\nμόλυβδος (molybdos)\nlead-like\ndescriptive\nFrom Greek μόλυβδος (molybdos), \"lead\".\n\n\n115\nMoscovium\nMc\nLatin\nMoscovia\nMoscow\ntoponym\nNamed after Moscow Oblast, where the element was discovered. It has also been called eka-bismuth[25] and temporarily by IUPAC ununpentium (Uut).[12]\n\n\n60\nNeodymium\nNd\nGreek\nνέος δίδυμος (neos didymos)\nnew twin\ndescriptive\nDerived from Greek νέος διδύμος (neos didymos), which means \"new twin\", because didymium separated into praseodymium and neodymium. The metals have different-coloured salts, which helps distinguish them.[34]\n\n\n10\nNeon\nNe\nGreek\nνέος (neos)\nnew\n\nFrom Greek \"νέος\" (neos), which means \"new\".\n\n\n93\nNeptunium\nNp\nLatin\nNeptunus\nNeptune\nastrological;\nmythological\nNamed for Neptune, the planet. (The planet was named after the god Neptune, the god of oceans in Roman mythology.)[18]\n\n\n28\nNickel\nNi\nSwedish via German[35]\nKopparnickel/\nKupfernickel\ncopper-coloured ore\ndescriptive\nFrom the Swedish kopparnickel, meaning \"copper-coloured ore\"; this referred to the ore niccolite from which it was obtained.[36]\n\n\n113\nNihonium\nNh\nJapanese\n日本 (Nihon)\nJapan\ntoponym\nNamed after Japan, where the element was discovered. It has also been called eka-thallium[25] and temporarily by IUPAC ununtrium (Uut).[12]\n\n\n41\nNiobium\nNb\nGreek\nΝιόβη (Niobe)\nsnowy\nmythological\nNamed after Niobe, daughter of Tantalus in Classical mythology.[12][18]\nThe alternate name columbium comes from Columbia, personification of America.\n\n\n7\nNitrogen\nN\nGreek via Latin and French\nνίτρον (Latin: nitrum) -γενής (-genes)\nnative-soda begetter\ndescriptive\nFrom French \"nitrogène\",[37] derived from Greek νίτρον γείνομαι (nitron geinomai), meaning \"I form/beget native-soda (niter)\".[38]\nAlso used was azoth, from Andalusian Arabic al-zuq, from the Classical Arabic name of the element.\n\n\n102\nNobelium\nNo\n\nNobel, Alfred\n\neponym\nNamed in honour of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and instituted the Nobel Prizes foundation.\nUnnilbium would have been used as a temporary systematic element name if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time.[12]\n\n\n\n118\nOganesson\nOg\nRussian\nОганесян (Oganessian)\nYuri Oganessian\neponym\nNamed after Yuri Oganessian, a great contributor to the field of synthesizing superheavy elements. It has also been called eka-radon[25] and temporarily by IUPAC ununoctium (Uuo).[12]\n\n\n76\nOsmium\nOs\nGreek via Modern Latin\nὀσμή (osme)\na smell\ndescriptive\nFrom Greek ὀσμή (osme), meaning \"a smell\"; the tetroxide is foul-smelling.\n\n\n8\nOxygen\nO\nGreek via French\nὀξύ γείνομαι (oxy geinomai)/oxygène\nto bring forth acid\n\nFrom Greek ὀξύ γείνομαι (oxy geinomai), which means \"Ι bring forth acid\", as it was believed to be an essential component of acids. This phrase was corrupted into the French oxygène, which became the source of the English \"oxygen\".[39]\n\n\n46\nPalladium\nPd\nGreek via Latin\nΠαλλάς (genitive: Παλλάδος) (Pallas)\nlittle maiden[40]\nastrological;\nmythological\nNamed after Pallas, the asteroid discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid was named after Pallas Athena, goddess of wisdom and victory.)[18] The word Palladium is derived from Greek Παλλάδιον and is the neuter version of Παλλάδιος, meaning \"of Pallas\".[41]\n\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n\n15\nPhosphorus\nP\nGreek via Latin[42]\nφῶς + -φόρος (phos + -phoros)\nlight-bearer\ndescriptive\nFrom Greek φῶς + -φόρος (phos + phoros), which means \"light bearer\", because white phosphorus emits a faint glow upon exposure to oxygen.\nPhosphorus was the ancient name for Venus, or Hesperus, the (Morning Star).[18]\n\n\n78\nPlatinum\nPt\nSpanish via Modern Latin\nplatina (del Pinto)\nlittle silver (of the Pinto River)[43]\ndescriptive\nFrom the Spanish, platina, which means \"little silver\", because it was first encountered in a silver mine. Platina can also mean \"stage (of a microscope)\", and the modern Spanish is platino. Platina is a diminutive of plata (silver); it is a loan word from French plate or Provençal plata (sheet of metal) and is the origin of the English \"plate\".[44]\n\n\n94\nPlutonium\nPu\nGreek via Latin\nΠλούτων (Ploutōn) via Pluto\ngod of wealth[45]\nastrological;\nmythological\nNamed after Pluto, the dwarf planet, because it was discovered directly after Neptunium and is higher than Uranium in the periodic table, so by analogy with the ordering of the planets. (The planet Pluto was named after Pluto, a Greek god of the dead)[18] Πλούτων (Ploutōn) is related to the Greek word πλοῦτος (ploutos) meaning \"wealth\".\n\n\n84\nPolonium\nPo\nLatin\nPolonia\nPoland\ntoponym\nNamed after Poland, homeland of discoverer Marie Curie. Was also called radium F.\n\n\n19\nPotassium\nK\nModern Latin via Dutch and English[46]\npotassa; potasch via potash[47]\npot-ash\n\nFrom the English \"potash\", which means \"pot-ash\" (potassium compound prepared from an alkali extracted in a pot from the ash of burnt wood or tree leaves).\nPotash is a literal translation of the German Potaschen, which means \"pot ashes\".[46] The symbol K is from the Latin name kalium, from Arabic القلي (al qalīy), which means \"calcined ashes\".\n\n\n59\nPraseodymium\nPr\nGreek\nπράσιος δίδυμος (prasios didymos)\ngreen twin\ndescriptive\nFrom Greek πράσιος δίδυμος (prasios didymos), meaning \"green twin\", because didymium separated into praseodymium and neodymium, with salts of different colours; praseodymium oxide is green.\n\n\n61\nPromethium\nPm\nGreek\nΠρομηθεύς (Prometheus)\nforethought[48]\nmythological\nNamed after Prometheus, who stole the fire of heaven and gave it to mankind (in Classical mythology).[18]\n\n\n91\nProtactinium\nPa\nGreek\nπρῶτος + ἀκτίς\nfirst beam element\ndescriptive?\nDerived from former name protoactinium, from the Greek prefix proto \"first\" + Neo-Latin actinium from Greek ἀκτίς (gen.: ἀκτῖνος) \"ray\" + Latin -ium.[49]\n\n\n88\nRadium\nRa\nLatin via French\nradius\nray\ndescriptive\nFrom Latin radius meaning \"ray\", because of its radioactivity.\n\n\n86\nRadon\nRn\nLatin via German and English[50]\nRadium\n\n\nContraction of radium emanation, since the element appears in the radioactive decay of radium.\nAn alternative, rejected name was niton (Nt), from Latin nitens \"shining\", because of the radioluminescence of radon.\n\n\n75\nRhenium\nRe\nLatin\nRhenus\nRhine\ntoponym\nFrom Latin Rhenus, the river Rhine.\n\n\n45\nRhodium\nRh\nGreek\nῥόδον (rhodon)\nrose\ndescriptive (colour)\nFrom Greek ῥόδον (rhodon), which means \"rose\". From rose-red compounds.\n\n\n111\nRoentgenium\nRg\n\nRöntgen,\nWilhelm Conrad\n\neponym\nNamed in honour of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who produced and detected X-rays. It has also been called eka-gold[25] and temporarily by IUPAC unununium (Uuu).[12]\n\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n\n37\nRubidium\nRb\nLatin\nrubidus\ndeepest red\ndescriptive (colour)\nFrom Latin rubidus, which means \"deepest red\", because of the colour of a spectral line.\n\n\n44\nRuthenium\nRu\nLatin\nRuthenia\nRuthenia, Kievan Rus' [51]\ntoponym\nFrom Latin Ruthenia, geographical exonym for Kievan Rus'.\n\n\n104\nRutherfordium\nRf\n\nRutherford, Ernest\n\neponym\nNamed in honour of Baron Ernest Rutherford, who pioneered the Bohr model of the atom. Rutherfordium has also been called kurchatovium (Ku), named in honour of Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov, who helped develop understanding of the uranium chain reaction and the nuclear reactor.\nUnnilquadium was used as a temporary systematic element name.[12]\n\n\n\n62\nSamarium\nSm\n\nSamarsky-Bykhovets, Vasili\n\neponym\nNamed after samarskite, the mineral. (Samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, a Russian mine official.)\n\n\n21\nScandium\nSc\nLatin\nScandia\nScandinavia\ntoponym\nNamed from Latin Scandia, which means Scandinavia; formerly eka-boron.[25]\n\n\n106\nSeaborgium\nSg\nSwedish via English\nSeaborg, Glenn Teodor\nSwedish surname, literally: \"Lake Mountain\"\neponym\nNamed in honour of Glenn T. Seaborg, who discovered the chemistry of the transuranium elements, shared in the discovery and isolation of ten elements, and developed and proposed the actinide series. Other names: eka-tungsten[25] and temporarily by IUPAC unnilhexium (Unh).[12]\n\n\n34\nSelenium\nSe\nGreek\nσελήνη (selene)\nmoon\nastrological;\nmythological\nFrom Greek σελήνη (selene), which means \"Moon\", and also moon-goddess Selene.[18]\n\n\n14\nSilicon\nSi\nLatin\nsilex, -icis\nflint\ndescriptive\nFrom Latin \"silex\" or \"silicis\", which means \"flint\", a kind of stone (chiefly silicon dioxide).\n\n\n47\nSilver\nAg\nAkkadian via Anglo-Saxon and Middle English\n𒊭𒁺𒁍/𒊭𒅈𒇥; siolfor/seolfor\nto refine, smelt\nLatin argentum\nFrom the Anglo-Saxon, seolfor which was derived from Proto-Germanic *silubra-; compare Old High German silabar; and has cognates in Balto-Slavic languages: Church Slavonic: sĭrebro, Lithuanian: sidabras, Old Prussian sirablan. Possibly borrowed from Akkadian 𒊭𒅈𒇥 sarpu \"refined silver\" and related to 𒊭𒁺𒁍 sarapu \"to refine, smelt\".[52] Alternatively, possibly from one of the Pre-Indo-European languages, compare Basque: zilar.\nThe symbol Ag is from the Latin name argentum, which is derived from PIE *arg-ent-.\n\n\n11\nSodium\nNa\nEnglish\nsoda\n\n\nFrom the English \"soda\", used in names for sodium compounds such as caustic soda, soda ash, and baking soda. Probably from Italian sida (or directly from Medieval Latin soda) \"a kind of saltwort,\" from which soda was obtained, of uncertain origin.[53]\n\nThe symbol Na is from the Modern Latin noun natrium, derived from Greek νίτρον (nítron), \"natural soda, a kind of salt\" + Latin -ium.[54] The original source is either the Arabic word نطرون natrun or the Egyptian word\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nnetjeri.[55]\n\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n\n38\nStrontium\nSr\nScottish Gaelic via English\nSròn an t-Sìthein; Strontian\nproper name (literally: \"nose [i.e., 'point'] of the fairy hill)\"\ntoponym\nNamed after strontianite, the mineral. (Strontianite was named after the town of Strontian, the source of the mineral in Scotland.)\n\n\n16\nSulfur\nS\nLatin\n\nProto-Indo-European\nOld Latin sulpur\n(later sulphur, sulfur)\n\nPIE *swépl̥\n(genitive *sulplós),\nnominal derivative of *swelp.[56]\n> PIE *swelp 'to burn'\nLatin sulfur\nThe word came into Middle English from Anglo-Norman sulfre, itself derived through Old French soulfre from Late Latin sulfur.[57]\n\n\n73\nTantalum\nTa\nGreek\nΤάνταλος (Tantalus)\nTantalus; possibly \"the bearer\" or \"the sufferer\"[58]\nmythological\nNamed after the Greek Τάνταλος (\"Tantalus\"), who was punished after death by being condemned to stand knee-deep in water. If he bent to drink the water, it drained below the level he could reach (in Greek mythology). This was considered similar to tantalum's general non-reactivity (that is, \"unreachability\") because of its inertness (it sits among reagents and is unaffected by them).[18]\n\n\n43\nTechnetium\nTc\nGreek\nτεχνητός (technetos)\nartificial\ndescriptive\nFrom Greek τεχνητός (technetos), which means \"artificial\", because it was the first artificially produced element. Technetium has also been called eka-manganese.[25]\n\n\n52\nTellurium\nTe\nLatin\nTellus\nEarth\n\nFrom Latin tellus (\"Earth\").\n\n\n117\nTennessine\nTs\nCherokee via English\nTennessee\nTennessee\ntoponym\nNamed after Tennessee (itself named after the Cherokee village of ᏔᎾᏏ /tanasi/), where important work for one of the steps to synthesise the element was done. It has also been called eka-astatine[25] and temporarily by IUPAC ununseptium (Uut).[12]\n\n\n65\nTerbium\nTb\nSwedish\nYtterby\nProper name (literally: outer village)\ntoponym\nNamed after Ytterby, the village in Sweden where the element was first discovered.\n\n\n81\nThallium\nTl\nGreek\nθαλλός (thallos)\ngreen twig\ndescriptive\nFrom Greek θαλλός (thallos), which means \"a green shoot (twig)\", because of its bright-green spectral emission lines.\n\n\n90\nThorium\nTh\nOld Norse\nÞōrr (modern English Thor)\nthunder\nmythological\nNamed after Thor, a god associated with thunder in Norse mythology.[18]\nThe former name ionium (Io) was given early in the study of radioactive elements to the 230Th isotope.\n\n\nElement\nLanguage of origin\nOriginal word\nMeaning\nSymbol origin\nDescription\n\n\n69\nThulium\nTm\nGreek\nΘούλη, Θύλη[59]\na mythical country\nmythological\nNamed after Thule, an ancient Roman and Greek name (Θούλη, Θύλη) for a mythical country in the far north, perhaps Scandinavia. By the same token, thulia, its oxide.\n\n\n50\nTin\nSn\nAnglo-Saxon via Middle English\ntin\n\n\nBorrowed from a Proto-Indo-European language, and has cognates in several Germanic and Celtic languages.[60]\nThe symbol Sn is from its Latin name stannum.\n\n\n22\nTitanium\nTi\nGreek\nΤιτάν\nTitan\n(gen.: Τιτάνος)\nEarth\nmythological\nFrom Greek τιτάν (titan), which means \"Earth\", and also \"Titans\", the first sons of Gaia in Greek mythology.[18]\n\n\n74\nTungsten\nW\nSwedish and Danish\ntung sten\nheavy stone\ndescriptive\nFrom the Swedish and Danish \"tung sten\", which means \"heavy stone\". The symbol W is from the scientific name wolfram. The element's ore, wolframite, was named in honour of Peter Woulfe, who discovered its existence. The names wolfram or volfram are still used in Swedish and several other languages.\n[12]\n\n\n92\nUranium\nU\nGreek via Latin\nΟὐρανός (Ouranos); Uranus\nsky\nastrological;\nmythological\nNamed after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered eight years earlier in 1781. The planet was named after the god Uranus, the god of sky and heaven in Greek mythology.[18]\n\n\n23\nVanadium\nV\nOld Norse\nVanadís\n\"Dís of the Vanir\"\nmythological\nFrom Vanadís, one of the names of the Vanr goddess Freyja in Norse mythology, because of multicoloured chemical compounds deemed beautiful.[18]\n\n\n54\nXenon\nXe\nGreek\nξένος (xenos)\nforeign\n\nFrom the Greek adjective ξένος (xenos), which means \"foreign, a stranger\".\n\n\n70\nYtterbium\nYb\nSwedish\nYtterby\nproper name, literally: \"outer village\"\ntoponym\nNamed after ytterbia, the (oxide) compound of ytterbium. (The compound ytterbia was named after Ytterby, the Swedish village (near Vaxholm) where the mineral gadolinite was also found.)[12]\n\n\n39\nYttrium\nY\nSwedish\nYtterby\nproper name, literally: \"outer village\"\ntoponym\nNamed after yttria, the (oxide) compound of yttrium. (The compound yttria was named after Ytterby, the village where the mineral gadolinite was also found.)[12]\n\n\n30\nZinc\nZn\nGerman\nZink\nCornet\n\nFrom German Zink which is related to Zinken \"prong, point\", probably alluding to its spiky crystals. May be derived from Old Persian.\n\n\n40\nZirconium\nZr\nSyriac/Persian via Arabic and German\nܙܐܪܓܥܢܥ zargono,[61] زرگون (zargûn)\ngold-like\n\nFrom Arabic زركون (zarkûn). Derived from the Persian, زرگون (zargûn), which means \"gold-like\". Zirkon is the German variant of these and is the origin of the English \"zircon\".[62]\n\n"
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Berlin Blockade
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Berlin blockade - wikipedia Berlin blockade Berliners watch a Douglas C - 54 Skymaster land at Tempelhof Airport , 1948 Part of a series on the History of Berlin Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1157 -- 1806 ) Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 -- 1918 ) German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) 1920s Berlin Greater Berlin Act Nazi Germany ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Welthauptstadt Germania Bombing of Berlin in World War II Battle of Berlin West Germany and East Germany ( 1945 -- 1990 ) West Berlin and East Berlin Berlin Wall Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Berlin Crisis of 1961 `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' ( 1963 ) `` Tear Down This Wall '' ( 1987 ) Federal Republic of Germany ( 1990 -- present ) History of Germany and History of Europe See also Timeline of Berlin The Berlin Blockade ( 24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949 ) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War . During the multinational occupation of post -- World War II Germany , the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies ' railway , road , and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control . The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutsche mark from West Berlin . The Western Allies organized the Berlin airlift ( 26 June 1948 -- 30 September 1949 ) to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin , a difficult feat given the size of the city 's population . Aircrews from the United States Air Force , the Royal Air Force , the French Air Force , the Royal Canadian Air Force , the Royal Australian Air Force , the Royal New Zealand Air Force , and the South African Air Force flew over 200,000 sorties in one year , providing to the West Berliners up to 12,941 tons of necessities in a day , such as fuel and food , with the original plan being to lift 3,475 tons of supplies however by the end of the airlift that number was often met twofold . The Soviets did not disrupt the airlift for fear this might lead to open conflict , even though they far outnumbered the allies in Germany and especially Berlin . < ref > Tusa , Ann , and John Tusa . The Berlin Airlift . Spellmount Publishers Ltd , 2008. < / ref > By the spring of 1949 , the airlift was clearly succeeding , and by April it was delivering more cargo than had previously been transported into the city by rail . On 12 May 1949 , the USSR lifted the blockade of West Berlin , although for a time the U.S.U.K and France continued to supply the city by air anyways because they were worried that the Soviets were simply going to resume the blockade and were only trying to disrupt western supply lines . The Berlin Blockade served to highlight the competing ideological and economic visions for postwar Europe and was the first major multinational skirmish of the cold war . Contents 1 Postwar division of Germany 1.1 Soviet zone and the Allies ' rights of access to Berlin 1.2 Focus on Berlin and the elections of 1946 2 Political division 2.1 Moves towards a West German state 2.2 April Crisis and the Little Air Lift 2.3 Currency crisis 3 Start of the Berlin Airlift 3.1 Beginning of the Blockade 3.2 Decision for an airlift 3.3 Airlift begins 3.4 Black Friday 3.5 `` Operation Little Vittles '' 4 Soviet responses 4.1 Initial reaction 4.2 Attempted Communist putsch in the municipal government 4.3 December elections 5 Winter 1948 to spring 1949 5.1 Preparing for winter 5.2 Easter parade 6 End of the blockade 7 Subsequent events 8 Aircraft used in the Berlin Airlift 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Postwar division of Germany ( edit ) The red area of Germany ( above ) is Soviet controlled East Germany . German territory east of the Oder - Neisse line ( light beige ) was ceded to Poland , while a portion of the easternmost section of Germany East Prussia , Königsberg , was annexed by the USSR , as the Kaliningrad Oblast . From July 17 to August 2 , 1945 , the victorious Allies reached the Potsdam Agreement on the fate of postwar Europe , calling for the division of defeated Germany into four temporary occupation zones ( thus re-affirming principles laid out earlier by the Yalta Conference ) . These zones were located roughly around the then - current locations of the allied armies . Also divided into occupation zones , Berlin was located 100 miles ( 160 km ) inside Soviet - controlled eastern Germany . The United States , United Kingdom , and France controlled western portions of the city , while Soviet troops controlled the eastern sector . Soviet zone and the Allies ' rights of access to Berlin ( edit ) Sectors of divided Berlin The only three permissible air corridors to Berlin . In the eastern zone , the Soviet authorities forcibly unified the Communist Party of Germany and Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) in the Socialist Unity Party ( `` SED '' ) , claiming at the time that it would not have a Marxist -- Leninist or Soviet orientation . The SED leaders then called for the `` establishment of an anti-fascist , democratic regime , a parliamentary democratic republic '' while the Soviet Military Administration suppressed all other political activities . Factories , equipment , technicians , managers and skilled personnel were removed to the Soviet Union . In a June 1945 meeting , Stalin informed German communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the British position within their occupation zone , that the United States would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing would then stand in the way of a united Germany under communist control within the Soviet orbit . Stalin and other leaders told visiting Bulgarian and Yugoslavian delegations in early 1946 that Germany must be both Soviet and communist . A further factor contributing to the Blockade was that there had never been a formal agreement guaranteeing rail and road access to Berlin through the Soviet zone . At the end of the war , western leaders had relied on Soviet goodwill to provide them with access . At that time , the western allies assumed that the Soviets ' refusal to grant any cargo access other than one rail line , limited to ten trains per day , was temporary , but the Soviets refused expansion to the various additional routes that were later proposed . The Soviets also granted only three air corridors for access to Berlin from Hamburg , Bückeburg , and Frankfurt . In 1946 the Soviets stopped delivering agricultural goods from their zone in eastern Germany , and the American commander , Lucius D. Clay , responded by stopping shipments of dismantled industries from western Germany to the Soviet Union . In response , the Soviets started a public relations campaign against American policy and began to obstruct the administrative work of all four zones of occupation . Until the blockade began in 1948 , the Truman Administration had not decided whether American forces should remain in West Berlin after the establishment of a West German government , planned for 1949 . Focus on Berlin and the elections of 1946 ( edit ) Berlin quickly became the focal point of both US and Soviet efforts to re-align Europe to their respective visions . As Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov noted , `` What happens to Berlin , happens to Germany ; what happens to Germany , happens to Europe . '' Berlin had suffered enormous damage ; its prewar population of 4.3 million people was reduced to 2.8 million . After harsh treatment , forced emigration , political repression and the particularly hard winter of 1945 -- 1946 , Germans in the Soviet - controlled zone were hostile to Soviet endeavours . Local elections in 1946 resulted in a massive anti-communist protest vote , especially in the Soviet sector of Berlin . Berlin 's citizens overwhelmingly elected non-Communist members to its city government . Political division ( edit ) Moves towards a West German state ( edit ) Meanwhile , to coordinate the economies of the British and United States occupation zones , these were combined on 1 January 1947 into what was referred to as the Bizone ( renamed `` the Trizone '' when France joined on 1 June 1948 ) . After March 1946 the British zonal advisory board ( Zonenbeirat ) was established , with representatives of the states , the central offices , political parties , trade unions , and consumer organisations . As indicated by its name , the zonal advisory board had no legislative power , but was merely advisory . The Control Commission for Germany -- British Element made all decisions with its legislative power . In reaction to the Soviet and British advances , in October 1945 the Office of Military Government , United States ( OMGUS ) encouraged the states in the US zone to form a co-ordinating body , the so - called Länderrat ( council of states ) , with the power to legislate for the entire US zone . It created its own central bodies ( Ausschüsse or joint interstate committees ) headed by a secretariat seated in Stuttgart . While the British and Soviet central administrations were allied institutions , these US zone committees were not OMGUS subdivisions , but instead were autonomous bodies of German self - rule under OMGUS supervision . Representatives of these three governments , along with the Benelux nations , met twice in London ( London 6 - Power Conference ) in the first half of 1948 to discuss the future of Germany , going ahead despite Soviet threats to ignore any resulting decisions . Eventually the London Agreement on German External Debts , also known as the London Debt Agreement ( German : Londoner Schuldenabkommen ) , was concluded . Under the London Debts Agreement of 1953 , the repayable amount was reduced by 50 % to about 15 billion marks and stretched out over 30 years , and compared to the fast - growing German economy were of minor impact . In response to the announcement of the first of these meetings , in late January 1948 , the Soviets began stopping British and American trains to Berlin to check passenger identities . As outlined in an announcement on 7 March 1948 , all of the governments present approved the extension of the Marshall Plan to Germany , finalised the economic merger of the western occupation zones in Germany and agreed upon the establishment of a federal system of government for them . After a 9 March meeting between Stalin and his military advisers , a secret memorandum was sent to Molotov on 12 March 1948 , outlining a plan to force the policy of the western allies into line with the wishes of the Soviet government by `` regulating '' access to Berlin . The Allied Control Council ( ACC ) met for the last time on 20 March 1948 , when Vasily Sokolovsky demanded to know the outcome of the London Conference and , on being told by negotiators that they had not yet heard the final results from their governments , he said , `` I see no sense in continuing this meeting , and I declare it adjourned . '' The entire Soviet delegation rose and walked out . Truman later noted , `` For most of Germany , this act merely formalized what had been an obvious fact for some time , namely , that the four - power control machinery had become unworkable . For the city of Berlin , however , this was an indication for a major crisis . '' April crisis and the Little air Lift ( edit ) On 25 March 1948 , the Soviets issued orders restricting Western military and passenger traffic between the American , British and French occupation zones and Berlin . These new measures began on 1 April along with an announcement that no cargo could leave Berlin by rail without the permission of the Soviet commander . Each train and truck was to be searched by the Soviet authorities . On 2 April , General Clay ordered a halt to all military trains and required that supplies to the military garrison be transported by air , in what was dubbed the `` Little Lift '' . The Soviets eased their restrictions on Allied military trains on 10 April 1948 , but continued periodically to interrupt rail and road traffic during the next 75 days , while the United States continued supplying its military forces by using cargo aircraft . Some 20 flights a day continued through June , building up stocks of food against future Soviet actions , so that by the time the blockade began at the end of June , at least 18 days supply per major food type , and in some types , much more , had been stockpiled that provided time to build up the ensuing airlift . At the same time , Soviet military aircraft began to violate West Berlin airspace and would harass , or what the military called `` buzz '' , flights in and out of West Berlin . On 5 April , a Soviet Air Force Yakovlev Yak - 3 fighter collided with a British European Airways Vickers Viking 1B airliner near RAF Gatow airfield , killing all aboard both aircraft . The Gatow air disaster exacerbated tensions between the Soviets and the other allied powers . Internal Soviet reports in April stated that `` Our control and restrictive measures have dealt a strong blow to the prestige of the Americans and British in Germany '' and that the Americans have `` admitted '' that the idea of an airlift would be too expensive . On 9 April , Soviet officials demanded that American military personnel maintaining communication equipment in the Eastern zone must withdraw , thus preventing the use of navigation beacons to mark air routes . On 20 April , the Soviets demanded that all barges obtain clearance before entering the Soviet zone . Currency crisis ( edit ) Further information : Heinrich Rau , East German mark , and Deutsche Mark Creation of an economically stable western Germany required reform of the unstable Reichsmark German currency introduced after the 1920s German inflation . The Soviets had debased the Reichsmark by excessive printing , resulting in Germans using cigarettes as a de facto currency or for bartering . The Soviets opposed western plans for a reform . They interpreted the new currency as an unjustified , unilateral decision , and responded by cutting all land links between West Berlin and West Germany . The Soviets believed that the only currency that should be allowed to circulate was the currency that they issued themselves . In February 1948 , the Americans and British had proposed to the ACC that a new German currency be created , replacing the over-circulated and devalued Reichsmark . The Soviets refused to accept this proposal , hoping to continue the German recession , in keeping with their policy of a weak Germany . Anticipating the introduction of a new currency by the other countries in the non-Soviet zones , the Soviet Union in May 1948 directed its military to introduce its own new currency and to permit only the Soviet currency to be used in their sector of Berlin , if the other countries brought in a different currency there . On 18 June the United States , Britain and France announced that on 21 June the Deutsche Mark would be introduced , but the Soviets refused to permit its use as legal tender in Berlin . The Allies had already transported 250,000,000 Deutsche marks into the city and it quickly became the standard currency in all four sectors . Against the wishes of the Soviets , the new currency , along with the Marshall Plan that backed it , appeared to have the potential to revitalise Germany . Stalin looked to force the Western nations to abandon Berlin . 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On 21 June , the day the Deutsche Mark was introduced , the Soviet military halted a United States military supply train to Berlin and sent it back to western Germany . On 22 June , the Soviets announced that they would introduce a new currency in their zone . That same day , a Soviet representative told the other three occupying powers that `` We are warning both you and the population of Berlin that we shall apply economic and administrative sanctions that will lead to the circulation in Berlin exclusively of the currency of the Soviet occupation zone . '' The Soviets launched a massive propaganda campaign condemning Britain , the United States and France by radio , newspaper and loudspeaker . The Soviets conducted well - advertised military maneuvers just outside the city . Rumors of a potential occupation by Soviet troops spread quickly . German communists demonstrated , rioted and attacked pro-West German leaders attending meetings for the municipal government in the Soviet sector . On 24 June , the Soviets severed land and water connections between the non-Soviet zones and Berlin . That same day , they halted all rail and barge traffic in and out of Berlin . The West answered by introducing a counter-blockade , stopping all rail traffic into East Germany from the British and US zones . Over the following months this counter-blockade would have a damaging impact on East Germany , as the drying up of coal and steel shipments seriously hindered industrial development in the Soviet zone . On 25 June , the Soviets stopped supplying food to the civilian population in the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin . Motor traffic from Berlin to the western zones was permitted , but this required a 23 - kilometer ( 14.3 - mile ) detour to a ferry crossing because of alleged `` repairs '' to a bridge . They also cut off the electricity relied on by Berlin , using their control over the generating plants in the Soviet zone . Surface traffic from non-Soviet zones to Berlin was blockaded , leaving open only the air corridors . The Soviets rejected arguments that the occupation rights in the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin and the use of the supply routes during the previous three years had given Britain , France and the United States a legal claim to use of the highways , tunnels , railroads , and canals . Relying on Soviet goodwill after the war , Britain , France , and the United States had never negotiated an agreement with the Soviets to guarantee these land - based rights of access to Berlin through the Soviet zone . At the time , West Berlin had 36 days ' worth of food , and 45 days ' worth of coal . Militarily , the Americans and British were greatly outnumbered because of the postwar scaling back of their armies . The United States , like other western countries , had disbanded most of its troops and was largely inferior in the European theatre . The entire United States Army had been reduced to 552,000 men by February 1948 . Military forces in the western sectors of Berlin numbered only 8,973 Americans , 7,606 British and 6,100 French . Of the 98,000 American troops in West Germany in March 1948 , only 31,000 were combat forces , and only one reserve division was immediately available in the United States . Soviet military forces in the Soviet sector that surrounded Berlin totaled 1.5 million . The two United States regiments in Berlin could have provided little resistance against a Soviet attack . Because of the imbalance , U.S. war plans were based on using hundreds of atomic bombs , but only about 50 Fat Man - specification bombs , the only version available to the U.S. military , existed in mid-1948 . In March 1948 , only 35 `` Silverplate '' atomic - capable Boeing B - 29 Superfortress bombers -- just over half of the 65 Silverplate specification B - 29 aircraft built through the end of 1947 -- and a few trained flight and assembly crews were available . Three B - 29 groups arrived in Europe in July and August 1948 . Despite the intention to signal the threat of the West 's ability to retaliate with nuclear weapons if necessary , the Soviets possibly knew that none of the bombers were atomic - capable . The first Silverplate bombers only arrived to Europe near the end of the crisis in April 1949 . General Lucius D. Clay , in charge of the U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany , summed up the reasons for not retreating in a cable to Washington , D.C. on 13 June 1948 : `` There is no practicability in maintaining our position in Berlin and it must not be evaluated on that basis ... We are convinced that our remaining in Berlin is essential to our prestige in Germany and in Europe . Whether for good or bad , it has become a symbol of the American intent . '' Believing that Britain , France , and the United States had little option than to acquiesce , the Soviet Military Administration in Germany celebrated the beginning of the blockade . General Clay felt that the Soviets were bluffing about Berlin since they would not want to be viewed as starting a Third World War . He believed that Stalin did not want a war and that Soviet actions were aimed at exerting military and political pressure on the West to obtain concessions , relying on the West 's prudence and unwillingness to provoke a war . Commander of United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) General Curtis LeMay reportedly favoured an aggressive response to the blockade , in which his B - 29s with fighter escort would approach Soviet air bases while ground troops attempted to reach Berlin ; Washington vetoed the plan . Decision for an airlift ( edit ) Although the ground routes had never been negotiated , the same was not true of the air . On 30 November 1945 , it had been agreed in writing that there would be three twenty - mile - wide air corridors providing free access to Berlin . Additionally , unlike a force of tanks and trucks , the Soviets could not claim that cargo aircraft were a military threat . In the face of unarmed aircraft refusing to turn around , the only way to enforce the blockade would have been to shoot them down . An airlift would put the Soviet Union in the position of either shooting down unarmed humanitarian aircraft , thus breaking their own agreements , or backing down . The airlift option critically depended on scale and effectiveness . If the supplies could not be flown in fast enough , Soviet help would eventually be needed to prevent starvation . Clay was told to take advice from General LeMay to see if an airlift was possible . Initially taken aback by the inquiry , which was `` Can you haul coal ? '' , LeMay replied `` We can haul anything . '' When American forces consulted Britain 's Royal Air Force ( RAF ) about a possible joint airlift , they learned the RAF was already running an airlift in support of British troops in Berlin . General Clay 's counterpart , General Sir Brian Robertson , was ready with some concrete numbers . During the Little Lift in April 1948 , British Air Commodore Reginald Waite had calculated the resources required to support the entire city . The American military government , based on a minimum daily ration of 1,990 kilocalories ( July 1948 ) , set a total of daily supplies needed at 646 tons of flour and wheat , 125 tons of cereal , 64 tons of fat , 109 tons of meat and fish , 180 tons of dehydrated potatoes , 180 tons of sugar , 11 tons of coffee , 19 tons of powdered milk , 5 tons of whole milk for children , 3 tons of fresh yeast for baking , 144 tons of dehydrated vegetables , 38 tons of salt and 10 tons of cheese . In all , 1,534 tons were required each day to sustain the over two million people of Berlin . Additionally , for heat and power , 3,475 tons of coal , diesel and petrol were also required daily . C - 47 Skytrains unloading at Tempelhof Airport during the Berlin Airlift . Carrying all this in would not be easy . The postwar demobilisation left the US forces in Europe with only two groups of C - 47 Skytrain transports ( the military version of the Douglas DC - 3 , which the British called `` Dakota '' ) , nominally 96 aircraft , each of which could carry about 3.5 tons of cargo . LeMay believed that `` with an all - out effort '' of 100 daily round trips these would be able to haul about 300 tons of supplies a day . The RAF was somewhat better prepared , since it had already moved some aircraft into the German area , and they expected to be able to supply about 400 tons a day . This was not nearly enough to move the 5,000 tons a day that would be needed , but these numbers could be increased as new aircraft arrived from the United Kingdom , the United States , and France . The RAF would be relied on to increase its numbers quickly . It could fly additional aircraft in from Britain in a single hop , bringing the RAF fleet to about 150 Dakotas and 40 of the larger Avro Yorks with a 10 - ton payload . With this fleet , the British contribution was expected to rise to 750 tons a day in the short term , a month , but even that at the cost of suspending all air traffic except for the airlift to Berlin and Warsaw . For a longer - term operation , the US would have to add additional aircraft as soon as possible , and those would have to be as large as possible while still able to fly into the Berlin airports . Only one aircraft type was suitable , the four - engined C - 54 Skymaster and its US Navy equivalent , the R5D , of which the US military had approximately 565 , with 268 Air Force and Navy Skymasters in MATS , 168 in the troop carrier groups , and 80 Navy R5Ds in miscellaneous commands . Planners calculated that including C - 54s already ordered to Germany and drawing on those flying with civilian carriers , 447 Skymasters could be available for an `` extreme emergency . '' Given the feasibility assessment made by the British , an airlift appeared to be the best course of action . One remaining concern was the population of Berlin . Clay called in Ernst Reuter , the mayor - elect of Berlin , accompanied by his aide , Willy Brandt . Clay told Reuter , `` Look , I am ready to try an airlift . I ca n't guarantee it will work . I am sure that even at its best , people are going to be cold and people are going to be hungry . And if the people of Berlin wo n't stand that , it will fail . And I do n't want to go into this unless I have your assurance that the people will be heavily in approval . '' Reuter , although sceptical , assured Clay that Berlin would make all the necessary sacrifices and that the Berliners would support his actions . General Albert Wedemeyer , the US Army Chief of Plans and Operations , was in Europe on an inspection tour when the crisis broke out . He had been the commander of the US China - Burma - India Theater in 1944 -- 45 and he had a detailed knowledge of the previously - largest airlift -- the World War II American airlift from India over the Hump of the Himalayas to China . His endorsement of the airlift option gave it a major boost . The British and Americans agreed to start a joint operation without delay ; the US action was dubbed `` Operation Vittles , '' while the British action was called `` Operation Plainfare '' . The Australian contribution to the airlift , begun in September 1948 , was designated `` Operation Pelican . '' The British asked Canada to contribute planes and crews . It refused , primarily on the grounds that the operation risked war and Canada had not been consulted . Airlift begins ( edit ) Loading milk on a West Berlin - bound aircraft On 24 June 1948 LeMay appointed Brigadier General Joseph Smith , headquarters commandant for USAFE at Camp Lindsey , as the Provisional Task Force Commander of the airlift. Smith had been chief of staff in LeMay 's B - 29 command in India during World War II and had no airlift experience . On 25 June 1948 Clay gave the order to launch Operation Vittles . The next day 32 C - 47s lifted off for Berlin hauling 80 tons of cargo , including milk , flour , and medicine . The first British aircraft flew on 28 June . At that time , the airlift was expected to last three weeks . On 27 June , Clay cabled William Draper with an estimate of the current situation : I have already arranged for our maximum airlift to start on Monday ( June 28 ) . For a sustained effort , we can use seventy Dakotas ( C - 47s ) . The number which the British can make available is not yet known , although General Robertson is somewhat doubtful of their ability to make this number available . Our two Berlin airports can handle in the neighborhood of fifty additional airplanes per day . These would have to be C - 47s , C - 54s or planes with similar landing characteristics , as our airports can not take larger planes . LeMay is urging two C - 54 groups . With this airlift , we should be able to bring in 600 or 700 tons a day . While 2,000 tons a day is required in normal foods , 600 tons a day ( utilizing dried foods to the maximum extent ) will substantially increase the morale of the German people and will unquestionably seriously disturb the Soviet blockade . To accomplish this , it is urgent that we be given approximately 50 additional transport planes to arrive in Germany at the earliest practicable date , and each day 's delay will of course decrease our ability to sustain our position in Berlin . Crews would be needed to permit maximum operation of these planes . -- Lucius D. Clay , June 1948 By 1 July , the system was getting under way . C - 54s were starting to arrive in quantity , and Rhein - Main Air Base became exclusively a C - 54 hub , while Wiesbaden retained a mix of C - 54s and C - 47s . Aircraft flew northeast through the American air corridor into Tempelhof Airport , then returned due west flying out on through the British air corridor . After reaching the British Zone , they turned south to return to their bases . Germans watching supply planes at Tempelhof . Play media 1950s film by the British Government about the Berlin airlift The British ran a similar system , flying southeast from several airports in the Hamburg area through their second corridor into RAF Gatow in the British Sector , and then also returning out on the center corridor , turning for home or landing at Hanover . However , unlike the Americans , the British also ran some round - trips , using their southeast corridor . To save time many flights did n't land in Berlin , instead air dropping material , such as coal , into the airfields . On 6 July the Yorks and Dakotas were joined by Short Sunderland flying boats . Flying from Finkenwerder on the Elbe near Hamburg to the Havel river next to Gatow , their corrosion - resistant hulls suited them to the particular task of delivering baking powder and other salt into the city . Accommodating the large number of flights to Berlin of dissimilar aircraft with widely varying flight characteristics required close co-ordination. Smith and his staff developed a complex timetable for flights called the `` block system '' : three eight - hour shifts of a C - 54 section to Berlin followed by a C - 47 section . Aircraft were scheduled to take off every four minutes , flying 1,000 feet higher than the flight in front . This pattern began at 5,000 feet and was repeated five times . ( This system of stacked inbound serials was later dubbed `` the ladder . '' ) During the first week the airlift averaged only ninety tons a day , but by the second week it reached 1,000 tons . This likely would have sufficed had the effort lasted only a few weeks , as originally believed . The Communist press in East Berlin ridiculed the project . It derisively referred to `` the futile attempts of the Americans to save face and to maintain their untenable position in Berlin . '' Despite the excitement engendered by glamorous publicity extolling the work ( and over-work ) of the crews and the daily increase of tonnage levels , the airlift was not close to being operated to its capability because USAFE was a tactical organisation without any airlift expertise . Maintenance was barely adequate , crews were not being efficiently used , transports stood idle and disused , necessary record - keeping was scant , and ad hoc flight crews of publicity - seeking desk personnel were disrupting a business - like atmosphere . This was recognised by the United States National Security Council at a meeting with Clay on 22 July 1948 , when it became clear that a long - term airlift was necessary . Wedemeyer immediately recommended that the deputy commander for operations of the Military Air Transport Service ( MATS ) , Maj. Gen. William H. Tunner , command the operation . When Wedemeyer had been the commander of US forces in China during World War II , Tunner , as commander of the India - China Division of the Air Transport Command , had reorganised the Hump airlift between India and China , doubling the tonnage and hours flown . USAF Chief of Staff Hoyt S. Vandenberg endorsed the recommendation . Black Friday ( edit ) On 28 July 1948 , Tunner arrived in Wiesbaden to take over the operation . He revamped the entire airlift operation , reaching an agreement with LeMay to form the Combined Air Lift Task Force ( CALTF ) to control both the USAFE and RAF lift operations from a central location , which went into effect in mid-October 1948 . MATS immediately deployed eight squadrons of C - 54s -- 72 aircraft to Wiesbaden and Rhein - Main Air Base to reinforce the 54 already in operation , the first by 30 July and the remainder by mid-August , and two - thirds of all C - 54 aircrew worldwide began transferring to Germany to allot three crews per aircraft . A C - 74 Globemaster plane at Gatow airfield on 19 August with more than 20 tons of flour from the United States . Two weeks after his arrival , on 13 August , Tunner decided to fly to Berlin to grant an award to Lt. Paul O. Lykins , an airlift pilot who had made the most flights into Berlin up to that time , a symbol of the entire effort to date . Cloud cover over Berlin dropped to the height of the buildings , and heavy rain showers made radar visibility poor . A C - 54 crashed and burned at the end of the runway , and a second one landing behind it burst its tires while trying to avoid it . A third transport ground looped after mistakenly landing on a runway under construction . In accordance with the standard procedures then in effect , all incoming transports including Tunner 's , arriving every three minutes , were stacked above Berlin by air traffic control from 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) to 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) in bad weather , creating an extreme risk of mid-air collision . Newly unloaded planes were denied permission to take off to avoid that possibility and created a backup on the ground . While no one was killed , Tunner was embarrassed that the control tower at Tempelhof had lost control of the situation while the commander of the airlift was circling overhead . Tunner radioed for all stacked aircraft except his to be sent home immediately . This became known as `` Black Friday , '' and Tunner personally noted it was from that date that the success of the airlift stemmed . As a result of Black Friday , Tunner instituted a number of new rules ; instrument flight rules ( IFR ) would be in effect at all times , regardless of actual visibility , and each sortie would have only one chance to land in Berlin , returning to its air base if it missed its approach , where it was slotted back into the flow . Stacking was completely eliminated . With straight - in approaches , the planners found that in the time it had taken to unstack and land nine aircraft , 30 aircraft could be landed , bringing in 300 tons . Accident rates and delays dropped immediately . Tunner decided , as he had done during the Hump operation , to replace the C - 47s in the airlift with C - 54s or larger aircraft when it was realised that it took just as long to unload a 3.5 - ton C - 47 as a 10 - ton C - 54 . One of the reasons for this was the sloping cargo floor of the `` taildragger '' C - 47s , which made truck loading difficult . The tricycle geared C - 54 's cargo deck was level , so that a truck could back up to it and offload cargo quickly . The change went into full effect after 28 September 1948 . Having noticed on his first inspection trip to Berlin on 31 July that there were long delays as the flight crews returned to their aircraft after getting refreshments from the terminal , Tunner banned aircrew from leaving their aircraft for any reason while in Berlin . Instead , he equipped jeeps as mobile snack bars , handing out refreshments to the crews at their aircraft while it was being unloaded . Gail Halvorsen later noted , `` he put some beautiful German Fräuleins in that snack bar . They knew we could n't date them , we had no time . So they were very friendly . '' Operations officers handed pilots their clearance slips and other information while they ate . With unloading beginning as soon as engines were shut down on the ramp , turnaround before takeoff back to Rhein - Main or Wiesbaden was reduced to thirty minutes . An RAF Short Sunderland moored on the Havel near Berlin unloading salt during the airlift To maximise the utilization of a limited number of aircraft , Tunner altered the `` ladder '' to three minutes and 500 feet ( 150 m ) of separation , stacked from 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) to 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) . Maintenance , particularly adherence to 25 - hour , 200 - hour , and 1000 - hour inspections , became the highest priority and further maximised utilization . Tunner also shortened block times to six hours to squeeze in another shift , making 1440 ( the number of minutes in a day ) landings in Berlin a daily goal . His purpose , illustrating his basic philosophy of the airlift business , was to create a `` conveyor belt '' approach to scheduling that could be sped up or slowed down as situations might dictate . The most effective measure taken by Tunner , and the most initially resisted until it demonstrated its efficiency , was creation of a single control point in the CALTF for controlling all air movements into Berlin , rather than each air force doing its own . The Berliners themselves solved the problem of the lack of manpower . Crews unloading and making airfield repairs at the Berlin airports were made up of almost entirely by local civilians , who were given additional rations in return . As the crews increased in experience , the times for unloading continued to fall , with a record set for the unloading of an entire 10 - ton shipment of coal from a C - 54 in ten minutes , later beaten when a twelve - man crew unloaded the same quantity in five minutes and 45 seconds . By the end of August 1948 , after two months , the Airlift was succeeding ; daily operations flew more than 1,500 flights a day and delivered more than 4,500 tons of cargo , enough to keep West Berlin supplied . From January 1949 onwards , 225 C - 54s ( 40 % of USAF and USN Skymasters worldwide ) were devoted to the lift . Supplies improved to 5,000 tons a day . `` Operation Little Vittles '' ( edit ) US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen , who pioneered the idea of dropping candy bars and bubble gum with handmade miniature parachutes , which later became known as `` Operation Little Vittles '' . Gail Halvorsen , one of the many Airlift pilots , decided to use his off - time to fly into Berlin and make movies with his hand - held camera . He arrived at Tempelhof on 17 July 1948 on one of the C - 54s and walked over to a crowd of children who had gathered at the end of the runway to watch the aircraft . He introduced himself and they started to ask him questions about the aircraft and their flights . As a goodwill gesture , he handed out his only two sticks of Wrigley 's Doublemint Gum . The children quickly divided up the pieces as best they could , even passing around the wrapper for others to smell . He was so impressed by their gratitude and that they did n't fight over them , that he promised the next time he returned he would drop off more . Before he left them , a child asked him how they would know it was him flying over . He replied , `` I 'll wiggle my wings . '' A Douglas C - 54 Skymaster dropping candy over Berlin , c. 1948 / 49 The next day on his approach to Berlin , he rocked the aircraft and dropped some chocolate bars attached to a handkerchief parachute to the children waiting below . Every day after that , the number of children increased and he made several more drops . Soon , there was a stack of mail in Base Ops addressed to `` Uncle Wiggly Wings '' , `` The Chocolate Uncle '' and `` The Chocolate Flier '' . His commanding officer was upset when the story appeared in the news , but when Tunner heard about it , he approved of the gesture and immediately expanded it into `` Operation Little Vittles '' . Other pilots participated , and when news reached the US , children all over the country sent in their own candy to help out . Soon , major candy manufacturers joined in . In the end , over twenty three tons of candy were dropped on Berlin and the `` operation '' became a major propaganda success . German children christened the candy - dropping aircraft `` raisin bombers '' . Soviet responses ( edit ) The Soviets had an advantage in conventional military forces , but were preoccupied with rebuilding their war - torn economy and society . The US had a stronger navy and air force , and had nuclear weapons . Neither side wanted a war ; the Soviets did not disrupt the airlift . Initial reaction ( edit ) As the tempo of the Airlift grew , it became apparent that the Western powers might be able to pull off the impossible : indefinitely supplying an entire city by air alone . In response , starting on 1 August 1948 , the Soviets offered free food to anyone who crossed into East Berlin and registered their ration cards there , but West Berliners overwhelmingly rejected Soviet offers of food . Throughout the airlift , Soviet and German communists subjected the hard - pressed West Berliners to sustained psychological warfare . In radio broadcasts , they relentlessly proclaimed that all Berlin came under Soviet authority and predicted the imminent abandonment of the city by the Western occupying powers . The Soviets also harassed members of the democratically elected citywide administration , which had to conduct its business in the city hall located in the Soviet sector . During the early months of the airlift , the Soviets used various methods to harass allied aircraft . These included buzzing by Soviet planes , obstructive parachute jumps within the corridors , and shining searchlights to dazzle pilots at night . Although the USAFE reported 733 separate harassing events , including flak , air - to - air fire , rocketing , bombing , and explosions , this is now considered to be exaggerated . None of these measures were effective . Former RAF Dakota pilot Dick Arscott described one `` buzzing '' incident . `` Yaks ( Soviet plane ) used to come and buzz you and go over the top of you at about twenty feet which can be off putting . One day I was buzzed about three times . The following day it started again and he came across twice and I got a bit fed up with it . So when he came for the third time , I turned the aircraft into him and it was a case of chicken , luckily he was the one who chickened out . '' Attempted communist putsch in the municipal government ( edit ) In the autumn of 1948 it became impossible for the non-Communist majority in Greater Berlin 's citywide parliament to attend sessions at city hall within the Soviet sector . The parliament ( Stadtverordnetenversammlung von Groß - Berlin ) had been elected under the provisional constitution of Berlin two years earlier ( 20 October 1946 ) . As SED - controlled policemen looked on passively , Communist - led mobs repeatedly invaded the Neues Stadthaus , the provisional city hall ( located on Parochialstraße since all other central municipal buildings had been destroyed in the War ) , interrupted the parliament 's sessions , and physically menaced its non-Communist members . The Kremlin organised an attempted putsch for control of all of Berlin through a 6 September takeover of the city hall by SED members . Three days later RIAS Radio urged Berliners to protest against the actions of the communists . On 9 September 1948 a crowd of 500,000 people gathered at the Brandenburg Gate , next to the ruined Reichstag in the British sector . The Airlift was working so far , but many West Berliners feared that the Allies would eventually discontinue it . Then - SPD city councillor Ernst Reuter took the microphone and pleaded for his city , `` You peoples of the world , you people of America , of England , of France , look on this city , and recognise that this city , this people , must not be abandoned -- can not be abandoned ! '' . The crowd surged towards the Soviet - occupied sector and someone climbed up and ripped down the Soviet flag flying from atop the Brandenburg Gate . Soviet military police ( MPs ) quickly responded , resulted in the killing of one in the unruly crowd . The tense situation could have escalated further and ended up in more bloodshed but a British deputy provost then intervened and pointedly pushed the Soviet MPs back with his swagger stick . Never before this incident had so many Berliners gathered in unity . The resonance worldwide was enormous , notably in the United States , where a strong feeling of solidarity with Berliners reinforced a general widespread determination not to abandon them . Berlin 's parliament decided to meet instead in the canteen of the Technical College of Berlin - Charlottenburg in the British sector , boycotted by the members of SED , which had gained 19.8 % of the electoral votes in 1946 . On 30 November 1948 the SED gathered its elected parliament members and 1,100 further activists and held an unconstitutional so - called `` extraordinary city assembly '' ( außerordentliche Stadtverordnetenversammlung ) in East Berlin 's Metropol - Theater which declared the elected city government ( Magistrat ) and its democratically - elected city councillors to be deposed and replaced it with a new one led by Oberbürgermeister Friedrich Ebert Jr. and consisting only of Communists . This arbitrary act had no legal effect in West Berlin , but the Soviet occupants prevented the elected city government for all of Berlin from further acting in the eastern sector . December elections ( edit ) The city parliament , boycotted by its SED members , then voted for its re-election on 5 December 1948 , however , inhibited in the eastern sector and defamed by the SED as a Spalterwahl ( `` divisive election '' ) . The SED did not nominate any candidates for this election and appealed to the electorate in the western sectors to boycott the election , while the democratic parties ran for seats . The turnout amounted to 86.3 % of the western electorate with the SPD gaining 64.5 % of the votes ( = 76 seats ) , the CDU 19.4 % ( = 26 seats ) , and the Liberal - Demokratische Partei ( LDP , merged in the FDP in 1949 ) 16.1 % ( = 17 seats ) . On 7 December the new , de facto West - Berlin - only city parliament elected a new city government in West Berlin headed by Lord Mayor Reuter , who had already once been elected lord mayor in early 1946 but prevented from taking office by a Soviet veto . Thus two separate city governments officiated in the city divided into East and West versions of its former self . In the east , a communist system supervised by house , street , and block wardens was quickly implemented . West Berlin 's parliament accounted for the de facto political partition of Berlin and replaced the provisional constitution of Berlin by the Verfassung von Berlin ( constitution of Berlin ) , meant for all Berlin , with effect of 1 October 1950 and de facto restricted to the western sectors only , also renaming city parliament ( from Stadtverordnetenversammlung von Groß - Berlin to Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin ) , city government ( from Magistrat von Groß - Berlin to Senate of Berlin ) , and head of government ( from Oberbürgermeister to Governing Mayor of Berlin ) . Winter 1948 to spring 1949 ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Preparing for winter ( edit ) Although the early estimates were that about 4,000 to 5,000 tons per day would be needed to supply the city , this was made in the context of summer weather , when the Airlift was only expected to last a few weeks . As the operation dragged on into autumn , the situation changed considerably . The food requirements would remain the same ( around 1,500 tons ) , but the need for additional coal to heat the city dramatically increased the total amount of cargo to be transported by an additional 6,000 tons a day . To maintain the Airlift under these conditions , the current system would have to be greatly expanded . Aircraft were available , and the British started adding their larger Handley Page Hastings in November , but maintaining the fleet proved to be a serious problem . Tunner looked to the Germans once again , hiring ( plentiful ) ex-Luftwaffe ground crews . C - 54s stand out against the snow at Wiesbaden Air Base during the Berlin Airlift in the Winter of 1948 -- 49 . Another problem was the lack of runways in Berlin to land on : two at Tempelhof and one at Gatow -- neither of which was designed to support the loads the C - 54s were putting on them . All of the existing runways required hundreds of labourers , who ran onto them between landings and dumped sand into the runway 's Marston Mat ( pierced steel planking ) to soften the surface and help the planking survive . Since this system could not endure through the winter , between July and September 1948 a 6,000 ft. - long asphalt runway was constructed at Tempelhof . Far from ideal , with the approach being over Berlin 's apartment blocks , the runway nevertheless was a major upgrade to the airport 's capabilities . With it in place , the auxiliary runway was upgraded from Marston Matting to asphalt between September and October 1948 . A similar upgrade program was carried out by the British at Gatow during the same period , also adding a second runway , using concrete . The French Air Force , meanwhile , had become involved in the First Indochina War , so it could only bring up some old Junkers Ju 52s to support its own troops and they were too small and slow to be of much help . However , France agreed to build a complete , new and larger airport in its sector on the shores of Lake Tegel . French military engineers , managing German construction crews , were able to complete the construction in under 90 days . The airport was mostly built by hand , by thousands of mostly female labourers who worked day and night . Heavy equipment was needed to level the ground , equipment that was too large and heavy to fly in on any existing cargo aircraft . The solution was to dismantle large machines and then re-assemble them . Using the five largest American C - 82 Packet transports , it was possible to fly the machinery into West Berlin . This not only helped to build the airfield , but also demonstrated that the Soviet blockade could not keep anything out of Berlin . The Tegel airfield was subsequently developed into Berlin - Tegel Airport . To improve air traffic control , which would be critical as the number of flights grew , the newly developed Ground Controlled Approach radar system ( GCA ) was flown to Europe for installation at Tempelhof , with a second set installed at Fassberg in the British Zone in West Germany . With the installation of GCA , all - weather airlift operations were assured . None of these efforts could fix the weather , which became the biggest problem . November and December 1948 proved to be the worst months of the airlift operation . One of the longest - lasting fogs ever experienced in Berlin blanketed the entire European continent for weeks . All too often , aircraft would make the entire flight and then be unable to land in Berlin . On 20 November 1948 , 42 aircraft departed for Berlin , but only one landed there . At one point , the city had only a week 's supply of coal left . However , the weather eventually improved , and more than 171,000 tons were delivered in January 1949 , 152,000 tons in February , and 196,223 tons in March . Easter parade ( edit ) By April 1949 , airlift operations were running smoothly and Tunner wanted to shake up his command to discourage complacency . He believed in the spirit of competition between units and , coupled with the idea of a big event , felt that this would encourage them to greater efforts . He decided that , on Easter Sunday , the airlift would break all records . To do this , maximum efficiency was needed and so , to simplify cargo - handling , only coal would be airlifted . Coal stockpiles were built up for the effort and maintenance schedules were altered so that the maximum number of aircraft were available . From noon on 15 April to noon on 16 April 1949 , crews worked around the clock . When it was over , 12,941 tons of coal had been delivered in 1,383 flights , without a single accident . A welcome side effect of the effort was that operations in general were boosted , and tonnage increased from 6,729 tons to 8,893 tons per day thereafter . In total , the airlift delivered 234,476 tons in April . On 21 April , the tonnage of supplies flown into the city exceeded that previously brought by rail . End of the blockade ( edit ) Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin - Tempelhof with inscription `` They gave their lives for the freedom of Berlin in service of the Berlin Airlift 1948 / 49 '' . On 15 April 1949 , the Soviet news agency TASS reported a willingness by the Soviets to lift the blockade . The next day , the US State Department stated that the `` way appears clear '' for the blockade to end . Soon afterwards , the four powers began serious negotiations , and a settlement was reached on Western terms . On 4 May 1949 , the Allies announced an agreement to end the blockade in eight days . Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin - Tempelhof , displaying the names of the 39 British and 31 American airmen who lost their lives during the operation . Similar monuments can be found at the military airfield of Wietzenbruch near the former RAF Celle and at Rhein - Main Air Base . The Soviet blockade of Berlin was lifted at one minute after midnight on 12 May 1949 . A British convoy immediately drove through to Berlin , and the first train from West Germany reached Berlin at 5 : 32 A.M. Later that day , an enormous crowd celebrated the end of the blockade . General Clay , whose retirement had been announced by US President Truman on 3 May 1949 , was saluted by 11,000 US soldiers and dozens of aircraft . Once home , Clay received a ticker - tape parade in New York City , was invited to address the US Congress , and was honoured with a medal from President Truman . Nevertheless , supply flights to Berlin continued for some time to build up a comfortable surplus , though night flying and then weekend flights could be eliminated once the surplus was large enough . By 24 July 1949 , three months ' worth of supplies had been amassed , ensuring that there was ample time to restart the Airlift if needed . On 18 August 1949 , Flt Lt Roy Mather DFC AFC and his crew of Flt Lt Roy Lewis Stewart Hathaway AFC , Flt Lt Richardson and Royston William Marshall AFM of 206 squadron , flew back to Wunstorf for the 404th time during the blockade , the record number of flights for any pilot of any nationality , either civilian or military . The Berlin Airlift officially ended on 30 September 1949 , after fifteen months . In total , the USAF delivered 1,783,573 tons and the RAF 541,937 tons , totalling 2,326,406 tons , nearly two - thirds of which was coal , on 278,228 flights to Berlin . The Royal Australian Air Force delivered 7,968 tons of freight and 6,964 passengers during 2,062 sorties . The C - 47s and C - 54s together flew over 92 million miles in the process , almost the distance from Earth to the Sun . At the height of the Airlift , one plane reached West Berlin every thirty seconds . Pilots came from the United States , United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and South Africa . A total of 101 fatalities were recorded as a result of the operation , including 40 Britons and 31 Americans , mostly due to non-flying accidents . One Royal Australian Air Force member was killed in an aircraft crash at Lubeck while attached to No. 27 Squadron RAF . Seventeen American and eight British aircraft crashed during the operation . The cost of the Airlift was shared between the US , UK , and Germany . Estimated costs range from approximately US $224 million to over US $500 million ( equivalent to approximately $2.3 billion to $5.14 billion now ) . Subsequent events ( edit ) Operational control of the three Allied air corridors was assigned to BARTCC ( Berlin Air Route Traffic Control Center ) air traffic control located at Tempelhof . Diplomatic approval was granted by a four - power organisation called the Berlin Air Safety Center , also located in the American sector . Tegel was developed into West Berlin 's principal airport . In 2007 , it was joined by a re-developed Berlin - Schönefeld International Airport in Brandenburg . As a result of the development of these two airports , Tempelhof was closed in October 2008 , while Gatow is now home of the Museum of the German Luftwaffe and a housing development . During the 1970s and 1980s Schönefeld had its own crossing points through the Berlin Wall and communist fortifications for western citizens . The Soviets ' contravention by the blockade of the agreement reached by the London 6 - Power Conference , and the Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 , convinced Western leaders that they had to take swift and decisive measures to strengthen the portions of Germany not occupied by the Soviets. . The US , British and French authorities also agreed to replace their military administrations in their occupation zones with High Commissioners operating within the terms of a three - power occupation statute . The Blockade also helped to unify German politicians in these zones in support of the creation of a West German state ; some of them had hitherto been fearful of Soviet opposition . The blockade also increased the perception among many Europeans that the Soviets posed a danger , helping to prompt the entry into NATO of Portugal , Iceland , Italy , Denmark , and Norway . Animosities between Germans and the Western Allies -- Britain , France , and the United States -- were greatly reduced by the airlift , with the former enemies recognizing common interests , namely freedom and capitalism , shared values and mutual respect . Although this may have just been a `` The Enemy of my Enemy is my Friend '' situation seeing as only a couple of years earlier Soviet forces had ravaged the city . < / ref > `` BBC - History - World Wars : The Battle For Berlin In World War Two . '' Bbc.co.uk . N. p. , 2018 . Web . 27 Sept. 2018. < / ref > The Soviets refused to return to the Allied Control Council in Berlin , rendering the four - power occupation authority set up at the Potsdam Conference useless . It has been argued that the events of the Berlin Blockade are proof that the Allies conducted their affairs within a rational framework , since they were keen to avoid war . Aircraft used in the Berlin airlift ( edit ) A Douglas C - 54 Skymaster , called Spirit of Freedom , operated as a flying museum . It is owned and operated by the Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation . A British Avro York transport aircraft . A British Short Sunderland flying boat . In the early days , the Americans used their C - 47 Skytrain or its civilian counterpart Douglas DC - 3 . These machines could carry a payload of up to 3.5 tons , but were replaced by C - 54 Skymasters and Douglas DC - 4s , which could carry up to 10 tons and were faster . These made up a total of 330 aircraft , which made them the most used types . Other American aircraft such as the five C - 82 Packets , and the one YC - 97A Stratofreighter 45 - 59595 , with a payload of 20 tons -- a gigantic load for that time -- were only sparsely used . The British used a considerable variety of aircraft types . Many aircraft were either former bombers or civil versions of bombers . In the absence of enough transports , the British chartered many civilian aircraft . British European Airways ( BEA ) coordinated all British civil aircraft operations . Apart from BEA itself , the participating airlines included British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC ) and most British independent airlines of that era -- e.g. Eagle Aviation , Silver City Airways , British South American Airways ( BSAA ) , the Lancashire Aircraft Corporation , Airwork , Air Flight , Aquila Airways , Flight Refuelling Ltd ( which used their Lancaster tankers to deliver aviation fuel ) , Skyways , Scottish Airlines and Ciro 's Aviation . Altogether , BEA was responsible to the RAF for the direction and operation of 25 British airlines taking part in `` Operation Plainfare '' . The British also used flying boats , particularly for transporting corrosive salt . These included civilian aircraft operated by Aquila Airways . These took off and landed on water and were designed to be corrosion - resistant . In winter , when ice covered the Berlin rivers and made the use of flying boats difficult , the British used other aircraft in their place . Avro Lancaster Avro Lincoln Avro York Avro Tudor Avro Lancastrian Boeing C - 97 Stratofreighter Bristol Type 170 Freighter Consolidated B - 24 Liberator Consolidated PBY Catalina Douglas C - 54 Skymaster and Douglas DC - 4 Douglas C - 74 Globemaster Douglas C - 47 Skytrain and Douglas DC - 3 ( UK : Dakota ) Fairchild C - 82 Packet Handley Page Hastings Handley Page Halifax Halton Junkers Ju 52 / 3m ( operated briefly by France ) Lockheed C - 121A Constellation Short Sunderland Vickers VC. 1 Viking Altogether , a total of 692 aircraft were engaged in the Berlin Airlift , more than 100 of which belonged to civilian operators . See also ( edit ) Armageddon : A Novel of Berlin , novel by Leon Uris chronicling the airlift Berlin Airlift Device for the Army of Occupation and Navy Occupation Service Medals The Big Lift , a 1950 film about the experiences of some Americans during the airlift Deutsche Mark § Currency reform of June 1948 East German mark § Currency reform Medal for Humane Action American medal for the Airlift Heinrich Rau § 1945 -- 1949 , chairman of the East German administration at the time Footnotes ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The 28th and 307th Bomb Groups were deployed to England , while the 301st Bomb Group were assigned to Fürstenfeldbruck , Germany . In all , about 90 conventionally - armed B - 29s were assigned . Jump up ^ Miller acknowledges that most histories credit Smith with coining the term by dramatically stating : `` Hell 's Fire ! We 're hauling grub . Call it Operation Vittles ! '' However , he states that the origin is `` probably more prosaic '' and due to Col. William O. Large , Jr. , a duty officer in the Operations Division of Headquarters USAF in the Pentagon . At the time a codename was needed to coordinate activities . Large suggested `` Vittles '' because of its probable unfamiliarity to the Soviets . ( Miller 2000 , p. 58 ) Jump up ^ The original code name for the RAF operation was `` Carter Paterson '' , a noted British hauling ( U.S. = `` moving '' ) firm . A caustic Soviet jest prompted the change to `` Plainfare '' , a deliberate pun on `` plane fare '' ( airplane / food ) , on 19 July . Jump up ^ It is interesting to contrast this with Military Airlift Command 's hot - war requirements of only 1,600 sorties a day for all of Europe . See `` The Cognitive Dynamics of Computer Science '' , John Wiley and Sons , 2006 , p. 213 Jump up ^ The figure of 225 Skymasters -- 201 from the Air Force and 24 from the Navy -- represents only those in Germany at any one time . Another 75 were always in the maintenance pipeline ( raised in April 1949 to 100 ) , and 19 more were assigned to the airlift replacement training unit at Great Falls AFB , Montana . At its maximum , 312 of the 441 USAF C - 54s were committed to the airlift . Jump up ^ A fleet of 104 varied transports from 25 civilian companies was integrated into Operation Plainfare and brought in 146,980 tons or 27 % of the RAF tonnage . ( Miller 1998 p. 40 ) Jump up ^ independent from government - owned corporations Citations Jump up ^ Journey Across Berlin ( 1961 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1957 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Air Force Story , The Cold War , 1948 -- 1950 ( 1953 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1953 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Jacques Bariéty ( 1994 ) . `` La France et la crise internationale du blocus de Berlin '' . Histoire , économie et société ; Volume 13 ; numéro 1 . pp. 29 -- 44 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 -- National Security '' . South Africa : a country study ( PDF ) . Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0796 - 8 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ The American People : Creating a Nation and a Society . New York : Pearson Longman , 2008 . P 828 . Jump up ^ Michael Laird , `` Wars averted : Chanak 1922 , Burma 1945 -- 47 , Berlin 1948 . '' The Journal of Strategic Studies ( 1996 ) 19 # 3 pp. 343 -- 64 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Larson ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Airbridge to Berlin , `` Background on Conflict '' chapter ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Turner 1987 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Timothy W. Guinnane , `` Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung : The 1953 London Debt Agreement '' ( Economic Growth Center , Yale University , 2004 ) pp. 17 , 20 -- 21 , 27 -- 28 , 30 online ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Airbridge to Berlin , `` Eye of the Storm '' chapter ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Clarks , Delbert ( 2 April 1948 ) . `` Clay Halts Trains '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Accident Details '' . PlaneCrashInfo.com . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accident '' . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarks , Delbert ( 6 April 1948 ) . `` Soviet - British Plane Collision Kills 15 ; Russian Apologizes '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Turner 1987 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Thody , Phillip Malcom Waller ( 2000 ) , `` Berlin Crisis of 1948 -- 1949 and 1958 -- 1962 '' , Europe since 1945 , London : Routledge . N. pag . Print . Jump up ^ Stent 2000 , p. x ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 32 Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1948 -- 1949 A Divided City '' . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Burgan , Michael . `` The Berlin Airlift : Breaking the Soviet Blockade '' . Google Books . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Dawson , R. ; Rosecrance , R. ( 1966 ) . `` Theory and Reality in the Anglo - American Alliance '' . World Politics . 19 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 2009841 . JSTOR 2009841 . Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , pp. 24 , 31 ^ Jump up to : Young , Ken ( January 2007 ) . `` US ' Atomic Capability ' and the British Forward Bases in the Early Cold War '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 42 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 36 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022009407071626 . JSTOR 30036432 . ^ Jump up to : Airbridge to Berlin , Chapter 11 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : spiritoffreedom.org : The Berlin Airlift Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : pbs.org : The Berlin Airlift Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Miller 1998 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Dr Chris Clark ( March 2008 ) . `` Operation Pelican : The Australian Air Force in the Berlin Airlift '' . Retrieved 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ James Eayrs , In Defence of Canada : volume 4 : Growing Up Allied ( 1980 ) pp. 39 -- 51 Jump up ^ Partos , Gabriel ( 1993 ) . The World That Came in from the Cold . London : Royal Institute of International Affairs . p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , pp. 116 -- 17 Jump up ^ MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift ^ Jump up to : Fifty years ago , a massive airlift into Berlin showed the Soviets that a post-WW II blockade would not work , C.V. Glines Jump up ^ Tunner 1964 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , pp. 62 -- 64 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Tunner 1964 , pp. 153 -- 55 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Tunner 1964 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Tunner 1964 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Smoler , Fredric ( April / May 2003 ) . `` Where Berlin and America Meet Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . '' American Heritage . Retrieved 29 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Laird , `` Wars averted : Chanak 1922 , Burma 1945 -- 47 , Berlin 1948 . '' Journal of Strategic Studies ( 1996 ) 19 # 3 pp. 343 -- 64 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 1987 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Cherny 2008 , pp. 129 -- 30 Jump up ^ Canwell 2008 , p. 200 Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 programme `` The Reunion , The Berlin Airlift '' , first broadcast 22 August 2014 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 173 Jump up ^ MacDonogh , G `` After the Reich '' John Murray London 2007 p. 533 Jump up ^ Cf . articles 25 and 40 of Die Verfassung von Berlin ( Constitution of Berlin ( West ) ) , Berlin ( West ) : Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit Berlin , 1982 , pp. 34 , 37 . Jump up ^ Roger G. Miller ( 2008 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 110 -- 11 . ISBN 9781603440905 . ^ Jump up to : Tunner 1964 , pp. 219 -- 22 ^ Jump up to : Turner 1987 , p. 27 Jump up ^ http://www.vickersvaliant.com/berlin-airlift.html ^ Jump up to : Berlin Airlift : Logistics , Humanitarian Aid , and Strategic Success , Major Gregory C. Tine , Army Logistician ^ Jump up to : The Berlin Airlift -- Facts & Figures , National Cold War Exhibition . Retrieved 2 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` Germany remembers Berlin airlift on 60th anniversary '' . New York Times . 26 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tunner 1964 , p. 218 Jump up ^ `` RAAF Participation in Berlin Airlift 1948 -- 49 -- Operation Pelican '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Berlin Airlift -- Die Luftbrücke 1948 -- 49 '' . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Occupation of Germany , including the Berlin air lift , cost the UK taxpayer £ 35 million in 1948 Jump up ^ Hebel , Christina ( 30 October 2008 ) . `` An Era Ends with Closing of Berlin Airport '' . Der Spiegel . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 1987 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Lewkowicz 2008 Jump up ^ `` The Home Of Eagle '' ... -- Berlin Airlift commemorative stamp depicting Handley Page 61 Halifax 8 G - ALEF Red Eagle ( c / n 1399 ) Jump up ^ One - Eleven 500 into service ... , Flight International , 7 November 1968 , p. 742 Jump up ^ Eglin & Ritchie 1980 , pp. 14 -- 19 Jump up ^ Eglin & Ritchie 1980 , p. 17 References ( edit ) Beschloss , Michael R. ( 2003 ) , The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6085 - 6 Canwell , Diane ( 2008 ) , Berlin Airlift , the , Gretna : Pelican Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58980 - 550 - 7 Cherny , Andrei ( 2008 ) , The Candy Bombers : The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America 's Finest Hour , New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15496 - 6 Eglin , Roger ; Ritchie , Berry ( 1980 ) , Fly me , I 'm Freddie , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 77746 - 7 Harrington , Daniel F. Berlin on the Brink : The Blockade , the Airlift , and the Early Cold War ( 2012 ) , University of Kentucky Press , Lexington , KY , ISBN 978 - 08131 - 3613 - 4 . Larson , Deborah Welch . `` The Origins of Commitment : Truman and West Berlin , '' Journal of Cold War Studies , 13 # 1 Winter 2011 , pp. 180 -- 212 Lewkowicz , N ( 2008 ) , The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War , Milan : IPOC , ISBN 978 - 88 - 95145 - 27 - 3 Miller , Roger Gene ( 1998 ) , To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 ( pdf ) , US Government printing office , 1998 - 433 - 155 / 92107 Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) , To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 , Texas A&M University Press , ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 Schrader , Helena P . The Blockade Breakers : The Berlin Airlift ( 2011 ) Stent , Angela ( 2000 ) , Russia and Germany Reborn : Unification , the Soviet Collapse , and the New Europe , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 05040 - 9 Tunner , LTG ( USAF ) WIlliam H. ( 1998 ) ( 1964 ) , Over the Hump , Duell , Sloan and Pearce ( USAF History and Museums Program ) Turner , Henry Ashby ( 1987 ) , The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) , Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Defrance , Corine ; Greiner , Bettina ; Pfeil , Ulrich , eds. ( 2018 ) , Die Berliner Luftbrücke . Erinnerungsort des Kalten Krieges ( in German ) , Berlin : Christoph Links , ISBN 978 - 3 - 86153 - 991 - 9 Giangreco , D.M. ; Griffin , Robert E. ( 1988 ) . Airbridge to Berlin : The Berlin Crisis of 1948 , Its Origins and Aftermath . Presidio Press . ISBN 0 - 89141 - 329 - 4 . Launius , Roger D. ; Cross , Coy F. ( 1989 ) . MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift . Scott Air Force Base IL : Office of History , Military Airlift Command . OCLC 21306003 . Lucas , F.L. ( 1960 ) . `` A Glimpse of History : Berlin of the Air - Lift , 1948 '' . The Greatest Problem , and Other Essays . New York : Macmillan & Co . An enlargement of two Manchester Guardian articles ( 19 / 10 / 48 and 20 / 10 / 48 ) . Nash , Gary B. ; Jeffrey , Julie Roy ; Howe , John R. ; Frederick , Peter J. ( 2007 ) . The American People Creating a Nation and a Society ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 56843 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Airlift . `` The Berlin Airlift '' . American Experience . Retrieved 5 March 2007 . -- A PBS site on the context and history of the Berlin Airlift . Operation Plainfare The Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation 's Website Luftbruecke : Allied Culture in the Heart of Berlin Agreement to divide Berlin Memorandum for the President : The Situation in Germany , 23 July 1948 Berlin Airlift : Logistics , Humanitarian Aid , and Strategic Success Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and the Cold War ( Berlin Airlift ) Berlin Airlift US Department of Defense `` Berlin Airlift '' . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . -- A 1948 film about the airlift , told from the British point of view . The Berlin Airlift The short film BERLIN AIR LIFT ( OUTTAKES FROM `` OPERATIONS VITTLES '' ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive McFadden , SSG Joe W. ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Candy Bomber rededicates Frankfurt 's Berlin Airlift Memorial '' . 52d Fighter Wing Public Affairs . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Jamaican conflict Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Yemeni -- Adenese clan violence Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Ifni War Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order ( Indonesia ) Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Western Sahara War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution Sino - Vietnamese War New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Gulf of Sidra incident Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as , or into , SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Revolts and opposition Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations ( 1940 -- 1991 ) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito -- Stalin Split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration and defection ( list of defectors ) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrád Group History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal GND : 4144684 - 7 LCCN : sh85013346 NARA : 10637718 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin_Blockade&oldid=866487402 '' Categories : Berlin Blockade Non-combat military operations involving the United States Non-combat military operations involving the United Kingdom Non-combat military operations involving Australia History of the Royal Air Force Cold War conflicts 1948 in military history 1949 in military history Diplomatic incidents Allied occupation of Germany 1948 in Germany 1949 in Germany Germany -- Soviet Union relations Soviet Union -- United Kingdom relations Soviet Union -- United States relations Foreign relations of the Soviet Union Blockades Eastern Bloc 1949 in international relations 1948 in international relations Airbridge Airlifts Combat incidents Cold War history of Germany 1940s in Berlin Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 17 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the berlin airlift began and end
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"The Western Allies organized the Berlin airlift (26 June 1948–30 September 1949) to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin, a difficult feat given the size of the city's population.[1][2] Aircrews from the United States Air Force, the Royal Air Force, the French Air Force,[3] the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force, the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and the South African Air Force[4]:338 flew over 200,000 sorties in one year, providing to the West Berliners up to 12,941 tons of necessities in a day, such as fuel and food, with the original plan being to lift 3,475 tons of supplies however by the end of the airlift that number was often met twofold.[5] The Soviets did not disrupt the airlift for fear this might lead to open conflict, even though they far outnumbered the allies in Germany and especially Berlin.[6] Tusa, Ann, and John Tusa. The Berlin Airlift. Spellmount Publishers Ltd, 2008.\n"
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"26 June 1948–30 September 1949"
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Clifford the Big Red Dog
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Clifford the Big Red Dog - wikipedia Clifford the Big Red Dog Jump to : navigation , search For the television show , see Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) . Clifford the Big Red Dog Author Norman Bridwell Country United States Language English Genre Children Publisher Scholastic Published 1963 -- 2015 Norman Bridwell , the creator and author of the Clifford the Big Red Dog book series , in 2011 . Clifford the Big Red Dog is an eponymously titled American children 's book series about a giant red dog named Clifford . It was first published in 1963 and was written by Norman Bridwell ( 1928 -- 2014 ) . The series helped establish Scholastic as a premier publishing company , and Clifford himself is Scholastic 's official mascot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 List of books 3 Adaptations 3.1 Videos 3.2 Television 3.3 Live - action film adaptation 3.4 Video games 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Characters ( edit ) Clifford : a male red dog whose appearance , disposition , and behavior are based on a giant `` all - around '' dog . Clifford is shy , gentle , friendly , loyal , lovable , clumsy , well - meaning and helpful . He sometimes gets into trouble because of his size or is tempted into trouble by his friends and those he meets . His size , like giants in medieval legends , is inconsistent -- he is often shown as being about 25 feet tall from paws to head , but can appear far larger : For example , in one episode of the show , he removes the top of a lighthouse and swims out with it to guide a ferry through the fog to the dock . The character 's name is based on the imaginary childhood friend of creator Norman Bridwell 's wife . He originally wanted to name him `` Tiny '' , but his wife persuaded him otherwise . His owner is Emily Elizabeth , to whom he is devoted . He has a mother , two brothers , and two sisters . His character was created when an editor at Harper & Row advised Bridwell to write a story to go along with one of his pictures . She picked out his sketch of a baby girl and a horse - sized bloodhound and casually said , `` There might be a story in this , '' Bridwell remembers . Emily Elizabeth : Clifford 's owner . A friendly , curious , and helpful eight - year - old girl . She is frequently portrayed riding on his bare back . She is the best skater on the island , and is also very good at soccer . She was named for creator Norman Bridwell 's daughter and based on the imaginary adventures of Bridwell 's wife . The TV series adaptation gives her a surname , Emily Elizabeth Howard , and changes the background , with her receiving Clifford as a surprise present on her 6th birthday instead of picking him out as a Christmas present . List of books ( edit ) Title Year Notes 1 . Clifford , the Big Red Dog 1963 2 . Clifford Gets a Job 1965 3 . Clifford Takes a Trip 1966 4 . Clifford 's Halloween 1966 5 . Clifford 's Tricks 1969 6 . Clifford , the Small Red Puppy 1972 7 . Clifford 's Riddles 8 . Clifford 's Good Deeds 9 . Clifford at the Circus 1977 10 . Clifford Goes to Hollywood 1980 Reissued in 2010 under the title : Clifford is a Star 11 . Clifford 's ABC 12 . Clifford 's Christmas 1984 13 . Clifford 's Family 1984 14 . Clifford 's Kitten 1984 15 . Clifford and the Grouchy Neighbors 1985 16 . Clifford 's Pals 1985 Reissued in 2010 under the title : Clifford 's Best Pals 17 . Clifford 's Manners 18 . Count on Clifford 19 . Clifford 's Birthday Party 20 . Clifford 's Puppy Days 1989 21 . Where is Clifford ? 1989 22 . Clifford 's Happy Days : A Pop - Up Book 1990 Pop up book 23 . Clifford 's Word Book 1990 24 . Clifford , We Love You 1991 25 . Clifford 's Animal Sounds 1991 26 . Clifford 's Bathtime 1991 27 . Clifford 's Bedtime 1991 28 . Clifford 's Peekaboo 1991 29 . Clifford Counts Bubbles 1992 30 . Clifford Follows His Nose 1992 31 . Clifford 's Happy Easter 1992 32 . Clifford 's Noisy Day 1992 33 . Clifford 's Thanksgiving Visit 34 . Clifford I Love You 1994 Pop - Up 35 . Clifford the Firehouse Dog 1994 36 . Clifford 's First Christmas 1994 37 . Clifford and the Big Storm 1995 38 . Clifford 's First Easter 1995 39 . Clifford 's First Halloween 1995 40 . Clifford 's Sports Day 41 . Clifford 's First Autumn 1997 42 . Clifford 's Spring Clean - Up 1997 43 . Clifford 's First Valentine 's Day 1997 44 . Clifford 's Peek - And - Seek Animal Riddles 1997 45 . Clifford and the Big Parade 1998 46 . Clifford Counts 1 2 3 1998 47 . Clifford Makes a Friend 1998 48 . Clifford : Where is the Big Red Doggie ? 1998 49 . Clifford 's First Snow Day 1998 50 . Oops , Clifford ! 1998 51 . Clifford and the Halloween Parade 1999 52 . Clifford Grows Up 1999 53 . Clifford Keeps Cool 1999 54 . Clifford 's Best Friend : A Story about Emily Elizabeth 1999 55 . Clifford 's Big Book of Things to Know 1999 56 . Clifford 's First School Day 1999 57 . Clifford Barks ! 2000 58 . Clifford to the Rescue 2000 59 . Clifford Visits the Hospital 2000 60 . Clifford 's Opposites 2000 61 . Clifford 's Schoolhouse 2000 62 . Clifford 's Big Red Reader 2001 63 . Clifford 's Furry Friends 2001 64 . Clifford 's Happy Mother 's Day 2001 65 . Clifford 's Puppy Fun : A Lift - The - Flap Board Book With Stickers 2001 66 . Clifford 's Valentines 2001 67 . Clifford Runs to Story Time 2001 68 . Clifford 's Busy Week 2002 69 . Clifford Goes to Dog School 2002 70 . Clifford 's Neighborhood : Lots to Learn All Around Town 2002 71 . Clifford Loves Me ! 2003 72 . Clifford 's Class Trip 2003 73 . Clifford 's Day with Dad 2003 74 . Clifford 's First Sleepover 75 . Clifford Goes to Washington 2005 76 . Clifford 's Puppy Days : Christmas Angel 2005 77 . Clifford the Champion 2009 78 . Clifford Makes the Team 2011 79 . Clifford Goes to Kindergarten 2015 80 . Clifford Celebrates Hanukkah 2015 Adaptations ( edit ) Clifford The Big Red Dog with Laura Bush and many children at the White House Easter Egg Roll , 2007 . Videos ( edit ) In 1988 , Scholastic Studios , Mendelson - Melendez Productions , Nelvana , Wang Film Productions , and Family Home Entertainment released `` Clifford 's Fun with ... '' , a videotape series with the theme song by Phillip Namanworth and Benjamin Goldstein . These episodes include the following , The ABC Message Service , Clifford 's Birthday Surprise , The Scavenger Hunt , The Rhyme Cat Rescue , Clifford Goes to Hollywood , and The Pet Show . Brent Titcomb voiced Clifford , and Emily Elizabeth was voiced by Alyson Court . Lorimar Productions released the video `` Clifford 's Sing Along Adventure '' around the same time . Warner Home Video re-released it in the mid-1990s . Television ( edit ) Further information : Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) , Clifford 's Puppy Days , and Clifford 's Really Big Movie Scholastic Studios produced a 65 - episode adaptation shown on PBS Kids , which aired from September 2000 to February 2003 . Clifford was voiced by actor John Ritter , and Emily Elizabeth was voiced by Grey DeLisle . There was also a 39 - episode prequel series that took place during Clifford 's puppyhood , which ran September 2003 to October 2004 . During that time , a 76 - minute film which served as the show 's finale was released in February 2004 . Live - action film adaptation ( edit ) In May 2012 , it was reported that Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment would make a live - action / animated feature film based on the book . Matt Lopez had been hired to write the script , while Chris Meledandri and Deborah Forte would produce the film . In July 2013 , it was reported that Illumination had dropped the project . Two months later , it was reported that the film was still in development at Universal Pictures and that David Bowers was in talks to direct the film . Like the 2011 film Hop , the titular dog character will be animated while the other characters will be live - action . On August 1 , 2014 , Universal Pictures scheduled the film for a release on April 8 , 2016 . In the beginning of 2015 , the film 's release date was taken over by another Universal film , The Boss . On June 30 , 2016 , it was reported by Deadline.com that Paramount Pictures has picked up the rights for the film . According to the report , `` Forte decided to take the material in a new direction , '' and `` Universal let the option lapse . '' It was further announced that Office Christmas Party writer Justin Malen was hired to write the screenplay . On September 25 , 2017 , it was announced that Walt Becker will direct the film , replacing Bowers . Video games ( edit ) Original series Clifford 's Reading Clifford 's Thinking Games Modern series Clifford 's Learning Activities Clifford 's Musical Memory Games Clifford 's Phonics Clifford 's Big Puzzle Game ( A Wendy 's Kids ' Meal DVD game , available for a limited time only ) See also ( edit ) Younger versions of cartoon characters Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie References ( edit ) ^ Media and Culture , 5th ed. , Richard Campbell , Christopher R. Martin and Bettina Fabos . Jump up ^ LLC , The H.E.L.P. - I.N.G. Group , . `` The Center for Learning , Inc . - CFL Clifford Visits September 19 , 2014 '' . www.cflinc.net . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Clifford the Big Red Dog by Norman Bridwell Scholastic.com '' . Scholastic Teachers . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Noble , Barnes & . `` Clifford the Big Red Dog '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clifford the Big Red Dog -- Don Markstein 's Toonopedia '' . Toonopedia.com. 2004 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Norman Bridwell , creator of Clifford the Big Red Dog , dies at 86 '' . Today . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Norman Bridwell , Creator of ' Clifford the Big Red Dog ' Books , Dies at 86 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Two additional Clifford books , `` Clifford Goes to Kindergarten '' and `` Clifford Celebrates Hanukkah , '' are scheduled for publication by Scholastic in 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Illumination and Universal Adapting ' Clifford the Big Red Dog ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Illumination Chief Chris Meledandri Lines Up Originals for Universal '' . Variety . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . At the same time , Illumination has scrapped a number of planned movie ideas . `` Waldo '' and a Tim Burton - helmed , stop - motion `` The Addams Family '' are dead . The company abandoned a Woody Woodpecker pic , and could n't crack `` Clifford the Big Red Dog . '' ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Lucas ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` David Bowers in Talks to Direct ' Clifford the Big Red Dog ' ; Illumination Drops Off ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Clifford the Big Red Dog Movie is Coming in 2016 '' . ComingSoon.net . August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Melissa McCarthy 's ' Michelle Darnelle ' to Replace ' Clifford the Big Red Dog ' for April 8 , 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Clifford The Big Red Dog ' Movie Unleashed At Paramount With Scribe Justin Malen '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Days of Deals '' , The Hollywood Reporter , 27 September 2017 , page 30 . External links ( edit ) Official site of book series http://pbskids.org/clifford/index-brd-alt.html Clifford 's creation ( hide ) Norman Bridwell 's Clifford the Big Red Dog Clifford ( character ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 1988 series ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) List of episodes Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clifford_the_Big_Red_Dog&oldid=814856328 '' Categories : Series of children 's books Dogs in literature Size change in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español עברית 日本 語 Português Română Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 09 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what genre is clifford the big red dog
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"Clifford the Big Red Dog is an eponymously titled American children's book series about a giant red dog named Clifford. It was first published in 1963 and was written by Norman Bridwell (1928–2014). The series helped establish Scholastic as a premier publishing company,[1] and Clifford himself is Scholastic's official mascot.[2]"
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Ten Commandments
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Ten Commandments - wikipedia Ten Commandments For other uses , see Ten Commandments ( disambiguation ) . `` Decalogue '' redirects here . For other uses , see Decalogue ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on The Ten Commandments I am the LORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the LORD 's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Catholic theology This 1768 parchment ( 612 × 502 mm ) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated the 1675 Ten Commandments at the Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue . The Ten Commandments ( Hebrew : עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת , Aseret ha'Dibrot ) , also known as the Decalogue , are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship , which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity . The commandments include instructions to worship only God , to honour one 's parents , and to keep the sabbath , as well as prohibitions against idolatry , blasphemy , murder , adultery , theft , dishonesty , and coveting . Different religious groups follow different traditions for interpreting and numbering them . The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible , in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy . Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties , but is divided over exactly when the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Passages in Exodus and Deuteronomy 3 Traditions for numbering 4 The Ten Commandments 5 Religious interpretations 5.1 Judaism 5.1. 1 Two tablets 5.1. 2 Use in Jewish ritual 5.2 Samaritan 5.3 Christianity 5.3. 1 References in the New Testament 5.3. 2 Roman Catholicism 5.3. 3 Orthodox 5.3. 4 Protestantism 5.3. 4.1 Lutheranism 5.3. 4.2 Reformed 5.3. 4.3 Methodist 5.3. 5 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 5.4 Main points of interpretative difference 5.4. 1 Sabbath day 5.4. 2 Killing or murder 5.4. 3 Theft 5.4. 4 Idolatry 5.4. 5 Adultery 6 Critical historical analysis 6.1 Early theories 6.2 Hittite treaties 6.3 Dating 6.4 The Ritual Decalogue 7 United States debate over display on public property 8 Cultural references 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Terminology ( edit ) Part of the All Souls Deuteronomy , containing one of the oldest extant copies of the Decalogue In biblical Hebrew , the Ten Commandments are called עשרת הדברים ( transliterated aseret ha - d'varîm ) and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות ( transliterated aseret ha - dibrot ) , both translatable as `` the ten words '' , `` the ten sayings '' , or `` the ten matters '' . The Tyndale and Coverdale English translations used `` ten verses '' . The Geneva Bible used `` tenne commandements '' , which was followed by the Bishops ' Bible and the Authorized Version ( the `` King James '' version ) as `` ten commandments '' . Most major English versions use `` commandments . '' The English name `` Decalogue '' is derived from Greek δεκάλογος , dekalogos , the latter meaning and referring to the Greek translation ( in accusative ) δέκα λόγους , deka logous , `` ten words '' , found in the Septuagint ( or LXX ) at Exodus 34 : 28 and Deuteronomy 10 : 4 . The stone tablets , as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them , are called לוחות הברית , Lukhot HaBrit , meaning `` the tablets of the covenant '' . Passages in Exodus and Deuteronomy ( edit ) The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai ( also called Horeb ) . On the morning of the third day of their encampment , `` there were thunders and lightnings , and a thick cloud upon the mount , and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud '' , and the people assembled at the base of the mount . After `` the LORD came down upon mount Sinai '' , Moses went up briefly and returned and prepared the people , and then in Exodus 20 `` God spoke '' to all the people the words of the covenant , that is , the `` ten commandments '' as it is written . Modern biblical scholarship differs as to whether Exodus 19 - 20 describes the people of Israel as having directly heard all or some of the decalogue , or whether the laws are only passed to them through Moses . The people were afraid to hear more and moved `` afar off '' , and Moses responded with `` Fear not . '' Nevertheless , he drew near the `` thick darkness '' where `` the presence of the Lord '' was to hear the additional statutes and `` judgments '' , all which he `` wrote '' in the `` book of the covenant '' which he read to the people the next morning , and they agreed to be obedient and do all that the LORD had said . Moses escorted a select group consisting of Aaron , Nadab and Abihu , and `` seventy of the elders of Israel '' to a location on the mount where they worshipped `` afar off '' and they `` saw the God of Israel '' above a `` paved work '' like clear sapphire stone . And the LORD said unto Moses , Come up to me into the mount , and be there : and I will give thee tablets of stone , and a law , and commandments which I have written ; that thou mayest teach them . And Moses rose up , and his minister Joshua : and Moses went up into the mount of God . -- First mention of the tablets in Exodus 24 : 12 -- 13 Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law ( 1659 ) by Rembrandt . ( Gemäldegalerie , Berlin ) The mount was covered by the cloud for six days , and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was `` in the mount forty days and forty nights . '' And Moses said , `` the LORD delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of God ; and on them was written according to all the words , which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly . '' Before the full forty days expired , the children of Israel collectively decided that something had happened to Moses , and compelled Aaron to fashion a golden calf , and he `` built an altar before it '' and the people `` worshipped '' the calf . After the full forty days , Moses and Joshua came down from the mountain with the tablets of stone : `` And it came to pass , as soon as he came nigh unto the camp , that he saw the calf , and the dancing : and Moses ' anger waxed hot , and he cast the tablets out of his hands , and brake them beneath the mount . '' After the events in chapters 32 and 33 , the LORD told Moses , `` Hew thee two tablets of stone like unto the first : and I will write upon these tablets the words that were in the first tablets , which thou brakest . '' `` And he wrote on the tablets , according to the first writing , the ten commandments , which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly : and the LORD gave them unto me . '' According to Jewish tradition , Exodus 20 : 1 -- 17 constitutes God 's first recitation and inscription of the ten commandments on the two tablets , which Moses broke in anger with his rebellious nation , and were later rewritten on replacement stones and placed in the ark of the covenant ; and Deuteronomy 5 : 4 -- 25 consists of God 's re-telling of the Ten Commandments to the younger generation who were to enter the Promised Land . The passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain more than ten imperative statements , totalling 14 or 15 in all . Traditions for numbering ( edit ) Different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of Exodus 20 : 1 -- 17 and their parallels at Deuteronomy 5 : 4 -- 21 into ten `` commandments '' or `` sayings '' in different ways , shown in the table below . Some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology . Traditions : LXX : Septuagint , generally followed by Orthodox Christians . P : Philo , same as the Septuagint , but with the prohibitions on killing and adultery reversed . S : Samaritan Pentateuch , with an additional commandment about Mount Gerizim as 10th . T : Jewish Talmud , makes the `` prologue '' the first `` saying '' or `` matter '' and combines the prohibition on worshiping deities other than Yahweh with the prohibition on idolatry . A : Augustine follows the Talmud in combining verses 3 -- 6 , but omits the prologue as a commandment and divides the prohibition on coveting in two and following the word order of Deuteronomy 5 : 21 rather than Exodus 20 : 17 . C : Catechism of the Catholic Church , largely follows Augustine . L : Lutherans follow Luther 's Large Catechism , which follows Augustine but omits the prohibition of images and uses the word order of Exodus 20 : 17 rather than Deuteronomy 5 : 21 for the ninth and tenth commandments . R : Reformed Christians follow John Calvin 's Institutes of the Christian Religion , which follows the Septuagint ; this system is also used in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer . The Ten Commandments ( edit ) The Ten Commandments LXX Main article Exodus 20 : 1 - 17 Deuteronomy 5 : 4 - 21 -- -- -- -- -- ( 1 ) I am the Lord thy God , which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt , out of the house of bondage . 6 Thou shalt have no other gods before me 7 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 4 -- 6 8 -- 10 Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain 7 11 Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy 8 -- 11 12 -- 15 5 5 5 5 Honour thy father and thy mother 12 16 6 7 5 6 5 5 5 6 Thou shalt not kill 13 17 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 Thou shalt not commit adultery 14 18 8 8 7 8 7 7 7 8 Thou shalt not steal 15 19 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 9 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour 16 20 10 10 9 10 10 10 9 10 Thou shalt not covet ( neighbour 's house ) 17a 21b 10 10 9 10 9 9 10 10 Thou shalt not covet ( neighbour 's wife ) 17b 21a 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 Thou shalt not covet ( neighbour 's servants , animals , or anything else ) 17c 21c -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- Ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim All scripture quotes above are from the King James Version . Click on verses at top of columns for other versions . Religious interpretations ( edit ) The Ten Commandments concern matters of fundamental importance in Judaism and Christianity : the greatest obligation ( to worship only God ) , the greatest injury to a person ( murder ) , the greatest injury to family bonds ( adultery ) , the greatest injury to commerce and law ( bearing false witness ) , the greatest inter-generational obligation ( honour to parents ) , the greatest obligation to community ( truthfulness ) , the greatest injury to moveable property ( theft ) . The Ten Commandments are written with room for varying interpretation , reflecting their role as a summary of fundamental principles . They are not as explicit or detailed as rules or many other biblical laws and commandments , because they provide guiding principles that apply universally , across changing circumstances . They do not specify punishments for their violation . Their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation . The Bible indicates the special status of the Ten Commandments among all other Torah laws in several ways : They have a uniquely terse style . Of all the biblical laws and commandments , the Ten Commandments alone are said to have been `` written with the finger of God '' ( Exodus 31 : 18 ) . The stone tablets were placed in the Ark of the Covenant ( Exodus 25 : 21 , Deuteronomy 10 : 2 , 5 ) . Judaism ( edit ) The Ten Commandments form the basis of Jewish law , stating God 's universal and timeless standard of right and wrong -- unlike the rest of the 613 commandments in the Torah , which include , for example , various duties and ceremonies such as the kashrut dietary laws , and now unobservable rituals to be performed by priests in the Holy Temple . Jewish tradition considers the Ten Commandments the theological basis for the rest of the commandments ; a number of works , starting with Rabbi Saadia Gaon , have made groupings of the commandments according to their links with the Ten Commandments . A conservative rabbi , Louis Ginzberg , stated in his book Legends of the Jews , that Ten Commandments are virtually entwined , that the breaking of one leads to the breaking of another . There is also a great bond of union between the first five commandments and the last five . The first commandment : `` I am the Lord , thy God , '' corresponds to the sixth : `` Thou shalt not kill , '' for the murderer slays the image of God . The second : `` Thou shalt have no strange gods before me , '' corresponds to the seventh : `` Thou shalt not commit adultery , '' for conjugal faithlessness is as grave a sin as idolatry , which is faithlessness to God . The third commandment : `` Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain , '' corresponds to the eighth : `` Thou shalt not steal , '' for stealing result in false oath in God 's name . The fourth : `` Remember the Sabbath day , to keep it holy , '' corresponds to the ninth : `` Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor , '' for he who bears false witness against his neighbor commits as grave a sin as if he had borne false witness against God , saying that He had not created the world in six days and rested on the seventh day ( the holy Sabbath ) . The fifth commandment : `` Honor thy father and thy mother , '' corresponds to the tenth : `` Covet not thy neighbor 's wife , '' for one who indulges this lust produces children who will not honor their true father , but will consider a stranger their father . The traditional Rabbinical Jewish belief is that the observance of these commandments and the other mitzvot are required solely of the Jewish people and that the laws incumbent on humanity in general are outlined in the seven Noahide laws , several of which overlap with the Ten Commandments . In the era of the Sanhedrin transgressing any one of six of the Ten Commandments theoretically carried the death penalty , the exceptions being the First Commandment , honouring your father and mother , saying God 's name in vain , and coveting , though this was rarely enforced due to a large number of stringent evidentiary requirements imposed by the oral law . Two tablets ( edit ) Main article : Tablets of Stone The arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways in the classical Jewish tradition . Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments , `` but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other '' , that is , that the tablets were duplicates . This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of the ancient Near East , in which a copy was made for each party . According to the Talmud , the compendium of traditional Rabbinic Jewish law , tradition , and interpretation , one interpretation of the biblical verse `` the tablets were written on both their sides '' , is that the carving went through the full thickness of the tablets , yet was miraculously legible from both sides . Use in Jewish ritual ( edit ) The Ten Commandments on a glass plate The Mishna records that during the period of the Second Temple , the Ten Commandments were recited daily , before the reading of the Shema Yisrael ( as preserved , for example , in the Nash Papyrus , a Hebrew manuscript fragment from 150 -- 100 BCE found in Egypt , containing a version of the ten commandments and the beginning of the Shema ) ; but that this practice was abolished in the synagogues so as not to give ammunition to heretics who claimed that they were the only important part of Jewish law , or to dispute a claim by early Christians that only the Ten Commandments were handed down at Mount Sinai rather than the whole Torah . In later centuries rabbis continued to omit the Ten Commandments from daily liturgy in order to prevent a confusion among Jews that they are only bound by the Ten Commandments , and not also by many other biblical and Talmudic laws , such as the requirement to observe holy days other than the sabbath . Today , the Ten Commandments are heard in the synagogue three times a year : as they come up during the readings of Exodus and Deuteronomy , and during the festival of Shavuot . The Exodus version is read in parashat Yitro around late January -- February , and on the festival of Shavuot , and the Deuteronomy version in parashat Va'etchanan in August -- September . In some traditions , worshipers rise for the reading of the Ten Commandments to highlight their special significance though many rabbis , including Maimonides , have opposed this custom since one may come to think that the Ten Commandments are more important than the rest of the Mitzvot . In printed Chumashim , as well as in those in manuscript form , the Ten Commandments carry two sets of cantillation marks . The ta'am ' elyon ( upper accentuation ) , which makes each Commandment into a separate verse , is used for public Torah reading , while the ta'am tachton ( lower accentuation ) , which divides the text into verses of more even length , is used for private reading or study . The verse numbering in Jewish Bibles follows the ta'am tachton . In Jewish Bibles the references to the Ten Commandments are therefore Exodus 20 : 2 -- 14 and Deuteronomy 5 : 6 -- 18 . Samaritan ( edit ) The Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the Ten Commandments passages , both in that the Samaritan Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus , and in that Samaritans count as nine commandments what others count as ten . The Samaritan tenth commandment is on the sanctity of Mount Gerizim . The text of the Samaritan tenth commandment follows : And it shall come to pass when the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land of the Canaanites whither thou goest to take possession of it , thou shalt erect unto thee large stones , and thou shalt cover them with lime , and thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this Law , and it shall come to pass when ye cross the Jordan , ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim , and thou shalt build there an altar unto the Lord thy God , an altar of stones , and thou shalt not lift upon them iron , of perfect stones shalt thou build thine altar , and thou shalt bring upon it burnt offerings to the Lord thy God , and thou shalt sacrifice peace offerings , and thou shalt eat there and rejoice before the Lord thy God . That mountain is on the other side of the Jordan at the end of the road towards the going down of the sun in the land of the Canaanites who dwell in the Arabah facing Gilgal close by Elon Moreh facing Shechem . Christianity ( edit ) See also : Christian views on the Old Covenant Most traditions of Christianity hold that the Ten Commandments have divine authority and continue to be valid , though they have different interpretations and uses of them . The Apostolic Constitutions , which implore believers to `` always remember the ten commands of God , '' reveal the importance of the Decalogue in the early Church . Through most of Christian history the decalogue was considered a summary of God 's law and standard of behaviour , central to Christian life , piety , and worship . References in the New Testament ( edit ) See also : Matthew 5 § Antitheses During his Sermon on the Mount , Jesus explicitly referenced the prohibitions against murder and adultery . In Matthew 19 : 16 - 19 Jesus repeated five of the Ten Commandments , followed by that commandment called `` the second '' ( Matthew 22 : 34 - 40 ) after the first and great commandment . And , behold , one came and said unto him , Good Master , what good thing shall I do , that I may have eternal life ? And he said unto him , Why callest thou me good ? there is none good but one , that is , God : but if thou wilt enter into life , keep the commandments . He saith unto him , Which ? Jesus said , Thou shalt do no murder , Thou shalt not commit adultery , Thou shalt not steal , Thou shalt not bear false witness , Honour thy father and thy mother : and , Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself . -- Matthew 19 : 16 - 19 In his Epistle to the Romans , Paul the Apostle also mentioned five of the Ten Commandments and associated them with the neighbourly love commandment . Romans 13 : 8 Owe no man any thing , but to love one another : for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law . 9 For this , Thou shalt not commit adultery , Thou shalt not kill , Thou shalt not steal , Thou shalt not bear false witness , Thou shalt not covet ; and if there be any other commandment , it is briefly comprehended in this saying , namely , Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself . 10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour : therefore love is the fulfilling of the law . -- Romans 13 : 8 - 10 KJV Roman Catholicism ( edit ) Main article : Ten Commandments in Catholic theology In Roman Catholicism , Jesus freed Christians from the rest of Jewish religious law , but not from their obligation to keep the Ten Commandments . It has been said that they are to the moral order what the creation story is to the natural order . According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church -- the official exposition of the Catholic Church 's Christian beliefs -- the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth , and serve as the basis for social justice . Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New Testaments and the writings of the early Church Fathers . In the New Testament , Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further , demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees . Summarized by Jesus into two `` great commandments '' that teach the love of God and love of neighbour , they instruct individuals on their relationships with both . Orthodox ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox Church holds its moral truths to be chiefly contained in the Ten Commandments . A confession begins with the Confessor reciting the Ten Commandments and asking the penitent which of them he has broken . Protestantism ( edit ) See also : Law and Gospel After rejecting the Roman Catholic moral theology , giving more importance to biblical law and the gospel , early Protestant theologians continued to take the Ten Commandments as the starting point of Christian moral life . Different versions of Christianity have varied in how they have translated the bare principles into the specifics that make up a full Christian ethic . A Christian school in India displays the Ten Commandments Lutheranism ( edit ) The Lutheran division of the commandments follows the one established by St. Augustine , following the then current synagogue scribal division . The first three commandments govern the relationship between God and humans , the fourth through eighth govern public relationships between people , and the last two govern private thoughts . See Luther 's Small Catechism and Large Catechism . Reformed ( edit ) The Articles of the Church of England , Revised and altered by the Assembly of Divines , at Westminster , in the year 1643 state that `` no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral . By the moral law , we understand all the Ten Commandments taken in their full extent . '' The Westminster Confession , held by Presbyterian Churches , holds that the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments `` does forever bind all , as well justified persons as others , to the obedience thereof '' . Methodist ( edit ) The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments , according to the founder of the Methodist movement John Wesley , was instituted from the beginning of the world and is written on the hearts of all people . As with the Reformed view , Wesley held that the moral law , which is contained in the Ten Commandments , stands today : Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind in all ages , as not depending either on time or place , nor on any other circumstances liable to change ; but on the nature of God and the nature of man , and their unchangeable relation to each other '' ( Wesley 's Sermons , Vol . I , Sermon 25 ) . In keeping with Wesleyan covenant theology , `` while the ceremonial law was abolished in Christ and the whole Mosaic dispensation itself was concluded upon the appearance of Christ , the moral law remains a vital component of the covenant of grace , having Christ as its perfecting end . '' As such , in Methodism , an `` important aspect of the pursuit of sanctification is the careful following '' of the Ten Commandments . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( edit ) According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS ) doctrine , Jesus completed rather than rejected the Mosaic Law . The Ten Commandments are considered eternal gospel principles necessary for exaltation . They appear in the Book of Mosiah 12 : 34 -- 36 , 13 : 15 -- 16 , 13 : 21 -- 24 and Doctrine and Covenants . According to the Book of Mosiah , a prophet named Abinadi taught the Ten Commandments in the court of King Noah and was martyred for his righteousness . Abinadi knew the Ten Commandments from the brass plates . In an October 2010 address , LDS president and prophet Thomas S. Monson taught `` The Ten Commandments are just that -- commandments . They are not suggestions . '' The Strangite denomination has different views of the Decalogue . Main points of interpretative difference ( edit ) Sabbath day ( edit ) See also : Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy ; Shabbat ; and Judaizers All Abrahamic religions observe a weekly day of rest , often called the Sabbath , although the actual day of the week ranges from Friday in Islam , Saturday in Judaism ( both reckoned from dusk to dusk ) , and Sunday , from midnight to midnight , in Christianity . Sabbath in Christianity is a day of rest from work , often dedicated to religious observance , derived from the Biblical Sabbath . Non-Sabbatarianism is the principle of Christian liberty from being bound to physical sabbath observance . Most dictionaries provide both first - day and seventh - day definitions for `` sabbath '' and `` Sabbatarian '' , among other related uses . Observing the Sabbath on Sunday , the day of resurrection , gradually became the dominant Christian practice from the Jewish - Roman wars onward . The Church 's general repudiation of Jewish practices during this period is apparent in the Council of Laodicea ( 4th century AD ) where Canons 37 -- 38 state : `` It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics , nor to feast together with them '' and `` It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews , nor to be partakers of their impiety '' . Canon 29 of the Laodicean council specifically refers to the sabbath : `` Christians must not judaize by resting on the ( Jewish ) Sabbath , but must work on that day , rather honouring the Lord 's Day ; and , if they can , resting then as Christians . But if any shall be found to be judaizers , let them be anathema from Christ . '' Killing or murder ( edit ) Main article : Thou shalt not kill The Sixth Commandment , as translated by the Book of Common Prayer ( 1549 ) . The image is from the altar screen of the Temple Church near the Law Courts in London . Multiple translations exist of the fifth / sixth commandment ; the Hebrew words לא תרצח ( lo tirtzach ) are variously translated as `` thou shalt not kill '' or `` thou shalt not murder '' . The imperative is against unlawful killing resulting in bloodguilt . The Hebrew Bible contains numerous prohibitions against unlawful killing , but does not prohibit killing in the context of warfare ( 1Kings 2 : 5 -- 6 ) , capital punishment ( Leviticus 20 : 9 -- 16 ) and self - defence ( Exodus 22 : 2 -- 3 ) , which are considered justified . The New Testament is in agreement that murder is a grave moral evil , and references the Old Testament view of bloodguilt . Theft ( edit ) Main article : Thou shalt not steal Some academic theologians , including German Old Testament scholar Albrecht Alt : Das Verbot des Diebstahls im Dekalog ( 1953 ) , suggest that the commandment translated as `` thou shalt not steal '' was originally intended against stealing people -- against abductions and slavery , in agreement with the Talmudic interpretation of the statement as `` thou shalt not kidnap '' ( Sanhedrin 86a ) . Idolatry ( edit ) Main articles : Idolatry , Idolatry in Judaism , and Idolatry in Christianity Idolatry is forbidden in all Abrahamic religions . In Judaism there is a prohibition against worshipping an idol or a representation of God , but there is no restriction on art or simple depictions . Islam has a stronger prohibition , banning representations of God , and in some cases of Muhammad , humans and , in some interpretations , any living creature . In Gospel of Barnabas , Jesus stated that idolatry is the greatest sin as it divests a man fully of faith , and hence of God . In his time , Idolatry is not only worshipping statues of wood or stone ; but also statues of flesh . All which a man loves , for which he leaves everything else but that , is his god , thus the glutton and drunkard has for his idol his own flesh , the fornicator has for his idol the harlot and the greedy has for his idol silver and gold , and so the same for every other sinner . In Christianity 's earliest centuries , some Christians had informally adorned their homes and places of worship with images of Christ and the saints , which others thought inappropriate . No church council had ruled on whether such practices constituted idolatry . The controversy reached crisis level in the 8th century , during the period of iconoclasm : the smashing of icons . In 726 Emperor Leo III ordered all images removed from all churches ; in 730 a council forbade veneration of images , citing the Second Commandment ; in 787 the Seventh Ecumenical Council reversed the preceding rulings , condemning iconoclasm and sanctioning the veneration of images ; in 815 Leo V called yet another council , which reinstated iconoclasm ; in 843 Empress Theodora again reinstated veneration of icons . This mostly settled the matter until the Protestant Reformation , when John Calvin declared that the ruling of the Seventh Ecumenical Council `` emanated from Satan '' . Protestant iconoclasts at this time destroyed statues , pictures , stained glass , and artistic masterpieces . The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Theodora 's restoration of the icons every year on the First Sunday of Great Lent . Eastern Orthodox tradition teaches that while images of God , the Father , remain prohibited , depictions of Jesus as the incarnation of God as a visible human are permissible . To emphasize the theological importance of the incarnation , the Orthodox Church encourages the use of icons in church and private devotions , but prefers a two - dimensional depiction as a reminder of this theological aspect . Icons depict the spiritual dimension of their subject rather than attempting a naturalistic portrayal . In modern use ( usually as a result of Roman Catholic influence ) , more naturalistic images and images of the Father , however , also appear occasionally in Orthodox churches , but statues , i.e. three - dimensional depictions , continue to be banned . The Roman Catholic Church holds that one may build and use `` likenesses '' , as long as the object is not worshipped . Many Roman Catholic Churches and services feature images ; some feature statues . For Roman Catholics , this practice is understood as fulfilling the Second Commandment , as they understand that these images are not being worshipped . Some Protestants will picture Jesus in his human form , while refusing to make any image of God or Jesus in Heaven . Strict Amish people forbid any sort of image , such as photographs . Adultery ( edit ) Originally this commandment forbade male Israelites from having sexual intercourse with the wife of another Israelite ; the prohibition did not extend to their own slaves . Sexual intercourse between an Israelite man , married or not , and a woman who was neither married nor betrothed was not considered adultery . This concept of adultery stems from the economic aspect of Israelite marriage whereby the husband has an exclusive right to his wife , whereas the wife , as the husband 's possession , did not have an exclusive right to her husband . Louis Ginzberg argued that the tenth commandment ( Covet not thy neighbor 's wife ) is directed against a sin which may lead to a trespassing of all Ten Commandments . Critical historical analysis ( edit ) Early theories ( edit ) Critical scholarship is divided over its interpretation of the ten commandment texts . Julius Wellhausen 's influential hypothesis regarding the formation of the Pentateuch suggests that Exodus 20 - 23 and 34 `` might be regarded as the document which formed the starting point of the religious history of Israel . '' Deuteronomy 5 then reflects King Josiah 's attempt to link the document produced by his court to the older Mosaic tradition . In a 2002 analysis of the history of this position , Bernard M. Levinson argued that this reconstruction assumes a Christian perspective , and dates back to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's polemic against Judaism , which asserted that religions evolve from the more ritualistic to the more ethical . Goethe thus argued that the Ten Commandments revealed to Moses at Mt . Sinai would have emphasized rituals , and that the `` ethical '' Decalogue Christians recite in their own churches was composed at a later date , when Israelite prophets had begun to prophesy the coming of the messiah , Jesus Christ . Levinson points out that there is no evidence , internal to the Hebrew Bible or in external sources , to support this conjecture . He concludes that its vogue among later critical historians represents the persistence of the idea that the supersession of Judaism by Christianity is part of a longer history of progress from the ritualistic to the ethical . By the 1930s , historians who accepted the basic premises of multiple authorship had come to reject the idea of an orderly evolution of Israelite religion . Critics instead began to suppose that law and ritual could be of equal importance , while taking different form , at different times . This means that there is no longer any a priori reason to believe that Exodus 20 : 2 -- 17 and Exodus 34 : 10 -- 28 were composed during different stages of Israelite history . For example , critical historian John Bright also dates the Jahwist texts to the tenth century BCE , but believes that they express a theology that `` had already been normalized in the period of the Judges '' ( i.e. , of the tribal alliance ) . He concurs about the importance of the decalogue as `` a central feature in the covenant that brought together Israel into being as a people '' but views the parallels between Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 , along with other evidence , as reason to believe that it is relatively close to its original form and Mosaic in origin . Hittite treaties ( edit ) According to John Bright , however , there is an important distinction between the Decalogue and the `` book of the covenant '' ( Exodus 21 - 23 and 34 : 10 -- 24 ) . The Decalogue , he argues , was modelled on the suzerainty treaties of the Hittites ( and other Mesopotamian Empires ) , that is , represents the relationship between God and Israel as a relationship between king and vassal , and enacts that bond . `` The prologue of the Hittite treaty reminds his vassals of his benevolent acts ... ( compare with Exodus 20 : 2 `` I am the LORD your God , who brought you out of the land of Egypt , out of the house of slavery '' ) . The Hittite treaty also stipulated the obligations imposed by the ruler on his vassals , which included a prohibition of relations with peoples outside the empire , or enmity between those within . '' ( Exodus 20 : 3 : `` You shall have no other gods before Me '' ) . Viewed as a treaty rather than a law code , its purpose is not so much to regulate human affairs as to define the scope of the king 's power . Julius Morgenstern argued that Exodus 34 is distinct from the Jahwist document , identifying it with king Asa 's reforms in 899 BCE . Bright , however , believes that like the Decalogue this text has its origins in the time of the tribal alliance . The book of the covenant , he notes , bears a greater similarity to Mesopotamian law codes ( e.g. the Code of Hammurabi which was inscribed on a stone stele ) . He argues that the function of this `` book '' is to move from the realm of treaty to the realm of law : `` The Book of the Covenant ( Ex. , chs. 21 to 23 ; cf . ch. 34 ) , which is no official state law , but a description of normative Israelite judicial procedure in the days of the Judges , is the best example of this process . '' According to Bright , then , this body of law too predates the monarchy . Hilton J. Blik writes that the phrasing in the Decalogue 's instructions suggests that it was conceived in a mainly polytheistic milieu , evident especially in the formulation of the henotheistic `` no - other - gods - before - me '' commandment . Dating ( edit ) If the Ten Commandments are based on Hittite forms , it would date them to somewhere between the 14th - 12th century BCE . Archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that `` the astonishing composition came together ... in the seventh century BCE '' . Critical scholar Yehezkel Kaufmann ( 1960 ) dates the oral form of the covenant to the time of Josiah . An even later date ( after 586 BCE ) is suggested by David H. Aaron . The ritual Decalogue ( edit ) Main article : Ritual Decalogue Some proponents of the Documentary hypothesis have argued that the biblical text in Exodus 34 : 28 identifies a different list as the ten commandments , that of Exodus 34 : 11 -- 27 . Since this passage does not prohibit murder , adultery , theft , etc. , but instead deals with the proper worship of Yahweh , some scholars call it the `` Ritual Decalogue '' , and disambiguate the ten commandments of traditional understanding as the `` Ethical Decalogue '' . According to these scholars the Bible includes multiple versions of events . On the basis of many points of analysis including linguistic it is shown as a patchwork of sources sometimes with bridging comments by the editor ( Redactor ) but otherwise left intact from the original , frequently side by side . Richard Elliott Friedman argues that the Ten Commandments at Exodus 20 : 1 -- 17 `` does not appear to belong to any of the major sources . It is likely to be an independent document , which was inserted here by the Redactor . '' In his view , the Covenant Code follows that version of the Ten Commandments in the northern Israel E narrative . In the J narrative in Exodus 34 the editor of the combined story known as the Redactor ( or RJE ) , adds in an explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets which were shattered . `` In the combined JE text , it would be awkward to picture God just commanding Moses to make some tablets , as if there were no history to this matter , so RJE adds the explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets that were shattered . '' He writes that Exodus 34 : 14 -- 26 is the J text of the Ten Commandments : `` The first two commandments and the sabbath commandment have parallels in the other versions of the Ten Commandments . ( Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 ). ... The other seven commandments here are completely different . '' He suggests that differences in the J and E versions of the Ten Commandments story are a result of power struggles in the priesthood . The writer has Moses smash the tablets `` because this raised doubts about the Judah 's central religious shrine '' . According to Kaufmann , the Decalogue and the book of the covenant represent two ways of manifesting God 's presence in Israel : the Ten Commandments taking the archaic and material form of stone tablets kept in the ark of the covenant , while the book of the covenant took oral form to be recited to the people . United States debate over display on public property ( edit ) Further information : Accommodationism See also : Roy Moore , Van Orden v. Perry , and Separation of church and state in the United States Ten Commandments display at the Texas State Capitol in Austin . European Protestants replaced some visual art in their churches with plaques of the Ten Commandments after the Reformation . In England , such `` Decalogue boards '' also represented the English monarch 's emphasis on rule of royal law within the churches . The United States Constitution forbids establishment of religion by law ; however images of Moses holding the tablets of the Decalogue , along other religious figures including Solomon , Confucius , and Mohamed holding the Qur'an , are sculpted on the north and south friezes of the pediment of the Supreme Court building in Washington . Images of the Ten Commandments have long been contested symbols for the relationship of religion to national law . In the 1950s and 1960s the Fraternal Order of Eagles placed possibly thousands of Ten Commandments displays in courthouses and school rooms , including many stone monuments on courthouse property . Because displaying the commandments can reflect a sectarian position if they are numbered ( see above ) , the Eagles developed an ecumenical version that omitted the numbers , as on the monument at the Texas capitol ( shown here ) . Hundreds of monuments were also placed by director Cecil B. DeMille as a publicity stunt to promote his 1956 film The Ten Commandments . Placing the plaques and monuments to the Ten Commandments in and around government buildings was another expression of mid-twentieth century U.S. civil religion , along with adding the phrase `` under God '' to the Pledge of Allegiance . By the beginning of the twenty - first century in the U.S. , however , Decalogue monuments and plaques in government spaces had become a legal battleground between religious as well as political liberals and conservatives . Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State launched lawsuits challenging the posting of the ten commandments in public buildings . The ACLU has been supported by a number of religious groups ( such as the Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) , and the American Jewish Congress ) , both because they do not want government to be issuing religious doctrine and because they feel strongly that the commandments are inherently religious . Many commentators see this issue as part of a wider culture war between liberal and conservative elements in American society . In response to the perceived attacks on traditional society , other legal organizations , such as the Liberty Counsel , have risen to advocate the conservative interpretation . Many Christian conservatives have taken the banning of officially sanctioned prayer from public schools by the U.S. Supreme Court as a threat to the expression of religion in public life . In response , they have successfully lobbied many state and local governments to display the ten commandments in public buildings . Those who oppose the posting of the ten commandments on public property argue that it violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States . In contrast , groups like the Fraternal Order of Eagles who support the public display of the ten commandments claim that the commandments are not necessarily religious but represent the moral and legal foundation of society , and are appropriate to be displayed as a historical source of present - day legal codes . Also , some argue like Judge Roy Moore that prohibiting the public practice of religion is a violation of the first amendment 's guarantee of freedom of religion . The Ten Commandments by Lucas Cranach the Elder in the townhall of Wittenberg , ( detail ) U.S. courts have often ruled against displays of the Ten Commandments on government property . They conclude that the ten commandments are derived from Judeo - Christian religions , to the exclusion of others : the statement `` Thou shalt have no other gods before me '' excludes non-monotheistic religions like Hinduism , for example . Whether the Constitution prohibits the posting of the commandments or not , there are additional political and civil rights issues regarding the posting of what is construed as religious doctrine . Excluding religions that have not accepted the ten commandments creates the appearance of impropriety . The courts have been more accepting , however , of displays that place the Ten Commandments in a broader historical context of the development of law . One result of these legal cases has been that proponents of displaying the Ten Commandments have sometimes surrounded them with other historical texts to portray them as historical , rather than religious . Another result has been that other religious organizations have tried to put monuments to their laws on public lands . For example , an organization called Summum has won court cases against municipalities in Utah for refusing to allow the group to erect a monument of Summum aphorisms next to the ten commandments . The cases were won on the grounds that Summum 's right to freedom of speech was denied and the governments had engaged in discrimination . Instead of allowing Summum to erect its monument , the local governments chose to remove their ten commandments . Cultural references ( edit ) Two famous films of this name were directed by Cecil B. DeMille : a silent movie released in 1923 starring Theodore Roberts as Moses and a colour VistaVision version of 1956 , starring Charlton Heston as Moses . Both Dekalog , a 1989 Polish film series directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski , and The Ten , a 2007 American film , use the ten commandments as a structure for 10 smaller stories . The receipt of the Ten Commandments by Moses was satirized in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World Part I ( 1981 ) , which shows Moses ( played by Brooks , in a similar costume to Charlton Heston 's Moses in the 1956 film ) , receiving three tablets containing fifteen commandments , but before he can present them to his people , he stumbles and drops one of the tablets , shattering it . He then presents the remaining tablets , proclaiming Ten Commandments . In The Prince of Egypt , a 1998 animated film that depicted the early life of Moses ( voiced by Val Kilmer ) , the ending depicts him with the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai , accompanied by a reprise of Deliver Us . See also ( edit ) Bible portal Book of Mormon portal Alternatives to the Ten Commandments -- Secular and humanist alternatives to the biblical lists Code of Hammurabi ( 1772 BCE ) Code of Ur - Nammu ( 2050 BCE ) Five Precepts Five Precepts ( Taoism ) Maat , 42 confessions , ' The negative confession ' ( 1500 BCE ) of Papyrus of Ani , also known as The declaration of innocence before the Gods of the tribunal from The book of going forth by day , also Book of the dead The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics Ten Conditions of Bai'at Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ten Commandments . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UBA : Rosenthaliana 1768 '' ( English : 1768 : The Ten Commandments , copied in Amsterdam Jekuthiel Sofer ) ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rooker , Mark ( 2010 ) . The Ten Commandments : Ethics for the Twenty - First Century . Nashville , Tennessee : B&H Publishing Group . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8054 - 4716 - 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . The Ten Commandments are literally the ' Ten Words ' ( ăśeret hadděbārîm ) in Hebrew . The use of the term dābār , ' word , ' in this phrase distinguishes these laws from the rest of the commandments ( mişwâ ) , statutes ( hōq ) , and regulations ( mišpāţ ) in the Old Testament . ^ Jump up to : `` Exodus 34 : 28 -- multiple versions and languages '' . Studybible.info . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ δεκάλογος . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` Deuteronomy 10 : 4 -- multiple versions and languages '' . Studybible.info . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ When LORD is printed in small caps , it typically represents the so - called Tetragrammaton , a Greek term representing the four Hebrews YHWH which indicates the divine name . This is typically indicated in the preface of most modern translations . For an example , see Crossway Bibles ( 28 December 2011 ) , `` Preface '' , Holy Bible : English Standard Version , Wheaton : Crossway , p . IX , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4335 - 3087 - 6 , retrieved 19 November 2012 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 4 : 13 , 5 : 22 Jump up ^ Somer , Benjamin D. Revelation and Authority : Sinai in Jewish Scripture and Tradition ( The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library ) . pg = 40 . Jump up ^ Exodus 20 : 21 Jump up ^ Exodus 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 7 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 1 , 9 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 1 -- 11 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 16 -- 18 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 9 : 10 Jump up ^ Ex. 32 : 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Ex. 32 : 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Ex. 32 : 19 Jump up ^ Ex. 34 : 1 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 10 : 4 Jump up ^ Exodus. 20 : 1 ; Exodus. 32 : 15 -- 19 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy. 4 : 10 -- 13 ; Deut. 5 : 22 ; Deut. 9 : 17 ; Deut. 10 : 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Chan , Yiu Sing Lúcás ( 2012 ) . The Ten Commandments and the Beatitudes . Lantham , MA : Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 38 , 241 . ^ Jump up to : Block , Daniel I. ( 2012 ) . `` The Decalogue in the Hebrew Scriptures '' . In Greenman , Jeffrey P. ; Larsen , Timothy . The Decalogue Through the Centuries : From the Hebrew Scriptures to Benedict XVI . Westminster John Knox Press . pp. 1 -- 27 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 23490 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Luther 's Large Catechism ( 1529 ) Jump up ^ Fincham , Kenneth ; Lake , Peter ( editors ) ( 2006 ) . Religious Politics in Post-reformation England . Woodbridge , Suffolk : The Boydell Press . p. 42 . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 253 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : I am the LORD your God , who brought you out of the land of Egypt , out of the house of slavery . ^ Jump up to : You shall have no other gods before me . ^ Jump up to : You shall not make for yourself a carved image , or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above , or that is in the earth beneath , or that is in the water under the earth . You shall not bow down to them or serve them , for I the LORD your God am a jealous God , visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me , but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments . ^ Jump up to : You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain , for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain . Jump up ^ Remember the Sabbath day , to keep it holy . Six days you shall labor , and do all your work , but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God . On it you shall not do any work , you , or your son , or your daughter , your male servant , or your female servant , or your livestock , or the sojourner who is within your gates . For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth , the sea , and all that is in them , and rested on the seventh day . Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy . Jump up ^ Observe the Sabbath day , to keep it holy , as the LORD your God commanded you . Six days you shall labor and do all your work , but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God . On it you shall not do any work , you or your son or your daughter or your male servant or your female servant , or your ox or your donkey or any of your livestock , or the sojourner who is within your gates , that your male servant and your female servant may rest as well as you . You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt , and the LORD your God brought you out from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm . Therefore the LORD your God commanded you to keep the Sabbath day . Jump up ^ Honor your father and your mother , that your days may be long in the land that the LORD your God is giving you . Jump up ^ Honor your father and your mother , as the LORD your God commanded you , that your days may be long , and that it may go well with you in the land that the LORD your God is giving you . ^ Jump up to : You shall not murder . Jump up ^ You shall not commit adultery . Jump up ^ And you shall not commit adultery . Jump up ^ You shall not steal . Jump up ^ And you shall not steal . Jump up ^ You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor . Jump up ^ And you shall not bear false witness against your neighbor . Jump up ^ You shall not covet your neighbor 's house Jump up ^ And you shall not desire your neighbor 's house , his field , Jump up ^ You shall not covet your neighbor 's wife ... Jump up ^ And you shall not covet your neighbor 's wife . Jump up ^ ... or his male servant , or his female servant , or his ox , or his donkey , or anything that is your neighbor 's . Jump up ^ ... or his male servant , or his female servant , his ox , or his donkey , or anything that is your neighbor 's . ^ Jump up to : Herbert Huffmon , `` The Fundamental Code Illustrated : The Third Commandment , '' in The Ten Commandments : The Reciprocity of Faithfulness , ed . William P. Brown. , pp. 205 -- 212 . Westminster John Knox Press ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22323 - 0 Jump up ^ Miller , Patrick D. ( 2009 ) . The Ten Commandments . Presbyterian Publishing Corp. pp. 4 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 23055 - 5 . Jump up ^ Milgrom , Joseph ( 2005 ) . `` The Nature of Revelation and Mosaic Origins '' . In Blumenthal , Jacob ; Liss , Janet . Etz Hayim Study Guide . Jewish Publication Society . pp. 70 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0822 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : William Barclay , The Ten Commandments . Westminster John Knox Press ( 2001 ) , originally The Plain Man 's Guide to Ethics ( 1973 ) . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22346 - X ^ Jump up to : Gail R. O'Day and David L. Petersen , Theological Bible Commentary , p. 34 , Westminster John Knox Press ( 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 664 - 22711 - 2 Jump up ^ Norman Solomon , Judaism , p. 17 . Sterling Publishing Company ( 2009 ) ISBN 1 - 4027 - 6884 - 2 Jump up ^ Wayne D. Dosick , Living Judaism : The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief , Tradition , and Practice , pp. 31 -- 33 . HarperCollins ( 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 062179 - 6 `` There are 603 more Torah commandments . But in giving these ten -- with their wise insight into the human condition -- God established a standard of right and wrong , a powerful code of behavior , that is universal and timeless . '' Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Louis , The Legends of the Jews , Vol . III : The Unity of Ten Commandments , ( Translated by Henrietta Szold ) , Johns Hopkins University Press : 1998 , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5890 - 9 Jump up ^ Talmud Makkos 1 : 10 Jump up ^ Rabbi Ishmael . Horowitz - Rabin , ed . Mekhilta . pp. 233 , Tractate de -- ba -- Hodesh , 5 . Jump up ^ Margaliot , Dr. Meshulam ( July 2004 ) . `` What was Written on the Two Tablets ? '' . Bar - Ilan University . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Exodus 32 : 15 Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud , tractate Shabbat 104a . ^ Jump up to : Simon Glustrom , The Myth and Reality of Judaism , pp 113 -- 114 . Behrman House ( 1989 ) . ISBN 0 - 87441 - 479 - 2 Jump up ^ Yerushalmi Berakhot , Chapter 1 , fol . 3c . See also Rabbi David Golinkin , Whatever Happened to the Ten Commandments ? Jump up ^ Talmud . tractate Berachot 12a . Jump up ^ Covenant & Conversation Yitro 5772 Archived 24 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Chief Rabbi . Retrieved 24 May 2015 Jump up ^ Gaster , Moses ( 1923 ) . `` The Samaritan Tenth Commandment '' . The Samaritans , Their History , Doctrines and Literature . The Schweich Lectures . Jump up ^ Braaten , Carl E. ; Seitz , Christopher ( 2005 ) . `` Preface '' . I Am the Lord Your God . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans . p. x . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Alexander ( 1 May 2007 ) . The Ante - Nicene Fathers . VII . Cosimo , Inc. p. 413 . ISBN 9781602064829 . Jump up ^ Turner , Philip ( 2005 ) . `` The Ten Commandments in the Church in a Postmodern World '' . In Braaten , Carl E. ; Seitz , Christopher . I Am the Lord Your God . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans . p. 3 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Jan Kreeft , Catholic Christianity : A Complete Catechism of Catholic Beliefs Based on the Catechism of the Catholic Church , ch. 5 . Ignatius Press ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 798 - 6 Jump up ^ Kreeft , Peter ( 2001 ) . Catholic Christianity . Ignatius Press . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 798 - 6 . pp. 201 -- 203 ( Google preview p. 201 ) Jump up ^ Carmody , Timothy R. ( 2004 ) . Reading the Bible . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4189 - 0 . p. 82 Jump up ^ Paragraph number 2052 -- 2074 ( 1994 ) . `` Catechism of the Catholic Church '' . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Kreeft , Peter ( 2001 ) . Catholic Christianity . Ignatius Press . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 798 - 6 . p. 202 ( Google preview p. 202 ) Jump up ^ Schreck , Alan ( 1999 ) . The Essential Catholic Catechism . Servant Publications . ISBN 1 - 56955 - 128 - 6 . p. 303 Jump up ^ Sebastian Dabovich , Preaching in the Russian Church , p. 65 . Cubery ( 1899 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander Hugh Hore , Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Church , p. 36 . J. Parker and Co. ( 1899 ) . ^ Jump up to : Timothy Sedgwick , The Christian Moral Life : Practices of Piety , pp. 9 -- 20 . Church Publishing ( 2008 ) . ISBN 1 - 59627 - 100 - 0 Jump up ^ Luther 's Small Catechism ( 1529 ) Jump up ^ Neal , Daniel ( 1843 ) . The History of the Puritans , Or Protestant Non-conformists . Harper . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Westminster Confession of Faith : Chapter XIX - Of the Law of God '' . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rodes , Stanley J. ( 25 September 2014 ) . From Faith to Faith : John Wesley 's Covenant Theology and the Way of Salvation . James Clarke & Co. p. 69 . ISBN 9780227902202 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Ted A. ( 1 October 2011 ) . Methodist Doctrine : The Essentials , 2nd Edition . Abingdon Press . pp. 40 , 68 -- 69 . ISBN 9781426753473 . ^ Jump up to : The Sabbath Recorder , Volume 75 . George B. Utter. 1913 . p. 422 . The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments and enforced by the prophets , he ( Christ ) did not take away . It was not the design of his coming to revoke any part of this . This is a law which never can be broken . It stands fast as the faithful witness in heaven . Jump up ^ Olmstead , Thomas F. `` The Savior 's Use of the Old Testament '' . Ensign . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . p. 46 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Commandments '' . Gospel Library . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mosiah 12 : 34 -- 36 '' . Lds.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mosiah 13 : 15 -- 16 '' . Lds.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mosiah 13 : 20 -- 24 '' . Lds.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Lew W. ( 1992 ) . `` Abinadi '' . In Ludlow , Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism . New York : Macmillan . pp. 5 -- 7 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mosiah 13 : 11 -- 26 : The Ten Commandments : `` Some may wonder how Abinadi could have read the Ten Commandments that God gave to Moses . It should be remembered that the brass plates Nephi obtained contained the five books of Moses ( Nephi 5 : 10 -- 11 ) . This record , which would have contained the Ten Commandments , had been passed down by Nephite prophets and record keepers . The previous scriptures were known to King Noah and his priests because they quoted from Isaiah and referred to the law of Moses ( see Mosiah 12 : 20 -- 24 , 28 ) . '' Jump up ^ Thomas S. Monson . `` Stand in Holy Places - Thomas S. Monson '' . Lds.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( Hebrew : שַׁבָּת , shabbâth , Hebrew word # 7676 in Strong 's Concordance , meaning intensive `` repose '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Synod of Laodicea ( 4th Century ) -- New Advent Jump up ^ Exodus 20 : 13 Multiple versions and languages . Jump up ^ Bloodguilt , Jewish Virtual Library , Genesis 4 : 10 , Genesis 9 : 6 , Genesis 42 : 22 , Exodus 22 : 2 -- 2 , Leviticus 17 : 4 , Leviticus 20 , Numbers 20 , Deuteronomy 19 , Deuteronomy 32 : 43 , Joshua 2 : 19 , Judges 9 : 24 , 1 Samuel 25 , 2 Samuel 1 , 2 Samuel 21 , 1 Kings 2 , 1 Kings 21 : 19 , 2 Kings 24 : 4 , Psalm 9 : 12 , Psalm 51 : 14 , Psalm 106 : 38 , Proverbs 6 : 17 , Isaiah 1 : 15 , Isaiah 26 : 21 , Jeremiah 22 : 17 , Lamentations 4 : 13 , Ezekiel 9 : 9 , Ezekiel 36 : 18 , Hosea 4 : 2 , Joel 3 : 19 , Habakkuk 2 : 8 , Matthew 23 : 30 -- 35 , Matthew 27 : 4 , Luke 11 : 50 -- 51 , Romans 3 : 15 , Revelation 6 : 10 , Revelation 18 : 24 Jump up ^ Matthew 5 : 21 , Matthew 15 : 19 , Matthew 19 : 19 , Matthew 22 : 7 , Mark 10 : 19 , Luke 18 : 20 , Romans 13 : 9 , 1 Timothy 1 : 9 , James 2 : 11 , Revelation 21 : 8 Jump up ^ Matthew 23 : 30 -- 35 , Matthew 27 : 4 , Luke 11 : 50 -- 51 , Romans 3 : 15 , Revelation 6 : 10 , Revelation 18 : 24 Jump up ^ Chapter 32 : Statues of Flesh Barnabas.net Jump up ^ Gospel of Barnabas chapter XXXIII Latrobe Edu ^ Jump up to : Archpriest John W. Morris , The Historic Church : An Orthodox View of Christian History , chapter 7 . AuthorHouse ( 2011 ) ISBN 1 - 4567 - 3492 - X ^ Jump up to : Alexander Hugh Hore , Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Church , J. Parker and co. ( 1899 ) `` The images or Icons , as they are called , of the Greek Church are not , it must be remarked , sculptured images , but flat pictures or mosaics ; not even the Crucifix is sanctioned ; and herein consists the difference between the Greek and Roman Churches , in the latter of which both pictures and statues are allowed , and venerated with equal honour . '' p. 353 Jump up ^ Collins , R.F. ( 1992 ) . `` Ten Commandments . '' In D.N. Freedman ( Ed . ) , The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary ( Vol. 6 , p. 386 ) . New York : Doubleday Jump up ^ `` ' ' Encyclopedia Judaica ' ' vol01 pg 424 '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Louis , The Legends of the Jews , Vol . III : The other Commandments Revealed on Sinai , ( Translated by Henrietta Szold ) , Johns Hopkins University Press : 1998 , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5890 - 9 Jump up ^ Julius Wellhausen 1973 Prolegomena to the History of Israel Glouster , MA : Peter Smith . 392 Jump up ^ Levinson , Bernard M. ( July 2002 ) . `` Goethe 's Analysis of Exodus 34 and Its Influence on Julius Wellhausen : the Pfropfung of the Documentary Hypothesis '' . Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 114 ( 2 ) : 212 -- 223 Jump up ^ John Bright 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition . Philadelphia : the Westminster Press . 142 -- 143 4th edition p. 146 - 147 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22068 - 1 Jump up ^ Bright , John ( 2000 ) . A History of Israel ( 4 ed . ) . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 146 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition . Philadelphia : the Westminster Press . 142 4th ed. p. 146 + Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 , p. , 146 -- 147 4th ed. p. 150 -- 151 Jump up ^ Cornfeld , Gaalyahu Ed Pictorial Biblical Encyclopedia , MacMillan 1964 p. 237 Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 , p. , 165 4th ed. p. 169 -- 170 Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Julius ( 1927 ) , The Oldest Document of the Hexateuch , IV , HUAC Jump up ^ Bright , John , 2000 , A History of Israel 4th ed. p. 173 . Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 , p. 166 4th ed. p. 170 + Jump up ^ `` The point here being underscored is that the Decalogue represents an earlier stage in the development of this tradition , and the Ten Commandments , when critically viewed , do not only NOT demand a monotheistic adherence , they clearly presuppose and affirm a polytheistic reality ! Those who attempt to impose a principle of monotheism on the Ten Commandments are simply anticipating the historical development of the tradition ahead of its time and are thus already assuming what they pretend to discover . '' ( Tyranny , Taboo , and the Ten Commandments : The Decalogue Decoded And Its Impact on Civil Society , Hilton J. Bik , Xlibris Corporation 2008 , p. 199 ) . Jump up ^ Israel Finkelstein , Neil Asher Silberman ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed . p 63 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2338 - 1 Jump up ^ Israel Finkelstein , Neil Asher Silberman ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Yehezkal Kaufmann 1960 The Religion of Israel : From its beginnings to the Babylonian Exile trans . and Abridged by Moshe Greenberg . New York : Schocken Books , p. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ `` '' Etched in Stone : The Emergence of the Decalogue `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 October 2011 . ( 99.8 KB ) , The Chronicle , Hebrew Union College -- Jewish Institute of Religion , Issue 68 , 2006 , p. 42 . `` a critical survey of biblical literature demonstrates no cognizance of the ten commandments prior to the post-exilic period ( after 586 B.C.E. ) '' Jump up ^ Exodus 34 : 28 Jump up ^ Exodus 34 : 11 -- 27 Jump up ^ The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha . Augmented Third Edition , New Revised Standard Version , 2007 Jump up ^ The Hebrew Bible : A Brief Socio - Literary Introduction . Norman Gottwald , 2008 Jump up ^ Dictionary of the Old Testament : Pentateuch . T. Desmond Alexander and David Weston Baker , 2003 Jump up ^ Commentary on the Torah . Richard Elliott Friedman , 2003 Jump up ^ Friedman , Richard Elliott . The Bible with Sources Revealed , 2003 p. 7 Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 153 Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 177 Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 179 Jump up ^ Friedman , Richard Elliott . `` Who Wrote The Bible ? '' 1987 pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Office of the Curator , `` Courtroom Friezes : North and South Walls '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States , 5 / 8 / 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , `` Ten Commandments Monuments '' ( PDF ) . 2004 Jump up ^ Emmet V. Mittlebeeler , ( 2003 ) `` Ten Commandments . '' P. 434 in The Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics . Edited by P.A. Djupe and L.R. Olson . New York : Facts on File . Jump up ^ `` MPR : The Ten Commandments : Religious or historical symbol ? '' . News.minnesota.publicradio.org. 2001 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ PCUSA Assembly Committee on General Assembly Procedures D. 3. a http://apps.pcusa.org/ga216/business/commbooks/comm03.pdf Jump up ^ American Jewish Congress , `` AJCongress Voices Opposition to Courtroom Display of ten Commandments , '' ( May 16 , 2003 ) http://www.ajcongress.org/site/PageServer?pagename=may03_03 Jump up ^ The Ten ( 2007 ) -- IMDb Jump up ^ `` Fifteen Commandments '' . YouTube.com. 2012 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Further reading ( edit ) This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aaron , David H ( 2006 ) . Etched in Stone : The Emergence of the Decalogue . Continuum . ISBN 0 - 567 - 02791 - 0 . Abdrushin ( 2009 ) . The Ten Commandments of God and the Lord 's Prayer . Grail Foundation Press . ISBN 1 - 57461 - 004 - X . https://web.archive.org/web/20100523082204/http://the10com.org/index.html Peter Barenboim , Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers , Moscow , 2005 , ISBN 5 - 94381 - 123 - 0 . Boltwood , Emily ( 2012 ) . 10 Simple Rules of the House of Gloria . Tate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62024 - 840 - 9 . Freedman , David Noel ( 2000 ) . The Nine Commandments . Uncovering a Hidden Pattern of Crime and Punishment in the Hebrew Bible . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49986 - 8 . Friedman , Richard Elliott ( 1987 ) . Who Wrote the Bible ? . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 671 - 63161 - 6 . Hazony , David ( 2010 ) . The Ten Commandments : How Our Most Ancient Moral Text Can Renew Modern Life . New York : Scribner . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 6235 - 4 . Kaufmann , Yehezkel ( 1960 ) . The Religion of Israel , From Its Beginnings To the Babylonian Exile . Translated by Moshe Greenberg . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Kuntz , Paul Grimley ( 2004 ) . The Ten Commandments in History : Mosaic Paradigms for a Well - Ordered Society . Wm B Eerdmans Publishing , Emory University Studies in Law and Religion . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2660 - 1 . Markl , Dominik ( 2012 ) : `` The Decalogue in History : A Preliminary Survey of the Fields and Genres of its Reception '' , in : Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte -- vol. 18 , no. , pp. 279 -- 293 . ( pdf ) Markl , Dominik ( ed . ) ( 2013 ) . The Decalogue and its Cultural Influence . Sheffield : Sheffield Phoenix Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909697 - 06 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Mendenhall , George E ( 1973 ) . The Tenth Generation : The Origins of the Biblical Tradition . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 1267 - 4 . Mendenhall , George E ( 2001 ) . Ancient Israel 's Faith and History : An Introduction To the Bible In Context . Louisville : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22313 - 3 . Watts , James W. ( 2004 ) . `` Ten Commandments Monuments and the Rivalry of Iconic Texts '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Religion and Society . 6 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTen Commandmentsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Ten Commandments : Ex. 20 version ( text , mp3 ) , Deut. 5 version ( text , mp3 ) in The Hebrew Bible in English by Jewish Publication Society , 1917 ed . Ten Commandments Commandments I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no other gods before me Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Thou shalt not covet Modern media The Ten Commandments : The Musical K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments Les Dix Commandements ( musical ) 2007 film 2010 film The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1923 film ) Related articles 613 commandments Alternatives Catholic theology Finger of God Ritual Decalogue Seven Laws of Noah Tablets of Stone Seven virtues in Christian ethics Four cardinal virtues Prudence ( Prudentia ) Justice ( Iustitia ) Fortitude ( Fortitudo ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Sources : Plato Republic , Book IV Cicero Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Thomas Aquinas Three theological virtues Faith ( Fides ) Hope ( Spes ) Love ( Caritas ) Sources : Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13 Seven deadly sins Lust ( Luxuria ) Gluttony ( Gula ) Greed ( Avaritia ) Sloth ( Acedia ) Wrath ( Ira ) Envy ( Invidia ) Pride ( Superbia ) Source : Prudentius , Psychomachia People : Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Pope Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld Related concepts Ten Commandments Great Commandment Eschatology Sin Original sin Old Covenant Hamartiology Christian ethics Christian philosophy Christianity portal Philosophy portal Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_Commandments&oldid=850389505 '' Categories : Ten Commandments Biblical phrases Book of Deuteronomy Book of Exodus Law in the Bible Codes of conduct Commandments Jewish ethics Jewish law and rituals Judeo - Christian topics Moses Mosaic law in Christian theology Hidden categories : Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Pages with Bible version errors Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2015 Wikipedia further reading cleanup Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 98 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 15 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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where can the ten commandments be found in the bible
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"The English name \"Decalogue\" is derived from Greek δεκάλογος, dekalogos, the latter meaning and referring[4] to the Greek translation (in accusative) δέκα λόγους, deka logous, \"ten words\", found in the Septuagint (or LXX) at Exodus 34:28[3] and Deuteronomy 10:4.[5]\n",
"The English name \"Decalogue\" is derived from Greek δεκάλογος, dekalogos, the latter meaning and referring[4] to the Greek translation (in accusative) δέκα λόγους, deka logous, \"ten words\", found in the Septuagint (or LXX) at Exodus 34:28[3] and Deuteronomy 10:4.[5]\n"
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[
"Exodus 34:28",
"Deuteronomy 10:4"
] |
-5004567005346440568
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Absolute monarchy
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Absolute monarchy - wikipedia Absolute monarchy Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series of articles on Monarchy Central concepts ( show ) Monarch Monarchism Divine right of kings Mandate of Heaven Types ( show ) Absolute Composite Constitutional Diarchy Dual Elective Emirate Ethnarch Federal Hereditary Legalist ( Chinese ) Non-sovereign Popular Regency Tetrarch Universal History ( show ) Birth of the Roman Empire Magna Carta Foundation of the Ottoman Empire Glorious Revolution French Revolution Trienio Liberal First French Empire Liberal Wars Second French Empire Italian unification Meiji Restoration German unification 5 October 1910 Revolution Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution Siamese revolution of 1932 Birth of the Italian Republic Spanish transition to democracy Iranian Revolution Modern Cambodia Nepalese Civil War Related topics ( show ) Aristocracy Autocracy Crowned republic Conservatism Thomas Hobbes Legitimists Oligarchy Philosopher king Primogeniture Royalism Regicide Regnal number Royal family Ultra-royalist Politics portal Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. Republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. Libertarian socio - economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Minarchism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. Local geo - cultural ideologies Commune City - state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portal Absolute monarchy , or despotic monarchy , is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws , legislature , or customs . These are often , but not always , hereditary monarchies . In contrast , in constitutional monarchies , the head of state 's authority derives from and is legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature . Some monarchies have weak or symbolic legislatures and other governmental bodies the monarch can alter or dissolve at will . Countries where monarchs still maintain absolute power are : Brunei , Oman , Saudi Arabia , Swaziland , Vatican City and the individual emirates composing the United Arab Emirates , which itself is a free association of such monarchies -- a federal monarchy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical examples 1.1 Outside Europe 1.2 Europe 1.2. 1 France 1.2. 2 Denmark -- Norway 1.2. 3 Prussia 1.2. 4 Russia 1.2. 5 Sweden 2 Contemporary monarchies 2.1 Current absolute monarchies 2.1. 1 Saudi Arabia 3 Scholarship 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Historical examples ( edit ) Outside Europe ( edit ) In Ancient Egypt , the Pharaoh wielded absolute power over the country and was considered a living god by his people . In ancient Mesopotamia , many rulers of Assyria , Babylonia and Sumer were absolute monarchs as well . In ancient and medieval India , rulers of the Maurya , Satahavana , Gupta and Chalukya Empires , as well as other major and minor empires , were considered absolute monarchs . In the Khmer Empire , the kings were called `` Devaraja '' and `` Chakravartin '' ( King of the world ) , and exercised absolute power over the empire and people . Throughout Chinese history , many emperors and one empress wielded absolute power through the Mandate of Heaven . In pre-Columbian America , the Inca Empire was ruled by a Sapa Inca , who was considered the son of Inti , the sun god and absolute ruler over the people and nation . Korea under the Joseon dynasty was also an absolute monarchy . Europe ( edit ) Throughout much of European history , the divine right of kings was the theological justification for absolute monarchy . Many European monarchs , such as those of Russia , claimed supreme autocratic power by divine right , and that their subjects had no rights to limit their power . James VI of Scotland ( later also James I of England ) and his son Charles I of Scotland and England tried to import this principle . Charles I 's attempt to enforce episcopal polity on the Church of Scotland led to rebellion by the Covenanters and the Bishops ' Wars , then fears that Charles I was attempting to establish absolutist government along European lines was a major cause of the English Civil War , despite the fact that he did rule this way for 11 years starting in 1629 , after dissolving the Parliament of England for a time . By the 19th century , the Divine Right was regarded as an obsolete theory in most countries in the Western world , except in Russia where it was still given credence as the official justification for the Tsar 's power until revolution in 1917 . There is a considerable variety of opinion by historians on the extent of absolutism among European monarchs . Some , such as Perry Anderson , argue that quite a few monarchs achieved levels of absolutist control over their states , while historians such as Roger Mettam dispute the very concept of absolutism . In general , historians who disagree with the appellation of absolutism argue that most monarchs labeled as absolutist exerted no greater power over their subjects than any other non-absolutist rulers , and these historians tend to emphasize the differences between the absolutist rhetoric of monarchs and the realities of the effective use of power by these absolute monarchs . Renaissance historian William Bouwsma summed up this contradiction : Nothing so clearly indicates the limits of royal power as the fact that governments were perennially in financial trouble , unable to tap the wealth of those most able to pay , and likely to stir up a costly revolt whenever they attempted to develop an adequate income . -- William Bouwsma France ( edit ) Further information : Absolute monarchy in France Louis XIV of France A widely held story about Louis XIV of France ( 1638 -- 1715 ) is that he proclaimed `` L'état , c'est moi '' ( `` I am the State ! '' ) . What Louis did say was : `` The interests of the state come first . When one gives these priority , one labors for one 's own good . These advantages to the state redounds to one 's glory . '' Although often criticized for his extravagances , such as the Palace of Versailles , he reigned over France for a long period , and some historians consider him a successful absolute monarch . More recently , revisionist historians have questioned whether Louis ' reign should be considered ' absolute ' , given the reality of the balance of power between the monarch and the nobility . The King of France concentrated in his person legislative , executive , and judicial powers . He was the supreme judicial authority . He could condemn men to death without the right of appeal . It was both his duty to punish offenses and stop them from being committed . From his judicial authority followed his power both to make laws and to annul them . One of his steps in creating an absolute monarchy in France was to build the Palace of Versailles , where he lived with many of his nobles and other important people , in order to control and watch over them . Denmark -- Norway ( edit ) Absolutism was underpinned by a written constitution for the first time in Europe in the 1665 Kongeloven ( `` King 's Law '' ) of Denmark - Norway , which ordered that the Monarch `` shall from this day forth be revered and considered the most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects , standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person , neither in spiritual nor temporal matters , except God alone '' . This law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power . Most important was the abolition of the Council of the Realm . Prussia ( edit ) In Brandenburg - Prussia , the concept of absolute monarch took a notable turn from the above with its emphasis on the monarch as the `` first servant of the state '' , but it also echoed many of the important characteristics of Absolutism . Frederick William ( r . 1640 -- 1688 ) , known as the Great Elector , used the uncertainties of the final stages of the Thirty Years ' War to consolidate his territories into the dominant kingdom in northern Germany , whilst increasing his power over his subjects . His actions largely originated the militaristic streak of the Hohenzollern . In 1653 the Diet of Brandenburg met for the last time and gave Frederick William the power to raise taxes without its consent , a strong indicator of absolutism . Frederick William enjoyed support from the nobles , who enabled the Great Elector to undermine the Diet and other representative assemblies . The leading families saw their future in cooperation with the central government and worked to establish absolutist power . The most significant indicator of the nobles ' success was the establishment of two tax rates -- one for the cities and the other for the countryside -- to the great advantage of the latter , which the nobles ruled . The nobles served in the upper levels of the elector 's army and bureaucracy , but they also won new prosperity for themselves . The support of the Elector enabled the imposition of serfdom and the consolidation of land holdings into vast estates which provided for their wealth . They became known as Junkers ( from the German for young lord , junger Herr ) . Frederick William faced resistance from representative assemblies and long - independent cities in his realm . City leaders often revolted at the imposition of Electorate authority . The last notable effort was the uprising of the city of Königsberg which allied with the Estates General of Prussia to refuse to pay taxes . Frederick William crushed this revolt in 1662 , by marching into the city with thousands of troops . A similar approach was used with the towns of Cleves . Russia ( edit ) Until 1905 the Tsars of Russia governed as absolute monarchs . Peter I the Great reduced the power of the Russian nobility and strengthened the central power of the Tsars , establishing a bureaucracy and a police state . This tradition of absolutism , known as Tsarist autocracy , was expanded by Catherine II the Great and her descendants . Although Alexander II made some reforms and established an independent judicial system , Russia did not have a representative assembly or a constitution until the 1905 Revolution . However , the concept of absolutism was so ingrained in Russia that the Russian Constitution of 1906 still described the Tsar as an autocrat . Russia became the last European country ( excluding Vatican City ) to abolish absolutism , and it was the only one to do so as late as the 20th century ( the Ottoman Empire drafted its first constitution in 1877 ) . Sweden ( edit ) The form of government instituted in Sweden under King Charles XI and passed on to his son , Charles XII is commonly referred to as absolute monarchy ; however , the Swedish monarch was never absolute in the sense that he wielded arbitrary power . The monarch still ruled under the law and could only legislate in agreement with the Riksdag of the Estates ; rather , the absolutism introduced was the monarch 's ability to run the government unfettered by the privy council , contrary to earlier practice . The absolute rule of Charles XI was instituted by the crown and the Riksdag in order to carry out the Great Reduction which would have been made impossible by the privy council which comprised the high nobility . After the death of Charles XII in 1718 , the system of absolute rule was largely blamed for the ruination of the realm in the Great Northern War , and the reaction tipped the balance of power to the other extreme end of the spectrum , ushering in the Age of Liberty . After half a century of largely unrestricted parliamentary rule proved just as ruinous , King Gustav III seized back royal power in the coup d'état of 1772 , and later once again abolished the privy council under the Union and Security Act in 1789 , which , in turn , was rendered void in 1809 when Gustav IV Adolf was deposed in a coup and the constitution of 1809 was put in its place . The years between 1789 and 1809 , then , are also referred to as a period of absolute monarchy . Contemporary monarchies ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The popularity of the notion of absolute monarchy declined substantially after the American Revolution and the French Revolution , which promoted theories of government based on popular sovereignty . Many nations formerly with absolute monarchies , such as Jordan , Kuwait and Morocco , have moved towards constitutional monarchy , although in some cases the monarch retains tremendous power , to the point that the parliament 's influence on political life is negligible . In Bhutan , the government moved from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy following planned parliamentary elections to the Tshogdu in 2003 , and the election of a National Assembly in 2008 . Nepal had several swings between constitutional rule and direct rule related to the Nepalese Civil War , the Maoist insurgency , and the 2001 Nepalese royal massacre , with the Nepalese monarchy being abolished on May 28 , 2008 . In Tonga , the King had majority control of the Legislative Assembly until 2010 . On the other hand , Liechtenstein has moved towards expanding the power of the monarch : the Prince of Liechtenstein was given expanded powers after a referendum amending the Constitution of Liechtenstein in 2003 , which led the BBC to describe the prince as an `` absolute monarch again '' . The ruling Kim family of North Korea ( Kim Il - sung , Kim Jong - il and Kim Jong - un ) has been described as a de facto absolute monarchy or `` hereditary dictatorship '' . In 2013 , Clause 2 of Article 10 of the new edited Ten Fundamental Principles of the Korean Workers ' Party states that the party and revolution must be carried `` eternally '' by the `` Baekdu ( Kim 's ) bloodline '' . Current absolute monarchies ( edit ) Realm Image Monarch Since Length Succession Ref ( s ) Brunei Darussalam HM Hassanal Bolkiah ! Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah 000000001967 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 1967 7004183500000000000 ♠ 50 years , 87 days Hereditary Sultanate of Oman HM Qaboos bin Said ! Sultan Qaboos bin Said 000000001970 - 07 - 23 - 0000 23 July 1970 7004173270000000000 ♠ 47 years , 160 days Hereditary State of Qatar HH Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani ! Emir Tamim bin Hamad 000000002013 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2013 7003164900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 188 days Hereditary Whether Qatar should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy is disputed . Kingdom of Saudi Arabia CTHM Salman bin Abdul'aziz ! King Salman bin Abdul'aziz 000000002015 - 01 - 23 - 0000 23 January 2015 7003107200000000000 ♠ 2 years , 341 days Hereditary and elective Kingdom of Swaziland HM Mswati III ! King Mswati III 000000001986 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 1986 7004115720000000000 ♠ 31 years , 249 days Hereditary and elective Vatican City State HH Francis ! Pope Francis 000000002013 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2013 7003175300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 292 days Elective United Arab Emirates HH Khalifa bin Zayed ! President Emir Khalifa bin Zayed 000000002004 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 2004 7003480500000000000 ♠ 13 years , 57 days Hereditary and elective Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Salman , King of Saudi Arabia and Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Main article : Politics of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy , although , according to the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia adopted by royal decree in 1992 , the king must comply with Shari'a ( Islamic law ) and the Qur'an . The Qur'an and the corpus of Sunnah ( traditions of the Prophet Muhammad ) are declared to be the Kingdom 's constitution , but no written modern constitution has ever been written for Saudi Arabia , which remains one of two Arab nations where no national elections have ever taken place since its founding , the other being Qatar . No political parties or national elections are permitted and according to The Economist 's 2010 Democracy Index , the Saudi government is the seventh most authoritarian regime from among the 167 countries rated . Scholarship ( edit ) Anthropology , sociology , and ethology as well as various other disciplines such as political science attempt to explain the rise of absolute monarchy ranging from extrapolation generally , to certain Marxist explanations in terms of the class struggle as the underlying dynamic of human historical development generally and absolute monarchy in particular . In the 17th century , French legal theorist Jean Domat defended the concept of absolute monarchy in works such as `` On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy '' , citing absolute monarchy as preserving natural order as God intended . According to Norbert Elias 's The Civilizing Process ( 1939 ) , monarchs such as Louis XIV could enjoy such great power because of the structure of the societies at that time : more precisely , they could play off against each other two rival classes , namely the rising bourgeoisie , who grew wealthy from commerce and industrial production , and the nobility , who lived off the land and administrative functions . See also ( edit ) Constitutional monarchy Criticism of monarchy Democracy Dictatorship Enlightened absolutism Jacques Bossuet Monarchomachs Thomas Hobbes Totalitarianism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldie , Mark ; Wokler , Robert . `` Philosophical kingship and enlightened despotism '' . The Cambridge History of Eighteenth - Century Political Thought . Cambridge University Press . p. 523 . ISBN 9780521374224 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Leopardi , Giacomo ( 2013 ) ( original 1898 ) . Zibaldone . Farrar Straus Giroux . p. 1438 . ISBN 978 - 0374296827 . Jump up ^ Nathanial Harris ( 2009 ) . Systems of Government Monarchy . Evans Brothers . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 237 - 53932 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jerome Blum et al. , The European World ( 1970 ) 1 : 267 - 68 Jump up ^ `` Qatar : regional backwater to global player '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Elections to Oman 's Consultative Council '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : Cavendish , Marshall ( 2007 ) . World and Its Peoples : the Arabian Peninsula . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7571 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swaziland profile '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` State Departments '' . Vaticanstate.va . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican to Emirates , monarchs keep the reins in modern world '' . Times Of India . Jump up ^ Choi , Sang - hun ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` Interior Space and Furniture of Joseon Upper - class Houses '' . Ewha Womans University Press . p. 16 -- via Google Books . Joseon was an absolute monarchy Jump up ^ Mettam , Roger . Power and Faction in Louis XIV 's France , 1991 . Jump up ^ Bouwsma , William J. , in Kimmel , Michael S. Absolutism and Its Discontents : State and Society in Seventeenth - Century France and England . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Books , 1988 , 15 Jump up ^ Mettam , R. Power and Faction in Louis XIV 's France , Oxford : Basil Blackwell , 1988 . Jump up ^ Mousnier , R . The Institutions of France under the Absolute Monarchy , 1598 - 2012 V1 . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 1979 . Jump up ^ Holt World History . France in the Age of Absolutism Austin : Rinehart and Winston , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Kongeloven af 1665 '' ( in Danish ) . Danske konger . Jump up ^ A partial English translation of the law can be found in Ernst Ekman , `` The Danish Royal Law of 1665 '' pp. 102 - 107 in : The Journal of Modern History , 1957 , vol. 2 . Jump up ^ The Western Experience , Seventh Edition , Boston : McGraw - Hill , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Liechtenstein prince wins powers '' . BBC News . 2003 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Young W. Kihl , Hong Nack Kim . North Korea : The Politics of Regime Survival . Armonk , New York , USA : M.E. Sharpe , Inc. , 2006 . Pp 56 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Scalapino , Chong - Sik Lee . The Society . University of California Press , 1972 . Pp. 689 . Jump up ^ Bong Youn Choy . A history of the Korean reunification movement : its issues and prospects . Research Committee on Korean Reunification , Institute of International Studies , Bradley University , 1984 . Pp. 117 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Michael ( 16 September 2007 ) . `` A tale of two dictatorships : The links between North Korea and Syria '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ The Twisted Logic of the N. Korean Regime , Chosun Ilbo , 2013 - 08 - 13 , Accessed date : 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ Government of Brunei . `` Prime Minister '' . The Royal Ark . Office of the Prime Minister . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Sultan Qaboos Centre for Islamic Culture . `` About H.M the Sultan '' . Government of Oman , Diwan of the Royal Court . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Nyrop , Richard F ( 2008 ) . Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States . Wildside Press LLC . p. 341 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4344 - 6210 - 7 . Jump up ^ BBC News , How democratic is the Middle East ? , 9 September 2005 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011 : Qatar , 2011 . Jump up ^ Government of Qatar . `` H.H. The Amir 's Biography '' . Diwan of the Amiri Court . Archived from the original on 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia 's King Abdullah dies '' . BBC News . 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Simelane , H.S. ( 2005 ) , `` Swaziland : Mswati III , Reign of '' , in Shillington , Kevin , Encyclopedia of African history , 3 , Fitzroy Dearborn , pp. 1528 -- 30 , 9781579584559 Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's Jorge Mario Bergoglio elected Pope '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Laurie ( 12 June 2006 ) . `` Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan '' . The Nation . Katrina vanden Heuvel . Jump up ^ Robbers , Gerhard ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of world constitutions , Volume 1 . p. 791 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6078 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit . `` The Economist Democracy Index 2010 '' ( PDF ) . The Economist . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ http://symposium.cornellcollege.edu/2009/04/18/jean-domat-on-defense-of-absolute-monarchy/ Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , Perry . Lineages of the Absolutist State . London : Verso , 1974 . Beloff , Max . The Age of Absolutism From 1660 to 1815 ( 1961 ) Blum , Jerome et al . The European World ( vol 1 1970 ) pp 267 -- 466 Kimmel , Michael S. Absolutism and Its Discontents : State and Society in Seventeenth - Century France and England . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Books , 1988 . Méttam , Roger . Power and Faction in Louis XIV 's France . New York : Blackwell Publishers , 1988 . Miller , John ( ed . ) . Absolutism in Seventeenth Century Europe . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 1990 . Wilson , Peter H. Absolutism in Central Europe . New York : Routledge , 2000 . Zmohra , Hillay . Monarchy , Aristocracy , and the State in Europe - 1300 - 1800 . New York : Routledge , 2001 Authoritarian and totalitarian forms of government Forms Absolute monarchy Benevolent dictatorship Enlightened absolutism Fascism Imperialism Military dictatorship Nazism Ochlocracy Self - coup Stalinism Theocracy Concepts Illiberal democracy Totalitarian democracy Inverted totalitarianism Authoritarian democracy Authoritarian socialism Autocracy Constitutional dictatorship Corporate republic Despotism Dictatorship Dominant - party state Tsarist autocracy Tyranny Oligarchy One - party state Police state Counterintelligence state Mafia state Right - wing authoritarianism Third Positionism Tyranny of the majority Political ideologies Left - wing politics Centrism Right - wing politics Authoritarianism Anarchism Capitalism Christian democracy Collectivism Communalism Communism Communitarianism Conservatism Constitutionalism Distributism Environmentalism Extremism Fanaticism Fascism Feminism Fundamentalism Globalism Green politics Individualism Industrialism Intellectualism Islamism Liberalism Libertarianism Masculism Militarism Monarchism Nationalism Progressivism Radicalism Reformism Republicanism Social democracy Socialism Utilitarianism BNF : cb119549757 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&oldid=815995204 '' Categories : Monarchy Political theories Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what kind of ruler has absolute authority over his subjects
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"Absolute monarchy, or despotic monarchy,[1][2] is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.[3] These are often, but not always, hereditary monarchies. In contrast, in constitutional monarchies, the head of state's authority derives from and is legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature.[4]"
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"Absolute monarchy, or despotic monarchy"
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Pilot (Supernatural)
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Pilot ( Supernatural ) - wikipedia Pilot ( Supernatural ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Pilot '' Supernatural episode Mary Winchester was killed in the episode 's teaser . A papier - mâché replica of the actress was ignited on a fake ceiling to accomplish the effect . Episode no . Season 1 Episode 1 Directed by David Nutter Written by Eric Kripke Production code 475285 Original air date September 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) Running time 46 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Sarah Shahi as Constance Welch Jeffrey Dean Morgan as John Winchester Adrianne Palicki as Jessica Moore Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester Steve Railsback as Joseph Welch Ross Kohn as Troy Squire R.D. Call as Sheriff Pierce Episode chronology ← Previous -- Next → `` Wendigo '' Supernatural ( season 1 ) List of Supernatural episodes `` Pilot '' is the first episode of the television series Supernatural . It premiered on The WB on September 13 , 2005 , and was written by series creator Eric Kripke and directed by David Nutter . The Supernatural pilot introduced the characters of Sam ( Jared Padalecki ) and Dean Winchester ( Jensen Ackles ) , brothers who travel throughout the country hunting supernatural creatures , as they battled a ghostly Woman in White ( Sarah Shahi ) while searching for their missing father ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) . Kripke was developing the concept for ten years before it was greenlit as a television series . Before it could be filmed , the script underwent numerous revisions . The episode was produced in Los Angeles , though future episodes were filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , to save money . The episode established the series ' tradition of a rock - music soundtrack , and included background music scored by Kripke 's friend Christopher Lennertz . It received mixed reviews , with critics praising the horror elements but having varying opinions of the lead actors ' performances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Cast and characters 2.3 Writing 2.4 Filming 2.5 Effects 2.6 Music 3 Reception 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1983 in Lawrence , Kansas , Mary Winchester ( Samantha Smith ) investigates a sound coming from her infant son Sam 's nursery . She sees a figure standing over his crib , and confronts him . Her husband , John ( Morgan ) , is awoken by her screams and finds her pinned to the ceiling with a slash across her stomach . She bursts into flames , and John is forced to evacuate the house with Sam and his older son , Dean , while the house erupts into flames . Twenty - two years later , Sam ( Jared Padalecki ) and his girlfriend Jessica Moore ( Adrianne Palicki ) celebrate his high LSAT score . Later that night , Dean ( Jensen Ackles ) shows up at Sam 's home . Though the brothers have not spoken in years , Dean comes looking for help in finding their father , who disappeared while hunting a supernatural entity . After Sam hears a voicemail from his father that contains electronic voice phenomenon of a woman saying , `` I can never go home , '' he agrees to help Dean in the search . The brothers head to John 's last known whereabouts -- the town of Jericho -- where he had been investigating the disappearances of young men along a single stretch of road over ten years . Sam and Dean discover a local legend of a murdered girl who has returned as a homicidal , hitchhiking ghost . Research points to Constance Welch ( Shahi ) , who jumped to her death off a nearby bridge after drowning her children . While they stakeout the bridge that night , Sam tells Dean he does not want to return to hunting supernatural creatures . He points out that finding whatever creature killed their mother -- a task their father has dedicated his life to -- will not bring her back . The two are interrupted by a ghostly woman jumping off the bridge . Sam and Dean later check into a local motel , and discover their father is also renting a room there . They break into it and discover his research scattered all over the room ; all his findings point to Constance being a woman in white . When Dean leaves the room to get food , he is arrested by the police , who believe he is connected to the disappearances . At the police station , they show him John 's journal , and he notices the message `` Dean 35 - 111 '' written inside it . As Dean is interrogated , Sam tracks down Constance 's husband ( Steve Railsback ) , and learns the locations of both her grave site and the house in which she drowned their children . Sam then fakes a 911 call so Dean can escape the station . However , Constance targets Sam in his car ; she attempts to seduce him and requests he take her home . Sam refuses , but she possesses the car so that it drives Sam to her home . She attacks him once they arrive at her old house . Dean forces her to temporarily dissipate by shooting her with rock salt , and Sam uses the opportunity to crash the car into the house . Constance reappears and attacks them , but the spirits of her children confront her . They embrace their mother , causing her to scream in pain as demonic like beings spawn from under her , dragging her down through the floor . Dean deduces John 's message was coordinates to where he has headed . Sam still does not want to join the search , so Dean drops him off at his apartment . Lying alone in bed , Sam discovers Jessica pinned to the ceiling with a slash across her stomach . She ignites into flames as Dean breaks in and rescues Sam . While firefighters attempt to put out the inferno , Sam decides to join his brother in the search for their father and the creature that killed their mother and Jessica . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Further information : Supernatural ( U.S. TV series ) § Conception and creation Series creator Eric Kripke had previously written for the WB series Tarzan , and was offered the chance to pitch show ideas to the network . He used the opportunity for Supernatural , a concept he had been developing for nearly ten years . Kripke envisioned Supernatural as a road trip series , deeming it the `` best vehicle to tell these stories because it 's pure , stripped down and uniquely American ... These stories exist in these small towns all across the country , and it just makes so much sense to drive in and out of these stories . '' Though the network rejected his initial pitch -- a tabloid reporter investigates supernatural occurrences throughout the country -- they were still interested in a series featuring urban legends . Kripke quickly suggested a Route 66 - style series , and the network loved it . Filming was greenlit after director David Nutter , who previously had worked with Kripke on Tarzan , signed on . Cast and characters ( edit ) Ackles ( left ) and Padalecki ( right ) were the only actors to audition for the lead roles of Dean and Sam Winchester . The pilot stars Jared Padalecki and Jensen Ackles as Sam and Dean Winchester , whom Kripke likened to Luke Skywalker and Han Solo of Star Wars . Padalecki knew executive producers McG and Nutter , the former convincing him to audition for the role . He was excited to play `` the reluctant hero '' , and compared Sam to The Matrix 's Neo . However , Nutter also asked Ackles to audition for the role of Sam . Nutter and Kripke found themselves in a predicament , as they felt both actors were great as Sam . To remedy the situation , Warner Bros. president Peter Roth suggested Ackles instead audition for Dean . Kripke agreed , believing Ackles ' `` smart - ass attitude '' made him `` born to play '' the Harrison Ford - like character , and Ackles preferred the character of Dean after reading the script . Both actors were the only ones to audition , and network executives instantly noticed a brotherly chemistry between them . Evil Dead - actor Bruce Campbell was Kripke 's first choice to portray John Winchester , father of Sam and Dean . However , Campbell was unavailable , and Jeffrey Dean Morgan eventually received the role . With Morgan 's scene taking place 22 years before the series , he expected to be replaced by an older actor for subsequent episodes , and was surprised when he was later asked to reprise the role . For the role of Constance Welch -- the Woman in White -- production set out to find the `` perfect actress '' . Nutter , a fan of The L Word , had watched an episode featuring actress Sarah Shahi one night during the casting process . He felt she was `` really sharp '' and a `` fine actress '' , with a `` seductive quality about her '' . Surprised when she came in to audition the following day , he knew she `` had the job when she walked in the door '' . Because the scene involving Constance 's husband Joseph Welch merely discusses Constance 's backstory , the scene hinged on the actors ' performances . Seeking a `` great actor '' , Nutter recalled his previous experience working with Steve Railsback , and offered him the role . Other guest stars include Adrianne Palicki as Sam 's girlfriend Jessica Moore , and Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester . The latter felt she landed the part due to her joking around with Nutter during the audition . Writing ( edit ) The episode was written by series creator Eric Kripke , who described its creation as a `` very difficult , birthing process '' due to the numerous rewrites required . The original version did not feature the Woman in White , and John Winchester died in the teaser . In the revised script , Sam and Dean Winchester were raised by their aunt and uncle instead of their father . Because of this , Sam is unaware that supernatural beings exist , and Dean must convince him of the truth when he asks for help . Kripke realized this made the backstory too complicated , and reworked it with co-executive producer Peter Johnson so that their father raised them to be hunters like him . This decision granted the brothers proficiency in both fighting and swindling people . Other revised concepts included Sam believing Dean to be a serial killer who murdered their father , and John dying instead of Sam 's girlfriend Jessica . The scene in which the brothers discuss their childhood and delve into their backstory was rewritten 20 to 30 times , and the final version was heavily trimmed . A gas - station scene within the episode was meant to establish what the brothers and the series are about -- bantering , credit card scams , and classic rock ; Kripke feared that it would be cut because it was character - based and did not further the episode 's plot . He also did not want the series to feature ballad music typical of The WB network , and forced the use of classic rock for the soundtrack by writing the music into the script . For the episode 's villain , Kripke used the well - known urban legend of the vanishing hitchhiker , but combined it with the Mexican legend of La Llorona to give the spirit more motivation and characterization . The ghost was younger in an earlier version of script , and murdered her parents instead of her children ; this was revised to allow for the casting of an older actress . Originally , the studio did not want Kripke to kill Jessica at the episode 's end , but rather keep her as a recurring character in the series . Kripke felt this would not fit the series 's format , and decided to have her revealed as a demon , with the revelation prompting Sam to join Dean in hunting . However , with only a short amount of screentime available to depict this , Kripke believed it would be a `` tough aspect to sell '' . Because Luke Skywalker only begins his journey after the deaths of his aunt and uncle , Kripke found it more appropriate for Sam 's motivation to be Jessica 's death . Thus , the character is killed in the same manner as Sam 's mother , making the deaths the `` right bookends '' . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the pilot took place in Los Angeles , though subsequent episodes of the series are filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia to save money . The bridge sequences were shot at Lake Piru , near a War of the Worlds filming location , and the library and phone booth scenes were filmed at an elementary school . Triplet babies portrayed Sam in the episode 's teaser , and production found it difficult to get them to cry on cue . Though a real house served as the first - story level in the teaser , the upstairs was constructed on a sound stage because of the special effects required for Mary 's fiery death . Script rewrites for the opening sequence -- a better introduction for Sam was needed -- required reshoots on the set of The O.C. two months after principal photography . Effects ( edit ) To depict the supernatural aspects of the show , the series makes use of visual , special , and make - up effects , as well as stuntwork . Businesses , such as visual effects company Entity FX , were contracted for production of the pilot episode . Subsequent episodes were filmed in Vancouver and required a new crew that works exclusively for the show . Mary Winchester 's death scene , which had the character pinned to the ceiling and burning to death , required actress Samantha Smith to lie on a floor with two propane pipes spouting fire approximately five feet away from her on either side . For the actual burning of the character , a fake body the crew named `` Christina '' was made out of wire and papier - mâché , and was then ignited on a fake ceiling . However , the room quickly caught fire , forcing an evacuation . Green screen coincided with the visual effects for the ghostly Woman in White , and executive producer McG chose to make the imagery of her death sequence an homage to Chris Cunningham 's Aphex Twin video `` Windowlicker '' . Japanese horror also influenced the scene , such as the school uniforms worn by the ghost children , the water cascading down the stairs , and the Dark Water elements . Music ( edit ) The episode 's synthesized orchestral score was written by Christopher Lennertz , Kripke 's friend and next - door neighbor . The two attended USC School of Cinematic Arts together , and worked together on various projects afterwards . Lennertz described Supernatural as `` one of those dream situations where you get to work with someone who you admire , but also have a relationship with already '' , and noted he and Kripke `` were already on the same page without even talking about ( the series ' music ) '' . For the scenes involving Mary and Jessica 's deaths at the hands of the demon Azazel , Lennertz used a piano solo with discordant notes and reverberations to create a `` really nasty '' sounding echo effect . He would later reuse this theme in the season one episode `` Nightmare '' . The episode also included a number of rock songs , which would become a tradition for the series . Kripke wanted to feature the song `` Enter Sandman '' , but Metallica would not grant permission . Reception ( edit ) In its original broadcast , the pilot was viewed by an estimated 5.69 million viewers . The episode received mixed reviews from critics . Diana Steenbergen of IGN , who was `` hooked right away '' , gave the pilot episode a score of 8.5 out of 10 . She felt it began `` heartbreakingly '' , and the `` genuinely scary '' death scenes of Mary and Jess `` will haunt ... the viewers '' . Steenbergen praised both the writers and the lead actors for making the `` ( exposition scenes ) still feel natural , for the most part '' , and noted Ackles and Padalecki were `` instantly convincing as brothers '' . Also credited for this `` well paced '' episode was director David Nutter , who did an `` excellent job of setting up the atmosphere and tone of the series '' . Likewise , BuddyTV 's Don Williams posited , `` It 's about as good as a pilot can get . '' He ranked it ninth out of his favorite episodes of the first three seasons , believing it introduces the characters `` in a memorable fashion '' and `` wonderfully '' establishes the show 's universe . Robert Bianco of USA Today deemed the series as possibly `` the simplest and the scariest '' of the season 's new dark shows , and wrote , `` It wants nothing more than to frighten you -- and tonight , it does . '' He noted the episode `` ( pulls ) off a few surprises '' and `` works its way to an ending that lives up to Dean 's ' no chick - flick moments ' '' . However , Bianco criticized the `` pauses for comic relief '' ; he felt Ackles ' `` comic touch '' was `` not yet as skillful as it needs to be '' , with Ackles ' attempts at being `` humorously annoying '' leaving him `` simply annoying '' . Despite the episode having a somewhat unoriginal villain and a `` relatively simple '' solution , Brian Lowry of Variety deemed the series ' debut as `` a promising plunge into the darkness '' . Lowry applauded Ackles , who `` brings an easygoing charm and engaging wise - ass personality to the absurd notion of traveling the country with a trunk full of wooden stakes and holy water '' . Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times found the first half of the episode `` quite effective '' , with the `` camera angles , spooky music and jumpy sequences ... ( being ) as frightening as those found in any horror movie , with an added twist of suspense '' . However , she deemed the depiction of the ghostly villain as `` pretty silly '' , and noted the second half `` stops building suspense and turns predictable '' . Calling the series `` Ghostbusters ' Creek '' , Stanley felt the episode `` reverts to a WB family drama about the bonds between two mismatched brothers and their father '' . Similarly , Matthew Gilbert of the Boston Globe called Ackles and Padalecki `` generic cuties who hold their lips together tightly , except to utter the word ' Dude ' '' . Although Gilbert noted there are a couple `` moderately creepy '' twists , he found there to be `` nothing about the central family story in Supernatural or its bland actors that makes it addictive '' . Work on the pilot episode garnered two Emmy Award nominations in 2006 . Lennertz was nominated in the category of `` Outstanding Music Composition For A Series ( Dramatic Underscore ) '' , and the sound editors for `` Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Lawshe ( Supervising Sound Editor ) , Timothy Cleveland ( Sound Effects Editor ) , Paul Diller ( Sound Effects Editor ) , Marc Meyer ( Sound Effects Editor ) , David Lynch ( Sound Effects Editor ) , Jessica Dickson ( Dialog Editor ) , Karyn Foster ( Dialog / ADR Editor ) , Chris McGeary ( Music Editor ) , David Lee Fein ( Foley Artist ) , and Jody Thomas ( Foley Artist ) References ( edit ) General Knight , Nicholas ( 2007 ) . Supernatural : The Official Companion Season 1 . Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 535 - 4 . Specific Jump up ^ Donahue , Lauri ( September 7 , 2005 ) . `` Kripke goes for ' Supernatural ' chills '' . Toledo Free Press . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( August 17 , 2005 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' is an eerie natural for WB '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Maria Elena ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` On the road trip from hell '' . The Age . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Various ( September 5 , 2006 ) . Supernatural season 1 DVD featurette `` Supernatural : Tales From The Edge Of Darkness '' ( DVD ) . Warner Brothers Video . Jump up ^ Knight , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Knight , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` Supernatural interview with Jared Padalecki ( Sam Winchester ) '' . Newzline . February 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Knight , p. 126 Jump up ^ Knight , p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Kate ( December 2007 ) . `` Lore & Order '' . Supernatural Magazine ( 1 ) . Titan Magazines . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Various ( September 5 , 2006 ) . Supernatural season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` Pilot '' ( DVD ) . Warner Brothers Video . Jump up ^ Begum , Mumtaj ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jensen Ackles enjoys doing Supernatural '' . The Star Online . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Knight , p. 11 Jump up ^ Knight , p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Knight , p. 138 Jump up ^ Knight , pp. 8 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Knight , p. 14 Jump up ^ Knight , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Knight , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Cairns , Bryan ( February 2009 ) . `` Director 's Cut : David Nutter '' . Supernatural Magazine ( 8 ) . Titan Magazines . pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Credits '' . EntityFX . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Supernatural season 3 DVD featurette `` From Legends to Reality '' ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Knight , p. 20 Jump up ^ Larson , Randall D. ( July 27 , 2006 ) . `` The Supernatural Music of Christopher Lennertz '' . Mania . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Lennertz Interview at Tracksounds : Moving in the Supernatural '' . Tracksounds ! . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Knight , p. 78 Jump up ^ `` Supernatural Creator Eric Kripke Answers Fan Questions -- Part I '' . Eclipse Magazine . April 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kripke , Eric ( April 2008 ) . `` Ask Eric ! '' . Supernatural Magazine ( 3 ) . Titan Magazines . p. 96 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 20 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steenbergen , Diana ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Supernatural : `` Pilot '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Williams , Don ( September 2 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 ' Supernatural ' Episodes of All Time : # 9 `` Pilot '' `` . BuddyTV . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( September 12 , 2005 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' frightens nicely '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 11 , 2005 ) . `` Supernatural Review '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` Unexplained Phenomena Lurk Behind New Shows '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' goes south in a hurry '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime Emmy Award Database '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pilot Official website `` Pilot '' on IMDb `` Pilot '' at TV.com ( hide ) Supernatural Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Devil 's Trap '' Season 2 `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' Season 3 `` Fresh Blood '' `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` No Rest for the Wicked '' Season 4 `` Lazarus Rising '' Season 5 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Good God , Y'All ! '' `` Swan Song '' Season 6 `` Exile on Main St . '' Season 7 `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Hello , Cruel World '' Season 8 `` Sacrifice '' Season 9 Season 10 `` Black '' `` Reichenbach '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Brother 's Keeper '' Season 11 `` Out of the Darkness , Into the Fire '' `` Form and Void '' `` The Bad Seed '' `` Baby '' `` Thin Lizzie '' `` Our Little World '' `` O Brother Where Art Thou ? '' `` The Devil in the Details '' `` Beyond the Mat '' `` Safe House '' `` Hell 's Angel '' `` Do n't Call Me Shurley '' `` All in the Family '' `` We Happy Few '' `` Alpha and Omega '' Season 12 `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' `` Mamma Mia '' `` The Foundry '' `` American Nightmare '' `` The One You 've Been Waiting For '' `` Celebrating the Life of Asa Fox '' `` Rock Never Dies '' `` LOTUS '' `` First Blood '' `` Lily Sunder Has Some Regrets '' Season 13 Characters Main Sam Winchester Dean Winchester Ruby Bela Talbot Castiel Crowley Lucifer Supporting John Winchester Mary Winchester Bobby Singer Jo Harvelle Ellen Harvelle Anna Milton Jody Mills Antagonists Azazel Meg Masters Lilith Uriel Alastair Zachariah Rowena Other Awards and nominations Supernatural Wiki Supernatural : Bloodlines `` Carry On Wayward Son '' Wikipedia books : Supernatural Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilot_(Supernatural)&oldid=804207412 '' Categories : Supernatural ( U.S. TV series ) episodes 2005 American television episodes American television pilots Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Հայերեն Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 13 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the first episode of supernatural come out
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"\"Pilot\" is the first episode of the television series Supernatural. It premiered on The WB on September 13, 2005, and was written by series creator Eric Kripke and directed by David Nutter. The Supernatural pilot introduced the characters of Sam (Jared Padalecki) and Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles), brothers who travel throughout the country hunting supernatural creatures, as they battled a ghostly Woman in White (Sarah Shahi) while searching for their missing father (Jeffrey Dean Morgan)."
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"September 13, 2005"
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List of the largest libraries in the United States
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List of the largest Libraries in the United States - wikipedia List of the largest Libraries in the United States Jump to : navigation , search The Library of Congress is the largest library in the United States . Above , the Library of Congress ' Thomas Jefferson Building . The American Library Association maintains a list of the 100 largest libraries in the United States by volumes held . The ALA 's list was last updated in October 2012 , although much of the most recent data is from 2009 -- 2010 report by the Association of Research Libraries ( academic institutions ) and the 2011 Statistical Report of the Public Library Data Service . A complication that arises when comparing the size of library collections is the different definition of holdings or volumes used by public libraries and academic / research libraries . The Association of Research Libraries uses the National Information Standards Organization definition of volume , which is `` A single physical unit of any printed , typewritten , handwritten , mimeographed , or processed work , distinguished from other units by a separate binding , encasement , portfolio , or other clear distinction , which has been cataloged , classified , and made ready for use , and which is typically the unit used to charge circulation transactions . '' In contrast , the Public Library Data Service Statistical Report ( a publication of the Public Library Association , which is a division of the American Library Association ) defines holdings as `` the number of cataloged items ( number of items , number of titles ) plus paperbacks and videocassettes even if uncataloged . '' The largest public library is the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C. ( the de facto national library of the United States ) , with 34,528,818 volumes . The largest academic library is the Harvard University Library , with 16,832,952 volumes . The largest library outside of the contiguous United States is the Hawaii State Public Library System , the statewide public library system of Hawaii , with 3,776,405 volumes , while the largest academic library outside the contiguous United States is the University of Hawaii at Manoa Library , with 3,602,058 volumes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Largest libraries in the United States 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Largest Libraries in the United States ( edit ) Number Institution Volumes Type Administration Jurisdiction Source for ALA data Library of Congress 34,528,818 Public United States Congress Washington , DC Boston Public Library 19,090,261 Public City of Boston Massachusetts Harvard University Library 16,832,952 Academic Harvard University Massachusetts New York Public Library 16,342,365 Public Private non-profit with majority of funding from city government . New York Yale University Library 15,200,000 Academic Yale University Connecticut 6 University of Michigan Library 13,829,825 Academic Michigan 7 University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign 13,158,748 Academic University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign Illinois 8 Columbia University Libraries 12,200,000 Academic Columbia University New York 9 University of California , Berkeley Libraries 11,545,418 Academic University of California , Berkeley California 10 Kings College Libraries 11,189,036 Academic Columbia University New York 11 University of Texas Libraries 9,990,941 Academic University of Texas at Austin Texas 12 Indiana University Libraries 9,934,302 Academic Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 13 University of Chicago Library 9,837,021 Academic University of Chicago Illinois 14 University of California , Los Angeles Library 9,151,964 Academic University of California , Los Angeles California 15 Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County 8,819,759 Public Hamilton County , Ohio Ohio 16 Stanford University Libraries 8,500,000 Academic Stanford University California 17 University of Wisconsin -- Madison Libraries 8,421,198 Academic University of Wisconsin -- Madison Wisconsin 18 Cornell University Library 8,173,778 Academic Cornell University New York 19 City University of New York 7,500,000 Academic City University of New York New York 20 Princeton University Library 7,226,744 Academic Princeton University New Jersey 21 University of Washington Libraries 7,203,156 Academic University of Washington Washington 22 University of Minnesota Libraries 7,111,311 Academic University of Minnesota Minnesota 23 Detroit Public Library 7,070,433 Public `` Independent municipal corporation '' with library commissioners appointed by the Detroit Public Schools Board of Education . Michigan 24 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library 7,012,787 Academic University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill North Carolina 25 County of Los Angeles Public Library 6,795,552 Public Los Angeles County , California California 26 Queens Borough Public Library 6,544,609 Public Autonomous , with trustees appointed by city officials and majority of funding from city government . New York 27 Los Angeles Public Library 6,459,552 Public City of Los Angeles California 28 University of Pennsylvania Libraries 6,438,305 Academic University of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 29 Duke University Libraries 6,174,814 Academic Duke University North Carolina 30 Ohio State University Libraries 6,161,657 Academic Ohio State University Ohio 31 University of Pittsburgh Library System 6,148,036 Academic University of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 32 University of Arizona Libraries 5,998,148 Academic University of Arizona Arizona 33 New York University Libraries 5,900,000 Academic New York University New York 34 W.E.B. Du Bois Library 5,900,000 Academic University of Massachusetts at Amherst Massachusetts 35 Chicago Public Library 5,790,289 Public City of Chicago Illinois 36 University of Oklahoma Libraries 5,662,666 Academic University of Oklahoma Oklahoma 37 Michigan State University Libraries 5,609,761 Academic Michigan State University Michigan 38 University of Virginia Library 5,607,915 Academic University of Virginia Virginia 39 San Diego Public Library 5,535,415 Public City of San Diego California 40 University of Iowa Libraries 5,490,825 Academic University of Iowa Iowa 41 Pennsylvania State University Libraries 5,441,121 Academic Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania 42 Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 5,230,200 Public Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 43 Northwestern University Library 5,047,970 Academic Northwestern University Illinois 44 Free Library of Philadelphia 5,043,943 Public Pennsylvania 45 Dallas Public Library 4,972,494 Public City of Dallas Texas 46 Hennepin County Library 4,961,514 Public Minnesota 47 University of Georgia Libraries 4,810,192 Academic University of Georgia Georgia 48 Rutgers University Libraries 4,722,407 Academic Rutgers University New Jersey 49 University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries 4,681,261 Academic University of Colorado at Boulder Colorado 50 Texas A&M University Libraries 4,577,498 Academic Texas A&M University Texas 51 Arizona State University Libraries 4,497,114 Academic Arizona State University Arizona 52 University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries 4,414,450 Academic University of Florida Florida 53 University of Cincinnati Libraries 4,379,445 Academic University of Cincinnati Ohio 52 North Carolina State University Libraries 4,332,899 Academic North Carolina State University North Carolina 53 Washington University Libraries 4,323,958 Academic Washington University in St. Louis Missouri 54 University of Kansas Libraries 4,318,644 Academic University of Kansas Kansas 55 Brigham Young University Harold B. Lee Library 4,292,056 Academic Brigham Young University Utah 56 Cleveland Public Library 4,273,202 Public Ohio 57 Brooklyn Public Library 4,233,304 Public Independent nonprofit , with majority of trustees appointed by city officials and majority of funding by city government . New York 58 Brown University Library 4,187,257 Academic Brown University Rhode Island 59 University of Southern California Libraries 4,180,515 Academic University of Southern California California 60 University of California , Davis Library 4,175,047 Academic University of California , Davis California 61 Howard - Tilton Memorial Library at Tulane University 4,155,793 Academic Tulane University Louisiana 62 Louisiana State University Libraries 4,128,626 Academic Louisiana State University Louisiana 63 University of Connecticut Libraries 4,096,396 Academic University of Connecticut Connecticut 64 King County Library System 4,044,907 Public King County , Washington Washington 65 State University of New York at Buffalo Libraries 4,029,865 Academic University at Buffalo , The State University of New York New York 66 Temple University Libraries 3,990,379 Academic Temple University Pennsylvania 67 University of South Carolina Libraries 3,963,958 Academic University of South Carolina South Carolina 68 University of Maryland Libraries 3,930,013 Academic University of Maryland , College Park Maryland 69 University of Kentucky Libraries 3,915,579 Academic University of Kentucky Kentucky 70 University of California , San Diego Libraries 3,830,802 Academic University of California , San Diego California 71 University of Rochester Libraries 3,826,916 Academic University of Rochester New York 72 Hawaii State Public Library System 3,776,405 Public State of Hawaii Hawaii 73 Johns Hopkins University Libraries 3,701,215 Academic Johns Hopkins University Maryland 74 Miami - Dade Public Library System 3,674,651 Public Miami - Dade County , Florida Florida 75 University of Notre Dame Theodore Hesburgh Library 3,673,092 Academic University of Notre Dame Indiana 76 Wayne State University Libraries 3,655,805 Academic Wayne State University Michigan 77 Emory University Libraries 3,619,813 Academic Emory University Georgia 78 University of Hawaii at Manoa Library 3,602,058 Academic University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Hawaii 79 University of Missouri Libraries 3,561,607 Academic University of Missouri Missouri 80 University of Alabama Libraries 3,533,794 Academic University of Alabama Alabama 81 Vanderbilt University Jean and Alexander Heard Library 3,531,208 Academic Vanderbilt University Tennessee 82 University of Nebraska -- Lincoln Libraries 3,500,601 Academic University of Nebraska -- Lincoln Nebraska 83 San Francisco Public Library 3,478,293 Public City of San Francisco California 84 Broward County Libraries Division 3,477,312 Public Broward County , Florida Florida 85 Auburn University Libraries 3,472,547 Academic Auburn University Alabama 86 Oklahoma State University Libraries 3,468,428 Academic Oklahoma State University Oklahoma 87 Georgetown University Lauinger Library 3,461,170 Academic Georgetown University Washington , D.C. 88 University of Utah J. Willard Marriott Library 3,441,965 Academic University of Utah Utah 89 University of New Mexico Libraries 3,430,200 Academic University of New Mexico New Mexico 90 Mid-Continent Public Library 3,419,516 Public Separate political division governed by Board of Trustees appointed by officials in Clay , Platte , and Jackson counties . Missouri 91 Allen County Public Library 3,412,830 Public Allen County , Indiana Indiana 92 St. Louis Public Library 3,352,775 Public City of St. Louis Missouri 93 University of Miami Libraries 3,348,622 Academic University of Miami Florida 94 University of Tennessee Libraries 3,330,181 Academic University of Tennessee Tennessee 95 Syracuse University Library 3,291,384 Academic Syracuse University New York 96 Cuyahoga County Public Library 3,252,456 Public Independent political subdivision in Cuyahoga County , Ohio Ohio 97 University of California , Irvine Libraries 3,223,679 Academic University of California , Irvine California 98 Buffalo & Erie County Public Library 3,211,709 Public City of Buffalo New York 99 Southern Illinois University Carbondale Morris Library 3,203,455 Academic Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois 100 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries 3,119,157 Academic Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts 101 University of California , Riverside Libraries 3,066,630 Academic University of California , Riverside California 102 Houston Public Library 3,061,773 Public City of Houston Texas See also ( edit ) Books in the United States List of largest libraries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Nation 's Largest Libraries : A Listing By Volumes Held ( ALA Library Fact Sheet Number 22 ) . American Library Association ) ( October 2012 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Library of Congress Annual Report : FY 2010 . '' Library of Congress . ^ Jump up to : `` Association of Research Libraries Statistics 2007 - 08 , '' Association of Research Libraries . ^ Jump up to : `` Public Library Data Service Statistical Report 2009 , '' Public Library Association ( division of American Library Association ) Jump up ^ `` Component unit '' of the City of Boston . See `` City Departments , '' City of Boston , and `` FY10 Financial Statement , '' Boston Public Library . ^ Jump up to : Library includes both public and research collection . Data for public holdings is from `` Public Library Data Service Statistical Report 2009 , '' Public Library Association ( division of American Library Association ) , and data for research holdings is from `` Association of Research Libraries Statistics 2007 - 08 , '' Association of Research Libraries . Jump up ^ `` About The New York Public Library , '' New York Public Library ; `` NYPL fiscal 2010 audited financial statements , New York Public Library . Jump up ^ `` ARL Statistics 2009 -- 2010 '' . arl.org . Jump up ^ Funded by State of Ohio Public Library Fund ( 61.4 % of revenue received ) and Hamilton County tax levy ( 33 percent received ) ( `` Funding , '' Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County ) . The Library is under the control and management of the Board of Trustees consisting of seven members , four of whom are appointed by the Hamilton County Board of County Commissioners and three by the judges of the Court of Common Pleas ( `` Board of Trustees , '' Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County ) . Jump up ^ The City University of New York . `` About our library system '' . cuny.edu . Jump up ^ Governed by an `` independent municipal corporation '' governed by a seven - member Detroit Library Commission . Six members are appointed by the Detroit Public Schools Board of Education . The seventh member is the president of the Board of Education , who served ex officio ( `` Commission Members , Detroit Public Library ) . Jump up ^ Special - fund department operating under the authority of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors , established under the County Free Library Act of 1912 . `` About Us , '' County of Los Angeles Public Library . Jump up ^ `` Autonomous library system '' overseen by 19 - member Board of Trustees , alternately appointed by the mayor of New York City and the Queens Borough President . The Mayor , Borough President , Public Advocate , Comptroller , and Speaker of the City Council , and all ex officio members . In Fiscal Year 2008 , 82 percent of funds came from the City of New York ( `` About Us , '' Queens Borough Public Library ) . Jump up ^ The Los Angeles Public Library is administered by the City of Los Angeles Library Department ; under the Los Angeles City Charter , the Library Department 's legal head is the Board of Library Commissioners . Members of the Library Commission are appointed by the mayor of Los Angeles and confirmed by the City Council for staggered five - year terms . `` About the Board , '' Los Angeles Public Library . Jump up ^ nyu.edu Jump up ^ University of Massachusetts at Amherst. `` ( 1 ) , '' Massachusetts ; `` ( 2 ) . '' Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Department of city government . `` Chicago Public Library , '' City of Chicago ; `` Chicago Public Library -- Leadership . '' City of Chicago . Jump up ^ `` ( 3 ) , '' City of San Diego . Jump up ^ 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit . ( `` Financials , '' Brooklyn Public Library ) . The Board of Trustees is the governing body of the library . The mayor of New York City and the Brooklyn Borough President each appoint 11 trustees , with 12 additional members elected to serve on the board ( `` Board of Trustees , '' Brooklyn Public Library ) . The majority of funding is contributed by the New York City government. ( `` Audited Financial Statements ( Consolidated for BPL and BPLF ) for Fiscal Year 2010 , '' Brooklyn Public Library ) . Jump up ^ `` KCLS Board of Trustees , '' King County Library System . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Public Library '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Governed by twelve - member Board of Trustees . Under Missouri Statutes , each county within the library district appoints four trustees . The Clay County Commission , Platte County Commissions , and the Jackson County Executive make appointments annually ( `` Board of Trustees , '' Mid-Continent Public Library . Jump up ^ Members of the board of trustees are appointed by Allen County Council ( the county 's fiscal authority ) , the Allen County Board of County Commissioners County , Fort Wayne Community Schools Board of School Trustees , and the school board presidents of the Southwest , Northwest , and East Allen County ( `` Board of Library Trustees , '' Allen County Public Library ) . Jump up ^ Nine members of the board of trustees are nominated by the mayor of St. Louis and confirmed by the Board of Aldermen , `` Board of Directors , '' St. Louis Public Library ) ; see also `` Appropriate use of the Library , '' St. Louis Public Library . Jump up ^ Independent political subdivision ( with no tax - levying authority ) in Cuyahoga County , but not part of Cuyahoga County government . The seven members of the Board of Library Trustees are appointed for seven - year terms , with some appointments made by the Cuyahoga County Commissioners and some appointments made by the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas ( `` Our Organization , '' Cuyahoga County Public Library . Jump up ^ Since the early 1950s , the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library has been a municipal library system by state law . Chartered by the New York State Board of Regents , the system includes the Central Library and eight branches in the City of Buffalo and also 22 `` contracting member libraries '' operating out of 28 facilities outside Buffalo . There is a single system - wide Board of Trustees and 22 independent member library boards . The 15 System Board members are appointed by the Erie County Executive ( ten trustees ) and the mayor of Buffalo through a list of nominees ( five trustees ) . The Erie County Legislature approves the trustees ( `` About the Library , '' Buffalo & Erie County Public Library ) . Jump up ^ Department of city government . `` Departments and Directors '' ( 2011 ) , City of Houston . External links ( edit ) The Nation 's Largest Libraries : A Listing By Volumes Held by the American Library Association 13th - Million volume acquired by the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign Lists of libraries Country Afghanistan Albania Angola Australia Austria Bangladesh Belgium Brunei Cuba Federated States of Micronesia Germany Ghana Hong Kong India Italy Japan Kenya Lebanon Malta Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Palestinian territories Scotland Singapore Spain Sri Lanka Thailand United States Region Melbourne Ontario Hamburg India Goa Hyderabad Lahore Manila Seoul Barcelona Taipei Turkey Ankara Istanbul United Kingdom Barnet Brighton and Hove Cardiff United States Georgia Los Angeles Massachusetts Oregon Seattle Books Production Authors Binding By date Decade Year Covers Jackets Design Editing Illustration Literature Printing History Incunabula Publishing By country Typesetting Consumption Awards Bestsellers Bibliography Bibliophilia Bibliotherapy Bookmarks Bookselling Blurbs Book towns Shops Censorship Clubs Collecting Digitizing Fairs Furniture Bookcases Bookends Libraries Legislation Lists Print culture Reading Literacy Reviews Other By country Brazil France Germany Italy Pakistan UK US Formats Audiobooks E-books Genres Children 's Fictional History of books Historians Intellectual property ISBN Outline Terminology Types Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_largest_libraries_in_the_United_States&oldid=815542075 '' Categories : Libraries in the United States American Library Association Lists of libraries in the United States United States - related lists of superlatives United States education - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 13 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the largest library in the united states
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"The largest public library is the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. (the de facto national library of the United States), with 34,528,818 volumes.[2] The largest academic library is the Harvard University Library, with 16,832,952 volumes.[3] The largest library outside of the contiguous United States is the Hawaii State Public Library System, the statewide public library system of Hawaii, with 3,776,405 volumes,[4] while the largest academic library outside the contiguous United States is the University of Hawaii at Manoa Library, with 3,602,058 volumes.[3]"
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"the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. (the de facto national library of the United States)"
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Philadelphia Eagles
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Philadelphia Eagles - wikipedia Philadelphia Eagles Jump to : navigation , search Philadelphia Eagles Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Midnight Green , Silver , Black , White Fight song Fly , Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie Chairman Jeffrey Lurie CEO Jeffrey Lurie President Don Smolenski General manager Howie Roseman Head coach Doug Pederson Team history Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Team nicknames The Birds Gang Green Championships League championships ( 3 ) Conference championships ( 3 ) NFL Eastern : 1960 NFC : 1980 , 2004 Division championships ( 13 NFL championships ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 ) NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 Playoff appearances ( 24 ) NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 Home fields Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1931 -- 1960 1.2 1961 -- 1975 1.3 1976 -- 1984 1.4 1985 -- 1993 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 1.5. 3 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Season records 3 Rivalries 3.1 New York Giants 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 Washington Redskins 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Training camp 6 Fight song 7 Fans 7.1 Devotion 7.2 Bad behavior 8 Eagles cheerleaders 9 Current roster 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) 11 Awards and honors 11.1 Retired numbers 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame 11.4 75th anniversary team 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame 12 Franchise records 12.1 Passing 12.2 Rushing 12.3 Receiving 12.4 Other 12.5 Returning 12.6 Defense 12.7 Exceptional performances 13 Coaches of note 13.1 Current staff 14 Radio and television 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates 15 Media and cultural reference 16 See also 17 Notes and references 18 Sources 19 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles 1931 -- 1960 ( edit ) `` Concrete Charlie '' Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $39,371 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from his friend Bert Bell . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 . After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs . Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982 1961 -- 1975 ( edit ) The Eagles had a good 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $43,064,658 today ) . In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Philadelphia Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $105,505,930 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach . The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and has been considered by writers in Philadelphia as one of the best rivalries in the NFL in the 21st century . 1976 -- 1984 ( edit ) In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances . Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell . In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons . 1985 -- 1993 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $144,741,646 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $55,669,864 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos . Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure . Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later . After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian . Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins . Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes . In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons . Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 . In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship . In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games . McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate . The Eagles have never appeared in a Super Bowl since , but this was their closest one at winning . Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles . The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb . On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid . In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls . On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter . On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team . On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 . The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season . Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team . Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense . Sonny Round was expected to be the lead running back heading into the season , but was traded to the Canadian Football League shortly before the start of the year . The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles . A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 . The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys . After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts . Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average . On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 . Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 . Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on Monday , January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement : `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . '' Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense . At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They would use the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a successful 3 -- 0 start to the season . His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , 0 interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they went on to lose their next four out of five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Continuing on throughout the season , Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Among those included grueling road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although 2nd overall pick Wentz started off the season well , the 6 - 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to an ultimately disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division . Season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons Regular Season Record ( all - time ) : 556 -- 591 -- 26 Playoff Record ( all - time ) : 19 -- 21 ( last appearance after 2013 season ) Most Points in a Season : 474 points ( 2014 ) NFL Championships Won : 3 Super Bowls Won : 0 out of 2 appearances Passing Leader ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 32,873 yards Rushing Leader ( all - time ) : Lesean McCoy -- 6,792 yards Receiving Leader ( all - time ) : Harold Carmichael -- 8,978 yards Winning - est Coach ( all - time ) : Andy Reid -- 130 wins Top Player by Approximate Value ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 126 AV Rivalries ( edit ) New York Giants ( edit ) Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 85 -- 81 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' . Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 50 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have won 11 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . Washington Redskins ( edit ) Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce . It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskin defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 81 -- 78 -- 5 . The Redskins have owned the rivalry since 2010 , most recently extending their winning streak against the Eagles to 5 consecutive games with a 27 -- 22 victory at the Linc on December 11 , 2016 . The last time the Redskins won 5 or more consecutive games against the Eagles was 1981 -- 84 , during which they won 6 consecutive games . Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 48 -- 28 -- 3 . Logo and uniforms ( edit ) See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers . For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades . From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 . In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look . However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters . Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games . The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering . The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular - season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times . To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 . The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants . In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games . For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology . Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey . For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season . For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made . In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 24 - 19 , against the Giants in 2016 . The Eagles are 4 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against the Minnesota Vikings , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers . Training camp ( edit ) The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 . Fight song ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Fly , Eagles Fly . This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff . Fans ( edit ) Full house at `` The Linc '' for a 2011 playoff game Devotion ( edit ) Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web . The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles . The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium . As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 -- 2006 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened . Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and Sixers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles . Bad behavior ( edit ) Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffrey began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 . Eagles Cheerleaders ( edit ) Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders The team also has its own cheerleading squad , who performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems . Current roster ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Nick Foles 11 Carson Wentz Running backs -- Jay Ajayi 38 Kenjon Barner 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 28 Wendell Smallwood Wide receivers 13 Nelson Agholor 18 Shelton Gibson 10 Mack Hollins 17 Alshon Jeffery 14 Marcus Johnson 82 Torrey Smith Tight ends 88 Trey Burton 87 Brent Celek 86 Zach Ertz Offensive linemen 79 Brandon Brooks G 77 Taylor Hart T 65 Lane Johnson T 62 Jason Kelce C 73 Isaac Seumalo G 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T 67 Chance Warmack G 61 Stefen Wisniewski G Defensive linemen 94 Beau Allen DT 96 Derek Barnett DE 91 Fletcher Cox DT 75 Vinny Curry DE 55 Brandon Graham DE 90 Justin Hamilton DT 93 Timmy Jernigan DT 56 Chris Long DE 51 Steven Means DE 98 Elijah Qualls DT 97 Destiny Vaeao DT Linebackers 53 Nigel Bradham OLB 47 Nathan Gerry OLB 52 Najee Goode OLB 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB 58 Jordan Hicks MLB 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB 59 Joe Walker MLB Defensive backs 41 Ronald Darby CB 32 Rasul Douglas CB 24 Corey Graham FS 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS 33 Dexter McDougle CB 23 Rodney McLeod FS 31 Jalen Mills CB 21 Patrick Robinson CB 26 Jaylen Watkins SS Special teams 4 Jake Elliott K 45 Rick Lovato LS 8 Donnie Jones P Reserve lists -- Randall Goforth CB ( IR ) 22 Sidney Jones CB ( NF - Inj . ) 42 Chris Maragos FS ( IR ) 71 Jason Peters T ( IR ) 34 Donnel Pumphrey RB ( IR ) -- Aziz Shittu DT ( IR ) 43 Darren Sproles RB ( IR ) 6 Caleb Sturgis K ( IR ) -- Dom Williams WR ( IR ) Practice squad 68 Josh Andrews G 36 De'Vante Bausby CB 85 Billy Brown TE 48 Don Cherry LB 4 Rashard Davis WR 69 Dillon Gordon OT 35 D.J. Killings CB 39 Byron Marshall RB 7 Nate Sudfeld QB 89 Greg Ward Jr . WR Rookies in italics Roster updated October 31 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 54 Active , 8 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players Awards and honors ( edit ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1953 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff RB , WR , TE 1956 -- 1966 60 Chuck Bednarik LB , C 1949 -- 1962 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 Notes : Posthumous honors . Despite not being retired , no one has ever worn Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles . Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 1967 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 1972 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1998 80 Cris Carter WR 1987 -- 1989 2013 85 James Arthur `` Art '' Monk WR 1995 2008 95 Richard Dent DE 1997 2011 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 1970 89 Mike Ditka TE 1967 -- 1968 1988 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 1981 86 Bud Grant WR -- DE 1951 -- 1952 1994 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 1971 56 Bill Hewitt End - FB 1937 -- 1939 , 1943 1971 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 1965 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1979 -- 1981 2014 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2006 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1968 80 James Lofton WR 1993 2003 Coaches and Executives Name Positions Seasons Inducted Bert Bell Owner / Founder 1933 -- 1940 1963 Wayne Millner Assistant Coach 1951 1968 Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 1969 Mike McCormack Head Coach 1973 -- 1975 1984 Eagles Hall of Fame ( edit ) See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame . In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 . Eagles Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 -- Bert Bell Founder - Owner 1933 -- 1940 17 Harold Carmichael WR 1971 -- 1983 56 Bill Hewitt TE -- DE 1936 -- 1939 , 1943 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 31 Wilbert Montgomery RB 1977 -- 1984 -- Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1988 66 Bill Bergey LB 1974 -- 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1989 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1954 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff TE 1956 -- 1966 1990 22 Timmy Brown RB 1960 -- 1967 1991 76 Jerry Sisemore OT 1973 -- 1987 75 Stan Walters OT 1975 -- 1983 1992 7 Ron Jaworski QB 1977 -- 1986 1993 28 Bill Bradley S -- P 1969 -- 1976 1994 -- Dick Vermeil Head Coach 1976 -- 1982 1995 -- Jim Gallagher Team Executive 1949 -- 1995 82 Mike Quick WR 1982 -- 1990 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 1999 -- Otho Davis Head Trainer 1973 -- 1995 1948 NFL Championship team 1949 NFL Championship team 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 2005 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2009 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 12 Randall Cunningham QB -- P 1985 -- 1995 2011 21 Eric Allen CB 1988 -- 1994 -- Jim Johnson Defensive Coordinator 1999 -- 2008 2012 -- Leo Carlin Ticket Manager 1960 -- 2015 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 23 Troy Vincent CB 1996 -- 2003 2013 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 2015 36 Brian Westbrook RB 2002 -- 2009 55 Maxie Baughan LB 1960 -- 1965 2016 54 Jeremiah Trotter LB 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2009 - Merrill Reese Radio Play by Play 1977 -- Present 2017 David Akers 1999 - 2010 75th anniversary team ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) Offense McNabb ( QB ) Van Buren ( RB ) Byars ( FB ) Carmichael ( WR ) McDonald ( WR ) Pihos ( TE ) Thomas ( LT ) Key ( LG ) Bednarik ( C ) Andrews ( RG ) Runyan ( RT ) Defense Simmons ( DE ) White ( DE ) J. Brown ( DT ) Johnson ( DT ) Bednarik ( MLB ) Joyner ( OLB ) Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) Allen ( CB ) Vincent ( CB ) Waters ( SS ) Dawkins ( FS ) Special teams T. Brown ( KR ) Westbrook ( PR ) Akers ( PK ) Landeta ( P ) Papale ( ST ) Coach Andy Reid John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) ( edit ) See footnote Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football Franchise records ( edit ) Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page Passing ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Completions 2801 Donovan McNabb 379 Carson Wentz 2016 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS 341 Donovan McNabb 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 379 Carson Wentz 2016 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Pass Attempts 4746 Donovan McNabb 607 Carson Wentz 2016 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles 2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI 577 Donovan McNabb 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 607 Carson Wentz 2016 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Passing Yards 32873 Donovan McNabb 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB 3752 Donovan McNabb 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM Passing TDs 216 Donovan McNabb 32 Sonny Jurgensen 1961 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 24 Donovan McNabb 7 Donovan McNabb Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 16 Carson Wentz 2016 Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL Intercepted 151 Ron Jaworski 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL 17 Donovan McNabb 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 17 Davey O'Brien 1939 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR Passer Rating 94.2 + Nick Foles 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 83.6 # Jeff Garcia 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Sacked 422 Randall Cunningham 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG 48 Donovan McNabb 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB 38 John Reaves 1972 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG Yds / Pass Att 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS Pass Yds / Game 266.1 + Sam Bradford 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 - 234.5 # Donovan McNabb 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 - 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 - + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , Rushing ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Rookie Statistic Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Rush Attempts 1465 Wilbert Montgomery 353 Ricky Watters 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS 141 Wilbert Montgomery 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 182 Po James 1972 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS Rush Yards 6792 LeSean McCoy 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET 591 Brian Westbrook 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rush Yds / Att 6.62 Randall Cunningham 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE 5.86 Donovan McNabb 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 9.37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rushing TDs 69 Steve Van Buren 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET 6 Wilbert Montgomery Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL Rush Yds / Game 79 Ricky Watters 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 74 Wilbert Montgomery 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 - 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 - ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts Receiving ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Rookie Statistic Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Receptions 589 Harold Carmichael 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL 38 Chad Lewis 19 Brent Celek 2008 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 81 Keith Jackson 1988 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG Receiving Yds 8,978 Harold Carmichael 1409 Mike Quick 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG 465 Harold Carmichael 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL Yds / Rec 19.16 + Tommy McDonald 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL 16.03 # Harold Carmichael 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN Receiving TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 14 Terrell Owens Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT 6 Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 9 times ) Rec Yds / Game 70.3 + DeSean Jackson 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 - 66.4 # Harold Carmichael 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 - 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 - ∗ = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min . 200 receptions Other ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Rookie Statistic Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Total TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 ( 8 times ) 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 15 times ) Yds from Scrimmage 9,785 Brian Westbrook 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 925 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 878 Charle Young 1973 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR All Purpose Yds 12,049 Timmy Brown 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 953 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Returning ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Kick Returns 169 Timmy Brown 54 Allen Rossum 1999 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG 22 Brian Mitchell 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Kick Ret Yds 4,483 Timmy Brown 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI 522 Brian Mitchell 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Yds / KR 27.74 Josh Huff 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 61 Jake Elliott 2017 - 09 - 24 25.29 J.R. Reed 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Kick Ret TDs 5 Timmy Brown Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL 0 Punt Returns 148 Wally Henry 54 Wally Henry 1981 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM 16 Brian Mitchell 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL Punt Ret Yds 1369 Brian Mitchell 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS 174 DeSean Jackson 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Yds / PR 14.71 Ernie Steele 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO 15.82 DeSean Jackson 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Punt Ret TDs DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 ( 8 times ) 0 Total Return Yds 4,997 Timmy Brown 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG 657 Brian Mitchell 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Defense ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Interceptions 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen 11 Bill Bradley 1971 Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG 5 Herm Edwards Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret Yds 536 Bill Bradley 248 Bill Bradley 1971 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS 77 Damon Moore 77 Damon Moore 2001 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret TDs 5 Eric Allen Eric Allen 1993 Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR ( 6 times ) Sacks ( since 1982 ) 124 Reggie White 21 Reggie White 4.5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR Exceptional performances ( edit ) Statistic Career Season Playoff Games Rookie Games 300 + yard passing games 30 Donovan McNabb 6 Donovan McNabb Donovan McNabb Carson Wentz 2016 100 + yard rushing games 26 Wilbert Montgomery 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brian Westbrook Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012 100 + yard receiving games 23 Pete Retzlaff 8 Terrell Owens Fred Barnett Keith Jackson Charle Young 1973 Games with 1 + TD scored 69 Harold Carmichael 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Games with 2 + TD scored 18 Brian Westbrook 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014 Games with 3 + TD scored 7 Brian Westbrook Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 , 2008 - - Coaches of note ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Current staff ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Don Smolenski Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe Vice President of Player Personnel - Joe Douglas Assistant Director of Player Personnel - Andy Weidl Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy - Alec Halaby Senior Director of College Scouting - Anthony Patch Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham Assistant Director of College Scouting - Mike Bradway Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph Assistant Director of Pro Scouting - Brandon Brown Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg Football Operations Executive - Brian Dawkins Player Personnel Executive - T.J. McCreight Player Personnel Executive College / Pro - Trey Brown Director of Player Engagement - Paul Lancaster Director of Football Compliance - Jon Ferrari Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Pederson Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Frank Reich Quarterbacks -- John DeFilippo Running Backs -- Duce Staley Wide Receivers -- Mike Groh Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle Offensive Line -- Jeff Stoutland Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Offensive Line -- T.J. Paganetti Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson Linebackers -- Ken Flajole Secondary -- Cory Undlin Safeties -- Tim Hauck Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Secondary -- Dino Vasso Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Josh Hingst Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Keith Gray Strength Assistant - Ben Wagner Director of Sports Science and Reconditioning -- Shaun Huls Support Staff Coaching Assistant - Spencer Phillips Coaching Assistant / Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti Coaching Assistant - Trent Miles → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters Eagles Radio affiliates ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates . City Call Sign Frenquency Atlantic City , New Jersey WPGG 1450 AM Easton , Pennsylvania WCTO 96.1 FM Levittown , Pennsylvania WBCB 1490 AM Milford , Delaware WAFL 97.7 FM Millville , New Jersey WENJ 97.3 FM Philadelphia WTEL 610 AM Philadelphia WIP - FM 94.1 FM Pottsville , Pennsylvania WPPA 1360 AM Reading , Pennsylvania WEEU 830 AM Scranton , Pennsylvania WEJL 630 AM Sunbury , Pennsylvania WEGH 107.3 FM Williamsport , Pennsylvania WBZD - FM 93.3 FM Wilmington , Delaware WDEL 1150 AM York , Pennsylvania WSOX 96.1 FM From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 . In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , the games can be aired on Fox 's O&O affiliate WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV . Media and cultural reference ( edit ) In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco . The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! '' The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Sports portal South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia The Michael Vick Project Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82 Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team . ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com . Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide . Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking . myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb Jump up ^ http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~ina22/splaylib/Screenplay-Deer_Hunter.pdf Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Vick helps Eagles fly on the road to victory Sources ( edit ) Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday : A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 . OCLC 607553558 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles . Official website Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the last time the eagles won a championship
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"The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles. A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1–3 start, but his backup, Nick Foles, led the team to a 10–6 regular season record, and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons. Before throwing his first interception in Week 14, Foles threw 19 touchdowns, which was just one shy of the all-time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season, set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning. Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single-game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game. Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions, giving him the then-best TD-INT ratio in NFL history. (That record was later broken by Tom Brady, in the 2016 season.) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating, third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004. He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating. LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards (also a franchise record) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage, also best in the NFL. As a whole, the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns, most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948."
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Second Battle of Adobe Walls
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Second Battle of Adobe Walls - wikipedia Second Battle of Adobe Walls Jump to : navigation , search Second Battle of Adobe Walls Part of the Red River War Adobe Walls battlefield looking southeast from Billy Dixon 's grave . Date June 27 , 1874 Location Adobe Walls , Texas 35 ° 53 ′ 37.2588 '' N 101 ° 9 ′ 43.36 '' W / 35.893683000 ° N 101.1620444 ° W / 35.893683000 ; - 101.1620444 ( Adobe Walls Battlefield ) Coordinates : 35 ° 53 ′ 37.2588 '' N 101 ° 9 ′ 43.36 '' W / 35.893683000 ° N 101.1620444 ° W / 35.893683000 ; - 101.1620444 ( Adobe Walls Battlefield ) Result U.S. victory Belligerents United States Comanche Commanders and leaders N / A Isa - tai ( Kwahdi Comanche ) Quanah Parker ( Kwahdi Comanche ) Kobay - oburra ( Kwahadi Comanche ) Pearua - akupakup ( Nokoni Comanche ) Mow - way ( Kotsoteka Comanche ) Tabananika ( Yamparika Comanche ) Isa - rosa ( Yamparika Comanche ) Hitetetsi aka Tuwikaa - tiesuat ( Yamparika Comanche ) Guipago ( Kiowa ) Satanta ( Kiowa ) Tsen - tainte ( Kiowa ) Zepko - ete ( Kiowa ) Little Robe ( Cheyenne ) White Shield ( Cheyenne ) Strength 28 hunters and tradesmen ~ 700 warriors Casualties and losses 4 killed , unknown wounded unknown killed , unknown wounded . 15 bodies lay too close to the walls to be recovered + 1 killed long range Adobe Walls Battlefield Location within Texas Red River War 2nd Adobe Walls Red River Lyman 's Wagon Train Sweetwater Creek Buffalo Wallow Palo Duro Canyon Farnsworth 's Fight McClellan Creek Texas -- Indian wars Comanche Wars Fort Parker Stone Houses Arroyo Seco Fight Killough San Gabriels The Neches Council House Fight Great Raid Plum Creek Village Creek Bandera Pass Muncey Apache Wars Jicarilla War Diablo Mountains Devil 's River Antelope Hills Little Robe Creek Pease River 1st Adobe Walls Comanche Campaign Red River War Palo Duro Canyon Warren Raid Blanco Canyon North Fork of the Red River 2nd Adobe Walls Buffalo Hunters ' War Staked Plains Horror Yellow House Canyon The Second Battle of Adobe Walls was fought on June 27 , 1874 , between Comanche forces and a group of 28 U.S. bison hunters defending the settlement of Adobe Walls , in what is now Hutchinson County , Texas . `` Adobe Walls was scarcely more than a lone island in the vast sea of the Great Plains , a solitary refuge uncharted and practically unknown . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Adobe Walls settlement 1.2 American Indian alliance 2 Battle and siege 2.1 Billy Dixon 's lucky shot 3 Aftermath 3.1 Significance 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Background ( edit ) Adobe Walls settlement ( edit ) Adobe Walls was the name of a trading post in the Texas Panhandle , just north of the Canadian River . In 1845 an adobe fort was built there to house the post , but it was blown up by the traders three years later after repeated Indian attacks . In 1864 the ruins were the site of one of the largest battles ever to take place on the Great Plains . Col. Christopher `` Kit '' Carson led 335 soldiers from New Mexico and 72 Ute and Jicarilla Apache scouts against a force of more than 1000 Comanche , Kiowa and Plains Apache . The Indians forced Carson to retreat , though he was acclaimed as a hero for successfully striking a blow against the Indians and for leading his men out of the trap with minimal casualties . This is known as the First Battle of Adobe Walls . After the `` enormous slaughter '' of the buffalo in the north during 1872 and 1873 , the hunters moved south and west `` into the good buffalo country , somewhere on the Canadian ... in hostile Indian country '' . In June 1874 ( ten years after the first battle ) a group of enterprising businessmen had set up two stores near the ruins of the old trading post in an effort to rekindle the town of Adobe Walls . The complex quickly grew to include a store and corral ( Leonard & Meyers ) , a sod saloon owned by James Hanrahan , a blacksmith shop ( Tom O'Keefe ) and a sod store used to purchase buffalo hides ( Rath & Wright , operated by Langton ) , all of which served the population of 200 - 300 buffalo hunters in the area . By late June `` two hunters had been killed by Indians twenty - five miles down river , on Chicken Creek '' and two more were killed in a camp on `` a tributary of the Salt Fork of Red River '' north of present - day Clarendon . `` The story of the Indian depredations had spread to all the hunting camps , and a large crowd had gathered in from the surrounding country '' at the `` Walls '' . American Indian alliance ( edit ) The remaining free - ranging Southern Plains bands ( Comanche , Cheyenne , Kiowa and Arapaho ) perceived the post and the buffalo hunting as a major threat to their existence . That spring the Indians held a sun dance . Comanche medicine man Isatai'i promised victory and immunity from bullets to warriors who took the fight to the enemy . There are many different figures given for the number of Indians who took part in the attack , with estimates of as few as 230 - 300 and other claims of as many as 1500 . The lower figure is considered by many to be the most likely , but the number will never be known . Battle and siege ( edit ) Adobe Walls photograph published 1908 On June 5 , 1874 , Hanrahan and his party of hunters departed Dodge City for Adobe Walls . The party encountered a band of Cheyenne Indians on June 7 at Sharp 's Creek , 75 miles southwest of Dodge , who ran off all of their cattle . The party then joined a wagon train that was en route to the Walls , arriving just hours before the major battle took place . Some 28 men were then present at Adobe Walls , including James Hanrahan ( the saloon owner ) , 20 - year - old Bat Masterson , William `` Billy '' Dixon ( whose famous long - distance rifle shot effectively ended the siege ) and one woman , the wife of cook William Olds . At 2 : 00 am on June 27 , 1874 , the ridgepole holding up the sod roof of the saloon made a loud cracking sound , although two men nearby thought that it sounded like `` the report of a rifle '' . According to some sources Hanrahan awoke the camp by firing a gun , then telling the others that the sound had come from the ridgepole . The reason for his action was that he knew about the attack in advance , but did not tell anyone , afraid that men would leave the camp , hurting his business . Everyone in the saloon and several other men from the town immediately set to repair the damage . Thus , most of the inhabitants were already wide awake and up at dawn when a combined force of Comanche , Cheyenne and Kiowa warriors swept across the plains , intent on erasing the populace of Adobe Walls . In Dixon 's words : There was never a more splendidly barbaric sight . In after years I was glad that I had seen it . Hundreds of warriors , the flower of the fighting men of the southwestern Plains tribes , mounted upon their finest horses , armed with guns and lances , and carrying heavy shields of thick buffalo hide , were coming like the wind . Over all was splashed the rich colors of red , vermillion and ochre , on the bodies of the men , on the bodies of the running horses . Scalps dangled from bridles , gorgeous war - bonnets fluttered their plumes , bright feathers dangled from the tails and manes of the horses , and the bronzed , halfnaked bodies of the riders glittered with ornaments of silver and brass . Behind this headlong charging host stretched the Plains , on whose horizon the rising sun was lifting its morning fires . The warriors seemed to emerge from this glowing background . The Indian force was estimated to be in excess of 700 strong and led by Isatai'i and Comanche Chief Quanah Parker , son of a captured white woman , Cynthia Ann Parker . Their initial attack almost carried the day ; the Indians were in close enough to pound on the doors and windows of the buildings with their rifle butts . The fight was in such close quarters that the hunters ' long - range rifles were useless . They were fighting with pistols and Henry and Winchester lever - action rifles in . 44 rimfire . After the initial attack was repulsed , the hunters were able to keep the Indians at bay with their large - caliber , long - range Sharps rifles . Nine men were located in Hanrahan 's Saloon -- including Bat Masterson and Billy Dixon -- 11 in Meyer 's & Leonard 's Store and seven in Rath & Wright 's Store . The hunters suffered four fatalities , three on the first day : the two Shadler brothers asleep in a wagon were killed in the initial onslaught , and Billy Tyler was shot through the lungs as he entered the doorway of a building while retreating from the stockade . On the fifth day William Olds accidentally shot himself in the head while descending a ladder at Rath 's store . A search following the initial battle turned up the bodies of 15 Indians killed so close to the buildings that their bodies could not be retrieved by their fellow warriors . `` By noon the Indians had ceased charging , and had stationed themselves in groups in different places , maintaining a more or less steady fire all day on the buildings '' , by 2 pm the Indians rode out of range at the foot of the hills , and by 4 pm the besieged started venturing out from the buildings to gather relics and bury the Shadlers . The Indians stayed in the distance while deciding how to handle the situation , effectively laying siege to Adobe Walls . During the second day the besieged buried or dragged away the dead horses to `` prevent the evil smell from reaching the buildings '' . George Bellfield 's outfit made it to the Walls , as did Jim and Bob Cator , while Henry Lease volunteered to ride to Dodge City , Kansas , while two hunters visited the surrounding camps to warn them that `` the Indians were on the war path '' . Study of the Second Battle of Adobe Walls , by Kim Douglas Wiggins . On the third day after the initial attack , 15 Indian warriors rode out on a bluff nearly a mile away to survey the situation . At the behest of one of the hunters , William `` Billy '' Dixon , already renowned as a crack shot , took aim with a `` Big Fifty '' Sharps ( it was either a . 50 - 70 or - 90 , probably the latter ) that he had borrowed from Hanrahan and cleanly dropped a warrior from atop his horse . `` I was admittedly a good marksman , yet this was what might be called a ' scratch ' shot . '' Seeing their fellow warrior killed from such a distance apparently so discouraged the Indians that they decamped and gave up the fight . More hunters came in on the third and subsequent days so that , by the sixth day , the garrison amounted to about 100 men . Those in the camp might have experienced it as a siege , although sieges were not part of Comanche warfare or battle strategy . Nevertheless , Indians were close by during the days after the initial attack . Quanah had been wounded , which might have taken the edge off the attack , as was always the case with Comanches when the war chief fell in battle . The Indians retired soon afterward . `` The Indians probably came to the conclusion that if they remained long enough , charged often enough and got close enough , all of them would be killed , as they were unable to dislodge us from the buildings . '' Casualty reports vary , and are not known with any great accuracy , although most agree that fewer than 30 total deaths would be a close number . Within a week of the fight , 25 men headed to Dodge , including Hanharan , Masterson and Dixon , only to learn upon arrival that a relief party of 40 men under Tom Nixon had already headed south to bring back `` Mrs. Olds and the greater part of the men '' . By August a troop of cavalry made it to Adobe Walls , under Lt. Frank D. Baldwin , with Masterson and Dixon as scouts , where a dozen men were still holed up . `` Some mischievous fellow had stuck an Indian 's skull on each post of the corral gate . '' The killing had not ended , however ; one civilian was lanced by Indians while looking for wild plums along the Canadian River . The next day the soldiers and remaining men left Adobe Walls , heading south to join Gen. Nelson A. Miles ' main command on Cantonement Creek . The Indians later `` burned the place to the ground . '' Billy Dixon 's lucky shot ( edit ) Billy Dixon The site of Billy Dixon long shot Controversy prevails over the exact range of Billy Dixon 's shot . Baker and Harrison set it at about 1000 yards , while a post-battle survey by a team of US Army surveyors , under the command of Gen. Nelson A. Miles , measured the distance : 1,538 yards , or nine - tenths of a mile . For the rest of his life , Billy Dixon never claimed that the shot was anything other than a lucky one ; his memoirs do not devote even a full paragraph to `` the shot '' . Forensic archaeologists have discovered that the guns in use at Adobe Walls included several Richards ' Colt conversions , some Smith & Wesson Americans and at least one Colt . 45 ( then new on the frontier ) pistol , along with numerous rifles in calibers . 50 - 70 , . 50 - 90 , . 44 - 77 , . 44 Henry Flat and at least one . 45 - 70 ( also very new ) . At the time Sharps did not use designations like . 50 - 90 ( `` Big Fifty '' Sharps ) . Instead , it designated cartridges by bore size and case length . Technically , the `` Big Fifty '' was known as the . 50 Sharps 2 - 1 / 2 Inch . Depending on the bullet used , the case could be loaded as any of what was later designated . 50 - 90 , . 50 - 100 or . 50 - 110 . The . 50 - 90 loading used the heaviest bullet and gave the best performance at relatively short ranges out to about 100 yards . The two heavier loads used relatively lighter bullets and gave better performance at extended ranges . This makes it more likely that Billy Dixon 's shot was made with a . 50 Sharps 2 - 1 / 2 Inch case loaded to . 50 - 110 specification . In Sharps ' nomenclature , the . 50 - 70 was first known as the . 50 Sharps 1 - 3 / 4 Inch and later as the . 50 Sharps 2 Inch , and was sometimes referred to as the `` Little Fifty . '' Aftermath ( edit ) A Kiowa ledger drawing possibly depicting the Buffalo Wallow Battle in 1874 , one of several clashes between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War . Buffalo hunting ended in that region of the country `` just as the Indians had planned '' . The result of Adobe Walls was a crushing spiritual defeat for the Indians , though it was seen as a military victory . It also prompted the U.S. military to take its final actions to crush the Indians once and for all . Within the year the long war between whites and Indians in Texas would reach its conclusion . In September , just three months after Adobe Walls , an army dispatch detail consisting of Billy Dixon , another scout ( Amos Chapman ) and four troopers from the 6th Cavalry were surrounded and besieged by a large combined band of Kiowas and Comanches . During what became known as the Battle of Buffalo Wallow , with accurate rifle fire they held off the Indians for an entire day . An extremely cold rainstorm that night discouraged the Indians , and they broke off the fight ; every man in the detail was wounded and one trooper killed . For this action Billy Dixon , along with the other survivors of `` The Buffalo Wallow Fight '' , were awarded the Medal of Honor . Significance ( edit ) This fight is historically significant because it led to the Red River War of 1874 -- 75 , resulting in the final relocation of the Southern Plains Indians to reservations in what is now Oklahoma . A monument was erected in 1924 on the site of Adobe Walls by the Panhandle - Plains Historical Society . On June 27 , 1924 , a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the second Battle of Adobe Walls was held at the site in Hutchinson County . A marble shaft bearing the names of those who took part in the battle was unveiled . W.T. Coble and his wife , the owners of the Turkey Track Ranch on which the site is located , deeded five acres of land to the Panhandle Plains Historical Society in Canyon , Texas , for the permanent preservation of the historic spot . The society subsequently founded the Panhandle Plains Historical Museum . There is an exhibit of the battle in the Hutchinson County Historical Museum in Borger . Adobe Walls exhibit in Borger , Texas References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dixon , O. , Life and Adventures of `` Billy '' Dixon , 1914 , Guthrie : Co-operative Publishing Company ^ Jump up to : `` Empire of the summer moon '' , S.C. Gwynne , 2010 , ISBN 1416591060 Jump up ^ Coyote Creek , Mike . `` History of Adobe Walls '' . San Jose , CA : Faultline Shootist Society . Jump up ^ Lester Fields Sheffy , The Life and Times of Timothy Dwight Hobart , 1855 - 1935 : Colonization of West Texas ( Panhandle - Plains Historical Society , 1950 ) , pp. 282 . Rupert N. Richardson , `` The Comanche Indians at the Adobe Walls Fight '' , Panhandle - Plains Historical Review 4 ( 1931 ) . G. Derek West , `` The Battle of Adobe Walls '' , Panhandle - Plains Historical Review 36 ( 1963 ) . T. Lindsay Baker and Billy R. Harrison , Adobe Walls : The History and Archaeology of the 1874 Trading Post College Station : Texas A&M University Press ( April 4 , 1986 ) , trade paperback , 452 pages , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58544 - 176 - 1 Further reading ( edit ) Little , Edward Campbell ( January 1908 ) . `` The Battle of Adobe Walls '' . Pearson 's Magazine : 75 -- 85 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . External links ( edit ) The Battle of Adobe Walls , Texas State Library ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls&oldid=835979674 '' Categories : 1874 in Texas Battles involving the Comanche Battles involving the United States Bison hunting Conflicts in 1874 Native American history of Texas Texas -- Indian Wars Last stand battles June 1874 events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 23 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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30 hunters held out against 700 comanche and kiowa warriors at
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"The Second Battle of Adobe Walls was fought on June 27, 1874, between Comanche forces and a group of 28 U.S. bison hunters defending the settlement of Adobe Walls, in what is now Hutchinson County, Texas. \"Adobe Walls was scarcely more than a lone island in the vast sea of the Great Plains, a solitary refuge uncharted and practically unknown.\"[1]:225"
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"Adobe Walls, in what is now Hutchinson County, Texas"
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Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States
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Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search The appointment and confirmation of Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps set forth by the United States Constitution , which have been further refined and developed by decades of tradition . Candidates are nominated by the President of the United States and must face a series of hearings in which both the nominee and other witnesses make statements and answer questions before the Senate Judiciary Committee , which can vote to send the nomination to the full United States Senate . Confirmation by the Senate allows the President to formally appoint the candidate to the court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomination 2 Confirmation 3 Recess appointments 4 Tenure and vacancies 5 References Nomination ( edit ) Article Two of the United States Constitution requires the President of the United States to nominate Supreme Court Justices and , with Senate confirmation , requires Justices to be appointed . This was for the division of power between the President and Senate by the founders , who wrote : he shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court ... Upon the election of a new President , incoming White House staff prepare profiles of possible candidates for the Supreme Court , considering not only judges but also politicians and other individuals whom they consider appropriate for the role . Besides considering national figures whose views are well - known , they consider others who are less recognized . They go through published rulings , articles , speeches , and other background material to get an idea of candidates ' values and views on constitutional issues . Age , health , race , gender , and likelihood of confirmation are also factored into considerations . Once a Supreme Court vacancy opens , the President discusses the candidates with advisors . Senators also call the President with suggestions . After a first choice is decided , the candidate is contacted and called on by the President to serve on the highest court . Staffers send a vetting form for the candidate to fill out . They visit the candidate to go over tax records and payments to domestic help . Candidates whom the President has never met are interviewed by White House officials before being sent to the White House to be interviewed in person by the President . After making a final decision , the President calls the candidate , who is told to prepare a statement for an appearance in front of the national press for the President 's formal announcement . Most Presidents nominate individuals who broadly share their ideological views . In many cases , however , a Justice 's decisions may be contrary to what the nominating President anticipated . A famous instance was Chief Justice Earl Warren ; President Dwight D. Eisenhower expected him to be a conservative judge , but his decisions are arguably among the most liberal in the Court 's history . Eisenhower later called the appointment `` the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made '' . Another Justice whose decisions ran contrary to what was believed to be his ideology was David Souter , who was nominated to the high court in 1990 by President George H.W. Bush . Many pundits and politicians at the time expected Souter to be a conservative ; however , after becoming a Justice , his opinions generally fell on the liberal side of the political spectrum . Because the Constitution does not set any qualifications for service as a Justice , the President may nominate any individual to serve on the Court . However , that person must receive the confirmation of the Senate . Confirmation ( edit ) In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from special - interest groups , many of which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee , depending on whether the nominee 's track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings , questioning nominees to determine their suitability . By convention , nominees avoid revealing too much about their views on potential cases that may come before the Court . At the close of confirmation hearings , the Committee votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The Roberts Court ( April 2017 - present ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The Committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent , beginning with Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 . Some western senators were concerned with his links to Wall Street and expressed their opposition when Stone was nominated . Stone proposed what was then the novelty of appearing before the Judiciary Committee to answer questions ; his testimony helped secure a confirmation vote with very little opposition . The second nominee to appear before the Committee was Felix Frankfurter , who only addressed ( at the Committee 's request ) what he considered to be slanderous allegations against him . The modern practice of the Committee questioning nominees on their judicial views began with the nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 ; the nomination came shortly after the Court handed down the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision , and several Southern senators attempted to block Harlan 's confirmation , hence the decision to testify . Once the Committee reports out the nomination , the whole Senate considers it . A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee . Prior to 2017 , a successful filibuster threat could add the requirement of a supermajority of 60 needed in favor of cloture , which would allow debate to end and force a final vote on confirmation . Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees in its history . The most recent rejection of a nominee by vote of the full Senate came in 1987 , when the Senate refused to confirm Robert Bork . Not everyone nominated by the President has received a floor vote in the Senate . Prior to 2017 a nominee could be filibustered once debate on the nomination had begun in the full Senate . A filibuster indefinitely prolongs the debate , preventing a final vote on the nominee . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 before Committee hearings had begun , citing concerns about Senate requests during her confirmation process for access to internal Executive Branch documents resulting from her position as White House Counsel . In 1987 , President Ronald Reagan withdrew the nomination of Douglas H. Ginsburg because of news reports containing marijuana use allegations . The Senate may also fail to act on the nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , the Senate failed to act on President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland in March 2016 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Antonin Scalia ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Before 1981 the approval process of Justices was usually rapid . From the Truman through Nixon administrations , Justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Some believe this is because Congress sees Justices as playing a more political role than in the past . The perceived politicization of the process has drawn criticism . For example , columnist George F. Will termed the defeat of Robert Bork 's nomination `` unjust '' and , more generally , that the nomination process does `` not delve deeply into the nominee 's jurisprudential thinking . '' Supreme Court nominations have caused media speculation about whether the judge leans to the left , middle , or right . One indication of the politicized selection process is how much time each nominee spends being questioned under the glare of media coverage ; before 1925 , nominees were never questioned ; after 1955 , every nominee has been required to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee and answer questions ; and the hours spent being grilled have lengthened from single digits ( before 1980 ) to double digits today . Another example of the politicization of the process was the Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination , which remained before the Senate far longer than any other nominee . Following is a table of the approximate number of hours that media sources estimate were spent on the questioning of Supreme Court nominees since 1925 : Year Nominee # Hours 1925 Harlan Fiske Stone 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 1938 Felix Frankfurter -- 1955 John Marshall Harlan II -- 1957 William J. Brennan , Jr . 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 1967 Thurgood Marshall 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 1971 William H. Rehnquist 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 John Paul Stevens 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 1981 Sandra Day O'Connor 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Robert Bork ( not confirmed ) 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Anthony Kennedy 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 David H. Souter 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 1991 Clarence Thomas 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Ruth Bader Ginsburg 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Stephen G. Breyer 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2005 John G. Roberts , Jr . 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2016 Merrick Garland ( not confirmed ) 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 2017 Neil Gorsuch 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Sources : The New York Times ( 2005 , 2009 ) , MSNBC ( 2005 ) Once the Senate confirms the nomination by an affirmative vote , the Secretary of the Senate attests to a resolution of confirmation and transmits it to the White House . The President then prepares and signs a commission , and causes the Seal of the United States Department of Justice to be affixed to the document before the new Justice can take office . The date of commission determines a Justice 's seniority . A ceremony is held in which the Justice must take the Constitutional Oath , which is used for every federal and state officeholder below the President , and the Judicial Oath used for federal judges before entering into the execution of their office . Recess appointments ( edit ) Potter Stewart , appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower , was the last Supreme Court Justice initially placed on the Court through a recess appointment . Article II , Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provides that : The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate , by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session . Thus , when the Senate is in recess , the President may make a temporary appointment to any office requiring Senate approval , including filling vacancies on the Supreme Court , without the Senate 's advice and consent . Such a recess appointee to the Supreme Court holds office only until the end of the next Senate session ( always less than two years ) . To continue to serve thereafter and be compensated for his or her service , the nominee must be formally nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Of the ten Justices who have received recess appointments - two Chief Justices and eight Associate Justices - only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed for a regular appointment . No president since Dwight Eisenhower ( who made three such appointments ) has made a recess appointment to the Supreme Court and the practice has become highly controversial even when applied to lower federal courts . During the 110th Congress , the Democratic leadership of the Senate specifically blocked Republican President George W. Bush from making any recess appointments with the use of pro forma sessions . In 1960 the Senate passed a resolution stating that it was the sense of the Senate that recess appointments to the Supreme Court should not be made except under unusual circumstances . Being a resolution , it has no legally binding effect , but was intended as an expression of the position of the Senate and as a guide to executive actions . The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines . Following is a list of recess appointments that have been made to the Supreme Court : Justice Appointed by Date of Appointment Date of Nomination Date of Senate action Senate action Johnson , Thomas Thomas Johnson Washington 000000001791 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 1791 000000001791 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 1791 000000001791 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1791 Confirmed Rutledge , John John Rutledge ( as Chief Justice ) Washington 000000001795 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1795 000000001795 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1795 000000001795 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1795 Rejected Washington , Bushrod Bushrod Washington J. Adams 000000001798 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1798 000000001798 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1798 000000001798 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1798 Confirmed Livingston , Henry Brockholst Henry Brockholst Livingston Jefferson 000000001806 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1806 000000001806 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1806 000000001806 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1806 Confirmed Thompson , Smith Smith Thompson Monroe 000000001823 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1823 000000001823 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1823 000000001823 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1823 Confirmed McKinley , John John McKinley Van Buren 000000001837 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1837 000000001837 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1837 000000001837 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1837 Confirmed Woodbury , Levi Levi Woodbury Polk 000000001845 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1845 000000001845 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 1845 000000001846 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1846 Confirmed Curtis , Benjamin Robbins Benjamin Robbins Curtis Fillmore 000000001851 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1851 000000001851 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1851 000000001851 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1851 Confirmed Davis , David David Davis Lincoln 000000001862 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1862 000000001862 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1862 000000001862 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1862 Confirmed Warren , Earl Earl Warren ( as Chief Justice ) Eisenhower 000000001953 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1953 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 Confirmed Brennan , Jr. , William J. William J. Brennan , Jr . Eisenhower 000000001956 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1956 000000001957 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1957 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 Confirmed Stewart , Potter Potter Stewart Eisenhower 000000001958 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1958 000000001959 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1959 000000001959 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1959 Confirmed Tenure and vacancies ( edit ) The ability of a president to appoint new justices depends on the occurrence of a vacancy on the Court . The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is well understood to mean Justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , although they can voluntarily resign or retire . A Justice can also be removed by Congressional impeachment and conviction . However , only one Justice has been impeached by the House ( Samuel Chase , in 1805 ) and he was acquitted in the Senate . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , once in 1953 and again in 1970 ) , but they have not reached a vote in the House . No mechanism presently exists for removing a Justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , both unable to resign and unable to resume service . Because Justices have indefinite tenure , it is impossible to know when a vacancy will next occur . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William H. Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 and the departures of Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Sandra Day O'Connor ( by death and retirement , respectively ) in 2005 and 2006 . It is also theoretically possible for Congress to create additional vacancies by expanding the Court itself . The United States Constitution does not specify the size of the Supreme Court , but in Article III it authorizes the Congress to fix the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six justices . As the country grew geographically , Congress increased the number of justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits . In 1807 , the court was expanded to seven members , allowing Thomas Jefferson to appoint Thomas Todd as a new Justice . The expansion to nine members in 1837 allowed Andrew Jackson to appoint John Catron , and Martin Van Buren to appoint John McKinley ; and the addition of a tenth seat in 1863 allowed Abraham Lincoln to name Stephen Johnson Field to the Court . However , at the request of Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase , Congress passed the Judicial Circuits Act ( 1866 ) which provided that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced ; thus , the size of the Court should have eventually reached seven by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . However , this law did not play out to completion , for in the Judiciary Act of 1869 , also known as the Circuit Judges Act , the number of justices was again set at nine , where it has since remained . The new seat created in 1869 was filled the following year by Ulysses S. Grant 's appointment of Joseph P. Bradley - the last justice to be appointed to a newly created seat on the Court . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 , seeking to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement ; under Roosevelt 's proposal , such appointments would continue until the Court reached a maximum size of 15 justices . Ostensibly , the proposal was made to ease the burdens of the docket on the elderly judges , but the President 's actual purpose was to pack the Court with justices who would support New Deal policies and legislation . This plan , usually called the `` Court - packing Plan '' , failed in Congress and proved a political disaster for Roosevelt . The balance of the Court shifted with the retirement of Willis Van Devanter and the confirmation of Hugo Black in August 1937 . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven Supreme Court justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Despite the variability , nearly all Presidents so far have been able to appoint at least one Justice . The four exceptions are William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , Andrew Johnson , and Jimmy Carter . Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Taylor likewise died early in his presidential term , although his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Johnson was denied the opportunity to appoint a Justice by a contraction in the size of the Supreme Court , which Congress may dictate . Jimmy Carter is the only President who completed at least one full term in office without making a nomination to the Court during his presidency . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Black , Ryan C. ; Owens , Ryan J. `` Courting the President : How Circuit Court Judges Alter Their Behavior for Promotion to the Supreme Court '' . American Journal of Political Science . 60 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 43 . doi : 10.1111 / ajps. 12132 . Jump up ^ Todd S. , Purdum ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Presidents , Picking Justices , Can Have Backfires '' . Courts in Transition : Nominees and History . New York Times . p . A4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Tom Curry ( Nov 5 , 2005 ) . `` A guide to the Supreme Court nomination ( quote :) `` ... 1939 , when he went before the Judiciary Committee , nominee Felix Frankfurter told senators ... '' `` . MSNBC.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : STEPHEN L. CARTER ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` Let the Nominee Stay Home ( quote :) `` ... The first was John Marshall Harlan in 1955 , who declined invitations to discuss either specific cases or judicial philosophy as ' a matter of propriety ' ... '' `` . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist - for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Schallhorn , Kaitlyn ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Schumer : Democrats will filibuster SCOTUS nominee Neil Gorsuch '' . The Blaze . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Schumer added that Gorsuch 's record shows he has a `` deep - seated conservative ideology '' and `` groomed by the Federalist Society , '' a conservative nonprofit legal organization . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on 17 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ NEIL A. LEWIS ( June 27 , 1993 ) . `` Balanced Jurist at Home in the Middle '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Steve Padilla ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor hearings : The grilling of Supreme Court nominees is a relatively new invention ( quote :) `` Harlan Stone became the first Supreme Court nominee to appear and testify before the Judiciary Committee in 1925 '' ALSO `` Every nominee to the high court since President Eisenhower 's 1955 nomination of John Harlan has testified before the committee . '' `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` COURT IN TRANSITION ; Republicans Speak of Respect of Roberts 's Peers , and Democrats Issue Warnings -- their sources : Courts and Congress by Judge Robert A. Katzmann ; Senate transcripts '' . New York Times . September 16 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rutkus , Supreme Court Nominations , p. 57 Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ See 28 U.S.C. § 4 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( 2001 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 -- 18 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ Democrats supported the resolution 48 - 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 - 0 . Jump up ^ Denis Steven Rutkus & Maureen Bearden , Supreme Court Nominations , 1789 - 2009 : Actions by the Senate , the Judiciary Committee , and the President , Cong . Research Serv . ( May 13 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 ( hide ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No vacancies History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appointment_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=841918254 '' Categories : Supreme Court of the United States Nomination and appointment of United States federal judges Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who selects the justices on the supreme court
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"Article Two of the United States Constitution requires the President of the United States to nominate Supreme Court Justices and, with Senate confirmation, requires Justices to be appointed. This was for the division of power between the President and Senate by the founders, who wrote:"
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"the President of the United States"
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Mamma Mia! (film)
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Mamma Mia ! ( Film ) - wikipedia Mamma Mia ! ( Film ) Mamma Mia ! Theatrical release poster Directed by Phyllida Lloyd Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Catherine Johnson Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Meryl Streep Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Julie Walters Dominic Cooper Amanda Seyfried Christine Baranski Music by Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus Cinematography Haris Zambarloukos Edited by Lesley Walker Production company Relativity Media Littlestar Productions Playtone Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) ( Leicester Square ) July 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 10 ) ( United Kingdom ) July 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 17 ) ( Germany ) July 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country Germany United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $52 million Box office $615.7 million Mamma Mia ! ( promoted as Mamma Mia ! The Movie ) is a 2008 jukebox musical romantic comedy film directed by Phyllida Lloyd and written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name , also written by Johnson , which itself is based on the songs of pop group ABBA , including the title song , with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson . The film features an ensemble cast , including Meryl Streep , Pierce Brosnan , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Julie Walters , Dominic Cooper , Amanda Seyfried and Christine Baranski . The plot follows a young bride - to - be who invites three men to her upcoming wedding , each one with the possibility of being her father . The film was an international co-production between Germany , the United Kingdom , and the United States , and was co-produced by Relativity Media , Playtone and Littlestar Productions . Principal photography primarily took place on the island of Skopelos , Greece from August to September 2007 . The film was distributed by Universal Pictures . Mamma Mia ! held its world premiere on June 30 , 2008 at Leicester Square in London and premiered on July 4 , 2008 in Stockholm , Sweden , with Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus , Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog in attendance . The film was released theatrically on July 10 in the United Kingdom , on July 17 in Germany and on July 18 in the United States . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the musical numbers and production values , but criticized the plot and casting of inexperienced singers , in particular Brosnan and Skarsgård . Nonetheless , the film grossed $615 million worldwide on a $52 million budget , becoming the fifth highest - grossing film of 2008 . A sequel , titled Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again , was released on July 20 , 2018 , with much of the main cast returning . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On the Greek island of Kalokairi , 20 - year - old bride - to - be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids , Ali and Lisa , that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother , Donna . They are the men that her mother 's diary reveals could have been her father : Irish - American architect Sam Carmichael , Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson , and British banker Harry Bright . She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding , and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father . Sophie 's mother Donna , who owns a villa and runs it not very successfully as a hotel , is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates , wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham - Leigh , and reveals her bafflement at her daughter 's desire to get married . Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya . The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room . She does n't reveal that she believes one of them is her father , but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations . She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she `` so often '' favorably speaks . They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie 's secret . Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers , demanding they leave . She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie . Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders . Sophie finds the men aboard Bill 's yacht , and they sail around Kalokairi , telling stories of Donna 's carefree youth . Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy , but loses her nerve . Sky and Sophie sing to each other , but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party . At Sophie 's bachelorette party , Donna , Tanya , and Rosie perform . When Sam , Bill , and Harry arrive , Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone . While her girlfriends dance with the men , Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great - aunt Sofia . Sophie guesses she must be Sofia 's namesake . She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding . Sophie 's happiness is short - lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away . Sophie , overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three `` fathers '' , faints . In the morning , Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men . Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night , but Rosie interrupts them . Donna confronts Sophie , believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped . Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother 's mistakes . Sam accosts Donna , concerned about Sophie getting married so young . Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other . Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night . Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help . He reacts angrily to Sophie 's deception and she turns to her mother for support . As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding , their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie 's childhood . Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant . Sophie asks Donna to give her away . As the bridal party walks to the chapel , Sam intercepts Donna , who reveals the pain she felt over losing him . Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays . Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men . Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married , he did not go through with it , but returned to find Donna with another man . The men do not want paternity confirmed , each agreeing to be one - third of a father for Sophie . She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world . Sam proposes to Donna . She accepts and they are married . At the reception , Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill . The couples proclaim their love . Sophie and Sky sail away . Cast ( edit ) ABBA appeared together with the film 's cast in 2008 . ( Left to right : Benny Andersson , Pierce Brosnan , Amanda Seyfried , Meryl Streep , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , Christine Baranski , Colin Firth , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Judy Craymer , Björn Ulvaeus and Dominic Cooper ) Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan , Sophie 's mother , owner of the hotel Villa Donna . Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 20 - year - old daughter , Sky 's fiancée . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , Sophie 's possible father and an architect . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father and a British banker . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Andersson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; an unmarried fun - loving author . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , Donna 's other former bandmate ; a rich three - time divorcee . Philip Michael as Pepper , Sky 's best man who likes Tanya ; a bartender Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros Ashley Lilley as Ali , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Rachel McDowall as Lisa , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Enzo Squillino as Gregoris , one of Donna 's employees . Niall Buggy as Father Alex , the wedding priest . Chris Jarvis as Eddie , a friend of Sky and Pepper . Cameo appearances and uncredited roles Benny Andersson as `` Dancing Queen '' piano player Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god Rita Wilson as Greek goddess Musical numbers ( edit ) See also : Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 7 , 2008 by Decca and Polydor in the United States and internationally , respectively . The recording was produced by Benny Andersson . The album features sixteen musical numbers within the film , including a hidden track . The album was nominated at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . The deluxe edition of the soundtrack album was released on November 25 , 2008 . `` I Have a Dream '' -- Sophie `` Honey , Honey '' -- Sophie , Ali and Lisa `` Money , Money , Money '' -- Donna , Tanya and Rosie `` Mamma Mia '' -- Donna `` Chiquitita '' -- Rosie , Tanya and Donna `` Dancing Queen '' -- Tanya , Rosie and Donna `` Our Last Summer '' -- Harry , Bill , Sam , Sophie and Donna `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' -- Sky and Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Donna , Tanya and Rosie `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' -- Sophie , Ali and Lisa `` Voulez - Vous '' -- Donna , Sam , Tanya , Rosie , Harry , Bill , Sky , Ali , Lisa and Pepper `` The Name of the Game '' -- Sophie `` SOS '' -- Sam and Donna `` Does Your Mother Know '' -- Tanya and Pepper `` Slipping Through My Fingers '' -- Donna and Sophie `` The Winner Takes It All '' -- Donna `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' -- Sam and Donna `` When All Is Said and Done '' -- Sam and Donna `` Take a Chance on Me '' -- Rosie , Bill , Tanya , Pepper and Harry `` Waterloo '' -- Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , Harry , Sky and Sophie `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie Featured in the film , but omitted from the soundtrack album . Included in the soundtrack album , but omitted from the film . Included on the soundtrack album as a hidden track . Production ( edit ) The Agios Ioannis chapel during filming of the wedding scene for Mamma Mia ! . Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos ( during August / September 2007 ) , and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece . On Skopelos , Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film 's main location site . The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach , but removed both set pieces after production wrapped . A complete set for Donna 's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there . Real trees were utilised for the set , watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing . The part of the film where Brosnan 's character , Sam , leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd 's Building on Lime Street in the City of London . He dashes down the escalators and through the porte - cochere , where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity . The movie was filmed in the Greek island of Skopelos The Fernando , Bill Anderson 's yacht ( actually a ketch ) in the film was the Tai - Mo - Shan built in 1934 by H.S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards . Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child , and as an adult , she previously sang in several films , including Postcards from the Edge , Silkwood , Death Becomes Her , and A Prairie Home Companion . She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia ! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001 , when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9 / 11 . Release ( edit ) Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere , most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere , where Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget , Stockholm , owned by Andersson , on July 4 , 2008 . It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986 . Home Media ( edit ) In November 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the fastest - selling DVD of all time in the UK , according to Official UK Charts Company figures . It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release , breaking the previous record ( held by Titanic ) by 560,000 copies . By the end of 2008 , the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK , with one in every four households owning a copy ( over 5 million copies sold ) . The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies . In the United States , the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release . By December 31 , 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the best - selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million , against a production budget of $52 million . It became the highest grossing live - action musical of all time , until it was surpassed by Bill Condon 's Beauty and the Beast in 2017 . It was also the highest - grossing movie directed by a woman , until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman in 2017 . It is the third highest - grossing film of 2008 internationally ( i.e. , outside North America ) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America ( the US and Canada ) with $144.1 million . In the United Kingdom , Mamma Mia ! has grossed £ 69.2 million as of January 23 , 2009 , and is the ninth highest - grossing film of all time at the UK box office . The film opened at # 1 in the U.K , taking £ 6.6 million on 496 screens . It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks , narrowly keeping Pixar 's WALL - E from reaching # 1 in its second week . When released on July 3 in Greece , the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 1 at the Greek box office . The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada , and $27.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 2 at the box office , behind The Dark Knight . At the time , it made Mamma Mia ! the record - holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical , surpassing Hairspray 's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods . Critical response ( edit ) Pierce Brosnan 's singing was heavily panned by critics On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 54 % based on 179 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like ' You Can Dance ' the whole 90 minutes . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . BBC Radio 5 Live 's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film , despite describing the experience as ' the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke ' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was more negative , giving it one star , and expressed a `` need to vomit '' . Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was `` so base , so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle , it 's amazing it was n't made for men '' . The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together : `` Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame , but I have a sneaking suspicion I 'll go to see it again anyway . '' Angie Errigo of Empire said it was `` cute , clean , camp fun , full of sunshine and toe tappers . '' The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews . Variety stated that `` some stars , especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep , seem better suited for musical comedy than others , including Brosnan and Skarsgård . '' Brosnan , especially , was savaged by many critics : his singing was compared to `` a water buffalo '' ( New York Magazine ) , `` a donkey braying '' ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ) and `` a wounded raccoon '' ( The Miami Herald ) , and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he `` looks physically pained choking out the lyrics , as if he 's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera 's eye . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . ACE Eddie Awards February 15 , 2009 Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Lesley Walker Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 8 , 2009 Outstanding British Film Mamma Mia ! Nominated Best Film Music Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Nominated Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director , Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film Judy Craymer Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 17 , 2009 Excellence in Contemporary Film Ann Roth Nominated Empire Awards March 29 , 2009 Best Soundtrack Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Won Golden Globe Awards January 11 , 2009 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Mamma Mia ! Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards February 21 , 2009 Worst Supporting Actor Pierce Brosnan Won Golden Reel Awards February 21 , 2009 Best Sound Editing -- Music in a Musical Feature Film Tony Lewis , Martin Lowe , Robert Houston Won Grammy Awards February 8 , 2009 Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Various Artists Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards February 14 , 2009 Best International Actress Meryl Streep Won MTV Movie Awards May 31 , 2009 Best Breakthrough Female Performance Amanda Seyfried Nominated National Movie Awards September 8 , 2008 Best Musical Mamma Mia ! Won Best Female Performance Meryl Streep Won Best Male Performance Pierce Brosnan Nominated Colin Firth Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 7 , 2009 Favorite Movie Comedy Mamma Mia ! Nominated Favorite Cast Mamma Mia ! Nominated Favorite Song from a Soundtrack `` Mamma Mia '' Won Rembrandt Awards March 9 , 2009 Best Female Actress Meryl Streep Won Best International Actress Won Best International Film Phyllida Lloyd Won Satellite Awards December 14 , 2008 Best Actress in a Motion Picture , Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Because of the film 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , the co-chairman of Universal Studios , said that it would take a while , but there would be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson , and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there were still plenty of ABBA songs to use . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a planned release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . It was announced that Seyfried , Cooper , Streep , Firth and Brosnan would be returning . In July 2017 , Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) BFI '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Paul ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! -- Unfazed by the fuss in Skopelos '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FLAMIN - Page not found '' . 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 45 ' Teak Ketch 1933 . Yacht for sale from classic yacht broker in Poole '' . Sandeman Yacht brokerage Poole . Sandeman Yacht Company . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tai - Mo - Shan '' . Coburg Yacht Brokers website . Coburg Yacht Brokers . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Meryl Streep the singing and dancing queen '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meryl Streep , speaking on ' Abba : The Mamma Mia Story ' , ITV Jump up ^ Sandra Wejbro ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` ABBA återförenades på röda mattan ( Swedish ) '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' breaks U.K. DVD record '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` MAMMA MIA ! DVD Takes In 30 Million In First Day Of Sales '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Nyheterna - tv4.se '' . nyheterna.se . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' passes ' Mamma Mia ! ' as highest - grossing film by female director '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` UK all time top grossing films '' . 25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . July 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Gioia , Vichet Chum ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` '' Into the Woods '' Slides Into Second Place in Domestic Box - Office Totals , Beating `` Unbroken '' `` . Playbill . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . As previously reported , the Rob Marshall - directed film has become the biggest launch of a Broadway adaptation since `` Mamma Mia ! '' ( $27.8 million ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mama Mia reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Kermode Reviews Mamma Mia '' . BBC Radio 5 live . 2008 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw . `` Mamma Mia ! Culture '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIEBOB : Mama Mia '' . YouTube . 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Angie Errigo ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Review Movie '' . gb : Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jordan Mintzer ( 2008 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight -- Mamma Mia ! -- The Exiles '' . Nymag.com . New York Magazine Movie Review . 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( 2008 - 07 - 17 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia , ' here we go again -- this time on screen '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Rene . `` Mamma Mia ! ( PG - 13 ) * * Â1⁄2 Singing ! And dancing ! Not much of a story ! Who cares ! ? ! MiamiHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Brunson , Matt ( 2008 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Out of tune Reviews '' . Charlotte.creativeloafing.com . Creative Loafing Charlotte . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` ACE Eddie Noms Announced '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations in 2009 '' . Film Awards -- BAFTA. 2009 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual Awards 2008 '' . Costume Designers Guild . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Empire Awards 2009 : The Winners '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Annual Golden Globe Award Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John ( 2009 ) . `` 29th Annual Golden Raspberry ( Razzie ) Award `` Winners '' `` . Home of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Golden Reel Award Nominees : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 51st Annual Grammy Awards -- 2008 '' . grammy.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners 2009 IFTA Irish Film & Television Academy Irish Film & Television Awards '' . Irish Film & Television Academy . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` 2009 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . SlashFilm . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Veronica ( 9 September 2008 ) . `` Mamma Mia wins at National Movie Awards '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Past Nominees & Winners : 2009 '' . PCAvote.com . Sycamore Productions . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ van Oosten , Jasper ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Oorlogswinter en Mamma Mia ! winnen Film1 Rembrandt Awards '' . Film1 . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees and Winners ; 2008 13th Annual SATELLITE Awards '' . The International Press Academy . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Baz Bamigboye ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . US Today . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zach Seemayer ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenna Busch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia Sequel Casts Baby Driver 's Lily James '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Louise FitzGerald , Melanie Williams : Mamma Mia ! The Movie : Exploring a Cultural Phenomenon . I.B. Tauris , 2013 , ISBN 9781848859425 External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! on IMDb Mamma Mia ! at AllMovie Mamma Mia ! at Box Office Mojo Mamma Mia ! at Rotten Tomatoes Mamma Mia ! at Metacritic ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_(film)&oldid=855683099 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films ABBA 2000s musical comedy films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s romantic musical films American films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films British films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films Directorial debut films Greek - language films Films about weddings Films based on musicals Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films set in hotels Films set in Greece Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set on islands Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in California Films shot in Greece Films shot in London Films shot in Morocco Jukebox musical films Universal Pictures films Mamma Mia ! Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with citations having redundant parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 02 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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where were sophie's friends in mamma mia
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[
"Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan, Sophie's mother, owner of the hotel Villa Donna.\nAmanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Donna's 20-year-old daughter, Sky's fiancée.\nPierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, Sophie's possible father and an architect.\nColin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father and a British banker.\nStellan Skarsgård as Bill Andersson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer.\nDominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel.\nJulie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.\nChristine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, Donna's other former bandmate; a rich three-time divorcee.\nPhilip Michael as Pepper, Sky's best man who likes Tanya; a bartender\nJuan Pablo Di Pace as Petros\nAshley Lilley as Ali, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.\nRachel McDowall as Lisa, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.\nEnzo Squillino as Gregoris, one of Donna's employees.\nNiall Buggy as Father Alex, the wedding priest.\nChris Jarvis as Eddie, a friend of Sky and Pepper.",
"Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan, Sophie's mother, owner of the hotel Villa Donna.\nAmanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Donna's 20-year-old daughter, Sky's fiancée.\nPierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, Sophie's possible father and an architect.\nColin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father and a British banker.\nStellan Skarsgård as Bill Andersson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer.\nDominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel.\nJulie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.\nChristine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, Donna's other former bandmate; a rich three-time divorcee.\nPhilip Michael as Pepper, Sky's best man who likes Tanya; a bartender\nJuan Pablo Di Pace as Petros\nAshley Lilley as Ali, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.\nRachel McDowall as Lisa, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.\nEnzo Squillino as Gregoris, one of Donna's employees.\nNiall Buggy as Father Alex, the wedding priest.\nChris Jarvis as Eddie, a friend of Sky and Pepper.",
"Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan, Sophie's mother, owner of the hotel Villa Donna.\nAmanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Donna's 20-year-old daughter, Sky's fiancée.\nPierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, Sophie's possible father and an architect.\nColin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father and a British banker.\nStellan Skarsgård as Bill Andersson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer.\nDominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel.\nJulie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.\nChristine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, Donna's other former bandmate; a rich three-time divorcee.\nPhilip Michael as Pepper, Sky's best man who likes Tanya; a bartender\nJuan Pablo Di Pace as Petros\nAshley Lilley as Ali, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.\nRachel McDowall as Lisa, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.\nEnzo Squillino as Gregoris, one of Donna's employees.\nNiall Buggy as Father Alex, the wedding priest.\nChris Jarvis as Eddie, a friend of Sky and Pepper."
] |
[
"Sky",
"Ali",
"Lisa"
] |
-8374533464908357484
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Fire hydrant
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Fire hydrant - wikipedia Fire hydrant Fire hydrant in Charlottesville , Virginia , USA A fire hydrant , also called a fireplug , fire pump , johnny pump , or simply pump , is a connection point by which firefighters can tap into a water supply . It is a component of active fire protection . Contents 1 Operation 1.1 Other uses 2 Construction 3 Appearance 4 Signage 5 Inspection and maintenance 6 Non-pressurized ( dry ) hydrants 7 Other types 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Operation ( edit ) Clapper valve A New York City hydrant hooked to an FDNY fire engine with a turgid hose actively pumping water . The user attaches a hose to the fire hydrant , then opens a valve on the hydrant to provide a powerful flow of water , on the order of 350 kPa ( 50 pounds per square inch gauge ( psig ) ) ( this pressure varies according to region and depends on various factors including the size and location of the attached water main ) . This user can attach this hose to a fire engine , which can use a powerful pump to boost the water pressure and possibly split it into multiple streams . One may connect the hose with a threaded connection , instantaneous `` quick connector '' or a Storz connector . A user should take care not to open or close a fire hydrant too quickly , as this can cause a water hammer , which can damage nearby pipes and equipment . The water inside a charged hose line causes it to be very heavy and high water pressure causes it to be stiff and unable to make a tight turn while pressurized . When a fire hydrant is unobstructed , this is not a problem , as there is enough room to adequately position the hose . Most fire hydrant valves are not designed to throttle the water flow ; they are designed to be operated full - on or full - off . The valving arrangement of most dry - barrel hydrants is for the drain valve to be open at anything other than full operation . Usage at partial - opening can consequently result in considerable flow directly into the soil surrounding the hydrant , which , over time , can cause severe scouring . Gate or butterfly valves can be installed directly onto the hydrant orifices to control individual outputs and allow for changing equipment connections without turning off the flow to other orifices . These valves can be up to 12 inches in diameter to accommodate the large central `` steamer '' orifices on many US hydrants . It is good practice to install valves on all orifices before using a hydrant as the protective caps are unreliable and can cause major injury if they fail . When operating a hydrant , a firefighter typically wears appropriate personal protective equipment , such as gloves and a helmet with face shield worn . High - pressure water coursing through a potentially aging and corroding hydrant could cause a failure , injuring the firefighter operating the hydrant or bystanders . In most jurisdictions it is illegal to park a car within a certain distance of a fire hydrant . In North America the distances are commonly 3 to 5 m or 10 to 15 ft , often indicated by yellow or red paint on the curb . The rationale behind these laws is that hydrants need to be visible and accessible in an emergency . Other uses ( edit ) Children playing in the spray of a fire hydrant in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . A reduced pressure zone device is used to prevent back - flow when supplying water to a construction site To prevent casual use or misuse , the hydrant requires special tools to be opened , usually a large wrench with a pentagonal socket . Vandals sometimes cause monetary loss by wasting water when they open hydrants . Such vandalism can also reduce municipal water pressure and impair firefighters ' efforts to extinguish fires . Sometimes those simply seeking to play in the water remove the caps and open the valve , providing residents a place to play and cool off in summer . However , this is usually discouraged as residents have been struck by passing automobiles while playing in the street in the water spray . In spite of this , some US communities provide low flow sprinkler heads to enable residents to use the hydrants to cool off during hot weather , while gaining some control on water usage . Most fire hydrants in Australia are protected by a silver - coloured cover with a red top , secured to the ground with bolts to protect the hydrant from vandalism and unauthorized use . The cover must be removed before use . In most areas of the United States , contractors who need temporary water may purchase permits to use hydrants . The permit will generally require a hydrant meter , a gate valve and sometimes a clapper valve ( if not designed into the hydrant already ) to prevent back - flow into the hydrant . Additionally , residents who wish to use the hydrant to fill their in - ground swimming pool are commonly permitted to do so , provided they pay for the water and agree to allow firefighters to draft from their pool in the case of an emergency . Municipal services , such as street sweepers and tank trucks , may also be allowed to use hydrants to fill their water tanks . Often sewer maintenance trucks need water to flush out sewerage lines , and fill their tanks on site from a hydrant . If necessary , the municipal workers will record the amount of water they used , or use a meter . Since fire hydrants are one of the most accessible parts of a water distribution system , they are often used for attaching pressure gauges or loggers or monitor system water pressure . Automatic flushing devices are often attached to hydrants to maintain chlorination levels in areas of low usage . Hydrants are also used as an easy above - ground access point by leak detection devices to locate leaks from the sound they make . Fire hydrants may be used to supply water to riot control vehicles . These vehicles use a high pressure water cannon to discourage rioting . Construction ( edit ) Hydrant installation in Ontario , Canada In areas subject to freezing temperatures , at most , only a portion of the hydrant is above ground . The valve is located below the frost line and connected by a riser to the above - ground portion . A valve rod extends from the valve up through a seal at the top of the hydrant , where it can be operated with the proper wrench . This design is known as a `` dry barrel '' hydrant , in that the barrel , or vertical body of the hydrant , is normally dry . A drain valve underground opens when the water valve is completely closed ; this allows all water to drain from the hydrant body to prevent the hydrant from freezing . In warm areas , hydrants are used with one or more valves in the above - ground portion . Unlike with cold - weather hydrants , it is possible to turn the water supply on and off to each port . This style is known as a `` wet barrel '' hydrant . Both wet - and dry - barrel hydrants typically have multiple outlets . Wet barrel hydrant outlets are typically individually controlled , while a single stem operates all the outlets of a dry barrel hydrant simultaneously . Thus , wet barrel hydrants allow single outlets to be opened , requiring somewhat more effort , but simultaneously allowing more flexibility . A typical U.S. dry - barrel hydrant has two smaller outlets and one larger outlet . The smaller outlet is often a Storz connection if the local fire department has standardized on hose using Storz fittings for large diameter supply line . The larger outlet is known as a `` steamer '' connection , because they were once used to supply steam powered water pumps , and a hydrant with such an outlet may be called a `` steamer hydrant '' , although this usage is becoming archaic . Likewise , an older hydrant without a steamer connection may be called a `` village hydrant . '' Appearance ( edit ) Hydrant coloring may be due to either purely practical criteria or more artistic . In the United States , the AWWA and NFPA recommend hydrants be colored chrome yellow for rapid identification apart from the bonnet and nozzle caps which should be coded according to their available flow . Class AA hydrants ( > 1500 gpm ) should have their nozzle caps and bonnet colored light blue , Class A hydrants ( 1000 -- 1499 gpm ) , green , Class B hydrants ( 500 -- 999 gpm ) , orange , Class C hydrants ( 0 -- 499 gpm ) , red and inoperable or end - of - system ( risking water hammer ) black . This aids arriving firefighters in determining how much water is available and whether to call for additional resources , or find another hydrant . Other codings can be and frequently are used , some of greater complexity , incorporating pressure information , others more simplistic . In Ottawa , Ontario , hydrant colors communicate different messages to firefighters ; for example , if the inside of the hydrant is corroded so much that the interior diameter is too narrow for good pressure , it will be painted in a specific scheme to indicate to firefighters to move on to the next one . In many localities , a white or purple top indicates that the hydrant provides non-potable water . Where artistic and / or aesthetic considerations are paramount , hydrants can be extremely varied , or more subdued . In both instances this is usually at the cost of reduced practicality . In Germany and The Netherlands , most hydrants are located below ground ( resp . Unterflurhydrant and ondergrondse brandkraan ) and are reached by a riser ( resp . Standrohr and standpijp ) , which provides the connections for the hoses . Hydrant in Demorest , Georgia painted with an American patriotic theme . Hydrant in the Philippines . German underground hydrant with Storz hose connections . Czech example . Greek example . Brazilian example . Birdsill Holly hydrant side view from city water supply pipeline right - of - way land Birdsill Holly hydrant top view with description and patent date information 2016 modern fire hydrant Forward hydrant nozzle Hydrant nozzle side view Fire hydrant 5 sided top nut Firefighter uses hydrant Signage ( edit ) British fire hydrant and sign Underground hydrant in Russia marked with a plate and a red cone . red fire hydrant marker plate in Germany along with another blue special purpose water hydrant marker plate In the United Kingdom and Ireland , hydrants are located in the ground . Yellow `` H '' hydrant signs indicate the location of the hydrants , and are similar to the blue signs in Finland . Mounted on a small post or nearby wall etc. , the two numbers indicate the diameter of the water main ( top number ) and the distance from the sign ( lower number ) . Modern signs show these measurements in millimetres and metres , whereas older signs use inches and feet . Because the orders of magnitude are so different ( 6 inches versus 150 mm ) there is no ambiguity whichever measuring system is used . In areas of the United States without winter snow cover , blue reflectors embedded in the street are used to allow rapid identification of hydrants at night . In areas with snow cover , tall signs or flags are used so that hydrants can be found even if covered with snow . In rural areas tall narrow posts painted with visible colours such as red are attached to the hydrants to allow them to be found during heavy snowfall periods . The tops of the fire hydrants indicate the amount of pressure each one will put out . This is good because it makes the choice of what hydrants will be used to supply water to the fire scene . Blue : 1500 GPM or more ; very good flow Green : 1000 -- 1499 GPM ; good for residential areas Orange : 500 -- 999 GPM ; marginally adequate Red : below 500 GPM ; inadequate The hydrant bodies are also color - coded . White : Public System Hydrant Yellow : Private System Hydrant ; connected to public water main Red : Special Operation Hydrant ; not used except for special procedures Violet : Non-potable supply ; effluent , pond or lake supply These markings and colours are required by the NFPA ( National Fire Protection Agency ) . In Australia , hydrant signage varies , with several types displayed across the country . Most Australian hydrants are underground , being of a ballcock system ( spring hydrant type ) , and a separate standpipe with a central plunger is used to open the valve . Consequently , hydrant signage is essential , because of their concealed nature . Painted markers -- Usually a white or yellow ( sometimes reflective paint ) triangle or arrow painted on the road , pointing towards the side of the road the hydrant will be found on . These are most common in old areas , or on new roads where more advanced signs have not been installed . These are almost always coupled with a secondary form of signage . Hydrant Marker Plates -- Found on power poles , fences , or street - signs , these are a comprehensive and effective system of identification . The plate consists of several codes ; H ( Potable water Hydrant ) , RH ( Recycled / Non Potable ) , P ( Pathway , where the hydrant cover can be found ) , R ( Roadway ) . The plate is vertically oriented , around 8 cm wide , and 15 cm high . It usually faces in the direction of the hydrant . Found on this plate , from top to bottom , are the following features : The codes listed above , Potable / Non-potable at the top , Path / Roadway on the bottom of the plate . Below this , a number giving the distance to the hydrant ( in meters ) , then a second number below that giving the size ( in millimeters ) of the water main . A black line across the center of the plate indicates the hydrant is found on the opposite side of the road to which the plate is affixed . Plates for recycled water have a purple background , as well as the RH code , normal potable hydrants are white , with the H code . Road markers or Cat 's eyes -- Almost exclusively blue , Blue reflector marks location of the fire hydrant these are placed on one side or the other of the centre line of the road , to indicate on which side of the road the hydrant lies . They are visible for several hundred meters at night in heavy rain , further in clear conditions . In Germany the hydrant marker plates follow the style of other marker plates pointing to underground installations . Fire hydrant marker plates have a red border . Other water hydrants may have a blue border . A gas hydrant would have a yellow background instead of a white one for fire hydrants . All of them have large central T with the installation identification on top of it - an `` H '' or older `` UH '' is located in the ground , a `` OH '' is above ground , followed by the pipe inner diameter in millimeters ( with a small 80 mm in residential areas ) . The numbers around the T allow to locate the installation in reference to the plate 's location - the number left of the T is in meter left of the sign , the number right of the T is in meter right of the sign , and number below the T tells the distance in meter in front of the sign , where a negative number would point to a place behind the sign . The distance numbers are always given with a comma decimeter precision . If it is not a common fire hydrant type then another identification may be used , for example `` 300 m3 '' would point to a cistern usable to pump water from . In East Asian Countries , such as China , Japan , and South Korea , there are two types of fire hydrants , of which one is on the public ground and the other inside a building . The ones inside a building are installed on a wall . They are big , rectangular boxes that also provide alarms ( sirens ) , a fire extinguisher and , at certain times , emergency kits . Inspection and maintenance ( edit ) A fire hydrant that was hit by a snow plow and knocked over . Note that only the sacrificial bolts were damaged In most areas fire hydrants require annual inspections and maintenance -- they normally only have a one - year warranty , but some have 5 - or even 10 - year warranties , although the longer warranty does not remove the need for periodic inspections or maintenance . These inspections are generally performed by the local municipalities but they often do not inspect hydrants that are identified as private . Private hydrants are usually located on larger properties to adequately protect large buildings in case of a fire and in order to comply with the fire code . Such hydrants have met the requirements of insurance underwriters and are often referred to as UL / FM hydrants . Some companies are contracted out to inspect private fire hydrants unless the municipality has undertaken that task . A fire hydrant flushing water through a diffuser in Durham , North Carolina A fire hydrant without a diffuser flushing discolored water Some fire hydrant manufacturers recommend lubricating the head mechanism and restoring the head gaskets and O - rings annually in order that the fire hydrant perform the service expected of them , while others have incorporated proprietary features to provide long - term lubrication of the hydrant 's operating mechanism . In any case , periodic inspection of lubricants is recommended . Lubrication is generally done with a food - grade non-petroleum lubricant to avoid contamination of the distribution system . Occasionally a stone or foreign object will mar the seat gasket . In this case , most hydrants have a special seat wrench that allows removal of the seat to replace the gasket or other broken parts without removing the hydrant from the ground . Hydrant extensions are also available for raising a hydrant if the grade around the hydrant changes . Without extending the height , the wrenches to remove caps would not clear and the break flanges for traffic models would not be located correctly in case they were hit . Hydrant repair kits are also available to repair sacrificial parts designed to break when hit by a vehicle . Many departments use the hydrants for flushing out water line sediments . When doing so , they often use a hydrant diffuser , a device that diffuses the water so that it does not damage property and is less dangerous to bystanders than a solid stream . Some diffusers also dechlorinate the water to avoid ground contamination . Hydrants are also sometimes used as entry or exit points for pipe cleaning pigs . In 2011 , Code for America developed an `` Adopt a Hydrant '' website , which enables volunteers to sign up to shovel out fire hydrants after snowstorms . As of 2014 , the system has been implemented in Boston , Providence , Rhode Island , Anchorage , Alaska , and Chicago . Non-pressurized ( dry ) hydrants ( edit ) A dry hydrant by Passumpsic River in rural Vermont . In rural areas where municipal water systems are not available , dry hydrants are used to supply water for fighting fires . A dry hydrant is analogous to a standpipe . A dry hydrant is usually an unpressurized , permanently installed pipe that has one end below the water level of a lake or pond . This end usually has a strainer to prevent debris , such as frogs , from entering the pipe . The other end is above ground and has a hard sleeve connector . When needed , a pumper fire engine will pump from the lake or pond by drafting water . This is done by vacuuming the air out of the dry hydrant , hard sleeve , and the fire engine pump with a primer . Because lower pressure now exists at the pump intake , atmospheric pressure on the water and the weight of the water forces water into part of the dry hydrant above water , into the hard sleeve , and finally into the pump . This water can then be pumped by the engine 's centrifugal pump . Other types ( edit ) Water wells are also sometimes classified as fire hydrants if they can supply enough water volume and pressure . Standpipes are connections for firehoses within a building and serve the same purpose as fire hydrants in larger structures . Standpipes may be `` dry '' or `` wet '' ( permanently filled with water ) . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Fire hydrant ( category ) Active fire protection Birdsill Holly Fire extinguisher Fire hose Fire protection Fire sprinkler Flushing hydrant Hydrant wrench Portable water tank References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Fire Protection Association Report ( p. 18 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) . August 15 , 2013 . All barrels are to be chrome yellow except in cases where another color has already been adopted . Jump up ^ BS 750 : `` Specification for underground fire hydrants and surface box frames and covers '' ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` Good Stewardship for Schools Premises p. 18 '' ( PDF ) . Cambridgeshire County Council . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lamm , Willis . `` Hydrant color codes and markings '' . Fire hydrant.org . Water supply office . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrant Flushing FAQ , United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Raja , Tasneem ( 2014 ) . `` Is Coding the New Literacy ? '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . Sources ( edit ) Hinds , Conrade C. ( 9 October 2012 ) . The Great Columbus Experiment of 1908 : Waterworks that Changed the World . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61423 - 685 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) U.S. Patent 909 -- Issued to John Jorden on September 8 , 1838 for `` ... a new and useful improvement in Fire - Plugs and Hydrants ... '' . This is an early wooden bodied hydrant , the earliest hydrant patent extant ; the patent office itself burned to the ground in 1836 , taking with it all prior hydrant patents . U.S. Patent 37,466 -- Issued to Richard Stileman on January 20 , 1863 . An early iron hydrant , believed the first patented hydrant with the larger size steamer port to supply steam fire engines . Manufactured and marketed as the Stileman hydrant . See also Stileman page at FireHydrant.org . U.S. Patent 80,143 -- Issued to Zebulon Erastus Coffin on July 21 , 1868 . This is a cast iron hydrant very similar to modern fire hydrants , it was produced by Boston Machine Co . See also Boston Machine page at FireHydrant.org . U.S. Patent 94,749 -- Issued to Birdsill Holly on September 14 , 1869 . See also Holly page at FireHydrant.org . Wohleber , Curt . `` The Fire Hydrant '' . In The American Heritage of Invention & Technology . Winter 2002 . Provides a history with dates of fire hydrant development . ( Archived from the original on April 28 , 2010 ) External links ( edit ) Firefighting Personnel Fire captain Fire chief Fire marshal Fire police Handcrew Station officer Volunteer fire department Women in firefighting Facilities Fire department List of fire departments Fire lookout tower Fire station Apparatus Airport crash tender Fire bike Fire chief 's vehicle Fire engine Firefighting apparatus HazMat Heavy rescue Light and air Quint Tender Wildland tender Wildland engine Equipment Bunker gear Escape chair Fire extinguisher Fire hose Fire hydrant Fire retardant Fire shelter Fireman 's pole Fireman 's switch Flame retardant Fog nozzle Halligan bar Hard suction hose Hazmat suit Heat detector Hose bridge Hydraulic rescue tools ( `` Jaws of life '' ) Nomex PASS Proximity suit SCBA Siren Smoke detector Thermal imaging camera Terminology Backdraft Dead man zone Deluge gun Draft Fire classes Fire control Fire safety Fire triangle Fireman 's carry Firewall Flash fire Forcible entry Gaseous fire suppression Stop , drop and roll Structure fire Two - in , two - out Ventilation Miscellaneous Fire camp Fire engine red Fire photography Fire protection engineering Foam Geography of firefighting History of firefighting International Association of Fire Fighters International Firefighters ' Day List of firefighting films Muster Saint Florian World Firefighters Games World Police and Fire Games Wildland firefighting Equipment and tactics Aerial firefighting Controlled burn Driptorch Fire hose Fire lookout tower Fire retardant Fire retardant gel Fire trail Firebreak Firefighting apparatus Firefighting foam Helicopter bucket Hose pack MAFFS Pulaski Wildland fire engine Wildland water tender Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel Personnel Engine crew Handcrew Helitack Hotshots Lookout Smokejumper By location Australia United States ( California , Washington ) Lists Glossary of wildfire terms List of wildfires Commons BNF : cb12515133z ( data ) GND : 7566089 - 1 LCCN : sh85063291 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_hydrant&oldid=866122826 '' Categories : American inventions Firefighting equipment Water industry Street furniture Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Български བོད ་ ཡིག Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 11 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how much water flows through a fire hydrant
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[
"Hydrant coloring may be due to either purely practical criteria or more artistic. In the United States, the AWWA and NFPA recommend hydrants be colored chrome yellow[1] for rapid identification apart from the bonnet and nozzle caps which should be coded according to their available flow. Class AA hydrants (>1500 gpm) should have their nozzle caps and bonnet colored light blue, Class A hydrants (1000–1499 gpm), green, Class B hydrants (500–999 gpm), orange, Class C hydrants (0–499 gpm), red and inoperable or end-of-system (risking water hammer) black. This aids arriving firefighters in determining how much water is available and whether to call for additional resources, or find another hydrant. Other codings can be and frequently are used, some of greater complexity, incorporating pressure information, others more simplistic. In Ottawa, Ontario, hydrant colors communicate different messages to firefighters; for example, if the inside of the hydrant is corroded so much that the interior diameter is too narrow for good pressure, it will be painted in a specific scheme to indicate to firefighters to move on to the next one. In many localities, a white or purple top indicates that the hydrant provides non-potable water. Where artistic and/or aesthetic considerations are paramount, hydrants can be extremely varied, or more subdued. In both instances this is usually at the cost of reduced practicality.\n",
"Hydrant coloring may be due to either purely practical criteria or more artistic. In the United States, the AWWA and NFPA recommend hydrants be colored chrome yellow[1] for rapid identification apart from the bonnet and nozzle caps which should be coded according to their available flow. Class AA hydrants (>1500 gpm) should have their nozzle caps and bonnet colored light blue, Class A hydrants (1000–1499 gpm), green, Class B hydrants (500–999 gpm), orange, Class C hydrants (0–499 gpm), red and inoperable or end-of-system (risking water hammer) black. This aids arriving firefighters in determining how much water is available and whether to call for additional resources, or find another hydrant. Other codings can be and frequently are used, some of greater complexity, incorporating pressure information, others more simplistic. In Ottawa, Ontario, hydrant colors communicate different messages to firefighters; for example, if the inside of the hydrant is corroded so much that the interior diameter is too narrow for good pressure, it will be painted in a specific scheme to indicate to firefighters to move on to the next one. In many localities, a white or purple top indicates that the hydrant provides non-potable water. Where artistic and/or aesthetic considerations are paramount, hydrants can be extremely varied, or more subdued. In both instances this is usually at the cost of reduced practicality.\n",
"Hydrant coloring may be due to either purely practical criteria or more artistic. In the United States, the AWWA and NFPA recommend hydrants be colored chrome yellow[1] for rapid identification apart from the bonnet and nozzle caps which should be coded according to their available flow. Class AA hydrants (>1500 gpm) should have their nozzle caps and bonnet colored light blue, Class A hydrants (1000–1499 gpm), green, Class B hydrants (500–999 gpm), orange, Class C hydrants (0–499 gpm), red and inoperable or end-of-system (risking water hammer) black. This aids arriving firefighters in determining how much water is available and whether to call for additional resources, or find another hydrant. Other codings can be and frequently are used, some of greater complexity, incorporating pressure information, others more simplistic. In Ottawa, Ontario, hydrant colors communicate different messages to firefighters; for example, if the inside of the hydrant is corroded so much that the interior diameter is too narrow for good pressure, it will be painted in a specific scheme to indicate to firefighters to move on to the next one. In many localities, a white or purple top indicates that the hydrant provides non-potable water. Where artistic and/or aesthetic considerations are paramount, hydrants can be extremely varied, or more subdued. In both instances this is usually at the cost of reduced practicality.\n",
"Hydrant coloring may be due to either purely practical criteria or more artistic. In the United States, the AWWA and NFPA recommend hydrants be colored chrome yellow[1] for rapid identification apart from the bonnet and nozzle caps which should be coded according to their available flow. Class AA hydrants (>1500 gpm) should have their nozzle caps and bonnet colored light blue, Class A hydrants (1000–1499 gpm), green, Class B hydrants (500–999 gpm), orange, Class C hydrants (0–499 gpm), red and inoperable or end-of-system (risking water hammer) black. This aids arriving firefighters in determining how much water is available and whether to call for additional resources, or find another hydrant. Other codings can be and frequently are used, some of greater complexity, incorporating pressure information, others more simplistic. In Ottawa, Ontario, hydrant colors communicate different messages to firefighters; for example, if the inside of the hydrant is corroded so much that the interior diameter is too narrow for good pressure, it will be painted in a specific scheme to indicate to firefighters to move on to the next one. In many localities, a white or purple top indicates that the hydrant provides non-potable water. Where artistic and/or aesthetic considerations are paramount, hydrants can be extremely varied, or more subdued. In both instances this is usually at the cost of reduced practicality.\n"
] |
[
"Class AA hydrants (>1500 gpm)",
"Class A hydrants (1000–1499 gpm)",
"Class B hydrants (500–999 gpm)",
"Class C hydrants (0–499 gpm)"
] |
-1595362084073618867
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Emma Peel
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Emma Peel - wikipedia Emma Peel Jump to : navigation , search Emma Peel The Avengers character Diana Rigg as Mrs. Emma Peel First appearance Series 4 Last appearance Series 6 Portrayed by Diana Rigg ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Uma Thurman ( 1998 ) Voiced by Diane Appleby ( 1971 -- 1973 ) Sue Lloyd ( 1977 ) Information Gender Female Occupation Unofficial undercover operative Spouse ( s ) Peter Peel Relatives Sir John Knight ( father ) Nationality British Emma Peel is a fictional spy played by Diana Rigg in the British 1960s adventure television series The Avengers , and by Uma Thurman in the 1998 film version . She was born Emma Knight , the daughter of an industrialist , Sir John Knight . As a lady spy adventurer and expert in martial arts , she became a feminist role model around the world , and is considered an icon of British popular culture . Regarded as a 1960s fashion icon , the character is often remembered for the leather catsuit worn by Rigg in the first series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character 3 Departure 4 The New Avengers 5 The Avengers movie 6 References in popular culture 6.1 Comics 6.2 Music 6.2. 1 Groups 6.2. 2 Albums 6.2. 3 Songs 6.3 TV 7 References and sources Casting ( edit ) The partner of John Steed , Mrs. Peel was introduced as a replacement for the popular Cathy Gale , played by actress Honor Blackman , who left the programme at the end of the programme 's third season to co-star in the James Bond film Goldfinger . Elizabeth Shepherd was cast as Emma Peel and production on the fourth series began . After filming all of one episode and part of a second , however , the producers decided that Shepherd was not right for the part , and she was dismissed . No footage of Shepherd as Peel is known to have survived . The producers scrambled to replace her and gave the job to Diana Rigg ; the Shepherd episodes were subsequently re-filmed . Character ( edit ) The character was notable for a number of characteristics . She is a heroine ; she is rarely defeated in fights and is capable of rescuing Steed if he is in trouble . She is a master of martial arts and a formidable fencer . A certified genius , she specializes in chemistry and other sciences . She is often seen in episodes engaging in artistic hobbies and had success in industry at the helm of the company of her late father , Sir John Knight . Her husband , Peter Peel , was a pilot whose plane disappeared over the Amazonian forest . He was presumed dead for many years , and Peel went on to work with Steed . She drove a convertible Lotus Elan at high speeds , and convincingly portrayed any series of undercover roles , from nurse to nanny . Her favourite guise was that of a women 's magazine reporter , trying to interview big business tycoons and rich playboys . The name `` Emma Peel '' is a play on the phrase `` Man Appeal '' or `` M. Appeal '' , which the production team stated was one of the required elements of the character . Peel 's verbal interactions with Steed range from witty banter to thinly disguised innuendo . Regarding the question of whether they had a sexual relationship at any time , Patrick Macnee thought they went to bed on a very regular basis ( just not in view of the camera ) , Rigg thought they were engaged in a very enjoyable extended flirtation that ultimately went nowhere , and Brian Clemens said he wrote them with the idea they had an affair before Emma 's first appearance in the series . Her style of dress typified the period , and the character is still a fashion icon . John Bates was brought in as the costume designer for Emma Peel in the second half of the fourth series . He created a wardrobe of black and white op - art mod clothing and mini skirts . Before this , people had believed that lines , circles and other bold patterns would not work on the television cameras of the day . It was also filmed before the mini skirt had become mainstream . Bates even had to stop leaving hems on the mini skirts because the production team kept lowering them again . He also licensed his designs to several manufacturers under the Avengerswear label and these pieces were sold in various shops throughout the country . Diana Rigg is often remembered for the leather catsuit she wore early on in her first season . She in fact disliked wearing leather , so Bates designed softer stretch jersey and PVC catsuits for her instead . For the colour season , the designer was Alun Hughes , who used bold colours and lurid , psychedelic patterns . Hughes also created the Emmapeeler catsuit , which was made of stretch jersey in bright block colours . The Emmapeelers and several other pieces from this season 's wardrobe were also licensed and sold in the shops . Departure ( edit ) When Peter Peel surprisingly reappears , at the end of `` The Forget - Me - Knot '' , Emma leaves Steed and her spy career behind . In the distant shot in which he appears , Peter Peel looks suspiciously like Steed ( and was played by Patrick Macnee 's stunt double , Peter Weston ) , and like him drives a two - door convertible Bentley , albeit a contemporary model . Emma meets her replacement , Tara King ( played by Linda Thorson ) , who enters the building as she herself is leaving , and tells her that Steed likes his tea stirred `` anti-clockwise '' . Peel would be the last in a string of `` talented amateurs '' with whom John Steed was teamed , as her successor is a neophyte professional agent . In real life , Diana Rigg had chosen to leave the series for a number of reasons , one of which was to accept a role in the James Bond film On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( just like her predecessor , Honor Blackman , who had also left The Avengers to start in a Bond movie , Goldfinger ) . During her first series , as she eventually learned , Rigg was making less than the cameraman : afterwards her salary was tripled , and that , combined with her loyalty to Macnee , persuaded her to come back for 25 additional episodes ( including her farewell episode , which was actually shot well into the Tara King season ) . Eventually the arduous shooting schedules , conflicts with the producers , the lure of film and stage roles , and a desire to challenge herself as an actress all combined in her decision to leave the show for good . After leaving the series , Rigg played Emma Peel in two unofficial German short films produced for the 8mm market : The Diadem and The Mini-Killers . Little information has survived regarding these films , though the films themselves survive . The New Avengers ( edit ) Although Emma Peel appeared on - screen only in The New Avengers in flashback clips from the original series , she features in the episode entitled `` K is for Kill '' . She speaks briefly with Steed over the phone and mentions in passing that her last name is n't Peel anymore ; Steed replies , `` You 'll always be Mrs. Peel to me . '' For this scene , Sue Lloyd provided her voice . The Avengers movie ( edit ) The character was revived and reworked for The Avengers , a 1998 film version of the TV show , with Uma Thurman playing Peel opposite Ralph Fiennes as Steed . In the movie , Mrs. Peel is a scientist working as part of a weather project . When the project is sabotaged by someone who appears to be herself , she is investigated by Ministry agent John Steed , and they ultimately team up to find out the truth . The film was a critical as well as box office failure and the new incarnation of the characters was not well - received . In 2003 , Total Film magazine voted Fiennes and Thurman as `` The Worst Movie Double Act of All Time '' for their performances as Steed and Peel . References in popular culture ( edit ) Comics ( edit ) In 1991 's Doctor Who Monthly # 173 , Gary Russell and artists Mike Collins and Steve Pini show Captain Britain about to hit John Steed when Emma Peel shows up behind him . Emma Peel and John Steed were spotted in the crowd in Kingdom Come # 2 ( 1996 ) by Mark Waid and Alex Ross , where they are both in a bar scene . Emma Peel and John Steed appeared in Superman # 13 ( 1988 ) , where John Byrne and Karl Kesel give us the crime - fight duo - unnamed , of course . A thinly veiled version of Emma Peel appears in Alan Moore 's comic The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : Black Dossier , as the young `` Emma Night '' , daughter of industrialist Sir John Night , where she shares a mutual attraction with `` Jimmy '' , of whom her paternal `` Uncle Hugo '' disapproves . She returns in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume III : Century 2009 ( Chapter 3 . Let It Come Down ) as the new `` M '' , head of MI5 . She is drawn to visually incorporate Judi Dench 's M from the James Bond films . The late 1960s revamping of Wonder Woman by Mike Sekowsky as a mod - dressing , karate - chopping but non-superpowered feminist icon was directly modeled on Mrs. Peel . Music ( edit ) The music video for the Pretenders ' 1986 single `` Do n't Get Me Wrong '' is a tribute to `` the Avengers '' and inserts lead singer Chrissie Hynde into the role of Emma Peel . Groups ( edit ) Emma Peel is a band formed by Kurt Wolf . Albums ( edit ) Emma Peel Sessions ( 1993 ) is Purple Avengers ' second LP release . Songs ( edit ) Thin Red Line ( 1980 ) , the debut album of The Cretones , an L.A. based New Wave band , includes a song titled `` Mrs. Peel '' . The clip for `` Emma Peel '' from The Allies ' debut album , Allies ( 1982 ) , gave the band fleeting national recognition . Pet Your Friends ( 1995 ) , Dishwalla 's debut , includes a song titled `` Miss Emma Peel '' . The Ann Arbor band Slot released a 7 '' single called `` Emma Peel '' in the 1990s . The 4th track from Shark Inferno 's album Puncture ( 2015 ) is titled , and about , `` Emma Peel '' . Pussy Galore has one CD track titled `` Play Emma For Me '' , on Sympathy For The Record Industry ( 1996 ) . TV ( edit ) In the Good Eats episode , `` Flat is Beautiful '' ( Episode : EA1C11 ) , Alton Brown states the name of his pizza peel is `` Emma '' . In Married ... with Children season 9 , episode 3 , Al tries to buy her VHS tapes The character Anita Knight , from BBC 's cartoon The Secret Show is slightly similar to Emma . References and sources ( edit ) References Jump up ^ Smith , David K. ( 26 March 2002 ) . `` Emma Peel ( Biography ) '' . The Avengers Forever . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Lentz III , Harris M. ( 31 March 2016 ) . Obituaries in the Performing Arts , 2015 . McFarland , . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers Forever : Elizabeth Shepherd '' . Theavengers.tv. 2007 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ The complete Avengers : everything ... - Google Books . 1998 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers Forever : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Theavengers.tv. 2007 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers Forever : Behind the Scenes '' . Theavengers.tv. 2002 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Shock Cinema Magazine Official Website : The Diadem / Mini-Killers . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dead Duck : Diadem and The Mini-Killers . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Double disasters make it to top of the flops '' . The Western Mail . Cardiff . December 1 , 2003 . Ralph Fiennes and Uma Thurman have been named the worst movie double act of all time by film experts . The pair starred together in the monumental flop The Avengers ... Writers at Total Film magazine say the normally acclaimed stars are the most gruesome twosome to grace the big screen , calling Fiennes ' stiff as MDF ' and Thurman ' robotic ' . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jess . `` Annotations to League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume III , Chapter Three , a.k.a. Century : 2009 '' . JessNevins.com . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jess . `` Annotations to League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume III , Chapter Three , a.k.a. Century : 2009 '' . JessNevins.com . Jump up ^ `` We were all in love with Diana Rigg and that show she was on . '' Mike Sekowsky , quoted in Les Daniels , Wonder Woman : The Complete History ( Chronicle , 2004 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ `` TiniSite '' . Purpleavengers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Cretones ( 1980 ) . `` The Thin Red Line '' . Discogs.com . Jump up ^ `` The Allies , brief bio '' . AllMusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Allies pop band that seemed to have a lot of potential '' . historydumpster . Jump up ^ Dishwalla ( 1995 ) . `` Pet Your friends '' . Discogs.com . Jump up ^ `` Miss Emma Peel ( song , text / lyrics on Pet Your Friends '' . karaoketexty.cz . Jump up ^ Shark Inferno ( 2015 ) . `` Puncture '' . Jump up ^ `` Emma Peel - Play Emma For Me '' . discogs.com . Jump up ^ Pussy Galore ( 1996 ) . `` Sympathy For the Record Industry '' . Sympathy Records . Jump up ^ `` Flat is Beautiful '' . Food Network . Sources Alvarez , Maria ( 1998 ) , `` Feminist icon in a catsuit ( female lead character Emma Peel in defunct 1960s UK TV series ' The Avengers ' ) '' , New Statesman , Aug 14 . Cornell , Paul ; Day , Martin ; & Topping , Keith ( 1998 ) . The Avengers Dossier . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 0 - 86369 - 754 - 2 . Lars Baumgart ( 2002 ) : DAS KONZEPT EMMA PEEL -- Der unerwartete Charme der Emanzipation : THE AVENGERS und ihr Publikum . Kiel : Verlag Ludwig -- ISBN 978 - 3 - 933598 - 40 - 0 The Avengers Characters John Steed Cathy Gale Emma Peel Tara King Mike Gambit Purdey Mother Father Episodes Series 1 `` Hot Snow '' `` Crescent Moon '' `` Girl on the Trapeze '' `` Dance with Death '' `` The Frighteners '' `` Tunnel of Fear '' Series 2 `` Mr. Teddy Bear '' `` Propellant 23 '' `` The Decapod '' `` Bullseye '' `` Mission to Montreal '' `` The Removal Men '' `` The Mauritius Penny '' `` Death of a Great Dane '' `` The Sell Out '' `` Death on the Rocks '' `` Traitor in Zebra '' `` The Big Thinker '' `` Death Dispatch '' `` Dead on Course '' `` Intercrime '' `` Immortal Clay '' `` Box of Tricks '' `` Warlock '' `` The Golden Eggs '' `` School for Traitors '' `` The White Dwarf '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Conspiracy of Silence '' `` A Chorus of Frogs '' `` Six Hands Across a Table '' `` Killer Whale '' Series 3 `` Brief for Murder '' `` The Undertakers '' `` Man with Two Shadows '' `` The Nutshell '' `` Death of a Batman '' `` November Five '' `` The Gilded Cage '' `` Second Sight '' `` The Medicine Men '' `` The Grandeur That Was Rome '' `` The Golden Fleece '' `` Do n't Look Behind You '' `` Death a la Carte '' `` Dressed to Kill '' `` The White Elephant '' `` The Little Wonders '' `` The Wringer '' `` Mandrake '' `` The Secrets Broker '' `` Trojan Horse '' `` Build a Better Mousetrap '' `` The Outside - In Man '' `` The Charmers '' `` Concerto '' `` Esprit de Corps '' `` Lobster Quadrille '' Series 4 `` The Town of No Return '' `` The Gravediggers '' `` The Cybernauts '' `` Death at Bargain Prices '' `` Castle De'Ath '' `` The Master Minds '' `` The Murder Market '' `` A Surfeit of H2O '' `` The Hour That Never Was '' `` Dial a Deadly Number '' `` Man - Eater of Surrey Green '' `` Two 's A Crowd '' `` Too Many Christmas Trees '' `` Silent Dust '' `` Room Without a View '' `` Small Game for Big Hunters '' `` The Girl from AUNTIE '' `` The Thirteenth Hole '' `` Quick , Quick Slow Death '' `` The Danger Makers '' `` A Touch of Brimstone '' `` What the Butler Saw '' `` The House That Jack Built '' `` A Sense of History '' `` How to Succeed ... at Murder '' `` Honey for the Prince '' Series 5 `` From Venus with Love '' `` The Fear Merchants '' `` Escape in Time '' `` The See - Through Man '' `` The Bird Who Knew Too Much '' `` The Winged Avenger '' `` The Living Dead '' `` The Hidden Tiger '' `` The Correct Way to Kill '' `` Never , Never Say Die '' `` Epic '' `` The Superlative Seven '' `` A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Station '' `` Something Nasty in the Nursery '' `` The Joker '' `` Return of the Cybernauts '' `` Death 's Door '' `` The £ 50,000 Breakfast '' `` Dead Man 's Treasure '' `` You Have Just Been Murdered '' `` The Positive - Negative Man '' `` Murdersville '' `` Mission ... Highly Improbable '' Series 6 `` The Forget - Me - Knot '' `` Game '' `` Super-Secret Cypher Snatch '' `` You 'll Catch Your Death '' `` Split ! '' `` Whoever Shot Poor George Oblique Stroke XR40 ? '' `` False Witness '' `` All Done With Mirrors '' `` Legacy of Death '' `` Noon Doomsday '' `` Look - ( Stop Me If You 've Heard This One ) But There Were These Two Fellers ... '' `` Have Guns -- Will Haggle '' `` They Keep Killing Steed '' `` The Interrogators '' `` The Rotters '' `` Invasion of the Earthmen '' `` Killer '' `` The Morning After '' `` The Curious Case of the Countless Clues '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Love All '' `` Stay Tuned '' `` Take Me To Your Leader '' `` Fog '' `` Who Was That Man I Saw You With ? '' `` Homicide and Old Lace '' `` Thingumajig '' `` My Wildest Dream '' `` Requiem '' `` Take - Over '' `` Pandora '' `` Get - a-Way '' `` Bizarre '' Related List of cast members The New Avengers Film Category : The Avengers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emma_Peel&oldid=801867276 '' Categories : Female characters in television America 's Best Comics characters Fictional British people Fictional English people Fictional women soldiers and warriors Fictional British secret agents The Avengers ( TV series ) characters Fictional swordsmen Martial artists characters in television Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 12 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played emma peel in the original avenger series
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"Emma Peel is a fictional spy played by Diana Rigg in the British 1960s adventure television series The Avengers, and by Uma Thurman in the 1998 film version. She was born Emma Knight, the daughter of an industrialist, Sir John Knight."
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"Diana Rigg"
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Commensalism
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Commensalism - wikipedia Commensalism Remora are specially adapted to attach themselves to larger fish that provide locomotion and food . Commensalism is a long term biological interaction ( symbiosis ) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species are neither benefited nor harmed . This is in contrast with mutualism , in which both organisms benefit from each other , amensalism , where one is harmed while the other is unaffected , and parasitism , where one benefits while the other is harmed . The commensal ( the species that benefits from the association ) may obtain nutrients , shelter , support , or locomotion from the host species , which is substantially unaffected . The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal ; the host organism is unmodified , whereas the commensal species may show great structural adaptation consonant with its habits , as in the remoras that ride attached to sharks and other fishes . Both remora and pilot fish feed on the leftovers of their hosts ' meals . Numerous birds perch on bodies of large mammal herbivores or feed on the insects turned up by grazing mammals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Examples of commensal relationships 2.1 Dogs 2.2 Aspergillus and Staphylococcus 3 Arguments 4 Types 4.1 Phoresy 4.2 Inquilinism 4.3 Metabiosis 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` commensalism '' is derived from the word `` commensal '' , meaning `` eating at the same table '' in human social interaction , which in turn comes through French from the Medieval Latin commensalis , meaning `` sharing a table '' , from the prefix com - , meaning `` together '' , and mensa , meaning `` table '' or `` meal '' . Commensality , at Oxford and Cambridge Universities , refers to professors eating at the same table as students ( as they live in the same `` college '' ) . Pierre - Joseph van Beneden introduced the term `` commensalism '' in 1876 . Examples of commensal relationships ( edit ) The commensal pathway was traveled by animals that fed on refuse around human habitats or by animals that preyed on other animals drawn to human camps . Those animals established a commensal relationship with humans in which the animals benefited but the humans received little benefit or harm . Those animals that were most capable of taking advantage of the resources associated with human camps would have been the ' tamer ' individuals : less aggressive , with shorter fight or flight distances . Later , these animals developed closer social or economic bonds with humans and lead to a domestic relationship . The leap from a synanthropic population to a domestic one could only have taken place after the animals had progressed from anthropophily to habituation , to commensalism and partnership , at which point the establishment of a reciprocal relationship between animal and human would have laid the foundation for domestication , including captivity and human - controlled breeding . From this perspective , animal domestication is a coevolutionary process in which a population responds to selective pressure while adapting to a novel niche that includes another species with evolving behaviors . Commensal pathway animals include dogs , cats , fowl , and possibly pigs . Dogs ( edit ) The dog was the first domesticated animal , and was domesticated and widely established across Eurasia before the end of the Pleistocene , well before the cultivation of crops or the domestication of other animals . The dog is often hypothesised to be a classic example of a domestic animal that likely traveled a commensal pathway into domestication . Archaeological evidence , such as the Bonn - Oberkassel dog dating to ~ 14,000 BP , supports the hypothesis that dog domestication preceded the emergence of agriculture and began close to the Last Glacial Maximum when hunter - gatherers preyed on megafauna . The wolves more likely drawn to human camps were the less - aggressive , subdominant pack members with lowered flight response , higher stress thresholds , and less wary around humans , and therefore better candidates for domestication . Proto - dogs might have taken advantage of carcasses left on site by early hunters , assisted in the capture of prey , or provided defense from large competing predators at kills . However , the extent to which proto - domestic wolves could have become dependent on this way of life prior to domestication and without human provisioning is unclear and highly debated . In contrast , cats may have become fully dependent on a commensal lifestyle before being domesticated by preying on other commensal animals , such as rats and mice , without any human provisioning . Debate over the extent to which some wolves were commensal with humans prior to domestication stems from debate over the level of human intentionality in the domestication process , which remains untested . The earliest sign of domestication in dogs was the neotonization of skull morphology and the shortening of snout length that results in tooth crowding , reduction in tooth size , and a reduction in the number of teeth , which has been attributed to the strong selection for reduced aggression . This process may have begun during the initial commensal stage of dog domestication , even before humans began to be active partners in the process . A mitochondrial , microsatellite , and Y - chromosome assessment of two wolf populations in North America combined with satellite telemetry data revealed significant genetic and morphological differences between one population that migrated with and preyed upon caribou and another territorial ecotype population that remained in a boreal coniferous forest . Though these two populations spend a period of the year in the same place , and though there was evidence of gene flow between them , the difference in prey -- habitat specialization has been sufficient to maintain genetic and even coloration divergence . A different study has identified the remains of a population of extinct Pleistocene Beringian wolves with unique mitochondrial signatures . The skull shape , tooth wear , and isotopic signatures suggested these remains were derived from a population of specialist megafauna hunters and scavengers that became extinct while less specialized wolf ecotypes survived . Analogous to the modern wolf ecotype that has evolved to track and prey upon caribou , a Pleistocene wolf population could have begun following mobile hunter - gatherers , thus slowly acquiring genetic and phenotypic differences that would have allowed them to more successfully adapt to the human habitat . Aspergillus and Staphylococcus ( edit ) See also : Aspergillus and Staphylococcus Numerous genera of bacteria and fungi live on and in the human body as part of its natural flora . The fungal genus Aspergillus is capable of living under considerable environmental stress , and thus is capable of colonising the upper gastrointestinal tract where relatively few examples of the body 's gut flora can survive due to highly acidic or alkaline conditions produced by gastric acid and digestive juices . While Aspergillus normally produces no symptoms , in individuals who are immunocompromised or suffering from existing conditions such as Tuberculosis , a condition called Aspergillosis can occur , in which populations of Aspergillus grow out of control . Staphylococcus aureus , a common bacterial species , is known best for its numerous pathogenic strains that can cause numerous illnesses and conditions . However , many strains of S. aureus are metabiotic commensals , and are present on roughly 20 to 30 % of the human population as part of the skin flora . S. aureus also benefits from the variable ambient conditions created by the body 's mucous membranes , and as such can be found in the oral and nasal cavities , as well as inside the ear canal . Other Staphylococcus species including S. warneri , S. lugdunensis and S. epidermidis , will also engage in commensalism for similar purposes . Arguments ( edit ) Whether the relationship between humans and some types of gut flora is commensal or mutualistic is still unanswered . Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party , and that relationships identified as commensal are likely mutualistic or parasitic in a subtle way that has not been detected . For example , epiphytes are `` nutritional pirates '' that may intercept substantial amounts of nutrients that would otherwise go to the host plant . Large numbers of epiphytes can also cause tree limbs to break or shade the host plant and reduce its rate of photosynthesis . Similarly , phoretic mites may hinder their host by making flight more difficult , which may affect its aerial hunting ability or cause it to expend extra energy while carrying these passengers . Types ( edit ) Phoretic mites on a fly ( Pseudolynchia canariensis ) Phoresy , a pseudoscorpion on the leg of a crane fly Like all ecological interactions , commensalisms vary in strength and duration from intimate , long - lived symbioses to brief , weak interactions through intermediaries . Phoresy ( edit ) Phoresy is one animal attached to another exclusively for transport , mainly arthropods , examples of which are mites on insects ( such as beetles , flies or bees ) , pseudoscorpions on mammals or beetles , and millipedes on birds . Phoresy can be either obligate or facultative ( induced by environmental conditions ) . Inquilinism ( edit ) Inquilinism is the use of a second organism for permanent housing . Examples are epiphytic plants ( such as many orchids ) that grow on trees , or birds that live in holes in trees . Metabiosis ( edit ) Metabiosis is a more indirect dependency , in which one organism creates or prepares a suitable environment for a second . Examples include maggots , which feast and develop on corpses , and hermit crabs , which use gastropod shells to protect their bodies . See also ( edit ) Mutualism -- where both organisms experience mutual benefit in the relationship Parasitism -- where one organism benefits at the expense of another organism . Parabiosis -- where both organisms occupy the same dwelling , but do not interfere with each other Symbiosis -- long - term interactions between different biological species , which can be mutualistic , commensal or parasitic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Edward O. ( 1975 ) . `` Ch. 17 - Social Symbiosis '' . Sociobiology : The New Synthesis . Harvard University Press . p. 354 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00089 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mikula , Peter ; Hadrava , Jiří ; Albrecht , Tomáš ; Tryjanowski , Piotr ( 19 March 2018 ) . `` Large - scale assessment of commensalistic -- mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet photos '' . PeerJ. 6 : e4520 . doi : 10.7717 / peerj. 4520 . PMC 5863707 . PMID 29576981 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` commensalism '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ van Beneden , Pierre - Joseph ( 1876 ) . Animal parasites and messmates . London , Henry S. King . link . ^ Jump up to : Zeder MA ( 2012 ) . `` The domestication of animals '' . Journal of Anthropological Research . 68 : 161 -- 190 . doi : 10.3998 / jar. 0521004.0068. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , G ( 2014 ) . `` The Evolution of Animal Domestication '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Ecology , Evolution , and Systematics. 45 : 115 -- 36 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - ecolsys - 110512 - 135813 . Jump up ^ Larson G ( 2012 ) . `` Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics , archeology , and biogeography '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 : 8878 -- 83 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 109.8878 L . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1203005109 . PMC 3384140 . PMID 22615366 . Jump up ^ Janssens , L. ( 2018 ) . `` A new look at an old dog : Bonn - Oberkassel reconsidered '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 92 : 126 -- 138 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2018.01. 004 . Jump up ^ Vila , C. ( 1997 ) . `` Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog '' . Science . 276 ( 5319 ) : 1687 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 276.5319. 1687 . PMID 9180076 . ^ Jump up to : Thalmann , O. ( 2013 ) . `` Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a European origin of domestic dogs '' . Science . 342 : 871 -- 874 . Bibcode : 2013Sci ... 342 ... 871T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1243650 . PMID 24233726 . Jump up ^ Larson G , Fuller DQ ( 2014 ) . `` The evolution of animal domestication '' . Annual Review of Ecology , Evolution , and Systematics. 45 : 217 -- 295 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - ecolsys - 110512 - 135813 . Jump up ^ Hulme - Beaman A , Dobney K , Cucchi T , Searle JB ( 2016 ) . `` An ecological and evolutionary framework for commensalism in anthropogenic environments '' . Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 31 : 633 -- 645 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2016.05. 001 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Morey , Darcy F. 1992 . Size , shape , and development in the evolution of the domestic dog . Journal of Archaeological Science 19 : 181 -- 204 ^ Jump up to : Lyudmila N. Trut ( 1999 ) . `` Early Canid Domestication : The Farm - Fox Experiment '' ( PDF ) . American Scientist . Sigma Xi , The Scientific Research Society . 87 ( March -- April ) : 160 -- 169 . Bibcode : 1999AmSci ... 87 ... T . doi : 10.1511 / 1999.20. 813 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Priscilla F. , and Charles A. Reed . 1974 . The fauna from the terminal Pleistocene of Palegawra Cave . Fieldiana : Anthropology 63 : 81 -- 146 Jump up ^ Musiani M , Leonard JA , Cluff H , Gates CC , Mariani S , et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Differentiation of tundra / taiga and boreal coniferous forest wolves : genetics , coat colour and association with migratory caribou '' . Mol . Ecol. 16 : 4149 -- 70 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294x. 2007.03458. x . PMID 17725575 . Jump up ^ Leonard , J.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph '' ( PDF ) . Current Biology . 17 ( 13 ) : 1146 -- 50 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2007.05. 072 . PMID 17583509 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stuart ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Dogs likely originated in Europe more than 18,000 years ago , UCLA biologists report '' . UCLA News Room . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Statement by Wayne , R.K. Jump up ^ Kluytmans J , van Belkum A , Verbrugh H ( July 1997 ) . `` Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus : epidemiology , underlying mechanisms , and associated risks '' . Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10 ( 3 ) : 505 -- 20 . PMC 172932 . PMID 9227864 . Jump up ^ Benzing , D.H. ( 1980 ) Biology of the Bromeliads . Eureka , California : Mad River Press . Jump up ^ Durden , Lance A. ( June 1991 ) . `` Pseudoscorpions Associated With Mammals in Papua New Guinea '' . Biotropica. 23 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 6 . doi : 10.2307 / 2388309 . JSTOR 2388309 . Jump up ^ Tajovský , Karel ; Mock , Andrej ; Krumpál , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . `` Millipedes ( Diplopoda ) in birdsˈ nests '' . European Journal of Soil Biology . 37 ( 4 ) : 321 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / S1164 - 5563 ( 01 ) 01108 - 6 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2011 . Commensalism . Topic Ed . M. Mcginley . Ed - in - chief C.J. Cleveland . Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment . Washington DC External links ( edit ) Media related to Commensalism at Wikimedia Commons `` Commensalism '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . hide Inter-species biological interactions in ecology Amensalism Commensalism Competition Deception in animals Inquilinism Mimicry Mutualism Neutralism Synnecrosis Predation Carnivore Herbivore Intraguild Parasitism Parasitoidism Cheating Symbiosis Cleaning symbiosis Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense , counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Parasitism Storage effect Symbiosis Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commensalism&oldid=847966364 '' Categories : Biological interactions Symbiosis Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 23 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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a relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
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"Commensalism is a long term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species are neither benefited nor harmed.[1] This is in contrast with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit from each other, amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected, and parasitism, where one benefits while the other is harmed. The commensal (the species that benefits from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is substantially unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal; the host organism is unmodified, whereas the commensal species may show great structural adaptation consonant with its habits, as in the remoras that ride attached to sharks and other fishes. Both remora and pilot fish feed on the leftovers of their hosts' meals. Numerous birds perch on bodies of large mammal herbivores or feed on the insects turned up by grazing mammals.[2]"
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"Commensalism"
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The Principles of Psychology
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The Principles of psychology - wikipedia The Principles of psychology Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Principles of Psychology Title page from the first edition . Author William James Country United States Language English Subject Psychology Publisher Henry Holt and Company Publication date 1890 Media type Print ( Hardcover and Paperback ) Pages xviii , 1393 The Principles of Psychology is an 1890 book about psychology by William James , an American philosopher and psychologist who trained to be a physician before going into psychology . There are four methods from James ' book : stream of consciousness ( James ' most famous psychological metaphor ) ; emotion ( later known as the James -- Lange theory ) ; habit ( human habits are constantly formed to achieve certain results ) ; and will ( through James ' personal experiences in life ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nineteenth - century experimental results 2 Comparative psychology 3 Selected important topics 3.1 Stream of consciousness 3.2 Emotion 3.3 Habit 3.4 Will 4 Influence and reception 5 Editions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Nineteenth - century experimental results ( edit ) The openings of The Principles of Psychology presented what was known at the time of writing about the localization of functions in the brain : how each sense seemed to have a neural center to which it reported and how varied bodily motions have their sources in other centers . The particular hypotheses and observations on which James relied are now very dated , but the broadest conclusion to which his material leads is still valid , which was that the functions of the `` lower centers '' ( beneath the cerebrum ) become increasingly specialized as one moves from reptiles , through ever more intelligent mammals , to inhumans while the functions of the cerebrum itself become increasingly flexible and less localized as one moves along the same continuum . James also discussed experiments on illusions ( optical , auditory , etc . ) and offered a physiological explanation for many of them , including that `` the brain reacts by paths which previous experiences have worn , and makes us usually perceive the probable thing , i.e. the thing by which on previous occasions the reaction was most frequently aroused . '' Illusions are thus a special case of the phenomenon of habit . Comparative psychology ( edit ) In the use of the comparative method , James wrote , `` instincts of animals are ransacked to throw light on our own ... '' By this light , James dismisses the platitude that `` man differs from lower creatures by the almost total absence of instincts '' . There is no such absence , so the difference must be found elsewhere . James believed that humans wielded far more impulses than other creatures . Impulses which , when observed out of their greater context , may have appeared just as automatic as the most basic of animal instincts . However , as man experienced the results of his impulses , and these experiences evoked memories and expectations , those very same impulses became gradually refined . By this reasoning , William James arrived at the conclusion that in any animal with the capacity for memory , association , and expectation , behavior is ultimately expressed as a synthesis of instinct and experience , rather than just blind instinct alone . Selected important topics ( edit ) The Principles of Psychology covered a large number of topics , but some topics stand out as being more useful and applicable than others , particularly the sections on stream of consciousness , emotion , habit , and will . Stream of consciousness ( edit ) Stream of consciousness is arguably James ' most famous psychological metaphor . He argued that human thought can be characterized as a flowing stream , which was an innovative concept at the time due to the prior argument being that human thought was more so like a distinct chain . He also believed that humans can never experience exactly the same thought or idea more than once . In addition to this , he viewed consciousness as completely continuous . Emotion ( edit ) James introduced a new theory of emotion ( later known as the James -- Lange theory ) , which argued that an emotion is instead the consequence rather than the cause of the bodily experiences associated with its expression . In other words , a stimulus causes a physical response and an emotion follows the response . This theory has received criticism throughout the years since its introduction , but regardless , it still has its merits . Habit ( edit ) Human habits are constantly formed to achieve certain results because of one 's strong feelings of wanting or wishing for something . James emphasized the importance and power of human habit and proceeded to draw a conclusion . James noted that the laws of habit formation are unbiased , habits are capable of causing either good or bad actions . And once either a good or bad habit has begun to be established , it is very difficult to change . Will ( edit ) Will is the final chapter of The Principles of Psychology , which was through James ' own personal experiences in life . There was one question that troubled James during his crisis , which was whether or not free will existed . `` The most essential achievement of the will , ... when it is most ' voluntary ' , is to attend to a difficult object and hold it fast before the mind ... '' Effort of attention is thus the essential phenomenon of will . '' Influence and reception ( edit ) The Principles of Psychology was a vastly influential textbook which summarized the field of psychology through the time of its publication . Psychology was beginning to gain popularity and acclaim in the United States at this time , and the compilation of this textbook only further solidified psychology 's credibility as a science . Philosopher Helmut R. Wagner writes that most of the book 's contents are now outdated , but that it still contains insights of interest . Editions ( edit ) James , W. ( 1890 ) . The Principles of Psychology , in two volumes . New York : Henry Holt and Company . James , W. ( 1950 ) . The Principles of Psychology , 2 volumes in 1 . New York : Dover Publications . James , W. ( 1983 ) . The Principles of Psychology , Volumes I and II . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press ( with introduction by George A. Miller ) . See also ( edit ) American philosophy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James , William ( 1890 - 01 - 01 ) . The principles of psychology . New York : Holt . p. 194 . So it has come to pass that the instincts of animals are ransacked to throw light on our own ; and that the reasoning faculty of bees and ants , the minds of savages , infants , madmen , idiots , and the deaf and blind , criminals , and eccentrics , are all invoked in support of this or that special theory about some part of our own mental life . Jump up ^ James , William ( 1893 - 01 - 01 ) . Psychology . Henry Holt . p. 395 . Nothing is commoner than the remark that man differs from lower creatures by the almost total absence of instincts , and the assumption of their work in him by ' reason . ' Jump up ^ James , William ( 1893 - 01 - 01 ) . Psychology . Henry Holt . p. 395 . Man has a far greater variety of impulses than any lower animal ; and any one of these impulses taken in itself , is as ' blind ' as the lowest instinct can be ; but owing to man 's memory , power of reflection , and power of inference , they come each one to be felt by him after he has once yielded to them and experienced their results , in connection with a foresight of those results . Jump up ^ James , William ( 1893 - 01 - 01 ) . Psychology . Henry Holt . p. 396 . It is plain then that , no matter how well endowed an animal may originally be in the way of instincts , his resultant actions will be much modified if the instincts combine with experience , if in addition to impulses he have memories associations inferences and expectations on any considerable scale . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Raymond E. Fancher , Alexandra ( 2012 ) . Pioneers of psychology : a history ( 4th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 9780393935301 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Helmut R. ( 1983 ) . Phenomenology of Consciousness and Sociology of the Life - world : An Introductory Study . Edmonton : The University of Alberta Press . p. 218 . ISBN 0 - 88864 - 032 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Principles of Psychology ( James ) The entire text The Principles of Psychology , vol. 1 -- digitized copy The Principles of Psychology , vol. 2 -- digitized copy Psychology : briefer course -- Digitized copy of James ' abridgment of Principles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Principles_of_Psychology&oldid=814791663 '' Categories : 1890 books Books by William James Cognitive science literature History of psychology Works about philosophy of psychology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Eesti Español Français 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 23 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote the early textbook principles of psychology
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"The Principles of Psychology is an 1890 book about psychology by William James, an American philosopher and psychologist who trained to be a physician before going into psychology. There are four methods from James' book: stream of consciousness (James' most famous psychological metaphor); emotion (later known as the James–Lange theory); habit (human habits are constantly formed to achieve certain results); and will (through James' personal experiences in life)."
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"William James, an American philosopher and psychologist who trained to be a physician before going into psychology"
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Sympathy for the De Vil
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Sympathy for the De Vil - wikipedia Sympathy for the De Vil Jump to : navigation , search `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' Once Upon a Time episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 18 Directed by Romeo Tirone Written by David H. Goodman & Jerome Schwartz Production code 418 Original air date April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Kristin Bauer van Straten as Maleficent Victoria Smurfit as Cruella de Vil / Cruella Feinberg Patrick Fischler as the Author / Isaac Heller Anna Galvin as Madeline ( Cruella 's mother ) Milli Wilkinson as Young Cruella Episode chronology ← Previous `` Heart of Gold '' Next → `` Lily '' Once Upon a Time ( season 4 ) List of Once Upon a Time episodes `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' is the eighteenth episode of the fourth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time , which aired on April 19 , 2015 . In this episode , a young Cruella de Vil is tortured by her mother 's evil use of her Dalmatians , resulting in her eventual confinement to her attic until a strange visitor tells her she should stand up to her mother . In Storybrooke , Regina 's plan to save Robin are put on hold when Henry is taken by Cruella , teaming her up with Emma Swan to save their son . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Opening Sequence 1.2 Event chronology 1.3 In the Characters ' Past 1.4 In Storybrooke 2 Cultural references 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Opening Sequence ( edit ) Dalmatian puppies run through the forest . Event chronology ( edit ) The 1920s England events takes place a few years after Isaac became the Author in `` Operation Mongoose '' . The Storybrooke events takes place after `` Heart of Gold '' . In the characters ' past ( edit ) In 1920s England , a young Cruella De Vil is being mistreated by her mother Madeline as she instructs her Dalmatians to chase her daughter , and is locked in the attic in the same setting that resembles the novel Flowers in the Attic . Fast forward to several years later , and that a reporter , who is revealed to the Author but is using an alias by the name of Isaac , is paying a visit to the home pretending to seek out a story after having seen Cruella from the attic , only to have Madeline warning him to stay away . Unfortunately , Isaac returns and helps Cruella escape from the attic . He then takes Cruella out for a date that includes dinner and dancing . Cruella reveals to Isaac that the reason she was kept in the attic was that she witnessed her mother kill her father and her succeeding husbands ; Isaac then reveals to Cruella that he was more than just a reporter and has the ability to use his pen and ink to create magical stories . Isaac proposes that they run away together , and uses his quill and ink to give Cruella her persuasion powers to control animals . However , for Isaac , his future with Cruella would later take a unique twist that will put his future in danger . When Madeline pays a visit to see him , she tells him that Cruella had lied to him about what actually happened to her husbands : Cruella was a disturbed child psychopath who killed them , not Madeline , and was trying to prevent her from killing others by locking her away . When Madeline returns home , Cruella was ready for her , and eventually kills her mother by controlling her Dalmatians and commanding them to attack her . Afterwards , Isaac realized his quill was missing , so he pays a visit to see Cruella and is stunned that she used him as a means to an end , and Cruella used the skin from her mother 's dogs as fur for her signature coat . The confrontation lead the two to fight over the ink , which is then spilled on Cruella , transforming her into the infamous black & white infused - hair character . As Cruella is about to kill him , Issac uses his powers as the Author to make it so that Cruella can never kill anyone ever again by writing it down on a piece of paper . As he leaves , Cruella tells him she 's not done . In Storybrooke ( edit ) As Cruella races off into the forest , she is stopped in her tracks by Maleficent , who now knows that she was the one who knew where Lily went after they were sucked into the portal back in the Enchanted Forest . As Maleficent transforms into a dragon , Cruella uses her breath to exhale green smoke and puts her frenemy to sleep , then comes up with a plan to go after the Author . Meanwhile , Emma Swan is still arguing with Mary Margaret and David when Regina informs them about Zelena , prompting her to see Belle , who in turn interrupts Gold 's plan to make the Author write stories , which in turn prompts Gold to come to the well to see her , and he reveals that his heart is darkening and he will die , only to discover that Belle is being controlled by Regina , who is using Belle 's heart to make sure that Gold does not contact Zelena as Regina schemes to go to New York to confront her half - sister . Cruella then pays a visit to Isaac to make up for lost time and to offer him a deal , as Gold does not know that they knew each other as Isaac catches on to her deception . And since Isaac knows that Cruella has no power to kill anyone , Cruella , who tells Isaac that there are other ways to `` skin a author , '' finds a way to make it happen by kidnapping Henry by using a controlled Pongo , which she uses to force both Emma and Regina to do her bidding by making the mothers kill Isaac or else Cruella will kill Henry . Unfortunately , as Gold returns to the cabin , he tells Isaac that he knew about his past with Cruella and informs Isaac about the kidnapping , which Gold knows will lead to Emma 's darkness . Isaac then hands Gold a note he kept from the club . At the apartment , Emma , Regina , Hook , Mary Margaret and David discuss their plan of action but even this has Emma concerned . Regina , Emma and Hook search the woods just in time for Henry to escape from Cruella ( while she is playing Angry Birds ) , but as the three split up and only Regina and Hook are tricked by seashells planted by Gold , its Emma who finds Henry , but Cruella is threatening to throw Henry off of the cliff , then tempts Emma 's patience to see if she will do it , reminding her that heroes never kill . At the same time Mary Margaret and David confront Isaac , who reveals that a chapter in Emma 's future will involve her turning dark and they race to stop her upon reading the note that revealed that Cruella is incapable of killing anyone . Unfortunately , they arrive just in time to see Emma use her powers and kill Cruella by knocking her off the cliff . As a terrified Henry cries in his mother 's arms , Emma 's face has changed to a sinister look , implying that her heart is going dark . Cultural references ( edit ) The episode 's title is a reference to the Rolling Stones song `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . This episode is a rendition of The Hundred and One Dalmatians , with Cruella De Vil and Pongo . The song that Cruella hears on the radio is a jazz instrumental version of `` Cruella de Vil '' , from the 1961 Disney animated movie One Hundred and One Dalmatians . Madeline 's car is similar in design and color to Cruella 's car in 1961 Disney animated movie One Hundred and One Dalmatians . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The episode held steady from the previous episode , as it posted a 1.6 / 5 among 18 - 49s with 5.12 million viewers tuning in , retaining its lead among scripted programs in the 8 p.m. timeslot despite coming in second behind the Academy of Country Music Awards on CBS during that hour . Reviews ( edit ) The episode was met with positive reviews . Hilary Busis of Entertainment Weekly noted `` The thing about a show that specializes in twisted fairy tales is that sooner or later , those watching it will learn to expect the twists . Which meant that , halfway through tonight 's episode , it was only natural to grow suspicious . The backstory we 'd been given so far about Cruella de Vil -- that once upon a time , she was an innocent , wide - eyed blonde completely at the mercy of her wicked , ultra-controlling mother -- just seemed a little , well , familiar . Give or take a flapper dress and a pair of Dalmatians , her past looked remarkably like Regina 's and Ursula 's , for that matter . ( Once does love its daddy / mommy issue stories , does n't it ? ) Which meant that one of two things was happening : Either the show was really repeating itself almost to the letter , or things were about to take a right turn into Crazy Town ( Not that one ) . Thankfully for everything , Once went with Option 2 . '' Amy Ratcliffe of IGN said of the episode , `` Overall , this week 's Once Upon a Time made Cruella a stronger villain by giving her a twisted backstory . This is someone who does n't have a softer side , and it 's a nice change . She 's unapologetic and cruel . Though there were clunky aspects in the episode , they expanded the mythology of the world and the Author 's role as well as adding another layer to Rumplestiltskin 's motivations . '' Ratcliffe gave the episode a 7.3 rating out of 10 . In a review from Rickey.org , Nick Roman cites `` I was probably too quick to judge last week 's Once Upon a Time . One of the things that occasionally bugs me about the narrative for this season , and which `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' happily corrects , is this idea that every villain has a kernel of goodness in them . Cruella de Vil ( Victoria Smurfit ) is bad all the way through , and the show is better for it . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' A.D. : The Bible Continues ' Collapses , ' Revenge ' Rises + ' American Country Awards ' Up From Last Year '' from TV By The Numbers / Zap2It ( April 21 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time recap : ' Sympathy for the De Vil ' '' from Entertainment Weekly ( April 19 , 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Ratcliffe , Amy ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Review : Sympathy for the De Vil Offers Fascinating Look At True Villainy ' '' from Rickey.org ( April 19 , 2015 ) External links ( edit ) `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' on IMDb `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' at TV.com ( hide ) Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' `` Secret Garden '' `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` Knightfall '' `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` Sisterhood '' `` Breadcrumbs '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sympathy_for_the_De_Vil&oldid=804225677 '' Categories : 2015 American television episodes Once Upon a Time ( season 4 ) episodes Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 15 : 58 . About Wikipedia
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who plays cruella mother in once upon a time
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"\n\n\"Sympathy for the De Vil\"\n\n\nOnce Upon a Time episode\n\n\nEpisode no.\nSeason 4\nEpisode 18\n\n\nDirected by\nRomeo Tirone\n\n\nWritten by\nDavid H. Goodman & Jerome Schwartz\n\n\nProduction code\n418\n\n\nOriginal air date\nApril 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)\n\n\nGuest appearance(s)\n\n\n\n\n\nKristin Bauer van Straten as Maleficent\nVictoria Smurfit as Cruella de Vil/Cruella Feinberg\nPatrick Fischler as the Author/Isaac Heller\nAnna Galvin as Madeline (Cruella's mother)\nMilli Wilkinson as Young Cruella\n\n\n\n\n\nEpisode chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n← Previous\n\"Heart of Gold\"\nNext →\n\"Lily\"\n\n\n\n\n\nOnce Upon a Time (season 4)\nList of Once Upon a Time episodes\n\n"
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"Anna Galvin"
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Constantine the Great and Christianity
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Constantine the Great and Christianity - wikipedia Constantine the Great and Christianity Jump to : navigation , search Raphael 's The Baptism of Constantine depicts Sylvester I instead of Arian bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia , Constantine 's actual baptizer . During the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great ( 306 -- 337 AD ) , Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire . Historians remain uncertain about Constantine 's reasons for favoring Christianity , and theologians and historians have often argued about which form of Early Christianity he subscribed to . There is no consensus among scholars as to whether he adopted his mother Helena 's Christianity in his youth , or , as claimed by Eusebius , encouraged her to convert to the faith himself . Some scholars question the extent to which he should be considered a Christian emperor : `` Constantine saw himself as an ' emperor of the Christian people ' . If this made him a Christian is the subject of ... debate , '' although he allegedly received a baptism shortly before his death . Constantine 's decision to cease the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire was a turning point for Early Christianity , sometimes referred to as the Triumph of the Church , the Peace of the Church or the Constantinian shift . In 313 , Constantine and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan decriminalizing Christian worship . The emperor became a great patron of the Church and set a precedent for the position of the Christian emperor within the Church and the notion of orthodoxy , Christendom , ecumenical councils , and the state church of the Roman Empire declared by edict in 380 . He is revered as a saint and isapostolos in the Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodox Church , and various Eastern Catholic Churches for his example as a `` Christian monarch . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Before Constantine 2 Conversion 2.1 Battle of Milvian Bridge 2.2 Edict of Milan 3 Patronage of the Church 3.1 Public office 3.2 Legal reforms 3.3 Early Christian Bibles 4 Christian emperorship 4.1 Enforcement of doctrine 4.2 Suppression of other religions 4.3 Persian relations 5 Constantinian shift 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Further reading 9 External links Before Constantine ( edit ) Main article : Early Christianity See also : Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire and Diocletianic Persecution The first recorded official persecution of Christians on behalf of the Roman Empire was in AD 64 , when , as reported by the Roman historian Tacitus , Emperor Nero attempted to blame Christians for the Great Fire of Rome . According to Church tradition , it was during the reign of Nero that Peter and Paul were martyred in Rome . However , modern historians debate whether the Roman government distinguished between Christians and Jews prior to Nerva 's modification of the Fiscus Judaicus in 96 , from which point practicing Jews paid the tax and Christians did not . Christians suffered from sporadic and localized persecutions over a period of two and a half centuries . Their refusal to participate in Imperial cult was considered an act of treason and was thus punishable by execution . The most widespread official persecution was carried out by Diocletian . During the Great Persecution ( 303 -- 311 ) , the emperor ordered Christian buildings and the homes of Christians torn down and their sacred books collected and burned . Christians were arrested , tortured , mutilated , burned , starved , and condemned to gladiatorial contests to amuse spectators . The Great Persecution officially ended in April 311 , when Galerius , senior emperor of the Tetrarchy , issued an edict of toleration , which granted Christians the right to practice their religion , though it did not restore any property to them . Constantine , Caesar in the Western empire , and Licinius , Caesar in the East , also were signatories to the edict of toleration . It has been speculated that Galerius ' reversal of his long - standing policy of Christian persecution has been attributable to one or both of these co-Caesars . Conversion ( edit ) Constantine 's conversion , as imagined by Rubens . It is possible ( but not certain ) that Constantine 's mother , Helena , exposed him to Christianity ; in any case he only declared himself a Christian after issuing the Edict of Milan . Writing to Christians , Constantine made clear that he believed that he owed his successes to the protection of that High God alone . Battle of Milvian Bridge ( edit ) Eusebius of Caesarea and other Christian sources record that Constantine experienced a dramatic event in 312 at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge , after which Constantine claimed the emperorship in the West . According to these sources , Constantine looked up to the sun before the battle and saw a cross of light above it , and with it the Greek words `` Ἐν Τούτῳ Νίκα '' ( in this sign , conquer ) , often rendered in a Latin version , `` in hoc signo vinces '' ( in this sign , you will conquer ) . Constantine commanded his troops to adorn their shields with a Christian symbol ( the Chi - Rho ) , and thereafter they were victorious . Following the battle , the new emperor ignored the altars to the gods prepared on the Capitoline and did not carry out the customary sacrifices to celebrate a general 's victorious entry into Rome , instead heading directly to the imperial palace . Most influential people in the empire , however , especially high military officials , had not been converted to Christianity and still participated in the traditional religions of Rome ; Constantine 's rule exhibited at least a willingness to appease these factions . The Roman coins minted up to eight years after the battle still bore the images of Roman gods . The monuments he first commissioned , such as the Arch of Constantine , contained no reference to Christianity . Edict of Milan ( edit ) In 313 Constantine and Licinius announced `` that it was proper that the Christians and all others should have liberty to follow that mode of religion which to each of them appeared best , '' thereby granting tolerance to all religions , including Christianity . The Edict of Milan went a step further than the earlier Edict of Toleration by Galerius in 311 , returning confiscated Church property . This edict made the empire officially neutral with regard to religious worship ; it neither made the traditional religions illegal nor made Christianity the state religion , as occurred later with the Edict of Thessalonica of 380 . The Edict of Milan did , however , raise the stock of Christianity within the empire and it reaffirmed the importance of religious worship to the welfare of the state . Patronage of the Church ( edit ) Hagia Eirene , the first church commissioned by Constantine in Constantinople . See also : State church of the Roman Empire The accession of Constantine was a turning point for early Christianity . After his victory , Constantine took over the role of patron of the Christian faith . He supported the Church financially , had an extraordinary number of basilicas built , granted privileges ( e.g. , exemption from certain taxes ) to clergy , promoted Christians to high - ranking offices , returned property confiscated during the Great Persecution of Diocletian , and endowed the church with land and other wealth . Between 324 and 330 , Constantine built a new imperial capital at Byzantium on the Bosporos , which would be named Constantinople for him . Unlike `` old '' Rome , the city began to employ overtly Christian architecture , contained churches within the city walls , and had no pre-existing temples from other religions . In doing this , however , Constantine required those who had not converted to Christianity to pay for the new city . Christian chroniclers tell that it appeared necessary to Constantine `` to teach his subjects to give up their rites ... and to accustom them to despise their temples and the images contained therein , '' This led to the closure of temples because of a lack of support , their wealth flowing to the imperial treasure ; Constantine did not need to use force to implement this . Only the chronicler Theophanes has added that temples `` were annihilated '' , but this was considered `` not true '' by contemporary historians . Public office ( edit ) Many times imperial favor was granted to Christianity by the Edict ; new avenues were opened to Christians , including the right to compete with other Romans in the traditional cursus honorum for high government positions , and greater acceptance into general civil society . Constantine respected cultivated persons , and his court was composed of older , respected , and honored men . Men from leading Roman families who declined to convert to Christianity were denied positions of power yet still received appointments ; even up to the end of his life , two - thirds of his top government were non-Christian . Legal reforms ( edit ) Constantine 's laws enforced and reflected his Christian attitudes . Crucifixion was abolished for reasons of Christian piety , but was replaced with hanging , to demonstrate the preservation of Roman supremacy . On March 7 , 321 , Sunday , already sacred to Christians and to the Roman Sun God Sol Invictus , was declared an official day of rest . On that day markets were banned and public offices were closed , except for the purpose of freeing slaves . There were , however , no restrictions on performing farming work , which was the work of the great majority of the population , on Sundays . Some laws made during his reign were even humane in the modern sense , possibly inspired by his Christianity : a prisoner was no longer to be kept in total darkness but must be given the outdoors and daylight ; a condemned man was allowed to die in the arena , but he could not be branded on his `` heavenly beautified '' face , since God was supposed to have made man in his image , but only on the feet . Publicly displayed Gladiatorial games were ordered to be eliminated in 325 . Early Christian Bibles ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Bibles of Constantine In 331 , Constantine commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople . Athanasius ( Apol . Const. 4 ) recorded around 340 Alexandrian scribes preparing Bibles for Constans . Little else is known . It has been speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists , and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus are examples of these Bibles . Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus , these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles . Christian emperorship ( edit ) Enforcement of doctrine ( edit ) The reign of Constantine established a precedent for the position of the Christian emperor in the Church . Emperors considered themselves responsible to the gods for the spiritual health of their subjects , and after Constantine they had a duty to help the Church define orthodoxy and maintain orthodoxy . The Church generally regarded the definition of doctrine as the responsibility of the bishops ; the emperor 's role was to enforce doctrine , root out heresy , and uphold ecclesiastical unity . The emperor ensured that God was properly worshiped in his empire ; what proper worship ( orthodoxy ) and doctrines and dogma consisted of was for the Church to determine . Constantine had become a worshiper of the Christian God , but he found that there were many opinions on that worship and indeed on who and what that God was . In 316 , Constantine was asked to adjudicate in a North African dispute between the Donatist sect ( who began by refusing obedience to any bishops who had yielded in any way to persecution , later regarding all bishops but their own sect as utterly contaminated ) . More significantly , in 325 he summoned the First Council of Nicaea , effectively the first Ecumenical Council ( unless the Council of Jerusalem is so classified ) . The Council of Nicaea is the first major attempt by Christians to define orthodoxy for the whole Church . Until Nicaea , all previous Church Councils had been local or regional synods affecting only portions of the Church . Nicaea dealt primarily with the Arian controversy . Constantine himself was torn between the Arian and Trinitarian camps . After the Nicene council , and against its conclusions , he eventually recalled Arius from exile and banished Athanasius of Alexandria to Trier . Just before his death in May 337 , Constantine was baptised into Christianity . Up until this time he had been a catechuman for most of his adult life . He believed that if he waited to get baptized on his death bed he was in less danger of polluting his soul with sin and not getting to heaven . He was baptized by an Arian sympathizer , but this was a result of attempting to create reconciliation in the Church , not acceptance of Arianism . He was baptized by his distant relative Arian Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia . During Eusebius of Nicomedia 's time in the Imperial court , the Eastern court and the major positions in the Eastern Church were held by Arians or Arian sympathizers . With the exception of a short period of eclipse , Eusebius enjoyed the complete confidence both of Constantine and Constantius II and was the tutor of Emperor Julian the Apostate . After Constantine 's death , his son and successor Constantius II was an Arian , as was Emperor Valens . Suppression of other religions ( edit ) Main article : Constantine I 's turn against Paganism See also : Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Constantine 's position on the religions traditionally practiced in Rome evolved during his reign . In fact , his coinage and other official motifs , until 325 , had affiliated him with the pagan cult of Sol Invictus . At first , Constantine encouraged the construction of new temples and tolerated traditional sacrifices ; by the end of his reign , he had begun to order the pillaging and tearing down of Roman temples . Persian relations ( edit ) Beyond the limes , east of the Euphrates , the Sasanian rulers of the Persian Empire , perennially at war with Rome , had usually tolerated Christianity . Constantine is said to have written to Shapur II in 324 and urged him to protect Christians under his rule . With the establishment of Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire , Christians in Persia would be regarded as allies of Persia 's ancient enemy . According to an anonymous Christian account , Shapur II wrote to his generals : You will arrest Simon , chief of the Christians . You will keep him until he signs this document and consents to collect for us a double tax and double tribute from the Christians ... for we Gods have all the trials of war and they have nothing but repose and pleasure . They inhabit our territory and agree with Caesar , our enemy . -- Shapur II , A History of Christianity in Asia : Beginnings to 1500 The `` Great Persecution '' of the Persian Christian churches occurred between 340 - 363 CE , after the Persian Wars that reopened upon Constantine 's death . Constantinian shift ( edit ) Constantinian shift is a term used by Anabaptist and Post-Christendom theologians to describe the political and theological aspects of Constantine 's legalization of Christianity in the 4th century . The term was popularized by the Mennonite theologian John H. Yoder . See also ( edit ) Constantinianism Constantine I and the bishops of Rome Christian pacifism Philip the Arab and Christianity List of rulers who converted to Christianity Labarum Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roman-Empire.net retrieved 19 September 2011 ^ Jump up to : R. Gerberding and J.H. Moran Cruz , Medieval Worlds ( New York : Houghton Mifflin Company , 2004 ) p. 55 . Jump up ^ About.com retrieved 19 September 2011 Jump up ^ Wylen , Stephen M. , The Jews in the Time of Jesus : An Introduction , Paulist Press ( 1995 ) , ISBN 0 - 8091 - 3610 - 4 , Pp 190 - 192. ; Dunn , James D.G. , Jews and Christians : The Parting of the Ways , A.D. 70 to 135 , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing ( 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 7 , Pp 33 - 34. ; Boatwright , Mary Taliaferro & Gargola , Daniel J & Talbert , Richard John Alexander , The Romans : From Village to Empire , Oxford University Press ( 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 511875 - 8 , p. 426. ; Jump up ^ Bomgardner , D.L. The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre . New York : Routledge , 2000 . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum ( `` On the Deaths of the Persecutors '' ) ch. 35 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Galerius , `` Edict of Toleration '' , in Documents of the Christian Church , trans . and ed . Henry Bettenson ( London : Oxford University Press , 1963 ) , 21 . Jump up ^ H.A. Drake , Constantine and the Bishops : The Politics of Intolerance ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 ) , 149 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) . The Rise of Western Christendom : Triumph and Diversity , A.D. 200 - 1000 , 10th Anniversary Revised Edition : Triumph and Diversity , A.D. 200 - 1000 . Making of Empire . 3 ( 3 ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons ( published 2012 ) . ISBN 9781118338841 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Constantine was not a young convert . He was over 40 and an experienced politician when he finally declared himself a Christian . He had had time to take the measure of the new religion and the difficulties which emperors had experienced in suppressing it . He decided that Christianity was a religion fit for a new empire . Jump up ^ Peter Brown , The Rise of Christendom 2nd edition ( Oxford , Blackwell Publishing , 2003 ) p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Brown , The Rise of Christendom 2nd edition ( Oxford , Blackwell Publishing , 2003 ) p. 60 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Life of Constantine . Jump up ^ J.R. Curran , Pagan City and Christian Capital . Rome in the Fourth Century ( Oxford , 2000 ) pp. 70 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum ( `` On the Deaths of the Persecutors '' ) ch. 48 . Jump up ^ Constantine and Licinius , `` The ' Edict of Milan ' '' , in Documents of the Christian Church , trans . and ed . Henry Bettenson ( London : Oxford University Press , 1963 ) , 22 . Jump up ^ R. Gerberding and J.H. Moran Cruz , Medieval Worlds ( New York : Houghton Mifflin Company , 2004 ) pp. 55 - 56 ^ Jump up to : MacMullan 1984 : 49 . Jump up ^ R. Gerberding and J.H. Moran Cruz , Medieval Worlds ( New York : Houghton Mifflin Company , 2004 ) p. 56 Jump up ^ quoted after MacMullan 1984 : 49 . Jump up ^ MacMullan 1984 : 50 . Jump up ^ MacMullan 1984 : 141 , Note 35 to Chapter V ; Theophanes , Chron . a . 322 ( PG 108.117 ) Jump up ^ Corpus Juris Civilis 3.12. 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20130727022718/http://www.freewebs.com/vitaphone1/history/justinianc.html accessed 20 April 2016 Jump up ^ Carson , Don A. From Sabbath to Lord 's Day . Wipf & Stock Publishers / Zondervan . pp. 252 -- 98 . ISBN 9781579103071 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1969 ; New Catholic Encyclopedia , 1908 ; Theodosian Code . Jump up ^ Norwich , John Julius , A Short History of Byzantium . Alfred A. Knopf , 1997 , p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 77269 - 3 . Jump up ^ Miles , Margaret Ruth , The Word Made Flesh : A History of Christian Thought . Blackwell Publishing , 2004 , p. 70 , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0846 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Canon Debate , McDonald & Sanders editors , 2002 , pages 414 - 415 , for the entire paragraph Jump up ^ Richards , Jeffrey . The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476 -- 752 ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1979 ) pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Richards , Jeffrey . The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476 -- 752 ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1979 ) p. 15 . Jump up ^ Richards , Jeffrey . The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476 -- 752 ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1979 ) p. 16 . Jump up ^ Pre-Ecumenical councils include the Council of Rome 155 AD , Second Council of Rome 193 AD , Council of Ephesus 193 AD , Council of Carthage ( 251 ) , Council of Iconium 258 AD , Councils of Antioch , 264 AD , Council of Elvira 306 AD , Council of Carthage ( 311 ) , Council of Ancyra 314 AD , Council of Arles 314 AD and the Council of Neo-Caesarea 315 AD . Jump up ^ Kevin Kaatz , Early Controversies and the Growth of Christianity ( ABC - CLIO 2012 ISBN 978 - 0 - 31338359 - 5 ) , p. 113 Jump up ^ Drake , `` Constantine and the Bishops '' , pp. 395 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Eusebius of Nicomedia '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Gerberding , R. and J.H. Moran Cruz , Medieval Worlds ( New York : Houghton Mifflin Company , 2004 ) p. 28 . Jump up ^ R. MacMullen , `` Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D. 100 - 400 , Yale University Press , 1984 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 03642 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A History of the Church '' , Philip Hughes , Sheed & Ward , rev ed 1949 , vol I chapter 6. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Eusebius Pamphilius and Schaff , Philip ( Editor ) and McGiffert , Rev. Arthur Cushman , Ph. D. ( Translator ) NPNF2 - 01 . Eusebius Pamphilius : Church History , Life of Constantine , Oration in Praise of Constantine quote : `` he razed to their foundations those of them which had been the chief objects of superstitious reverence '' . Jump up ^ Eusebius , vita Constantini IV , 8 - 13 Jump up ^ Moffett , Samuel H. ( 1992 ) . A History of Christianity in Asia : Beginnings to 1500 . p. 140 . Jump up ^ `` After Constantine '' . gnosis.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ In general , there is a `` silence of the Perso - Arab and classical historians on any claim by Iranian kings to divinity '' . The Cambridge history of Iran : The Seleucid , Parthian and Sasanian ... : Volume 1 -- Page xxxiii . Jump up ^ Clapp , Rodney ( 1996 ) . A Peculiar People . InterVarsity Press . p. 23 . What might be called the Constantinian shift began around the year 200 and took more than two hundred years to grow and unfold to full bloom . Jump up ^ Yoder , John H. ( 1996 ) . `` Is There Such a Thing as Being Ready for Another Millennium ? '' . In Miroslav Volf ; Carmen Krieg ; Thomas Kucharz . The Future of Theology : Essays in Honor of Jurgen Moltmann . Eerdmanns . p. 65 . The most impressive transitory change underlying our common experience , one that some thought was a permanent lunge forward in salvation history , was the so - called Constantinian shift . Further reading ( edit ) Eusebius , Life of Constantine , Introduction , translation , and commentary by Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1999 . Ramsay MacMullen , Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D. 100 - 400 , Yale University Press , 1984 ISBN 0 - 300 - 03642 - 6 , External links ( edit ) The Full Text of the `` Edict of Milan '' History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I & II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist v. Arminian Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - & Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Catholicism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History and tradition Mary Joseph Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - nations and traditions ( list ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox ( Miaphysite ) Assyrian Church of the East ( `` Nestorian '' ) Eastern Catholic Churches Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism Related topics Art Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Christianity portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity&oldid=801206757 '' Categories : Constantine the Great and Christianity 4th - century Christianity Ancient Christian controversies Christianization Religious views by individual Hidden categories : Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Македонски Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 09 : 33 . 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who reigned when christianity was adopted as the official religion of the roman empire
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"During the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (306–337 AD), Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire. Historians remain uncertain about Constantine's reasons for favoring Christianity, and theologians and historians have often argued about which form of Early Christianity he subscribed to. There is no consensus among scholars as to whether he adopted his mother Helena's Christianity in his youth, or, as claimed by Eusebius, encouraged her to convert to the faith himself. Some scholars question the extent to which he should be considered a Christian emperor: \"Constantine saw himself as an 'emperor of the Christian people'. If this made him a Christian is the subject of ... debate,\"[1][2][attribution needed] although he allegedly received a baptism shortly before his death.[3]"
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"Roman Emperor Constantine the Great"
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2018 Pro Bowl
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2018 Pro Bowl - wikipedia 2018 Pro Bowl Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Pro Bowl NFC AFC 23 24 Head coach : Sean Payton ( New Orleans Saints ) Head coach : Mike Tomlin ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Total NFC 7 13 0 23 AFC 0 14 7 24 Date January 28 , 2018 Stadium Camping World Stadium , Orlando , Florida Offensive MVP Delanie Walker ( Tennessee Titans ) Defensive MVP Von Miller ( Denver Broncos ) Referee Walt Anderson Attendance 51,019 Ceremonies National anthem Jordan Fisher Coin toss Derrick Brooks Warrick Dunn Jason Taylor LaDainian Tomlinson Halftime show Jordan Fisher TV in the United States Network ESPN / ABC Announcers Sean McDonough , Matt Hasselbeck , Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick Radio in the United States Network Westwood One Announcers Kevin Kugler ( play - by - play ) Steve Tasker ( analyst ) Laura Okmin ( sideline reporter ) ← 2017 Pro Bowl 2019 → The 2018 Pro Bowl was the National Football League 's all - star game for the 2017 season , which was played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida on January 28 , 2018 . For the first time since 2008 , the game started during afternoon hours instead of primetime hours for U.S. Mainland viewers with a 3 : 00 PM ET start . It marked the second year the game was played in Orlando . It was televised nationally by ESPN and simulcasted on ABC . The roster was announced on December 19 on NFL Network . The AFC team won the game 24 -- 23 , the second straight year the Pro Bowl was won by the AFC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host selection process 1.2 Side events 2 Game format 2.1 Rule changes 3 Summary 3.1 Box score 4 AFC rosters 4.1 Offense 4.2 Defense 4.3 Special teams 5 NFC rosters 5.1 Offense 5.2 Defense 5.3 Special teams 6 Number of selections per team 7 Broadcasting 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host selection process ( edit ) Under a three - year deal that began in 2017 , the Pro Bowl will once again be hosted by Camping World Stadium in Orlando . Side events ( edit ) The Pro Bowl Skills Challenge was held on January 25 at the Walt Disney World Resort and its ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex . Game format ( edit ) Rule changes ( edit ) The game format was the same as for 2017 , highlighted by : Forty - four players were assigned to each team , up from 43 in 2016 ( a regular game - day active roster has 46 ) . The two - minute warning that was given in the first and third quarters ( in addition to the second and fourth quarters ) in previous years was eliminated , and the ball did not change hands after the first and third quarters . The coin toss determined which team was awarded possession first . There were no kickoffs ; the ball was placed on the 25 - yard line at the start of each half and after scoring plays . Defenses were now permitted to play cover two and press coverage . Prior to 2014 , only man coverage was allowed , except for goal line situations . A 38 - second / 25 - second play clock was used instead of the usual 40 - second / 25 - second clock , and up from 35 - second / 25 - second clock in 2016 . Replay reviews will be allowed ; previously there was replay in the Pro Bowl only when new equipment tests were being conducted . There are no intentional grounding rules . Only defensive ends and tackles may rush on passing plays , but those must be on the same side of the ball . The defense is not permitted to blitz . All blindside blocks and blocks below the waist are illegal . A tight end and running back must be in every formation . No more than two wide receivers on either side of the ball . Deep middle safety must be aligned inside the hash marks . Play is stopped the moment a defender wraps his arms around the ball carrier . ( This rule only applies to the quarterback in the backfield during regular NFL play . ) Summary ( edit ) Box score ( edit ) 2018 Pro Bowl : American Football Conference vs National Football Conference Total NFC 7 13 0 23 AFC 0 14 7 24 at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida Date : January 28 , 2018 Game time : 3 : 00 p.m. ET Game weather : 78 ° F ( 26 ° C ) , Rain showers Game attendance : 51,019 Referee : Walt Anderson TV announcers ( ESPN ) : Sean McDonough , Matt Hasselbeck , Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter NFC -- Adam Thielen 8 - yard pass from Drew Brees ( Graham Gano kick ) , 7 : 50 . NFC 7 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays , 75 yards , 7 : 10 . AFC -- Chris Boswell 41 - yard field goal , 0 : 43 . NFC 7 -- 3 . Drive : 12 plays , 52 yards , 7 : 07 . Second quarter NFC -- Graham Gano 43 - yard field goal , 12 : 08 . NFC 10 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , − 4 yards , 1 : 56 . NFC -- Harrison Smith 79 - yard interception return ( Graham Gano kick ) , 7 : 18 . NFC 17 -- 3 . NFC -- Graham Gano 40 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . NFC 20 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 58 yards , 1 : 53 . Third quarter AFC -- Delanie Walker 4 - yard pass from Alex Smith ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 11 : 20 . NFC 20 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 40 . AFC -- LeSean McCoy 2 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 5 : 36 . NFC 20 -- 17 . Drive : 5 plays , 53 yards , 3 : 07 . Fourth quarter NFC -- Graham Gano 38 - yard field goal , 14 : 09 . NFC 23 -- 17 . Drive : 13 plays , 55 yards , 6 : 27 . AFC -- Delanie Walker 18 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 1 : 31 . AFC 24 -- 23 . Drive : 7 plays , 47 yards , 2 : 13 . Top passers NFC -- Jared Goff -- 10 / 18 , 86 yards AFC -- Alex Smith -- 7 / 10 , 131 yards , TD , INT Top rushers NFC -- Mark Ingram -- 5 rushes , 21 yards AFC -- LeSean McCoy -- 3 rushes , 7 yards , TD Top receivers NFC -- Kyle Rudolph -- 7 receptions , 70 yards AFC -- T.Y. Hilton -- 4 receptions , 98 yards AFC rosters ( edit ) The following players were selected to represent the AFC : Offense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Quarterback 12 Tom Brady , New England 7 Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh 17 Philip Rivers , LA Chargers 11 Alex Smith , Kansas City 4 Derek Carr , Oakland Running back 26 Le'Veon Bell , Pittsburgh 25 LeSean McCoy , Buffalo 27 Kareem Hunt , Kansas City Fullback 46 James Develin , New England 45 Roosevelt Nix , Pittsburgh Wide receiver 10 DeAndre Hopkins , Houston 84 Antonio Brown , Pittsburgh 13 Keenan Allen , LA Chargers 18 A.J. Green , Cincinnati 13 T.Y. Hilton , Indianapolis 14 Jarvis Landry , Miami Tight end 87 Travis Kelce , Kansas City 87 Rob Gronkowski , New England 82 Delanie Walker , Tennessee 84 Jack Doyle , Indianapolis Offensive tackle 77 Taylor Lewan , Tennessee 78 Alejandro Villanueva , Pittsburgh 72 Donald Penn , Oakland 76 Russell Okung , LA Chargers Offensive guard 66 David DeCastro , Pittsburgh 70 Kelechi Osemele , Oakland 64 Richie Incognito , Buffalo Center 53 Maurkice Pouncey , Pittsburgh 61 Rodney Hudson , Oakland Defense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Defensive end 93 Calais Campbell , Jacksonville 99 Joey Bosa , LA Chargers 52 Khalil Mack , Oakland 54 Melvin Ingram , LA Chargers 97 Cameron Heyward , Pittsburgh 91 Yannick Ngakoue , Jacksonville Defensive tackle 97 Geno Atkins , Cincinnati 99 Jurrell Casey , Tennessee 97 Malik Jackson , Jacksonville Outside linebacker 58 Von Miller , Denver 90 Jadeveon Clowney , Houston 55 Terrell Suggs , Baltimore 50 Telvin Smith , Jacksonville Inside linebacker 57 C.J. Mosley , Baltimore 50 Ryan Shazier , Pittsburgh 53 Joe Schobert , Cleveland Cornerback 20 Jalen Ramsey , Jacksonville 21 A.J. Bouye , Jacksonville 21 Aqib Talib , Denver 26 Casey Hayward , LA Chargers Free safety 32 Eric Weddle , Baltimore 31 Kevin Byard , Tennessee Strong safety 20 Reshad Jones , Miami 23 Micah Hyde , Buffalo Special teams ( edit ) Position Starter Alternate ( s ) Punter 6 Brett Kern , Tennessee Placekicker 9 Chris Boswell , Pittsburgh Return specialist 10 Tyreek Hill , Kansas City Special teamer 18 Matthew Slater , New England 41 Brynden Trawick , Tennessee Long snapper 46 Clark Harris , Cincinnati Nfc rosters ( edit ) The following players were selected to represent the NFC : Offense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Quarterback 11 Carson Wentz , Philadelphia 3 Russell Wilson , Seattle 9 Drew Brees , New Orleans 16 Jared Goff , LA Rams Running back 30 Todd Gurley , LA Rams 22 Mark Ingram , New Orleans 41 Alvin Kamara , New Orleans Fullback 44 Kyle Juszczyk , San Francisco Wide receiver 11 Julio Jones , Atlanta 19 Adam Thielen , Minnesota 11 Larry Fitzgerald , Arizona 13 Michael Thomas , New Orleans 17 Davante Adams , Green Bay 89 Doug Baldwin , Seattle Tight end 86 Zach Ertz , Philadelphia 88 Jimmy Graham , Seattle 82 Jason Witten , Dallas 82 Kyle Rudolph , Minnesota Offensive tackle 71 Trent Williams , Washington 77 Tyron Smith , Dallas 65 Lane Johnson , Philadelphia 77 Andrew Whitworth , LA Rams 74 Joe Staley , San Francisco 76 Duane Brown , Seattle Offensive guard 70 Zack Martin , Dallas 79 Brandon Brooks , Philadelphia 75 Brandon Scherff , Washington 70 Trai Turner , Carolina 76 T.J. Lang , Detroit 67 Larry Warford , New Orleans Center 51 Alex Mack , Atlanta 72 Travis Frederick , Dallas Defense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Defensive end 90 DeMarcus Lawrence , Dallas 97 Everson Griffen , Minnesota 94 Cameron Jordan , New Orleans 72 Michael Bennett , Seattle Defensive tackle 91 Fletcher Cox , Philadelphia 99 Aaron Donald , LA Rams 93 Gerald McCoy , Tampa Bay 76 Mike Daniels , Green Bay 98 Linval Joseph , Minnesota Outside linebacker 55 Chandler Jones , Arizona 91 Ryan Kerrigan , Washington 55 Anthony Barr , Minnesota 58 Thomas Davis Sr. , Carolina Inside linebacker 59 Luke Kuechly , Carolina 54 Bobby Wagner , Seattle 45 Deion Jones , Atlanta 58 Kwon Alexander , Tampa Bay Cornerback 21 Patrick Peterson , Arizona 29 Xavier Rhodes , Minnesota 23 Marshon Lattimore , New Orleans 23 Darius Slay , Detroit Free safety 29 Earl Thomas , Seattle Strong safety 21 Landon Collins , NY Giants 27 Malcolm Jenkins , Philadelphia 22 Keanu Neal , Atlanta 22 Harrison Smith , Minnesota Special teams ( edit ) Position Starter Alternate ( s ) Punter 6 Johnny Hekker , LA Rams Placekicker 4 Greg Zuerlein , LA Rams 9 Graham Gano , Carolina Return specialist 10 Pharoh Cooper , LA Rams Special teamer 36 Budda Baker , Arizona Long snapper 44 Jake McQuaide , LA Rams Notes : Players must have accepted their invitations as alternates to be listed ; those who declined are not considered Pro Bowlers . bold player who participated in game ( C ) signifies the player has been selected as a captain Replacement Player selection due to injury or vacancy Injured / suspended player ; selected but did not participate Replacement starter ; selected as reserve Selected but did not play because his team advanced to Super Bowl LII ( see Pro Bowl `` Player Selection '' section ) Number of selections per team ( edit ) American Football Conference Team Selections Pittsburgh Steelers 10 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 Los Angeles Chargers 6 Tennessee Titans 6 Oakland Raiders 5 New England Patriots Kansas City Chiefs Baltimore Ravens Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Denver Broncos Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Miami Dolphins Cleveland Browns New York Jets 0 National Football Conference Team Selections Los Angeles Rams 8 Seattle Seahawks 7 Minnesota Vikings 7 New Orleans Saints 7 Philadelphia Eagles 6 Dallas Cowboys 5 Arizona Cardinals Carolina Panthers Atlanta Falcons Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers Detroit Lions San Francisco 49ers Tampa Bay Buccaneers New York Giants Chicago Bears 0 Broadcasting ( edit ) The 2018 Pro Bowl was televised nationally by ABC , ESPN , and ESPN Deportes . The simulcast marked the game 's return to broadcast television , as well as its return to ABC for the first time since 2003 . To accommodate the return to broadcast television , the game moved from primetime to an afternoon start time to avoid interfering with ABC 's Primetime Lineup . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walt Anderson is the referee for the 2018 Pro Bowl Jump up ^ `` NFL 's pro bowl moves to Orlando '' . Chicago Tribune . Tronc . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Smith added to AFC Pro Bowl roster '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders QB Derek Carr Selected To Third Consecutive Pro Bowl '' . Raiders.com . January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Nix is Pro Bowl bound '' . Steelers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Dolphins receiver Jarvis Landry named to Pro Bowl as alternate '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Andrew . `` T.Y. Hilton Selected To Fourth Straight Pro Bowl '' . Colts.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delanie Walker in , Travis Kelce out for Pro Bowl '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jack Doyle Named To First - Career Pro Bowl '' . Colts.com . ^ Jump up to : Elwood , Hayley ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Russell Okung Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . Chargers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ngakoue and Smith added to Pro Bowl roster '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers OLB Melvin Ingram named to 2018 NFL Pro Bowl '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Varley , Teresa ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Heyward headed to the Pro Bowl '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Schobert added to AFC Pro Bowl team '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com. 2018 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titans FS Kevin Byard , ST Brynden Trawick Named to Pro Bowl '' . TitansOnline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Bengals long snapper Clark Harris selected for Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Myles ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jared Goff Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . TheRams.com . ^ Jump up to : Western , Evan ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Packers ' Davante Adams added to 2018 Pro Bowl roster '' . SBNation . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Charean ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Baldwin replaces Larry Fitzgerald on Pro Bowl roster '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Linval Joseph , Kyle Rudolph , Harrison Smith Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . Vikings.com . January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Witten Added to Pro Bowl Roster ; Ties Franchise Record With 11 Appearances '' . DallasCowboys.com . ^ Jump up to : Alper , Josh ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Andrew Whitworth will go to the Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . ^ Jump up to : `` T Joe Staley Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . 49ers.com . January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyle , John ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Seahawks Left Tackle Duane Brown Named To Pro Bowl Roster '' . Seahawks.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Graham Gano , Trai Turner named to Pro Bowl roster '' . panthers.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Twentyman , Tim ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` T.J. Lang named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . DetroitLions.com . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Larry Warford will join Saints coaches at the Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , John ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Seahawks Defensive End Michael Bennett Named To 2018 Pro Bowl Roster '' . Seahawks.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Packers DT Mike Daniels named to Pro Bowl '' . packers.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Davis named to Pro Bowl roster '' . Panthers.com . January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deion Jones added to Pro Bowl roster '' . nbcsports.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kwon Alexander Headed to the Pro Bowl ! '' . buccaneers.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conway , Kelsey ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Falcons ' safety Keanu Neal selected to 2018 Pro Bowl roster '' . AtlantaFalcons.com . Jump up ^ Klein , Gary ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Rams snapper Jake McQuaide named to Pro Bowl for second year in a row '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's Pro Bowl Back on ABC '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . 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Songs `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' `` Heavy Action '' `` The Party 's Over '' NFL Championship 1948 1950 Super Bowl XIX ( 1984 ) XXII ( 1987 ) XXV ( 1990 ) XXIX ( 1994 ) XXXIV ( 1999 ) XXXVII ( 2002 ) XL ( 2005 ) Pro Bowl 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2018 AFL Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Results and standings Yearly results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Pro_Bowl&oldid=839395806 '' Categories : Pro Bowl 2017 National Football League season 2018 in American football 2018 in sports in Florida 2010s in Orlando , Florida American football in Orlando , Florida January 2018 sports events in the United States Sports competitions in Orlando , Florida Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 04 : 14 . 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who's performing halftime at the pro bowl
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[
"\n2018 Pro Bowl\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNFC\nAFC\n\n\n23\n24\n\n\nHead coach:\nSean Payton\n(New Orleans Saints)\nHead coach:\nMike Tomlin\n(Pittsburgh Steelers)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nTotal\n\n\nNFC\n7\n13\n0\n3\n23\n\n\nAFC\n3\n0\n14\n7\n24\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 28, 2018\n\n\nStadium\nCamping World Stadium, Orlando, Florida\n\n\nOffensive MVP\nDelanie Walker (Tennessee Titans)\n\n\nDefensive MVP\nVon Miller (Denver Broncos)\n\n\nReferee\nWalt Anderson[1]\n\n\nAttendance\n51,019\n\n\nCeremonies\n\n\nNational anthem\nJordan Fisher\n\n\nCoin toss\nDerrick Brooks\nWarrick Dunn\nJason Taylor\nLaDainian Tomlinson\n\n\nHalftime show\nJordan Fisher\n\n\nTV in the United States\n\n\nNetwork\nESPN/ABC\n\n\nAnnouncers\nSean McDonough, Matt Hasselbeck, Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick\n\n\nRadio in the United States\n\n\nNetwork\nWestwood One\n\n\nAnnouncers\nKevin Kugler (play-by-play)\nSteve Tasker (analyst)\nLaura Okmin (sideline reporter)\n\n\n\n\n← 2017\nPro Bowl\n2019 →\n\n\n\n"
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"Jordan Fisher"
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El Salvador
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El Salvador - wikipedia El Salvador For other uses , see El Salvador ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 13 ° 50 ′ N 88 ° 55 ′ W / 13.833 ° N 88.917 ° W / 13.833 ; - 88.917 Republic of El Salvador República de El Salvador ( Spanish ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Dios , Unión , Libertad '' ( Spanish ) English : `` God , Unity , Freedom '' Anthem : Himno Nacional de El Salvador ( English : `` National Anthem of El Salvador '' ) Capital and largest city San Salvador 13 ° 40 ′ N 89 ° 10 ′ W / 13.667 ° N 89.167 ° W / 13.667 ; - 89.167 Official languages Spanish Ethnic groups 86.3 % Mestizo 12.7 % White 0.23 % Indigenous 0.13 % Black 0.64 % Other Demonym Salvadoran Guanaco ( Informal ) Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic President Salvador Sánchez Cerén Vice President Óscar Ortiz Legislature Legislative Assembly Independence Declared from Spain September 15 , 1821 Declared from the Federal Republic of Central America June 12 , 1824 Becomes an independent nation February 18 , 1841 Area Total 21,041 km ( 8,124 sq mi ) ( 148th ) Water ( % ) 1.5 Population 2016 estimate 6,344,722 ( 99th ) Density 303.1 / km ( 785.0 / sq mi ) ( 47th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2015 estimate Total $52.666 billion Per capita $8,668 GDP ( nominal ) 2015 estimate Total $28.986 billion Per capita $4,776 Gini ( 2013 ) 43.5 medium HDI ( 2017 ) 0.674 medium 121st Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone UTC − 6 ( CST ) Driving side right Calling code + 503 ISO 3166 code SV Internet TLD . sv The United States dollar is the currency in use . Financial information can be expressed in U.S. dollars and in Salvadoran colón , but the colón is out of circulation . Telephone companies ( market share ) : Tigo ( 45 % ) , Claro ( 25 % ) , Movistar ( 24 % ) , Digicel ( 5.5 % ) , Red ( 0.5 % ) . El Salvador ( / ɛl ˈsælvədɔːr / ( listen ) ; Spanish : ( el salβaˈðoɾ ) ) , officially the Republic of El Salvador ( Spanish : República de El Salvador , literally `` Republic of The Savior '' ) , is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America . It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras , on the northwest by Guatemala , and on the south by the Pacific Ocean . El Salvador 's capital and largest city is San Salvador . As of 2016 , the country had a population of approximately 6.34 million . El Salvador was for centuries inhabited by several Mesoamerican nations , especially the Cuzcatlecs , as well as the Lenca and Maya . In the early 16th century , the Spanish Empire conquered the territory , incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City . However the Viceroyalty of Mexico had little or no influence in the daily affairs of the Central American isthmus , which would be colonized in 1524 . In 1609 the area became the Captaincy General of Guatemala , from which El Salvador was part of until its independence from Spain , which took place in 1821 , as part of the First Mexican Empire , then further seceded , as part of the Federal Republic of Central America , in 1823 . When the Republic dissolved in 1841 , El Salvador became a sovereign nation , then formed a short - lived union with Honduras and Nicaragua called the Greater Republic of Central America , which lasted from 1895 to 1898 . From the late 19th to the mid-20th century , El Salvador endured chronic political and economic instability characterized by coups , revolts , and a succession of authoritarian rulers . Persistent socioeconomic inequality and civil unrest culminated in the devastating Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 -- 1992 ) , which was fought between the military - led government and a coalition of left - wing guerrilla groups . The conflict ended with the Chapultepec Peace Accords . This negotiated settlement established a multiparty constitutional republic , which remains in place to this day . El Salvador 's economy has historically been dominated by agriculture , beginning with the indigo plant ( añil in Spanish ) , the most important crop during the colonial period , and followed thereafter by coffee , which by the early 20th century accounted for 90 percent of export earnings . El Salvador has since reduced its dependence on coffee and embarked on diversifying the economy by opening up trade and financial links and expanding the manufacturing sector . The colón , the official currency of El Salvador since 1892 , was replaced by the U.S. dollar in 2001 . As of 2010 , El Salvador ranks 12th among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index and fourth in Central America ( behind Panama , Costa Rica , and Belize ) due in part to ongoing rapid industrialisation . However , the country continues to struggle with high rates of poverty , inequality , and crime . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistoric 2.2 Pre-Columbian 2.3 European contact ( 1522 ) 2.3. 1 Conquest of Cuzcatlán ( 1524 -- 1525 ) 2.4 Spanish rule ( 1525 -- 1821 ) 2.5 Independence ( 1821 ) 2.6 20th century 2.7 Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 2.8 Post-war ( 1992 -- present ) 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Natural disasters 3.2. 1 Extreme weather events 3.2. 2 Earthquakes and volcanic activity 3.3 Biodiversity and endangered species 4 Government and politics 4.1 Political culture 4.2 Foreign relations 4.3 Military 4.4 Human rights 4.5 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Remittances from abroad 5.2 Free trade agreements 5.3 Official corruption and foreign investment 5.4 Tourism 6 Infrastructure 6.1 Water supply and sanitation 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Largest cities 7.4 Religion 8 Health 9 Education 10 Crime 11 Culture 11.1 Public holidays 11.2 Cuisine 11.3 Music 11.4 Sport 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado named the new province for Jesus Christ -- El Salvador ( `` The Savior '' ) . The full name was `` Provincia De Nuestro Señor Jesus Cristo , El Salvador Del Mundo '' ( `` Province of our Lord Jesus Christ , the Savior of the World '' ) , which was subsequently abbreviated to `` El Salvador '' ( The Savior ) . History This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of El Salvador Prehistoric Excavation of a Megatherium in the Tomayate site Apopa . Skull fossil of an ancient - horse in the Tomayate site Apopa . Tomayate is a paleontological site located on the banks of the river of the same name in the municipality of Apopa . The site has produced abundant Salvadoran megafauna fossils belonging to the Pleistocene epoch . The paleontological site was discovered accidentally in 2000 , and in the following year , an excavation by the Museum of Natural History of El Salvador revealed not only several remnants of Cuvieronius , but also several other species of vertebrates . In the Tomayate site , they have recovered at least 19 species of vertebrates , including giant tortoises , Megatherium , Glyptodon , Toxodon , extinct horses , paleo - llamas and especially a large number of skeletal remains of proboscis genus Cuvieronius . The Tomayate site stands out from most Central American Pleistocene deposits , being more ancient and much richer , which provides valuable information of the Great American Interchange , in which the Central American isthmus landbridge played the title primordial role . At the same time , it is considered the richest vertebrate paleontological site in Central America and one of the largest accumulations of proboscideans in the Americas . Pre-Columbian Main article : Cuzcatlan Temazcal in Joya de Ceren . Sophisticated civilization in El Salvador dates to its settlement by the indigenous Lenca people ; theirs was the first and the oldest indigenous civilization to settle in El Salvador . The Lenca were succeeded by the Olmecs , who eventually also disappeared , leaving their monumental architecture in the form of the pyramids still extant in western El Salvador . The Maya arrived and settled in place of the Olmecs , but their numbers were greatly diminished when the Ilopango supervolcano eruption caused a massive Mayan exodus out of what is now El Salvador . Centuries later they themselves were replaced by the Pipil people , Nahua speaking groups who migrated from Mexico in the centuries before the European conquest and occupied the central and western regions . The Pipil were the last indigenous people to arrive in El Salvador . They called their territory Kuskatan , a Pipil word meaning The Place of Precious Jewels , backformed into Classical Nahuatl Cōzcatlān , and Hispanicized as Cuzcatlán . The people of El Salvador today are referred to as Salvadoran , while the term Cuzcatleco is commonly used to identify someone of Salvadoran heritage . In pre-Columbian times , the country was also inhabited by various other indigenous peoples , including the Lenca , a Chilanga Lencan - speaking group who settled in the eastern highlands . Cuzcatlan was the larger domain until the Spanish conquest . Since El Salvador resided on the eastern edge of the Maya Civilization , the origins of many of El Salvador 's ruins are controversial . However , it is widely agreed that Mayas likely occupied the areas around Lago de Guija and Cihuatán . Other ruins such as Tazumal , Joya de Cerén and San Andrés may have been built by the Pipil or the Maya or possibly both . European contact ( 1522 ) By 1521 , the indigenous population of the Mesoamerican area had been drastically reduced by the smallpox epidemic that was spreading throughout the territory , although it had not yet reached pandemic levels in Cuzcatlán . The first known visit by Spaniards to what is now Salvadoran territory was made by the Spanish admiral , Andrés Niño , who led a Spanish expedition to Central America . He disembarked in the Gulf of Fonseca on May 31 , 1522 , at Meanguera island , naming it Petronila , and then discovered Jiquilisco Bay on the mouth of Lempa River . The first indigenous people to have contact with the Spanish were the Lenca of eastern El Salvador . Conquest of Cuzcatlan ( 1524 -- 1525 ) Main article : Spanish conquest of El Salvador Spanish Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado . In 1524 , after participating in the conquest of Mexico , Spanish conquistadors led by Pedro de Alvarado and his brother Gonzalo crossed the Rio Paz ( Peace River ) from the area comprising the present Republic of Guatemala into what is now the Republic of El Salvador . The Spaniards were disappointed to discover that the indigenous Pipil people had no gold or jewels like those they had found in Guatemala or Mexico , but recognized the richness of the land 's volcanic soil . Pedro de Alvarado led the first incursion by Spanish forces to extend their dominion to the nation of Cuzcatlan ( El Salvador ) , in June 1524 . When he arrived at the borders of the Cuzcatlan kingdom he saw that civilians had been evacuated . Cuzcatlec warriors moved to the coastal city of Acajutla and waited for Alvarado and his forces . Alvarado approached , confident that the result would be similar to what occurred in Mexico and Guatemala where the people believed the Spanish were gods . He thought he would easily defeat this new indigenous force since his Mexican allies and the Pipil of Cuzcatlan spoke a similar language . The Indigenous peoples of El Salvador did not see the Spanish as gods , but as foreign invaders . Alvarado saw that the Cuzcatan force outnumbered his Spanish soldiers and Mexican Indian allies . The Spanish withdrew and the Cuzcatlec army attacked , running behind them with war chants and shooting bow arrows . Alvarado had no choice but to fight to survive . Alvarado described the Cuzcatlec soldiers in great detail as having shields made of colorful exotic feathers , a vest - like armor made of three inch cotton which arrows could not penetrate , and large spears . Both armies suffered many casualties , with a wounded Alvarado retreating and losing a lot of his men , especially among the Mexican Indian auxiliaries . Once his army had regrouped , Alvarado decided to head to the Cuzcatlan capital and again faced armed Cuzcatlec . Wounded , unable to fight and hiding in the cliffs , Alvarado sent his Spanish men on their horses to approach the Cuzcatlec to see if they would fear the horses , but they did not retreat , Alvarado recalls in his letters to Hernan Cortez . The Cuzcatlec attacked again , and on this occasion stole Spanish weaponry . Alvarado retreated and sent Mexican Indian messengers to demand that the Cuzcatlec warriors return the stolen weapons and surrender to the Spanish king . The Cuzcatlec responded with the famous response , `` If you want your weapons , come get them '' . As days passed , Alvarado , fearing an ambush , sent more Mexican Indian messengers to negotiate , but these messengers never came back and were presumably executed . Tazumal ruins in Santa Ana , El Salvador . The Spanish efforts were firmly resisted by the indigenous people , including the Pipil and their Mayan - speaking neighbors . They defeated the Spaniards and what was left of their Mexican Tlaxcala Indian allies , forcing them to withdraw to Guatemala . After being wounded , Alvarado abandoned the war and appointed his brother , Gonzalo de Alvarado , to continue the task . Two subsequent expeditions ( the first in 1525 , followed by a smaller group in 1528 ) brought the Pipil under Spanish control , since the Pipil also were weakened by a regional epidemic of smallpox . In 1525 , the conquest of Cuzcatlán was completed and the city of San Salvador was established . The Spanish faced much resistance from the Pipil and were not able to reach eastern El Salvador , the area of the Lencas . In 1526 the Spanish founded the garrison town of San Miguel , headed by another explorer and conquistador , Luis de Moscoso Alvarado , nephew of Pedro Alvarado . Oral history holds that a Maya - Lenca crown princess , Antu Silan Ulap I , organized resistance to the conquistadors . The kingdom of Lenca was alarmed by de Moscoso 's invasion , and Antu Silan travelled from village to village , uniting all the Lenca towns in present - day El Salvador and Honduras against the Spaniards . Through surprise attacks and overwhelming numbers , they were able to drive the Spanish out of San Miguel and destroy the garrison . For ten years the Lencas prevented the Spanish from building a permanent settlement . Then the Spanish returned with more soldiers , including about 2,000 forced conscripts from indigenous communities in Guatemala . They pursued the Lenca leaders further up into the mountains of Intibucá . Antu Silan Ulap eventually handed over control of the Lenca resistance to Lempira ( also called Empira ) . Lempira was noteworthy among indigenous leaders in that he mocked the Spanish by wearing their clothes after capturing them and using their weapons captured in battle . Lempira fought in command of thousands of Lenca forces for six more years in El Salvador and Honduras until he was killed in battle . The remaining Lenca forces retreated into the hills . The Spanish were then able to rebuild their garrison town of San Miguel in 1537 . Spanish rule ( 1525 -- 1821 ) A painting of the First Independence Movement celebration in San Salvador . At the center , José Matías Delgado . Manuel José Arce joined the movement for independence from Spain , joining in the first Cry for Independence on November 5 , 1811 in San Salvador . During the colonial period , El Salvador was part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala , also known as the Kingdom of Guatemala ( Spanish : Reino de Guatemala ) , created in 1609 as an administrative division of New Spain . The Salvadoran territory was administered by the Mayor of Sonsonate , with San Salvador being established as an intendancia in 1786 . Towards the end of 1811 , a combination of internal and external factors motivated Central American elites to attempt to gain independence from the Spanish Crown . The most important internal factors were the desire of local elites to control the country 's affairs free of involvement from Spanish authorities , and the long - standing Creole aspiration for independence . The main external factors motivating the independence movement were the success of the French and American revolutions in the 18th century , and the weakening of the Spanish Crown 's military power as a result of the Napoleonic Wars , with the resulting inability to control its colonies effectively . In November 1811 Salvadoran priest José Matías Delgado rang the bells of Iglesia La Merced in San Salvador , calling for insurrection and launching the 1811 Independence Movement . This insurrection was suppressed and many of its leaders were arrested and served sentences in jail . Another insurrection was launched in 1814 , and again this insurrection was also suppressed . Independence ( 1821 ) In 1821 in light of unrest in Guatemala , Spanish authorities capitulated and signed the Act of Independence of Central America , which released all of the Captaincy of Guatemala ( comprising current territories of Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua and Costa Rica and the Mexican state of Chiapas ) from Spanish rule and declared its independence . In 1821 , El Salvador joined Costa Rica , Guatemala , Honduras and Nicaragua in a union named the Federal Republic of Central America . In early 1822 , the authorities of the newly independent Central American provinces , meeting in Guatemala City , voted to join the newly constituted First Mexican Empire under Agustín de Iturbide . El Salvador resisted , insisting on autonomy for the Central American countries . A Mexican military detachment marched to San Salvador and suppressed dissent , but with the fall of Iturbide on 19 March 1823 , the army decamped back to Mexico . Shortly thereafter , the authorities of the provinces revoked the vote to join Mexico , deciding instead to form a federal union of the five remaining provinces . ( Chiapas permanently joined Mexico at this juncture . ) When the Federal Republic of Central America dissolved in 1841 , El Salvador maintained its own government until it joined Honduras and Nicaragua in 1896 to form the Greater Republic of Central America , which dissolved in 1898 . After the mid-19th century , the economy was based on coffee growing . As the world market for indigo withered away , the economy prospered or suffered as the world coffee price fluctuated . The enormous profits that coffee yielded as a monoculture export served as an impetus for the concentration of land into the hands of an oligarchy of just a few families . Throughout the last half of the 19th century , a succession of presidents from the ranks of the Salvadoran oligarchy , nominally both conservative and liberal , generally agreed on the promotion of coffee as the predominant cash crop , the development of infrastructure ( railroads and port facilities ) primarily in support of the coffee trade , the elimination of communal landholdings to facilitate further coffee production , the passage of anti-vagrancy laws to ensure that displaced campesinos and other rural residents provided sufficient labor for the coffee fincas ( plantations ) , and the suppression of rural discontent . In 1912 , the national guard was created as a rural police force . 20th century Gen. Tomás Regalado In 1898 , Gen. Tomas Regalado gained power by force , deposing Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez and ruling as president until 1903 . Once in office he revived the practice of presidents designating their successors . After serving his term , he remained active in the Army of El Salvador , and was killed July 11 , 1906 , at El Jicaro during a war against Guatemala . Until 1913 El Salvador was politically stable , with undercurrents of popular discontent . When President Dr. Manuel Enrique Araujo was killed in 1913 , many hypotheses were advanced for the political motive of his murder . Dios , Union , Libertad ( God , Union , Liberty ) El Salvador 1912 Flag . Araujo 's administration was followed by the Melendez - Quinonez dynasty that lasted from 1913 to 1927 . Pio Romero Bosque , ex-Minister of the Government and a trusted collaborator of the dynasty , succeeded President Jorge Meléndez and in 1930 announced free elections , in which Arturo Araujo came to power on March 1 , 1931 in what was considered the country 's first freely contested election . His government lasted only nine months before it was overthrown by junior military officers who accused his Labor Party of lacking political and governmental experience and of using its government offices inefficiently . President Araujo faced general popular discontent , as the people had expected economic reforms and the redistribution of land . There were demonstrations in front of the National Palace from the first week of his administration . His vice president and minister of war was Gen. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez . In December 1931 , a coup d'état organized by junior officers and led by Gen. Martínez started in the First Regiment of Infantry across from the National Palace in downtown San Salvador . Only the First Regiment of Cavalry and the National Police defended the presidency ( the National Police had been on its payroll ) , but later that night , after hours of fighting , the badly outnumbered defenders surrendered to rebel forces . The Directorate , composed of officers , hid behind a shadowy figure , a rich anti-Communist banker called Rodolfo Duke , and later installed the ardent fascist Gen. Martínez as president . The revolt was probably due to the army 's discontent at not having been paid by President Araujo for some months . Araujo left the National Palace and unsuccessfully tried to organize forces to defeat the revolt . The U.S. Minister in El Salvador met with the Directorate and later recognized the government of Martínez , which agreed to hold presidential elections . He resigned six months prior to running for re-election , winning back the presidency as the only candidate on the ballot . He ruled from 1935 to 1939 , then from 1939 to 1943 . He began a fourth term in 1944 , but resigned in May after a general strike . Martínez had said he was going to respect the Constitution , which stipulated he could not be re-elected , but he refused to keep his promise . From December 1931 , the year of the coup that brought Martínez to power , there was brutal suppression of rural resistance . The most notable event was the February 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising , originally led by Farabundo Martí and Abel Cuenca , and university students Alfonso Luna and Mario Zapata , but these leaders were captured before the planned insurrection . Only Cuenca survived ; the other insurgents were killed by the government . After the capture of the movement leaders , the insurrection erupted in a disorganized and mob - controlled fashion , resulting in government repression that was later referred to as La Matanza ( The Massacre ) , because tens of thousands of peasants died in the ensuing chaos on the orders of President Martinez . In the unstable political climate of the previous few years , the social activist and revolutionary leader Farabundo Martí helped found the Communist Party of Central America , and led a Communist alternative to the Red Cross called International Red Aid , serving as one of its representatives . Their goal was to help poor and underprivileged Salvadorans through the use of Marxist - Leninist ideology ( strongly rejecting Stalinism ) . In December 1930 , at the height of the country 's economic and social depression , Martí was once again exiled due to his popularity among the nation 's poor and rumors of his upcoming nomination for President the following year . Once Arturo Araujo was elected president in 1931 , Martí returned to El Salvador , and along with Alfonso Luna and Mario Zapata began the movement that was later truncated by the military . José Napoleón Duarte . They helped start a guerrilla revolt of indigenous farmers . The government responded by killing over 30,000 people at what was to have been a `` peaceful meeting '' in 1932 ; this became known as La Matanza ( The Slaughter ) . The peasant uprising against Martínez was crushed by the Salvadoran military ten days after it had begun . The Communist - led rebellion , fomented by collapsing coffee prices , enjoyed some initial success , but was soon drowned in a bloodbath . President Martínez , who had himself toppled an elected government only weeks earlier , ordered the defeated Martí shot after a perfunctory hearing . Historically , the high Salvadoran population density has contributed to tensions with neighboring Honduras , as land - poor Salvadorans emigrated to less densely populated Honduras and established themselves as squatters on unused or underused land . This phenomenon was a major cause of the 1969 Football War between the two countries . As many as 130,000 Salvadorans were forcibly expelled or fled from Honduras . The Christian Democratic Party ( PDC ) and the National Conciliation Party ( PCN ) were active in Salvadoran politics from 1960 until 2011 , when they were disbanded by the Supreme Court because they had failed to win enough votes in the 2004 presidential election ; Both parties have since reconstituted . They share common ideals , but one represents the middle class and the latter the interests of the Salvadoran military . PDC leader José Napoleón Duarte was the mayor of San Salvador from 1964 to 1970 , winning three elections during the regime of PCN President Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo , who allowed free elections for mayors and the National Assembly . Duarte later ran for president with a political grouping called the National Opposition Union ( UNO ) but was defeated in the 1972 presidential elections . He lost to the ex-Minister of Interior , Col. Arturo Armando Molina , in an election that was widely viewed as fraudulent ; Molina was declared the winner even though Duarte was said to have received a majority of the votes . Duarte , at some army officers ' request , supported a revolt to protest the election fraud , but was captured , tortured and later exiled . Duarte returned to the country in 1979 to enter politics after working on projects in Venezuela as an engineer . Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Further information : Salvadoran Civil War In October 1979 , a coup d'état brought the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador to power . It nationalized many private companies and took over much privately owned land . The purpose of this new junta was to stop the revolutionary movement already underway in response to Duarte 's stolen election . Nevertheless , the oligarchy opposed agrarian reform , and a junta formed with young liberal elements from the army such as Gen. Majano and Gen. Gutierrez , as well as with progressives such as Guillermo Ungo and Alvarez . A billboard serving as a reminder of one of many massacres that occurred during the civil war . Pressure from the oligarchy soon dissolved the junta because of its inability to control the army in its repression of the people fighting for unionization rights , agrarian reform , better wages , accessible health care and freedom of expression . In the meantime , the guerrilla movement was spreading to all sectors of Salvadoran society . Middle and high school students were organized in MERS ( Movimiento Estudiantil Revolucionario de Secundaria , Revolutionary Movement of Secondary Students ) ; college students were involved with AGEUS ( Asociacion de Estudiantes Universitarios Salvadorenos ; Association of Salvadoran College Students ) ; and workers were organized in BPR ( Bloque Popular Revolucionario , Popular Revolutionary Block ) . In October 1980 , several other major guerrilla groups of the Salvadoran left had formed the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front , or FMLN . By the end of the 1970s , death squads were killing about 10 people each day , and the FMLN had 6,000 -- 8,000 active guerrillas and hundreds of thousands of part - time militia , supporters , and sympathizers . ERP combatants in Perquín , 1990 . The U.S. supported and financed the creation of a second junta to change the political environment and stop the spread of a leftist insurrection . Napoleón Duarte was recalled from his exile in Venezuela to head this new junta . However , a revolution was already underway and his new role as head of the junta was seen by the general population as opportunistic . He was unable to influence the outcome of the insurrection . Óscar Romero , Archbishop of San Salvador , denounced injustices and massacres committed against civilians by government forces . He was considered `` the voice of the voiceless '' , but he was assassinated by a death squad while saying Mass on 24 March 1980 . Some consider this to be the beginning of the full Salvadoran Civil War , which lasted from 1980 to 1992 . An unknown number of people `` disappeared '' during the conflict , and the UN reports that more than 75,000 were killed . The Salvadoran Army 's US - trained Atlacatl Battalion was responsible for the El Mozote massacre where more than 800 civilians were murdered , over half of them children , the El Calabozo massacre , and the murder of UCA scholars . A reconstruction of Radio Venceremos , at the Museo de la Palabra y la Imagen , San Salvador . On January 16 , 1992 , the government of El Salvador , represented by president Alfredo Cristiani , and the FMLN , represented by the commanders of the five guerrilla groups -- Shafik Handal , Joaquín Villalobos , Salvador Sánchez Cerén , Francisco Jovel and Eduardo Sancho , all signed peace agreements brokered by the United Nations ending the 12 - year civil war . This event , held at Chapultepec Castle in Mexico , was attended by U.N. dignitaries and other representatives of the international community . After signing the armistice , the president stood up and shook hands with all the now ex-guerrilla commanders , an action which was widely admired . Post-war ( 1992 -- present ) The so - called Chapultepec Peace Accords mandated reductions in the size of the army , and the dissolution of the National Police , the Treasury Police , the National Guard and the Civilian Defense , a paramilitary group . A new Civil Police was to be organized . Judicial immunity for crimes committed by the armed forces ended ; the government agreed to submit to the recommendations of a Commission on the Truth for El Salvador ( Comisión de la Verdad Para El Salvador ) , which would `` investigate serious acts of violence occurring since 1980 , and the nature and effects of the violence , and ... recommend methods of promoting national reconciliation . '' In 1993 the Commission delivered its findings reporting human rights violations on both sides of the conflict . Five days later the El Salvadoran legislature passed an amnesty law for all acts of violence during the period . From 1989 until 2004 , Salvadorans favored the Nationalist Republican Alliance ( ARENA ) party , voting in ARENA presidents in every election ( Alfredo Cristiani , Armando Calderón Sol , Francisco Flores Pérez , Antonio Saca ) until 2009 , when Mauricio Funes was elected president from the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( FMLN ) party . Economic reforms since the early 1990s brought major benefits in terms of improved social conditions , diversification of the export sector , and access to international financial markets at investment grade level . Crime remains a major problem for the investment climate . This all ended in 2001 , and support for ARENA weakened . Internal turmoil in ARENA weakened the party also , while the FMLN united and broadened its support . The unsuccessful attempts of the left - wing party to win presidential elections led to its selection of a journalist rather than a former guerrilla leader as a candidate . On March 15 , 2009 , Mauricio Funes , a television figure , became the first president from the FMLN party . He was inaugurated on June 1 , 2009 . One focus of the Funes government has been revealing the alleged corruption from the past government . ARENA formally expelled Saca from the party in December 2009 . With 12 loyalists in the National Assembly , Saca established his own party , GANA ( Gran Alianza por la Unidad Nacional or Grand Alliance for National Unity ) , and entered into a tactical legislative alliance with the FMLN . After three years in office , with Saca 's GANA party providing the FMLN with a legislative majority , Funes had not taken action to either investigate or to bring corrupt former officials to justice . Early in the new millennium , El Salvador 's government created the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales -- the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources ( MARN ) and began promoting the integration of climate change into national policy . This move was in response to the increase in extreme weather events affecting the country . Initially MARN aimed to fulfil the country 's obligations following its ratification of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto protocol However , since Hurricane Ida in 2009 , the government 's stance has shifted towards integrating risk reduction into all areas of policy , including financial . In a specific effort to increase the resilience of its economy and people to climate - related events , El Salvador commissioned a project in 2011 to develop and implement a National Policy and Strategy for Climate Change , which culminated with the launch of the National Environmental Policy in June 2012 and the National Environmental Strategy in June 2013 , both incorporating climate change goals . This work was undertaken with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network . The government is now preparing action plans for putting the strategy into practice . Geography Main article : Geography of El Salvador Panoramic of Coatepeque Caldera , Cerro Verde and Izalco ( volcano ) A map of El Salvador El Salvador lies in the isthmus of Central America between latitudes 13 ° and 15 ° N , and longitudes 87 ° and 91 ° W. It stretches 270 km ( 168 mi ) from west - northwest to east - southeast and 142 km ( 88 mi ) north to south , with a total area of 21,041 km ( 8,124 sq mi ) . As the smallest country in continental America , El Salvador is affectionately called Pulgarcito de America ( the `` Tom Thumb of the Americas '' ) . The highest point in El Salvador is Cerro El Pital , at 2,730 metres ( 8,957 ft ) , on the border with Honduras . El Salvador has a long history of destructive earthquakes and volcanic eruptions . The capital San Salvador was destroyed in 1756 and 1854 , and it suffered heavy damage in the 1919 , 1982 , and 1986 tremors . El Salvador has over twenty volcanoes , two of them , San Miguel and Izalco , active in recent years . From the early 19th century to the mid-1950s , Izalco erupted with a regularity that earned it the name `` Lighthouse of the Pacific . '' Its brilliant flares were clearly visible for great distances at sea , and at night its glowing lava turned it into a brilliant luminous cone . El Salvador has over 300 rivers , the most important of which is the Rio Lempa . Originating in Guatemala , the Rio Lempa cuts across the northern range of mountains , flows along much of the central plateau , and cuts through the southern volcanic range to empty into the Pacific . It is El Salvador 's only navigable river . It and its tributaries drain about half of the country 's area . Other rivers are generally short and drain the Pacific lowlands or flow from the central plateau through gaps in the southern mountain range to the Pacific . These include the Goascorán , Jiboa , Torola , Paz and the Río Grande de San Miguel . There are several lakes enclosed by volcanic craters in El Salvador , the most important of which are Lake Ilopango ( 70 km2 ) and Lake Coatepeque ( 26 km2 ) . Lake Güija is El Salvador 's largest natural lake ( 44 km2 ) . Several artificial lakes were created by the damming of the Lempa , the largest of which is Embalse Cerrón Grande ( 135 km2 ) . There are a total 320 km ( 123.6 sq mi ) of water within El Salvador 's borders . El Salvador shares borders with Guatemala and Honduras , the total national boundary length is 546 km ( 339 mi ) : 126 miles ( 203 km ) with Guatemala and 343 km ( 213 mi ) with Honduras . It is the only Central American country that has no Caribbean coastline . The coastline on the Pacific is 307 km ( 191 mi ) long . Two parallel mountain ranges cross El Salvador to the west with a central plateau between them and a narrow coastal plain hugging the Pacific . These physical features divide the country into two physiographic regions . The mountain ranges and central plateau , covering 85 % of the land , comprise the interior highlands . The remaining coastal plains are referred to as the Pacific lowlands . Climate Main article : Climate of El Salvador El Salvador 's topography . El Salvador has a tropical climate with pronounced wet and dry seasons . Temperatures vary primarily with elevation and show little seasonal change . The Pacific lowlands are uniformly hot ; the central plateau and mountain areas are more moderate . The rainy season extends from May to October ; this time of year is referred to as invierno or winter . Almost all the annual rainfall occurs during this period ; yearly totals , particularly on southern - facing mountain slopes , can be as high as 2170 mm . The best time to visit El Salvador would be at the beginning or end of the dry season . Protected areas and the central plateau receive less , although still significant , amounts . Rainfall during this season generally comes from low pressure systems formed over the Pacific and usually falls in heavy afternoon thunderstorms . Hurricanes occasionally form in the Pacific with the notable exception of Hurricane Mitch , which formed in the Atlantic and crossed Central America . From November through April , the northeast trade winds control weather patterns ; this time of year is referred to as verano , or summer . During these months , air flowing from the Caribbean has lost most of its precipitation while passing over the mountains in Honduras . By the time this air reaches El Salvador , it is dry , hot , and hazy , and the country experiences hot weather , excluding the northern higher mountain ranges , where temperatures will be cool . In the extreme northeastern part of the country near Cerro El Pital , snow is known to fall during summer as well as during winter due to the high elevations ( it is the coldest part of the country ) . Natural disasters Extreme weather events Volcanic range , Cordillera de Apaneca , view from Salcoatitán El Salvador 's position on the Pacific Ocean also makes it subject to severe weather conditions , including heavy rainstorms and severe droughts , both of which may be made more extreme by the El Niño and La Niña effects . Severe deforestation and soil erosion have made the landscape vulnerable to landslides and forest fires . These characteristics , coupled with severe fiscal constraints , make the nation highly susceptible to the impacts of extreme weather events . In the summer of 2001 a severe drought destroyed 80 % of El Salvador 's crops , causing famine in the countryside . On October 4 , 2005 , severe rains resulted in dangerous flooding and landslides , which caused a minimum of fifty deaths . In 2010 , losses to agriculture from flooding exceeded USD100 million , while those resulting from drought were USD38 million . El Salvador 's location in Central America also makes it vulnerable to severe storms and hurricanes coming off the Caribbean . Since the 1990s , there has been an increase in the frequency and duration of storms , as well as a marked change in the pattern of their occurrence . Hurricanes used to strike El Salvador infrequently , only came from the Atlantic and were limited to the months of September and October . However , since the mid 1990s , such storms have occurred more frequently , originated in both the Atlantic and Pacific , and have struck in six different months of the year . Earthquakes and volcanic activity San Miguel volcano in 2013 El Salvador lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire , and is thus subject to significant tectonic activity , including frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity . Recent examples include the earthquake on January 13 , 2001 that measured 7.7 on the Richter magnitude scale and caused a landslide that killed more than 800 people ; and another earthquake only a month later , on February 13 , 2001 , that killed 255 people and damaged about 20 % of the nation 's housing . Luckily , many families were able to find safety from the landslides caused by the earthquake . The San Salvador area has been hit by earthquakes in 1576 , 1659 , 1798 , 1839 , 1854 , 1873 , 1880 , 1917 , 1919 , 1965 , 1986 , 2001 and 2005 . The 5.7 M - earthquake of 1986 resulted in 1,500 deaths , 10,000 injuries , and 100,000 people left homeless . El Salvador 's most recent destructive volcanic eruption took place on October 1 , 2005 , when the Santa Ana Volcano spewed a cloud of ash , hot mud and rocks that fell on nearby villages and caused two deaths . The most severe volcanic eruption in this area occurred in the 5th century AD when the Ilopango volcano erupted with a VEI strength of 6 , producing widespread pyroclastic flows and devastating Mayan cities . The Santa Ana Volcano in El Salvador is active ; the most recent eruptions were in 1904 and 2005 . Lago de Coatepeque ( one of El Salvador 's lakes ) was created by water filling the caldera that formed after a massive eruption . The British Imperial College 's El Salvador Project aims to build earthquake - proof buildings in remote areas of the country . Biodiversity and endangered species The torogoz is El Salvador 's national bird . There are eight species of sea turtles in the world ; six of them nest on the coasts of Central America , and four make their home on the Salvadoran coast : the leatherback turtle ( Dermochelys coriacea ) , the hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) , the green sea turtle ( black ) ( Chelonia agasizzii ) and the olive ridley ( Lepidochelys olivacea ) . Of these four species , the most common is the olive ridley turtle , followed by the green sea turtle . The other two species , hawksbill and leatherback , are much more difficult to find as they are critically endangered , while the olive ridley and green sea turtle are in danger of extinction . Recent conservation efforts provide hope for the future of the country 's biological diversity . In 1997 , the government established the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources . A general environmental framework law was approved by the National Assembly in 1999 . Specific legislation to protect wildlife is still pending . In addition , a number of non-governmental organizations are doing important work to safeguard some of the country 's most important forested areas . Foremost among these is SalvaNatura , which manages El Impossible , the country 's largest national park under an agreement with El Salvador 's environmental authorities . Despite these efforts , much remains to be done . It is estimated that there are 500 species of birds , 1,000 species of butterflies , 400 species of orchids , 800 species of trees , and 800 species of marine fish in El Salvador . Government and politics Main article : Politics of El Salvador The 1983 Constitution is the highest legal authority in the country . El Salvador has a democratic and representative government , whose three bodies are : Salvadoran cadets in the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador The Executive Branch , headed by the President of the Republic , who is elected by direct vote and remains in office for five years . He can be elected to only one term . The president has a Cabinet of Ministers whom he appoints , and is also the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces . The Legislative Branch , called El Salvador 's Legislative Assembly ( unicameral ) , consisting of 84 deputies . The Judiciary , headed by the Supreme Court , which is composed of 15 judges , one of them being elected as President of the Judiciary . After the Civil War , the Chapultepec Peace Accords ( 1992 ) created the new National Civil Police , the Attorney for the Defense of Human Rights and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal . The Peace Accords re-imagined the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional ( FMLN ) as a political party and redefined the role of the army to be for the defense of the sovereignty and territorial integrity . The Accords also removed some security forces who were in command of the army , such as the National Guard , Treasury Police and special battalions that were formed to fight against the insurgency of the 1980s . The political framework of El Salvador is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multiform , multi-party system . The President , currently Salvador Sánchez Cerén , is both head of state and head of government . Executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Legislative Assembly . The country also has an independent Judiciary and Supreme Court . Political culture Further information : List of political parties in El Salvador El Salvador 's president Salvador Sánchez Cerén ( left ) with Russian ambassador to Nicaragua El Salvador has a multi-party system . Two political parties , the Nationalist Republican Alliance ( ARENA ) and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( FMLN ) have tended to dominate elections . ARENA candidates won four consecutive presidential elections until the election of Mauricio Funes of the FMLN in March 2009 . The FMLN Party is Leftist in ideology , and is split between the dominant Marxist - Leninist faction in the legislature , and the social liberal wing led by President Funes . Geographically , the departments of the Central region , especially the capital and the coastal regions , known as departamentos rojos , or red departments , are relatively Leftist . The departamentos azules , or blue departments in the east , western and highland regions are relatively conservative . The winner of the 2014 presidential election , Salvador Sánchez Cerén belongs to the FMLN party . In the 2015 elections for mayors and members of the National Assembly , ARENA appeared to be the winner with tight control of the National Assembly . Foreign relations Further information : Foreign relations of El Salvador President Sánchez Cerén at the 2017 CELAC Summit in Dominican Republic In November , 1950 El Salvador helped the newly empowered 14th Dalai Lama by supporting his Tibetan Government cabinet minister 's telegram requesting an appeal before the General Assembly of the United Nations to stop the Communist China 's People 's Liberation Army 's invasion of Tibet . `` Only the tiny country of El Salvador agreed to sponsor Tibet 's plea . '' `` At the UN , no one was willing to stand up beside El Salvador . The other nations had overriding self - interests , which made it impossible for them to support San Salvador 's attempt to bring the invasion before the General Assembly . '' With no other countries in support , `` the UN unanimously dropped the Tibetan plea from its agenda . '' El Salvador is a member of the United Nations and several of its specialized agencies , the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , the Central American Common Market ( CACM ) , the Central American Parliament ( PARLACEN ) , and the Central American Integration System ( SICA ) . It actively participates in the Central American Security Commission ( CASC ) , which seeks to promote regional arms control . El Salvador also is a member of the World Trade Organization and is pursuing regional free trade agreements . An active participant in the Summit of the Americas process , El Salvador chairs a working group on market access under the Free Trade Area of the Americas initiative . Military Further information : Armed Forces of El Salvador El Salvador has an army , airforce and modest navy . There are around 17,000 personnel in the armed forces in total . Human rights Main article : Human rights in El Salvador Amnesty International has drawn attention to several arrests of police officers for unlawful police killings . Other current issues to gain Amnesty International 's attention in the past 10 years include missing children , failure of law enforcement to properly investigate and prosecute crimes against women , and rendering organized labor illegal . Administrative divisions Further information : Departments of El Salvador El Salvador is divided into 14 departments ( departamentos ) , which in turn are subdivided into 262 municipalities ( municipios ) . Department names and capitals for the 14 Salvadoran Departments : Departments of El Salvador Western El Salvador Ahuachapán ( Ahuachapán ) Santa Ana ( Santa Ana ) Sonsonate ( Sonsonate ) Central El Salvador La Libertad ( Santa Tecla ) Chalatenango ( Chalatenango ) Cuscatlán ( Cojutepeque ) San Salvador ( San Salvador ) La Paz ( Zacatecoluca ) Cabañas ( Sensuntepeque ) San Vicente ( San Vicente ) Eastern El Salvador Usulután ( Usulután ) San Miguel ( San Miguel ) Morazán ( San Francisco Gotera ) La Unión ( La Unión ) Note : Departmental capitals are in parentheses . Economy Main article : Economy of El Salvador A proportional representation of El Salvador 's exports El Salvador 's economy has been hampered at times by natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes , by government policies that mandate large economic subsidies , and by official corruption . Subsidies became such a problem that in April 2012 , the International Monetary Fund suspended a $750 million loan to the central government . President Funes ' chief of cabinet , Alex Segovia , acknowledged that the economy was at the `` point of collapse . '' Antiguo Cuscatlán has the highest per capita income of all the cities in the country , and is a center of international investment . GDP in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in 2008 was estimated at $25.895 billion USD . The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 64.1 % , followed by the industrial sector at 24.7 % ( 2008 est . ) . Agriculture represents only 11.2 % of GDP ( 2010 est . ) The GDP grew after 1996 at an annual rate that averaged 3.2 % real growth . The government committed to free market initiatives , and the 2007 GDP 's real growth rate was 4.7 % . In December 1999 , net international reserves equaled US $1.8 billion or roughly five months of imports . Having this hard currency buffer to work with , the Salvadoran government undertook a monetary integration plan beginning January 1 , 2001 by which the U.S. dollar became legal tender alongside the Salvadoran colón , and all formal accounting was done in U.S. dollars . Thus , the government has formally limited the implementing of open market monetary policies to influence short - term variables in the economy . As of September 2007 , net international reserves stood at $2.42 billion . It has long been a challenge in El Salvador to develop new growth sectors for a more diversified economy . In the past , the country produced gold and silver , but recent attempts to reopen the mining sector , which were expected to add hundreds of millions of dollars to the local economy , collapsed after President Saca shut down the operations of Pacific Rim Mining Corporation . Nevertheless , according to the Central American Institute for Fiscal Studies ( Instituto Centroamericano for Estudios Fiscales , by its acronym in Spanish ) , the contribution of metallic mining was a minuscule 0.3 % of the country 's GDP between 2010 and 2015 . Saca 's decision although not lacking political motives , had strong support from local residents and grassroots movements in the country . According to NACLA , incoming President Funes later rejected a company 's application for a further permit based on the risk of cyanide contamination on one of the country 's main rivers . As with other former colonies , El Salvador was considered a mono - export economy ( an economy that depended heavily on one type of export ) for many years . During colonial times , El Salvador was a thriving exporter of indigo , but after the invention of synthetic dyes in the 19th century , the newly created modern state turned to coffee as the main export . San Miguel is an important economic center of El Salvador and home to the `` Carnival of San Miguel '' , one of the biggest festivals of entertainment and food in Central America . The government has sought to improve the collection of its current revenues , with a focus on indirect taxes . A 10 % value - added tax ( IVA in Spanish ) , implemented in September 1992 , was raised to 13 % in July 1995 . Inflation has been steady and among the lowest in the region . Since 1997 inflation has averaged 3 % , with recent years increasing to nearly 5 % . As a result of the free trade agreements , from 2000 to 2006 , total exports have grown 19 % from $2.94 billion to $3.51 billion , and total imports have risen 54 % from $4.95 billion to $7.63 billion . This has resulted in a 102 % increase in the trade deficit , from $2.01 billion to $4.12 billion . El Chorreron , El Salvador ; tourism is the fastest - growing sector of the Salvadoran economy . El Salvador has promoted an open trade and investment environment , and has embarked on a wave of privatization extending to telecommunications , electricity distribution , banking , and pension funds . In late 2006 , the government and the Millennium Challenge Corporation signed a five - year , $461 million compact to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty in the country 's northern region , the primary conflict zone during the civil war , through investments in education , public services , enterprise development , and transportation infrastructure . With the adoption of the US dollar as its currency in 2001 , El Salvador lost control over monetary policy . Any counter-cyclical policy response to the downturn must be through fiscal policy , which is constrained by legislative requirements for a two - thirds majority to approve any international financing . Exports to Imports from Country % Country % United States 66 % United States 43.4 % Caribbean 26 % Guatemala 8.2 % Mexico 1 % Mexico 7.8 % Spain 1 % Europe 7.0 % Others 6 % Others 33.6 % Remittances from abroad El Salvador leads the region in remittances per capita , with inflows equivalent to nearly all export income ; about a third of all households receive these financial inflows . Remittances from Salvadorans living and working in the United States , sent to family members in El Salvador , are a major source of foreign income and offset the substantial trade deficit of $4.12 billion . Remittances have increased steadily in the last decade , and reached an all - time high of $3.32 billion in 2006 ( an increase of 17 % over the previous year ) . approximately 16.2 % of gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Remittances have had positive and negative effects on El Salvador . In 2005 , the number of people living in extreme poverty in El Salvador was 20 % , according to a United Nations Development Program report . Without remittances , the number of Salvadorans living in extreme poverty would rise to 37 % . While Salvadoran education levels have gone up , wage expectations have risen faster than either skills or productivity . For example , some Salvadorans are no longer willing to take jobs that pay them less than what they receive monthly from family members abroad . This has led to an influx of Hondurans and Nicaraguans who are willing to work for the prevailing wage . Also , the local propensity for consumption over investment has increased . Money from remittances has also increased prices for certain commodities such as real estate . With much higher wages , many Salvadorans abroad can afford higher prices for houses in El Salvador than local Salvadorans , and thus push up the prices that all Salvadorans must pay . Free trade agreements Torre Futura at World Trade Center San Salvador In 2006 , El Salvador was the first country to ratify the Central America - Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement . CAFTA has bolstered exports of processed foods , sugar , and ethanol , and supported investment in the apparel sector , which faced Asian competition with the expiration of the Multi-Fiber Agreement in 2005 . In anticipation of the declines in the apparel sector 's competitiveness , the previous administration sought to diversify the economy by promoting the country as a regional distribution and logistics hub , and by promoting tourism investment through tax incentives . There are a total of 15 free trade zones in El Salvador . El Salvador signed the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) -- negotiated by the five countries of Central America and the Dominican Republic -- with the United States in 2004 . CAFTA requires that the Salvadoran government adopt policies that foster free trade . El Salvador has signed free trade agreements with Mexico , Chile , the Dominican Republic , and Panama and increased its trade with those countries . El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , and Nicaragua also are negotiating a free trade agreement with Canada . In October 2007 , these four countries and Costa Rica began free trade agreement negotiations with the European Union . Negotiations started in 2006 for a free trade agreement with Colombia . Official corruption and foreign investment In an analysis of ARENA 's electoral defeat in 2009 , the U.S. Embassy in San Salvador pointed to official corruption under the Saca administration as a significant reason for public rejection of continued ARENA government . According to a secret diplomatic cable made public by WikiLeaks , `` While the Salvadoran public may be inured to self - serving behavior by politicians , many in ARENA believe that the brazen manner in which Saca and his people are widely perceived to have used their positions for personal enrichment went beyond the pale . ARENA deputy Roberto d'Aubuisson , son of ARENA founder Roberto d'Aubuisson , told ( a U.S. diplomat ) that Saca ' deliberately ignored ' his Public Works Minister 's government contract kickbacks scheme , even after the case was revealed in the press . Furthermore , considerable evidence exists , including from U.S. business sources , that the Saca administration pushed laws and selectively enforced regulations with the specific intent to benefit Saca family business interests . '' Subsequent policies under Funes administrations improved El Salvador to foreign investment , and the World Bank in 2014 rated El Salvador 109 , a little better than Belize ( 118 ) and Nicaragua ( 119 ) in the World Bank 's annual `` Ease of doing business '' index . As per Santander Trade , a Spanish think tank in foreign investment , `` Foreign investment into El Salvador has been steadily growing during the last few years . In 2013 , the influx of FDI increased . Nevertheless , El Salvador receives less FDI than other countries of Central America . The government has made little progress in terms of improving the business climate . In addition to this , the limited size of its domestic market , weak infrastructures and institutions , as well as the high level of criminality have been real obstacles to investors . However , El Salvador is the second most `` business friendly '' country in South America in terms of business taxation . It also has a young and skilled labor force and a strategic geographical position . The country 's membership in the DR - CAFTA , as well as its reinforced integration to the C4 countries ( producers of cotton ) should lead to an increase of FDI . '' Foreign companies have lately resorted to arbitration in international trade tribunals in total disagreement with Salvadoran government policies . In 2008 , El Salvador sought international arbitration against Italy 's Enel Green Power , on behalf of Salvadoran state - owned electric companies for a geothermal project Enel had invested in . Four years later , Enel indicated it would seek arbitration against El Salvador , blaming the government for technical problems that prevent it from completing its investment . The government came to its defense claiming that Art 109 of the constitution does not allow any government ( regardless of the party they belong ) , to privatize the resources of the national soil ( in this case geothermic energy ) . The dispute came to an end in December 2014 when both parties came to a settlement , from which no details have been released . The small country had yielded to pressure from the Washington based powerful ICSID . The U.S. Embassy warned in 2009 that the Salvadoran government 's populist policies of mandating artificially low electricity prices were damaging private sector profitability , including the interests of American investors in the energy sector . The U.S. Embassy noted the corruption of El Salvador 's judicial system and quietly urged American businesses to include `` arbitration clauses , preferably with a foreign venue , '' when doing business in the country . The U.S. Embassy warned in 2009 that the Salvadoran government 's populist policies of mandating artificially low electricity prices were damaging private sector profitability , including the interests of American investors in the energy sector . The U.S. Embassy noted the corruption of El Salvador 's judicial system and quietly urged American businesses to include `` arbitration clauses , preferably with a foreign venue , '' when doing business in the country . On the other hand , a 2008 report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( 2 ) indicates that one third of the generation of electricity in El Salvador was publicly owned while two thirds was in American hands and other foreign ownership . It is only natural for a small , under - developed country like El Salvador to subsidize some of the resources for the vast majority of its poor population . Although some events may have tarnished the image of the El Salvadoran government , not everything is bad news . In terms of how people perceived the levels of public corruption in 2014 , El Salvador ranks 80 out of 175 countries as per the Corruption Perception Index . El Salvador 's rating compares relatively well with Panama ( 94 of 175 ) and Costa Rica ( 47 of 175 ) . Tourism Further information : Tourism in El Salvador Moncagua , San Miguel It was estimated that 1,394,000 international tourists would visit El Salvador in 2014 . Tourism contributed US $855.5 million to El Salvador 's GDP in 2013 . This represented 3.5 % of total GDP . Tourism directly supported 80,500 jobs in 2013 . This represented 3.1 % of total employment in El Salvador . In 2013 , tourism indirectly supported 210,000 jobs , representing 8.1 % of total employment in El Salvador . The airport serving international flights in El Salvador is Comalapa International Airport . This airport is located about 40 km ( 25 mi ) southeast of San Salvador . El Salvador has surf tourism due to large waves from the Pacific Ocean . Most North American and European tourists seek out El Salvador 's beaches and nightlife . Besides these two attractions , El Salvador 's tourism landscape is slightly different from those of other Central American countries . Because of its geographic size and urbanization there are not many nature - themed tourist destinations such as ecotours or archaeological sites open to the public . Surfing is a natural tourism sector that has gained popularity in recent years as Salvadoran beaches have become increasingly popular . Surfers visit many beaches on the coast of La Libertad and the east end of El Salvador , finding surfing spots that are not yet overcrowded . The use of the United States dollar as Salvadoran currency and direct flights of 4 to 6 hours from most cities in the United States are factors that attract American tourists . Urbanization and Americanization of Salvadoran culture has also led to the abundance of American - style malls , stores , and restaurants in the three main urban areas , especially greater San Salvador . According to the El Salvadoran newspaper El Diario De Hoy , the top 10 attractions are : the coastal beaches , La Libertad , Ruta Las Flores , Suchitoto , Playa Las Flores in San Miguel , La Palma , Santa Ana ( location of the country 's highest volcano ) , Nahuizalco , Apaneca , Juayua , and San Ignacio . Infrastructure Water supply and sanitation Main article : Water supply and sanitation in El Salvador The level of access to water supply and sanitation has been increased significantly . A 2015 conducted study by the University of North Carolina called El Salvador the country that has achieved the greatest progress in the world in terms of increased access to water supply and sanitation and the reduction of inequity in access between urban and rural areas . However , water resources are seriously polluted and a large part of the wastewater discharged into the environment without any treatment . Institutionally a single public institution is both de facto in charge of setting sector policy and of being the main service provider . Attempts at reforming and modernizing the sector through new laws have not borne fruit over the past 20 years . Demographics Main article : Demographics of El Salvador Population in El Salvador Year Million 1950 2.2 2000 5.8 2016 6.3 El Salvador 's population was 6,344,722 in 2016 , compared to 2,200,000 in 1950 . In 2010 the percentage of the population below the age of 15 was 32.1 % , 61 % were between 15 and 65 years of age , while 6.9 % were 65 years or older . The capital city of San Salvador has a population of about 2.1 million people . An estimated 42 % of El Salvador 's population live in rural areas . Urbanization has expanded at a phenomenal rate in El Salvador since the 1960s , with millions moving to the cities and creating associated problems for urban planning and services . There are up to 100,000 Nicaraguans living in El Salvador . Ethnic groups Salvadoran model Irma Dimas was crowned Miss El Salvador in 2005 . She made headlines recently for her entry into Salvadoran politics . El Salvador 's population is composed of Mestizos , whites , and indigenous peoples . Eighty - six percent of Salvadorans are of mestizo ancestry , having mixed indigenous and European ancestry . In the mestizo population , Salvadorans who are racially European , especially Mediterranean , as well as Afro - Salvadoran , and the indigenous people in El Salvador who do not speak indigenous languages or have an indigenous culture , all identify themselves as being culturally mestizo . 12.7 % of Salvadorans are white . A majority of Central European immigrants in El Salvador arrived during World War II as refugees from the Czech Republic , Germany , Hungary , Poland , and Switzerland . There are also a small community of Jews , Palestinian Christians , and Arab Muslims ( in particular Palestinians ) . 0.23 % of the population are of full indigenous origin , the ethnic groups are Kakawira which represents 0.07 % of the total country 's population , then ( Pipil ) 0.06 % , ( Lenca ) 0.04 % and others minors groups 0.06 % . Very few Amerindians have retained their customs and traditions , having over time assimilated into the dominant Mestizo / Spanish culture . There is a small Afro - Salvadoran that is 0.13 % of the total population , with Blacks having traditionally been prevented from immigrating via government policies . Among the immigrant groups in El Salvador , Palestinian Christians stand out . Though few in number , their descendants have attained great economic and political power in the country , as evidenced by the election of ex-president Antonio Saca , whose opponent in the 2004 election , Schafik Handal , was also of Palestinian descent , and the flourishing commercial , industrial , and construction firms owned by this ethnic group . As of 2004 , there were approximately 3.2 million Salvadorans living outside El Salvador , with the United States traditionally being the destination of choice for Salvadoran economic migrants . By 2012 , there were about 2.0 million Salvadoran immigrants and Americans of Salvadoran descent in the U.S. , making them the sixth largest immigrant group in the country . The second destinatation of Salvadorans living outside is Guatemala , with more than 111,000 persons , mainly in Guatemala City . Salvadorans also live in other nearby countries such as Belize , Honduras and Nicaragua . Other countries with notable Salvadoran communities include Canada , Mexico , the United Kingdom ( including the Cayman Islands ) , Sweden , Brazil , Italy , Colombia , and Australia . Salvadorans Languages Spanish is the official language and is spoken by virtually all inhabitants . Some indigenous people speak their native tongues ( such as Nawat and Maya ) , but indigenous Salvadorans who do not identify as mestizo constitute only 1 % of the country 's population . However , all of them can speak Spanish . Q'eqchi ' is spoken by immigrants of Guatemalan and Belizean indigenous people living in El Salvador . There have also been recent large migrations of Hondurans and Nicaraguans into the country . The local Spanish vernacular is called Caliche . Salvadorans use voseo , which is also used in Argentina , Costa Rica , Nicaragua and Uruguay . This refers to the use of `` vos '' as the second person pronoun , instead of `` tú '' . `` Caliche '' is considered informal , and a few people choose not to use it . Nawat is an indigenous language that has survived , though it is only used by small communities of some elderly Salvadorans in western El Salvador . Largest cities Further information : List of cities in El Salvador Largest cities or towns in El Salvador 2007 El Salvador Bureau of Statistics estimate Rank Name Department Pop . Rank Name Department Pop . San Salvador Santa Ana San Salvador San Salvador 540,989 11 Colón La Libertad 96,989 Soyapango San Miguel Santa Ana Santa Ana 245,421 12 Tonacatepeque San Salvador 90,896 Soyapango San Salvador 241,403 13 Opico La Libertad 74,280 San Miguel San Miguel 218,410 14 Chalchuapa Santa Ana 74,038 5 Santa Tecla La Libertad 164,171 15 Usulután Usulután 73,064 6 Mejicanos San Salvador 140,751 16 San Martín San Salvador 72,758 7 Apopa San Salvador 131,286 17 Sonsonate Sonsonate 71,541 8 Delgado San Salvador 120,200 18 Izalco Sonsonate 70,959 9 Ahuachapán Ahuachapán 110,511 19 Cuscatancingo San Salvador 66,400 10 Ilopango San Salvador 103,862 20 Metapán Santa Ana 65,826 Religion Main article : Religion in El Salvador Religious background in El Salvador Religion Percent Roman Catholic 47 % Protestant 33 % None 17 % Other 3 % The majority of the population in El Salvador is Christian . Roman Catholics ( 47 % ) and Protestants ( 33 % ) are the two major denominations in the country . Those not affiliated with any religious group amount to 17 % of the population . The remainder of the population ( 3 % ) is made up of Jehovah 's Witnesses , Hare Krishnas , Muslims , Jews , Buddhists , Latter - day Saints , and those adhering to indigenous religious beliefs . The number of evangelicals in the country is growing rapidly . However , according to a 2017 poll , Evangelicals have dropped to 28 % while the unaffiliated or those who register `` no religion '' have grown to 30 % . Health For the period between 2005 and 2010 , El Salvador had the third lowest birth rate in Central America , with 22.8 births per 1,000 . However , during the same period , it had the highest death rate in Central America , 5.9 deaths per 1,000 . According to the most recent United Nations survey , life expectancy for men was 68 years and 74 years for women . Healthy life expectancy was 57 for males and 62 for females in 2003 . Education Further information : Education in El Salvador Dr. Prudencio Llach Observatory The public education system in El Salvador is severely lacking in resources . Class sizes in public schools can be as large as 50 children per classroom . Salvadorans who can afford the cost often choose to send their children to private schools , which are regarded as being better - quality than public schools . Most private schools follow American , European or other advanced systems . Lower - income families are forced to rely on public education . Education in El Salvador is free through high school . After nine years of basic education ( elementary -- middle school ) , students have the option of a two - year high school or a three - year high school . A two - year high school prepares the student for transfer to a university . A three - year high school allows the student to graduate and enter the workforce in a vocational career , or to transfer to a university to further their education in their chosen field . Universities in El Salvador include a central public institution , the Universidad de El Salvador , and many other specialised private universities . Crime Main article : Crime in El Salvador National Civil Police of El Salvador helicopter Since the early twenty - first century , El Salvador has experienced high crime rates , including gang - related crimes and juvenile delinquency . El Salvador has the highest murder rate in the world . It is also considered an epicenter of a gang crisis , along with Guatemala and Honduras . In response to this , the government has set up countless programs to try to guide the youth away from gang membership ; so far its efforts have not produced any quick results . One of the government programs was a gang reform called `` Super Mano Dura '' ( Super Firm Hand ) . Super Mano Dura had little success and was highly criticized by the UN . It saw temporary success in 2004 but then saw a rise in crime after 2005 . In 2004 , the rate of intentional homicides per 100,000 citizens was 41 , with 60 % of the homicides committed being gang - related . The Salvadoran government reported that the Super Mano Dura gang legislation led to a 14 % drop in murders in 2004 . However , El Salvador had 66 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in 2012 , more than triple the rate in Mexico that year . There are an estimated 25,000 gang members at large in El Salvador with another 9,000 in prison . The most well - known gangs , called `` maras '' in colloquial Spanish , are Mara Salvatrucha and their rivals Calle 18 . Maras are hunted by death squads including Sombra Negra . New rivals also include the rising mara , The Rebels 13 . As of March 2012 , El Salvador has seen a 40 % drop in crime due to what the Salvadoran government called a gang truce ; however , extortions affecting small businesses are not taken into account . In early 2012 , there were on average of 16 killings per day ; in late March of that year that number dropped to fewer than 5 per day . On April 14 , 2012 for the first time in over 3 years there were no killings in El Salvador . Overall , there were 411 killings in January 2012 , and in March the number was 188 , more than a 40 % reduction , while crime in neighboring Honduras had risen to an all - time high . In 2014 , crime rose 56 % in El Salvador , with the government attributing the rise to a break in the truce between the two major gangs in El Salvador , which began having turf wars . Presently , the Alto al Crimen or Crime Stoppers program is in operation and provides financial rewards for information leading to the capture of gang leadership . The reward often ranges between $100 and $500 US Dollars per call . Culture Main article : Culture of El Salvador The iconic statue of Christ on the globe sphere of planet earth is part of the Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo ( Monument to the Divine Savior of the world ) on Plaza El Salvador del Mundo ( The Savior of the World Plaza ) , a landmark located in the country 's capital , San Salvador . Mestizo culture dominates the country , heavy in both Native American Indigenous and European Spanish influences . A new composite population was formed as a result of intermarrying between the native Mesoamerican population of Cuzcatlan with the European settlers . The Catholic Church plays an important role in the Salvadoran culture . Archbishop Óscar Romero is a national hero for his role in resisting human rights violations that were occurring in the lead - up to the Salvadoran Civil War . Significant foreign personalities in El Salvador were the Jesuit priests and professors Ignacio Ellacuría , Ignacio Martín - Baró , and Segundo Montes , who were murdered in 1989 by the Salvadoran Army during the height of the civil war . Painting , ceramics and textiles are the principal manual artistic mediums . Writers Francisco Gavidia ( 1863 -- 1955 ) , Salarrué ( Salvador Salazar Arrué ) ( 1899 -- 1975 ) , Claudia Lars , Alfredo Espino , Pedro Geoffroy Rivas , Manlio Argueta , José Roberto Cea , and poet Roque Dalton are among the most important writers from El Salvador . Notable 20th - century personages include the late filmmaker Baltasar Polio , female film director Patricia Chica , artist Fernando Llort , and caricaturist Toño Salazar . Amongst the more renowned representatives of the graphic arts are the painters Augusto Crespin , Noe Canjura , Carlos Cañas , Giovanni Gil , Julia Díaz , Mauricio Mejia , Maria Elena Palomo de Mejia , Camilo Minero , Ricardo Carbonell , Roberto Huezo , Miguel Angel Cerna , ( the painter and writer better known as MACLo ) , Esael Araujo , and many others . For more information on prominent citizens of El Salvador , check the List of Salvadorans . Public holidays See also : List of festivals in El Salvador Celebration of La Fiestas Patrias in Las Chinamas Holidays Date English name Local name Observance March / April Holy Week / Easter Semana Santa Celebrated with Carnival - like events in different cities by the large Catholic population . May 1 Labor Day Día del trabajo International Labor Day May 3 The Day of the Cross Día de la Cruz A celebration with precolonial origins , linked to the advent of the rainy season . People decorate a cross in their yards with fruit and garlands , in the belief that if they do not , the devil will appear and dance at their yard . They then go from house to house to kneel in front of the altar and make the sign of the cross . May 7 Soldiers ' Day Día del Soldado Marks the founding of its armed forces in 1824 . May 10 Mother 's Day Día de las Madres A day to celebrate motherhood , similar to many other countries Mother 's Day . June 17 Father 's Day Día del Padre A day to celebrate fatherhood , similar to other countries Father 's Day . August 1 -- 7 August Festivals Fiestas de agosto Week - long festival in celebration of El Salvador del Mundo , patron saint of San Salvador . September 15 Independence Day Día de la Independencia Celebrates independence from Spain , achieved in 1821 . October 1 Children 's Day `` Día del niño '' Celebration dedicated to the Children of the country , celebrated across the country . October 12 Ethnic Pride Day Día de la raza Celebration dedicated to Christopher Columbus ' arrival in America . November 2 Day of the Dead El día de los difuntos A day when most people visit the tombs of deceased loved ones . ( November 1 may be commemorated as well . ) November 7 -- 13 National Pupusa Festival Festival Nacional De La Pupusa This week is the national commemoration of the national food ( Pupusa ) . November 21 Day of the Queen of Peace Dia de la Reina de la Paz Day of the Queen of Peace , the patron saint . Also celebrated , the San Miguel Carnival , ( carnaval de San Miguel ) , celebrated in San Miguel City , similar to Mardi Gras of New Orleans , where one can enjoy about 45 music bands on the street . December 25 Christmas Day ( Celebrated Dec. 24th ) Noche Buena In many communities , December 24 ( Christmas Eve ) is the major day of celebration , often to the point that it is considered the actual day of Navidad -- with December 25 serving as a day of rest . December 31 New Year 's Eve Fin de año The final day of the Gregorian year , and the day before New Year 's Day is celebrated in El Salvador with family reunions . Cuisine Main article : Salvadoran cuisine Pupusas , the national and most famous dish of El Salvador . Sopa de pata One of El Salvador 's notable dishes is the pupusa . Pupusas are handmade corn tortillas ( made of masa de maíz or masa de arroz , a maize or rice flour dough used in Latin American cuisine ) stuffed with one or more of the following : cheese ( usually a soft Salvadoran cheese such as quesillo , similar to mozzarella ) , chicharrón , or refried beans . Sometimes the filling is queso con loroco ( cheese combined with loroco , a vine flower bud native to Central America ) . Pupusas revueltas are pupusas filled with beans , cheese and pork . There are also vegetarian options . Some adventurous restaurants even offer pupusas stuffed with shrimp or spinach . The name pupusa comes from the Pipil - Nahuatl word , pupushahua . The precise origins of the pupusa are debated , although its presence in El Salvador is known to predate the arrival of the Spaniards . Two other typical Salvadoran dishes are yuca frita and panes con pollo . Yuca frita is deep fried cassava root served with curtido ( a pickled cabbage , onion and carrot topping ) and pork rinds with pescaditas ( fried baby sardines ) . The Yuca is sometimes served boiled instead of fried . Pan con pollo / pavo ( bread with chicken / turkey ) are warm turkey or chicken - filled submarine sandwiches . The bird is marinated and then roasted with Pipil spices and handpulled . This sandwich is traditionally served with tomato and watercress along with cucumber , onion , lettuce , mayonnaise , and mustard . One of El Salvador 's typical breakfasts is fried plantain , usually served with cream . It is common in Salvadoran restaurants and homes , including those of immigrants to the United States . Alguashte , a condiment made from dried , ground pepitas , is commonly incorporated into savoury and sweet Salvadoran dishes . `` Maria Luisa '' is a dessert commonly found in El Salvador . It is a layered cake that is soaked in orange marmalade and sprinkled with powdered sugar . A popular drink that Salvadorans enjoy is Horchata , a drink native to the Valencian Community in Spain . Horchata is most commonly made of the morro seed ground into a powder and added to milk or water , and sugar . Horchata is drank year - round , and can be drank at any time of day . It mostly is accompanied by a plate of pupusas or fried yuca . Horchata from El Salvador has a very distinct taste and is not to be confused with Mexican horchata , which is rice - based . Coffee is also a common morning beverage . Other popular drinks in El Salvador include Ensalada , a drink made of chopped fruit swimming in fruit juice , and Kolachampan , a sugar cane - flavored carbonated beverage . One of the most popular desserts is the cake Pastel de tres leches ( Cake of three milks ) , consisting of three types of milk : evaporated milk , condensed milk , and cream . Music Main article : Music of El Salvador Salvadoran music is a mixture of indigenous Lenca , Maya , Cacaopera , Pipil and Spanish influences . Music includes religious songs ( mostly used to celebrate Christmas and other holidays , especially feast days of the saints ) . Satirical and rural lyrical themes are common . Cuban , Colombian , and Mexican music has infiltrated the country , especially salsa and cumbia . Popular music in El Salvador uses marimba , tehpe'ch , flutes , drums , scrapers and gourds , as well as more recently imported guitars and other instruments . El Salvador 's well known folk dance is known as Xuc which originated in Cojutepeque , Cuscatlan . Other musical repertoire consists of danza , pasillo , marcha and canciones . Sport The Estadio Cuscatlán in San Salvador is the largest stadium in Central America Main article : Sport in El Salvador Football is the most popular sport in El Salvador . The El Salvador national football team qualified for the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1982 . Their qualification for the 1970 tournament was marred by the Football War , a war against Honduras , whose team El Salvador 's had defeated . The national football team play at the Estadio Cuscatlán in San Salvador . It opened in 1976 and seats 53,400 , making it the largest stadium in Central America and the Caribbean . See also Central America portal Latin America portal El Salvador portal Index of El Salvador - related articles Outline of El Salvador References Jump up ^ `` CIA The World Factbook : People and Society -- El Salavador '' . 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Jump up ^ Winds of change for facing climate change in El Salvador : Foundations for a National Strategy , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lomnitz , Cinna ; Schultz , Rudolf ( 1966 ) . `` The San Salvador earthquake of May 3 , 1965 '' . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . 56 ( 2 ) : 561 -- 575 . Jump up ^ Harlow , David H. ( 1993 ) . `` The San Salvador earthquake of 10 October 1986 and its historical context '' . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . 83 ( 4 ) : 1143 -- 1154 . Jump up ^ Bommer , Julian ; Ledbetter , Stephen ( 1987 ) . `` The San Salvador earthquake of 10th October 1986 '' . Disasters. 11 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 95 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7717.1987. tb00620. x . Jump up ^ Dull , Robert A. ; Southon ; Sheets ( 2001 ) . `` Volcanism , Ecology and Culture : A Reassessment of the Volcan Ilopango Tbj eruption in the Southern Maya Realm '' . Latin American Antiquity. 12 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 971755 . Jump up ^ `` How is a volcano defined as being active , dormant , or extinct ? '' . Volcano World . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Laird , Thomas ( 2006 ) . The Story of Tibet : Conversations with His Holiness the Dalai Lama . New York : Grove Press . pp. 303 -- 305 . ISBN 9780802118271 . Jump up ^ `` NationMaster.com '' . Jump up ^ El Salvador Human Rights Archived 2011 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine ... Amnesty International . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ FMI suspende acuerdo de préstamo con el país Archived 2012 - 07 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , La Prensa Grafica ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product , annual rates , main economic sectors '' . Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Saldos a fin de año o mes '' ( in Spanish ) . Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dan Oancea ( January 2009 ) . Mining in Central America Archived 2011 - 05 - 16 at the Wayback Machine ... MINING.com Jump up ^ `` Estudio sobre minería metálica en triángulo norte se presenta en El Salvador '' . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim Ruling Threatens El Salvador 's National Sovereignty '' . NACLA . Jump up ^ Maria Herrera - Sobek ( 31 July 2012 ) . Celebrating Latino Folklore . ABC - CLIO . p. 459 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34340 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Trade Balance , Annual and Monthly Accumulated '' . Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Family Remittances '' . Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Aizenman , N.C. ( 2006 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Money Earned in U.S. Pushes Up Prices in El Salvador '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ U.S. Embassy San Salvador , `` Reorganizing ARENA : The party 's future after Avila 's defeat , '' secret diplomatic cable , 6 October 2009 , released by WikiLeaks , ID No. 09SANSALVADOR947 Archived 2012 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Annual index , Doing Business 2014 , World Bank . Jump up ^ `` Foreign investment in El Salvador - Santandertrade.com '' . en.santandertrade.com . Jump up ^ `` CEL a punto de ir a otro arbitraje , '' El Diario de Hoy ( 2012 - 05 - 21 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Embassy San Salvador , `` Electricity Sector Reforms Threaten Private Sector Profitability , '' 14 December 2009 , released by WikiLeaks , ID No. 09SANSALVADOR1184 Archived 2013 - 01 - 16 at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : U.S. Embassy San Salvador , `` El Salvador : 2009 Investment Statement , '' diplomatic cable , 15 January 2009 , released by WikiLeaks , ID No. 09SANSALVADOR47 Archived 2013 - 01 - 16 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ e.V. , Transparency International . `` How corrupt is your country ? '' . www.transparency.org . Jump up ^ `` '' Travel and Tourism , Economic Impact 2014 -- El Salvador `` , World Travel and Tourism Council , 2014 , p. 5 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Travel and Tourism , Economic Impact 2014 -- El Salvador `` , World Travel and Tourism Council , 2014 , p. 1 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` CEPA -- Aeropuerto Internacional de El Salvador '' . Aeropuertoelsalvador.gob.sv . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Milady Cruz ( 2007 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Los 10 destinos turísticos más apetecidos '' . elsalvador.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Water Institute ; University of North Carolina ( eds . ) . `` The WASH Performance Index Report '' . Jump up ^ Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat , World Population Prospects : The 2012 Revision Archived May 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Nicaragua case_M Orozco2 REV. doc '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- El Salvador '' . CIA . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ EL SALVADOR Visa Application -- Tourist Visas , Business Visas , Expedited Visas -- El Salvador Page Archived 2010 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Jose Napoleon Duarte , Hernandez Martinez , Ungo , Matanza , Central American Common Market , CACM , urban middle class , Christian Democratic Party , powerful families , death squads , Organization of American States , PRUD , International Court Of Justice , urban center , rapid population growth '' . www.countriesquest.com . Jump up ^ Elena Salamanca ( October 23 , 2005 ) . `` NO a ' los otros ' '' ( in Spanish ) . La Prensa Gráfica . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Tommie Sue ( 1995 ) . Revolution in El Salvador : from civil strife to civil peace . Boulder , Colo : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 0071 - 1 . Jump up ^ Marín - Guzmán , Roberto ( 2000 ) . A Century of Palestinian Immigration into Central America : A study of their economic and cultural contributions . San Jose , CR : Universidad de Costa Rica . Jump up ^ US Census Bureau 2012 American Community Survey B03001 1 - Year Estimates Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Salvadorans Seek a Voice To Match Their Numbers '' . The Washington Post . September 24 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Salvadoran Immigrants in the United States '' , Migration Policy Institute ( MPI ) , January 2010 Jump up ^ `` Comunidad Salvadorena : Republica de Nicaragua '' ( PDF ) . Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ethnologue report for language code : kek . Ethnologue.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 El Salvador Bureau of Statistics estimate '' ( PDF ) . General ( Salvadoran ) Institute of Statistics and Census . April 2008 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Religious Freedom Report for 2012 '' . U.S. State Department . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Stephen Offutt , New Centers of Global Evangelicalism in Latin America and Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 2015 ) focuses on El Salvador and South Africa . Jump up ^ Latinobarometro 2017 Jump up ^ `` El Salvador '' . Who.int. 2009 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Education Like in El Salvador '' . web.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Peetz , Peter ( June 2008 ) . `` Youth , Crime , and the Responses of the State : Discourses on Violence in Costa Rica , El Salvador , and Nicaragua '' ( PDF ) . GIGA Working Papers. 80 . Jump up ^ UNODC Homicide Statistics . unodc.org ^ Jump up to : Ribando , Clare ( 2005 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Gangs in Central America '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Alma Guillermoprieto ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) . `` In the New Gangland of El Salvador '' , New York Review of Books , p. 46 Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Ryann ( 2006 - 08 - 21 ) . `` El Salvador Dispatches Additional Contingent to Iraq : Domestic Issues Overrule Anxiety over War '' . Council on Hemispheric Affairs ( COHA ) . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Workers dig near a yellow police line during an exhumation at a clandestine cemetery in Villa Madrir '' . Yahoo News . May 2012 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Número de Víctimas y Tasas de Homicidios Dolosos en El Salvador ( 1999 -- 2006 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Observatorio Centroamericano sobre Violencia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ El Salvador celebrates murder - free day -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation.au ( 2012 - 04 - 16 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Archibold , Randal C. ( 2012 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Homicides in El Salvador Drop , and Questions Arise '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Honduras among world 's most dangerous places -- News . JamaicaObserver.com ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` El Salvador : Murder Rate Soars '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ ' + comment. find ( ' name ' ). text ( ) + ' ( 2012 - 03 - 10 ) . `` El Salvador : Reward program encourages crime - fighting tip '' . Infosurhoy.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Helen - May ( 1991 ) . The impact of the Archbishop Óscar Romero 's alliance with the struggle for liberation of the Salvadoran people : A discussion of church - state relations ( El Salvador ) ( M.A. thesis ) Wilfrid Laurier University ^ Jump up to : `` Pobladores prehispánicos inventaron las pupusas '' . Elsalvador.com. 2003 - 10 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Culture of El Salvador -- traditional , history , People , clothing , women , beliefs , food , customs , family '' . everyculture.com . Jump up ^ `` Estadio Cuscatlán '' . Radio Guanaca . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Further reading `` Background Notes '' , Background Notes : El Salvador , January 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Bonner , Raymond . Weakness and Deceit : U.S. Policy and El Salvador . New York : Times Books , 1984 . CIA World Factbook , `` El Salvador '' , February 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . `` Country Specific Information '' , U.S. State Department , October 3 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Danner , Mark . The Massacre at El Mozote : A Parable of the Cold War . New York : Vintage Books , 1994 . Foley , Erin . ' Cultures of the world , El Salvador . 1995 Montgomery , Tommie Sue . Revolution in El Salvador : From Civil Strife to Civil Peace . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press , 1995 . Rosa , Audrey Celeste ( 1998 ) . The courage to change : Salvadoran stories of personal and social transformation ( El Salvador ) ( M.A. thesis ) . Wilfrid Laurier University . External link in title = ( help ) Stadler , Sidney . It started with an oyster . The Memoirs of Sidney M. Stadler , CBE . Penna Press 1975 . Autobiography of a British businessman and diplomat in El Salvador , with much on Salvadoran society and politics from the 1920s to 1950s . Vilas , Carlos . Between Earthquakes and Volcanoes : Market , State , and the Revolution America . New York : Monthly Review Press . 1995 . External links Find more aboutEl Salvadorat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Embassy of El Salvador in London -- Content rich site about every aspect of Salvadorean life , government , business , and politics . Chief of State and Cabinet Members `` El Salvador '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . El Salvador at UCB Libraries GovPubs El Salvador at Curlie El Salvador profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of El Salvador Salvadoran American Humanitarian Foundation ( SAHF ) Fundacion Salvadoreña Para la Salud y el Desarollo Humano ( FUSAL ) Key Development Forecasts for El Salvador from International Futures World Bank Summary Trade Statistics El Salvador Teaching Central America El Salvador articles History Pre-Columbian history Spanish conquest New Spain Captaincy General ( Guatemalan ) 1811 Independence Movement Federal Republic of Central America World War II History of El Salvador ( 1931 -- 79 ) Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Geography Biota Cities Earthquakes Islands National parks Rivers Volcanism Water resources Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Court system Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement Legislative Assembly Military Political parties Presidents Economy Central bank Coffee production Currency Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Abortion Crime Demographics Regions by HDI Education Gender inequality Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music Public holidays Sport Television Outline Index Portal Central America Sovereign states Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands WorldCat Identities BNF : cb11934436j ( data ) GND : 4014499 - 9 HDS : 6531 ISNI : 0000 0001 2375 2529 NARA : 10044746 NKC : ge130727 VIAF : 126625611 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Salvador&oldid=866526547 '' Categories : 1821 establishments in North America Countries in North America Countries in Central America El Salvador Former Spanish colonies Member states of the United Nations Republics Spanish - speaking countries and territories States and territories established in 1821 Northern Triangle of Central America Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 CS1 errors : external links Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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what are two major cities in el salvador
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[
"\n\n\n vte Largest cities or towns in El Salvador2007 El Salvador Bureau of Statistics estimate[99]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nDepartment\n\nPop.\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nDepartment\n\nPop.\n\n\n\nSan SalvadorSanta Ana\n\n1\nSan Salvador\nSan Salvador\n540,989\n11\nColón\nLa Libertad\n96,989\n\nSoyapangoSan Miguel\n\n\n2\nSanta Ana\nSanta Ana\n245,421\n12\nTonacatepeque\nSan Salvador\n90,896\n\n\n3\nSoyapango\nSan Salvador\n241,403\n13\nOpico\nLa Libertad\n74,280\n\n\n4\nSan Miguel\nSan Miguel\n218,410\n14\nChalchuapa\nSanta Ana\n74,038\n\n\n5\nSanta Tecla\nLa Libertad\n164,171\n15\nUsulután\nUsulután\n73,064\n\n\n6\nMejicanos\nSan Salvador\n140,751\n16\nSan Martín\nSan Salvador\n72,758\n\n\n7\nApopa\nSan Salvador\n131,286\n17\nSonsonate\nSonsonate\n71,541\n\n\n8\nDelgado\nSan Salvador\n120,200\n18\nIzalco\nSonsonate\n70,959\n\n\n9\nAhuachapán\nAhuachapán\n110,511\n19\nCuscatancingo\nSan Salvador\n66,400\n\n\n10\nIlopango\nSan Salvador\n103,862\n20\nMetapán\nSanta Ana\n65,826\n\n",
"\n\n\n vte Largest cities or towns in El Salvador2007 El Salvador Bureau of Statistics estimate[99]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nDepartment\n\nPop.\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nDepartment\n\nPop.\n\n\n\nSan SalvadorSanta Ana\n\n1\nSan Salvador\nSan Salvador\n540,989\n11\nColón\nLa Libertad\n96,989\n\nSoyapangoSan Miguel\n\n\n2\nSanta Ana\nSanta Ana\n245,421\n12\nTonacatepeque\nSan Salvador\n90,896\n\n\n3\nSoyapango\nSan Salvador\n241,403\n13\nOpico\nLa Libertad\n74,280\n\n\n4\nSan Miguel\nSan Miguel\n218,410\n14\nChalchuapa\nSanta Ana\n74,038\n\n\n5\nSanta Tecla\nLa Libertad\n164,171\n15\nUsulután\nUsulután\n73,064\n\n\n6\nMejicanos\nSan Salvador\n140,751\n16\nSan Martín\nSan Salvador\n72,758\n\n\n7\nApopa\nSan Salvador\n131,286\n17\nSonsonate\nSonsonate\n71,541\n\n\n8\nDelgado\nSan Salvador\n120,200\n18\nIzalco\nSonsonate\n70,959\n\n\n9\nAhuachapán\nAhuachapán\n110,511\n19\nCuscatancingo\nSan Salvador\n66,400\n\n\n10\nIlopango\nSan Salvador\n103,862\n20\nMetapán\nSanta Ana\n65,826\n\n"
] |
[
"San Salvador",
"Santa Ana"
] |
8139656634397028355
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List of Cricket World Cup finals
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List of Cricket World Cup finals - wikipedia List of Cricket World Cup finals Jump to : navigation , search The Cricket World Cup is an international cricket competition established in 1975 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament generally takes place every four years . Most recently , the 2015 Cricket World Cup , jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand , was won by Australia , who beat their co-hosts New Zealand . The current trophy was instituted in 1999 . It always remains with the ICC , and a replica is awarded to the winning team . Nations with Test status automatically qualify for the World Cup , while associate and affiliate ICC members must qualify through a qualification tournament , the World Cup Qualifier . Though an associate member is yet to reach the final , Kenya did reach the semi-finals in 2003 . Australia is the most successful team in the competition 's history , winning five tournaments and finishing as runner - up twice . Twice , teams have won successive tournaments : the West Indies won the first two editions ( 1975 and 1979 ) and Australia won three in a row ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) . Australia has played in the most finals ( seven out of eleven : 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) . England is the team to reach the final and not win the World Cup most often , ending as runner - up in all three final appearances . Of the twenty teams that have qualified for at least one Cricket World Cup , seven have contested a tournament final . Seven venues have hosted the final ; only two of those -- Lord 's , in London , and the Melbourne Cricket Ground -- have hosted multiple finals . India is the only country that has hosted a World Cup final at more than one venue , with Eden Gardens , Kolkata , hosting in 1987 and Mumbai 's Wankhede Stadium hosting in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 List of finals 3 Results by country 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Lord 's has hosted the final four times . The inaugural ICC Cricket World Cup final was held on 21 June 1975 at Lord 's , contested by Australia and the West Indies . A man of the match performance , including a century from West Indian captain Clive Lloyd coming in to bat at number five with his team 50 / 3 , formed the basis of a 149 - run fourth - wicket partnership with Rohan Kanhai . Keith Boyce added a quick 34 and the Australians were set a target of 292 to win in a 60 - over encounter . In reply , Alan Turner hit 40 from 54 deliveries and Australian captain Ian Chappell scored 62 from 93 balls . Australia `` contributed to their own destruction '' in an innings with five run outs , and the West Indies were crowned the first cricket world champions , winning by 17 runs . Four years later , the West Indies qualified for the final , this time facing England , hosted at Lord 's for the second consecutive tournament . An unbeaten 138 from Viv Richards , and support from Collis King in a 139 - run partnership for the fifth wicket , saw the West Indies set England a target of 287 runs to win in 60 overs . A profitable yet slow opening partnership between Mike Brearley and Geoffrey Boycott ( the latter taking 17 overs to reach double figures ) saw England to 129 . However , following Brearley 's dismissal , only Graham Gooch and Derek Randall made a `` brief assault '' on the West Indian bowling , before a batting collapse , Joel Garner taking five wickets in eleven balls . England ended 194 all out , and presented the West Indies with their second consecutive title , winning by 92 runs . Lord 's re-hosted the third World Cup final in June 1983 , and was West Indies ' third consecutive final . On this occasion , they faced India in front of 24,609 spectators . Sunil Gavaskar was dismissed early in the innings for two runs , and only Kris Srikkanth scored more than thirty ; Andy Roberts took three wickets for the West Indies leaving India all out for 183 . Following the dismissals of Viv Richards , Desmond Haynes and Larry Gomes by Madan Lal for six runs between them , the West Indies collapsed to 140 all out , handing the title to India by 43 runs . India and Pakistan co-hosted the 1987 tournament ; the final was held at Eden Gardens in Kolkata between Australia and England , both appearing for the second time and vying for their first title . Australia won the toss and elected to bat first ; David Boon scored 75 runs from 125 deliveries , while Mike Veletta made a rapid 45 from 31 deliveries taking Australia to a total of 253 / 5 by the close of play , this time after 50 overs . In front of around 70,000 spectators , England 's middle order of Bill Athey , Mike Gatting and Allan Lamb provided some resistance , but with 17 runs required in the final over to win , England fell short and lost by 7 runs . The 1992 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand , with the first ever day / night final being held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Australia between England and Pakistan . In their first final appearance , Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat first . Despite two early wickets from Derek Pringle , Pakistani batsmen Imran Khan and Javed Miandad shared a third - wicket partnership of 139 . Both Inzamam - ul - Haq and Wasim Akram added over thirty runs each at more than a run - a-ball , leading Pakistan to a total of 249 / 6 in 50 overs . A crowd of over 87,000 saw man - of - the - match Wasim Akram take three of England 's wickets , including that of all - rounder Ian Botham for a duck , after Graeme Hick was `` baffled by the googly '' . England were bowled out for 227 , and Pakistan won by 22 runs . India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka hosted the tournament in 1996 . Sri Lanka was making their first appearance in the final , and faced 1987 champions Australia in another day / night contest . After winning the toss , Arjuna Ranatunga sent Australia in to bat at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore . Captain Mark Taylor and Ricky Ponting added 101 in their second - wicket partnership as Australia completed their 50 overs 241 / 7 . Man of the match Aravinda de Silva 's century , assisted by partnerships with Asanka Gurusinha and Ranatunga led Sri Lanka to the total with 22 balls and 7 wickets to spare , and their first win in the final . This was the first time a host won the title , though the final was played in Pakistan . It was also the first time that the team batting second emerged victorious . Australia 's Adam Gilchrist made sizeable contributions with the bat in three consecutive finals . Australia 's `` 12 - year era of World Cup dominance '' began with the 1999 tournament , hosted for the fourth time by England . In a `` one - sided '' final , Shane Warne 's four wickets helped to restrict Pakistan to 132 runs , all out with 11 overs yet to bat . A rapid fifty from Adam Gilchrist , and support from Mark Waugh , Ponting and Darren Lehmann , saw Australia reach the total in just over 20 overs , winning by eight wickets . The 2003 tournament had three co-hosts : South Africa , Kenya and Zimbabwe , the final being a day / night match contested between Australia and India at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg . Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden opened the batting , making a century partnership before Ponting and Damien Martin went on to score the highest partnership in any World Cup final with an unbeaten 234 . Australia batted out their fifty overs , and ended on the highest score in World Cup final history : 359 / 2 . Player of the tournament Sachin Tendulkar was dismissed in the first over of India 's reply but Virender Sehwag and Rahul Dravid combined to score 88 in their fourth wicket partnership . However , following Dravid 's dismissal , India 's batting collapsed , and they finished on 234 all out with nearly eleven overs remaining , handing Australia a 125 - run victory . The 2007 final , held at the Kensington Oval in Barbados , was reduced to 38 overs a side following a two - hour rain delay . Australia 's Gilchrist hit the fastest century in a World Cup final at a strike rate of over 143 and his opening stand with Hayden became the largest first - wicket partnership in World Cup history . Australia ended on 281 / 4 , an average of 7.39 runs per over . In reply , Sanath Jayasuriya and Kumar Sangakkara accumulated 116 runs for the second wicket , but with Chamara Silva the only other batsman to score over 20 , Sri Lanka capitulated . Despite a revised target , due to a further rain break , calculated using the Duckworth -- Lewis method , Sri Lanka scored 215 -- 8 from their allotted overs . With a 53 - run victory , Australia won their third consecutive World Cup . Bangladesh , India and Sri Lanka co-hosted the 2011 tournament , with the latter pair meeting in the final in the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai . Scoring 91 runs in their final 10 overs , Sri Lanka 's innings ended on 274 / 6 , Mahela Jayawardene top - scoring with an unbeaten 103 . Sehwag was out leg before wicket to Lasith Malinga in the second ball of the Indian innings , Tendulkar soon followed him , but 97 from Gautam Gambhir and an unbeaten 91 from MS Dhoni saw India home with 10 balls to spare . By winning the match , India became the first team to win the finals on home soil . List of finals ( edit ) Key to list of finals The final was played as a day / night game . The final was decided by the Duckworth -- Lewis method . The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and links to the article about that tournament . The links in the `` Result '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national cricket teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals , along with the host nation and location and result of the final Year Winner Result Runner - up Final venue Host nation ( s ) Crowd West Indies 291 / 8 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 17 runs Australia 274 all out ( 58.4 overs ) Lord 's , London England 24,000 1979 West Indies 286 / 9 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 92 runs England 194 all out ( 51 overs ) Lord 's , London England 32,000 India 183 all out ( 54.4 overs ) India won by 43 runs West Indies 140 all out ( 52 overs ) Lord 's , London England 30,000 Australia 253 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 7 runs England 246 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Eden Gardens , Kolkata , India India , Pakistan 95,000 1992 Pakistan 249 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 22 runs England 227 all out ( 49.2 overs ) MCG , Melbourne , Australia Australia , New Zealand 87,182 Sri Lanka 245 / 3 ( 46.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Australia 241 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore , Pakistan India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka 62,645 1999 Australia 133 / 2 ( 20.1 overs ) Australia won by 8 wickets Pakistan 132 all out ( 39 overs ) Lord 's , London England , Wales , Ireland , Scotland , Netherlands 30,000 2003 Australia 359 / 2 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 125 runs India 234 all out ( 39.2 overs ) Wanderers , Johannesburg , South Africa Kenya , South Africa , Zimbabwe 32,827 2007 Australia 281 / 4 ( 38 overs ) Australia won by 53 runs Sri Lanka 215 / 8 ( 36 overs ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown West Indies 28,108 2011 India 277 / 4 ( 48.2 overs ) India won by 6 wickets Sri Lanka 274 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai , India Bangladesh , India , Sri Lanka 65,000 2015 Australia 186 / 3 ( 33.1 overs ) Australia won by 7 wickets New Zealand 183 all out ( 45 overs ) MCG , Melbourne , Australia Australia , New Zealand 93,013 Results by country ( edit ) Map of winning countries National team Final appearances Winners Runners - up Years won Years runners - up Australia 7 5 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 1975 , 1996 India 1983 , 2011 , 2003 West Indies 1975 , 1979 Sri Lanka 2007 , 2011 Pakistan 1992 1999 England 0 -- 1979 , 1987 , 1992 New Zealand 0 -- 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ICC CWC History '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC Cricket World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodrigopulle , Elmo ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Big money for winner of World Cup 2007 '' . Daily News ( Sri Lanka ) . Cabinet of Sri Lanka . Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Wijesiri , Lionel ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Battle for World cricket supremacy '' . Daily News ( Sri Lanka ) . Cabinet of Sri Lanka . Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Outsiders seek to prove their worth '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu Group . 4 March 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup / Records / Series results '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin . `` The World Cup -- A brief history '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Vatsyayana , Manoj ( 14 February 2011 ) . `` A history of the Cricket World Cup from 1975 to 2007 '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records / World Cup / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai now also becomes cricket capital '' . Hindustan Times . New Delhi : HT Media Ltd. 2 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prudential World Cup -- 1975 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clive Lloyd -- 1975 '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 January 2003 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prudential World Cup , 1975 -- Fall of wickets and partnerships '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Preston , Norman . `` The Prudential World Cup Final , 1975 '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prudential World Cup , 1979 -- Fall of wickets and partnerships '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prudential World Cup -- 1979 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Preston , Norman . `` Prudential World Cup final , 1979 '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clive Lloyd -- 1979 '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 January 2003 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` India defy the odds '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prudential World Cup -- 1983 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reliance World Cup -- 1987 / 88 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 -- 88 World Cup -- Final '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Benson & Hedges World Cup -- 1991 / 92 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Benson & Hedges World Cup 1991 -- 92 final '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wills World Cup -- Final -- Australia v Sri Lanka '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Coverdale , Brydon . `` Rollercoaster riders '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Reiffel -- 1999 '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 January 2003 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC World Cup -- Final -- Australia v Pakistan '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Partnership records '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC World Cup -- Final -- Australia v India '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Brett , Oliver ( 28 April 2007 ) . `` Final : Australia v Sri Lanka '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC World Cup Final 2006 / 07 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket News . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheringham , Sam ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC World Cup Final 2010 / 11 '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official ICC website Winning Squads ( hide ) Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England 2019 India 2023 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cricket_World_Cup_finals&oldid=842636620 '' Categories : Cricket World Cup Lists of Cricket World Cup matches Cricket World Cup Finals Cricket World Cup - related lists Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी ଓଡ଼ିଆ اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 18 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the most recent year that india won the cricket world cup
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"\nList of finals, along with the host nation and location and result of the final\n\nYear\nWinner\nResult\nRunner-up\nFinal venue\nHost nation(s)[2]\nCrowd\n\n\n1975\n West Indies\n291/8 (60 overs)\nWest Indies won by 17 runs[11]\n Australia\n274 all out (58.4 overs)\nLord's, London\nEngland\n24,000\n\n\n1979\n West Indies\n286/9 (60 overs)\nWest Indies won by 92 runs[16]\n England\n194 all out (51 overs)\nLord's, London\nEngland\n32,000\n\n\n1983\n India\n183 all out (54.4 overs)\nIndia won by 43 runs[20]\n West Indies\n140 all out (52 overs)\nLord's, London\nEngland\n30,000\n\n\n1987\n Australia\n253/5 (50 overs)\nAustralia won by 7 runs[21]\n England\n246/8 (50 overs)\nEden Gardens, Kolkata, India\nIndia, Pakistan\n95,000\n\n\n1992\n Pakistan\n249/6 (50 overs)\nPakistan won by 22 runs[23]\n England\n227 all out (49.2 overs)\nMCG, Melbourne, Australia \nAustralia, New Zealand\n87,182\n\n\n1996\n Sri Lanka\n245/3 (46.2 overs)\nSri Lanka won by 7 wickets[25]\n Australia\n241/7 (50 overs)\nGaddafi Stadium, Lahore, Pakistan \nIndia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka\n62,645\n\n\n1999\n Australia\n133/2 (20.1 overs)\nAustralia won by 8 wickets[28]\n Pakistan\n132 all out (39 overs)\nLord's, London\nEngland, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands\n30,000\n\n\n2003\n Australia\n359/2 (50 overs)\nAustralia won by 125 runs[30]\n India\n234 all out (39.2 overs)\nWanderers, Johannesburg, South Africa\nKenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe\n32,827\n\n\n2007\n Australia\n281/4 (38 overs)\nAustralia won by 53 runs [32]\n Sri Lanka\n215/8 (36 overs)\nKensington Oval, Bridgetown\nWest Indies\n28,108\n\n\n2011\n India\n277/4 (48.2 overs)\nIndia won by 6 wickets[35]\n Sri Lanka\n274/6 (50 overs)\nWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India \nBangladesh, India, Sri Lanka\n65,000\n\n\n2015\n Australia\n186/3 (33.1 overs)\nAustralia won by 7 wickets\n New Zealand\n183 all out (45 overs)\nMCG, Melbourne, Australia \nAustralia, New Zealand\n93,013\n\n"
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List of Bates Motel characters
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List of Bates Motel characters - wikipedia List of Bates Motel characters Jump to : navigation , search Members of the cast , from left to right ; upper row : Highmore , Farmiga , Thieriot , Cooke , Peltz , Carbonell , Vogel ; lower row : Eklund , O'Neill , Robertson , Kwiatkowski , Vartan , Creskoff , and Johnson The following is a list of characters that have appeared in the A&E drama - thriller television series Bates Motel , an adaptation of Robert Bloch 's novel Psycho . The series was developed by Carlton Cuse , Kerry Ehrin , and Anthony Cipriano . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Norman Bates 1.2 Norma Louise Bates 1.3 Dylan Massett 1.4 Emma Decody 1.5 Alex Romero 1.6 Bradley Martin 1.7 Caleb Calhoun 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Introduced in season one 2.2 Introduced in season two 2.3 Introduced in season three 2.4 Introduced in season four 2.5 Introduced in season five 3 References 4 External links Main characters ( edit ) Character Portrayed by Seasons Norman Bates Freddie Highmore Main Norma Louise Bates Vera Farmiga Main Dylan Massett Max Thieriot Main Emma Decody Olivia Cooke Main Bradley Martin Nicola Peltz Main Recurring Does not appear Alex Romero Nestor Carbonell Recurring Main Caleb Calhoun Kenny Johnson Does not appear Recurring Main Guest Recurring Norman Bates ( edit ) Further information : Norman Bates Norman Bates ( portrayed by Freddie Highmore ) is the series ' co-protagonist , alongside his mother . Norman is depicted as a kind - hearted but deeply troubled boy who has an often unhealthy attachment to Norma . His mother has smothered and sheltered him his whole life , to the point that he is awkward and socially inept , especially around people his own age . As the series progresses , it becomes clear that Norman is mentally ill : he experiences blackouts , during which he hallucinates visions of Norma and behaves violently , before coming to with no recollection of his actions . In seasons three and four , it is becoming clear that he has a split personality , and that his other self -- `` Mother '' -- is gaining control . Norma Louise Bates ( edit ) Further information : Norma Bates ( Psycho ) Norma Louise Bates ( portrayed by Vera Farmiga ) is the series ' co-protagonist , alongside her son . Norma is depicted as a loving but extremely possessive mother who wants to keep Norman all to herself . As a child , she was abused by her parents and raped by her brother Caleb , and she was also abused by her second husband , Sam ( Norman 's father ) . She sees Norman as the only person in the world who loves her , and pulls him closer every time she is in distress . Dylan Massett ( edit ) Dylan Massett ( portrayed by Max Thieriot ) is Norma 's estranged son and Norman 's half - brother . Having grown up largely on his own , he is resourceful , strong - willed and independent . He genuinely cares about Norman , but has a difficult relationship with Norma . He believes that Norma seeks out conflict and drama , and that her treatment of Norman will damage him . When he arrives to White Pine Bay , after recently being laid off , Dylan bonds with Norman and encourages him to have a life outside of Norma . He gets involved in the town 's illicit marijuana business , and quickly rises up the ranks as he wins favor with his superiors . His world comes crashing down , however , when he learns from Norma that he is the product of an incestuous rape -- his true father having been Norma 's brother , Caleb -- and distances himself from the family , moving out of the Bates ' house . He eventually reconnects with his mother and brother in the second season finale . In season three , he becomes increasingly concerned with Norman 's behavior , and tries to convince Norma to seek help for him . He also facilitates a reconciliation between Norma and Caleb after reconnecting with his father and starting a legal medicinal marijuana farm of his own , following a DEA raid which wipes out the town 's cannabis trade . Throughout the season , he starts to grow close to Emma as she assists in looking after Norman , and attempts to raise the funds for her lung transplant , and the two subsequently form a romantic attachment . Dylan leaves for Seattle with Emma and the two subsequently get married and have a daughter . He finds out online that his mother committed suicide and is furious that Norman did not tell him . He returns to White Pine Bay after fearing for Norman 's mental health . Norman later confesses to murder ; Dylan visits Norman 's hearing but is unable to listen to the charges against his brother . After Norman is freed , he goes to the motel and finds Norman in the kitchen with Norma 's corpse . Norman attempts to stab Dylan but is fatally shot by his brother , whom he thanks as he passes away . Dylan then returns to Seattle to be with Emma and their daughter . Emma Decody ( edit ) Emma Decody ( portrayed by Olivia Cooke ) is Norman 's best friend . A sufferer of cystic fibrosis , Emma is often seen carrying an oxygen tank . Although Emma is British , having been born in Manchester ( as was Cooke , in real life ) , she speaks with a local American dialect . Identifying with his unusual personality , troubled history and friendly nature , Emma is immediately infatuated with Norman and develops a friendship with him . Norman in turn finds himself warming to her , and , at the request of her father , respects her feelings for him . Seeing this , Norma becomes fond of her and employs Emma at the motel to keep her close to Norman , as well as to provide her with some much - needed maternal support and advice . Her friendship with Norman becomes strained , however , when he allows his feelings for Bradley Martin to get in the way . In addition , she becomes upset when Norma begins to blatantly keep secrets from her or tell her false stories to explain some of Norman 's strange actions , and contemplates resigning from the motel . Norman ultimately reaffirms his loyalty to her when he angrily berates his girlfriend , Cody , for egging Emma to do a cliff jump into a lake , clogging her airway and nearly killing her . He later convinces her to stay at the motel by telling her the truth about Dylan 's birth , explaining why Norma would not answer her questions . In season three , Emma has a short - lived relationship with Norman , but they later decide to remain friends . She soon grows close to Dylan , who becomes concerned when he learns that Emma 's health has deteriorated severely , and takes it upon himself to raise the money she needs for a lung transplant . This , in turn , leads to the two starting a romantic relationship . Alex Romero ( edit ) Alex Romero ( portrayed by Nestor Carbonell ) is White Pine Bay 's sheriff in a very awkward position . He tolerates the town 's open marijuana cultivation , but only because he knows that the town 's economy depends on it , and comes down hard on any gang - related murders . He maintains a stoic , hardened demeanor , both on and off the job . His interaction with the Bates family does not go smoothly , when he suspects Norma 's complicity in the disappearance ( and death ) of Keith Summers , his friend and the former motel owner . Over time , he comes to warm to Norma , but often finds himself having to clean up her messes , including murdering a man threatening her , or pinning the blame for one of Norman 's murders on somebody else . When a call girl staying at the motel gets shot and , upon dying , gives Norma a USB drive that contains a financial ledger splitting up an investment return of at least $15 million ( illegal revenue from the drug trade ) , Romero must protect Norma , while investigating those listed on it , including his imprisoned father who used to be sheriff . When it is revealed that Norma lied to him about her husband 's death , their friendship suffers and is nearly at an end . Romero must also fight those seeking the ledger in order to keep his job and save his own life . In season four , after Norman is committed for psychiatric observation , Romero 's relationship with Norma changes suddenly into a romantic one . Bradley Martin ( edit ) Bradley Martin ( portrayed by Nicola Peltz ) is a kind , attractive and popular classmate of Norman . Bradley immediately takes a shine to Norman , inviting him to his first party and introducing him to her boyfriend . Her world takes a turn for the worse , however , when her father is burned to death , and in her time of grief , she ends up having sex with Norman . Regretting it , she attempts to make amends with him , but accidentally alienates him further . She also wins the ire of Norma and Emma , who become jealous of the attention Norman gives her . With Dylan 's help , she finds out who her father 's murderer was , and ends up shooting him dead . With blood on her hands , Bradley turns to Norman once more , and , with his help , flees White Pine Bay to go into hiding in Boston . She later returns in season three and , lonely , seeks comfort in Norman . She asks him to speak to her mother , who thinks she 's dead , but changes her mind upon learning that her mother has quickly adjusted to being without her husband and daughter . Afterwards , she feels the only person she has left in the world is Norman . She decides that it is best for her to leave town once again and pleads for Norman to come with her . He accepts , but Norman ( in his `` Mother '' persona ) kills Bradley by repeatedly bashing her head against a rock . Caleb Calhoun ( edit ) Caleb Calhoun ( portrayed by Kenny Johnson ) is Norma 's estranged older brother , Norman 's uncle and Dylan 's biological father . In season two , Caleb arrives at the Bates Motel but Norma immediately throws him out . However , Caleb bonds with Dylan , saying he helped protect Norma from their abusive father when they were children . Dylan defends Caleb to Norma , but he also repeatedly raped her for years during their childhood . This then escalates into a fight between Norman and Dylan until Norma intervenes by revealing that Caleb is Dylan 's father . After Norman ( in Norma 's persona ) attacks him for the rape , Caleb leaves town . He returns to help Dylan with a `` pot farm '' by building a barn . Dylan grows closer to Caleb and ponders telling Norma about his return , which is hastened by Norman and Emma spotting Caleb at the remote cabin . Norma and Caleb have an emotional reunion in which he apologizes to her , but she does not completely forgive him . After a curious neighbor to the farm seeks a gun runner to Canada , Caleb offers to take the job ; however , Dylan also needs the money to help Emma so he accompanies him . The dropoff is supposed to have been the neighbor 's demise , and Caleb manages to save Dylan . He then returns to beat the neighbor until he promises to leave Dylan alone and give them the promised money . Caleb leaves again , but not before telling Norma about Norman attacking him in the `` Mother '' persona . Recurring characters ( edit ) Introduced in season one ( edit ) Deputy Zack Shelby ( Mike Vogel ) Jake Abernathy ( Jere Burns ) Miss Blaire Watson ( Keegan Connor Tracy ) Ethan Chang ( Terry Chen ) Remo Wallace ( Ian Tracey ) Gil Turner ( Vincent Gale ) Will Decody ( Ian Hart / Andrew Howard ) Jiao ( Diana Bang ) Richard Sylmore ( Richard Harmon ) Sam Bates ( David Cubitt ) Gunner ( Keenan Tracey ) Regina ( Aliyah O'Brien ) Dr. Fumhiro Kurata ( Hiro Kanagawa ) Lissa ( Brittney Wilson ) Introduced in season two ( edit ) George Heldens ( Michael Vartan ) Christine Heldens ( Rebecca Creskoff ) Jodi Morgan ( Kathleen Robertson ) Zane Morgan ( Michael Eklund ) Nick Ford ( Michael O'Neill ) Cody Brennan ( Paloma Kwiatkowski ) Amelia Martin ( Lini Evans ) Jimmy Brennan ( Michael Rogers ) Deputy Jeffcoat ( Matthew Mandzij ) Declan Rogers ( Francis X . McCarthy ) Deputy Patty Lin ( Agam Darshi ) Introduced in season three ( edit ) Charles `` Chick '' Hogan ( Ryan Hurst ) Bob Paris ( Kevin Rahm ) Liz Babbitt ( Anika Noni Rose ) Annika Johnson ( Tracy Spiridakos ) James Finnigan ( Joshua Leonard ) Marcus Young ( Adetomiwa Edun ) Introduced in season four ( edit ) Dr. Gregg Edwards ( Damon Gupton ) Rebecca Hamilton ( Jaime Ray Newman ) Julian Howe ( Marshall Allman ) Dickie Bolton ( Terence Kelly ) Audrey Ellis ( Karina Logue ) Nurse Penny ( Kelly - Ruth Mercier ) Vicki Monroe ( Fiona Vroom ) Howard Collins ( Craig Erickson ) Doctor Guynan ( Louis Ferreira ) Introduced in season five ( edit ) Marion Crane ( Rihanna ) Madeleine Loomis ( Isabelle McNally ) Sam Loomis ( Austin Nichols ) Sheriff Jane Greene ( Brooke Smith ) Julia Ramos ( Natalia Cordova - Buckley ) Joe Blackwell ( John Hainsworth ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` A&E 's ' Psycho ' Prequel ' Bates Motel ' Finds its Young Norman '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Vera Farmiga to Star in A&E 's ' Psycho ' Prequel ' Bates Motel ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' Adds Max Thieriot as Norman 's Brother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Psycho ' TV prequel ' Bates Motel ' adds ' Blackout ' star Olivia Cooke '' . Digital Spy . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Mike Vogel & Nestor Carbonell Join A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' , Trio To Recur On ' Shameless ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Adds ' Last Airbender ' Actress as Love Interest for Norman ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Kenny Johnson returns to ' Bates Motel ' as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Alias ' Michael Vartan Checks Into Bates Motel as Norma 's New ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Rebecca Creskoff , Kenny Johnson & Michael Vartan Join A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Kathleen Robertson Checks Into Bates Motel '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Daniella Alonso Joins NBC 's ' Night Shift ' , Michael Eklund Added To A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Bates Motel Exclusive : Grey 's Anatomy Menace to Raise Hell in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' , ' Reign ' Add Recurring Players '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Roger Howarth Joins ' The Flash ' ; Ryan Hurst In ' Bates Motel ' '' . Deadline.com . October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tory Kittles Moves To ' The Colony ' ; Kevin Rahm In ' Bates Motel ' '' . Deadline.com . October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Revolution Alum Joins Bates Motel '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ `` Joshua Leonard Checks Into ' Bates Motel ' ; Gbenga Akinnagbe Books ' The Following ' '' . Deadline.com . December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Damon Gupton Joins ' Bates Motel ' ; Trieste Kelly Dunn In ' Blindspot ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Jaime Ray Newman Checks Into ' Bates Motel ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna To Play Iconic ' Psycho ' Role In ' Bates Motel ' Fifth & Final Season -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Bates Motel Season 5 : House of Cards Actress Cast as Norma 's Doppelganger '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : ' The Walking Dead 's Austin Nichols To Recur on Season 5 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Bates Motel Elects Grey 's Anatomy Alum Brooke Smith ( New ) Sheriff '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of Shield ' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Joins ' Bates Motel ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Bates Motel on IMDb ( hide ) Bates Motel Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Characters Norma Louise Bates Norman Bates Marion Crane Related articles Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bates_Motel_characters&oldid=803155809 '' Categories : Bates Motel ( TV series ) Lists of American drama television series characters Lists of horror television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 20 : 21 . About Wikipedia
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who plays norma's brother on bates motel
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"Caleb Calhoun (portrayed by Kenny Johnson)[7] is Norma's estranged older brother, Norman's uncle and Dylan's biological father. In season two, Caleb arrives at the Bates Motel but Norma immediately throws him out. However, Caleb bonds with Dylan, saying he helped protect Norma from their abusive father when they were children. Dylan defends Caleb to Norma, but he also repeatedly raped her for years during their childhood. This then escalates into a fight between Norman and Dylan until Norma intervenes by revealing that Caleb is Dylan's father. After Norman (in Norma's persona) attacks him for the rape, Caleb leaves town. He returns to help Dylan with a \"pot farm\" by building a barn. Dylan grows closer to Caleb and ponders telling Norma about his return, which is hastened by Norman and Emma spotting Caleb at the remote cabin. Norma and Caleb have an emotional reunion in which he apologizes to her, but she does not completely forgive him. After a curious neighbor to the farm seeks a gun runner to Canada, Caleb offers to take the job; however, Dylan also needs the money to help Emma so he accompanies him. The dropoff is supposed to have been the neighbor's demise, and Caleb manages to save Dylan. He then returns to beat the neighbor until he promises to leave Dylan alone and give them the promised money. Caleb leaves again, but not before telling Norma about Norman attacking him in the \"Mother\" persona."
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"Kenny Johnson"
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Chariots of Fire
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Chariots of Fire - wikipedia Chariots of Fire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Chariots of Fire ( disambiguation ) . Chariots of Fire Theatrical release poster Directed by Hugh Hudson Produced by David Puttnam Written by Colin Welland Starring Ben Cross Ian Charleson Nigel Havers Cheryl Campbell Alice Krige Lindsay Anderson Dennis Christopher Nigel Davenport Brad Davis Peter Egan Sir John Gielgud Ian Holm Patrick Magee Music by Vangelis Cinematography David Watkin Edited by Terry Rawlings Production company Allied Stars Ltd Goldcrest Films Enigma Productions The Ladd Company Distributed by Warner Bros . ( USA & Canada ) 20th Century Fox ( International ) Release date 30 March 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 30 ) ( Royal Command Film Performance ) 15 May 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 15 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 124 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $5.5 million ( £ 3 million ) Box office $59 million ( U.S. ) Chariots of Fire is a 1981 British historical drama film . It tells the fact - based story of two athletes in the 1924 Olympics : Eric Liddell , a devout Scottish Christian who runs for the glory of God , and Harold Abrahams , an English Jew who runs to overcome prejudice . The film was conceived and produced by David Puttnam , written by Colin Welland , and directed by Hugh Hudson . Ben Cross and Ian Charleson starred as Abrahams and Liddell , alongside Nicholas Farrell , Nigel Havers , Ian Holm , Lindsay Anderson , John Gielgud , Cheryl Campbell , and Alice Krige in supporting roles . It was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won four , including Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay . It is ranked 19th in the British Film Institute 's list of Top 100 British films . The film is also notable for its memorable electronic theme tune by Vangelis , who won the Academy Award for Best Original Score . The film 's title was inspired by the line , `` Bring me my chariot of fire , '' from the William Blake poem adapted into the popular British hymn `` Jerusalem '' ; the hymn is heard at the end of the film . The original phrase `` chariot ( s ) of fire '' is from 2 Kings 2 : 11 and 6 : 17 in the Bible . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Historical accuracy 3.1 Characters 3.2 1924 Olympics 3.2. 1 Personal inaccuracies at the Olympics 4 Production 4.1 Script and direction 4.2 Casting 4.3 Music 4.4 Filming locations 5 Revival for the 2012 Olympics 5.1 Stage adaptation 5.2 UK cinematic re-release , Blu - ray 6 Critical reception 7 Accolades 7.1 Awards and nominations 8 See also 9 References 10 Notes 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1919 , Harold Abrahams ( Ben Cross ) enters the University of Cambridge , where he experiences anti-Semitism from the staff , but enjoys participating in the Gilbert and Sullivan club . He becomes the first person to ever complete the Trinity Great Court Run -- running around the college courtyard in the time it takes for the clock to strike 12 . Abrahams achieves an undefeated string of victories in various national running competitions . Although focused on his running , he falls in love with a leading Gilbert and Sullivan soprano , Sybil ( Alice Krige ) . Eric Liddell ( Ian Charleson ) , born in China of Scottish missionary parents , is in Scotland . His devout sister Jennie ( Cheryl Campbell ) disapproves of Liddell 's plans to pursue competitive running . But Liddell sees running as a way of glorifying God before returning to China to work as a missionary . When they first race against each other , Liddell beats Abrahams . Abrahams takes it poorly , but Sam Mussabini ( Ian Holm ) , a professional trainer whom he had approached earlier , offers to take him on to improve his technique . This attracts criticism from the Cambridge college masters ( John Gielgud and Lindsay Anderson ) , who allege it is not gentlemanly for an amateur to `` play the tradesman '' by employing a professional coach . Abrahams dismisses this concern , interpreting it as cover for anti-Semitic and class - based prejudice . When Eric Liddell accidentally misses a church prayer meeting because of his running , his sister Jennie upbraids him and accuses him of no longer caring about God . Eric tells her that though he intends to eventually return to the China mission , he feels divinely inspired when running , and that not to run would be to dishonour God , saying , `` I believe that God made me for a purpose . But He also made me fast , and when I run , I feel His pleasure . '' The two athletes , after years of training and racing , are accepted to represent Great Britain in the 1924 Olympics in Paris . Also accepted are Abrahams ' Cambridge friends , Lord Andrew Lindsay ( Nigel Havers ) , Aubrey Montague ( Nicholas Farrell ) , and Henry Stallard ( Daniel Gerroll ) . While boarding the boat to Paris for the Olympics , Liddell learns the news that the heat for his 100 - metre race will be on a Sunday . He refuses to run the race -- despite strong pressure from the Prince of Wales and the British Olympic committee -- because his Christian convictions prevent him from running on the Sabbath . Hope appears when Liddell 's teammate Lindsay , having already won a silver medal in the 400 metres hurdles , proposes to yield his place in the 400 - metre race on the following Thursday to Liddell , who gratefully agrees . His religious convictions in the face of national athletic pride make headlines around the world . Liddell delivers a sermon at the Paris Church of Scotland that Sunday , and quotes from Isaiah 40 , ending with , `` But they that wait upon the Lord shall renew their strength ; they shall mount up with wings as eagles ; they shall run , and not be weary ; and they shall walk , and not faint . '' Abrahams is badly beaten by the heavily favoured United States runners in the 200 metre race . He knows his last chance for a medal will be the 100 metres . He competes in the race , and wins . His coach Sam Mussabini is overcome that the years of dedication and training have paid off with an Olympic gold medal . Now Abrahams can get on with his life and reunite with his girlfriend Sybil , whom he had neglected for the sake of running . Before Liddell 's race , the American coach remarks dismissively to his runners that Liddell has little chance of doing well in his now far longer 400 metre race . But one of the American runners , Jackson Scholz , hands Liddell a note of support for his convictions . Liddell defeats the American favourites and wins the gold medal . The British team returns home triumphant . As the film ends , onscreen text explains that Abrahams married Sybil , and became the elder statesman of British athletics . Liddell went on to missionary work in China . All of Scotland mourned his death in 1945 in Japanese - occupied China . Cast ( edit ) Ben Cross as Harold Abrahams , a Jewish student at Cambridge University Ian Charleson as Eric Liddell , the son of Scottish missionaries to China Nicholas Farrell as Aubrey Montague , a runner and friend of Harold Abrahams Nigel Havers as Lord Andrew Lindsay , a Cambridge student runner partially based on David Burghley and Douglas Lowe Ian Holm as Sam Mussabini , Abrahams 's running coach John Gielgud as Master of Trinity College at Cambridge University Lindsay Anderson as Master of Caius College at Cambridge University Cheryl Campbell as Jennie Liddell , Eric 's devout sister ( Janet Lillian `` Jenny '' Liddell ) Alice Krige as Sybil Gordon , Abrahams ' fiancée ( his actual fiancée was Sybil Evers ) Struan Rodger as Sandy McGrath , Liddell 's friend and running coach Nigel Davenport as Lord Birkenhead , member of the British Olympic Committee , who counsels the athletes Patrick Magee as Lord Cadogan , chairman of the British Olympics Committee , who is unsympathetic to Liddell 's religious plight David Yelland as the Prince of Wales , who tries to get Liddell to change his mind about running on Sunday Peter Egan as the Duke of Sutherland , president of the British Olympic Committee , who is sympathetic to Liddell Daniel Gerroll as Henry Stallard , a Cambridge student and runner Dennis Christopher as Charley Paddock , American Olympic runner Brad Davis as Jackson Scholz , American Olympic runner Historical accuracy ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) The film depicts Abrahams as attending Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge with three other Olympic athletes : Henry Stallard , Aubrey Montague , and Lord Andrew Lindsay . Abrahams and Stallard were in fact students there and competed in the 1924 Olympics . Montague also competed in the Olympics as depicted , but he attended Oxford , not Cambridge . Aubrey Montague sent daily letters to his mother about his time at Oxford and the Olympics ; these letters were the basis of Montague 's narration in the film . The character of Lindsay was based partially on Lord Burghley , a significant figure in the history of British athletics . Although Burghley did attend Cambridge , he was not a contemporary of Harold Abrahams , as Abrahams was an undergraduate from 1919 to 1923 and Burghley was at Cambridge from 1923 to 1927 . One scene in the film depicts the Burghley - based `` Lindsay '' as practising hurdles on his estate with full champagne glasses placed on each hurdle -- this was something the wealthy Burghley did , although he used matchboxes instead of champagne glasses . The fictional character of Lindsay was created when Douglas Lowe , who was Britain 's third athletics gold medallist in the 1924 Olympics , was not willing to be involved with the film . Abrahams ( left ) and the Burghley - based Lindsay ( right ) attempt the Great Court Run . Another scene in the film recreates the Great Court Run , in which the runners attempt to run around the perimeter of the Great Court at Trinity College , Cambridge in the time it takes the clock to strike 12 at midday . The film shows Abrahams performing the feat for the first time in history . In fact , Abrahams never attempted this race , and at the time of filming the only person on record known to have succeeded was Lord Burghley , in 1927 . In Chariots of Fire , Lindsay , who is based on Lord Burghley , runs the Great Court Run with Abrahams in order to spur him on , and crosses the finish line just a moment too late . Since the film 's release , the Great Court Run has also been successfully run by Trinity undergraduate Sam Dobin , in October 2007 . In the film , Eric Liddell is tripped up by a Frenchman in the 400 - metre event of a Scotland -- France international athletic meeting . He recovers , makes up a 20 - metre deficit , and wins . This was based on fact ; the actual race was the 440 yards at a Triangular Contest meet between Scotland , England , and Ireland at Stoke - on - Trent in England in July 1923 . His achievement was remarkable as he had already won the 100 - and 220 - yard events that day . Also unmentioned with regard to Liddell is that it was he who introduced Abrahams to Sam Mussabini . This is alluded to : In the film Abrahams first encounters Mussabini while he is watching Liddell race . The film , however , suggests that Abrahams himself sought Mussabini 's assistance . Abrahams and Liddell did race against each other once , but not quite as depicted in the film , which shows Liddell winning the final of the 100 yards against a shattered Abrahams at the 1923 AAA Championship at Stamford Bridge . In fact , they raced only in a heat of the 220 yards , which Liddell won , five yards ahead of Abrahams , who did not progress to the final . In the 100 yards , Abrahams was eliminated in the heats and never raced against Liddell , who won the finals of both races the next day . Abrahams ' fiancée is misidentified as Sybil Gordon , a soprano at the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company . In fact , in 1936 , Abrahams married Sybil Evers , who sang at the D'Oyly Carte , but they did not meet until 1934 . Also , in the film , Sybil is depicted as singing the role of Yum - Yum in The Mikado , but neither Sybil Gordon nor Sybil Evers ever sang that role with D'Oyly Carte , although Evers was known for her charm in singing Peep - Bo , one of the two other `` little maids from school '' . Harold Abrahams ' love of and heavy involvement with Gilbert and Sullivan , as depicted in the film , is factual . Liddell 's sister was several years younger than she was portrayed in the film . Her disapproval of Liddell 's track career was creative licence ; she actually fully supported his sporting work . Jenny Liddell Somerville cooperated fully with the making of the film and has a brief cameo in the Paris Church of Scotland during Liddell 's sermon . At the memorial service for Harold Abrahams , which opens the film , Lord Lindsay mentions that he and Aubrey Montague are the only members of the 1924 Olympic team still alive . However , Montague died in 1948 , 30 years before Abrahams ' death . 1924 Olympics ( edit ) See also : Great Britain at the 1924 Summer Olympics The film takes some liberties with the events at the 1924 Olympics , including the events surrounding Liddell 's refusal to race on a Sunday . In the film , he does n't learn that the 100 - metre heat is to be held on the Christian Sabbath until he is boarding the boat to Paris . In fact , the schedule was made public several months in advance . Liddell did however face immense pressure to run on that Sunday and to compete in the 100 metres , getting called before a grilling by the British Olympic Committee , the Prince of Wales , and other grandees ; and his refusal to run made headlines around the world . The decision to change races was , even so , made well before embarking to Paris , and Liddell spent the intervening months training for the 400 metres , an event in which he had previously excelled . It is true , nonetheless , that Liddell 's success in the Olympic 400m was largely unexpected . The film depicts Lindsay , having already won a medal in the 400 - metre hurdles , giving up his place in the 400 - metre race for Liddell . In fact Burghley , on whom Lindsay is loosely based , was eliminated in the heats of the 110 hurdles ( he would go on to win a gold medal in the 400 hurdles at the 1928 Olympics ) , and was not entered for the 400 metres . The film reverses the order of Abrahams ' 100m and 200m races at the Olympics . In reality , after winning the 100 metres race , Abrahams ran the 200 metres but finished last , Jackson Scholz taking the gold medal . In the film , before his triumph in the 100m , Abrahams is shown losing the 200m and being scolded by Mussabini . And during the following scene in which Abrahams speaks with his friend Montague while receiving a massage from Mussabini , there is a French newspaper clipping showing Scholz and Charlie Paddock with a headline which states that the 200 metres was a triumph for the United States . In the same conversation , Abrahams laments getting `` beaten out of sight '' in the 200 . The film thus has Abrahams overcoming the disappointment of losing the 200 by going on to win the 100 , a reversal of the real order . Eric Liddell actually also ran in the 200m race , and finished third , behind Paddock and Scholz . This was the only time in reality that Liddell and Abrahams competed in the same race . Their meeting in the 1923 AAA Championship in the film was fictitious , though Liddell 's record win in that race did spur Abrahams to train even harder . Abrahams also won a silver medal as an opening runner for the 4 x 100 metres relay team , not shown in the film . Aubrey Montague placed sixth in the steeplechase , as depicted . Personal inaccuracies at the Olympics ( edit ) In the film , the 100m bronze medallist is a character called `` Tom Watson '' ; the real medallist was Arthur Porritt of New Zealand , who refused permission for his name to be used in the film , allegedly out of modesty . His wish was accepted by the film 's producers , even though his permission was not necessary . However , the brief back - story given for Watson , who is called up to the New Zealand team from the University of Oxford , substantially matches Porritt 's history . With the exception of Porritt , all the runners in the 100m final are identified correctly when they line up for inspection by the Prince of Wales . Jackson Scholz is depicted as handing Liddell an inspirational Bible - quotation message before the 400 metres final : `` It says in the good Book , ' He that honors me , I will honor . ' Good luck . '' In reality , the note was from members of the British team , and was handed to Liddell before the race by his attending masseur at the team 's Paris hotel . For dramatic purposes , screenwriter Welland asked Scholz if he could be depicted handing the note , and Scholz readily agreed , saying `` Yes , great , as long as it makes me look good . '' Production ( edit ) Script and direction ( edit ) Ian Charleson , who studied the Bible intensively for his role , wrote Eric Liddell 's post-race inspirational speech to a working - class crowd . Producer David Puttnam was looking for a story in the mold of A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) , regarding someone who follows his conscience , and felt sports provided clear situations in this sense . He discovered Eric Liddell 's story by accident in 1977 , when he happened upon a reference book on the Olympics while housebound from the flu in a rented house in Los Angeles . Screenwriter Colin Welland , commissioned by Puttnam , did an enormous amount of research for his Academy Award - winning script . Among other things , he took out advertisements in London newspapers seeking memories of the 1924 Olympics , went to the National Film Archives for pictures and footage of the 1924 Olympics , and interviewed everyone involved who was still alive . Welland just missed Abrahams , who died 14 January 1978 , but he did attend Abrahams ' February 1978 memorial service , which inspired the present - day framing device of the film . Aubrey Montague 's son saw Welland 's newspaper ad and sent him copies of the letters his father had sent home -- which gave Welland something to use as a narrative bridge in the film . Except for changes in the greetings of the letters from `` Darling Mummy '' to `` Dear Mum '' and the change from Oxford to Cambridge , all of the readings from Montague 's letters are from the originals . Welland 's original script also featured , in addition to Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams , a third protagonist , 1924 Olympic gold medallist Douglas Lowe , who was presented as a privileged aristocratic athlete . However , Lowe refused to have anything to do with the film , and his character was written out and replaced by the fictional character of Lord Andrew Lindsay . Ian Charleson himself wrote Eric Liddell 's speech to the post-race workingmen 's crowd at the Scotland v. Ireland races . Charleson , who had studied the Bible intensively in preparation for the role , told director Hugh Hudson that he did n't feel the portentous and sanctimonious scripted speech was either authentic or inspiring . Hudson and Welland allowed him to write words he personally found inspirational instead . The film was slightly altered for the U.S. audience . A brief scene depicting a pre-Olympics cricket game between Abrahams , Liddell , Montague , and the rest of the British track team appears shortly after the beginning of the original film . For the American audience , this brief scene was deleted . In the U.S. , to avoid the initial G rating , which had been strongly associated with children 's films and might have hindered box office sales , a different scene was used -- one depicting Abrahams and Montague arriving at a Cambridge railway station and encountering two World War I veterans who use an obscenity -- in order to be given a PG rating . Puttnam chose Hugh Hudson , a multiple award - winning advertising and documentary filmmaker who had never helmed a feature film , to direct Chariots of Fire . Hudson and Puttnam had known each other since the 1960s , when Puttnam was an advertising executive and Hudson was making films for ad agencies . In 1977 , Hudson had also been second - unit director on the Puttnam - produced film Midnight Express . Casting ( edit ) Director Hugh Hudson was determined to cast young , unknown actors in all the major roles of the film , and to back them up by using veterans like John Gielgud , Lindsay Anderson , and Ian Holm as their supporting cast . Hudson and producer David Puttnam did months of fruitless searching for the perfect actor to play Eric Liddell . They then saw Scottish stage actor Ian Charleson performing the role of Pierre in the Royal Shakespeare Company 's production of Piaf , and knew immediately they had found their man . Unbeknownst to them , Charleson had heard about the film from his father , and desperately wanted to play the part , feeling it would `` fit like a kid glove '' . Ben Cross , who plays Harold Abrahams , was discovered while playing Billy Flynn in Chicago . In addition to having a natural pugnaciousness , he had the desired ability to sing and play the piano . Cross was thrilled to be cast , and said he was moved to tears by the film 's script . 20th Century Fox , which put up half of the production budget in exchange for distribution rights outside of North America , insisted on having a couple of notable American names in the cast . Thus the small parts of the two American champion runners , Jackson Scholz and Charlie Paddock , were cast with recent headliners : Brad Davis had recently starred in Midnight Express ( also produced by Puttnam ) , and Dennis Christopher had recently starred , as a young bicycle racer , in the popular indie film Breaking Away . All of the actors portraying runners underwent a gruelling three - month training intensive with renowned running coach Tom McNab . This training and isolation of the actors also created a strong bond and sense of camaraderie among them . Music ( edit ) Main article : Chariots of Fire ( album ) Ian Charleson ( foreground ) and Ben Cross ( left ) running in the `` Chariots of Fire '' music scene which bookends the film . Although the film is a period piece , set in the 1920s , the Academy Award - winning original soundtrack composed by Vangelis uses a modern 1980s electronic sound , with a strong use of synthesizer and piano among other instruments . This was a bold and significant departure from earlier period films , which employed sweeping orchestral instrumentals . The title theme of the film has become iconic , and has been used in subsequent films and television shows during slow - motion segments . Vangelis , a Greek - born electronic composer who moved to Paris in the late 1960s , had been living in London since 1974 . Director Hugh Hudson had collaborated with him on documentaries and commercials , and was also particularly impressed with his 1979 albums Opera Sauvage and China . David Puttnam also greatly admired Vangelis 's body of work , having originally selected his compositions for his previous film Midnight Express . Hudson made the choice for Vangelis and for a modern score : `` I knew we needed a piece which was anachronistic to the period to give it a feel of modernity . It was a risky idea but we went with it rather than have a period symphonic score . '' The soundtrack had a personal significance to Vangelis : After composing the iconic theme tune he told Puttnam , `` My father is a runner , and this is an anthem to him . '' Hudson originally wanted Vangelis 's 1977 tune `` L'Enfant '' , from his Opera Sauvage album , to be the title theme of the film , and the beach running sequence was actually filmed with `` L'Enfant '' playing on loudspeakers for the runners to pace to . Vangelis finally convinced Hudson he could create a new and better piece for the film 's main theme -- and when he played the now - iconic `` Chariots of Fire '' theme for Hudson , it was agreed the new tune was unquestionably better . The `` L'Enfant '' melody still made it into the film : When the athletes reach Paris and enter the stadium , a brass band marches through the field , and first plays a modified , acoustic performance of the piece . Vangelis 's electronic `` L'Enfant '' track eventually was used prominently in the 1982 film The Year of Living Dangerously . Some pieces of Vangelis 's music in the film did not end up on the film 's soundtrack album . One of them is the background music to the race Eric Liddell runs in the Scottish highlands . This piece is a version of `` Hymne '' , the original version of which appears on Vangelis 's 1979 album , Opéra sauvage . Various versions are also included on Vangelis 's compilation albums Themes , Portraits , and Odyssey : The Definitive Collection , though none of these include the version used in the film . Five lively Gilbert and Sullivan tunes also appear in the soundtrack , and serve as jaunty period music which nicely counterpoints Vangelis 's modern electronic score . These are : `` He is an Englishman '' from H.M.S. Pinafore , `` Three Little Maids from School Are We '' from The Mikado , `` With Catlike Tread '' from The Pirates of Penzance , `` The Soldiers of Our Queen '' from Patience , and `` There Lived a King '' from The Gondoliers . The film also incorporates a major traditional work : `` Jerusalem '' , sung by a British choir at the 1978 funeral of Harold Abrahams . The words , written by William Blake in 1804 - 8 , were set to music by Parry in 1916 as a celebration of England . This hymn has been described as `` England 's unofficial national anthem '' , concludes the film and inspired its title . A handful of other traditional anthems and hymns and period - appropriate instrumental ballroom - dance music round out the film 's soundtrack . Filming locations ( edit ) The beach running scene . The beach scenes associated with the theme tune were filmed at West Sands , St Andrews . A plaque commemorating the filming can be found there today . The very last scene of the opening titles crosses the 1st and 18th holes of the Old Course at St Andrews Links . All of the Cambridge scenes were actually filmed at Hugh Hudson 's alma mater Eton College , because Cambridge refused filming rights , fearing depictions of anti-Semitism . The Cambridge administration greatly regretted the decision after the film 's enormous success . Liverpool Town Hall was the setting for the scenes depicting the British Embassy in Paris . The Colombes Olympic Stadium in Paris was represented by the Oval Sports Centre , Bebington , Merseyside . The nearby Woodside ferry terminal was used to represent the embarkation scenes set in Dover . The railway station scenes were filmed in York , using locomotives from the National Railway Museum . The scene depicting a performance of The Mikado was filmed in the Royal Court Theatre , Liverpool with members of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company who were on tour . Revival for the 2012 Olympics ( edit ) Chariots of Fire became a recurring theme in promotions for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . The film 's theme tune was featured at the opening of the 2012 London New Years fireworks celebrating the Olympics , and the film 's iconic beach - running scene and theme tune were used in The Sun 's `` Let 's Make It Great , Britain '' Olympic ads . The runners who first tested the new Olympic Park were spurred on by the Chariots of Fire theme tune , and the iconic music was also used to fanfare the carriers of the Olympic flame on parts of its route through the UK . The film 's theme was also performed by the London Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Simon Rattle , during the Opening Ceremony of the games ; the performance was accompanied by a comedy skit by Rowan Atkinson which included the opening beach - running footage from the film . The film 's theme tune was also played during each medal ceremony of the 2012 Olympics . Stage adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Chariots of Fire ( play ) The Chariots of Fire stage adaptation : Stars Jack Lowden and James McArdle flank Vangelis , watching the Olympic Torch Relay set to the iconic tune , from the Gielgud Theatre , July 2012 . A stage adaptation of Chariots of Fire was mounted in honour of the 2012 Olympics . The play , Chariots of Fire , which was adapted by playwright Mike Bartlett and included the iconic Vangelis score , ran from 9 May to 16 June 2012 at London 's Hampstead Theatre , and transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in the West End on 23 June , where it ran until 5 January 2013 . It starred Jack Lowden as Eric Liddell and James McArdle as Harold Abrahams , and Edward Hall directed . Stage designer Miriam Buether transformed each theatre into an Olympic stadium , and composer Jason Carr wrote additional music . Vangelis also created several new pieces of music for the production . The stage version for the London Olympic year was the idea of the film 's director , Hugh Hudson , who co-produced the play ; he stated , `` Issues of faith , of refusal to compromise , standing up for one 's beliefs , achieving something for the sake of it , with passion , and not just for fame or financial gain , are even more vital today . '' Another play , Running for Glory , written by Philip Dart , based on the 1924 Olympics , and focusing on Abrahams and Liddell , toured parts of Britain from 25 February to 1 April 2012 . It starred Nicholas Jacobs as Harold Abrahams , and Tom Micklem as Eric Liddell . UK cinematic re-release , Blu - ray ( edit ) As an official part of the London 2012 Festival celebrations , a new digitally re-mastered version of the film screened in 150 cinemas throughout the UK . The re-release began 13 July 2012 , two weeks before the opening ceremony of the London Olympics . A Blu - ray of the film was released on 10 July 2012 in North America , and was released 16 July 2012 in the UK . The release includes nearly an hour of special features , a CD sampler , and a 32 - page `` digibook '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Since its release Chariots of Fire has received generally positive reviews from critics . As of 2017 the film holds an 83 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 64 reviews , accompanied by the summary `` Decidedly slower and less limber than the Olympic runners at the center of its story , the film nevertheless manages to make effectively stirring use of its spiritual and patriotic themes . '' For its 2012 re-release , Kate Muir of The Times gave the film five stars , writing : `` In a time when drug tests and synthetic fibres have replaced gumption and moral fibre , the tale of two runners competing against each other in the 1924 Olympics has a simple , undiminished power . From the opening scene of pale young men racing barefoot along the beach , full of hope and elation , backed by Vangelis 's now famous anthem , the film is utterly compelling . '' Accolades ( edit ) Chariots of Fire was very successful at the 54th Academy Awards , winning four of seven nominations . When accepting his Oscar for Best Original Screenplay , Colin Welland famously announced `` The British are coming '' . At the 1981 Cannes Film Festival the film won two awards and competed for the Palme d'Or . BFI Top 100 British films ( 1999 ) -- rank 19 Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 1982 ( USA ) ( 8 May ) -- Vangelis , Chariots of Fire theme American Film Institute recognition 1998 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - Nominated 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores - Nominated 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers - No. 100 2007 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Sports Movie Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Recipients and nominees Result 54th Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Picture David Puttnam Won Academy Award for Best Director Hugh Hudson Nominated Academy Award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) Colin Welland Won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Ian Holm Nominated Academy Award for Best Film Editing Terry Rawlings Nominated Academy Award for Best Costume Design Milena Canonero Won Academy Award for Best Original Score Vangelis Won American Movie Awards Best Supporting Actor Ian Holm Nominated 35th British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Film David Puttnam Won BAFTA Award for Best Direction Hugh Hudson Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay Colin Welland Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nigel Havers Nominated Ian Holm Won BAFTA Award for Best Editing Terry Rawlings Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design Milena Canonero Won BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography David Watkin Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Film Music Vangelis Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Production Design Roger Hall Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Sound Clive Winter , Bill Rowe , Jim Shields Nominated British Society of Cinematographers David Watkin Nominated 1981 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or Hugh Hudson Nominated Prize of the Ecumenical Jury - Special Mention Won Best Supporting Actor Ian Holm Won Directors Guild of America Award Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film Hugh Hudson Nominated 39th Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film Hugh Hudson Won 25th Grammy Awards Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance Ernie Watts Won London Film Critics ' Circle London Film Critics Circle Award for Film of the Year Hugh Hudson Won London Film Critics Circle Award for Screenwriter of the Year Colin Welland Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1981 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Foreign Film Hugh Hudson 2nd place Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Vangelis 2nd place National Board of Review Awards 1981 National Board of Review Award for Best Film Won National Board of Review : Top Ten Films Won 1981 New York Film Critics Circle Awards New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film 4th place New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director Hugh Hudson 3rd place New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematography David Watkin Won Toronto International Film Festival People 's Choice Award Hugh Hudson Won See also ( edit ) Chariots of Fire , inspired by the film , held in Cambridge since 1991 Great Britain at the 1924 Summer Olympics Sabbath breaking References ( edit ) Chapman , James . `` The British Are Coming : Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) '' . In : Past and Present : National Identity and the British Historical Film . London : I.B. Tauris & Co , 2005 . pp. 270 -- 298 . McLaughlin , John ( February 2012 ) . `` In Chariots They Ran '' . Runner 's World . Emmaus , Pennsylvania : Rodale . Ryan , Mark . Running with Fire : The True Story of Chariots of Fire Hero Harold Abrahams . Robson Press , 2012 ( paperback ) . ( Original hardback : JR Books Ltd , 2011 . ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alexander Walker , Icons in the Fire : The Rise and Fall of Practically Everyone in the British Film Industry 1984 - 2000 , Orion Books , 2005 p28 Jump up ^ Chariots of Fire at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Dans , Peter E. Christians in the Movies : A Century of Saints and Sinners . Rowman & Littlefield , 2009 . p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Aubrey Montague biography at SportsReference.com ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , John . `` In Chariots They Ran '' . Runner 's World . February 2012 . Jump up ^ Chapman , pp. 275 , 295 . Jump up ^ `` Modern - day hero runs away with Chariots of Fire challenge . '' Daily Mail 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Ramsey , Russell W. ( 1987 ) . God 's Joyful Runner . Bridge Publishing , Inc. p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 88270 - 624 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Sporting Nation : Eric Liddell '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ McCasland , David ( 2001 ) . Pure Gold : A New Biography of the Olympic Champion Who Inspired Chariots of Fire . Discovery House . ISBN 1572931302 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan ( 2012 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Stone , David . Sybil Gordon at the Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company website , 11 July 2002 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 Jump up ^ Stone , David . Sybil Evers at the Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company website , 28 January 2002 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 ^ Jump up to : Hugh Hudson 's commentary to the 2005 Chariots of Fire DVD Jump up ^ Ramsey , Russell W. A Lady -- A Peacemaker . Boston : Branden Publishing Company , 1988 . Jump up ^ Murray , Feg . `` DID YOU KNOW THAT ... '' . Los Angeles Times . 24 June 1924 . Full headline reads , `` Did You Know That Famous Scotch Sprinter Will Not Run in the Olympic 100 Metres Because The Trials Are Run on Sunday '' . Jump up ^ `` Recollections by Sir Arthur Marshall '' . Content.ericliddell.org . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Arthur Espie Porritt 1900 -- 1994 . `` Reference to Porritt 's modesty '' . Library.otago.ac.nz . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ The quoted passage is First Samuel 2 : 30 . Jump up ^ Reid , Alasdair . `` Harold Abrahams and Eric Liddell '' . The Times . 1 August 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's 1924 Olympic Champs Live Again in ' Chariots of Fire ' -- and Run Away with the Oscars '' . People . 17 ( 18 ) . 10 May 1982 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Goodell , Gregory . Independent Feature Film Production : A Complete Guide from Concept Through Distribution . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1982 . p. xvii . Jump up ^ Nichols , Peter M. The New York Times Essential Library , Children 's Movies : A Critic 's Guide to the Best Films Available on Video and DVD . New York : Times Books , 2003 . p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Hugh Hudson in Chariots of Fire -- The Reunion ( 2005 video ; featurette on 2005 Chariots of Fire DVD ) Jump up ^ Chapman , pp. 274 -- 295 . Jump up ^ Ian McKellen , Hugh Hudson , Alan Bates , et al . For Ian Charleson : A Tribute . London : Constable and Company , 1990 . pp. 37 -- 39 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 470250 - 0 Jump up ^ Puttnam interviewed in BBC Radio obituary of Jack Valenti . ^ Jump up to : Round , Simon . `` Interview : Hugh Hudson '' . The Jewish Chronicle. 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ian McKellen , Hugh Hudson , Alan Bates , et al . For Ian Charleson : A Tribute . London : Constable and Company , 1990 . pp. xix , 9 , 76 . Jump up ^ Ben Cross -- Bio on Official site Archived 22 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Wings on Their Heels : The Making of Chariots of Fire . ( 2005 video ; featurette on 2005 DVD ) . Jump up ^ Chapman , pp. 273 -- 274 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Telegraph newspaper , 21 November 1982 Jump up ^ MacNab , Geoffrey . `` Everyone Was a Winner when British Talent Met the Olympic Spirit '' . The Independent . 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hubbert , Julie . Celluloid Symphonies : Texts and Contexts in Film Music History . University of California Press , 2011 . p. 426 . Jump up ^ `` L'Enfant '' , from Opera Sauvage Jump up ^ Vangelis in Chariots of Fire -- The Reunion ( 2005 video ; featurette on 2005 Chariots of Fire DVD ) Jump up ^ Trivia about Vangelis Jump up ^ Sanderson , Blair . Hubert Parry . AllMusic Guide , reprinted in Answers.com . Jump up ^ Manchel , Frank . Film Study : An Analytical Bibliography . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1990 . p. 1013 Jump up ^ Chariots of Fire -- St Andrews Scotland : The Movie Location Guide Jump up ^ Tours : St Andrews Archived 14 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Gray Line Tours . Describes Grannie Clark 's Wynd , a public right - of - way over the 1st and the 18th of the Old Course , which was where the athletes were filmed running for the final titles shot . ^ Jump up to : `` Chariots of Fire '' . Where Did They Film That ? . Retrieved 18 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Ian , ed. The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan . Oxford University Press , 2005 . p. 576 . Jump up ^ London Fireworks 2012 - New Year Live - BBC One Jump up ^ `` Let 's Make It Great , Britain '' Jump up ^ `` London 2012 : Olympic Park Runners Finish Race '' . BBC News . 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicians Set to Fanfare the Flame '' . Northamptonshire Evening Telegraph . 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Line the Streets : Celebration Guide Archived 24 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... London 2012 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Bean 's ' Chariots of Fire ' Skit at 2012 London Olympics Opening Ceremony '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Rees , Jasper . `` Chariots of Fire Is Coming ! '' The Arts Desk. 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Announced for Hampstead Theatre 's Chariots of Fire ; Opens May 9 '' . Broadway World . 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Girvan , Andrew . `` Black Watch 's Lowden plays Eric Liddell in Chariots of Fire '' . What 's on Stage. 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Chariots of Fire -- Hampstead Theatre Archived 6 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Twitter : Chariots Tweeter , 16 April 2012 , 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rees , Jasper . `` Chariots of Fire : The British Are Coming ... Again '' . The Daily Telegraph . 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Jury , Louise . `` Theatre to Run Chariots of Fire with Vangelis Tracks '' . London Evening Standard . 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Elkin , Susan . `` Running for Glory '' . The Stage. 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Play Is Victory on Stage '' . This Is Kent . 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chariots of Fire Returns to UK Cinemas Ahead of the Olympics '' Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... British Film Institute . 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Chariots of Fire -- Blu - ray Jump up ^ Chariots of Fire -- 30th Anniversary Limited Edition Blu - ray Jump up ^ Sluss , Justin . `` 1981 Hugh Hudson Directed Film Chariots of Fire Comes to Blu - ray in July '' . HighDefDiscNews.com . Jump up ^ Chariots of Fire Blu - ray press release Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) - Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 3rd January 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . `` First Night Reviews : Chariots of Fire '' . Retrieved 3rd January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This week 's new theatre and dance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 August 2012 Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Chariots of Fire '' . festival-cannes.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Chariots of Fire Vangelis performing theme with film clips . VangelisVEVO . June , 2017 . Chariots of Fire on IMDb . Chariots of Fire at the TCM Movie Database . Chariots of Fire at AllMovie . Chariots of Fire at Rotten Tomatoes . Critics ' Picks : Chariots of Fire retrospective video by A.O. Scott , The New York Times ( 2008 ) . Four speeches from the movie in text and audio from AmericanRhetoric.com . Chariots of Fire review by Roger Ebert . Chariots of Fire review in Variety . Chariots of Fire at the Arts & Faith Top 100 Spiritually Significant Films . The Real Chariots of Fire . 2012 documentary . Chariots of Fire Filming locations . Chariots of Fire screenplay , second draft , February 1980 . Great Court Run . Chariots of Fire play -- Hampstead Theatre . 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Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Being John Malkovich ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) About Schmidt ( 2002 ) Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) United 93 ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) The Wrestler ( 2008 ) A Prophet ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Amour ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Chariots of Fire Film ( score , theme ) Play Race Films directed by Hugh Hudson Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Greystoke : The Legend of Tarzan , Lord of the Apes ( 1984 ) Revolution ( 1985 ) Lost Angels ( 1989 ) My Life So Far ( 1999 ) I Dreamed of Africa ( 2000 ) Altamira ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chariots_of_Fire&oldid=818002505 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films British films French - language films 20th Century Fox films 1924 Summer Olympics 1980s drama films Best Foreign Language Film Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners British biographical films British drama films British sports films University of Cambridge in fiction Films about Christianity Directorial debut films Films about competitions Films about religion Films directed by Hugh Hudson Films set in 1924 Films set in England Films set in the 1910s Films set in the 1920s Films set in Kent Films set in Cambridge Films shot in multiple formats Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Goldcrest Films films Films about Jews and Judaism Films about the Summer Olympic Games Films about Olympic track and field Running films Sport at the University of Cambridge Sports films based on actual events Warner Bros. films Films scored by Vangelis Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films set on beaches Religion and sports Films shot in Edinburgh Best Film BAFTA Award winners Films produced by David Puttnam The Ladd Company films Biographical films about sportspeople Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2015 Use British English from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 22 : 54 . 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where were the beach scene from chariots of fire filmed
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"The beach scenes associated with the theme tune were filmed at West Sands, St Andrews. A plaque commemorating the filming can be found there today. The very last scene of the opening titles crosses the 1st and 18th holes of the Old Course at St Andrews Links.[41][42]"
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"West Sands, St Andrews"
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The Bachelorette (season 13)
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The Bachelorette ( season 13 ) - wikipedia The Bachelorette ( season 13 ) The Bachelorette ( season 13 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network ABC Original release May 22 -- August 7 , 2017 Season chronology ← Previous Season 12 Next → Season 14 The 13th season of The Bachelorette premiered on May 22 , 2017 . This season featured Rachel Lindsay , a 32 - year - old attorney from Dallas , Texas . The season concluded on August 7 , 2017 . Lindsay attended the University of Texas at Austin where she graduated with a bachelor 's degree in 2007 and Marquette University Law School where she graduated with a Juris Doctor in 2011 . Lindsay was the second runner - up on the 21st season of The Bachelor featuring Nick Viall . Lindsay is the first African - American in the lead role on The Bachelor franchise . The season concluded when 37 - year - old chiropractor Bryan Abasolo was named the winner , they live in Lindsay 's hometown of Dallas . Contents 1 Development and production 2 Contestants 2.1 Future appearances 2.1. 1 Bachelor in Paradise 2.1. 2 The Bachelor Winter Games 3 Call - out order 4 Episodes 5 Controversies 5.1 Lee Garrett 's racist tweets 6 References 7 External links Development and production ( edit ) Casting began during season twelve of The Bachelorette . Lindsay was named as the bachelorette during Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . This season 's cast includes pro wrestler Kenny Layne . Destinations for this season were South Carolina , Norway , Denmark , Switzerland and Spain , with appearances including actors Mila Kunis and Ashton Kutcher , former NBA player Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , actress and television host Ellen DeGeneres and country singer Russell Dickerson . Contestants ( edit ) The season began with 31 contestants . Name Age Hometown Occupation Outcome Place Ref Bryan Abasolo 37 Miami , Florida Chiropractor Winner Peter Kraus 31 Madison , Wisconsin Business Owner Runner - Up Eric Bigger 29 Baltimore , Maryland Personal Trainer Week 9 Dean Unglert 26 Aspen , Colorado Startup Recruiter Week 8 Adam Gottschalk 27 Dallas , Texas Real Estate Agent Week 7 5 Matthew `` Matt '' Munson 32 Meriden , Connecticut Construction Sales Rep 6 Aleksandr `` Alex '' Bordyukov 28 Grosse Pointe , Michigan Information Systems Supervisor Week 6 7 William `` Will '' Gaskins 28 White Plains , New York Sales Manager 8 Kenny Layne 35 Orlando , Florida Professional Wrestler 9 Anthony Battle 26 Chicago , Illinois Education Software Manager Week 5 10 - 11 Josiah Graham 28 Plantation , Florida Prosecuting Attorney Lee Garrett 30 Jacksonville , Florida Singer / Songwriter 12 Ignacio `` Iggy '' Rodriguez 30 Pasadena , California Consulting Firm CEO Week 4 13 - 14 Jonathan Treece 31 New Smyrna Beach , Florida Tickle Monster Jack Stone 32 Dallas , Texas Attorney 15 Brady Ervin 29 Eden Prairie , Minnesota Male Model Week 3 16 - 18 Kenneth `` Diggy '' Moreland 31 Chicago , Illinois Senior Inventory Analyst Bryce Powers 30 Orlando , Florida Firefighter Frederick `` Fred '' Johnson 27 Dallas , Texas Executive Assistant 19 Blake Elarbee 31 Marina del Rey , California Aspiring Drummer Week 2 20 - 22 James `` Jamey '' Kocan 32 Santa Monica , California Sales Account Executive Lucas Yancey 30 Woodside , California Whaboom DeMario Jackson 30 Century City , California Executive Recruiter 23 Jedidiah Ballard 35 Augusta , Georgia ER Physician Week 1 24 - 31 Michael Black 26 Chicago , Illinois Former Professional Basketball Player Robert `` Rob '' Howard 30 Calgary , Canada Law Student Grant Hubsher 29 Palm Harbor , Florida Emergency Medicine Physician Blake Killpack 29 San Francisco , California U.S. Marine Veteran Milton LaCroix 31 North Bay Village , Florida Hotel Recreation Supervisor Mohit Sehgal 26 Pacifica , California Product Manager Kyle Sherwood 26 Stratford , Connecticut Marketing Consultant Future appearances ( edit ) Bachelor in Paradise ( edit ) Season 4 See also : Bachelor in Paradise ( season 4 ) § Misconduct allegations DeMario Jackson was set to appear in the fourth season of Bachelor in Paradise thus became the only cast member of this season has announced . When production restarted after the misconduct allegations had halted production , Jackson did not return for filming . Dean Unglert joined the cast on that season after he was eliminated during hometowns , . Diggy Moreland , Matt Munson , Iggy Rodriguez , Jack Stone , Jonathan Treece , Fred Johnson , Blake Elarbee , and Adam Gottschalk would also appear on season 4 . When production restarted , Rodriguez was eliminated in week one . Munson quit in week two . Elarbee and Johnson were eliminated in week three . Unglert , Moreland , Stone , and Treece all quit in week four . Gottschalk left Paradise in a relationship with Raven Gates . Season 5 Eric Bigger competed in the fifth season of Bachelor in Paradise on his third Bachelor Nation appearance . He was joined by first time returnee Kenny Layne . Layne quit in week three . The Bachelor Winter games ( edit ) Unglert would appear again on his third Bachelor Nation franchise appearance in The Bachelor Winter Games , he joined with first - time returnees Eric Bigger , Jamey Kocan and Josiah Graham to compete as Team USA . Bigger and Kocan were eliminated in week one , Graham was eliminated in week three . Unglert was eliminated in week four . Call - out order ( edit ) Order Bachelors Episode / Week 1301 1302 / 1303 1303 / 1304 1304 / 1305 1305 / 1306 1306 1307 1308 1309 / 1310 1310 5 6 7 8 9 10 Peter Bryan Dean Alex Dean Bryan Eric Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Josiah Peter Peter Anthony Bryan Will Peter Dean Eric Peter Peter Bryan Will Josiah Eric Eric Kenny Bryan Peter Peter Eric Kenny Jack Stone Bryan Will Peter Dean Matt Eric Dean 5 Rob Jamey Bryce Dean Adam Eric Dean Adam 6 Iggy Iggy Eric Jonathan Will Peter Adam Matt 7 Bryce Eric Anthony Peter Matt Alex Alex 8 Will DeMario Will Adam Alex Adam Will 9 Diggy Jonathan Jonathan Bryan Josiah Matt Kenny 10 Kyle Bryce Jack Stone Matt Anthony Anthony Josiah 11 Blake K . Alex Matt Josiah Kenny 12 Brady Kenny Alex Jack Stone Lee Lee 13 Dean Dean Adam Iggy Iggy Jonathan 14 Eric Matt Kenny Kenny 15 DeMario Anthony Brady Lee Jack Stone 16 Blake E . Brady Lee Brady Bryce Diggy 17 Fred Josiah Iggy 18 Jonathan Lee Fred 19 Lee Diggy Diggy Fred 20 Alex Fred Blake E . Jamey Lucas 21 Milton Adam 22 Adam Blake E . 23 Matt Lucas DeMario 24 Grant Blake K . Grant Jedidiah Kyle Michael Milton Mohit Rob 25 Anthony 26 Jamey 27 Jack Stone 28 Mohit 29 Jedidiah 30 Michael 31 Lucas The contestant received a first impression rose The contestant received a rose during a date The contestant was eliminated The contestant was eliminated during a date The contestant was eliminated outside the rose ceremony The contestant won the competition Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 138 `` Week 1 : Season Premiere '' May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 1301 5.66 Rachel and her dog , Copper arrived at the Westlake Village Inn in Los Angeles . Then , Rachel met up with her fellow The Bachelor contestants from the recently concluded season : Raven Gates , Alexis Waters , Kristina Schulman , Astrid Loch , Whitney Fransway , Jasmine Goode , and Corinne Olympios at the mansion and gave their advice for her . Rachel returned the mansion to greet 31 men as the limos arrived . Bryan spoke in Spanish , calling himself `` trouble , '' and kissed her during the cocktail party , Bryce wore his firefighter uniform and literally swept Rachel off her feet , a group of RCC Marching Tigers band came at the mansion as Blake E. seen playing drums , Fred recognized Rachel and attended the same school holding a school yearbook , Jonathan tickled over Rachel 's body , Lee serenaded Rachel with his guitar , Alex hold a vacuum cleaner has reached out through the mansion , Matt wore a penguin costume , Adam brought along his doll , `` Adam Jr . '' , Grant pulled up in an ambulance with sirens sounding , Michael brought brownies and said `` the blacker the brownie the sweeter the dude '' , and Lucas was boisterous and comedic , showcasing his catchphrase , `` Whaboom ! '' Bryan got the first impression rose . At the rose ceremony , Blake K. , Grant , Jedidiah , Kyle , Michael , Milton , Mohit , and Rob were eliminated . 139 `` Week 2 : Celebrity Guests '' May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 1302 5.68 For the first group date , eight men traveled to a park to compete in a domestic - themed obstacle course to identify `` husband material , '' hosted by franchise fans Ashton Kutcher and Mila Kunis with four obstacle challenges ( changing baby diapers , wearing Babybjörn apparel , clogging sink and running with a vacuum cleaner ) . Lucas won , and used his time alone with Rachel to read her a poem . Dean received the group - date rose . Peter got the first one - on - one date with Rachel ; they flew with Rachel 's dog Copper to Palm Springs to attend BarkFest by BarkBox . Rachel gave Peter a rose at dinner , and they kissed during a fireworks display . For the second group date , ten men were split into two teams of five to play basketball for Kareem Abdul - Jabbar and a public audience . After the game , a woman named Lexi claimed to have been DeMario 's girlfriend , whom he ghosted to become a Bachelorette contestant , which would indicate DeMario lied on his application . Rachel asked DeMario to join the conversation that he claimed the relationship with Lexi was n't serious and that he did break things off , but Rachel decided that DeMario was not being honest and she eliminated him . The date continued with an after party , where Rachel gave Josiah the group - date rose . Lucas and Blake E. , who were acquainted prior to filming , criticized each other to Rachel during the cocktail party . Bryan massaged Rachel , demonstrating spinal adjustment techniques . DeMario arrived at the mansion and asked to speak with Rachel . 140 `` Week 3 : Ellen DeGeneres & More '' June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 1303 6.04 Concluded from the previous episode , Rachel talked to DeMario outside the mansion , after heard more confrontation DeMario instructed to leave . In the rose ceremony , Blake E , Jamey , and Lucas were eliminated and then Blake E. and Lucas started their rivalry caused to feud against each other . The first group date involved six men to take part for The Ellen DeGeneres Show where they danced shirtless for the audience and played `` Never Have I Ever '' . Fred kissed Rachel during the date she admitted that she still thinks of him as a little boy that she wanted to give him a rose but he was eliminated . In the end , Alex received the rose . Anthony got the one - on - one date and had went horseback riding at Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills , she gave him a rose before they kissed and slow danced . Rachel 's fellow The Bachelor co-contestants ( Alexis Waters , Raven Gates , Jasmine Goode and Corinne Olympios ) on the second group date for the eight men . The guys danced on the stripper pole of a party bus and then had to mud wrestle each other at Cowboy Palace Saloon , Bryce defeated Kenny in the final round . Eric got the group - date rose . At the cocktail party , tensions ran high because Bryce and Lee had spoken against Eric to Rachel 's friends during the group date , and the week ends in another cliffhanger . 141 `` Week 4 : Hilton Head Island '' June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 1304 5.90 This episode 's original airing was delayed a week due to the ongoing NBA Finals . Concluded from previous episode as the cocktail party continues , Lee stirs up more drama with the other contestants , especially Kenny . During Rachel and Kenny 's one - on - one time , Lee interrupts twice and angered Kenny . Then , Kenny and Lee later get into a loud argument , which Rachel overhears . Rachel becomes frustrated by the drama overshadowing her time with the guys , but continues to the rose ceremony where Brady , Bryce , and Diggy are eliminated . The remaining contestants go to Hilton Head Island in South Carolina , where Dean is selected for a one - on - one date . Rachel and Dean enjoy a picnic on a park and take a ride on Goodyear Blimp to get an overview of Hilton Head Island . At dinner , Dean opens up about his family about his mother had passed away when he was a teenager and receives a rose from Rachel . For the group date , Rachel and the contestants go on a booze cruise and then they later participate in a spelling bee , Chris called Rachel to be the fourth judge alongside three youngsters . Josiah emerging as the winner , outlasted Will . Later that evening , Iggy warns Rachel about Josiah on his attitude . Lee tells Rachel about the fight with Kenny and she later confronts Kenny about Lee 's words . After his time with Rachel , Kenny pulls Lee aside to speak . The episode ends in another cliffhanger . 142 5 `` Week 5 : Part 1 '' June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) 1305 5.39 Concluded from the previous episode , Kenny and Lee get into another argument and at the end of the group date , Bryan receives the rose . Jack gets a one - on - one date at Bluffton where they have to shuck clams , go dancing with locals and walk around the city . At dinner , Rachel does not feel a connection with Jack and sends him home . During the rose ceremony , Jonathan and Iggy are eliminated and Rachel and the remaining men have announced to travel to Oslo , Norway . In Norway , Bryan receives a one - on - one date with Rachel to ride a tram in the city and they go rappelling down the Holmenkollen Ski Jump . At dinner , Bryan opens up about his youth past like how he loves his mom so much and he receives a rose . The nine men are selected to go on a group date , where they play handball against local players . Will impresses Rachel during the game and opens up to her that evening , he receives the group date rose . Lee and Kenny go on a two - on - one date . They take a helicopter ride through Hobøl in the Norwegian forest . Rachel goes back and forth between the two men about their side of the story . Rachel tells Kenny that Lee claimed he threw him out of a van and Kenny confronts Lee after his time with Rachel . 143 6 `` Week 5 : Part 2 '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 1306 4.51 As the two - on - one date continues in Norway , Kenny confronts Lee about his lies . Rachel returns to the forest and sends Lee home , but does not give the rose to Kenny . Before getting into the helicopter to leave , Kenny goes back to Lee to say his final words . At the end of the night , Rachel and Kenny spend time together and she gives him the rose . At the rose ceremony in Losby Gods Manor , Josiah and Anthony are sent home . The remaining group goes to Denmark as Eric got on his one - on - one date . The two explore Copenhagen to have a sightseeing on a canal boat and go to the famous Tivoli Gardens . Eric opens up about his relationship with his mom and receives a rose from Rachel . On the group date , the men row an ancient Longship in Roskilde and have playing traditional Viking games . During the final round of the game , Kenny and Adam face off , where both men get superficial cuts . At the cocktail party after the group date , Kenny misses his daughter and is unsure about continuing on the show . Rachel understands Kenny 's dilemma and the two mutually agree for Kenny to return home . Peter receives the group date rose . Will got on his one - on - one date with Rachel to ride a boat around Øresund strait from Helsingør , and arrive at Helsingborg , Sweden while they give a tour the city . They arrived at Carlsberg Museum in Copenhagen , Rachel is surprised by Will 's lack of intimacy and his relationship history , so she sends him home . At the rose ceremony , Alex is sent home . 144 7 `` Week 6 : Switzerland '' July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) 1307 5.68 The six remaining men travel to Geneva , Switzerland . Rachel reveals there will be three one - on - one dates , one group date , and no rose ceremony . Bryan goes on first one - on - one date with Rachel . The two drive on a Bentley around Geneva , purchase Breitling watches , and explore the city . At dinner , they discuss about on Bryan 's past relationship and he receives a rose . Dean is selected for the next one - on - one - date . Rachel and Dean attend a church service and walk around the city . Rachel hopes Dean will reveal another side to him , but during the day he remains very goofy and brushes it off , much to Rachel 's frustration . Dean finally opens up at dinner about his insecurities about Rachel meeting his family . Rachel appreciates Dean opening up and he receives a rose . Peter goes on the final one - on - one date , ride on a helicopter from Montreux and landed at Swiss Alps where they ride a dog sled . Peter discusses his doubts about this experience and at dinner , opens up about his past relationships . Rachel questions if he is ready for marriage and Peter receives a rose at the end of the date . Matt , Adam , and Eric go on the group date while they ride a boat around Lake Geneva and strolled their day at Château De Coudrée in Sciez , France on the French -- Swiss border . At the turn of the events , Matt is the first bachelor to be eliminated . During dinner , Adam and Eric discuss their respective possible hometown dates with Rachel . Eric receives the rose and Adam is eliminated . 145 8 `` Week 7 : Hometown Dates '' July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) 1308 6.21 Rachel first visits Eric 's hometown of Baltimore , Maryland . They play basketball at the park when his cousin and best friend Ralph came , things are quite well for Eric . Then , Rachel meets Eric 's friends and family . Rachel discusses the hardships of being on TV and the first black bachelorette with his family as Eric has never brought a girl home before , Rachel becomes concerned with his readiness to be married . Rachel then goes to Miami , Florida to visit Bryan and his family . He takes her around to small local spots and authentic Spanish bars in Latino community enclave . When Rachel meets his family , Bryan 's mom becomes overprotective about Bryan , intimidating Rachel . The next hometown date is Milan , Italy , to meet Peter and his family . At first , Peter takes Rachel around some local markets in the city and she meets his friends . Later that night , Rachel meets his family and expresses her concern about Peter 's interest in marriage to his mother . Rachel then heads to Aspen , Colorado to meet Dean and his family and they ride on an ATV to a cross countryside . Dean has n't spoken to his Sikh convert father in two years and felt very estranged , this is the first time his entire family has been together in a long time . Tensions rise as Dean and his father talk one - on - one , discussing their hardships over his mother 's death . The rose ceremony in Rachel 's hometown of Dallas where Dean was sent home . 146 9 `` Week 8 : Spain '' July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) 1309 6.43 The three remaining guys are in Dallas to meet Rachel 's family , because her sister was unable to leave the country that she is pregnant . Peter went to a store looking a shirt for Rachel 's nephew and bought it as a present , Peter discussed to Rachel 's mother about on a potential future with Rachel shows that has few certain plans together . Eric traveled to Reunion Tower to give a look of the view of Dallas from the tower and have their lunch together , while speaking to Rachel 's family that Eric has really never fell in love prior to the show . Bryan went to a bar and has intrigued over Rachel 's friends about Rachel 's The Bachelor application , but Rachel 's family raises concerns over his sincerity , especially Rachel 's sister . All three men traveled to La Rioja , Spain to have their own overnight dates with Rachel , Eric 's date takes on a helicopter ride to Gaztelugatxe island in Basque Country to explore monastery where they ring a bell many times and have a dinner together , only Eric received the fantasy suite invitation card . Peter involved visiting the wine cellar and he and Rachel met Vitorino , the winemaker , and had give a tour and gave their keys down below the cellar , then the winemaker and his family had stomping grapes on a vineyard . It ends with a cliffhanger . 147 10 `` The Men Tell All '' July 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) N / A 5.76 Eighteen of the thirty - one eliminated guys sat down for the audience . Several of the contestants spoke of their lives after the competition . They cover stories about DeMario 's girlfriend that has not getting along since his elimination , Kenny took on a hot seat about what happened on his fight with Lee and gave an apology to make peace with Lee . Then , he had felt little compressed about he missed his daughter during the show as his daughter Makenzi brought over at the stage holding a rose to him and surprised that would be going to Disneyland for his birthday . Lee came on through against racism on his tweets from his Twitter account , stated that he is n't making much humorous with his issues . Dean told about on his heartbreak during the show and hopes to find his better life to move on that he is going to be part for Bachelor in Paradise . Rachel later joins to the men and she discusses about sad breakups and fun memories including DeMario 's harsh comment about his girlfriend , Dean gives a standing ovation to make his sincerity for love . Then , bloopers is shown including Chris talked to Rachel seeing strangers walking during the Denmark date . 148 11 `` Week 9 : Season 13 Finale '' August 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 07 ) 1310 7.57 For the first time ever , the season finale will give in each story between these three remaining guys . Unlike previous season finales there would be no After the Final Rose . Concluded from the previous episode prior to The Men Tell All , Peter gets his time with Rachel and have dinner together and he receives the fantasy suite invitation . Bryan 's date involved horseback riding at the vineyard in the Spanish countryside and enjoyed a leisure day together . As soon Bryan got his fantasy suite invitation , he feels that he is having a strong chemistry with Rachel that are having enjoyed their time . At the rose ceremony , Eric was eliminated , leaving Bryan and Peter in the final two . Eric speaks Rachel for the first time since his devastated breakup felt that his time with Rachel was deeply hard and made a lot of characteristics . Over the final dates , Bryan took on a hot air balloon overlooking La Rioja , stated to think of starting their memories began in the first night and they opened a present of Spanish dictionary for themselves . Peter went to the infamous Monastery of Nuestra Señora de Valvanera in Anguiano where they met a monk to tell on a certain future like marriage , etc . When Peter became mere frustrated , he is not ready to propose but still wants to continue on a relationship with Rachel and said a teary goodbye to him that felt blindsided . Peter talked to Rachel about on his life after an emotional breakup that he is n't going to make in love once more . Bryan proposed to Rachel with some Spanish words and Rachel accepts the proposal . As the engaged couple are seen in public for the first time , Bryan proposes to Rachel for a second time to the audience and the relationship became very close to start their new lives together . Chris gives a pre-honeymoon surprise to them at La Rioja . Controversies ( edit ) Lee Garrett 's racist tweets ( edit ) The show came under fire for casting Lee Garrett , who had tweeted many racist comments , for their first ever black lead 's season . Garrett 's tweets consisted of comparing Black Lives Matter to a terrorist group , comparing the NAACP to the Ku Klux Klan , and called feminists ugly . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` It 's Official : Rachel Lindsay Announced as Bachelorette on Jimmy Kimmel Live '' . E !. Retrieved 13 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strause , Jackie ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` ABC Finally Casts First Black ' Bachelorette ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Fan-Favorite-Rachel-Lindsay-Begins-Her-Search-for-Love-on-ABCs-THE-BACHELORETTE-522-20170501 ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Johnny ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's ' The Bachelorette ' has five suitors from South Florida '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Carrie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette ' : Meet the 5 Men to Watch '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Fred Johnson archive link May 21 , 2017 . Dean Unglert archive link June 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Pelletiere , Nicole ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Bachelorette Rachel Lindsay on choosing Bryan over Peter : ' I made the right decision ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swartz , Tracy ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Chicago - area men competing for Rachel Lindsay 's heart on ' The Bachelorette ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ohl , Danielle ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette ' contestant Eric Bigger opens up about Baltimore upbringing before hometown date '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venice Man Seeks Love On ' The Bachelorette ' '' . Patch . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Justin ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette ' recap : Dean goes home after emotional hometown dates '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Psencik , Katey ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Four Texans competing to win the heart of Dallas ' Bachelorette ' Rachel Lindsay '' . Austin American - Statesman . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Bachelorette recap : Three 's ( Bad ) Company '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauss , Leigh ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Meriden resident contestant on ' The Bachelorette ' '' . My Record Journal . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roskopp , Jack ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` There 's a contestant on The Bachelorette this season from Grosse Pointe Park '' . Detroit Metro Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette ' Recap : Rachel Breaks Out the Axe in Scandinavia '' . Variety . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thanki , Juli ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Nashville man to compete on ' The Bachelorette ' '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanstock , Bill ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Ring Of Honor Wrestler Kenny King Will Be A Contestant On ' The Bachelorette ' '' . Uproxx . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Trischitta , Linda ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Broward County prosecutor competing on ABC TV 's ' The Bachelorette ' '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Draper , Abby ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette ' recap : Norwegian snakes '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kustura , Katie ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Smyrna Beach man a contestant on ' The Bachelorette ' '' . Daytona Beach News Journal . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette ' Recap : Rachel Deals With a Whole Lot of Man Drama '' . Variety . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette ' Contestant Slammed for ' Transphobic ' Comment on ABC Website '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Locker , Melissa ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` The Bachelorette Recap : Rachel Saddles Up and Rides Out '' . TIME . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marina Del Rey Man Seeks Love On ' The Bachelorette ' '' . Marina Del Ray Patch . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2 Santa Monica Men Seek Love On ' The Bachelorette ' '' . Santa Monica Patch . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emery , Debby ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette ' Contestant Puts the ' Whaboom ' Into Reality Dating Show 's Limo Arrivals '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Century City Man Seeks Love On ' The Bachelorette ' '' . Westwood Patch . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Joi - Marie ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette ' recap : A tale of two group dates '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Ballard to appear on The Bachelorette '' . WRDW . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Highfill , Samantha ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Bachelorette premiere recap : Whaboom Goes the Dynamite '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Mark ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Ex-UAlbany's Black to appear on ' The Bachelorette ' '' . Daily Gazette . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston law student vies for Bachelorette 's heart '' . ABC 13 . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynter , Dontei ( May 6 , 2017 ) . `` Blake Killpack from `` The Bachelorette '' : Wiki & Everything You Need to Know `` . Earn The Necklace . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goslowski , Tom ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Goz 's Former Roommate Voted Off ABC 's `` The Bachelorette '' `` . 104.5 the Team . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Attention , Bachelor Nation : Here 's Who 's Going to Paradise ! '' . People Magazine . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Unglert Confirmed for ' Bachelor In Paradise ' After Being Sent Home Following Hometown Date '' . Us Weekly . July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette , ' NHL and ' Gotham ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Still Star - Crossed ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spartan , ' ' Superhuman , ' several reruns adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gong Show ' rerun adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior , ' ' Bachelorette ' and others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Somewhere Between ' premiere adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' To Tell the Truth ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior , ' ' Bachelorette , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Bachelorette ' : Racist , Sexist Tweets Surface From Contestant on ABC Show '' . Variety . May 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Bachelor U.S. seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bachelors Alex Michel Aaron Buerge Andrew Firestone Bob Guiney Jesse Palmer Byron Velvick Charlie O'Connell Travis Lane Stork Lorenzo Borghese Andrew Baldwin Brad Womack Matt Grant Jason Mesnick Jake Pavelka Sean Lowe Juan Pablo Galavis Chris Soules Nick Viall Arie Luyendyk Jr . Contestants Mandy Clemens Catherine Warren Shayne Lamas Melissa Rycroft Tenley Molzahn Gia Allemand Keltie Colleen Jamie Otis Catherine Giudici Brittany Fetkin Ashley Iaconetti The Bachelorette Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Bachelorettes Trista Rehn DeAnna Pappas Jillian Harris Ali Fedotowsky Andi Dorfman Kaitlyn Bristowe JoJo Fletcher Rachel Lindsay Becca Kufrin Contestants Ryan Sutter Jesse Csincsak Ryan Hoag Ed Swiderski David Homyk Josh Murray Evan Bass Chad Johnson Jordan Rodgers Kenny Layne Clay Harbor Colton Underwood International versions Australia Sam Frost Sophie Monk Canada India Tamil Nadu ( State of India ) Other spin - offs Bachelor Pad Bachelor in Paradise 5 Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise Episodes The Bachelor Winter Games International Spin - offs Bachelor in Paradise Australia International versions Australia 5 6 Nick Cummins Brazil Canada Brad Smith Chris Leroux Romania Cătălin Botezatu United Kingdom Gavin Henson 5 Spencer Matthews New Zealand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bachelorette_(season_13)&oldid=856887657 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons The Bachelor seasons The Bachelorette ( U.S. TV series ) seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 05 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what season of the bachelorette was dean on
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[
"\n\n\nName\n\nAge\n\nHometown\n\nOccupation\n\nOutcome\n\nPlace\n\nRef\n\n\nBryan Abasolo[4][5]\n\n37\n\nMiami, Florida\n\nChiropractor\n\nWinner\n\n1\n\n[6]\n\n\nPeter Kraus [7]\n\n31\n\nMadison, Wisconsin\n\nBusiness Owner\n\nRunner-Up\n\n2\n\n\nEric Bigger[8]\n\n29\n\nBaltimore, Maryland\n\nPersonal Trainer\n\nWeek 9\n\n3\n\n\nDean Unglert[9][5]\n\n26\n\nAspen, Colorado\n\nStartup Recruiter\n\nWeek 8\n\n4\n\n[10]\n\n\nAdam Gottschalk[11]\n\n27\n\nDallas, Texas\n\nReal Estate Agent\n\nWeek 7\n\n5\n\n[12]\n\n\nMatthew \"Matt\" Munson[13]\n\n32\n\nMeriden, Connecticut\n\nConstruction Sales Rep\n\n6\n\n\nAleksandr \"Alex\" Bordyukov[14]\n\n28\n\nGrosse Pointe, Michigan\n\nInformation Systems Supervisor\n\nWeek 6\n\n7\n\n[15]\n\n\nWilliam \"Will\" Gaskins[4]\n\n28\n\nWhite Plains, New York\n\nSales Manager\n\n8\n\n\nKenny Layne[5][16][17]\n\n35\n\nOrlando, Florida\n\nProfessional Wrestler\n\n9\n\n\nAnthony Battle[7]\n\n26\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEducation Software Manager\n\nWeek 5\n\n10-11\n\n\nJosiah Graham[4][18]\n\n28\n\nPlantation, Florida\n\nProsecuting Attorney\n\n\nLee Garrett[16]\n\n30\n\nJacksonville, Florida\n\nSinger/Songwriter\n\n12\n\n\nIgnacio \"Iggy\" Rodriguez[7]\n\n30\n\nPasadena, California\n\nConsulting Firm CEO\n\nWeek 4\n\n13-14\n\n[19]\n\n\nJonathan Treece[16][20]\n\n31\n\nNew Smyrna Beach, Florida\n\nTickle Monster\n\n\nJack Stone[11]\n\n32\n\nDallas, Texas\n\nAttorney\n\n15\n\n[21]\n\n\nBrady Ervin[4]\n\n29\n\nEden Prairie, Minnesota\n\nMale Model\n\nWeek 3\n\n16-18\n\n\nKenneth \"Diggy\" Moreland[7]\n\n31\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nSenior Inventory Analyst\n\n\nBryce Powers[22]\n\n30\n\nOrlando, Florida\n\nFirefighter\n\n\nFrederick \"Fred\" Johnson[5][11]\n\n27\n\nDallas, Texas\n\nExecutive Assistant\n\n19\n\n[23]\n\n\nBlake Elarbee[24]\n\n31\n\nMarina del Rey, California\n\nAspiring Drummer\n\nWeek 2\n\n20-22\n\n\nJames \"Jamey\" Kocan[25]\n\n32\n\nSanta Monica, California\n\nSales Account Executive\n\n\nLucas Yancey[25][26]\n\n30\n\nWoodside, California\n\nWhaboom\n\n\nDeMario Jackson[5][27]\n\n30\n\nCentury City, California\n\nExecutive Recruiter\n\n23\n\n[28]\n\n\nJedidiah Ballard[29]\n\n35\n\nAugusta, Georgia\n\nER Physician\n\nWeek 1\n\n24-31\n\n[30]\n\n\nMichael Black[7][31]\n\n26\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nFormer Professional Basketball Player\n\n\nRobert \"Rob\" Howard[11][32]\n\n30\n\nCalgary, Canada\n\nLaw Student\n\n\nGrant Hubsher\n\n29\n\nPalm Harbor, Florida\n\nEmergency Medicine Physician\n\n\nBlake Killpack[33]\n\n29\n\nSan Francisco, California\n\nU.S. Marine Veteran\n\n\nMilton LaCroix[4]\n\n31\n\nNorth Bay Village, Florida\n\nHotel Recreation Supervisor\n\n\nMohit Sehgal\n\n26\n\nPacifica, California\n\nProduct Manager\n\n\nKyle Sherwood[34]\n\n26\n\nStratford, Connecticut\n\nMarketing Consultant\n"
] |
[
"13"
] |
-3237216199904855552
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List of deepest mines
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List of Deepest mines - wikipedia List of Deepest mines Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the deepest mines by maximum operating depth. , Number Name of mine Depth Location Mponeng Gold Mine 4.0 km South Africa Gold mine TauTona Gold Mine 3.9 km South Africa Gold mine Savuka Gold Mine 3.7 km South Africa Gold mine Driefontein , Gauteng 3.4 km South Africa Gold mine Kusasalethu mine 3.27 km South Africa Gold mine 6 Moab Khotsong mine 3.05 km South Africa Gold mine 7 South Deep mine 2.99 km South Africa Gold mine 8 Kidd Mine 2.92 km Canada Copper / Zinc mine 9 Great Noligwa Gold Mine 2.6 km South Africa Gold mine 10 Creighton Mine 2.5 km Canada Nickel mine See also ( edit ) List of mines List of mines in South Africa List of mining companies List of largest mining companies by revenue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Top Ten Deepest Mines in the World . '' Mining Technology . Mining-technology.com , 13 Sept. 2013 . Web . 14 May 2016.www.mining-technology.com/features/feature-top-ten-deepest-mines-world-south-africa/ Jump up ^ Spence , Robert . `` ( SLIDESHOW ) The Deepest Underground Mines in the World . '' Mining Global . 19 Aug. 2014 . Web . 14 May 2016 . < http://www.miningglobal.com/miningsites/1095/SLIDESHOW-The-Deepest-Underground-Mines-in-the-World > . External links ( edit ) Mining Technology website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_deepest_mines&oldid=763582953 '' Categories : Mining Gold mines Talk About Wikipedia Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2017 , at 00 : 53 . About Wikipedia
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which is the deepest mine in south africa
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[
"\n\nNumber\nName of mine\nDepth\nLocation\n\n\n\n1\nMponeng Gold Mine\n4.0 km\n South Africa\nGold mine\n\n\n2\nTauTona Gold Mine\n3.9 km\n South Africa\nGold mine\n\n\n3\nSavuka Gold Mine\n3.7 km\n South Africa\nGold mine\n\n\n4\nDriefontein, Gauteng\n3.4 km\n South Africa\nGold mine\n\n\n5\nKusasalethu mine\n3.27 km\n South Africa\nGold mine\n\n\n6\nMoab Khotsong mine\n3.05 km\n South Africa\nGold mine\n\n\n7\nSouth Deep mine\n2.99 km\n South Africa\nGold mine\n\n\n8\nKidd Mine\n2.92 km\n Canada\nCopper/Zinc mine\n\n\n9\nGreat Noligwa Gold Mine\n2.6 km\n South Africa\nGold mine\n\n\n10\nCreighton Mine\n2.5 km\n Canada\nNickel mine\n\n"
] |
[
"4.0 km"
] |
-6417159174402278433
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Mount Rushmore
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Mount Rushmore - wikipedia Mount Rushmore Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mountain . For the 1960s rock band , see Mount Rushmore ( band ) . Mount Rushmore National Memorial IUCN category V ( protected landscape / seascape ) Sculptures of George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln ( left to right ) Location Pennington County , South Dakota , United States Nearest city Keystone , South Dakota Coordinates 43 ° 52 ′ 44 '' N 103 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W / 43.87889 ° N 103.45972 ° W / 43.87889 ; - 103.45972 Coordinates : 43 ° 52 ′ 44 '' N 103 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W / 43.87889 ° N 103.45972 ° W / 43.87889 ; - 103.45972 Area 1,278 acres ( 5.17 km ) Established March 3 , 1925 Visitors 2,431,231 ( in 2016 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Mount Rushmore National Memorial Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore , a batholith in the Black Hills in Keystone , South Dakota , United States . Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture 's design and oversaw the project 's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son , Lincoln Borglum . Mount Rushmore features 60 - foot ( 18 m ) sculptures of the heads of four United States presidents : George Washington ( 1732 -- 1799 ) , Thomas Jefferson ( 1743 -- 1826 ) , Theodore Roosevelt ( 1858 -- 1919 ) , and Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) . The memorial park covers 1,278.45 acres ( 2.00 sq mi ; 5.17 km ) and is 5,725 feet ( 1,745 m ) above sea level . South Dakota historian Doane Robinson is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the likenesses of famous people into the Black Hills region of South Dakota in order to promote tourism in the region . Robinson 's initial idea was to sculpt the Needles ; however , Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from Native American groups . They settled on Mount Rushmore , which also has the advantage of facing southeast for maximum sun exposure . Robinson wanted it to feature American West heroes like Lewis and Clark , Red Cloud , and Buffalo Bill Cody , but Borglum decided the sculpture should have broader appeal and chose the four presidents . After securing federal funding through the enthusiastic sponsorship of `` Mount Rushmore 's great political patron '' U.S. Senator Peter Norbeck , construction on the memorial began in 1927 , and the presidents ' faces were completed between 1934 and 1939 . Upon Gutzon Borglum 's death in March 1941 , his son Lincoln Borglum took over as leader of the construction project . Each president was originally to be depicted from head to waist . Lack of funding forced construction to end on October 31 , 1941 . Mount Rushmore has become an iconic symbol of the United States , and it has appeared in works of fiction , as well as being discussed or depicted in other popular works . It attracts over two million visitors annually . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ecology 3 Geography 3.1 Geology 3.2 Soils 3.3 Climate 4 Tourism 5 Conservation 6 Controversy 7 In popular culture 8 Legacy and commemoration 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) See also : Construction of Mount Rushmore Southwestern South Dakota Sculptures Mount Rushmore ( National Memorial ) Crazy Horse Geologic formations Badlands ( National Park ) Bear Butte ( National Historic Landmark ) Needles Black Hills Spearfish Canyon Mountains Black Elk Peak Iron Mountain Caves Wind Cave ( National Park ) Jewel Cave ( National Monument ) Forests and wildernesses Custer ( State Park ) Black Hills ( National Forest ) Black Elk ( Wilderness ) Buffalo Gap ( National Grassland ) Lakes Sylvan Pactola Mount Rushmore before construction , circa 1905 . A model at the site depicting Mount Rushmore 's intended final design Originally known to the Lakota Sioux as `` The Six Grandfathers '' ( Tunkasila Sakpe ) or `` Cougar Mountain '' ( Igmu Tanka Paha ) , the mountain was renamed after Charles E. Rushmore , a prominent New York lawyer , during an expedition in 1885 . At first , the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the Black Hills region of South Dakota . After long negotiations involving a Congressional delegation and President Calvin Coolidge , the project received Congressional approval . The carving started in 1927 and ended in 1941 with no fatalities . As Six Grandfathers , the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a spiritual journey that culminated at Black Elk Peak . Following a series of military campaigns from 1876 to 1878 , the United States asserted control over the area , a claim that is still disputed on the basis of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie ( see section `` Controversy '' below ) . Among American settlers , the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain , Sugarloaf Mountain , Slaughterhouse Mountain , and Keystone Cliffs . It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore , David Swanzey ( husband of Carrie Ingalls ) , and Bill Challis . Historian Doane Robinson conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote tourism in South Dakota . In 1924 , Robinson persuaded sculptor Gutzon Borglum to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure the carving could be accomplished . Borglum had been involved in sculpting the Confederate Memorial Carving , a massive bas - relief memorial to Confederate leaders on Stone Mountain in Georgia , but was in disagreement with the officials there . The original plan was to make the carvings in granite pillars known as the Needles . However , Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting . He chose Mount Rushmore , a grander location , partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to the sun . Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore , `` America will march along that skyline . '' Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3 , 1925 . Construction of the Mount Rushmore monument Between October 4 , 1927 , and October 31 , 1941 , Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers sculpted the colossal 60 foot ( 18 m ) high carvings of U.S. presidents George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , Theodore Roosevelt , and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 130 years of American history . These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory . The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite , followed by the process of `` honeycombing '' , a process where workers drill holes close together , allowing small pieces to be removed by hand . In total , about 450,000 short tons ( 410,000 t ) of rock were blasted off the mountainside . The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington 's right , but after the work there was begun , the rock was found to be unsuitable , so the work on the Jefferson figure was dynamited , and a new figure was sculpted to Washington 's left . The Chief Carver of the mountain was Luigi del Bianco , artisan and headstone carver in Port Chester , NY . Del Bianco emigrated to the U.S. from Friuli in Italy , and was chosen to work on this project because of his remarkable skill at etching emotions and personality into his carved portraits . In 1933 , the National Park Service took Mount Rushmore under its jurisdiction . Julian Spotts helped with the project by improving its infrastructure . For example , he had the tram upgraded so it could reach the top of Mount Rushmore for the ease of workers . By July 4 , 1934 , Washington 's face had been completed and was dedicated . The face of Thomas Jefferson was dedicated in 1936 , and the face of Abraham Lincoln was dedicated on September 17 , 1937 . In 1937 , a bill was introduced in Congress to add the head of civil - rights leader Susan B. Anthony , but a rider was passed on an appropriations bill requiring federal funds be used to finish only those heads that had already been started at that time . In 1939 , the face of Theodore Roosevelt was dedicated . The Sculptor 's Studio -- a display of unique plaster models and tools related to the sculpting -- was built in 1939 under the direction of Borglum . Borglum had planned to make a secret room behind the hairline of Abraham Lincoln which was supposed to be a doorway to a chamber originally intended to hold some of America 's most treasured documents but was left unfinished due to his death . Borglum died from an embolism in March 1941 . His son , Lincoln Borglum , continued the project . Originally , it was planned that the figures would be carved from head to waist , but insufficient funding forced the carving to end . Borglum had also planned a massive panel in the shape of the Louisiana Purchase commemorating in eight - foot - tall gilded letters the Declaration of Independence , U.S. Constitution , Louisiana Purchase , and seven other territorial acquisitions from Alaska to Texas to the Panama Canal Zone . In total , the entire project cost US $989,992.32 . Unusual for a project of such size , no workers died during the carving . Side view of George Washington from rocky terrain at Mount Rushmore Entrance to the site On October 15 , 1966 , Mount Rushmore was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . A 500 - word essay giving the history of the United States by Nebraska student William Andrew Burkett was selected as the college - age group winner in a 1934 competition , and that essay was placed on the Entablature on a bronze plate in 1973 . In 1991 , President George H.W. Bush officially dedicated Mount Rushmore . In a canyon behind the carved faces is a chamber , cut only 70 feet ( 21 m ) into the rock , containing a vault with sixteen porcelain enamel panels . The panels include the text of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution , biographies of the four presidents and Borglum , and the history of the U.S. The chamber was created as the entrance - way to a planned `` Hall of Records '' ; the vault was installed in 1998 . Ten years of redevelopment work culminated with the completion of extensive visitor facilities and sidewalks in 1998 , such as a Visitor Center , the Lincoln Borglum Museum , and the Presidential Trail . Maintenance of the memorial requires mountain climbers to monitor and seal cracks annually . Due to budget constraints , the memorial is not regularly cleaned to remove lichens . However , on July 8 , 2005 , Alfred Kärcher GmbH , a German manufacturer of pressure washing and steam cleaning machines , conducted a free cleanup operation which lasted several weeks , using pressurized water at over 200 ° F ( 93 ° C ) . Ecology ( edit ) The Black Hills opposite Mount Rushmore . Aerial NW direction view of Mount Rushmore National Memorial from a helicopter . The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota . Birds including the turkey vulture , bald eagle , hawk , and meadowlark fly around Mount Rushmore , occasionally making nesting spots in the ledges of the mountain . Smaller birds , including songbirds , nuthatches , and woodpeckers , inhabit the surrounding pine forests . Terrestrial mammals include the mouse , least chipmunk , red squirrel , skunk , porcupine , raccoon , beaver , badger , coyote , bighorn sheep , bobcat , elk , mule deer , yellow - bellied marmot , and American bison . The striped chorus frog , western chorus frog , and northern leopard frog also inhabit the area , along with several species of snake . Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook , the two streams in the memorial , support fish such as the longnose dace and the brook trout . Mountain goats are not indigenous to the region . Those living near Mount Rushmore are descendents of a tribe that Canada gifted to Custer State Park in 1924 , which later escaped . At lower elevations , coniferous trees , mainly the ponderosa pine , surround most of the monument , providing shade from the sun . Other trees include the bur oak , the Black Hills spruce , and the cottonwood . Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore . There is also a wide variety of wildflowers , including especially the snapdragon , sunflower , and violet . Towards higher elevations , plant life becomes sparser . However , only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region . The area receives about 18 inches ( 460 mm ) of precipitation on average per year , enough to support abundant animal and plant life . Trees and other plants help to control surface runoff . Dikes , seeps , and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill , providing watering spots for animals . In addition , stones like sandstone and limestone help to hold groundwater , creating aquifers . A study of the fire scars present in tree ring samples indicates that forest fires occur in the ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years . Large fires are not common . Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris . The area is a climax community . Recent pine beetle infestations have threatened the forest . Geography ( edit ) Geology ( edit ) Mount Rushmore , showing the full size of the mountain and the scree of rocks from the sculpting and construction . Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite . The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Black Elk Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota , so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore . The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic , 1.6 billion years ago . Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Black Elk Peak and are visibly lighter in color , thus explaining the light - colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents . The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic , but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian . Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic , they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years ago . The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome . Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist . Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington . The tallest mountain in the region is Black Elk Peak ( 7,242 ft or 2,207 m ) . Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons . The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth , fine - grained granite . The durable granite erodes only 1 inch ( 25 mm ) every 10,000 years , thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long - term exposure . The mountain 's height of 5,725 feet ( 1,745 m ) above sea level made it suitable , and because it faces the southeast , the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day . Soils ( edit ) The Mount Rushmore area is underlain by well drained alfisol soils of very gravelly loam ( Mocmount ) to silt loam ( Buska ) texture , brown to dark grayish brown . Climate ( edit ) Mount Rushmore has a humid continental climate ( Dwb in the Köppen climate classification ) . It is inside a USDA Plant Hardiness Zone of 5a , meaning certain plant life in the area can withstand a low temperature of no less than − 20 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) . The two wettest months of the year are May and June . Orographic lift causes brief but strong afternoon thunderstorms during the summer . ( hide ) Climate data for Mount Rushmore National Memorial , 1981 - 2011 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 68 ( 20 ) 68 ( 20 ) 78 ( 26 ) 85 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 99 ( 37 ) 100 ( 38 ) 99 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 86 ( 30 ) 75 ( 24 ) 67 ( 19 ) 100 ( 38 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 36.7 ( 2.6 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 79.1 ( 26.2 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 54.9 ( 12.7 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 54.7 ( 12.6 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 27.5 ( − 2.5 ) 27.8 ( − 2.3 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 41.4 ( 5.2 ) 51.1 ( 10.6 ) 61.1 ( 16.2 ) 69.0 ( 20.6 ) 67.9 ( 19.9 ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) 45.7 ( 7.6 ) 34.5 ( 1.4 ) 26.7 ( − 2.9 ) 45.4 ( 7.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 18.7 ( − 7.4 ) 19.0 ( − 7.2 ) 24.6 ( − 4.1 ) 32.0 ( 0 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 51.3 ( 10.7 ) 58.9 ( 14.9 ) 57.7 ( 14.3 ) 48.2 ( 9 ) 36.5 ( 2.5 ) 26.0 ( − 3.3 ) 18.1 ( − 7.7 ) 36.0 ( 2.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 38 ( − 39 ) − 29 ( − 34 ) − 12 ( − 24 ) ( − 17 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 35 ( 2 ) 33 ( 1 ) 19 ( − 7 ) ( − 17 ) − 12 ( − 24 ) − 31 ( − 35 ) − 38 ( − 39 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.38 ( 9.7 ) 0.70 ( 17.8 ) 1.19 ( 30.2 ) 2.23 ( 56.6 ) 4.22 ( 107.2 ) 3.41 ( 86.6 ) 2.90 ( 73.7 ) 1.99 ( 50.5 ) 1.81 ( 46 ) 1.68 ( 42.7 ) 0.62 ( 15.7 ) 0.43 ( 10.9 ) 21.56 ( 547.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 5.8 ( 14.7 ) 7.9 ( 20.1 ) 10.4 ( 26.4 ) 10.8 ( 27.4 ) ( 3 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 3.6 ( 9.1 ) 6.2 ( 15.7 ) 5.8 ( 14.7 ) 52.4 ( 132.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 ) 4.3 4.7 6.3 8.2 11.9 12.6 11.4 9.3 7.4 6.8 4.4 4.2 91.5 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 ) 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.4 2.7 3.4 23.1 Source # 1 : Source # 2 : Tourism ( edit ) Historical visitor count Year Visitors 1941 393,000 1950 740,499 1960 1,067,000 1970 1,965,700 1980 1,284,888 1,671,673 2000 1,868,876 2,331,237 Tourism is South Dakota 's second - largest industry , and Mount Rushmore is the state 's top tourist attraction . In 2012 , 2,185,447 people visited the park . In the 1950s and 1960s , Sioux Benjamin Black Elk ( son of medicine man Black Elk ) was the `` Fifth Face of Mount Rushmore '' , posing for photographs with thousands of tourists . He became one of the most photographed people in the world . Conservation ( edit ) Distant view of Mount Rushmore The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the US National Park Service . Physical efforts to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally by Gutzon Borglum , which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance ( components include linseed oil , granite dust and white lead ) . A modern silicone replacement was used , disguised with granite dust . In 1998 , electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the sculpture to an accuracy of 3 mm . The site has been subsequently digitally recorded using a terrestrial laser scanning methodology in 2009 as part of the international Scottish Ten project , providing a record of unprecedented resolution and accuracy to inform the conservation of the site . This data was made accessible online to be freely used by the wider community to aid further interpretation and public access . Controversy ( edit ) The United States seized the area from the Lakota tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876 . The Treaty of Fort Laramie from 1868 had previously granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in perpetuity . Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971 , naming it `` Mount Crazy Horse '' . Among the participants were young activists , grandparents , children and Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer , who planted a prayer staff atop the mountain . Lame Deer said the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents ' faces `` which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled . '' In 2004 , the first Native American superintendent of the park , Gerard Baker , was appointed . Baker has stated that he will open up more `` avenues of interpretation '' , and that the four presidents are `` only one avenue and only one focus . '' The Crazy Horse Memorial is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate the famous Native American leader as a response to Mount Rushmore . It is said to be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs ; the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of federal funds . However , this memorial is likewise the subject of controversy , even within the Native American community . In popular culture ( edit ) Roger Thornhill ( Cary Grant ) and Eve Kendall ( Eva Marie Saint ) dangle precariously from the sculpture of George Washington in the 1959 film North by Northwest . Studio mockups were intercut with actual monument footage for the filming . Mount Rushmore commemorative stamp of 1952 Main article : Mount Rushmore in popular culture Because of its fame as a monument , Mount Rushmore has been depicted in multiple places in popular culture . It is often depicted as a cover for a secret location ; shown with faces removed or modified ( as in Superman II ) , or added ; or parodied . Trey Parker and Matt Stone used the location as the headquarters for their movie Team America : World Police . The memorial was also famously used as the location of the climactic chase scene in Alfred Hitchcock 's 1959 movie North by Northwest . Deep Purple 's breakthrough album , 1970 's In Rock , parodies the sculpture . Legacy and commemoration ( edit ) On August 11 , 1952 , the U.S. Post Office issued the Mount Rushmore Memorial commemorative stamp on the 25th anniversary of the dedication of the Mt . Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota . On January 2 , 1974 , a 26 - cent airmail stamp depicting the monument was also issued . See also ( edit ) List of colossal sculpture in situ South Dakota portal References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Park Statistics '' . National Park Service . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Sam ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` An Immigrant 's Contribution to Mount Rushmore Is Recognized , 75 Years Later '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andrews , John ( May 2014 ) . `` Slight of Hand '' . South Dakota Magazine . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial . December 6 , 2005.60 SD Web Traveler , Inc . Retrieved April 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ McGeveran , William A. Jr. et al. ( 2004 ) . The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2004 . New York : World Almanac Education Group , Inc . ISBN 0 - 88687 - 910 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Mount Rushmore , South Dakota ( November 1 , 2004 ) . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ' ! , episode 5x08 `` Mount Rushmore '' , May 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Making Mount Rushmore Mount Rushmore '' . Oh , Ranger ! . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biography : Senator Peter Norbeck '' . American Experience : Mount Rushmore . PBS . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rushmore '' . American Experience -- TV 's Most Watched History Series . PBS . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Feature Detail Report for : Mount Rushmore '' . US Board on Geographic Names . February 13 , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Untold Stories Discussion Guide : Baker and Mount Rushmore '' ( PDF ) . The National Parks : America 's Best Idea . PBS . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 18 , 2015 . Mount Rushmore -- a rocky outcropping the Lakota had called ' The Six Grandfathers , ' named for the earth , the sky , and the four directions Jump up ^ Belanger , Ian A. ; Kennedy , Sally ; Allison ; McMeen , Melissa ; Arnold , John ( April 21 , 2002 ) . `` Mt . Rushmore -- presidents on the rocks '' . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2006 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rushmore National Memorial Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keystone Area Historical Society Keystone Characters Archived September 9 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` People & Events : The Carving of Stone Mountain '' . American Experience . PBS . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Carving History ( October 2 , 2004 ) . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Carving History '' . National Park Service . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Albert Boime , `` Patriarchy Fixed in Stone : Gutzon Borglum 's ' Mount Rushmore ' , '' American Art , Vol. 5 , No. 1 / 2 . ( Winter -- Spring , 1991 ) , pp. 142 -- 67 . Jump up ^ `` Honeycombing process explained from '' . nps.gov . June 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geology Fieldnotes '' . nps.gov . January 4 , 2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : American Experience `` Timeline : Mount Rushmore '' ( 2002 ) . Retrieved March 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rushmore 's Secret Chamber -- History in the Headlines '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial . Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial . Tourism in South Dakota . Laura R. Ahmann . Retrieved March 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial . Outdoorplaces.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Text of 1934 Essay -- History of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Bush : Remarks at the Dedication Ceremony of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota '' . The American Presidency Project . July 3 , 1991 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Records '' . Mount Rushmore National Memorial web site . National Park Service . June 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved July 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` For Mount Rushmore , An Overdue Face Wash '' . Washington Post . July 11 , 2005 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enjoy Wildlife ... Safely '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . National Park Service . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Mary . `` Mount Rushmore , South Dakota for Tourists '' . USA Today . Tysons Corner , VA : Gannett Company . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amphibians '' . National Park Service . National Park Service . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nature & Science - Animals '' . NPS . November 26 , 2006 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Rushmore - Flora and Fauna '' . American Park Network . 2001 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nature & Science -- Plants '' . NPS . December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nature & Science - Groundwater . National Park Service . Retrieved April 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nature & Science - Forests . National Park Service . Retrieved April 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Geologic Activity . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Irvin , James R. Great Plains Gallery ( 2001 ) . Retrieved March 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` SoilWeb : An Online Soil Survey '' . University of California , Davis . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Hardiness Zone Finder '' . The National Gardening Association . National Gardening Association . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weather History '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . June 23 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Mount Rushmore Natl Memorial , SD '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Popular South Dakota Attractions > > South Dakota '' . southdakota.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilen Ode , Jeanne ( 1984 ) . Dakota Images : Benjamin Black Elk ( PDF ) . 14 . South Dakota Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` Caring For A Monumental Sculpture '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rushmore National Memorial '' . CyArk . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matthew Glass , `` Producing Patriotic Inspiration at Mount Rushmore , '' Journal of the American Academy of Religion , Vol. 62 , No. 2 . ( Summer , 1994 ) , pp. 265 -- 283 . Jump up ^ David Melmer ( December 13 , 2004 ) . `` Historic changes for Mount Rushmore '' . Indiancountrytoday . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lame Deer , John ( Fire ) and Richard Erdoes . Lame Deer Seeker of Visions . Simon and Schuster , New York , New York , 1972 . Paperback ISBN 0 - 671 - 55392 - 5 Jump up ^ John Brady ( 1981 ) . The Craft of the Screenwriter . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0671252291 . , p. 201 . Jump up ^ David Hatch , Stephen Millward ( 1989 ) . From Blues to Rock : An Analytical History of Pop Music . Manchester University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 719 - 02349 - 1 . Jump up ^ Neil Brodie ( 2004 ) . Material Engagements : Studies in Honour of Colin Renfrew . McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902 - 93726 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` 3c Mt . Rushmore single '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scotts United States Stamp catalogue , 1982 . Scott 's Publishing Company . 1981 . ISBN 0 - 89487 - 042 - 4 . , p. 289 . Further reading Larner , Jesse . Mount Rushmore : An Icon Reconsidered New York : Nation Books , 2002 . Taliaferro , John . Great White Fathers : The Story of the Obsessive Quest to Create Mount Rushmore . New York : PublicAffairs , c2002 . ISBN 9781586482053 . Puts the creation of the monument into a historical and cultural context . Coutant , Arnaud , `` Les Visages de l'Amérique , les constructeurs d'une démocratie fédérale '' , Mare et Martin , 2014 ( ISBN 9782849341605 ) . French Study about the Four Presidents , Life , presidency , influence about American political evolution . http://www.mareetmartin.com/livre/_les-visages-de-l-amerique The National Parks : Index 2001 -- 2003 . Washington : United States Department of the Interior `` Making Mount Rushmore '' . Oh , Ranger ! . APN Media . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Dobrzynski , Judith H. ( July 15 , 2006 ) . `` A Monumental Achievement '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Buckingham , Matthew ( Summer 2002 ) . `` The Six Grandfathers , Paha Sapa , in the Year 502,002 C.E. '' Cabinet Magazine . Immaterial Incorporated . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . `` Luigi Del Bianco : chief stone carver on Mount Rushmore , 1933 -- 1940 '' . Lou Del Bianco . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . `` Caring For A Monumental Sculpture '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Mount Rushmore National Memorial at Wikimedia Commons Mount Rushmore National Memorial travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Gutzon Borglum Works Alexander Hamilton Stephens General Philip Sheridan ( 1908 ) Harvey W. Scott ( 1933 ) Mount Rushmore Nathaniel Wheeler Memorial Fountain North Carolina Monument Rabboni ( 1909 ) Seated Lincoln ( 1911 ) Stone Mountain Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar Wars of America ( 1926 ) Zebulon Baird Vance ( 1916 ) Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming Attractions Bear Butte Black Elk Wilderness Black Hills Central Railroad Black Hills National Forest Black Elk Peak Black Hills Playhouse Chapel in the Hills Crazy Horse Memorial Custer State Park Devils Tower Dinosaur Park Flintstones Bedrock City Homestake Mine Jewel Cave National Monument Mammoth Site Minuteman Missile National Historic Site Mount Rushmore National Memorial Mystic Miner Ski Resort Needles Pactola Lake Reptile Gardens Rushmore Cave Sheridan Lake Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns Sturgis Motorcycle Rally Sylvan Lake Terry Peak ski area Wind Cave National Park with bison herd Scenic routes Roads Norbeck Scenic Byway Iron Mountain Road Needles Highway Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway Trails Mickelson Centennial Trail Populated places Cities Belle Fourche Central City Custer Deadwood Edgemont Hot Springs Hill City Lead Newcastle Rapid City Spearfish Sturgis Whitewood Towns Buffalo Gap Fairburn Hermosa Keystone Pringle Sundance Unincorporated Dewey Four Mile Galena Hanna Johnson Siding Nemo Rochford Rockerville Silver City Three Forks History and people Native American Cheyenne people Lakota people Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) established the Great Sioux Reservation Black Hills War , or Great Sioux War ( 1876 ) Black Elk Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Lone Horn Red Cloud Spotted Tail Old West Dakota Territory ( 1861 -- 1889 ) Black Hills Expedition ( 1874 ) Black Hills Gold Rush ( 1874 ) Newton -- Jenney Party ( 1875 ) Cheyenne - Black Hills Stage Route ( 1876 - 1887 ) Sidney - Black Hills Stage Road ( 1876 - 1887 ) Rapid City , Black Hills and Western Railroad ( 1893 -- 1947 ) Seth Bullock and Martha Bullock General George Armstrong Custer Dora DuFran Wild Bill Hickok Calamity Jane Historian Doane Robinson Sol Star Al Swearengen Charlie Utter Ghost towns Addie Camp Bismuth Blacktail Burdock Cambria Carbonate Etta Flatiron Greenwood Maitland Myers City Nahant Novak Pactola Sheridan Spokane Terraville Tigerville Tinton Trojan Modern Fossil Cycad National Monument ( 1922 - 1957 ) Stratobowl ( 1934 - 1959 ) Black Hills flood ( 1972 ) Sculptors Gutzon Borglum and Lincoln Borglum Author Joseph Bottum Politician Francis H. Case Poet Charles Badger Clark Historian Watson Parker Road junctions Carlile Junction Cheyenne Crossing Four Corners Four Mile Keystone Wye Maverick Junction Mule Creek Junction Related Mount Rushmore in popular culture George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Silver bullion coins Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Category Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States ( 1861 -- 1865 ) U.S. Representative from Illinois ( 1847 -- 1849 ) Presidency First inauguration Perpetual Union Lincoln Bible Second inauguration Civil War Confiscation Acts President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers War based income tax Seaports blockade RMS Trent Affair Habeas Corpus suspended Emancipation Proclamation West Virginia statehood Overland Campaign strategy Hampton Roads Conference Tour of Richmond Ten percent plan Reconstruction 13th Amendment abolishing slavery Dakota War of 1862 Department of the Northwest Homestead Act of 1862 National Banking Acts Thanksgiving Day Birchard Letter Bixby letter National Academy of Sciences Department of Agriculture Pardons State of the Union Address , 1863 1864 Cabinet Judicial appointments Assassination Funeral and burial Lincoln Catafalque Speeches Lyceum address ( 1838 ) Peoria speech ( 1854 ) `` Lost Speech '' ( 1856 ) House Divided speech ( 1858 ) Lincoln - Douglas debates ( 1858 ) Cooper Union Address ( 1860 ) Farewell Address ( 1861 ) First inaugural address ( 1861 ) Gettysburg Address ( 1863 event ) Second inaugural address ( 1865 ) Life and views Early life and career Black Hawk War Matson Trial Spot Resolutions Boat lifting patent Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co . Baltimore Plot Lincoln 's beard Medical and mental health Poetry Religious views Sexuality Slavery Fanny McCullough letter Homes and places Lincoln Birthplace Knob Creek Farm Lincoln Boyhood Memorial Lincoln State Park Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial Lincoln 's New Salem Lincoln Home Lincoln Pioneer Village Little Pigeon Creek Community Cottage at the Soldier 's Home Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Lincoln Tomb Elections Republican National Convention , 1856 1860 1864 National Union Party United States presidential election , 1860 1864 1860 campaign song Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Papers Lincoln / Net Bibliography Artifacts and relics Lincoln Memorial sculpture reflecting pool Mount Rushmore Lincoln 's Birthday Lincoln , Nebraska statue Abraham Lincoln ( Healy painting ) Abraham Lincoln sculpture , Washington D.C. Abraham Lincoln : The Man statue Lincoln Park Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State statue Lincoln Trail State Memorial Lincoln the Lawyer statue Kentucky statue The Peacemakers painting Lincoln Highway Other memorials Photographs Cultural depictions films postage stamps Lincoln penny Illinois Centennial half dollar currency five - dollar bill art Lincoln Prize Abraham Lincoln Association White House ghost Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Aircraft Carrier USS Abraham Lincoln Family Family tree Mary Todd Lincoln ( wife ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( son ) Edward Baker Lincoln ( son ) William Wallace Lincoln ( son ) Thomas `` Tad '' Lincoln ( son ) Mary Todd `` Mamie '' Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Abraham Lincoln II ( grandson ) Jessie Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Thomas Lincoln ( father ) Nancy Hanks Lincoln ( mother ) Sarah Bush Lincoln ( stepmother ) Sarah Lincoln Grigsby ( sister ) Abraham Lincoln ( paternal grandfather ) Mordecai Lincoln ( paternal uncle ) Mary Lincoln Crume ( paternal aunt ) John Hanks ( maternal cousin ) Joseph Hanks ( great - grandfather ) Samuel Lincoln ( 17th - century ancestor ) Mary Lincoln Beckwith ( great - granddaughter ) Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith ( great - grandson ) Timothy Lincoln Beckwith ( great - great - grandson ) Old Bob ( horse ) ← James Buchanan Andrew Johnson → Book Category Outline Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace , boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual '' ( 1912 post-assassination - attempt speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Category U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Protected areas of South Dakota Federal National Parks Badlands Wind Cave National Historic Sites and Memorials Minuteman Missile NHS Mount Rushmore NMem National Monument Jewel Cave National Forests Black Hills Custer National Grasslands Buffalo Gap Dakota Prairie Fort Pierre Grand River National Historic Trail Lewis and Clark National Recreational River Missouri National Wildlife Refuges Huron WMD Karl E. Mundt Lacreek Lake Andes Madison WMD Sand Lake Sand Lake WMD Waubay Waubay WMD National Wilderness Areas Badlands Black Elk State State Parks Adams Homestead and Nature Preserve Bear Butte Custer Fisher Grove Fort Sisseton Good Earth Hartford Beach Lake Herman Newton Hills Oakwood Lakes Palisades Roy Lake Sica Hollow Union Grove State Recreation Areas Angostura Beaver Creek Big Sioux Big Stone Island Burke Lake Buryanek Chief White Crane Cow Creek Farm Island George S. Mickelson Trail Indian Creek LaFramboise Island Lake Alvin Lake Cochrane Lake Hiddenwood Lake Louise Lake Poinsett Lake Thompson Lake Vermillion Lewis and Clark Little Moreau Llewellyn Johns Mina Lake North Point North Wheeler Oahe Downstream Okobojo Point Pease Creek Pelican Lake Pickerel Lake Pierson Ranch Platte Creek Randall Creek Richmond Lake Sandy Shore Shadehill Snake Creek Spirit Mound Historic Prairie Springfield Swan Creek Walker 's Point West Bend West Pollack West Whitlock Mountains of South Dakota Black Hills Bear Butte Bear Mountain Black Elk Peak Cicero Peak Elk Mountains Iron Mountain Mount Rushmore Terry Peak Others Black Horse Butte Castle Rock Butte Deers Ears Butte Dogie Butte Eagle Butte Granite Peak Grindstone Butte Hump Butte Polo Peak Turtle Butte White Butte Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rushmore&oldid=833855764 '' Categories : IUCN Category V Mount Rushmore National Memorials of the United States Black Hills Landforms of Pennington County , South Dakota Landmarks in South Dakota Monuments and memorials in South Dakota National Park Service areas in South Dakota Outdoor sculptures in South Dakota Protected areas of Pennington County , South Dakota Mountains of South Dakota Buildings and monuments honoring American Presidents Granite sculptures in South Dakota Rock formations of South Dakota Symbols of South Dakota Monuments and memorials to Abraham Lincoln Monuments and memorials to George Washington Abraham Lincoln in art George Washington in art Cultural depictions of George Washington Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson Great Sioux War of 1876 1941 sculptures Mountain monuments and memorials Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota Sculptures in South Dakota Sculptures by Gutzon Borglum Sculptures of Presidents of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Bikol Central Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Ligure Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Kabɩyɛ 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 18 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who built the four presidents on mount rushmore
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"Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore, a batholith in the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota, United States. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, Lincoln Borglum.[2][3] Mount Rushmore features 60-foot (18 m) sculptures of the heads of four United States presidents: George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865).[4] The memorial park covers 1,278.45 acres (2.00 sq mi; 5.17 km2)[5] and is 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level.[6]",
"Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore, a batholith in the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota, United States. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, Lincoln Borglum.[2][3] Mount Rushmore features 60-foot (18 m) sculptures of the heads of four United States presidents: George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865).[4] The memorial park covers 1,278.45 acres (2.00 sq mi; 5.17 km2)[5] and is 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level.[6]"
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"Gutzon Borglum",
"Lincoln Borglum"
] |
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Alcohol laws of New York
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Alcohol laws of New York - wikipedia Alcohol laws of New York This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Location of New York The alcohol laws of New York are among the most lenient of any state in the Atlantic Northeast of the United States , but they remain considerably more restrictive than those of Louisiana , Missouri ( see alcohol laws of Missouri ) , Nevada , Illinois , New Mexico , and Arizona . Contents 1 State Liquor Authority 2 For consumption on - premises 2.1 B.Y.O. Policy 2.2 Research 3 For consumption off - premises 3.1 Ownership restrictions 4 Dry communities 5 Drinking age 6 Drunk driving 6.1 Research 7 Public intoxication 8 See also 9 References State liquor Authority ( edit ) Further information : New York State Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control The New York State Liquor Authority ( NYSLA ) and its agency arm , the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control ( DABC ) , were established under New York State Law in 1934 to `` regulate and control the manufacture and distribution within the state of alcoholic beverages for the purpose of fostering and promoting temperance in their consumption and respect for and obedience to law . '' The SLA is also authorized by statute to `` determine whether public convenience and advantage will be promoted by the issuance of licenses to traffic in alcoholic beverages ... and to carry out the increase or decrease in the number thereof and the location of premises licensed ... in the public interest . '' For consumption on - premises ( edit ) In New York , for the purposes of state law , there are only four hours out of each day of the week ( with the exception of Sunday ) in which alcohol may not be served : 4 : 00 a.m. to 8 : 00 a.m. This was designed to accommodate New York City nightlife as well as late night workers statewide in general . Some upstate areas such as Buffalo , Albany , and Saratoga Springs retain the 4am closing time although individual counties are free to set an earlier `` last call . '' In Binghamton , this is at 3 : 00 a.m. ; in Syracuse , Plattsburgh , Oneonta , and Rochester , bars close at 2 : 00 a.m. ; and Elmira , Geneva , and Ithaca , have some of the earliest closing times in the state at 1 a.m. For a complete list of closing hours by county , see http://www.sla.ny.gov/provisions-for-county-closing-hours . B.Y.O. Policy ( edit ) The SLA does not permit establishments to allow patrons to `` B.Y.O.B. '' if the establishment does not have a license or permit to sell alcoholic beverages . The only exception to this rule is that establishments with fewer than 20 seats can permit B.Y.O.B. However , the SLA does not have authority to take any direct action against an establishment that is not licensed with the SLA , unless the establishment is then or will be in the future applying for a liquor license . Research ( edit ) Research has been conducted into the association between closing times and crime in New York . Counties with later closing times tend to have greater rates of violent crime ( except gun violence ) , but not non-violent crime . This was true even after adjusting for socio - demographic factors . For consumption off - premises ( edit ) Only liquor stores may obtain a license to sell liquor for off - premises consumption . Grocery and drug stores may obtain a license to sell beer alone or beer and `` wine products '' , such as wine coolers ( but not wine ) . Minors visiting a liquor store must be accompanied by an adult at all times ; a violation can lead to the owner or manager being charged with second - degree unlawfully dealing with a minor , a Class B misdemeanor . Until the mid-2000s , sales of beer for off - premises consumption were prohibited statewide before noon on Sundays , a remnant of a royal decree during the Colonial era , and between 3 -- 6 a.m. any day . Changes to the law made in the last years of Governor George Pataki 's administration loosened those restrictions , and now beer sales are only prohibited from 3 -- 8 a.m. Sundays . Counties are free to adjust those hours in either direction , all the way to midnight and noon , and allow 24 - hour beer sales on other days of the week . The law also changed for liquor stores . They may now open on Sundays . ( although not before noon ) They must still remain closed on Christmas , all day . A few years after those changes , Governor David Paterson sought to allow supermarkets to sell wine as well . He argued that the increase in excise taxes collected would help the state close its budget deficit . The proposed law aroused so much opposition from liquor store owners that it was never voted on by either house of the New York State Legislature . Ownership restrictions ( edit ) A provision unique to New York requires that every license to sell wine or spirits at retail for off - premises consumption be held by a single individual who lives within a few miles of the store and holds no other such licenses in the state . It was intended to prevent any chain liquor stores from doing business in the state , and none have ever done so . However , some proprietors open other stores in the names of their family members while maintaining complete control over the other establishments . Collaboration is n't only limited to families , for example , Premier Group in western New York has three locations each individually owned and operated . Dry communities ( edit ) There are no dry counties in New York as they are not allowed to make that decision . However , individual cities and towns may . In the case of towns , the decision would also be binding on any villages within them , or the parts of villages within them . Cities and towns may become totally dry , forbidding any on - or off - premises alcohol sales , or partially dry by forbidding one or the other or applying those prohibitions only to beer or to wine and spirits . Currently there are 8 dry towns in the state , all in lightly populated rural areas upstate : Caneadea in Allegany County Clymer in Chautauqua Lapeer in Cortland County . Orwell in Oswego County Fremont and Jasper in Steuben County Berkshire in Tioga County Argyle in Washington County Ten towns forbid on - premises consumption but allow off - premises ; four allow both only at a hotel open year - round . Seventeen disallow only special on - premises consumption . The town of Spencer in Tioga County allows only off - premises and special on - premises consumption . Williamson , in Wayne County , bans on - premises sale of beer at race tracks , outdoor athletic fields and sports stadia where admission is charged . In all , there are 39 partially dry towns . Drinking age ( edit ) In response to the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984 , which reduced by up to 10 % the federal highway funding of any state which did not have a minimum purchasing age of 21 , the New York Legislature raised the drinking age from 19 to 21 , effective December 1 , 1985 . ( The drinking age had been 18 for many years before the first raise on December 4th , 1982 , to 19 . ) Persons under 21 are prohibited from purchasing alcohol or possessing alcohol with the intent to consume , unless the alcohol was given to that person by their parent or legal guardian . There is no law prohibiting where people under 21 may possess or consume alcohol that was given to them by their parents . Persons under 21 are prohibited from having a blood alcohol level of 0.02 % or higher while driving . Drunk driving ( edit ) Like every other state in the United States , driving under the influence is a crime in New York , and is subject to a great number of regulations outside of the state 's alcohol laws . New York 's maximum blood alcohol level for driving is 0.08 % for persons over the age of 21 and there is a `` zero tolerance '' policy for persons under 21 . Minors caught with any alcohol in the blood ( defined legally as 0.02 % or more , presumably to avoid false positives ) are subject to license revocation for 6 months or more . Other penalties for drunken driving include fines , license suspension / revocation , and possible imprisonment , and in some cases the implementation of an ignition interlock device . A lesser charge , driving with ability impaired ( DWAI ) , may apply when a driver 's BAC exceeds 0.05 % . Research ( edit ) Research suggests that misdemeanor drunk driving offenses , but not felony drunk driving offenses , are related to county - based closing times for on - premises licensed venues . Requirements for ignition interlock device 's for first - time DWI offending introduced with Leandra 's Law might explain why there was no relationship between alcohol availability and felony drunk driving offenses . Public intoxication ( edit ) New York State has no law against being intoxicated from alcohol in public , but there is a law prohibiting other substances . Any person found under the influence of a substance other than alcohol in public who is endangering themselves and others is guilty under the New York State Penal Code . This also applies to those found under the influence and bothering others or damaging public or private property . Drinking in public was outlawed in New York City by Ed Koch in 1979 . The law was originally pitched as targeting antisocial derelicts congregating in parks and on sidewalks , with Frederick E. Samuel , one of the measure 's proponents in the New York City Council , stating `` We do not recklessly expect the police to give a summons to a Con Ed worker having a beer with his lunch '' . By the end of the year similar laws had spread to municipalities in Westchester County . In March 2016 , drinking in public in Manhattan was decriminalized . See also ( edit ) Sumptuary law Law of New York References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Agency Mission Statement - New York State Liquor Authority - Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control Jump up ^ http://www.sla.ny.gov/bring-your-own-bottle-byob ^ Jump up to : Lisa Fickenscher ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Most BYOB restaurants are breaking the law '' . Crain Communications . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Timothy P. ; Denson , Thomas F. ( 2013 ) . `` Alcohol Outlet Business Hours and Violent Crime in New York State '' ( PDF ) . Alcohol and Alcoholism. 48 : 363 -- 369 . doi : 10.1093 / alcalc / agt003 . Jump up ^ http://www.sla.ny.gov/definition-of-license-classes ^ Jump up to : `` Provisions for county closing hours '' . New York State Liquor Authority . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laws of New York - ABC Article 9 Local Option '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Local Options : List of Dry Towns and Partially Dry Towns '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 24 . , New York State Liquor Authority ; 27 February 2013 ; retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State University of New York '' . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New York State `` Zero Tolerance Law '' `` . State of New York Governor 's Traffic Safety Committee . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Westchester. gove '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ New York State Department of Motor Vehicles : Frequently Asked Questions : Driving While Intoxicated ( DWI ) Archived 2012 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Schofield , Timothy P. ; Denson , Thomas F. ( 2013 ) . `` Temporal Alcohol Availability Predicts First - Time Drunk Driving , but Not Repeat Offending '' . PLOS One . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0071169 . ^ Jump up to : Quindlen , Anna ( May 10 , 1979 ) . `` New York to Ban Alcoholic Drinks in Public Areas . '' The New York Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Arlene ( October 21 , 1979 ) . `` Localities Temper Public Drinking . '' The New York Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` District Attorney Vance , Commissioner Bratton , Mayor De Blasio Announce New Structural Changes to Criminal Summonses Issued in Manhattan '' ( press release ) . March 1 , 2016 . Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_New_York&oldid=863108958 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States by state New York ( state ) law Controlled substances in New York ( state ) Food and drink in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 19 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did drinking age change to 21 in ny
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"In response to the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, which reduced by up to 10% the federal highway funding of any state which did not have a minimum purchasing age of 21, the New York Legislature raised the drinking age from 19 to 21, effective December 1, 1985. (The drinking age had been 18 for many years before the first raise on December 4th, 1982, to 19.) Persons under 21 are prohibited from purchasing alcohol or possessing alcohol with the intent to consume, unless the alcohol was given to that person by their parent or legal guardian. There is no law prohibiting where people under 21 may possess or consume alcohol that was given to them by their parents.[10] Persons under 21 are prohibited from having a blood alcohol level of 0.02% or higher while driving.[11][12]\n"
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"December 1, 1985"
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Honeybus
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Honeybus - wikipedia Honeybus Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Honeybus Background information Origin London , England Genres Pop , baroque pop , soft rock , psychedelic pop , beat Years active April 1967 -- 1973 Labels Deram Records Past members Pete Dello Ray Cane Colin Hare Pete Kircher Jim Kelly Lloyd Courtenay Honeybus were a 1960s pop group formed in April 1967 , in London . They are best known for their 1968 UK Top 10 hit single , `` I Ca n't Let Maggie Go '' , written by Pete Dello who also composed their previous single `` ( Do I Figure ) In Your Life '' , later recorded by Dave Berry , Ian Matthews , Joe Cocker , Dave Stewart , Paul Carrack , Samantha Jones , Dana and Pierce Turner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Line - up 3 Post Honeybus 4 Discography 4.1 Original albums 4.2 Posthumous compilation albums 4.3 Singles 5 References 6 Other sources 7 External links Career ( edit ) The band 's main composers were Dello and Ray Cane although other members contributed songs . The group 's supporters and critics , amongst them Kenny Everett , compared the band to Rubber Soul - era Beatles . Honeybus had a major hit with 1968 's `` I Ca n't Let Maggie Go '' , which was so popular that it earned the band a cover photo on the popular music magazine , Disc and Music Echo , for which they posed atop a red London bus . `` I Ca n't Let Maggie Go '' reached Number 8 in the UK Singles Chart , in April 1968 , staying in the Top 40 for over two months . Dello resigned in August 1968 . The band recruited Jim Kelly on guitar and vocals to replace him and Cane began songwriting and performing lead vocals . This line - up scored minor successes with `` She Sold Blackpool Rock '' and `` Girl Of Independent Means '' . Honeybus eventually disbanded late in 1969 . Their 1970 album Story , without an active band to promote it , failed to chart . However ; it is now highly collectable and sells for around £ 1,000 in perfect condition . It has since been re-issued on compact disc . Dello , Hare and Kelly all went on to record solo material in the early 1970s that was critically acclaimed but failed to achieve significant commercial success . The Dello line - up of the band reunited in 1971 to record a new body of songs for the Bell Records label and a complete LP , Recital , for the British division of Warner Bros. Records . A change in management at Warner Brothers meant that Recital was never issued . `` I Ca n't Let Maggie Go '' , was also a top 10 hit in Italy , with a version made by Equipe 84 , entitled `` Un angelo blu '' ( `` A blue angel '' ) . It enjoyed an unexpected reprise in popularity in the 1970s , when it was used as the soundtrack for a television advertisement for `` Nimble '' , a bread produced for slimmers . Line - up ( edit ) Honeybus ( Dutch TV , 1968 ) The best known line - up consisted of : Pete Dello ( born Peter Blumsom , 26 May 1942 , Oxford , Oxfordshire ) -- vocals , keyboards , guitar Ray Cane ( born Raymond John Byart , 15 September 1943 , Hackney , East London ) -- vocals , bass , keyboards Colin Hare ( born Colin Nicholas Nicol , 4 June 1946 , Combe , near Bath , Somerset ) -- rhythm guitar , vocals Pete Kircher ( born Peter Derek Kircher , 21 January 1945 , Folkestone , Kent ) -- drums , vocals Jim Kelly ( born James Kelly , 19 December 1946 , Dundee , Scotland - died 26 December 1995 , Dundee , Scotland ) -- lead guitar , vocals Lloyd Courtenay ( born 20 December 1944 , Wallasey , Cheshire ) - drums ( only recording for `` Story '' album ) Post Honeybus ( edit ) Kircher left the group in the summer of 1969 and went on tour with Engelbert Humperdinck . He was replaced by drummer Lloyd Courtney for the remainder of the sessions for their debut album . Kircher 's drumming career saw him joining several bands , among them Compass with Billy Bremner , Roger Rettig and Brian Hodgson , Shanghai , John Scott Cree , Liverpool Express , Original Mirrors and Status Quo . He retired from the music industry after Quo 's appearance at Live Aid . Kelly released a solo single in 1969 on Deram entitled `` Mary Mary '' b / w `` Rev. Richard Bailey '' , both written by Cane , but it failed to chart . Kelly joined the Sleaz Band in the 1970s and they released `` All I Want Is You '' on the Fontana label . An album was also recorded , but never released . He died on Boxing Day in 1995 after a long illness . After a number of years out of the spotlight , Hare released new solo material in 2002 . He now runs an official Honeybus website . In 2007 Hare played a few gigs with a completely new Honeybus line - up minus Dello . Surviving members of Honeybus were briefly reunited for a Dutch television programme `` Single Luck '' in 2003 . A solo EP , `` Down From Pitswood '' , featured two original and long - forgotten Honeybus songs , which the band had recorded for BBC Radio sessions in the late 1960s . Discography ( edit ) Original albums ( edit ) 1970 Story 1973 Recital ( unreleased although promo copies exist and sell for over £ 800 ) Posthumous compilation albums ( edit ) 1989 Honeybus At Their Best 1993 Old Masters , Hidden Treasures 1997 At Their Best 1999 The Honeybus Story 2002 She Flies Like A Bird : The Anthology ( features previously unreleased songs such as `` Big Ship '' ) Singles ( edit ) 1967 `` Delighted To See You '' ( Dello ) b / w `` The Breaking Up Scene '' ( Cane ) - Deram Records 1967 `` ( Do I Figure ) In Your Life '' ( Dello ) b / w `` Throw My Love Away '' ( Cane ) - Deram 1968 `` I Ca n't Let Maggie Go '' ( Dello ) b / w `` Tender Are The Ashes '' ( Dello ) - Deram 1968 `` Girl Of Independent Means '' ( Cane ) b / w `` How Long '' ( Kircher - Cane - Hare ) - Deram 1969 `` She Sold Blackpool Rock '' ( Cane ) b / w `` Would You Believe '' ( Hare ) - Deram 1969 `` La Cicogna '' ( Italian version of `` She Sold Blackpool Rock '' ) b / w `` Chi Sei Tu '' ( Italian version of `` Ceilings No 2 '' ) - Decca 1972 `` Story '' ( Cane ) b / w `` The Right To Choose '' ( Cane ) - Deram ( recorded in January 1970 ) 1972 `` She Is The Female To My Soul '' ( Dello ) b / w `` For Where Have You Been '' ( Hare ) - Bell Records 1973 `` For You Baby '' ( Dello ) b / w `` Little Lovely One '' ( Dello ) - WEA 1976 `` I Ca n't Let Maggie Go '' ( Dello ) b / w `` Julie In My Heart '' ( Dello ) - Decca Records reissue 1982 `` I Ca n't Let Maggie Go '' ( Dello ) / `` Tender Are The Ashes '' ( Dello ) - Further Decca reissue References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 258 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Eder . `` Honeybus Biography & History '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tobler , John ( 1992 ) . NME Rock ' N ' Roll Years ( 1st ed . ) . London : Reed International Books Ltd. p. 187 . CN 5585 . Jump up ^ `` HONEYBUS - story 1970 UK DERAM LP ORIG , PSYCH LP MINT - auction details '' . Popsike.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Nimble Bread - Classic Brands '' . Sites.google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Honeybus Recital LP 72 Promo only Psych Acid Folk Pop Warner K 46248 mint - RARE - auction details '' . Popsike.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Other sources ( edit ) Mojo Collection 3rd . Edition - Story ; Honeybus - Best albums of the 70s . External links ( edit ) A tribute to Honeybus Honeybus Recital MusicBrainz : 240c4d89 - 82a9 - 4d2c - bab2 - d4b8b0161692 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honeybus&oldid=778565210 '' Categories : English pop music groups Beat groups Deram Records artists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2017 , at 22 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sang i can't let maggie go
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"Honeybus were a 1960s pop group formed in April 1967, in London. They are best known for their 1968 UK Top 10 hit single, \"I Can't Let Maggie Go\",[1] written by Pete Dello who also composed their previous single \"(Do I Figure) In Your Life\", later recorded by Dave Berry, Ian Matthews, Joe Cocker, Dave Stewart, Paul Carrack, Samantha Jones, Dana and Pierce Turner."
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"Honeybus"
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Super Bowl LII
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Super Bowl LII - wikipedia Super Bowl LII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) New England Patriots ( AFC ) 41 33 Total PHI 9 13 7 12 41 NE 9 14 7 33 Date February 4 , 2018 Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota MVP Nick Foles , Quarterback Favorite Patriots by 5.5 Referee Gene Steratore Attendance 67,612 Ceremonies National anthem Pink Coin toss Hershel W. Williams , representing Medal of Honor recipients Halftime show Justin Timberlake TV in the United States Network NBC Universo ( Spanish language ) Announcers Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Edgar López ( play - by - play - Universo ) René Giraldo and Rolando Cantú ( analysts - Universo ) Verónica Contreras ( sidelines - Universo ) Nielsen ratings 43.1 ( national ) 56.2 ( Philadelphia ) 55.9 ( Boston ) U.S. viewership : 103.4 million est . avg . Market share 68 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $5 million Radio in the United States Network Westwood One ESPN Deportes Radio ( Spanish language ) Announcers Kevin Harlan ( play - by - play ) Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren ( analysts ) Ed Werder and Tony Boselli ( sideline reporters ) Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play - ESPN Deportes Radio ) Raúl Allegre ( analyst - ESPN Deportes Radio ) John Sutcliffe ( sideline - ESPN Deportes Radio ) ← LI Super Bowl LIII → Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference ( AFC ) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city . New England finished the regular season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 record , then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten , their third in four years , and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . Philadelphia also finished the regular season with a 13 -- 3 record but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season - ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles . Still , the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance , having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX . Several records were set during Super Bowl LII , including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined ( 1,151 ) , the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl ( one ) , and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team ( 33 ) . The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1 : 05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points , and Brady 's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired . Foles , who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception , and caught a one - yard touchdown pass , was named Super Bowl MVP . The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years , with an average of 103.4 million viewers . Average TV viewership for the halftime show , headlined by Justin Timberlake , was 106.6 million American television viewers , 9 percent less than the previous year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - city selection 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 2 New England Patriots 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pre-game notes 1.4. 1 Operations 1.4. 2 Associated events 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Advertising 2.1. 2 Lead - out programs 2.2 International broadcasts 2.2. 1 Brazil 2.2. 2 Canada 2.2. 3 United Kingdom 2.2. 4 Germany 2.2. 5 France 2.2. 6 U.S. military bases 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pre-game 3.2 Halftime show 4 Game summary 4.1 First half 4.2 Second half 4.3 Game statistics 4.4 Box score 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual statistics 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host - city selection ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where Super Bowl LII was held . On October 8 , 2013 , the league announced that three venues would vie to host Super Bowl LII : U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which was torn down after the 2013 season and replaced in 2014 and 2015 by U.S. Bank Stadium . Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The city has hosted 10 Super Bowls , including seven at the Superdome , most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . On May 20 , 2014 , the league 's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta , Georgia . Teams ( edit ) The NFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles , while the AFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed New England Patriots , marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Nick Foles in 2014 . The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , the same as New England , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh , but the various tie - breaking provisions gave them the NFC 's top seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . It was a substantial improvement for the team under second - year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7 -- 9 records . In the 2017 season , the team scored 457 points ( third in the NFL ) , while giving up just 295 ( fourth ) points . The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz . In just his second season , he recorded a passer rating of 101.9 , throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns , with only seven interceptions . His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz , who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns . Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off - season free agency : Alshon Jeffery , who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores ; and Torrey Smith , who had 36 receptions for 430 yards . Meanwhile , third - year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career , hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns , a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined . The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players , LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi . Blount , an off - season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots , gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns , while Ajayi , picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins , rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams . Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line , lead by two Pro Bowl selections : Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks . The Eagles defense allowed the fourth - fewest yards in the league ( 4,904 ) . Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career , recording 5 ⁄ sacks and two fumble recoveries , and he had plenty of help around him , such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long , who had five sacks and forced four fumbles , and defensive end Brandon Graham , who led the team with 9 ⁄ sacks . Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88 . The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins , who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions , along with cornerback Patrick Robinson , who led the team with four interceptions . Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games , but suffered a major setback on December 10 , when Wentz went down with a season - ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles , who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles . Still , Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game , as well as the next two . The Eagles lost a meaningless week 17 matchup with the Cowboys led by third - string quarterback Nate Sudfeld . Then in their two playoff games , Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards , three touchdowns and no interceptions . New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New England Patriots season Tom Brady in 2016 . The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions . For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65 - year old coach Bill Belichick , they recorded a double - digit win season , finishing the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , one of four teams ( along with Philadelphia , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh ) with that record . By virtue of the tie - breaking procedures , they were granted the AFC 's number one overall seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . The previous season 's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season - ending injury . Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2 -- 2 record after four weeks , and the worst overall defense in the league at that point . The defense came together as a unit , and tighten up over the rest of the season however , with the Patriots going 11 -- 1 after week 4 . Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins , a division rival , though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one - game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week . The Patriots ' defense was improved by several late - season free - agent signings , including Eric Lee , a defensive end , previously from the Buffalo Bills , whom the Patriots signed in Week 12 , and James Harrison , a perennial All - Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers , whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas . In just six games for New England , Lee recorded 3 ⁄ sacks , a safety , and an interception . In his only regular season game with the Patriots , Harrison recorded two sacks . During the regular season , New England 's offense led the league in yards gained ( 6,307 ) and ranked second in points scored ( 458 ) . The 40 - year - old Brady finished his 18th season with a league - leading 4,577 passing yards , 32 touchdowns and just eight interceptions , earning him his 13th selection to the Pro Bowl and his third league MVP award . One change that helped make up for the loss of Edelman was the acquisition of receiver Brandin Cooks , who caught 65 passes for 1,082 yards and seven touchdowns . Brady was also aided by the healthy return of Gronkowski , who had played just eight games in the previous season , finishing this year with 69 catches for 1,084 yards and eight scores . Receiver Danny Amendola added 61 receptions for 659 yards , as well as another 240 yards returning punts . With the loss of their previous season 's rushing leader LeGarrette Blount to free agency , Dion Lewis stepped up to take the lead , rushing for 896 yards and six touchdowns despite starting only eight games . He also caught 32 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns and added 570 yards and another touchdown returning kickoffs . Rex Burkhead chipped in 518 all - purpose yards , 30 receptions , and eight touchdowns . In passing situations , the team relied heavily on running back James White , who caught 56 passes for 429 yards and rushed for 171 on the ground . These backs were aided by the blocking of fullback James Develin , who earned his first Pro Bowl selection . On special teams , kicker Stephen Gostkowski ranked second in the NFL with 156 points and fourth in field goals made with 37 , while veteran special team ace Matthew Slater earned his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection . The Patriots ' defense ranked only 29th in yards allowed ( 5,856 ) , but ranked fifth in fewest points , giving up only 296 . Defensive end Trey Flowers led the team with 6 ⁄ sacks while also forcing two fumbles . Linebacker Kyle Van Noy had 73 tackles and 5 ⁄ sacks . The Patriots also had a superb secondary , led by cornerbacks Malcolm Butler ( two interceptions , three forced fumbles ) and Stephon Gilmore ( two interceptions , 47 solo tackles ) , as well as safeties Devin McCourty ( 97 combined tackles , one interception , one fumble recovery ) , Patrick Chung ( 84 tackles , one interception , two fumble recoveries ) and Duron Harmon ( four interceptions ) . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs In the playoffs , the Patriots earned a first - round bye and home - field advantage due to their status as the AFC 's first overall seed . In the divisional round , they defeated the Tennessee Titans 35 -- 14 , as Brady passed for 337 yards and three touchdowns . In that game , the defense amassed eight quarterback sacks of Marcus Mariota and held the Titans ' running game to 65 yards rushing . They then defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 24 -- 20 in the AFC Championship Game , rallying from behind to win the game after the Jaguars jumped out to an early 14 -- 3 lead and whose league - best defense stymied Brady and the rest of the offense for most of the first half . Down 20 -- 10 in the fourth quarter , the Patriots comeback was sealed by two Brady - led drives , both resulting in touchdown passes to Danny Amendola , as well as a key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore , whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville 's last chance to score . Rob Gronkowski was injured in the game with a concussion , leaving his status for the Super Bowl in doubt . Amendola was the breakout star for the Patriots during their two playoff wins , leading the team with 196 receiving yards , and serving as Brady 's primary target . Meanwhile , Philadelphia started off the divisional round by narrowly defeating the Atlanta Falcons 15 -- 10 , by stopping the Falcons on four consecutive plays after they had a first - down - and - goal situation on the Eagles 9 - yard line during their final drive . They then soundly defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship Game . Despite the Vikings scoring on their opening drive , the Eagles defense held them to three punts , two turnovers on downs , two interceptions , and one lost fumble in their remaining drives of the game . Meanwhile , Foles had a great game , in which he completed 26 of 33 passes for 353 yards and three touchdowns . Pregame notes ( edit ) This game was a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX . Only one player , Patriots starting quarterback Tom Brady , remained on either roster from that contest . Bill Belichick , the Patriots ' head coach in that contest , also remained in that position . Two Eagles , running back LeGarrette Blount and defensive lineman Chris Long , had been Patriots in 2017 's Super Bowl LI . The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII , because the AFC team is the designated home team in even - numbered years and the NFC team in odd - numbered years . As the designated home team , the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants , becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back - to - back Super Bowls , following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII . The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants . Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys . The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV ( who , coincidentally , had also worn green jerseys ) . Operations ( edit ) Security prescreening at the Mall of America before boarding the Metro Blue Line to U.S. Bank Stadium . To coordinate the game and 10 days of events , the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium . More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days . Among them were some 5,000 - plus media members ; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota . No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events , including parking . To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium , the stadium 's light rail station was shut down for 48 hours before the game , and a nearby homeless shelter was temporarily moved beyond the security perimeter . The Blue Line of the light rail system was only open to ticketholders and passengers with a Gameday Pass , while the Green Line only ran to Stadium Village station on the University of Minnesota campus before continuing on with restricted access . Metro Transit ran shuttle buses between light rail stations , as well as regular bus service was moved for several weeks due to street closures . Thirty activist groups organized a rally and protest against police brutality , corporate greed , and racist practices . 17 people blocked the Green Line train for 90 minutes before the game , and 200 protesters blocked an entrance to the stadium 's security perimeter . Under a 1998 agreement , the Patriots and Eagles owners split the tickets , and the league controlled the game presentation and entertainment in the stadium . The Patriots practiced at the Minnesota Vikings facilities in Eden Prairie while the Eagles used the University of Minnesota . The Eagles got the Vikings ' locker room and sideline . The Vikings had advanced to the NFC Championship Game before losing to the Eagles ; until that point , the possibility of the Vikings advancing to the Super Bowl and thus becoming the first team to play the game in its home stadium was plausible . Had that happened , the Vikings would have used their own locker rooms and training facilities , while the AFC champion would have used the University of Minnesota . Associated events ( edit ) Nicollet Mall hosted the outdoor Super Bowl Live festival during the lead - up to the game . The Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee presented Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis . This ten - day free festival and concert series featured Sheila E. , the Revolution , Morris Day and the Time , and the New Power Generation , musicians from Minnesota who collaborated with Prince , a Minneapolis native . Produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Super Bowl Live also included performances by Idina Menzel , Soul Asylum , the Suburbs , Bob Mould , Sounds of Blackness , Dessa , VocalEssence , Mint Condition , and the Jets . In addition to the concert series , Super Bowl Live featured a 200 - foot ( 61 m ) American Birkebeiner International Bridge on Nicollet Mall to showcase cross-country skiing , skijoring , fat - tire bicycle racing , and snow tubing demonstrations . There was also a snowmobile stunt show on February 3 . The NFL presented the Super Bowl Experience at the Minneapolis Convention Center from January 27 to February 3 with an entrance fee . Kelly Clarkson performed at the Minneapolis Armory and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl . The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez , Imagine Dragons , and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium . Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl . Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed `` listening session '' of his newest album at Prince 's Paisley Park . Dave Matthews Band will perform at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul . The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani , the Chainsmokers , Florida Georgia Line , and Kygo . Planners originally scheduled a 64,000 - square - foot ( 5,900 m ) traveling nightclub for 9500 people , but cancelled , moving its concerts into the main casino . Ellie Goulding 's appearance with Kygo was cancelled at the same time . The Mystic Lake Casino in Prior Lake , Minnesota , has the second - largest hotel in the Twin Cities metropolitan area , and Prior Lake hosted Super Bowl - week events including winter activities , a hotdish competition , and fundraisers . Other events were held at the Mall of America ( including Radio Row as a home for national shows ) , Saint Paul 's RiverCentre and Xcel Energy Center , the Minnesota Vikings ' Winter Park location in Eden Prairie , and the University of Minnesota . `` Taste of the NFL '' is a fundraiser for food banks and was held in Saint Paul . Minneapolis also offered a temporary zip - line across the Mississippi River near downtown . The Luminary Loppet around Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis featured fire dancing , an ice pyramid , and luminary candles at night . The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival took place leading up to , during and after the Super Bowl . Carnival organizers built a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities , as with Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 . The ice palace was planned , cancelled for lack of funds , then re-announced with sponsors . Events in Saint Paul will also include an extreme sports demonstration , a `` giant slide '' , and a block party . Officials in the capital city hoped to attract Minneapolis Super Bowl visitors . The Minneapolis Institute of Art had a free 20 - by - 40 - foot ( 6.1 m × 12.2 m ) , 6 - foot - tall ( 1.8 m ) ice maze . The Great Northern was a winter festival in the Twin Cities from January 25 to February 4 that included the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships , an ice bar , and an `` urban ski competition '' . ESPN broadcast its studio programming from the IDS Center in downtown Minneapolis , while Golf Channel ( a sister network of Super Bowl LII broadcaster NBC ) aired two live episodes of David Feherty 's eponymous series from the State Theatre . Native American communities of Minnesota performed nightly drum ceremonies . Various drumlines from around the state performed at different locations throughout the day . Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) NBC broadcast Super Bowl LII , as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL . NBC 's lead NFL team of play - by - play man Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth called the game . Sister cable network Universo carried a full Spanish language broadcast produced by Telemundo Deportes , with Edgar Lopez and Rene Giraldo . The Universo Spanish audio was also available on NBC through the SAP channel , where available . This was the last game in Westwood One 's current national radio contract with the NFL . Each participating team 's flagship station ( the Patriots Radio Network 's WBZ - FM / Boston , and the Eagles Radio Network 's WIP - FM / Philadelphia , along with WEMG / Camden , New Jersey for Spanish play - by - play ) carried the game with local announcers . ( For the second consecutive year , none of the local flagships are clear - channel stations , and thus the local commentators were only audible for free within each respective team 's immediate metropolitan area ; listeners who live outside the flagship stations ' broadcast ranges were required to subscribe to Sirius XM Radio or TuneIn Premium to access the local broadcasts . ) Under the terms of the Westwood One contract , any radio station that is not a local flagship , if it is to carry the game , is required to utilize the Westwood One feed . It was the first title win called by Eagles play - by - play announcer Merrill Reese , who has been the primary radio voice of the team since 1977 . Online streams of the game were provided by NBC . It was available on NBCSports.com , the NBC Sports app for mobile devices , tablets , connected - TV devices , and NBC.com without any required login . The Spanish - language broadcast was available on the Telemundo Deportes En Vivo app and TelemundoDeportes.com for desktop devices , connected TV devices , and tablets but not mobile devices . Under new digital rights deals that began with the 2017 -- 18 playoffs , Verizon still offers mobile streaming of games , but no longer holds exclusive rights to stream NFL games on smartphones or make them exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers . Instead , Verizon elected to use use the deal to bolster its recent acquisition of Yahoo ! ; on January 9 , 2018 , Verizon announced that it would host streams of playoff games through the Yahoo ! Sports and go90 app , including Super Bowl LII . As a result of the deal , the online stream was available to viewers on all Internet devices for the first time , regardless of network ( because of Verizon 's previous exclusive rights deal , non-Verizon phones had previously been blocked from receiving any NFL telecasts , regardless of source ) . The game was also available through the NFL Mobile app with the aforementioned change to viewing through the app now being allowed on all mobile carriers . Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh served as the lead hosts for NBC 's pre-game coverage . Mike Tirico , who replaced the retiring Bob Costas in 2017 as NBC 's lead studio host for both the NFL and the Olympic Games , did not participate in coverage of Super Bowl LII due to his commitments to prepare for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea ( which opened on the Friday following the game ) . Nielsen reported a 47.4 / 70 % overnight rating in metered markets , peaking at 52.2 / 74 during the fourth quarter . These numbers are about 3 % lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI , and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 . Advertising ( edit ) Dan Lovinger , NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales , stated to Variety in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price `` north of $5 million '' ( the price set for the previous two Super Bowls ) for a 30 - second commercial during Super Bowl LII . Taking advantage of the 2018 Winter Olympics , which began five days after the Super Bowl and marked the first time since 1992 that a single broadcast network aired both the Super Bowl and Winter Olympics in the same year , NBC disclosed plans to offer advertising packages that covered both Super Bowl LII and the Olympics . NBC estimated that it would bring in at least $1 billion in advertising revenue from the two events . During the second quarter , an equipment failure caused NBC 's broadcast to experience dead air for 30 seconds during a commercial break . No actual commercial time was lost . Anheuser - Busch has , as it has done in previous Super Bowls , purchased multiple commercials in the game , advertising Bud Light , Stella Artois and Michelob Ultra . For the first time since Super Bowl VIII , the company reduced the appearances of the Budweiser Clydesdales in a Super Bowl commercial . However , a Clydesdale was featured in a commercial for Tide detergent and the Budweiser Clydesdales only appeared in a 5 - second Budweiser commercial to remind viewers of the `` ClydesdaleCam '' livestreaming event . Other signed advertisers included The Coca - Cola Company and Avocados from Mexico . Cellphone carrier T - Mobile aired a minute long ad with actress Kerry Washington narrating , featuring babies of various ethnic backgrounds . The commercial also features Nirvana 's song `` All Apologies '' played as a lullaby . In the ad , Washington talks about the babies being born with natural instincts of love and not racism calling them `` unstoppable '' and that they will demand fair and equal pay . T - Mobile CEO John Legere posted to his Twitter account afterwards saying , `` This year , we wanted to use our # SuperBowl airtime to share that @ TMobile believes we all started in the same place . We are more alike than different . And we are unstoppable . '' Fiat Chrysler subsidiary Ram Trucks was met with swift and harsh criticism for its use of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr 's sermon `` The Drum Major Instinct '' . Major news outlets and social media erupted in the controversy . Particularly disturbing to many viewers was the selective exploitation of King 's anti-consumerist , anti-advertising speech in an attempt to sell trucks . Lead - out programs ( edit ) NBC 's lead - out program was an episode of This Is Us , titled `` Super Bowl Sunday '' , alongside a special episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from Minneapolis ' Orpheum Theatre , with halftime performer Justin Timberlake , Dwayne Johnson , Chris Stapleton and the cast of This Is Us as guests . In a surprise move , Netflix used its advertising time to announce it had acquired the rights to The Cloverfield Paradox , the third film in the Cloverfield series , and would make it available immediately after the game , potentially undercutting viewership of the lucrative post-game slot on NBC . International broadcasts ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) The Super Bowl was shown live by ESPN Brasil , with Paulo Antunes and Everaldo Marques as the announcers for the evening . It was also shown live on Cinemark , Cinépolis , Kinoplex and UCI movie theaters across the country . Canada ( edit ) The U.S. telecasts of Super Bowl LII were available through local U.S. broadcast stations that are carried on Canadian cable and satellite providers , as well as on border blasters near the Canada -- United States border . The last appeals attempting to force simultaneous substitution , as had been allowed through Super Bowl 50 but had been repealed in 2016 , over the telecasts were exhausted in December 2017 . Bell Canada holds broadcast rights for local stations in Canada and aired the game across its networks on CTV , CTV Two , RDS ( for French ) , TSN Radio and TSN2 ; TSN 's regional networks did not carry the game due to a schedule conflict with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts , the national women 's curling championship . Bell reprised the previous year 's usage of a sweepstakes and entertainment features to retain Canadian audiences . On RDS , the announcer was David Arsenault with Pierre Vercheval as analyst and Didier Orméjuste on the sidelines . United kingdom ( edit ) As per recent years , Super Bowl LII aired live on BBC One for no additional cost over the license fee . It was also available on Sky Sports with a subscription , through a Now TV Sports Pass , or as part of the NFL Gamepass Playoffs package . In a change to tradition , the BBC chose to use NBC 's feed instead of the NFL Films and NFL Network produced World Feed . Germany ( edit ) ProSieben broadcast the Super Bowl for the first time , after it had previously been on sister channel Sat. 1 since Super Bowl XLVI . It was shown for no additional cost in standard - definition and on ProSieben HD in high - definition on HD+ as well as multiple cable and IPTV providers . It was also available on internet streaming service DAZN for no cost in addition to the regular subscription fee . France ( edit ) beIn Sports2 and W9 broadcast the event . U.S. military bases ( edit ) American Forces Network carried the Super Bowl live to members of the United States Armed Forces in Eurasia . Entertainment ( edit ) Pregame ( edit ) The inside of the stadium on game day . Pink performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , while Leslie Odom Jr. sang `` America the Beautiful '' . Pink spit out a throat lozenge shortly before singing the anthem , later verified after many commentators thought she had spit out a piece of gum . She reported being ill with flu symptoms during her performance . No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem , in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2017 and 2016 seasons . Fifteen Medal of Honor recipients participated in the coin toss ceremony . World War II hero Hershel W. Williams was the honorary captain and had the honors of flipping the coin . Halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show Justin Timberlake performs on piano alongside projected archive footage of Prince during the Super Bowl LII halftime show . Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show , along with his band `` The Tennessee Kids '' and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band . Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC , and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Janet Jackson . Timberlake 's performance drew criticism for not being `` spectacular '' , looking to be safe and avoid incidents such as the infamous `` wardrobe malfunction '' encountered during his performance with Jackson , and for incorporating a video of Prince , who opposed performances combining the dead and the living . Game Summary ( edit ) First half ( edit ) A Philadelphia Eagles handoff during the first quarter . The New England Patriots won the opening coin toss and elected to defer to the second half . The Patriots kicked off to the Eagles , who opened the game with a 14 - play , 67 - yard drive that took 7 : 05 off the clock and resulted in a 25 - yard Jake Elliott field goal , giving the Eagles a 3 -- 0 lead . The drive was controlled by the arm of Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , who completed 6 of 9 passes to five different receivers for 61 yards , with a few short runs by LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi mixed in . Foles also made two critical completions on third down plays , hitting Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard gain on third - and - 4 , and later found Torrey Smith for a 15 - yard completion on third - and - 12 . The Patriots responded with a drive of their own , almost with the exact same results ; quarterback Tom Brady completed 6 of 8 passes for 60 yards to four different receivers , the longest a 28 - yard strike to Chris Hogan . The drive stalled out on the Eagles 8 - yard line , where they had to settle for Stephen Gostkowski 's 26 - yard field goal , which tied the game at 3 -- 3 . The game 's first touchdown was scored by the Eagles on the next drive , taking only three plays : a short pass from Foles to Nelson Agholor , a 36 - yard run up the middle by Blount , and a 34 - yard touchdown pass from Foles to Jeffery to the left side of the field . The ensuing extra point attempt from Elliott was missed wide right , which made the score 9 -- 3 in favor of the Eagles . The Patriots responded by advancing the ball to the Philadelphia 11 - yard line on their next drive , which was set up by a 50 - yard completion from Brady to Danny Amendola , where the quarter ended . With the second quarter under way , the Patriots came away empty - handed on the drive , as Gostkowski missed a 26 - yard field goal attempt after holder Ryan Allen mishandled the snap . New England 's defense forced the game 's only punt on the next drive . On the following drive , Brady completed a 23 - yard pass to Brandin Cooks , but a hard hit by defender Malcolm Jenkins knocked the receiver out of the game with a concussion . On third down from near mid-field , the Patriots attempted a trick play that involved two handoffs and a pass downfield to Tom Brady . Brady was open , but dropped the throw from Amendola . They went for it on fourth down , and a pass intended for tight end Rob Gronkowski fell incomplete , giving the Eagles the ball on their own 35 - yard line on a turnover - on - downs . The Eagles capitalized on a drive featuring two key completions , a 19 - yard catch by Zach Ertz on third - and - 7 , and a 22 - yard reception by Jeffery on the Patriots 21 - yard line . On the next play , a 21 - yard rumble by Blount gave the Eagles another touchdown . They attempted a two - point conversion , which failed and brought the score to 15 -- 3 . The Patriots quickly struck back , as Brady completed a 46 - yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the first play after the kickoff . But the team could only gain two more yards , resulting in Gostkowski 's 45 - yard field goal that got the score to 15 -- 6 . The Eagles got the ball back with 7 : 24 on the clock and looked poised to score another touchdown , when a 26 - yard run by Ajayi gave them a first down on the Patriots 43 - yard line . But on the next play , Foles threw a pass that bounced off Jeffery as he tried to make a one - handed catch , and went into the hands of Patriots safety Duron Harmon for an interception , which he returned eight yards to the 10 - yard line . The Patriots took advantage of the turnover with a seven - play , 90 - yard drive , featuring a 43 - yard completion from Brady to Hogan . On the next play , James White scored with a 26 - yard touchdown run . Gostkowski missed the ensuing extra point , but the score was now 15 -- 12 . Eagles running back Kenjon Barner returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to his own 30 - yard line as time ran down to the two - minute warning . Two plays later , on third down - and - 3 , Foles completed a short pass to running back Corey Clement , who took off for a 55 - yard gain to the New England 8 - yard line . Clement then ran the ball six yards to the two - yard line on the next play . Two plays later , Philadelphia faced fourth - and - goal on the 1 - yard line with 38 seconds left on the clock . Deciding to go for the touchdown , they attempted a similar trick play to the one that had failed for the Patriots earlier . As Foles stepped up to the running back position , Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball perfectly to Foles , who was wide open in the right side of the end zone . Foles caught the football , making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , and the ensuing extra point was good , giving the Eagles a 22 -- 12 lead , which was taken into the locker room following a short drive by the Patriots . The first half resulted in numerous Super Bowl records from both teams , including most total yards combined ( 673 ) . This was also the first time two quarterbacks had thrown for over 200 yards in the first half of a Super Bowl , with Brady throwing for 276 yards and Foles throwing for 215 yards . Second half ( edit ) The Patriots received the second - half kickoff and Brady led New England 75 yards in eight plays . Gronkowski , who only caught one pass for nine yards in the first half , caught five passes for 68 yards on the drive , the last a 5 - yard touchdown reception to make the score 22 -- 19 . The Eagles responded by moving the ball 85 yards in 11 plays on a drive that consumed less than five minutes and featured three critical third down conversions by Foles . The first was a 17 - yard pass to Agholor on third - and - 6 from the Eagles 19 - yard line . Later in the drive , he thew a 14 - yard completion to Ertz on third - and - 1 from the New England 40 - yard line . Finally , he finished the possession with a 22 - yard touchdown pass to Clement on third - and - 6 . The touchdown was held up by a replay review , but replay officials confirmed that Clement kept both feet inbounds and controlled the ball . An Elliott extra point brought the score to 29 -- 19 in favor of the Eagles . Brady responded with a 10 - play , 75 - yard drive , completing all three of his passes for 61 yards , the last one a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Hogan that brought the score to 29 -- 26 . The Eagles followed with an 8 - play , 51 - yard drive featuring a 24 - yard completion from Foles to Agholor on the first play . By the end of the third quarter , the team had made it to the New England 16 - yard line . The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32 -- 26 . However , Brady came back with another 75 - yard drive featuring a 30 - yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four - yard pass to Gronkowski , his second touchdown of the game , giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33 -- 32 . On their next drive , the Eagles faced third - and - 6 after two plays , but were able to keep the ball with a 7 - yard catch by Ertz . Eventually , they faced a fourth - and - 1 on their own 45 - yard line with 5 : 39 left in the game . Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt , Foles completed a 2 - yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive . Then after a 1 - yard Blount run , he picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10 , 18 , and 10 yards , respectively , moving the ball to the New England 14 - yard line . Following a 3 - yard run by Ajayi , Foles threw a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2 : 21 remaining in the game . The play was held up on review , as Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone ; it was however determined that he established himself as a runner and also maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line . However , a failed two - point conversion left the Eagles with a 38 -- 33 lead . On the Patriots ' next drive , Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady on the drive 's second play for the only sack of the game for either team . Defensive end Derek Barnett of the Eagles recovered the ball , allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1 : 05 and forcing New England to use up all their remaining timeouts . Elliott then kicked a 46 - yard field goal , putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points , with the score at 41 -- 33 , and New England needing a touchdown and a two - point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime . After nine plays ( one of them a 13 - yard catch by Amendola on fourth - and - 10 ) , Brady reached the 49 - yard line , and with only nine seconds remaining , he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone , to no avail as time expired . The Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history , and their first league championship since 1960 , ending what was the third - longest championship drought in the NFL at 57 years . Game Statistics ( edit ) The trophy presentation after the game . The combined 74 points scored by both teams was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75 , set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995 ; it and this game marked only the second time in the game 's history where the two teams combined for 70 + points . The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams ( combined ) with 1,151 yards , the most for any single game , regular season or postseason . The game had many other Super Bowl records set as well , including fewest punts from both teams ( one ) , most yards gained by a team ( 613 for New England ) and most points scored by a losing team ( 33 ) . Foles completed 28 - of - 43 passes for 373 yards and three touchdowns , with one interception , and caught a touchdown pass . Clement , who caught only 10 passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns during the season , was the Eagles leading receiver with four receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for eight yards . Agholor had nine receptions for 84 yards . Blount was the game 's top rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown . Brady completed 28 - of - 48 passes for 505 yards and three touchdowns , breaking the record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl that he had set in the previous season . Amendola was his top target with eight receptions for 152 yards , while Hogan had six for 128 yards and a touchdown and Gronkowski caught nine passes for 116 yards and two scores . Box score ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Eagles 9 13 7 12 41 Patriots 9 14 7 33 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : February 4 , 2018 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 67,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth , Michele Tafoya Recap , Game Book ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP PHI NE 7 : 55 14 67 7 : 05 PHI 25 - yard field goal by Elliott 0 4 : 17 9 67 3 : 38 NE 26 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 2 : 34 77 1 : 43 PHI Jeffery 34 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick no good ( wide right ) 9 8 : 48 6 65 3 : 05 PHI Blount 21 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass no good 15 7 : 24 5 48 1 : 24 NE 45 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 15 6 2 : 04 7 90 2 : 57 NE White 26 - yard touchdown run , Gostkowski kick no good ( wide left ) 15 12 0 : 34 7 70 1 : 30 PHI Foles 1 - yard touchdown reception from Burton , Elliott kick good 22 12 12 : 15 8 75 2 : 45 NE Gronkowski 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 22 19 7 : 18 11 85 4 : 57 PHI Clement 22 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick good 29 19 3 : 23 7 75 3 : 55 NE Hogan 26 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 29 26 14 : 09 8 51 4 : 14 PHI 42 - yard field goal by Elliott 32 26 9 : 22 10 75 4 : 47 NE Gronkowski 4 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 32 33 2 : 21 14 75 7 : 01 PHI Ertz 11 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , 2 - point pass no good 38 33 1 : 05 1 : 04 PHI 46 - yard field goal by Elliott 41 33 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 41 33 Final Statistics ( edit ) Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots First downs 25 29 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 19 23 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 10 / 16 5 / 10 Fourth down efficiency 2 / 2 1 / 2 Total net yards 538 613 Net yards rushing 164 113 Rushing attempts 27 22 Yards per rush 6.1 5.1 Net yards passing 374 500 Passing -- completions / attempts 29 / 44 28 / 49 Times sacked -- total yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 Interceptions thrown 0 Punt returns -- total yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 98 3 -- 44 Interceptions -- total return yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 8 Punts -- average yardage 1 -- 41 0 -- 0 Fumbles -- lost 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 6 -- 35 1 -- 5 Time of possession 34 : 04 25 : 56 Turnovers The lone Eagles punt was received with a fair catch . Records set ( Unless otherwise noted , all records were only Super Bowl records ) Most yards allowed 613 Philadelphia Eagles Most yards allowed in a win 613 Most Super Bowl appearances , as team 10 New England Patriots Most points scored in a Super Bowl , losing team 33 Most total yards , team ( game ) 613 Most passing yards , team ( postseason game ) 500 Fewest punts , team ( game ) 0 Most players , 100 or more receiving yards ( Amendola 152 , Hogan 128 , Gronkowski 116 ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as player 8 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as starting player 8 Most pass attempts , player ( career ) 357 Most pass completions , player ( career ) 235 Most passing yards , player ( any postseason game ) 505 Most passing yards , player ( career ) 2,576 Most touchdown passes , player ( career ) 18 Oldest quarterback , as player 40 years 185 days Oldest quarterback , as starting player 40 years 185 days Most Super Bowl appearances , as head coach 8 Bill Belichick ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as coach 11 Most Super Bowl appearances , in any capacity 11 Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( game ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia ) Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( career ) Most Super Bowl games with TD pass and TD reception Longest field goal kicked by a rookie 46 yards Jake Elliott ( Philadelphia ) Most receiving yards , game , tight end 116 Rob Gronkowski ( New England ) Most total yards , both teams ( any NFL game ) 1,151 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs passing , both teams ( game ) 42 Most passing yards , both teams ( any postseason game ) 874 Most missed PAT attempts , both teams ( game ) Fewest punts , both teams ( game ) Records tied Fewest times sacked , as team ( game ) 0 Philadelphia Eagles Fewest fumbles , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest fumbles lost , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most missed PAT attempts , as team ( game ) Most Super Bowl losses , as team 5 New England Patriots Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most Super Bowl appearances , as kicker 5 Stephen Gostkowski ( New England ) Most pass attempts with no interceptions ( game ) 48 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most field goals , both teams ( game ) 5 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs , both teams ( game ) 54 Most pass attempts , both teams ( game ) 93 Most touchdown passes , both teams ( game ) 7 Fewest times sacked , both teams ( game ) Fewest punt returns , both teams ( game ) 0 Fewest punt return yards , both teams ( game ) 0 Individual statistics ( edit ) Eagles passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Nick Foles 28 / 43 373 Trey Burton 1 / 1 0 Eagles rushing Car Yds TD LG LeGarrette Blount 14 90 36 Jay Ajayi 9 57 0 26 Nelson Agholor 9 0 9 Corey Clement 8 0 6 Eagles receiving Rec Yds TD LG Nelson Agholor 9 84 0 24 Zach Ertz 7 67 19 Torrey Smith 5 49 0 17 Corey Clement 100 55 Alshon Jeffery 73 34 Nick Foles Trey Burton 0 0 0 0 Patriots passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Tom Brady 28 / 48 505 0 Danny Amendola 0 / 1 0 0 0 Patriots rushing Car Yds TD LG James White 7 45 26 Dion Lewis 9 39 0 8 Rex Burkhead 18 0 9 Tom Brady 6 0 6 Chris Hogan 0 Brandin Cooks 0 Patriots receiving Rec Yds TD LG Rob Gronkowski 9 116 25 Danny Amendola 8 152 0 50 Chris Hogan 6 128 43 James White 21 0 15 Rex Burkhead 46 0 46 Brandin Cooks 23 0 23 Phillip Dorsett 19 0 19 Tom Brady 0 0 0 0 James Develin 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Philadelphia Position Position New England Offense Alshon Jeffery WR Brandin Cooks Halapoulivaati Vaitai LT Nate Solder Stefen Wisniewski LG Joe Thuney Jason Kelce David Andrews Brandon Brooks RG Shaq Mason Lane Johnson RT Cameron Fleming Zach Ertz TE Rob Gronkowski Nelson Agholor WR Chris Hogan Nick Foles QB Tom Brady LeGarrette Blount RB Dion Lewis Torrey Smith WR FB James Develin Defense Vinny Curry DE LE Trey Flowers Timmy Jernigan DT Lawrence Guy Fletcher Cox DT Malcom Brown Brandon Graham DE LB James Harrison Mychal Kendricks OLB LB Kyle Van Noy Nigel Bradham OLB LB Elandon Roberts Jalen Mills CB RCB Stephon Gilmore Ronald Darby CB LCB Eric Rowe Corey Graham Patrick Chung Rodney McLeod Devin McCourty Malcolm Jenkins Duron Harmon Officials ( edit ) Super Bowl LII had eight officials . The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers . Referee : Gene Steratore ( 114 ) Umpire : Roy Ellison ( 81 ) Down judge : Jerry Bergman ( 91 ) Line judge : Byron Boston ( 18 ) Field judge : Tom Hill ( 97 ) Side judge : Scott Edwards ( 3 ) Back judge : Perry Paganelli ( 46 ) Replay official : Paul Weidner This was Steratore 's first Super Bowl as a referee , though he had been previously selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XLIV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Officials Named '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Referee GENE STERATORE will lead the seven - person crew of on - field game officials selected to work Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 at U.S. Bank Stadium , the NFL announced today Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles beat New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . February 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 4 , 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hanzus , Dan ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` P ! NK to perform national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL to salute Medal of Honor recipients at Super Bowl LII '' . NFL.com . National Football League . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Timberlake headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Super Bowl LII smallest since 2009 , still massive ; ' This Is Us ' scores big ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Commercials 2018 : Expectations , Rumors and Most - Hyped Movie Trailers '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jason ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots just tied the record for most Super Bowl losses '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LII '' . U.S. Bank Stadium . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Forliti , Amy ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Embrace the ' Bold North ' in Minneapolis for Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Super Bowl executives swarm Twin Cities to work out most ' complex ' event in league history '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shook , Nick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles - Patriots sets multiple Super Bowl records '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles QB Nick Foles wins Super Bowl LII MVP '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans , Minneapolis , Indy finalists for Super Bowl LII '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Three bid cities tabbed finalists to host Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . October 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . NFL Media 's Albert Breer reported Tuesday that the three bid cities for the game are Indianapolis , Minneapolis , and New Orleans , according to sources involved with the process . NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed the news during his Tuesday news conference Jump up ^ NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell on future Super Bowls , expanding postseason . National Football League . October 8 , 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 05 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . We will have three cities competing for Super Bowl LII : New Orleans , Minneapolis and Indianapolis Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI -- New York Giants vs. New England Patriots -- February 5th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowls in New Orleans : All 10 of them ! '' . NOLA.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- San Francisco 49ers vs. Baltimore Ravens -- February 3rd , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Tricentennial -- The 300th Anniversary '' . NOLA 2018 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike . `` Minneapolis awarded Super Bowl in 2018 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Seeds '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 21 , 2018 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl preview : The 52 things you must know about Eagles vs. Patriots '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Six Eagles Named To The 2018 Pro Bowl '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : Eagles ' Patrick Robinson Returns Interception 50 Yards for a Touchdown '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Henry ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Reviewing sad state of Patriots defense after Week 4 loss to Panthers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Lee Statistics '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harrison notches two sacks in debut as Patriots wrap up AFC home - field advantage '' . USA Today . December 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Four Patriots Selected to the AFC Pro Bowl Squad '' . Patriots.com . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 New England Patriots Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011301/2017/POST19/titans@patriots?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000906166&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL playoffs schedule , Super Bowl LII coverage '' . ESPN . January 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011300/2017/POST19/falcons@eagles?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000905891&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Weekly League Schedule '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Danny ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Super Bowl Rematch That Is n't '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krammer , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Trading places : Eagles ' LeGarrette Blount , Chris Long bring Patriots intel to Philadelphia huddles '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` New England Patriots to wear white in Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Why it 's better to wear white on Super Bowl Sunday '' . TheScore.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hartman , Sid ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Hartman : Twin Cities setting stage for Super Bowl LII in grand fashion '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruch , Michelle ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Navigating the Super Bowl '' . Southwest Journal . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Department of Revenue . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Bank Stadium rail stop wo n't be an option in 48 hours before Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayerle , Jennifer ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Homeless Shelter To Temporarily Move During Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Tim ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` A month of Super Bowl disruptions ahead for Metro Transit riders '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ; Pheifer , Pat ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl will limit light - rail use to ticket holders on game day '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ; Pheifer , Pat ; Sawyer , Liz ; Adler , Erin ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Protesters block light rail , rally outside U.S. Bank Stadium '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings would play Super Bowl as visitor in their home stadium '' . Yahoo Sports . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Super Bowl Host Committee raises $50 million , plans street closures '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` A ' very Minnesota ' Super Bowl Live lineup announced for free concerts on mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Birkebeiner Bridge will be part of Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for Super Bowl Experience ' theme park ' go on sale Tuesday '' . TwinCities.com . December 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson to headline game - day parties for Super Bowl LII ticket holders '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Norfleet , Nicole ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remodeled Minneapolis Armory to host days - long entertainment during Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raihala , Ross ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , the Chainsmokers to play local concerts during Super Bowl '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons to play Armory during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pink added to Super Bowl concert lineup at Armory '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to party at Prince 's Paisley Park during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , Liz ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake helps tout Prior Lake as suburban epicenter for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riemenschneider , Chris ; Olson , Rochelle ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Club Nomadic canceled at Mystic Lake , concerts move to much smaller venues '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Massive traveling nightclub with expected big acts coming to Mystic Lake for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake slashes prices , loses one act in Super Bowl concert mix '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ December 15 , 2017 . `` There 's still time to get paid to work the Super Bowl '' . KARE . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Andy ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Suburbs ready for NFL weekend '' . Sun ThisWeek . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Fans can watch Super Bowl players , coach , national media at St. Paul pregame party '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` For Super Bowl , Minneapolis can expect rooftop snipers , restricted access and lots of security '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl tickets available Friday -- for Taste of the NFL event '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zipline across the Mississippi River during Super Bowl festival '' . Fox9.com . Fox Television Stations . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival considering an ice palace for 2018 at the State Capitol '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival plans to build ice castle after all '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` St. Paul hopes to cash in on Super Bowl with palace - sized plans '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCardle , Ellery ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` SB52 : Ice palace returning to St. Paul 's Winter Carnival '' . KARE . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ; Woltman , Nick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Haunted by 1992 , St. Paul Winter Carnival cancels Super Bowl ice palace '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul has big plans to capitalize on Super Bowl tourism '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Maze Coming To South Minneapolis Ahead Of Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . CBS Corporation . January 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Your Definitive Guide To Super Bowl LII '' . Forbes Travel Guide . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN chooses IDS Crystal Court for Super Bowl week set '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Feherty Hosting Back - to - Back Nights of `` Feherty Live '' in Minneapolis During Week of Super Bowl `` . Golf Channel . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Drumline to Perform Saturday at Super Bowl Live ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Drumline helps kick off Super Bowl Live event '' . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spain , Kevin ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBC looking to sell Super Bowl , Olympics ad combos '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC SPORTS ANNOUNCES SUPER BOWL LII ON - AIR TEAM FOR PATRIOTS - EAGLES -- NETWORK 'S 19TH SUPER BOWL BROADCAST '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO DEPORTES & UNIVERSO TO ONCE AGAIN PRESENT LIVE , EXCLUSIVE SPANISH - LANGUAGE NFL GAMES THIS SEASON -- INCLUDING SUPER BOWL LII '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension '' . Dial Global Sports . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clapp , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's the Philadelphia Eagles ' radio call of the final play to win Super Bowl LII '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , TV News . `` Spanish - Language Live Super Bowl Telecast Will Be Presented by Telemundo Deportes and Universo '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Michelle ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Yahoo Sports will start streaming NFL playoff games this weekend , says Oath CEO Tim Armstrong '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon , NFL agree to new 5 - year deal worth nearly $2.5 billion '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` NFL games will start streaming on all mobile carriers in January -- not just Verizon '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas wo n't work Super Bowl for NBC , even though he 's also not working the Olympics '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why NBC 's Mike Tirico will be skipping the Super Bowl in Minneapolis '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patton , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ratings Slip To 8 - Year Low As Eagles Score Historic Win '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Madison Avenue , NBC Wrangle Over $5 Million Super Bowl Ads ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Erika ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ads Ca n't Save TV '' . Fortune ( print mail distribution ) : 11 . ISSN 0015 - 8259 ... and pay rapt attention to commercials that cost roughly $5 million a ( 30 - second ) pop . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Expects More Than $1 Billion in Ad Sales from Super Bowl , Winter Olympics '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What caused a nearly 30 - second ad blackout during Super Bowl '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian . `` NBC blames ' equipment failure ' for brief blackout during Super Bowl '' . CNNMoney . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser benches famous Clydesdales for Super Bowl LII '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile 's ad : Nirvana , Kerry Washington and a timely statement about equality '' . Money.Cnn.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/business/media/mlk-commercial-ram-dodge.html Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' To Air After the Super Bowl , Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Fallon to host ' Tonight Show ' live from Minneapolis after Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Fallon unveils guests for Mpls . Super Bowl show : Timberlake , the Rock , ' This Is Us ' cast '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mike ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Why Netflix 's surprise ' Cloverfield Paradox ' release could be a game - changer '' . Market Watch . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DOBBY , CHRISTINE ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Bell loses court appeal of CRTC 's Super Bowl ad ruling '' . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 -- via The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` CTV 'S $300,000 Watch to Win Contest is Back -- Article -- TSN '' . January 29 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 : TV channel , kick - off time and half - time show for Super Bowl 52 at the US Bank Stadium '' . The Sun . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Carlsonsports/status/960264692575895557 Jump up ^ `` Super Football - Sonntag '' . ProSieben ( in German ) . January 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , George A. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` AFN Airing Super Bowl LII Live on TV and Radio '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom , Jr. to sing ' America The Beautiful ' at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Performer of ' America the Beautiful ' at Super Bowl LII is chosen '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wanshel , Elyse ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` This Is What Pink Spit Out Before The Super Bowl National Anthem '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pink defends Super Bowl performance '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl coin toss salute for Medal of Honor recipients '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWII Medal recipient does Super Bowl LII coin toss '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake set for SB LII halftime show '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris . `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake performing at Super Bowl LII halftime '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Justin Timberlake to Headline Super Bowl Halftime '' . Variety . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Rodger . `` The Winners and Losers From Super Bowl LII '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Play By Play '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Patriots 26 - yard field goal attempt ends with crazy miss '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Felt , Hunter ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Eagles beat Patriots to win first title -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loumena , Dan ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Checking the stats at halftime '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots and Eagles gave us the 2nd highest - scoring Super Bowl ever '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Quarter - by - Quarter Score , Final Stats for Eagles vs. Patriots '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Lindsay ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Who are the officials ? '' . The Post-Standard . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LII . 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where is the 2018 super bowl held this year
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"Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots, 41–33, to win their first Super Bowl[10] and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[11] This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season,[12] and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold-weather city.[13]"
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"U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota"
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2017 Las Vegas shooting
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2017 Las Vegas shooting - Wikipedia 2017 Las Vegas shooting Jump to : navigation , search `` Las Vegas shooting '' redirects here . For other uses , see Las Vegas shooting ( disambiguation ) . 2017 Las Vegas shooting Paddock 's room on the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay Route 91 Harvest country music festival grounds ( Full screen ) Location Las Vegas Strip , Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Coordinates 36 ° 5 ′ 42 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 18 '' W / 36.09500 ° N 115.17167 ° W / 36.09500 ; - 115.17167 Coordinates : 36 ° 5 ′ 42 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 18 '' W / 36.09500 ° N 115.17167 ° W / 36.09500 ; - 115.17167 Date October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) c. 10 : 05 -- 10 : 15 p.m. ( PDT ; UTC − 07 : 00 ) Target Audience of the Route 91 Harvest music festival Attack type Mass shooting , murder -- suicide Weapons 23 guns including four DDM4 rifles , three FN - 15 rifles , one AR - 15 rifle with forward front grip , one . 308 - caliber AR - 10 rifle , one AK - 47 , at least one made - to - order LMT rifle , and one handgun . Deaths 59 ( including the perpetrator ) Non-fatal injuries 546 Perpetrator Stephen Paddock On the night of October 1 , 2017 , a gunman opened fire on a crowd of concertgoers at the Route 91 Harvest music festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada , leaving 58 people dead and 546 injured . Between 10 : 05 and 10 : 15 p.m. PDT , 64 - year - old Stephen Paddock of Mesquite , Nevada , fired hundreds of rifle rounds from his suite on the 32nd floor of the nearby Mandalay Bay hotel . About an hour after Paddock fired his last shot into the crowd , he was found dead in his room from a self - inflicted gunshot wound . His motive is unknown . The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual and the deadliest mass murder post-9 / 11 in the United States . The shooting reignited the debate about gun laws in the U.S. with attention focused on bump fire stocks , which Paddock used to allow his semi-automatic rifles to fire at a rate similar to that of a fully automatic weapon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Location 1.2 Preparation 2 Shooting 2.1 Misinformation 3 Casualties 4 Perpetrator 5 Aftermath and reactions 5.1 Hoaxes 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background Location The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard in Clark County , Nevada , immediately south of the City of Las Vegas . It is known for its concentration of casinos and resort hotels , including the 43 - story Mandalay Bay southeast of its intersection with Mandalay Bay Road , in the unincorporated town of Paradise . Diagonally across the intersection to the northeast is Las Vegas Village , a 15 - acre ( 6.1 - hectare ) lot used for outdoor performances . The annual Route 91 Harvest country music festival was held there since 2014 ; 2017 's festival ran from September 29 to October 1 . Preparation Paddock may have researched the possibility of attacking other outdoor concerts . He reserved a room that overlooked the August 2017 Lollapalooza festival in Chicago , but did not use it . He appears to have stayed in Downtown Las Vegas from September 14 until the night of the shooting . Between the 22nd and 24th , he rented rooms at The Ogden , which overlooked the open - air Life Is Beautiful festival . On September 25 , 2017 , Paddock arrived at the Mandalay Bay hotel and booked into a comped room . Three days later , he moved to the 32nd floor suite , which overlooked Las Vegas Village . He placed a `` Do not disturb '' sign on the door , organized the room , and stockpiled an arsenal of weapons . Clark County Sheriff Joe Lombardo said Paddock carried more than ten suitcases into his hotel suite during his preparation for the shooting . A bump fire stock , showing how the trigger ( red ) is pulled by the trigger finger when the receiver is moved forward . It is reset when the receiver moves back due to recoil . Twenty - three firearms , a large quantity of ammunition , and numerous high - capacity magazines capable of holding up to 100 rounds apiece were found in the suite . The firearms included four DDM4 rifles , three FN - 15 rifles , one AR - 15 rifle with forward front grip , one . 308 - caliber AR - 10 rifle , one Kalashnikov , and at least one made - to - order LMT rifle and one handgun . Two of the rifles were equipped with telescopic sights and mounted on bipods . Bump fire stocks were found on twelve of the guns , which allowed for recoil to actuate their triggers at a rate of 90 bullets in 10 seconds . The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives determined that the firearms found in his hotel room , along with more guns found in his homes , were legal and had been legally purchased in the states of Nevada , California , Texas , and Utah . In the month preceding the shooting , he had attempted to purchase a large quantity of tracer ammunition , but the gun dealer he approached did not have the item in stock . Investigators found hidden surveillance cameras that were placed inside and outside the hotel room , presumably so Paddock could monitor the arrival of others . The cameras were not in record mode . Police said a handwritten note found in the room indicated Paddock had been calculating the distance , wind , and trajectory from his 32nd floor hotel suite to the concertgoers he was targeting on the festival lot . At a press conference on October 4 , Sheriff Lombardo stated there was evidence -- which he declined to discuss -- that Paddock intended to escape the scene , and that he may have had assistance from an accomplice . Investigators searched Paddock 's room and found a bulletproof vest and breathing apparatus , which were survival gear that Paddock never used . During subsequent investigations , ammonium nitrate , which is often used in improvised explosive devices , was found in the trunk of his Hyundai Tucson SUV , along with 1,600 rounds of ammunition and 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of Tannerite , a binary explosive used to make explosive targets for gun ranges . Undersheriff Kevin McMahill said that while Paddock had `` nefarious intent '' with the material , he did not appear to have assembled an explosive device . Shooting Schematic of the shooting scene . Paddock fired 490 yards ( 450 m ) from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay hotel towards the concertgoers at Las Vegas Village . The mass shooting occurred between 10 : 05 and 10 : 15 p.m. PDT on October 1 , 2017 , which was the third and final night of the festival . When the shooting began , country music singer Jason Aldean was giving the closing performance before an audience of about 22,000 . Shortly before 10 p.m. , hotel security guard Jesus Campos was sent to the 32nd floor to investigate an open - door alert . He encountered a barricaded door that prevented him from immediately accessing the floor . After arriving on the floor , he heard drilling from Paddock 's room and went to investigate . At approximately 10 : 05 he was hit in the right thigh by one of about 200 bullets which Paddock fired through his suite 's door . After Campos was hit he immediately informed the hotel by radio and cellphone that he had been shot . At the same time , maintenance worker Stephen Schuck was on the same floor to check out a report about a jammed fire door . Campos , who was already injured , encountered Schuck and told him to take cover . Schuck contacted hotel dispatchers over his radio , informed them of the ongoing shooting , and told them to call the police . Neither Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department nor MGM Resorts International , the Mandalay Bay 's owner , have confirmed when information about the initial shooting was relayed to the police . Paddock 's room at Mandalay Bay Main stage of Route 91 Harvest Airport fuel tanks Paddock used a hammer to break two of his suite 's windows and began shooting through them at 10 : 05 p.m. , ultimately firing hundreds of rifle rounds approximately 490 yards ( 450 m ) into the festival audience . Many people in the crowd initially mistook the gunfire for fireworks . During the shooting , a security fence hindered concertgoers from fleeing the 15 - acre concrete lot . The gunfire continued , with some momentary pauses , over the span of ten minutes and ended by 10 : 15 p.m. Two of the bullets fired by Paddock struck a large aviation fuel tank at McCarran International Airport 2,000 feet ( 600 m ) away . One of the bullets penetrated the tank , but the fuel did not ignite or explode , and was unlikely to have done so . During the shooting , police officers were initially confused whether the shots were coming from the Mandalay Bay , the nearby Luxor hotel , or the festival grounds . There were also multiple false reports of additional shooters at other hotels on the Strip . Officers eventually spotted multiple flashes of gunfire in the middle of the Mandalay Bay , on the northern side , and responded to the hotel . At 10 : 12 p.m. , two officers on the 31st floor reported the sounds of gunfire on the floor above them . When officers arrived on the 32nd floor at 10 : 17 p.m. and encountered Campos a minute later , he directed them to Paddock 's room and helped others evacuate . Campos was then directed to seek medical attention for himself . Between 10 : 26 and 10 : 30 p.m. , an additional eight officers arrived at the 32nd floor . They could no longer hear gunfire and moved systematically down the hallway , searching and clearing each room , using a master key that was provided by Campos . At 10 : 55 p.m. , the officers finished evacuating guests . At 11 : 20 p.m. , police breached Paddock 's room with explosives . Paddock was found dead , having shot himself in the head before the police entered . While entering the hotel suite , an officer accidentally fired off a round from his weapon , which hit no one . At 11 : 27 p.m. , officers announced over the police radio that one suspect was down . Early on October 2 , Sheriff Lombardo identified the suspect as Stephen Paddock . Misinformation There have been several changes in the official account and timeline of Paddock 's shooting of hotel security guard Campos . Police officials described these adjustments as `` minute changes '' that are common in complex investigations . In a first statement about the incident , police officials inaccurately reported that Campos arrived on the scene after Paddock began firing into the crowd . In a second statement , police officials reported , again inaccurately , that Campos was shot six minutes before Paddock began firing into the crowd . That report had been based on a 9 : 59 p.m. notation in a hotel security log , which in a third statement was determined to have been the time when Campos encountered the barricaded door . Sheriff Lombardo dismissed allegations that the changing timeline is the result of some kind of conspiracy between the police department , the FBI , and MGM Resorts International saying `` Nobody is attempting to hide anything in reference to this investigation . The dynamics and the size of this investigation requires us to go through voluminous amounts of information in order to draw an accurate picture . '' Casualties Fifty - eight people ( excluding Paddock ) died as a result of the shooting , most by gunshot wounds . They included 36 women and 22 men . The oldest was 67 , the youngest 20 . Six were from Nevada , 35 from California , 13 from other states , and four from Canada . An additional 546 people were injured . In the aftermath , many victims were sent to area hospitals , which included University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center , and at least one of the six hospitals of Valley Health System . The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual in the United States , surpassing the death toll of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , where 49 died , excluding the gunman . Perpetrator Main article : Stephen Paddock Stephen Craig Paddock ( April 9 , 1953 -- October 1 , 2017 ) was a former auditor and real estate businessman , who had been living in a retirement community in Mesquite , Nevada . Paddock was a high - stakes gambler who placed bets at a high enough level to earn valuable comps -- free benefits such as rooms and meals . He was a familiar figure to casino hosts in Las Vegas , but was not well known among other high - stakes gamblers since he mostly played video poker . He reportedly kept to himself and was a heavy drinker . Police said he had made casino transactions in the tens of thousands of dollars prior to the shooting , but did not specify whether these transactions were losses or wins . Sheriff Lombardo said Paddock had lost a significant amount of his wealth over the previous two years , which might have been a `` determining factor '' in the attack , but added that his motive may never truly be understood . Court records show Paddock married and divorced twice . He had no known children . Paddock 's father was Benjamin Hoskins Paddock , a bank robber who was on the FBI 's most - wanted list between 1969 and 1977 , and whose wanted poster stated he had been `` diagnosed as psychopathic '' and reportedly had `` suicidal tendencies '' . Police believe Paddock acted alone and have not determined his motive , despite following more than a thousand leads . His younger brother and others who were in close contact with him described him as having no apparent religious or political affiliation . Police said they had no investigative information or criminal history indicating that he was dangerous . His only recorded interaction with law enforcement was a minor traffic citation years before the shooting , which he settled in court . Aftermath and reactions The Las Vegas sign adorned with flowers on October 9 , 2017 , a week after the shooting Much of Las Vegas Boulevard was closed as police SWAT teams combed the venue and neighboring businesses . McCarran International Airport , adjacent to the shooting site , was shut down for several hours . Approximately 300 people entered the airport property as they fled to safety from the shooting . This prompted officials to shut down all four runways . More than 25 flights were rerouted to ensure that no aircraft would be hit by gunfire , while other flights were canceled before airfield operations resumed at 12 : 40 a.m. on October 2 . At approximately 2 : 45 p.m. PDT on October 2 , a state of emergency was declared in Clark County . The morning after the shooting , lines to donate blood in Las Vegas stretched for blocks . Wait times were as much as six hours or more . Millions of dollars have also been raised to help victims and their families . Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval called the shooting `` a tragic and heinous act of violence that has shaken the Nevada family '' . Jason Aldean , who was performing when the shooting started , posted his condolences on Instagram and noted all of those working with him at the show had survived the attack . At a press conference , President Donald Trump described Paddock as `` a very very sick individual '' , and `` a demented man , ( with ) a lot of problems '' . He added , `` the police department has done such an incredible job , and we 'll be talking about gun laws as time goes by '' . A White House official talking points memo , distributed to Trump allies , opposed tightening gun control since `` new laws wo n't stop a mad man '' , but `` will curtail the freedoms of law abiding citizens '' . On October 2 , Trump issued a proclamation to honor the victims and their families . On October 4 , Trump visited the shooting victims and first responders . On October 7 , Vice President Mike Pence participated in a unity prayer walk and ceremony in Las Vegas in honor of the dead . The terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIS ) claimed that Paddock was their `` soldier '' , and that he had answered Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi 's call to attack coalition countries , but an FBI agent said they had found `` no connection with an international terrorist group . '' ISIS provided no evidence for its claim , and terrorism experts noted that since Mosul liberation in October 2016 , ISIS or Amaq News Agency has on at least two other occasions made false claims of responsibility for attacks with which they had no connection . President Trump meets a Las Vegas shooting victim Stock prices of firearms manufacturers rose the day after the shooting , as has happened after similar incidents . Investors expect gun sales will increase over concerns that such an event could lead to more stringent gun - control legislation and a rush of customers wishing to defend themselves against future attacks . The shooting prompted support in the U.S. Congress for legislation that would ban bump fire stocks . The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) came out in favor of administrative bump fire stock regulations . Some Congressional Republicans have also expressed their support of a prohibition of bump fire stocks . The name `` 1 October '' was declared the official title of the mass shooting for investigators , according to authorities with the Clark County Commissioner . The future of the Las Vegas Village site remains undetermined . Hoaxes In the hours after the shooting , false information about the shooter 's identity and motive went viral on social media . The fake news was circulated in Internet forums such as 4chan . The website The Gateway Pundit misidentified the shooter when they named a different man and described him as a registered Democrat . The 4chan thread on which this misinformation was based was briefly featured in the `` Top Stories '' section of a Google search for the man 's name . The fake news website YourNewsWire spread false information about a second gunman who was shooting from the fourth floor of the hotel . Two of Facebook 's top trending pages were items from Sputnik , a Russian government news agency . These included one story that falsely claimed the FBI had linked the shooter to a terrorist group . The stories were later removed with an apology . Stories linking the shooter to Antifa have also been discredited . Google and Facebook were criticized for displaying such false news stories in some of their search results . The two technology companies were said to have failed in their responsibility of keeping false stories from reaching the public . Facebook later said its algorithms were designed to detect and remove false stories , but failed to work adequately in this instance . An October 2017 article in The Wall Street Journal referenced the shooting and stated , `` After searches on YouTube about the mass shooting this month in Las Vegas surfaced videos peddling conspiracy theories , the site said it was tweaking its search algorithm to promote more authoritative news sources . '' Survivors of the shooting have received death threats on social media , along with accusations of being paid actors . See also Gun laws in Nevada Gun violence in the United States List of disasters in the United States by death toll List of rampage killers List of rampage killers ( Americas ) Notes Jump up ^ For the layout of the festival , see `` Vegas hospitals swamped with victims after high - rise attack '' . MSN . Associated Press . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For a diagram of Paddock 's hotel suite and connecting room , see : `` Why did it take police so long to breach Las Vegas gunman 's room ? Here 's a new timeline '' . Los Angeles Times . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 ... Jump up ^ For an infographic of what occurred at the venue during the shooting , see the fourth image of : `` Las Vegas Shooting : Chaos at a Concert and a Frantic Search at Mandalay Bay '' . The New York Times . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 ... References Jump up ^ Becket , Stefan ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` More details revealed about Las Vegas shooter 's arsenal of weapons '' . CBS News . ^ Jump up to : Google . `` 2017 Las Vegas shooting '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( 3 October 2017 ) . `` Festival attacked by Las Vegas shooter had been success story in creating outdoor music destination '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas shooter ' forceful ' with Chicago hotel manager : TMZ '' . Chicago Sun - Times . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Lawsuit filed as new questions raised over timeline '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McKirdy , Euan ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` What happened inside the shooter 's suite at the Mandalay Bay hotel '' . CNN . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Larry ; Chivers , C.J. ; Gibbons - Neff , Thomas ; Griggs , Troy ; Gröndahl , Mika ; Huang , Jon ; Lai , K.K. Rebecca ; Medina , Jennifer ; Singhvi , Anjali ; Watkins , Derek ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the Las Vegas Gunman 's Mandalay Bay Hotel Suite '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dugan , Kevin ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` High - capacity magazine used by Vegas shooter in high demand '' . The New York Post . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leefeldt , Ed ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock used a ' bump stock ' to make his guns even deadlier '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Becket , Stefan ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` More details revealed about Las Vegas shooter 's arsenal of weapons '' . CBS News . At least one of the weapons was a made - to - order firearm made by Lewis Machine & Tool Company ( LMT ) . Jump up ^ Fonrouge , Gabrielle ; Celona , Larry ; Fears , Danika ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` The ' tricked out ' guns Las Vegas shooter used in massacre '' . The New York Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horton , Alex ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Las Vegas shooter had 23 guns . Here 's what we know about them '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ; Elinson , Zusha ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Gunman Had Arsenal in Hotel Room '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Delreal , Jose A. ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock , Las Vegas Suspect , Was a Gambler Who Drew Little Attention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Larry ; Grothjan , Evan ; Huang , Jon ; Parshina - Kottas , Yuliya ; Pearce , Adam ; Yourish , Karen ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` What Is a Bump Stock and How Does It Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooter 's girlfriend returns to US as police reveal details of his planning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Almaguer , Miguel ; Winter , Tom ; Hunt , Kasie ; Helsel , Phil ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Answer to Question in Las Vegas Massacre , ' Why ? ' , Elusive So Far '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Craig , Tim ; Berman , Mark ; Barrett , Devlin ; Zapotosky , Matt ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Police say Las Vegas gunman planned ' extensively , ' used cameras to monitor police as they approached '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slattery , Denis ; Cullen , Terence ; McShane , Larry ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas killer Stephen Paddock was planning to escape after the mass shooting '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas gunman 's nightstand note contained figures for wind , trajectory and distance : Officials '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Note in Las Vegas gunman 's hotel room included details of bullet trajectory '' . CBS News . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooting : Paddock may have planned to escape '' . BBC News . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock fired ' incendiary ' rounds at fuel tank '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas shooter ' disturbed , dangerous ' , stockpiled weapons for decades : police '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chia , Jessica ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas mass shooter fired at aviation fuel tanks '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ; Medina , Jennifer ; Smith , Mitch ; Paddock , Richard C. ; Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ; Mele , Christopher ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting : At a Loss on Motive , F.B.I. Turns to Billboards for Leads '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How police zeroed in on the Las Vegas gunman '' . USA TODAY . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Turkewitz , Julie ; Goldman , Adam ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Another Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Caps Days of Confusion '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Mitch ; Turkewitz , Julie ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Raises Questions About Police Response '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas police now say there was no six - minute gap between first shots and concert massacre '' . Washington Post . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worker warned hotel before Las Vegas shooter opened fire on crowd '' . CBS News . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Balsamo , Michael ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Pressure Mounts for Vegas Police to Explain Response Time '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Vegas authorities did not respond to questions about whether hotel security or anyone else in the hotel called 911 to report the gunfire Jump up ^ Smith , Mitch ; Medina , Jennifer ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pressure Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Raises Questions About Police Response '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . It is not known when and how the hotel security officials informed the police that Mr. Campos had been shot ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas police now say no 6 - minute gap between 1st shots and concert attack '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas police defend shifting timeline of shooting , warn it could change again '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . The revelation from Joseph Lombardo , the Las Vegas sheriff , gave way to a new round of questions , including when information about this shooting was relayed to hotel security and when -- or if -- that detail was then given to the local police . So far , neither the police or the hotel have offered any answers Jump up ^ Johnson , Alex ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas gunman Stephen Paddock kept firing for 10 minutes , police say '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Scott ; Yan , Holly ; Karimi , Faith ; Almasy , Steve ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas killer fired at airport fuel tank '' . CNN . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yablonski , Steven ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Only on Boston 25 : Exclusive photos of Las Vegas shooter 's guns '' . WFXT . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Meg ; Rocha , Veronica ; Wills , Amanda ; Grinberg , Emanuella ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Live updates '' . CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Aldean Responds To Route 91 Festival Shooting : ' Tonight Has Been Beyond Horrific ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schick , Camilla ; Horn , Dave ; Cirillo , Chris ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting Live Updates : Multiple Weapons Found in Las Vegas Gunman 's Hotel Room '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How police zeroed in on the Las Vegas gunman '' . USA Today . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ho , Sally ; Garcia Cano , Regina ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' I 'm going to die ' : fear grips Vegas strip ; gunman kills 59 '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why did it take police so long to breach Las Vegas gunman 's room ? Here 's a new timeline '' . The Los Angeles Times . October 4 , 2017 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ German , Jeff ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Commissioner calls for security review of jet fuel tanks after Las Vegas Strip shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : del Castillo Galvan , Severiano ; Rand , Wesley ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Minute - by - minute breakdown of Las Vegas Strip shooting -- TIMELINE '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Christal ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting : Cops Took More Than An Hour to Storm Gunman 's Room '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui , Lynh ; Zapotosky , Matt ; Barrett , Devlin ; Berman , Mark ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` At least 59 killed in Las Vegas shooting rampage , more than 500 others injured '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Law , James ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` What we know about Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock '' . News.com.au . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Wade ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Officer accidentally fired weapon in Las Vegas gunman 's Mandalay Bay suite -- Las Vegas Review - Journal '' . Reviewjournal.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lupiani , Joyce ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Latest news updates on the mass shooting in Las Vegas '' . KTNV . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Matthew ; Zhou , Naaman ; Levin , Sam ; Yuhas , Alan ; Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( 3 October 2017 ) . `` Names of Las Vegas victims emerge as police reveal gun stockpile -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Jennifer ; Smith , Mitch ; Landler , Mark ; Jordan , Miriam ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ; Fink , Sheri ; Haag , Matthew ; Goldman , Russell ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` N.R.A. Supports New Rules on ' Bump Stock ' Devices '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coroner releases names of all 58 Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mims , Bob ; Ramseth , Luke ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Third Utahn dies in wake of Las Vegas massacre '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clark County Coroner Releases Names of Deceased from Oct. 1 Mass Shooting '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saul , John ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Coroner releases names of all 58 Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Rachel ; Brean , Henry ; Hassan , Anita ; Munks , Jamie ; Bekker , Jessie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' It was a horror show ' : Mass shooting leaves at least 59 dead , 527 wounded on Las Vegas Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Amanda Lee ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vegas hospitals swamped with victims after high - rise attack '' . MSN . Associated Press . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bekker , Jessie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` 58 still in critical condition after Las Vegas mass shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ; Miller , Andrea ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` These are the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Susan ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting now tops list of worst mass shootings in U.S. history '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock : What we know about Las Vegas mass shooter '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vives , Ruben ; Ryan , Harriet ; Serna , Joseph ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` The mystery of Stephen Paddock -- gambler , real estate investor , mass killer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Delkic , Melinda ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock Motive Unknown : Was a Pilot , Professional Gambler and a Quiet Neighbor '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ; Kovaleski , Serge F. ; Tavernise , Sabrina ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock Chased Gambling 's Payouts and Perks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ; Prince , Todd ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Paddock 's game of choice , video poker , allowed him to blend in '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Pete ; Connor , Tracy ; Rosenblatt , Kalhan ; Winter , Tom ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooter Stephen Paddock Had Recent Large Gambling Transactions '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Holly ( November 3 , 2017 ) . Portrait of Las Vegas gunman : A narcissist on a losing streak . Yahoo News . Retrieved : November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grinberg , Emanuella ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Something went ' incredibly wrong ' with Las Vegas gunman , brother says '' . CNN . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shelbourne , Mallory ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas suspect 's father was bank robber on FBI Most Wanted list '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yan , Holly ; Victor , Philip ; Simon , Darran ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Weapons cache found at Las Vegas shooter 's home '' . CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Daniel S. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooter Stephen Paddock Filed Lawsuit Against Casino '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Stephen Paddock ? Las Vegas gunman 's father was ' psychopathic ' bank robber on FBI most - wanted list '' . National Post . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tchekmedyian , Alene ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas airport temporary closed by mass shooting ; delays continue '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marroquin , Art ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` McCarran 's fence breached by people fleeing Las Vegas Strip shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mary - Anne ; King , Yolanda T. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Declaration of Emergency '' ( PDF ) . Clark County , Nevada . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ ClarkCountyNV ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` An # emergency has been declared in # ClarkCounty as a result of # vegasshooting . It was issued a short time ago . # PrayForVegas '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hauser , Christine ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Donation Lines for Las Vegas Shooting Victims Stretch for Blocks '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Donations for Las Vegas shooting victims are plentiful but disjointed '' . October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandoval , Brian ( @ GovSandoval ) ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` A tragic & heinous act of violence has shaken the # Nevada family . Our prayers are w / the victims & all affected by this act of cowardice '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Petit , Stephanie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Lady Gaga , Jennifer Lopez , Rihanna and More React to Vegas Shooting '' . People . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gambino , Lauren ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Gun control : Trump says lawmakers will discuss issue ' as time goes by ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooting : Trump dubs killer ' sick and demented ' '' . BBC News . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tong , Judy ; Levin , Sam ; Yuhas , Alan ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting suspect 's girlfriend is a ' person of interest ' -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Presidential Proclamation Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Las Vegas , Nevada '' . whitehouse.gov . Washington , D.C. : White House . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Las Vegas , Nevada '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horsley , Scott ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Visits Shooting Victims , First Responders in Las Vegas '' . NPR . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ; Montero , David ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` Vice President Mike Pence in Las Vegas : ' We are united in our grief ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizzie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock : Isis gives Las Vegas gunman jihadi name in new claim amid widespread scepticism over terror links '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` FBI : Las Vegas shooting has no connection with international terrorist group '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Jeff ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ISIS claim of link to Las Vegas shooter is a sign terror group is ' desperate ' to remain relevant , experts say '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jason ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Did some media play into ISIS 's hands ? Some conservative outlets hyped the terror group 's claim that it was responsible for the Las Vegas shooting '' . Politico . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Behind ISIS ' bizarre claim on the Las Vegas massacre '' . CBS News . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilgore , Tomi ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Gun - maker stocks rally after mass shooting in Las Vegas '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosendz , Polly ; Stock , Kyle ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Horror Drives All - Too - Predictable Gun Stock Rally '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting highlights wide gaps in gun laws '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 days after Las Vegas massacre many questions remain , few answers '' . ABC News . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Segall , Eli ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Site of Las Vegas shooting faces a cloudy future '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ De Vynck , Gerrit ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Fake News Fills Information Vacuum in Wake of Las Vegas Shooting '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ohlheiser , Abby ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` How far - right trolls named the wrong man as the Las Vegas shooter '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tech giants sorry for false Vegas news '' . BBC News . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palma , Bethania ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Did a Second Gunman Shoot From the Fourth Floor of the Mandalay Bay Hotel ? '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elias , Groll ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Kremlin 's ' Sputnik ' Newswire Is the BuzzFeed of Propaganda '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nimmo , Ben ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Sputnik . Propaganda in a New Orbit '' . Center for European Policy Analysis ( CEPA ) . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roose , Kevin ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` After Las Vegas Shooting , Fake News Regains Its Megaphone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Ben ; Robertson , Derek ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Misinformation Is the New Normal of Mass Shootings '' . Politico . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Saranac Hale ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` No Evidence Linking Vegas Shooter to Antifa '' . FactCheck.org . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Sam ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook and Google promote politicized fake news about Las Vegas shooter '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Pierson , David ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook and Google pledged to stop fake news . So why did they promote Las Vegas - shooting hoaxes ? '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madrigal , Alexis C. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Google and Facebook Failed Us '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Ian ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` PragerU sues YouTube in free - speech case '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levin , Sam ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' I hope someone truly shoots you ' : online conspiracy theorists harass Vegas victims '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Strip shooting . Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department : Press Releases , dated : October 2 , 2017 List of victims fatally shot Short tribute to each victim Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo Fontainebleau ( on hold ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Strip Gaming Area 2010s portal Criminal justice portal Death portal Las Vegas portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Las_Vegas_shooting&oldid=809181833 '' Categories : 2017 in American music 2017 in Nevada 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting 2017 mass shootings in the United States 2017 murders in the United States 21st century in Las Vegas Attacks in the United States in 2017 Attacks on music venues Deaths by firearm in Nevada Filmed killings Las Vegas Strip Mass murder in 2017 Mass murder in the United States Murder in Nevada Murder -- suicides in Nevada October 2017 crimes in the United States Suicides by firearm in Nevada Mandalay Bay Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from October 2017 Use American English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with graphs Pages with maps Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 16 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was the guy who shoot in las vegas
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"On the night of October 1, 2017, a gunman opened fire on a crowd of concertgoers at the Route 91 Harvest music festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, leaving 58 people dead and 546 injured. Between 10:05 and 10:15 p.m. PDT, 64-year-old Stephen Paddock of Mesquite, Nevada, fired hundreds of rifle rounds from his suite on the 32nd floor of the nearby Mandalay Bay hotel. About an hour after Paddock fired his last shot into the crowd, he was found dead in his room from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. His motive is unknown."
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"Stephen Paddock"
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Van Wyk
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Van Wyk - wikipedia Van Wyk van Wyk is a common Afrikaans surname , derived from the Dutch Van Wijk . Notable people with the surname include : Abraham Erasmus van Wyk ( born 1952 ) , South African taxonomist Arnold van Wyk ( 1916 -- 1983 ) , South African composer Christopher van Wyk ( 1957 -- 2014 ) , South African writer Coenie van Wyk ( born 1988 ) , South African rugby union player Diaan van Wyk ( born 1981 ) , South African cricketer Hermanus van Wyk ( 1835 -- 1905 ) , Namibian tribal chief Inke van Wyk ( born 1971 ) , South African field hockey player Jason van Wyk ( born 1990 ) , South African composer and record producer Juandre van Wyk ( born 1989 ) , South African cricketer Kruger van Wyk ( born 1980 ) , New Zealand cricketer Lenert van Wyk ( born 1989 ) , South African cricketer Morne van Wyk ( born 1979 ) , South African cricketer N.P. van Wyk Louw ( 1906 -- 1970 ) , South African poet and playwright Ruben Van Wyk ( born 1976 ) , Namibian footballer Surname list This page lists people with the surname van Wyk . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . ( ( Category : Afrikaans - language surnames ) ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_Wyk&oldid=844741779 '' Categories : Surnames Surnames of Dutch origin Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 21 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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where does the surname van wyk come from
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"van Wyk is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Dutch Van Wijk. Notable people with the surname include:\n"
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"the Dutch Van Wijk"
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National Football League Cheerleading
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National football League cheerleading - wikipedia National football League cheerleading National Football League Cheerleading , or simply NFL Cheerleading , is a professional cheerleading organization in the United States . 26 of the 32 NFL teams include a cheerleading squad in their franchise . Cheerleaders are a popular attraction that can give a team more coverage / airtime , popular local support , and increased media image . In 1954 , the Baltimore Colts became the first NFL team to have cheerleaders . They were part of the Baltimore Colts Marching Band . Most NFL cheerleading squads are a part - time job . Often , cheerleaders have completed or are attending a university , and continue on to other careers after cheering for one to four seasons . The members participate in practice , training camp , games , appearances , photo shoots , and charity events . Apart from their main duties of cheering during the football games , the cheerleaders have many other responsibilities . Nearly every team member is available for appearances at schools , events , conferences , etc. , for a set fee . An anticipated annual event is the release of each squad 's calendar , featuring members for each month in swimsuits , lingerie , or uniforms . As well as being a mainstay of American football culture , the cheerleaders are one of the biggest entertainment groups to regularly perform for the United States Armed Forces overseas with performances and tours being enlisted by the USO . Teams send their variety show , an elite group of their best members , to perform combination shows of dance , music , baton twirling , acrobatics , gymnastics , and more . In February 2007 , the Buffalo Bills even sent a squad of eight along with their choreographer into the war zone of Iraq . In 1996 , the San Francisco 49ers Cheerleaders and their director helicoptered into the war inflicted country of Bosnia with the USO and the U.S. Army . The U.S. troops in Korea have been entertained during the holiday season with the USO 's Bob Hope Tour . Over the years , the tour has featured NFL cheerleaders from the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cheerleader competitions 2 Teams 2.1 Teams without cheerleaders 3 Pro Bowl 4 See also 5 References Cheerleader competitions ( edit ) The first `` Battle of the NFL Cheerleaders '' was held in 1979 in Hollywood , Florida . Two cheerleaders from each cheerleading team compete against other mini-teams in various athletic events . The events include kayaking , 100 yard dash , obstacle courses , and other events . The Minnesota Vikings Cheerleaders took home the title in 1979 . In 1980 , it was held in Atlantic City , New Jersey and the Washington Redskinettes were the champions . The winners were Shiona Baum and Jeannie Fritz , and each received a car as the grand prize . The competition was resurrected in 2006 by the NFL Network , and was called NFL Cheerleader Playoffs . The playoffs were taped between July 17 and July 21 , 2006 at Six Flags New England in Agawam , Massachusetts . Two - person teams of cheerleaders from 25 of the NFL 's 32 teams participated in a four - event series of competitions . The first two events tested the cheerleaders ' athletic abilities in events like the 100 - yard dash , kayaking , tandem cycling , and the obstacle course . The third event was a trivia challenge called `` Know Your NFL . '' The final competition was a one - minute dance routine , similar to what they normally perform on NFL sidelines . The San Diego Chargers team ( Casie and Shantel ) defeated the Atlanta Falcons and St. Louis Rams squads to win the overall championship . The 3 teams finished in a three - way tie , with 210 points . The Chargers were declared the winners based on winning the dance competition . Teams ( edit ) Listed by name , with corresponding NFL football team . Current or Last Name Year Established and Former Names NFL Team Arizona Cardinals Cheerleaders 1964 -- 1987 St. Louis Cardinals Cheerleaders 1988 -- 1993 Phoenix Cardinals Cheerleaders 1994 -- present Arizona Cardinals Cheerleaders Arizona Cardinals Atlanta Falcons Cheerleaders 1969 -- 1976 The Falconettes 1976 -- present Atlanta Falcons Cheerleaders Atlanta Falcons Baltimore Ravens Cheerleaders 1998 -- present Baltimore Ravens Buffalo Jills 1960 -- 1965 Buffalo Bills Cheerleaders 1966 -- 2013 Buffalo Jills Buffalo Bills Carolina Topcats 1995 -- present Carolina Panthers Chicago Honey Bears 1976 -- 1985 Chicago Bears Cincinnati Ben -- Gals 1976 -- present Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders 1962 -- 1971 CowBelles & Beaux 1972 -- present Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Dallas Cowboys Denver Broncos Cheerleaders 1971 -- 1976 Bronco Belles 1977 -- 1980 Pony Express 1993 -- present Denver Broncos Cheerleaders Denver Broncos Detroit Lions Cheerleaders 1963 - 1974 2016 -- present Detroit Lions Cheerleaders Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Cheerleaders 1957 -- 1961 Packerettes 1961 -- 1972 Golden Girls 1973 -- 1977 Packerettes 1977 -- 1986 Sideliners 1987 -- 2006 University of Wisconsin -- Green Bay cheerleaders 2007 -- present UWGB and St. Norbert College cheerleaders Green Bay Packers Houston Texans Cheerleaders 2002 -- present Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Cheerleaders 1954 -- 1983 Baltimore Colts Cheerleaders 1984 -- present Indianapolis Colts Cheerleaders Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville ROAR 1995 -- present Jacksonville Jaguars Kansas City Chiefs Cheerleaders 1964 Chiefs Cheerleaders 1971 - 85 Chiefettes 1986 -- present Chiefs Cheerleaders Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Charger Girls 1960s -- 70s Chargettes 1990 -- 2016 San Diego Charger Girls 2017 -- present Los Angeles Charger Girls Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Cheerleaders 1974 -- 1994 Embraceable Ewes 1995 -- 2015 St. Louis Rams Cheerleaders 2016 -- present Los Angeles Rams Cheerleaders Los Angeles Rams Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders 1966 -- 1977 Dolphin Dolls 1978 -- 1983 Dolphins Starbrites 1984 -- present Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders Miami Dolphins Minnesota Vikings Cheerleaders 1961 -- 1963 Vi - Queens 1964 - 1665 , 1967 -- 1983 The Parkettes ( St. Louis Park High School ) 1966 Edina High School and Mpls Roosevelt High School 1984 -- present Minnesota Vikings Cheerleaders Minnesota Vikings New England Patriots Cheerleaders 1977 -- present New England Patriots New Orleans Saintsations 1967 Louisiannes / Saints Dancers 1968 Mademoiselles 1971 Mam'selles 1975 -- 78 Bonnies Amies 1978 Angels 1987 -- present Saintsations New Orleans Saints New York Jets Flight Crew 2006 Jets Flag Crew 2007 -- present Jets Flight Crew New York Jets Oakland Raiderettes 1961 -- present Oakland Raiders Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders 1948 -- 1970s Eaglettes 1970s Liberty Belles 1980s -- present The Eagles Cheerleaders Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelerettes 1960 -- 1969 Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco Gold Rush 1979 -- present San Francisco 49ers Seattle Sea Gals 1976 -- present Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders 1976 -- 1998 SwashBucklers 1999 -- present Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tennessee Titans Cheerleaders 1975 -- 1997 The Derrick Dolls 1998 -- present Tennessee Titans Cheerleaders Tennessee Titans Washington Redskins Cheerleaders 1962 Redskinettes 1963 -- present Washington Redskins Cheerleaders Washington Redskins Teams Without cheerleaders ( edit ) The Packers collegiate squad in 2009 As of 2016 , six teams do not have cheerleading squads : Buffalo Bills , Chicago Bears , Cleveland Browns , Green Bay Packers , New York Giants , and the Pittsburgh Steelers . The Packers do , however , use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games . Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders . The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders , while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past . However , there are reports that the Browns did have cheerleaders in 1971 , but no records exist . The Buffalo Bills endorsed the officially independent Buffalo Jills from 1966 to 2013 ; when several cheerleaders sued both the Bills and the Bills organizations , the Jills suspended operations . Teams of `` unofficial '' cheerleaders began emerging in 2010 for NFL teams that do n't have their own dance squad . These unofficial cheerleaders are n't sanctioned by the NFL or any franchise in the NFL and therefore are not allowed to perform at games , represent the football team at any outside functions , or use any of the team 's branding or trademarked colors on their uniforms . The teams are sponsored by local businesses , and the cheerleaders perform prior to the game , at tailgate parties , and other local events . Some also attend the local NFL games in uniform , and sit together in their block of season ticket seats . Their audition process , costuming , and choreography are very similar to official NFL cheer teams . Some also produce an annual swimsuit calendar , just like the legitimate cheerleaders . All of the independent teams hope at some point to be embraced by the NFL as `` official '' cheerleaders of their local teams . The Detroit Pride Cheerleaders were the first independent professional team , put together in August 2010 to support the Lions . However , as the squad was not officially recognized by the Lions , it could not use the Lions ' logos nor colors . In 2016 , the Lions started an official cheerleading squad . The Gotham City Cheerleaders were organized in August 2011 to support all New York sports , but are most closely associated with the Giants . The team has also been known as the New York Unofficials , the Unofficial Dancers of the New York Giants , and the Gotham 's Team Blue Army Dancers . The Cleveland Spirit Cheerleaders were created in September 2012 to support the Browns as a test team to attract fan interest . This cheer team was created by the same people responsible for the Detroit Pride . Pro Bowl ( edit ) A top honor for an NFL Cheerleader is to be selected as a Pro Bowl Cheerleader . The group is composed of an all - star cheerleader ( one from each NFL cheer team ) that represents her NFL team at the Pro Bowl in Hawaii . The Pro Bowl Cheerleaders were founded in 1992 and directed by Jay Howarth and Angela King - Twitero . Each year , one squad member from every NFL team is chosen to participate in the collective Pro Bowl cheerleading squad . See also ( edit ) List of cheerleaders National Basketball Association Cheerleading References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chicago Honey Bears.net '' . Chicago Honey Bears.net . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Cincinnati Ben - Gals Jump up ^ Dallas Cheerleaders History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Archived February 4 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Meet one of the first Detroit Lions cheerleaders '' . Click on Detroit . June 20 , 2016 . Accessed June 21 2016 Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions to add cheerleaders '' . Official Site of the Detroit Lions . Detroit Lions , Ltd . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Green Bay Packerettes , Green Bay Press - Gazette , Retrieved September 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ Ex-Packers cheerleader writes winning slogan for fence , September 9 , 2007 , Retrieved September 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ Legends on Parade to highlight Packers ' Glory Years Archived 2007 - 11 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Green Bay Press - Gazette , August 24 , 2007 , Retrieved September 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ Kansas City Chiefs Cheerleaders History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Archived February 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charger Girls History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Archived February 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders History ( 2010 ) Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Oakland Raiderettes History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Archived September 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Steelerettes History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gold Rush History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sea Gals History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Archived January 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ www.buccaneers.com Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cheerleader History Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 26 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) . `` No Super Bowl cheerleaders ? He says rah ! '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember when ... the Cleveland Browns had cheerleaders ? Really , they did ! '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://bigstory.ap.org/article/buffalo-bills-cheerleaders-halt-season-after-suit Jump up ^ Pumerantz , Zack ( 2011 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Detroit Lions Cheerleaders : The Hottest Pics of the Detroit Pride '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 6 NFL Teams Without Cheerleaders '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Benton , Dan ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Meet the Gotham City Cheerleaders , Unofficial Dancers for All New York Sports '' . Giants 101 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bonchak , Jean ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Cleveland Spirit cheerleaders coming to Browns Town '' . The News - Herald . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Bowl Cheerleaders '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . hide National Football League Cheerleaders American Football Conference AFC East None former Buffalo Jills ( Buffalo Bills ) Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders ( Miami Dolphins ) New England Patriots Cheerleaders ( New England Patriots ) Jets Flight Crew ( New York Jets ) AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cheerleaders ( Baltimore Ravens ) Cincinnati Ben -- Gals ( Cincinnati Bengals ) None ( Cleveland Browns ) None former Pittsburgh Steelerettes ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) AFC South Houston Texans Cheerleaders ( Houston Texans ) Indianapolis Colts Cheerleaders ( Indianapolis Colts ) Jacksonville Roar ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Tennessee Titans Cheerleaders ( Tennessee Titans ) AFC West Denver Broncos Cheerleaders ( Denver Broncos ) Kansas City Chiefs Cheerleaders ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Los Angeles Charger Girls ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Oakland Raiderettes ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders ( Dallas Cowboys ) None ( New York Giants ) Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Washington Redskins Cheerleaders ( Washington Redskins ) NFC North None former Chicago Honey Bears ( Chicago Bears ) Detroit Lions Cheerleaders ( Detroit Lions ) Green Bay Packers cheerleaders ( Green Bay Packers ) Minnesota Vikings Cheerleaders ( Minnesota Vikings ) NFC South Atlanta Falcons Cheerleaders ( Atlanta Falcons ) Carolina Topcats ( Carolina Panthers ) Saintsations ( New Orleans Saints ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) NFC West Arizona Cardinals Cheerleaders ( Arizona Cardinals ) Los Angeles Rams Cheerleaders ( Los Angeles Rams ) San Francisco Gold Rush ( San Francisco 49ers ) Sea Gals ( Seattle Seahawks ) National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Football_League_Cheerleading&oldid=838700846 '' Categories : National Football League cheerleaders National Football League cheerleading squads Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 19 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what nfl teams don't have cheerleaders 2017
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[
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past. However, there are reports that the Browns did have cheerleaders in 1971, but no records exist.[20]",
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past. However, there are reports that the Browns did have cheerleaders in 1971, but no records exist.[20]",
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past. However, there are reports that the Browns did have cheerleaders in 1971, but no records exist.[20]",
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past. However, there are reports that the Browns did have cheerleaders in 1971, but no records exist.[20]",
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past. However, there are reports that the Browns did have cheerleaders in 1971, but no records exist.[20]",
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past. However, there are reports that the Browns did have cheerleaders in 1971, but no records exist.[20]"
] |
[
"Buffalo Bills",
"Chicago Bears",
"Cleveland Browns",
"Green Bay Packers",
"New York Giants",
"Pittsburgh Steelers"
] |
-3294265212026143687
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Chris Parnell
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Chris Parnell - wikipedia Chris Parnell This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chris Parnell Parnell at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival . Thomas Christopher Parnell ( 1967 - 02 - 05 ) February 5 , 1967 ( age 51 ) Memphis , Tennessee , U.S. Education University of North Carolina School of the Arts Occupation Actor voice artist comedian singer Years active 1988 -- present Known for Saturday Night Live Archer Rick and Morty Thomas Christopher Parnell ( born February 5 , 1967 ) is an American actor , voice artist , comedian , and singer . He is best known as a cast member on NBC 's Saturday Night Live from 1998 to 2006 and for his role as Dr. Leo Spaceman on NBC 's comedy series 30 Rock . In animation , he voices Cyril Figgis on the FX comedy series Archer and Jerry Smith on the Adult Swim sci - fi comedy series Rick and Morty . He is also notable for his voice work on the animated PBS series WordGirl , particularly as the narrator . He also voices `` The Progressive Box '' in a multitude of spots featuring the character , particularly the Progressive Corporation insurance advertisements . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Music appearances 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Parnell was born in Memphis , Tennessee , to a Southern Baptist family . His father , Jack Parnell , was a radio personality in Memphis . He first attended the Southern Baptist Educational Center , and later graduated from Germantown High School . He decided upon acting as a career at age 17 , and set his sights on being a theatre actor . He attended the University of North Carolina School of the Arts where he received his BFA in Drama . He moved to Houston , Texas after college to do an apprentice actor program for a season at the Alley Theatre , but did not get asked back to join the company . He became momentarily disenchanted with acting , and returned to his hometown and taught high school for a year . He subsequently moved to Los Angeles and auditioned for the Groundlings in 1992 . Career ( edit ) While performing as a company player with the Groundlings for a number of years , Parnell began doing commercials and getting guest roles on various sitcoms , such as Seinfeld and Murphy Brown . He was hired to join the cast of Saturday Night Live as a featured player , and debuted on the show on September 26 , 1998 . He was promoted to repertory player the following season . In the summer of 2001 , because of budget cuts and the hiring of four new cast members , Lorne Michaels was required to dismiss two cast members ; he chose to lay off Parnell and Jerry Minor over Horatio Sanz , Rachel Dratch , and Maya Rudolph , but Parnell was rehired in the middle of the next season . While on SNL , Parnell appeared in numerous sketches , and commercial parodies , and performed memorable impressions of various celebrities . Among his notable sketches are `` Lazy Sunday '' , a rap video he shot with Andy Samberg about buying cupcakes and going to see The Chronicles of Narnia , and `` More Cowbell '' . He has also performed raps about hosts Jennifer Garner , Britney Spears , Kirsten Dunst , and Ashton Kutcher . On the DVD commentary for the West Coast version of the 30 Rock episode `` Live Show '' , Tina Fey and Beth McCarthy Miller noted that Parnell was nicknamed `` The Ice Man '' while working at SNL , because of his apparent immunity to breaking ( i.e. , visibly reacting to the humor in a sketch ) , citing the `` more cowbell '' sketch in which he was the only actor not to break . In mid-2006 , Michaels announced that four cast members would be laid off due to budget cuts , but he did not say whom . On September 22 , 2006 , it was announced that three cast members had been laid off : Parnell ; Horatio Sanz ; and Finesse Mitchell . This effectively made him the only SNL performer to have been released twice by Lorne Michaels , although Parnell did say in a 2008 interview with The Sound of Young America podcast that he was okay with being let go this time , as he was considering leaving after that season anyway , adding that he probably would have stayed one more season had he been asked back . He had been with SNL for eight seasons ; at the time only four people ( Darrell Hammond , Tim Meadows , Kevin Nealon , and Al Franken ) had been cast members longer . He has since made uncredited cameo appearances on the show , including parodying newscasters Tom Brokaw , Jim Lehrer , and Bob Schieffer . Parnell and his former SNL castmate Horatio Sanz starred together in Big Lake , a 2010 sitcom on Comedy Central from executive producers Will Ferrell and Adam McKay . Parnell voiced Fly in the animated films Hotel Transylvania and Hotel Transylvania 2 , and Stan the Fishman in the third film , Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation . He is a series regular on the FX animated series Archer , and is also known for his guest appearances as Dr. Leo Spaceman on 30 Rock . He also provides the voice of the narrator on the PBS children 's series WordGirl . From 2011 to 2014 , Parnell co-starred on the ABC comedy series Suburgatory where he played the husband of the character played by his former SNL castmate Ana Gasteyer . His role started out as recurring in the first season but he was bumped up to a series regular in the second season . The series aired for three seasons on ABC . Parnell provides the voice of the `` Progressive Box '' in commercials for Progressive Insurance . Parnell voices Jerry on the Adult Swim show Rick and Morty . On March 16 , 2018 , Parnell was cast in the main role of Wayne on the CBS sitcom Happy Together . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Jingle All the Way Toy Store Sales Clerk Shooting Lily Phone Company Salesman ( voice ) 1997 Decade of Love Bobby Fastdancer Short film 1998 Operation Cadaver Short film 1999 Deadtime Junior Short film 2000 The Ladies Man Phil Swanson 2003 Evil Alien Conquerors Du - ug 2003 Down with Love TV Emcee 2003 National Lampoon 's Barely Legal Mr. Ronald Greitzer Looking for Kitty Guy Borne Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy Garth Holliday Wake Up , Ron Burgundy : The Lost Movie Garth Holliday 2006 I 'm Reed Fish Ralph 2006 Ira & Abby Dr. Ronald Silverberg 2007 The Grand Harold Melvin 2007 Hot Rod Barry Pasternak 2007 Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story Theo 2007 Sunny & Share Love You Kevin Keith Baker 2007 Kabluey Frank 2008 Harold Coach Vanderpool 2008 Eavesdrop Terrence 2009 Paper Man Peter 2009 Labor Pains Jerry Steinwald Hollywood & Wine Peter West The Dogfather Brian Franks Kung Fu Magoo Cole Fusion ( voice ) 2011 Answer This ! Brian Collins 2012 21 Jump Street Mr. Gordon 2012 The Five - Year Engagement Bill 2012 The Dictator News Anchor 2012 Hotel Transylvania Fly ( voice ) 2013 Escape from Planet Earth Hammer ( voice ) 2013 Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues Garth Holliday 2013 Turbo Announcer # 2 ( voice ) 2014 Break Point Jay LaRoche 2015 The Better Half Daniel 2015 Hotel Transylvania 2 Fly ( voice ) 2015 Sisters Phil 2017 Austin Found Alan Dickinson 2017 Battle of the Sexes DJ 2018 Life of the Party Wayne Truzack 2018 Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation Stan the Fishman 2018 Goosebumps 2 : Haunted Halloween Post-production 2018 The Last Laugh Filming 2018 Slice Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Hope and Gloria Howard Episode : `` Sit Down , You 're Rockin ' the Funicular '' 1996 -- 1998 Suddenly Susan Phil / Waiter 2 episodes 1997 Seinfeld NBC Executive Episode : `` The Butter Shave '' 1997 The Jamie Foxx Show Director Episode : `` Do the Write Thing '' 1997 Nick Freno : Licensed Teacher Announcer Episode : `` The Weighting Game '' 1998 Union Square Don Episode : `` It Takes a Thief '' 1998 Caroline in the City Gene Episode : `` Caroline and the Cabbie '' 1998 Murphy Brown Handler # 2 2 episodes 1998 Conrad Bloom Simpson 2 episodes 1998 -- 2012 Saturday Night Live Various characters 148 episodes 2001 TV Funhouse James Brolin ( voice ) Episode : `` Safari Day '' 2001 The Hughleys Rick Episode : `` When Darryl Bumped Sally '' 2001 Friends Bob Episode : `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' 2002 Ed DJ Curtis Morris Episode : `` The Divorce '' 2003 As Told by Ginger Radio Announcer / Train Conductor Episode : `` Far from Home '' 2006 -- 2013 30 Rock Dr. Leo Spaceman 25 episodes 2007 -- 2015 WordGirl Narrator / Various characters ( voice ) 89 episodes 2008 Miss Guided Vice Principal Bruce Terry 7 episodes 2008 Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday Bob Schieffer / Tom Brokaw 2 episodes 2009 Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire Narrator ( voice ) 5 episodes 2009 -- 2010 Glenn Martin DDS Various ( voice ) 4 episodes 2009 -- present Archer Cyril Figgis / Cut - Rate Buck Henry ( voice ) 86 episodes Better Off Ted Walter Palmer Episode : `` The Impertence of Communicationizing '' The Life & Times of Tim Mark Douglas / High School Principal / William ( voice ) 3 episodes Big Lake Chris Henkel 10 episodes 2010 -- 2011 Funny or Die Presents Soccer Dad / Cast of The Slovin & Allen Show / Barry 6 episodes 2010 -- 2011 Eureka Dr. Noah Drummer 2 episodes 2010 -- present Tayo the Little Bus Citu ( voice ) English version 2011 Robot Chicken Scooter / Major Nelson Episode : `` Big Trouble in Little Clerks 2 '' 2011 Mad Love Officer Dennis Barrett 2 episodes 2011 Workaholics Bruce Benson Episode : `` In the Line of Getting Fired '' 2011 Jon Benjamin Has a Van Area 51 Scientist Episode : `` Stardoor '' 2011 Love Bites Chad Banks Episode : `` Stand and Deliever '' 2011 Curb Your Enthusiasm Hank Episode : `` The Hero '' 2011 Prep & Landing : Naughty vs. Nice Mr. Thistleton ( voice ) Television special 2011 T.U.F.F. Puppy The Caped Cod ( voice ) Episode : `` Disobedience School / The Dog Who Cried Fish '' 2011 -- 2012 I Just Want My Pants Back JB 6 episodes 2011 -- 2014 Suburgatory Fred Shay 38 episodes 2012 Gravity Falls Additional characters ( voices ) 2 episodes 2012 Electric City God Nation Judge / Giovanni Montalbon ( voice ) 20 episodes 2012 -- 2016 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Various characters 4 episodes 2014 Filthy Preppy Teen $ Sean Hastings Television special 2013 -- 2016 Drunk History King Charles II / Jim Bowie / Benedict Arnold / Thomas Edison / Charles Joughin 5 episodes 2013 -- present Rick and Morty Jerry Smith ( voice ) 27 episodes 2014 The Tom and Jerry Show Narrator ( voice ) Episode : `` Sleep Disorder / Tom 's In - Tents Adventure '' 2014 Glee Mario Episode : `` Opening Night '' 2014 Garfunkel and Oates Stan Episode : `` Rule 34 '' 2014 BoJack Horseman Klaus / News Reporter ( voice ) Episode : `` Our A-Story Is a ' D ' Story '' 2014 Bad Judge Douglas Riller Episode : `` Pilot '' 2014 Benched Mitch Episode : `` Campaign Contributions '' 2014 -- 2016 TripTank Bill / Doctor / Various ( voice ) 7 episodes 2015 Brooklyn Nine - Nine Geoffrey Hoytsman 2 episodes 2015 Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero Judge ( voice ) Episode : `` Defending the Earth '' 2015 Childrens Hospital Ron Pippin Episode : `` Five Years Later '' 2015 The Adventures of OG Sherlock Kush The Prime Minister ( voice ) Episode : `` The Mystery of the Royal Flasher '' 2015 The Spoils Before Dying Bebop Jones 2 episodes 2015 Another Period Dr. Sigmund Freud Episode : `` Senate '' 2015 Jeff Dunham : Unhinged in Hollywood Network Executive Television special 2015 Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! Dustin Wallswreath / Jim McCoy / Cop ( voice ) Episode : `` Grand Scam '' 2015 Highston Wilbur Liggetts Episode : `` Pilot '' 2015 -- 2016 Nature Cat The Groundhog / Father Mammoth / Sir Galahad ( voice ) 38 episodes 2015 -- 2016 Dawn of the Croods Snoot / Dub / Evil Egg ( voice ) 12 episodes 2015 -- present The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Mr. Peabody ( voice ) Lead role ; 46 episodes 2016 Sofia the First Zacharias ( voice ) Episode : `` Her Royal Spyness '' 2016 Inside Amy Schumer Michael Episode : `` The World 's Most Interesting Woman in the World '' 2016 Bob 's Burgers Warren Fitzgerald ( voice ) Episode : `` Pro Tiki / Con Tiki '' 2016 Ask the StoryBots Special guest appearance Episode : `` Where Does Rain Come From ? '' 2016 Rhett and Link 's Buddy System Vice Chairman Episode : `` The Magic Is Real '' 2016 Tween Fest Preston Stevens Sr . Episode : `` SpurgeExplosion '' 2016 The 5th Quarter Michele Lamborghini / Buddy Brogan 2 episodes 2016 -- present Elena of Avalor Migs ( voice ) 10 episodes 2017 Michael Bolton 's Big , Sexy Valentine 's Day Special Dr. Vince Harbert Television special 2017 Elena and the Secret of Avalor Migs ( voice ) Television film 2017 Samurai Jack Mud Alien / Scientist ( voice ) Episode : `` XCIII '' 2017 Black - ish Dean Parker Episode : `` Liberal Arts '' 2017 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Junior Episode : `` Kimmy Pulls Off a Heist ! '' 2017 Great News Gerald Episode : `` Squad Feud '' 2018 -- present Grown - ish Dean Parker 4 episodes 2018 Adam Ruins Everything Narrator 6 episodes 2018 -- present Happy Together Wayne Main role Music appearances ( edit ) Supafloss Incredibad `` Lazy Sunday '' `` Lazy Sunday 2 '' See also ( edit ) Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plume , Kenneth ( 2003 - 01 - 21 ) . An Interview with Chris Parnell . tv.ign.com , 21 January 2003 . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 02 from http://tv.ign.com/articles/383/383240p1.html . ^ Jump up to : Maron , Marc ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Episode 539 - Chris Parnell '' . WTF with Marc Maron . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham , Mark ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) . Archer 's Chris Parnell Talks Well - Endowed Cartoon Characters , Being Fired From SNL Twice . vulture.com , 14 January 2010 . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 02 from http://www.vulture.com/2010/01/chris_parnell.html . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( 2006 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Four SNLers are history , says Lorne Michaels '' . tvsquad.com , 22 August 2006 . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 02 from http://www.tvsquad.com/2006/08/22/four-snlers-are-history-says-lorne-michaels . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Progressive Almost Made This Box Its Spokesperson Instead Of Flo '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Parnell To Co-Star In McAuliffe / Earl CBS Comedy Pilot ; Phill Lewis To Direct '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Chris Parnell on IMDb BNF : cb161670510 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 0654 7996 LCCN : no2007137538 VIAF : 68722739 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Parnell&oldid=856699247 '' Categories : 1967 births Male actors from Tennessee American male comedians American comedians American male film actors American impressionists ( entertainers ) American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors Living people University of North Carolina School of the Arts alumni Male actors from Memphis , Tennessee 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors People from Germantown , Tennessee American sketch comedians Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 00 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who does chris parnell play in rick and morty
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[
"Thomas Christopher Parnell (born February 5, 1967) is an American actor, voice artist, comedian, and singer. He is best known as a cast member on NBC's Saturday Night Live from 1998 to 2006 and for his role as Dr. Leo Spaceman on NBC's comedy series 30 Rock. In animation, he voices Cyril Figgis on the FX comedy series Archer and Jerry Smith on the Adult Swim sci-fi comedy series Rick and Morty. He is also notable for his voice work on the animated PBS series WordGirl, particularly as the narrator. He also voices \"The Progressive Box\" in a multitude of spots featuring the character, particularly the Progressive Corporation insurance advertisements.\n"
] |
[
"Jerry Smith"
] |
-8978602525672400804
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Tin Woodman
|
Tin Woodman - wikipedia Tin Woodman Jump to : navigation , search For the science fiction novel , see Tin Woodman ( novel ) . This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nick Chopper The Tin man Oz character The Tin Woodman as illustrated by William Wallace Denslow ( 1900 ) First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) Created by L. Frank Baum Portrayed by Jack Haley Information Nickname ( s ) The Tin Woodman Aliases The Tin Man , Rusty Tin Man Species Former human ( in the novels , not in the 1939 MGM film The Wizard of Oz ) Gender Male Occupation Ruler of the Winkies Title Emperor Significant other ( s ) Nimmie Amee Relatives Chopfyt ( made with some of his human parts ) Nationality Munchkinland The Tin Woodman , better known as either the Tin Man or ( incorrectly ) the Tin Woodsman ( the third name appears only in adaptations , the first -- and in rare instances , the second -- was used by Baum ) , is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum . Baum 's Tin Woodman first appeared in his classic 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , and reappeared in many other Oz books . In late 19th - century America , men made out of various tin pieces were used in advertising and political cartoons . Baum , who was editing a magazine on decorating shop windows when he wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , was reportedly inspired to invent the Tin Woodman by a figure he had built out of metal parts for a shop display . Contents ( hide ) 1 The books 2 The Tin Man in later fiction 3 Depictions on stage and screen 4 Modern works 5 Sources of the Tin Man image 6 References The books ( edit ) Originally an ordinary man by the name of Nick Chopper ( the name first appearing in The Marvelous Land of Oz ) , the Tin Woodman used to make his living chopping down trees in the forests of Oz , as his father had before him . The Wicked Witch of the East enchanted his axe to prevent him from marrying his sweetheart , after being bribed by the lazy old woman who kept the Munchkin maiden as a servant , and did not wish to lose her . ( In a later book of the series , The Tin Woodman of Oz , the woman is said to be the Witch 's servant , and it is the Witch herself who decides to enchant Nick 's axe . ) The enchanted axe chopped off his limbs , one by one . Each time he lost a limb , Ku - Klip the tinsmith replaced it with a prosthetic limb made of tin . Finally , nothing was left of him but tin . However , Ku - Klip neglected to replace his heart . Once Nick Chopper was made entirely of tin , he was no longer able to love the lady he had fallen for . In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after they find him rusted in the forest , as he was caught in rain , and use his oil can to release him . He follows her to the Emerald City to get a heart from The Wizard . They are joined on their adventure by the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion . The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the Winkie Country to kill the Wicked Witch of the West . The Tin Woodman 's axe proves useful in this journey , both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed , and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party . When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group , they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height , damaging him badly . However Winkie Tinsmiths are able to repair him after the death of the Witch . His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrow 's desire for brains , reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions . This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior ; neither convinces the other , and Dorothy , listening , is unable to decide which one is right . Symbolically , because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest , she is provided with both and need not select . The Tin Woodman states unequivocally that he has neither heart nor brain , but cares nothing for the loss of his brain . Towards the end of the novel , though , Glinda praises his brain as not quite that of the Scarecrow 's . The Wizard turns out to be a `` humbug '' and can only provide a placebo heart made of silk and filled with sawdust . However , this is enough to please the Tin Woodman , who , with or without a heart , was all along the most tender and emotional of Dorothy 's companions ( just as the Scarecrow was the wisest and the Cowardly Lion the bravest ) . When he accidentally crushes an insect , he is grief - stricken and , ironically , claims that he must be careful about such things , while those with hearts do not need such care . This tenderness remains with him throughout the series , as in The Patchwork Girl of Oz , where he refuses to let a butterfly be maimed for the casting of a spell . When Dorothy returns home to her farm in Kansas , the Tin Woodman returns to the Winkie Country to rule as emperor . Later , he has his subjects construct a palace made entirely of tin -- from the architecture all the way down to the flowers in the garden . Baum emphasized that the Tin Woodman remains alive , in contrast to the windup mechanical man Tik - Tok Dorothy meets in a later book . Nick Chopper was not turned into a machine , but rather had his flesh body replaced by a metal one . Far from missing his original existence , the Tin Woodman is proud ( perhaps too proud ) of his untiring tin body . A recurring problem for the Tin Woodman in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and afterward was his tendency to rust when exposed to rain , tears , or other moisture . For this reason , in The Marvelous Land of Oz the character has himself nickel - plated before helping his friend the Scarecrow fight to regain his throne in the Emerald City . Even so , the Tin Woodman continues to worry about rusting throughout the Oz series . This is inaccurate , in that tin does not rust ; only iron does . This may reflect the usage where an object made of iron or steel but coated with tin ( in order to prevent rusting ) is called a `` Tin '' object , as a `` tin bath '' , a `` tin toy '' , or a `` tin can '' ; thus , the Tin Woodman might be interpreted ( in English , at least ) as being made of steel with a tin veneer . One passage in The Road to Oz , by Baum himself , wherein the Woodman attends Ozma 's birthday party accompanied by a Winkie band playing a song called `` There 's No Plate Like Tin , '' strongly implies that this is the case . Another explanation may be that the Woodman is chiefly made of tin , with iron joints ; in some of the illustrations , his joints are a different color from the rest of his body . In Alexander Volkov 's Russian adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Volkov avoided this problem by the translation of `` The Tin Woodman '' as the `` Iron Woodchopper '' . The Tin Woodman appeared in most of the Oz books that followed . He is a major character in the comic page Baum wrote with Walt McDougall in 1904 - 05 , Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz . In Ozma of Oz , he commands Princess Ozma 's army , and is briefly turned into a tin whistle . In Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , he serves as defense counsel in the trial of Eureka . He affects the plot of a book most notably in The Patchwork Girl of Oz , in which he forbids the young hero from collecting the wing of a butterfly needed for a magical potion because his heart requires him to protect insects from cruelty . Baum also wrote a short book titled The Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman , part of the Little Wizard Stories of Oz series for younger readers . In The Tin Woodman of Oz , Nick Chopper finally sets out to find his lost love , Nimmie Amee , but discovers that she has already married Chopfyt , a man constructed partly out of his own dismembered and discarded limbs . For the Tin Woodman , this encounter with his former fiancée is almost as jarring as his experiences being transformed into a tin owl , meeting another tin man , Captain Fyter , and conversing with his ill - tempered original head . Baum 's successors in writing the series tended to use the Tin Woodman as a minor character , still ruling the Winkie Country but not governing the stories ' outcome . Two exceptions to this pattern are Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz , by Ruth Plumly Thompson , and Lucky Bucky in Oz , by John R. Neill . The biggest exception is in Rachel Cosgrove 's The Hidden Valley of Oz , in which the Tin Woodman leads the forces in the defeat of Terp the Terrible and cuts down the Magic Muffin Tree that gives Terp his great size . The fact that Nick includes the natural deaths of his parents in the story of how he came to be made of tin has been a major element of debate . In his eponymous novel , he proclaims that no one in Oz ever died as far back as Lurline 's enchantment of the country , which occurred long before the arrival of any outsiders such as the Wizard . ( It should be noted , however , that although the living creatures of Oz do not die of age or disease , they may die of accidents or be killed by others . ) The Tin Man in later fiction ( edit ) In the 1998 novel The Tin Man , by Dale Brown , the eponymous protagonist is a power - armored vigilante whom the media and police have dubbed The Tin Man for his physical resemblance to the Wizard of Oz character . The Tin Woodman is a minor character in author Gregory Maguire 's 1995 revisionist novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , its 2003 Broadway musical adaptation and Maguire 's 2005 sequel Son of a Witch . In the book , Nessarose - the Wicked Witch of the East - is seen enchanting the axe to swing around and chop off Nick Chopper 's limbs . She does this for a peasant woman who wishes to stop her servant , probably Nimmie Amee , from marrying Nick Chopper . This seems to be close to the Tin Man 's origin in the original books , but from the Witch 's perspective . In the musical adaptation of Wicked the Tin Man is revealed to be Boq , a Munchkin whom Nessarose , the Wicked Witch of the East , fell in love with when they were at school together . When she discovered his heart belonged to Glinda , she botched a spell that was meant to make him fall in love with her by taking his heart , but instead shrunk his heart to nothing by taking it away without ' giving ' it to Nessa . To save his life , Elphaba , the Wicked Witch of the West , was forced to turn him into tin . Not understanding her reasons , he pursues Elphaba with a single - minded vengeance for his current form . The Tin Man 's humble origin in the novel conflicts with his having been the aristocratic Boq . In Oz Squad , Nick was shown in a sexual relationship with `` Rebecca Eastwitch '' in order to get closer to Nimmie Amee and attempt to elope with her . A darker twist to the beloved woodman is made by author James A. Owen in the fourth installment of his series , The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica when his identity is revealed to be Roger Bacon . The Tin Woodman appears in the 2011 TV series Once Upon a Time episode `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa ( as a teenager ) and by Alex Désert ( as an adult ) . In this version he goes by the name Stanum ( derived from the Latin word `` stannum '' , which means `` tin '' ) . Since youth , Stanum has been a woodcutter and one day when he first met Zelena , the daughter of another woodsman , he finds out that Zelena has magic and befriends her , regardless of whatever the children say about Zelena , who they see as a freak . Many years later , Stanum , now a man , is punished by the Wicked Witch of the North for chopping down a tree in her domain , and his body slowly begins to transform into tin . To prevent himself from completely becoming tin , Stanum seeks out help from Zelena ( now the Wicked Witch of the West ) at the Emerald City of Oz . Zelena agrees to help him seek out the Crimson Heart , which can save him . During their quest , Stanum tells Zelena that she does n't have to be lonely but she is doing her best to deny his advice . Suddenly , a lion comes of nowhere to attack Stanum , and Zelena uses her magic to make the lion go away ( at this point the lion has become as Zelena would put it , cowardly ) . When they finally arrived to the location of the Crimson Heart , the two learned that the only way to make it work is through the absorption of another person 's magic . Unfortunately Zelena 's actions and selfish greed for magic causes her to betray Stanum , whom she suspect was aligned with Dorothy by keeping the Crimson Heart for herself , leaving Stanum to transform into the Tin Man permanently . Some time later , when Robin Hood arrives in Oz in the episode `` Heart of Gold '' , the Tin Man is seen on the side of the Yellow Brick Road , torn apart . Depictions on stage and screen ( edit ) Poster for 1902 stage extravaganza Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man In 1902 , Baum helped to adapt The Wizard of Oz into a wildly successful stage extravaganza . David C. Montgomery played the Tin Woodman , Niccolo Chopper ( who played the piccolo ) , opposite Fred Stone as the Scarecrow , and the team became headliners . The piccolo would continue to appear in early adaptations , such as the 1910 film , but was largely forgotten , and the name `` Niccolo '' never appeared in one of the books . Revisionist books like Oz Squad have referred to him as `` Nicholas , '' a name not found in the books , either . In the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , the Tin Man was played by actor Jack Haley . Originally , Ray Bolger was cast to play the role of Tin Man , despite his desire to play the Scarecrow . Buddy Ebsen was , at the time , cast as Scarecrow , and was convinced to swap roles with Bolger . While this pleased Bolger , it led to medical problems for Ebsen . The Tin Man 's makeup originally contained aluminum powder which got into Ebsen 's lungs , bringing him to the edge of death . He was rushed to a hospital and had to give up the role . Despite this , and the fact that the Tin Man 's makeup was changed to a safer aluminum paste , Ebsen went on to outlive both Bolger and Haley . Haley based his breathy speaking style in the movie on the voice he used for telling his son bedtime stories . His portrayal of the character is by far the most famous . There is no explanation in the film of how the Tin Man became the Tin Man . It is subtly implied that he was always made of tin ; the only reference to the tinsmith is the Tin Man 's remark `` The tinsmith forgot to give me a heart '' . Unlike the costumes of the Scarecrow ( in the National Museum of American History ) and Cowardly Lion ( two sets in private hands ) , that of the Tin Man `` was largely destroyed '' . Haley also portrayed the Tin Man 's Kansas counterpart , Hickory ( one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farmworkers ) . Screenwriter Noel Langley created this character for the film . Hickory helps Zeke ( Lion 's alter ego ) lower a bed into its place on a wagon at the farm . Unlike Zeke , Hickory and Hunk ( Scarecrow 's alter ego ) lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches the farm . He reunites with Dorothy when she awakes from being unconscious . Hickory is seen with Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , Zeke , and Hunk as well as Professor Marvel ( The Wizard 's alter ego ) . In the original Broadway version of The Wiz , Tiger Haynes played the Tinman , a human woodcutter who became tin after the Wicked Witch of the East cursed his axe to chop him up ( as in the book ) . Nipsey Russell played the Tinman in the film adaptation of The Wiz . In this version , as in the 1939 movie , there is no explanation of how he became tin , just a reference of the `` genius who created me '' . He worked as the carnival barker and when the park was closed , he was abandoned , rusted and squeezed by his fourth wife , `` Teeny '' ( a heavy tin sculpture of a fat lady ) . He was saved by Dorothy and the Scarecrow . Ne - Yo played the Tinman in the TV special The Wiz Live ! . This version portrayed him as a construction worker on whom the Wicked Witch of the East developed an unrequited crush . When she found out he already had a girlfriend , `` Bertha '' , she became so jealous , she turned him into a heartless tinman . The Witch boasted afterwards that if she could n't have his heart , then no one could . Like Jack Haley in the 1939 movie , Ne - Yo also played one of Aunt Em 's farmhands - John , who walks with a metal leg brace . Other notable actors who have played the Tin Woodman include Oliver Hardy in a 1925 silent version of The Wizard of Oz directed by and starring Larry Semon , in which a villainous farmhand briefly fell into a tin pile and emerged as a `` Tin Woodsman '' ( sic ) . In subsequent scenes the tin was removed and he became `` Knight of the Garter '' . In the 1960 television adaptation of The Land of Oz , he was played by vaudeville comedian Gil Lamb ; in the 1969 film , The Wonderful Land of Oz he was played by Al Joseph ; and in the 1985 film Return to Oz , he was played by Deep Roy , a little person who was able to fit inside a costume that looked nearly identical to John R. Neill 's artwork . In the 1961 animated TV series , Tales of the Wizard of Oz and its sequel , the 1964 NBC animated television special Return to Oz , the Tin Man ( here named Rusty ) was voiced by Larry D. Mann . In the 1970s , the Tin Woodman appeared in a series of short animated educational films about heart health from Joleron Productions . In an episode of The World 's Greatest Super Friends , Superman temporarily became the Tin Man after a tornado took him , Wonder Woman , and Aquaman to Mister Mxyzptlk 's planet of Oz . In a 1981 episode of Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo , Scrappy is dressed as the Tin Man after a tornado took him , Shaggy , and Scooby to `` Ahz '' , a direct spoof of Oz with a different spelling by its enunciation . In 1985 , the Tin Woodman appeared in the educational film Act on Arthritis as well as in promotional commercials . Roger Daltrey portrayed this character in the 1995 television stage performance The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True . The Kansas farmworker Hickory does not appear in this production . Daltrey performed a rock and roll tempo of `` If I Only Had a Heart '' in which he swung his microphone mimicking his Who persona . He also performed the bridge verses sung by the Tin Man in Nathan Lane 's long version of `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' . Toward the end , he hugged the Wizard ( Joel Grey ) saying to him `` Thank you from the bottom of my heart ! '' . In 1996 , they made a cartoon animated The Oz Kids . He has a son named Tin Boy . Like his father he can cut wood with his ax . And he has to be careful with water and snow or he 'll be rust . His voice played by Andy Milder . Hiroki Tsujiai from Ultra Maniac dresses as the Tin Man in the costume party . James Kall portrayed the Tin Man in the 2001 ABC miniseries Life with Judy Garland : Me and My Shadows . The Muppet Gonzo plays a similar role , the Tin Thing , in 2005 's television film The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz . In this version , he is the Wicked Witch 's research assistant , transformed into a robot to prevent him wanting a day off to marry Camilla . Gonzo 's other role is himself . He appears at the end of this film in the Muppets ' show . In 2006 , the Tin Man was the protagonist in a pair of television commercials for Chef Boyardee brand canned Beef Ravioli , in a costume identical to the design used in the 1939 Oz film . In the commercials , the Tin Man ( played by Australian actor David Somerville ) is pursued by groups of children due to the fact that an oversized Beef Ravioli can label has been affixed to the back of his cylindrical torso ( which he does n't notice until the midpoint of the first commercial ) ; thus , he appears to be a very large , mobile can of ravioli . In the first ad , the Tin Man escapes from his pursuers only to discover that the building he ducked into is an elementary school cafeteria full of hungry children and a teacher . The second ad begins with the Tin Man running through a residential neighborhood , accidentally adding to his pursuers when he stumbles across a backyard birthday party ; after fleeing across a golf course ( while dodging balls from the driving range ) , he is cornered in another backyard and threatened with a garden hose ( playing on the Tin Man 's classic weakness of rusting ) . As the scene shifts to the image of a Beef Ravioli can , sounds of water hitting metal and the Tin Man 's cries for help are heard . In 2006 , the Chicago Under Ground Film Festival premiered Lee Lynch 's feature film titled Transposition of the Great Vessels . Based on the story of his own parents , who moved from Redding to Los Angeles , in hopes of making a better life . His father wanted to work for the forest service , and his mother wanted to be a cook , but their baby was born with a rare heart condition . They were forced to give up those dreams , and make choices that would give them insurance and stability . A naturalist movie interspersed with dream sequences ; the `` Tin Woodman '' makes an appearance while on his deathbed , at UCLA Medical Center . At Sundance of 2007 , a film premiered by young director Ray Tintori entitled Death to the Tinman . It is a somewhat modernized retelling that takes place at sometime in the 1900s , in the town Verton , rather than Oz . However , the book of the same name , which tells the origins of the character , is cited by opening intertitles as the source . Although the basic premise is nearly identical , much of the details and all names and locations have been changed . This is partially due to the film 's satirical look at criminal reenactments , as it states at the beginning that names `` have been changed to protect the innocent . '' Perhaps the most interesting change that story makes , though , is the origin of the curse upon the Tinman 's Axe , which is changed from being the Witch to being a curse from God . This film won a short filmmaking award at Sundance . A 2007 CG animated short film called `` After Oz '' , produced by the film students at Vancouver Film School , centered on a stylized version of the Tin Man , after he has received his heart from Oz . The movie shows him moving through a colorful Oz city with his brand - new mechanical heart , before meeting a reddish female Tin Woman ( or robot ? ) to whom he gives the heart . She proceeds to cruelly play with the heart . An internet - collaboration , CG animated feature based on Baum 's book The Tin Woodman of Oz was produced by A : M Films , and completed in 2009 . In 2010 , Whitestone Motion Pictures produced a 23 - minute live - action short film , Heartless : The Story of the Tin Man . The film is based on the book The Tin Woodman of Oz , where Woot the Wanderer visits the Tin Man and asks how he came to be made of tin . In the film , the Tin Man appears to be more steam - or coal - powered . His chest cavity is covered by a door which reads `` Pedudoe Tin Co . '' but this is a reference to the workings of the film company , and not a reference to any Oz book or material . The movie was made available for free viewing online and free downloading of its soundtrack . In the 2013 prequel , Oz the Great and Powerful , although the Tin Woodman does not physically appear , the film introduces his creator , the Master Tinker , portrayed by Bill Cobbs . Tin Man appears in the animated film Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( which is based on Dorothy of Oz ) , voiced by Kelsey Grammer . The Woodsman , a 2012 stage play written by James Ortiz with music by Edward W. Hardy , tells the backstory of the Tin Man , using puppetry , movement , and music . The play has received multiple Off Broadway productions , and won a 2016 Obie Award for Ortiz 's puppet design . In the TV series Emerald City , the Tin Woodman equivalent is Jack ( Gerran Howell ) , a friend of the enigmatic Tip , who helps ' him ' escape from his imprisonment by a witch . When it is revealed that Tip is actually a girl whose true identity was suppressed by a potion , her strained emotional state causes her to push Jack over a balcony after he kisses her . Jack is subsequently found and rebuilt by scientists in a cyborg - like state ; his head and right arm are still organic , but his heart and the rest of his body has been replaced or covered by mechanical armour . The Tin Man appears in Once Upon a Time . In this show , he started out as a woodcutter named Stanum ( portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa as a young man and by Alex Désert as an adult ) who encountered a younger Zelena when she saved a bird 's nest . When two bullies show up to harm Zelena , Stanum helped to fend them off . Years later , Stanum comes to Zelena for help . He tells Zelena that he is slowly turning to tin after he was cursed by the Wicked Witch of the North for cutting down a tree in her area . Stanum states that the Crimson Heart artifact might be able to help him , but needs Zelena 's help to get by the beast that guards it . When close to its location , Stanum is attacked by a lion who is then fended off by Zelena . When they get to the heart , Zelena picks it up and felt some of her magic draining . When Zelena claims that Dorothy Gale put Stanum up to this task , Stanum commented that he never met Dorothy . He also stated that Zelena once claimed on the day they met that she would be happy being a normal human . As Stanum fully turns to tin and is unable to move , Zelena takes the box containing the Crystal Heart and leaves while telling Stanum that perhaps Dorothy will meet Stanum and free him . Modern works ( edit ) This article gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song `` Country Robot / A Letter to Dorothy '' by The Incredible Moses Leroy is written from the Tin Man 's perspective ; it includes the lyrics `` You gave me oil , I was a rusty load / You even helped me find my heart . '' In the song `` Tin Man '' by the band America , the lyrics state that `` Oz never did give nothin ' to the Tin Man , that he did n't , did n't already have . '' The rest of the song has nothing to do with the Tin Man or Oz . Country artist Kenny Chesney recorded the song `` Tin Man '' for his album `` All I Need to Know '' . The first verse and refrain state : Tracy Chapman included a song titled `` Remember the Tinman '' on her 1995 album New Beginning . In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's , the Tin Man and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Larry the Cucumber . In the 2007 Sci - Fi miniseries Tin Man , a `` Tin Man '' is a term used for the law enforcers of Central City in the Outer Zone ( O.Z. ) One of the story 's protagonists , Wyatt Cain ( played by Neal McDonough in the title role ) , is a Tin Man whose past left him hardened and distant from others . In addition , he is first found by Dorothy imprisoned in an iron suit that replays a non-stop loop of the capture of his wife and child . The Avett Brothers 2009 Album I and Love and You features a song called `` Tin Man '' . Verses of the Future Islands 2010 post-pop , synth - ballad Tin Man contain numerous metaphorical , Tin - Man related references . The song also features a powerful and climactic end chorus consisting solely of the repeated line - `` I am the Tin Man '' . In the 2011 direct - to - DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz , the Tin Man was voiced by Rob Paulsen . The Tin Man appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Jordan Turnage . He appears in the form of a man named Nick ( played by Billy Boyd ) . A 1990 episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation is titled `` Tin Man . '' The Phineas & Ferb episode `` Wizard of Odd '' features the Tin Man in his rusted state , but he is never freed from this condition . He is also featured in an end credits song entitled `` Rusted . '' Mickey Mouse Clubhouse did a parody special entitled `` The Wizard of Dizz , '' in which the role of the Tin Man is played by Mickey Mouse . The parody The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz featured Gonzo the Great in the role of the Tin Man . In the game Code Name : S.T.E.A.M. , Tin Man , along with other Oz characters , is a playable character . His design is more based on Japanese culture and he have the ability to give steam to allies . The Tin Woodman appears as a major antagonist in Danielle Paige 's Dorothy Must Die novel series . In this series , Dorothy and her friends have been corrupted by Dorothy 's use of magic and the ' magic ' in the gifts they received from the Wizard , with the Tin Woodman now driven by a twisted ' love ' for Dorothy that is nevertheless unrequited . He is described as possessing a more twisted appearance , with his legs compared to horses ' legs and his hands possessing knives for fingers . At the conclusion of the first novel , series protagonist Amy Gumm cuts out his heart , having been informed by the Wizard that she must take the gifts of Dorothy 's companions to kill Dorothy herself . Sources of the Tin Man image ( edit ) 1890 cartoon portraying President Benjamin Harrison as a knight in tin armor Economics and history professors have published scholarly studies that indicate the images and characters used by Baum and Denslow closely resembled political images that were well known in the 1890s . They state that Baum and Denslow did not simply invent the Lion , Tin Woodman , Scarecrow , Yellow Brick Road , Silver Slippers , cyclone , monkeys , Emerald City , little people , Uncle Henry , passenger balloons , witches and the wizard . These were all common themes in the editorial cartoons of the previous decade . The notion of a `` Tin Man '' has deep roots in European and American history , according to Green ( 2006 ) , and often appeared in cartoons of the 1880s and 1890s . Baum and Denslow , like most writers and illustrators , used the materials at hand that they knew best . They built a story around them , added Dorothy , and added a series of lessons to the effect that everyone possesses the resources they need ( such as brains , a heart and courage ) if only they had self - confidence . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was a children 's book , of course , but as Baum warned in the preface , it was a `` modernized '' fairy tale as well . The Tin Man -- the human turned into a machine -- was a common feature in political cartoons and in advertisements in the 1890s . Indeed , he had been part of European folk art for 300 years . In political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Tin Woodman is supposedly described as a worker , dehumanized by industrialization . The Tin Woodman little by little lost his natural body and had it replaced by metal ; so he has lost his heart and can not move without the help of farmers ( represented by the Scarecrow ) ; in reality he has a strong sense of cooperation and love , which needs only an infusion of self - confidence to be awakened . In the 1890s many argued that to secure a political revolution a coalition of Farmers and Workers was needed . The 1890 editorial cartoon to the right shows President Benjamin Harrison wearing improvised tin armor because he wanted a tariff on tin . Such images support the argument that the figure of a `` tin man '' was in use as political allegory in the 1890s . The man on the right is politician James G. Blaine . The oil needed by the Tin Woodman had a political dimension at the time because Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Company stood accused of being a monopoly ( and in fact was later found guilty by the Supreme Court ) . In the 1902 stage adaptation , which is full of topical references that do not appear either in the novel or in any of the film adaptations ( unless they are satirical ) , the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil . `` You would n't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller , '' the Scarecrow responds , `` He 'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Michael Patrick Hearn , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p 141 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Michael Patrick Hearn , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p 152 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Michael Patrick Hearn , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p 38 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ The Shadow Dragons Jump up ^ `` ( # 618 ) `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard of Oz and Buddy Ebsen '' . snopes.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MythBusters ( 2005 season ) # Episode SP7 -- `` Hollywood on Trial '' Jump up ^ `` Oz lion costume goes under hammer '' . BBC News . December 1 , 2006 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Witness '' . The Witness. 2011 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Vancouver Film School ( 2007 - 08 - 31 ) . `` After Oz - Vancouver Film School ( VFS ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` whitestonemotionpictures.com '' . whitestonemotionpictures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Allport , Lee ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful : A Prequel at Its Best '' . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . There are other interesting `` that explains it '' moments as well . We get up close and personal with The Cowardly Lion and find out what spooked him into being afraid of his own shadow . We get to know the Tin Man 's father and the creators of the Scarecrow and learn more about Munchkinland . Jump up ^ Zoe Beery , `` The Tin Man of Oz Gets a Refit in ' The Woodsman ' '' , The Village Voice , May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ranjit S. Dighe , ed . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz : Reading L. Frank Baum 's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Archie Green , Tin Men ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Gretchen Ritter , `` Silver slippers and a golden cap : L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics '' Journal of American Studies ( August 1997 ) vol. 31 , no . 2 , 171 - 203 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Oz p 34 Clanton , Gene . Populism : The Humane Preference in America , 1890 - 1900 ( 1991 ) Culver , Stuart . `` Growing Up in Oz . '' American Literary History 4 ( 1992 ) 607 - 28 . in JSTOR Culver , Stuart . `` What Manikins Want : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors '' , Representations , 21 ( 1988 ) 97 - 116 . Dighe , Ranjit S. ed . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz : Reading L. Frank Baum 's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory ( 2002 ) Erisman , Fred . `` L. Frank Baum and the Progressive Dilemma '' in American Quarterly Vol. 20 , No. 3 ( Autumn , 1968 ) , pp. 616 - 623 online at JSTOR Gardner , Todd . `` Responses to Littlefield '' ( 2004 ) , online Geer , John G. and Thomas R. Rochon , `` William Jennings Bryan on the Yellow Brick Road , '' Journal of American Culture ( Winter , 1993 ) Green , Archie . Tin Men ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2002 ) . on the history of images of tin men in European and American illustrations Hearn , Michael Patrick ( ed ) . The Annotated Wizard of Oz. ( 2000 , 1973 ) Jensen , Richard . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 - 1896 ( 1971 ) , ch. 10 . Karp , Andrew . Utopian Tension in L. Frank Baum 's Oz in Utopian Studies , 1998 Littlefield , Henry M. `` The Wizard of Oz : Parable on Populism '' American Quarterly Vol. 16 , No. 1 ( Spring , 1964 ) , pp. 47 - 58 in JSTOR Nesbet , Anne . `` In Borrowed Balloons : The Wizard of Oz and the History of Soviet Aviation '' in The Slavic and East European Journal > Vol. 45 , No. 1 ( Spring , 2001 ) , pp. 80 - 95 online at JSTOR Riley , Michael O. ( 1997 ) Oz and Beyond : The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum . University of Kansas Press ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0832 - X Ritter , Gretchen . Goldbugs and Greenbacks : The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America ( 1997 ) Ritter , Gretchen . `` Silver slippers and a golden cap : L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics . '' Journal of American Studies ( August 1997 ) vol. 31 , no . 2 , 171 - 203 . Rockoff , Hugh . `` The ' Wizard of Oz ' as a Monetary Allegory , '' Journal of Political Economy 98 ( 1990 ) : 739 - 60 online at JSTOR Swartz , Mark Evan . Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' on Stage and Screen to 1939 ( 2000 ) Velde , Francois R. `` Following the Yellow Brick Road : How the United States Adopted the Gold Standard '' Economic Perspectives . Volume : 26 . Issue : 2 . 2002 . also online here Ziaukas , Tim . `` 100 Years of Oz : Baum 's ' Wizard of Oz ' as Gilded Age Public Relations '' in Public Relations Quarterly , Fall 1998 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal The Wicked Years by Gregory Maguire Books Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Characters Elphaba Glinda Wizard of Oz Boq Nessarose Stage adaptation Wicked awards and nominations album Songs `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' `` Dear Old Shiz '' `` The Wizard and I '' `` What is this Feeling ? '' `` Dancing Through Life '' `` Popular '' `` I 'm Not that Girl '' `` A Sentimental Man '' `` Defying Gravity '' `` No One Mourns the Wicked ( Reprise ) '' `` Thank Goodness '' `` Wonderful '' `` I 'm Not That Girl ( Reprise ) '' `` No Good Deed '' `` For Good '' VIAF : 314909573 LCCN : no2015027498 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin_Woodman&oldid=836584509 '' Categories : Oz ( franchise ) characters Characters in Wicked Fictional amputees Fictional cyborgs Fictional emperors and empresses Fictional characters introduced in 1900 Male characters in film Male characters in literature Male characters in television Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Fictional humanoid robots Hidden categories : Wikipedia references cleanup from November 2017 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 17 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what did the tim man ask the wizard of oz for
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"In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after they find him rusted in the forest, as he was caught in rain, and use his oil can to release him. He follows her to the Emerald City to get a heart from The Wizard. They are joined on their adventure by the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion. The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the Winkie Country to kill the Wicked Witch of the West. The Tin Woodman's axe proves useful in this journey, both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed, and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party. When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group, they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height, damaging him badly. However Winkie Tinsmiths are able to repair him after the death of the Witch."
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"a heart"
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Grenfell Tower fire
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Grenfell Tower fire - wikipedia Grenfell Tower fire Jump to : navigation , search For details of the public inquiry , see Grenfell Tower Inquiry . Grenfell Tower fire Grenfell Tower burning , 04 : 43 BST , 14 June 2017 Grenfell Tower Grenfell Tower ( Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea ) Grenfell Tower Grenfell Tower ( Greater London ) Show map of Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Show map of Greater London Show all Date 14 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) Time 00 : 54 BST ( first emergency call ) Duration 24 hours ( under control ) , over 60 hours ( fully out ) Location Grenfell Tower , North Kensington , London , UK Coordinates 51 ° 30 ′ 50 '' N 0 ° 12 ′ 57 '' W / 51.5140 ° N 0.2158 ° W / 51.5140 ; - 0.2158 Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 50 '' N 0 ° 12 ′ 57 '' W / 51.5140 ° N 0.2158 ° W / 51.5140 ; - 0.2158 TQ 23907 80957 Type Structure fire Outcome Government taskforce taking over parts of the RBKC council function Urgent fire safety tests on cladding from similar towers Independent review of building regulations and fire safety commissioned Casualties 60 to 80 estimated dead 74 hospitalised Suicide , stillbirth and PTSD reported Inquiries Public inquiry hearings opened 14 September 2017 Coroner Open inquests for 58 victims are pending police investigation and public inquiry Website grenfelltowerinquiry.org.uk The Grenfell Tower fire occurred on 14 June 2017 at the 24 - storey Grenfell Tower block of public housing flats in North Kensington , Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , West London . It caused an estimated 60 to 80 deaths and over 70 injuries . A definitive death toll is not expected before 2018 . As of 19 September 2017 , 60 victims had been identified by the Metropolitan Police and Coroner . Occupants for 23 of 129 flats died . Around 255 people survived . Inquests for 58 known victims were opened and adjourned at Westminster Coroner 's Court . The fire is the subject of a Public Inquiry . On 14 September 2017 , the first hearing opened . Evidential hearings will start in October . Police and fire services believe the fire started accidentally in a fridge - freezer on the fourth floor . The rapid growth of the fire is thought to have been accelerated by the building 's exterior cladding , which is of a common type in widespread use . An independent review of building regulations and fire safety is in progress . Emergency services received the first report of the fire at 00 : 54 local time . It burned for about 60 hours until finally extinguished . More than 250 firefighters and 70 fire engines from stations all over London were involved in efforts to control the fire . Over 100 London Ambulance Service crew on at least 20 ambulances attended , joined by the specialist Hazardous Area Response Team . London 's Air Ambulance sent teams of HEMS doctors and paramedics by road in support . Firefighters rescued 65 people . Seventy - four people were confirmed by the NHS to be in six hospitals across London with 20 of them in critical care . Many firefighters continued to fight pockets of fire on the higher floors after most of the rest of the building had been gutted . Residents of surrounding buildings were evacuated due to concerns that the tower could collapse , but the building was later determined to be structurally sound . The Mayor of London , Sadiq Khan , criticised safety protocols , in particular those telling people to stay in their flats until rescued . This advice presumed that the building 's structure could contain a fire within a single flat , but in this case the fire was spreading rapidly via the building 's exterior . Since 2013 , the residents ' organisation Grenfell Action Group had repeatedly expressed concern about fire safety , saying in November 2016 that only a catastrophic fire would force the block 's management to adequately address fire precautions and maintenance of fire - related systems . On 16 June 2017 , Prime Minister Theresa May , who had been criticised for failing to meet Grenfell Tower residents following the tragedy , announced a £ 5 million fund for those affected by the fire . All those made homeless were to receive an initial down payment of £ 5,500 , with each household to be given at least £ 500 in cash and £ 5,000 paid into an account . On 18 June the government announced that a new disaster management team was taking over , acknowledging that the initial response by the state , both locally and nationally , was inadequate . On 21 June , the government announced that 68 new flats in the local borough were to be made available to survivors . A total of 151 homes were destroyed in the tower and surrounding area . The incident ranks as the deadliest structural fire in the United Kingdom since the start of the 20th century , when detailed records began . The death toll is higher than the Bradford City stadium fire of 1985 , which killed 56 people . Contents ( hide ) 1 The building 1.1 Construction 1.2 Renovation 1.3 Safety concerns 1.4 Grenfell Action Group 2 Fire and casualties 2.1 Casualties 2.1. 1 14 June 2017 2.1. 2 Following days 2.2 Concerns over official casualty figures 2.3 Revised estimate 2.4 Immigration amnesty 3 Cause 4 Fire brigade response 5 Analysis 5.1 Grenfell Action Group warnings 5.2 Stay put policy 5.3 Fire safety review shelved 5.4 Exterior cladding and insulation 5.4. 1 Replacement 5.4. 2 Aluminium - polyethylene cladding 5.4. 3 Polyisocyanurate insulation 5.5 Review of building regulations 5.6 Review of composite cladding 6 Criticism of fire safety building standards 7 Political criticism 7.1 Council response 7.2 Nature of inquiry 7.3 Social division 7.4 Underinvestment 7.5 Neglect 7.6 Deregulation 7.7 Poor transparency 7.8 Loss of confidence 7.9 Criticism of the media 8 Impact 8.1 Short - term 8.2 Community response 8.3 Government response 8.4 Grenfell Fire Response Team ( GRT ) 8.5 Costs 9 Reactions 9.1 14 June 9.2 15 June 9.3 16 June 9.4 17 June 9.5 18 June 9.6 21 June 9.7 23 June 9.8 Charity single 10 Rehousing 11 Fire and structural safety reviews 11.1 Independent review 11.2 United Kingdom 11.2. 1 Risk of building collapse 11.3 International 12 Investigations 12.1 Criminal 12.2 Cause and spread 12.3 Forensic search and recovery 12.4 Fire brigade 12.5 White goods fire risk 12.6 Occupational side - effects 12.7 Public inquiry 13 Demolition 14 Similar fires 14.1 United Kingdom and Isle of Man 14.2 Elsewhere 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links The building ( edit ) Main article : Grenfell Tower Grenfell Tower Grenfell Tower in 2009 , before refurbishment General information Location North Kensington Town or city London Country United Kingdom Construction started 1972 Completed Renovated 2016 Destroyed 14 June 2017 Renovation cost £ 8.7 million Owner Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council Landlord Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation Height 67.30 metres ( 220 ft 10 in ) Technical details Floor count 24 Design and construction Architecture firm Clifford Wearden and Associates Main contractor AE Symes Renovating team Architect Studio E Architects Renovating firm Rydon Construction Artelia Max Fordham Main contractor WITT UK Harley Facades Celotex JS Wright & Sons Arconic Map of the western side of the Lancaster West Estate . The fire also severely affected three low - rise `` finger blocks '' adjoining Grenfell Tower . Grenfell Tower was in North Kensington , Inner London , in a mainly working - class housing complex surrounded by affluent neighbourhoods in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea ( RBKC ) . The tower was managed on behalf of Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council by Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation ( KCTMO ) , the largest TMO in England , responsible for nearly 10,000 properties in the borough . The KCTMO has a board comprising eight residents ( tenants or leaseholders ) , four council - appointed members , and three independent members . The tower was built as council housing , but 14 of the flats had been bought under the Right to Buy policy . These were occupied by leaseholders , or were privately rented out by them on the open market . Construction ( edit ) The 24 - storey tower block was designed in 1967 in the Brutalist style of the era by Clifford Wearden and Associates , with the council approving construction in 1970 as part of the Lancaster West redevelopment project . Construction , by contractors AE Symes of Leyton , under the council housing system , ran from 1972 to 1974 . The 67.30 - metre ( 220 ft 10 in ) tall building contained 120 one - and two - bedroom flats . The upper 20 of 24 storeys had six dwellings and 10 bedrooms each . The lower four storeys were used for non-residential purposes . Later , two floors were converted to residential use , bringing the total to 129 apartments , housing up to 600 people . Like many towers in the UK , Grenfell had a single central staircase . Unlike many other countries , UK regulations do not require a second . The original lead architect for the building , Nigel Whitbread , said in 2016 that the tower had been designed with attention to strength following the Ronan Point partial collapse of 1968 `` and from what I can see could last another hundred years . '' Renovation ( edit ) Grenfell Tower underwent a major renovation which was publicised in 2012 and completed in 2016 . Overseen by Studio E Architects , the £ 8.7 million refurbishment was undertaken by Rydon Ltd of Forest Row , East Sussex , in conjunction with Artelia for contract administration and Max Fordham as specialist mechanical and electrical consultants . As part of the project , in 2015 -- 2016 , the concrete structure received new windows and new aluminium composite rainscreen cladding , in part to improve the appearance of the building . Two types were used : Arconic 's Reynobond PE , which consists of two , coil - coated , aluminium sheets that are fusion bonded to both sides of a polyethylene core ; and Reynolux aluminium sheets . Beneath these , and fixed to the outside of the walls of the flats , was Celotex RS5000 PIR thermal insulation . The work was carried out by Harley Facades of Crowborough , East Sussex , at a cost of £ 2.6 million . The original contractor , Leadbitter , had been dropped by KCTMO because their price of £ 11.278 million was £ 1.6 million higher than the proposed budget for the refurbishment . The contract was put out to competitive tender . Rydon 's bid was £ 2.5 million less than Leadbitter 's . An alternative cladding with better fire resistance was refused due to cost . The renovation included a water - based heating system for individual flats . Safety concerns ( edit ) Residents expressed significant safety concerns prior to the fire , with criticism levelled against the council for fire safety and building maintenance failures . They had also said repeatedly that in the event of a fire , their escape path was limited to a single staircase . Exposed gas pipes were another concern raised by the Grenfell Tower Leaseholders ' Association in the months before the fire - while a fire safety expert had ordered them to be covered by fire - retardant boxing , two - thirds remained exposed at the time of the fire . There is concern that cuts to legal aid prevented tenants and tenants ' groups taking legal action over their safety concerns . Robert Bourns of The Law Society said , `` There have been reports that tenants of Grenfell Tower were unable to access legal aid to challenge safety concerns because of the cuts . If that is the case then we may have a very stark example of what limiting legal aid can mean . '' Following the fire , the Conservative leader of the council , Nicholas Paget - Brown said that the Grenfell Tower residents did not have a collective view in favour of installing sprinklers during the recent renovations . He also said that if they had been installed , it would have delayed the refurbishment and been more disruptive . ITV business editor Joel Hills stated that he had been told that the installation of sprinklers had not even been discussed . In a 2012 report , the British Automatic Fire Sprinkler Association said that sprinklers could be retrofitted in Grenfell Tower for an average cost of £ 1,150 per flat , which would have added up to a total cost of £ 138,000 for the whole block . The government is accused of having ignored warnings about fire safety in tower blocks . A former chief fire officer and secretary of the all - party parliamentary group on fire safety , Ronnie King , said ministers stonewalled requests for meetings and efforts to tighten rules . He said that the then -- housing minister Gavin Barwell , refused requests for meetings . King said : `` We have had replies , but the replies were to the effect that you have met my predecessor ( earlier housing minister James Wharton ) and there were a number of matters that we are looking at and we are still looking at it . ( ... ) They always seem to need a significant loss of life before things are changed . '' After six people were killed in the 2009 Lakanal House fire , the coroner made a series of safety recommendations for the government to consider , and the Department for Communities and Local Government agreed to hold a review in 2013 . In March 2014 , the All - Party Parliamentary Fire Safety and Rescue Group sent a letter to then -- Minister for Communities Stephen Williams , which said in part : `` Surely ... when you already have credible evidence to justify updating ... the guidance ... which will lead to saving of lives , you do n't need to wait another three years in addition to the two already spent since the research findings were updated , in order to take action ? `` As there are estimated to be another 4,000 older tower blocks in the UK , without automatic sprinkler protection , can we really afford to wait for another tragedy to occur before we amend this weakness ? '' After further correspondence , Williams replied : `` I have neither seen nor heard anything that would suggest that consideration of these specific potential changes is urgent and I am not willing to disrupt the work of this department by asking that these matters are brought forward . '' Sadiq Khan , London Mayor said : `` Those who mock health and safety , regulations and red tape need to take a hard look at the consequences of cutting these and ask themselves whether Grenfell Tower is a price worth paying . Nowadays , we would not dream of building towers to the standards of the 1970s , but their inhabitants still have to live with that legacy . It may well be the defining outcome of this tragedy that the worst mistakes of the 1960s and 1970s are systematically torn down . '' On 18 June 2017 , the father of one of the victims , 27 - year - old architect Marco Gottardi , who had moved to the building three months before , reported to the media that his son had told him he thought the building was `` unsafe '' , although it had been recently renovated , since the renovation had followed inadequate safety guidelines . Grenfell Action Group ( edit ) A residents ' organisation , Grenfell Action Group ( GAG ) , published a blog in which it highlighted major safety problems . In 2013 , the group published a 2012 fire risk assessment done by a TMO Health and Safety Officer which recorded safety concerns . Firefighting equipment at the tower had not been checked for up to four years ; on - site fire extinguishers had expired , and some had the word `` condemned '' written on them because they were so old . GAG documented its attempts to contact KCTMO management ; they also alerted the council Cabinet Member for Housing and Property but said they never received a reply from him or his deputy . In January 2016 , GAG warned that people might be trapped in the building if a fire broke out , pointing out that the building had only one entrance and exit , and corridors that had been allowed to fill with rubbish , such as old mattresses . GAG frequently cited other fires in tower blocks when it warned of the hazards at Grenfell . In November 2016 , GAG published online an article attacking KCTMO as an `` evil , unprincipled , mini-mafia '' and accusing the council of ignoring health and safety laws . GAG suggested that `` only a catastrophic event will expose the ineptitude and incompetence of ( KCTMO ) '' , adding , `` ( We ) predict that it wo n't be long before the words of this blog come back to haunt the KCTMO management and we will do everything in our power to ensure that those in authority know how long and how appallingly our landlord has ignored their responsibility to ensure the heath ( sic ) and safety of their tenants and leaseholders . They ca n't say that they have n't been warned ! '' The group had also published other articles criticising fire safety and maintenance practices at Grenfell Tower . Fire and casualties ( edit ) Grenfell Tower in the early morning of 14 June . The burnt cladding is visible on the outside of the building . In the morning , the smoke plume was still visible over a long distance . ( Grenfell Tower is the building behind , Frinstead House is in front . ) Grenfell Tower two days after the fire The fire started in the early hours of Wednesday 14 June 2017 . The London Fire Brigade were first called at 00 : 54 BST ( UTC + 1 ) and the first crews arrived six minutes after the alarm . Firefighters put out the fire in the flat within minutes . When the crew was leaving the building , firefighters outside spotted flames rising up the exterior of the building , where it began to spread at a `` terrifying rate '' . The fire is reported to have begun on the fourth floor . Residents alerted neighbours and began to evacuate the building . Due to Ramadan , many observing Muslim residents were awake for the pre-dawn meal of suhur , which enabled them to alert neighbours and help them to escape . A team of more than 250 firefighters from 70 fire engines attempted to control the blaze . Firefighters entered the building to rescue people , undertaking efforts that broke their own safety protocols , but reported that they were hindered by the extreme heat . At the height of the blaze , a hundred or more firefighters were inside the building . The fire on the exterior moved upward and to the other side , re-entering the building . Fire crews with breathing apparatus searched for people trapped in the building and carried them out ; they reported thick smoke and zero visibility above the fourth floor . After three hours , the original teams of firefighters were replaced by new crews . A contingent of riot police was present ; each of them attended a firefighter and held a shield horizontally above their heads to protect the two from falling heavy debris such as burning pieces of the cladding . Police equipped with red `` Enforcer '' battering rams also attended to provide a method of entry into locked flats . By sunrise , the firefighters were still battling the fire and trying to spray areas where people were seen trapped . The watching crowd were pushed back from the building because of falling debris . At 04 : 14 , officials from the Metropolitan Police Service addressed the large crowd of onlookers and urgently instructed them to contact anyone they knew who was trapped in the building -- if they are able to reach them via phone or social media -- to tell them they must try to self - evacuate and not wait for the fire brigade . At 05 : 00 , the building was still burning and severely damaged . Witnesses reported seeing people trapped inside the burning building , switching the lights in their flats on and off or waving from windows to attract help , some holding children . There were two witness accounts of parents dropping their children down to people below , including a baby who was caught after being thrown from the ninth or tenth floor , and a small boy thrown from the fifth or sixth floor . There were also eyewitness reports that some people were jumping out , and three victims were later found to have died from `` injuries consistent with falling from a height '' . At least one person used knotted blankets to make a rope and escape from the burning building . Frequent explosions that were reported to be from gas lines in the building were heard . Firefighters were able to rescue an elderly , partially sighted man on the 11th floor , pictured on live television waving for help , after twelve hours . At a news conference in the afternoon of 14 June , London Fire Brigade reported firefighters had rescued 65 people from the building and reached all 24 floors . The fire continued to burn on the tower 's upper floors . It was not brought under control until 01 : 14 BST ( UTC + 1 ) on 15 June and firefighters were still damping down pockets of fire when the Brigade issued an update on 16 June . Although fears were expressed that the building could collapse , structural engineers determined that it was not in danger and that rescue teams could enter it to search for survivors and casualties . The fire brigade subsequently used a drone to inspect the building and search for casualties . Casualties ( edit ) As of 19 September 2017 , The Metropolitan Police in agreement with the Coroner , Dr. Fiona Wilcox , record 60 formally identified victims , including a stillborn baby . An estimated 60 to 80 people are presumed dead . There are said to be about 255 survivors but some have not come forward and there is no formal register of who was in the building . The police said they were using `` every imaginable source '' of information `` from government agencies to fast food companies '' to identify casualties , but did not expect a final figure until 2018 when the search and recovery operation is over . On 28 June , the authorities stated that there were known survivors from 106 of the tower 's 129 flats ; eighteen people among the occupants of these flats were reported as dead or missing presumed dead , whereas most of those killed were said to have been in the remaining 23 flats between the 11th and 23rd floors . Some people from lower floors may have tried to move up the building , and it is thought a number of people may have ended up in one flat . Some victims were identified from twenty - six 999 calls made from inside the 23 flats . The missing include many children . The youngest of those known killed , Leena Belkadi , was 6 months old . One victim died in hospital on 15 June due to inhalation of fire fumes . Additionally , one then pregnant survivor lost her baby through stillbirth as a result of the fire . The disaster escalated as follows : 14 June 2017 ( edit ) By 05 : 00 BST , police reported that several people were being treated for smoke inhalation . By 06 : 30 , it was reported that 50 people had been taken to five hospitals : Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , King 's College Hospital , Royal Free , St Thomas 's , and St Mary 's Hospital . By 09 : 30 , London Fire Commissioner Dany Cotton reported that there were fatalities resulting from the fire , but she could not specify how many had been killed because of the size and complexity of the building . Cotton said : `` This is an unprecedented incident . In my 29 years of being a firefighter , I have never ever seen anything of this scale . '' By 12 : 00 the Metropolitan Police announced there were six people confirmed dead , and more than 70 in hospital , with 20 in critical condition . The first person announced dead was Mohammed al - Haj Ali , a Syrian refugee . A large number of people were reported missing . At around 17 : 00 , the number of confirmed deaths was increased to 12 . Following days ( edit ) The following day , 15 June 2017 at 11 : 00 the casualty figure was increased to 17 . Six of these victims were reported as having been found `` outside the block '' , the other eleven were found inside . On 16 June 2017 , police said they did not believe they would find more survivors . It was likely that some victims would never be identified due to the intensity of the fire , and the final death toll might exceed 100 . Many bodies still remained in the tower . Twenty - four people remained in hospital , with 12 in critical care . On 17 June 2017 , the police confirmed 30 fatalities and that a total of 58 persons were missing , presumed dead . As of 19 June 2017 , the official presumed number of deaths was 79 , including 74 missing people and five formally identified casualties . On 22 June 2017 , at least three people were treated in hospital with an antidote for poisoning with hydrogen cyanide ( probably released by the burning facade compounds ) . On 5 July 2017 , the Metropolitan Police stated that 87 sets of human remains had been recovered from the building , although the degree of destruction caused by the fire made it impossible to be certain that the remains belonged to 87 individuals . On 26 July , at the fourth public meeting of the Grenfell Response Team , a local volunteer reported that there had been at least 20 suicide attempts in north Kensington since the fire , one of which had been successful . The mental health of many survivors has been damaged . Concerns over official casualty figures ( edit ) Community poster showing people believed missing from Grenfell Tower There is concern that the death toll may be higher than indicated by the official figures , due to the number of undocumented subtenants , migrants and asylum seekers believed to have been living in the building . Mayor Sadiq Khan called for an amnesty to ensure that people with pertinent information could come forward . On 22 June 2017 , Theresa May promised in the House of Commons that no immigration checks would be performed on anyone coming forward to help the authorities identify casualties , or to provide information to the criminal investigation . However , two weeks later the government said that anyone coming forward would be subject to normal immigration rules , including the possibility of deportation after twelve months . May also said that the death toll may rise further ; in some cases , entire families had perished . Communities Secretary Sajid Javid announced on 2 July 2017 that anyone who had been illegally subletting flats in Grenfell Tower and could provide information on who had been in the building at the time of the fire would be protected from prosecution . Members of the local community , including celebrities Lily Allen and rapper Akala , stated that the official figures were far short of the actual death toll , which they believed to be well into triple digits . Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott expressed her belief that the final number of people who had died in the disaster would be in triple digits , describing the deaths as a consequence of `` second - class standards of safety '' and `` a direct consequence of deregulation '' . By 28 June 2017 , two weeks after the fire , residents frustrated with the slow release of information by the authorities , in particular the lack of official numbers for those known to have survived and those normally resident in the tower , had formed groups conducting their own investigations into the death toll , compiling lists of survivors and people missing . A spokesperson for one of these groups , Grenfell United , estimated that more than 120 people had died in the fire . On 2 July 2017 a Fire Brigades Union representative was reported as saying , `` We know the death toll will be higher than the official figure -- and we 're not talking about one or two higher . There 's a strong possibility we are talking about three figures . '' Another firefighter said , `` We 've been told by our management do n't speak , ideally . The coroner has said it could obstruct the investigation . I do n't know how it can -- what 's happened has happened , but that 's what we 're being told . '' The official Grenfell Tower Response Unit said that of the 129 households in the block , 99 had received emergency payments by 28 June , enabling a rough estimate of how many households had survivors , although payments to some families were reportedly still outstanding . On 10 July 2017 , police said that they expected the death toll to remain at about 80 , stating that of an estimated 350 people living in the building , 255 had survived the blaze , and that another 14 were not in the building at the time of the fire . At the third public meeting held by the Grenfell Response Team , on 18 July , a resident told those in charge , `` I was from the tower . We have been in these meetings several times , it just feels like school meetings because you do n't want to tell the truth to the people . We definitely know how many people have died and how many people are alive now . You have got so many ways , so many possibilities in your hand to find out how many people have died . Therefore it is obvious that you do n't want to tell the truth , but everybody here knows the truth . '' Revised estimate ( edit ) On 19 September 2017 , Metropolitan Police Commander Stuart Cundy stated that 60 victims had been identified and that the initial estimate of 80 dead was expected to be lower . This was based on recoveries and identifications made from Grenfell Tower , and police analysis of CCTV evidence showing 240 people leaving the building . Additionally , eight people are being investigated for possible fraudulent financial claims for non-existent victims . Immigration amnesty ( edit ) On 31 August 2017 Immigration Minister Brandon Lewis announced that the deadline to register for the one - year immigration amnesty for displaced undocumented residents of Grenfell Tower was to be extended by three months to 30 November 2017 . Sir Martin Moore - Bick ( who leads the public inquiry ) wrote to the Prime Minister asking her to consider the long term future for these residents beyond their value as witnesses for the inquiry . These views were echoed by campaign groups BMELawyers4Grenfell and Justice4Grenfell . Cause ( edit ) A resident from the fourth - floor told the media that the initial source of combustion was a neighbour 's fridge which had caught fire at 00 : 50 BST . A small fire could be seen in his kitchen through his opened door . They immediately began knocking on doors to alert people . Within 30 minutes the fire was out of control . Flames rapidly spread via the outside of the building to cover an area from the second floor to the top . Police announced on 23 June 2017 that the root of the fire was a model FF175BP fridge - freezer produced under the Hotpoint brand for Whirlpool . Owners of the types FF175BP and FF175BG were urged to register their appliance with the manufacturer to receive any updates . Sixty - four thousand of these models were made between March 2006 and July 2009 , after which the model was discontinued . It is unknown how many are still in use . The government ordered immediate testing of the type of fridge - freezer that was involved . Greg Clark , the business secretary , said : `` The safety of consumers is paramount . The device is being subject to immediate and rigorous testing to establish the cause of the fire . I have made clear to the company that I will expect them to replace any item without delay if it is established that there is a risk in using them . '' While there was much criticism of the lack of fire sprinkler systems , Geoff Wilkinson , the building regulations columnist for the Architects ' Journal , wrote on 14 June 2017 that if a gas riser was leaking or the cladding was at fault , sprinklers would have had little effect . He also said that reports of combustible material stored in the common walkways suggested poor overall management . David Siber , an advisor to the Fire Brigades Union , said sprinklers would have prevented the fire , if it started in a kitchen , from ever spreading beyond that room . Fire Brigade response ( edit ) Research by John Sweeney for BBC Newsnight described several issues . There was insufficient mains water pressure for the hoses the fire service used and Thames Water had to be called to increase it . Also , a high ladder did not arrive for 32 minutes , by which time the fire was out of control . Matt Wrack of the Fire Brigades Union said , `` ... having that on the first attendance might have made a difference because it allows you to operate a very powerful water tower from outside the building onto the building . '' Before Grenfell , 70 % of fire brigades would have automatically sent a high ladder to tower fires . An independent fire expert told the BBC having the ladder earlier could have stopped the fire getting out of control . The London Fire Brigade told Newsnight the first attendance procedure for tower fires has now been changed from four engines to five engines plus a high ladder unit . Firefighters said inside the building they lacked sufficient ' extended duration ' breathing apparatus . They had difficulty getting vital radio messages through due to ' overuse of the system ' and from the need to get the signal through layers of concrete . There are questions as to why a 42 m ( 138 ft ) firefighting platform had to be borrowed from Surrey for Grenfell ( 67 m ( 220 ft ) high ) as the London Fire Brigade does not have its own . The Surrey platform did not arrive until the fire had been burning for several hours . A London Fire Brigade spokesman said , `` The commissioner has made clear her intention to fully review the brigade 's resources and seek funding for any additional requirements . '' London mayor , Sadiq Khan promised to supply new equipment that the London Fire Brigade needed promptly and stated he would not wait for the public inquiry . Commissioner Dany Cotton later said having more firefighters may not have helped as there would not have physically been enough room for them in the building . The single stairwell also restricted access . Kensington and Chelsea Council was warned in 2010 that building a new secondary school very near Grenfell Tower could block access by emergency vehicles . A 2013 blog post by Grenfell Action Group stated , `` There is barely adequate room to manoeuvre for fire engines responding to emergency calls , and any obstruction of this emergency access zone could have lethal consequences in the event of a serious fire or similar emergency in Grenfell Tower or the adjacent blocks . '' The council demolished a multi-storey car park to build the school . This added to congestion and parked cars in streets around Grenfell Tower that were already narrow and made it hard for fire engines to get to the fire . Analysis ( edit ) Some residents said no fire alarms went off when the fire started and that they were alerted to the fire only by people screaming for help or knocks on the door and not by a fire alarm . Another resident said they were alerted to the fire by the sound of an alarm and the sight of smoke . Others reported that they survived by ignoring the `` stay put '' advice given by council notices : a directive instructing residents to remain in their flat in case of fire . The emergency services originally repeated the `` stay put '' advice to residents while the fire was spreading ; they later reversed this advice , but by then it was more difficult to exit the building . The London - wide Radical Housing Network , a self - described `` group of groups ... fighting for housing justice across London '' of which the Grenfell Action Group is a member , said that the fire was `` a horrific , preventable tragedy '' that was the result of a `` combination of government cuts , local authority mismanagement , and sheer contempt for council tenants and the homes they live in '' . Grenfell Action Group warnings ( edit ) After the fire , the Grenfell Action Group said that its years of complaints to warn the council , who own the building , and the KCTMO , who `` supposedly manage all social housing in RBKC on the council 's behalf '' , had been ignored , posting a message on its website : Regular readers of this blog will know that we have posted numerous warnings in recent years about the very poor fire safety standards at Grenfell Tower and elsewhere in RBKC . ALL OUR WARNINGS FELL ON DEAF EARS and we predicted that a catastrophe like this was inevitable and just a matter of time . The council had threatened the Grenfell Action Group with legal action in 2013 in a bid to prevent the group criticising the council , saying that such criticism amounted to `` defamation and harassment '' . Stay put policy ( edit ) In a July 2014 Grenfell Tower regeneration newsletter , the KCTMO instructed residents to stay in the flat in case of a fire ( `` Our longstanding ' stay put ' policy stays in force until you are told otherwise '' ) and stated that the front doors for each unit could survive a fire for up to 30 minutes . The May 2016 newsletter had a similar message , adding that it was on the advice of the Fire Brigade : The smoke detection systems have been upgraded and extended . The Fire Brigade has asked us to reinforce the message that , if there is a fire which is not inside your own home , you are generally safest to stay put in your home to begin with ; the Fire Brigade will arrive very quickly if a fire is reported . The standard advice for people to stay put until rescued relies on the assumption that fire services can contain a fire within the building 's interior ; but this is impossible if the fire is spreading rapidly via the building 's exterior . Sadiq Khan , the Mayor of London , said that he wanted answers about the fire safety condition at Grenfell Tower , and criticised the official `` stay put '' policy : `` Thankfully residents did n't take that advice but fled '' . He added , `` These are some of the questions that have to be answered . We have lots of people in London living in tower blocks ... We ca n't have people 's lives being put at risk because of bad advice or lack of maintenance . '' Dany Cotton said Grenfell was unique in terms of volume and behaviour of fire . She said it was a matter for the inquiry , but defended the general `` stay put '' policy for most buildings by reasoning that if residents all evacuate at once , they could block firefighters from entering . Furthermore , smoke and fire could be spread within a building by residents opening doors . Fire safety review shelved ( edit ) Former Conservative Housing Minister , Gavin Barwell , faced criticism after political journalist Joe Watts wrote in The Independent that he had delayed a fire safety review , and that a report into fire safety in tower blocks had been shelved for four years ; Barwell had been due to meet the All - Party Parliamentary Fire Safety and Rescue Group to discuss the review in 2017 , but the meeting was postponed after the snap general election was called . Barwell lost his seat in the election and was appointed Downing Street Chief of Staff shortly afterwards . In his report Watts stated that a review of fire - safety regulations had been necessary , but not undertaken , for years before Barwell took office . Exterior cladding and insulation ( edit ) Anatomy of Grenfell Tower cladding . The structure consists of 3 mm cladding ( Reynobond PE ) , 50 mm ventilated cavity , 150 mm insulation ( Celotex RS5000 ) and 250 mm existing concrete . The newly renovated façade of the tower is believed to have been built as follows : exterior cladding : aluminium sandwich plates ( 3 mm each ) with polyethylene core a standard ventilation gap ( 50 mm ) between the cladding and the insulation behind it an insulation made of PIR ( polyisocyanurate ) foam plates ( 150 mm ) mounted on the existing facade the existing prefabricated reinforced - concrete facade new double - glazed windows of unknown type and material , mounted in the same vertical plane as the PIR foam insulation plates Both the aluminium - polyethylene cladding and the PIR insulation plates failed fire safety tests conducted after the fire , according to the police . In 2014 safety experts cautioned that the planned insulation was only suitable for use with non-combustible cladding . The Guardian saw a certificate from the building inspectors ' organisation , Local Authority Building Control ( LABC ) , which stated that the chosen insulation for the refit should be used on tall buildings only with fibre cement panels , which do not burn . Combustible panels with polyethylene were put up on top of insulation known as Celotex RS5000 , made from polyisocyanurate , which burns when heated giving off toxic cyanide fumes . Despite the above , the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea certified the Grenfell tower building work as allegedly conforming to `` the relevant provisions '' . Council building inspectors visited the site 16 times from August 2014 to July 2016 . Kooltherm , a phenolic insulation was also used on Grenfell . Kooltherm was never tested with polyethylene core aluminium panels according to the manufacturer . The manufacturer , Kingspan , `` would be very surprised if such a system ... would ever pass the appropriate British Standard 8414 large - scale test '' . Kooltherm 's LABC certificate states phenolic products , `` do not meet the limited combustibility requirements '' of building regulations . The combustible materials used on Grenfell Tower were considerably cheaper than non-conbustible alternatives would have been . There appear to have been intense cost pressures over the Grenfell refurbishment . In June 2017 it was stated the project team chose cheaper cladding that saved £ 293,368 , after the Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation mentioned in an email the need for `` good costs for Cllr Fielding Mellen ( the council 's former deputy leader ) '' . A building control officer from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea reportedly passed the cladding on Grenfell Tower on 15 May 2015 , though there was a nationwide warning that the combustible insulation used should only be used with cladding that does not burn . Replacement ( edit ) Of 173 buildings tested , 165 have failed combustion tests conducted since the Grenfell fire . There are calls for the government to give financial assistance to councils that have to carry out expensive building renovations . Councillor Simon Blackburn , chair of the LGA 's Safer and Stronger Communities Board , said : The tragedy at Grenfell Tower has clearly exposed a systemic failure of the current system of building regulation . The government must commit to meet the full cost to councils of removing and replacing cladding and insulation systems . It is also imperative that this testing process moves quickly to identify what landlords should be replacing these systems with as soon as possible . With these latest test - fails affecting buildings owned by a range of different landlords across the country , the government also needs to make sure there is capacity within the housebuilding industry to take quick action to carry out the scale of remedial work that looks likely to be needed . Aluminium - polyethylene cladding ( edit ) Structure of an ACM sandwich panel . In the case of Reynobond PE , aluminum sheets ' thickness is 0.5 mm ( 0.020 in ) and overall panel thickness is either 3 , 4 , or 6 mm . Fire safety experts have said that the building 's new external cladding was a possible cause of the rapid spread of the fire . Experts said the gap between the cladding and the insulation worked like a chimney to spread the fire . The cladding could be seen burning and melting , causing additional speculation that it was not made of fire - resistant material . One resident said : `` The whole one side of the building was on fire . The cladding went up like a matchstick . '' Concerns about the dangers of external cladding were raised years before , following a fire in 1991 at flats in Knowsley Heights , Liverpool . Recent major high - rise fires that have involved flammable cladding are listed below . Records show that a contractor had been paid £ 2.6 million to install an `` ACM rainscreen over-clad '' during the recent refurbishment at Grenfell Tower . ACM stands for `` aluminium composite material '' , also known as a sandwich panel , the combustibility of which depends on the choice of insulation core material . One of the products used was Arconic 's Reynobond , which is available with different types of core material -- polyethylene , as reportedly used in Grenfell Tower ( Reynobond PE ) , or a more fire - resistant material ( Reynobond FR ) . The Reynobond cladding reportedly cost £ 24 per square metre for the fire - retardant version , and £ 22 for the combustible version . According to Arconic 's website and brochure for the mainland European market at the time of the fire , the Reynobond PE cladding used was suitable only for buildings 10 metres or less tall ; the fire - retardant Reynobond FR was suitable for buildings up to 30 metres tall ; and above the latter height , such as the upper parts of Grenfell Tower , the non-combustible A2 version was supposed to be used ( `` As soon as the building is higher than the firefighters ' ladders , it has to be conceived with an incombustible material '' ) . After the fire , Arconic stopped sales of Reynobond PE worldwide for tower blocks . Similar cladding containing highly flammable insulation material is believed to have been installed on thousands of other high - rise buildings in countries including Britain , France , the UAE and Australia . This goes against advice published by the Centre for Window and Cladding Technology . Sam Webb , the architect who investigated the Lakanal fire and who sits on the All - Party Parliamentary Fire Safety and Rescue Group , said `` This tragedy was entirely predictable , sadly . '' Webb added , `` I really do n't think the building industry understands how fire behaves in buildings and how dangerous it can be . The government 's mania for deregulation means our current safety standards just are n't good enough . '' In September 2014 a building regulations notice for the re-cladding work was submitted to the authority , and marked with a status of `` Completed -- not approved '' . The use of a `` Building Notice '' building control application is used to remove the need to submit detailed plans and proposals to a building control inspector in advance , where the works performed will be approved by the inspector during the course of their construction . Building inspector Geoff Wilkinson remarked that this type of application is `` wholly inappropriate for large complex buildings and should only be used on small , simple domestic buildings '' . On 18 June , Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond stated that the cladding used on Grenfell Tower was banned in the United Kingdom . Grenfell Tower was inspected 16 times while the cladding was being put on but none of these inspections noticed that materials effectively banned in tall buildings were being used . Judith Blakeman , local Labour councillor questioned the competence of the inspectors . Blakeman representing the Grenfell residents , said , `` This raises the question of whether the building regulations officers were sufficiently competent and did they know what they were looking at . It also begs a question about what they were actually shown . Was anything concealed from them . '' The Department for Communities and Local Government stated that cladding with a polyethylene core `` would be non-compliant with current Building Regulations guidance . This material should not be used as cladding on buildings over 18 metres ( 59 ft ) in height . '' On 31 July 2017 , the Department released results of fire safety testing on the cladding panels used at Grenfell Tower , which were carried out by the Building Research Establishment and assigned the polyethylene filling a category three rating , designating a total lack of flame retardant properties . According to US - based Arconic , the polyethylene version of the material is banned in the United States for use in buildings exceeding 40 feet ( 12 m ) in height , because of the risk of spreading fire and smoke . NPR subsequently stated that nearly all jurisdictions in the US ( except three states and the District of Columbia ) have enacted the International Building Code ( IBC ) requirement that external wall assemblies ( cladding , insulation , and wall ) on high - rise buildings with combustible components must pass a rigorous real - world simulation test promulgated by the National Fire Protection Association under the name NFPA 285 . To perform the test , the entire planned assembly is constructed on a standardised test rig two - storeys tall , with a window opening in the middle , and is continuously ignited with gas burners from two different angles for 30 minutes . The assembly must satisfy numerous performance criteria to pass , including a requirement that flames can not spread more than 10 ft ( 3.0 m ) vertically from the top of the window opening or 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) horizontally . A single NFPA 285 test can cost over $30,000 , and it certifies only a particular assembly , meaning that any change to any part used requires a new test . To date , ACM cladding with a polyethylene core has not been able to pass the NFPA 285 test , and thus has been effectively banned on US high - rises for decades . In contrast , the UK does not mandate the use of such simulations . Fire safety experts said the tests the government is doing on cladding only are insufficient as the whole unit of cladding and insulation should be tested including fire stops . Fire safety experts maintain further that the tests lack transparency as the government has not described what tests are being done . However Christopher Booker said that inferior EU building fire tests which required testing each component separately were introduced in 2002 and the Building Research Establishment 's standard BS 8414 which MP 's recommended after a fire in Scotland was optional . Polyisocyanurate insulation ( edit ) The top floors of Grenfell Tower after the fire , showing the burned insulation , with portions of the original structure revealed underneath . The cladding had melted . The refurbishment also used an insulation foam product named Celotex RS5000 , installed behind the cladding . Police said this insulation proved `` more flammable than the cladding '' . According to its datasheet , the polyisocyanurate ( PIR ) product -- charred pieces of which littered the area around Grenfell Tower after the fire -- `` will burn if exposed to a fire of sufficient heat and intensity '' . PIR insulation foams `` will , when ignited , burn rapidly and produce intense heat , dense smoke and gases which are irritating , flammable and / or toxic '' , among them carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide . The fire toxicity of polyisocyanurate foams has been well understood for some time . At least three survivors were treated for cyanide poisoning . Exposure to carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide simultaneously produces a higher lethality than exposure to the two gases separately . Celotex 's Rainscreen Compliance Guide when specifying Celotex RS5000 in buildings above 18 metres ( 59 ft ) sets out the conditions under which the product was tested and for which it has been certified as meeting the required fire safety standards . These include the use of ( non-combustible ) 12 mm fibre cement rainscreen panels , ventilated horizontal fire breaks at each floor slab edge and vertical non-ventilated fire breaks . It states that any changes from the tested configuration `` will need to be considered by the building designer '' . Review of building regulations ( edit ) A residential tower block in Sheffield with its cladding removed for inspection following the Grenfell fire . Building regulations are to be reviewed in the light of the fire due to a number of concerns . As of July 2017 it is unclear if the problems are with the rules or their enforcement but there is concern over fire safety issues with many other buildings . Review of composite cladding ( edit ) Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) commissioned `` whole system '' tests which are designed to see how different cladding systems reacted in a fire . Seven combinations were tested and six deemed dangerous . It reported back in August 2017 that there are 228 buildings in the United Kingdom cladded using these methods . The seventh , a combination of aluminium composite material ( ACM ) cladding with a limited flammability filling and stone - wool insulation was deemed safe . There are no existing building in the Uk using it , but it could be used to reclad all the building using the other methods . These findings will used to help revise the Building Regulations . Criticism of fire safety building standards ( edit ) Reinhard Ries , the fire chief in Frankfurt , Germany , was critical of lax fire regulations in the United Kingdom , contrasting the laws in Germany that ban flammable cladding on buildings higher than 22 m and require segregated fire - stairs and firefighting lifts which can be used by the fire brigade and injured or disabled people . Russ Timpson of the Tall Buildings Fire Safety Network told The Telegraph that `` foreign colleagues are staggered '' when they learn that UK regulations permit high - rise buildings to have only a single staircase , and called on government to review the relevant regulations . Other criticisms of UK fire regulations voiced in the aftermath of the fire include the lack of external sprinklers , mandated in Dubai and Australia for example for buildings featuring combustible cladding , the lack of internal sprinklers , which could have contained the original fire , and a 1986 change in the law under the then Conservative government that abolished a requirement that external walls should have at least one hour 's fire resistance to prevent blazes from re-entering a building and spreading to other apartments . Wales has required sprinklers to be installed in new houses and flats built since 2016 . A BBC Breakfast investigation , focusing on half of the UK 's council owned and housing association owned tower blocks , found that 2 % of them have full sprinkler systems . Deaths were 87 % lower when buildings with sprinklers caught fire . England , Wales and Scotland all require sprinklers in newly built tall buildings but this does not apply retrospectively to older buildings . The same investigation found that one tower block in three has more than one staircase where people can be evacuated . The London fire chief has called for sprinklers to be retrofitted in all social housing blocks . The New York Times reported that because of the Great Fire of London , UK building codes have historically been overly focused on containing horizontal fire spread between buildings or between units in larger buildings , as opposed to vertical fire spread in high - rises . Political criticism ( edit ) See also : Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council § Grenfell Tower fire There is a political tension between those wishing to place the blame on a technical failures , like a fridge or the wrong type of cladding and those who see the blame lying on the systemic failure of government housing policies , and more recently Theresa May 's policies of austerity and a chronic underfunding of local housing authorities preventing them from fulfilling their statutory duties , and maintaining standards of health and safety . The philosophical difference of providing a high standard of public housing and providing the bare minimum to house only those most in need first occurred as the Lancaster West Estate was being built . Grenfell and the finger blocks were built to Parker Morris standards , the tower provided one and two bedroomed flats for single occupiers or childless families . The incoming Conservative government revised the standards down , using the Local Government , Planning and Land Act 1980 to replace the mandatory Space in the Home document They required that flats were allocated to the most needy , not the most suitable thus putting families in the tower . Phase two of the planned estate was cancelled , and then built with smaller units . It was a political decision to deprive local authorities of the resources needed to provide an adequate service . Local authority budgets have been cut by 40 % as a result of the 2010 austerity budget of the Conservative Coalition Government , and the fire service cuts have resulted in 11,000 fewer firefighters . The building inspection regime is under pressure as mandatory competition between Local Authority Building Control and private approved inspectors was introduced to drive down costs . This impacts on quality . Local authority budget cuts have led to fewer building control inspectors and fewer planning inspectors and also the recommendations of a coroner 's report into the Lakanal House tower block fire in Southwark in 2009 has not been acted on nor have building regulations been overhauled . The responsibility for fire safety checks had been switched from the fire brigade onto building owners for similar cost cutting reasons , by the previous Blair government . Southwark council was fined £ 570,000 for fire safety offences following the 2009 Lakanal House fire , where six people died . Labour leader , Jeremy Corbyn brought this to the attention of the House . He said these `` terrible consequences of deregulation and cutting corners '' stemmed from a `` disregard for working - class communities '' . The building regulations covering fire are now ambiguous and confusing , with four different routes to compliance with Part B. One route is to follow the prescriptive guidance in Part B . This states that insulation and `` filler materials '' used for external cladding should be of limited combustibility but other elements , including the core of an external rainscreen panel , are n't covered by this definition . The building inspection regime is under pressure , competition between Local Authority Building Control and private approved inspectors has driven down costs , which must impact on quality . Local authority budget cuts have reduced the number of building control officers . Calls to update Part B after fatal fires in 2000 and 2013 spread up the exterior of multi-storey buildings have been ignored by both Labour and Conservative governments . One of these fires took place in Scotland , which took the lessons of the inquiry on board and the devolved Scottish government updated its regulations in 2005 . On 15 June 2017 , the Prime Minister visited the site , but refused to speak to any of the residents , citing security reasons while the following day HM Queen made a similar visit and openly spoke with rescuers and survivors . On 21 June 2017 the Prime Minister then criticised the quality of the support given to the victims in the period immediately after the fire as a `` failure of the state , local and national , to help people when they needed it most '' . Council response ( edit ) The local council 's response to the Grenfell Tower fire has been subject to widespread criticism . Council member Emma Dent Coad , also the newly elected Labour MP for the area ( Kensington constituency ) and a former board member of KCTMO , accused the council of having failed and betrayed its residents ; characterising the fire as `` entirely preventable '' , she added that `` I ca n't help thinking that poor quality materials and construction standards may have played a part in this hideous and unforgivable event '' . Edward Daffam of the Grenfell Action Group said , `` They did n't give a stuff about us . We were the carcass and they were the vultures . North Kensington was like a goldmine , only they did n't have to dig for the gold . All they had to do was to marginalise the people who were living here , and that 's what they were doing . '' Nature of inquiry ( edit ) Main article : Grenfell Tower Inquiry Moore - Bick is seen as aloof and lacking empathy ; he concerned residents by suggesting only the technical causes of the fire would be investigated . Dent Coad said she still had less than `` total confidence '' in Moore - Bick , but `` we have to work with the system we have , unfortunately . '' Sources close to the inquiry suggest Moore - Bick is thinking of proposing an advisory panel . He is also inclined to recommend a two - stage inquiry : the first stage investigating the immediate causes of the fire , the second investigating broader issues over a longer period . Dent Coad said there must be a legal commitment to a second stage . `` We need to look at all the broader issues . One of the concerns about a two part inquiry -- like with Hillsborough -- is if it 's held off for too long and then it does n't happen at all , so that 's a concern . '' Dent Coad wants the first stage to , `` look at accountability and recommendations straight away so that the things that have become most obvious throughout the inquiry are put into action straight away . '' Inquest , a group campaigning for people who die in controversial situations , wants the inquiry to , `` address the pain , trauma and individual and community damage caused by the tragedy , and the lack of public trust and confidence in the state institutions involved . '' Inquest suggested three areas of investigation for the inquiry , the state of affairs leading up to the fire , its cause , spread and impact , also the immediate emergency response , and the after effects of the fire including , `` the role that discrimination , inequality or institutional indifference played in the systemic failures in the aftermath and the response at a local and national level . '' Social Division ( edit ) Grenfell Tower is in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , one of the wealthiest local authorities in the country , containing some of the most expensive houses in the world , and with the highest gap between rich and poor anywhere in the country . Grenfell Tower was populated by poorer , mainly ethnic - minority residents . The Conservative - run council was criticised for neglecting the borough 's poorer residents , and some have blamed their neglect as a cause of the fire . In 2016 , the council took £ 55 million in rent but only invested less than £ 40 million in council housing . One journalist described the incident as an example of Britain 's inequality . Data released in June 2017 by Trust for London and New Policy Institute shows large divides between rich and poor in the borough of Kensington and Chelsea . The analysis found that it is a borough with some very high incomes , as well as the highest average incomes in London , there are pockets of deprivation , particularly in the north end of the borough , including the ward in which Grenfell Tower is located . After the council leader Nicholas Paget - Brown was interviewed on BBC 's Newsnight , he was criticised for his remark that `` many residents felt that we needed to get on with the installation of new hot water systems , new boilers and that trying to retrofit more would delay the building and that sprinklers are n't the answer . '' Underinvestment ( edit ) After the fire , volunteer people and groups worked to help those made homeless and without possessions . The volunteers criticised council officials for doing little to coordinate these efforts . There were calls to jail those responsible for the fire . Deborah Orr wrote , `` We know that fire - safe cladding was available . The idea of being energy efficient and safe was not impossible , or even undesirable in theory . But fire - resistant cladding would have raised the cost for the whole building by an estimated £ 5,000 . That sum may be what people died for . '' On 17 June 2017 , MPs asked the council to describe why it had amassed £ 274 million of reserves , after years of underspending , and had not used any of its budget surplus to increase fire safety , given that residents had issued repeated warnings about the Grenfell Tower fire risk . The council actually used the surplus to pay top - rate council taxpayers a £ 100 rebate shortly before local elections which returned a Conservative council . After the fire , some former residents of Grenfell Tower still had rent payment taken out of their bank account for the burnt - out property by the council . Neglect ( edit ) The council received further criticism for their lack of support on 18 June 2017 . Some families were reported to be sleeping on the floor in local centres four days after the event . A leading volunteer in the relief effort said : `` Kensington and Chelsea are giving £ 10 to the survivors when they go to the hotels -- a tenner -- there is money pouring in from all these amazing volunteers . We ca n't get access to this money . '' London mayor Sadiq Khan said `` years of neglect '' by the council and successive governments were responsible for what had been a `` preventable accident '' . There are calls for the council leader and some others to resign . Dawn Foster , contributing editor on housing for The Guardian , said that this was an `` atrocity '' that `` was explicitly political '' and `` a symbol of the United Kingdom 's deep inequality '' . Data released in June 2017 by Trust for London and New Policy Institute shows large divides between rich and poor in the borough of Kensington and Chelsea . The analysis found that whilst Kensington and Chelsea is a borough with some very high incomes , as well as the highest average incomes in London , there are pockets of deprivation , particularly in the north end of the borough , including the ward in which Grenfell Tower is located . Deregulation ( edit ) Patrick Cockburn of The Independent criticised deregulation of the building industry by the government , which he described as `` cutting red tape '' . This was contrasted with the increasing complexity of processes faced by prospective benefits claimants including those with mental health issues . Cockburn said long inquiries were not necessary to establish what went wrong ; the tower 's cladding was inflammable and no sprinklers had been installed . Cockburn said that `` The Government is clearly frightened that the burned bodies in Grenfell Towers will be seen as martyrs who died because of austerity , deregulation and outsourcing . '' In his column on the disaster , Aditya Chakrabortty of The Guardian drew comparisons to the often lethal living and working conditions faced by the working classes and poor in Victorian Manchester , which Friedrich Engels characterised as social murder in his 1845 study The Condition of the Working Class in England . Chakrabortty stated that `` those dozens of Grenfell residents did n't die : they were killed . What happened last week was n't a `` terrible tragedy '' or some other studio - sofa platitude : it was social murder ... Over 170 years later , Britain remains a country that murders its poor . '' Residents approved initial plans for fire resistant zinc cladding but this was later changed to cheaper aluminium cladding with combustible polyethylene core which residents did not approve , saving nearly £ 300,000 . Poor transparency ( edit ) On 29 June , Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council held its first full meeting since the fire . The council had tried to exclude the press and public from the meeting , citing safety concerns . Journalists sought an injunction to force the council let them attend , which was granted . The meeting was adjourned shortly after it began , with members of the council 's cabinet saying that to proceed would be prejudicial to the forthcoming public inquiry . Sadiq Khan and Robert Atkinson , Labour group leader on the council , both called for the council 's entire cabinet to resign . Atkinson described the situation as `` an absolute fiasco '' . Khan said that it beggared belief that the council was trying to hold meetings in secret when the meeting was the first chance the council had to provide some answers and show transparency . He said that some people were asking whether or not the council was involved in a cover up . Conservative council leader Nicholas Paget - Brown resigned on 30 June . Loss of confidence ( edit ) Sadiq Khan and others have called on the government to appoint commissioners to run Kensington and Chelsea council till the next elections because critics maintain confidence in the current administration has been lost . Khan said he wanted ' untainted ' commissioners with a genuine empathy with residents and their situation . Describing the council response , David Alexander , professor of disaster management at University College , London said , `` North Kensington is now in a crucial transition and planning phase between the intense efforts of immediate relief and longer - term reconstruction when failures of leadership can be particularly damaging . We find that in some cases -- the worst ones -- it is n't a transition at all , or rather it is a transition from nothing much to nothing else . Absence of clear strategies breeds lack of trust in authority , loss of confidence and a fear of the future that , sadly , is often well founded . '' Criticism of the media ( edit ) Jon Snow a veteran television journalist used the MacTaggart Lecture at the Edinburgh International Television Festival to complain that the media was `` comfortably with the elite , with little awareness , contact or connection with those not of the elite '' and this lack of connection was `` dangerous '' . He demanded `` Why did n't any of us see the Grenfell action blog ? '' He said `` Grenfell speaks to us all about our own lack of diversity , and capacity to reach into the swaths of western society with whom we have no connection . Our own record on diversity is nothing like good enough . '' The Sutton Trust has stated that just under 80 % of top editors were educated at private or grammar schools . Compare that with the 88 % of the British public now at comprehensives . Impact ( edit ) Short - term ( edit ) View from southeast London , 07 : 00 BST on 14 June 2017 . A smoke trail was visible across London , stretching several miles east . The fire 's proximity to Latimer Road tube station caused a partial closure of London Underground 's Hammersmith & City and Circle lines . The A40 Westway was closed in both directions . Bus routes were also being diverted . Services on the Hammersmith & City , and Circle lines were again suspended on 17 June due to concerns about debris falling from the tower . People from surrounding buildings were evacuated due to concerns that the tower might collapse . Kensington Aldridge Academy sits adjacent to Grenfell Tower , inside the police cordon , and has been closed since the fire . Students have been temporarily relocated to different schools in the area for lessons and exams . This was during the annual exam period , typically late May to Early July when pupils take their GCSEs and A-Levels Following the general election of 8 June , which resulted in no overall majority , a deal was expected to be announced between the Conservative Party and the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) , but DUP sources informed the BBC that the fire would delay the finalisation and announcement of this agreement . The announcement would be postponed until the following week and thus could postpone discussions on Brexit that had been scheduled to take place . The City of London cancelled the annual Mansion House Dinner , hosted by the Lord Mayor of London due to take place the day after the fire . Philip Hammond , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , had been due to address the event , but had said he would not do so following the fire . A national minute 's silence was held at 11.00 am on 19 June . The fire also severely affected three low - rise `` finger blocks '' adjoining Grenfell Tower . Their residents were evacuated due to the fire and many remained in temporary accommodation at the start of July . The blocks , Barandon Walk , Testerton Walk and Hurstway Walk , also lost access to hot water as they shared a boiler beneath Grenfell Tower that was destroyed in the fire . Community response ( edit ) Wall of tributes to the fire victims in the nearby Bramley Road Volunteers sorting public donations for the fire victims People in the immediate area and from across London rallied to assist victims of the fire , in a response that saw people of all ages , races and social classes come together . Donations of food , water , toys , and clothes were made . St Clement 's Church , Treadgold Street and St James ' Church , Norlands , in the Deanery of Kensington , provided shelter for people evacuated from their homes , as did nearby mosques and temples . Notting Hill Methodist Church near to Grenfell tower became a focus of tributes and held regular vigils for the victims . Nearby Queens Park Rangers F.C. offered their Loftus Road venue as a relief centre and have been accepting donations of food , drink and clothing from the local community , and other nearby football clubs Brentford and Chelsea also offered their stadiums as relief centres . Government response ( edit ) Following her private visit to the scene of the fire on 15 June 2017 , Prime Minister Theresa May ordered a full public inquiry into the fire . Also on 15 June , the government issued information including details of a dedicated benefits line and a fund to support the survivors . On 16 June 2017 the government announced the establishment of an interim £ 5 million fund for survivors of the fire and committed to ensuring that those who had lost their homes will be rehoused in the borough or neighbouring boroughs , as close as possible to Grenfell Tower , within three weeks . On 18 June 2017 an announcement followed that all those made homeless would receive £ 5,500 , with each household to be given at least £ 500 in cash and £ 5,000 paid into an account . The government also announced details of how the £ 5 million fund would be spent . This included funds to support people in temporary accommodation , a discretionary fund to help with funeral costs , and funding to help with residents ' legal representation . An extra £ 1.5 million was promised for emergency services ' mental health support . The same day , Theresa May said in the House of Commons that there had been a `` failure of the state -- local and national -- to help people when they needed it most '' , adding , `` As Prime Minister , I apologise for that failure . As Prime Minister I have taken responsibility for doing what we can to put things right . That is why each family whose home was destroyed is receiving a down payment from the emergency fund so they can buy food , clothes and other essentials . And all those who have lost their homes will be rehoused within three weeks . '' On 22 June 2017 , Theresa May stated in the House of Commons that anyone affected by the tragedy , regardless of their immigration status , would be entitled to support , including healthcare services and accommodation . No immigration checks would be performed on those affected . ( Two weeks later , however , the government said that anyone coming forward would be subject to normal immigration rules , including the possibility of deportation , after twelve months . ) May added that it was important for those receiving payments from the fund to understand that they could keep the money -- they would not have to pay it back , and it would not impact their entitlement to any other benefits . May said that further residential buildings with flammable cladding of the type used in Grenfell Tower had been identified . In August 2017 , it was announced that the Kensington and Chelsea TMO would no longer manage the Lancaster Estate containing Grenfell Tower , which would come under direct council control . Grenfell fire response team ( GRT ) ( edit ) On 18 June 2017 the government relieved Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council of responsibility for supporting the survivors , after their inadequate response to the disaster . Responsibility was handed over to the Grenfell Fire Response Team ( GRT ) led by a group of chief executives from councils across London . John Barradell , City of London Corporation chief executive , is leading the response team . Resources available to them include : central government , the British Red Cross , the Metropolitan Police , the London Fire Brigade and local government in London . Neighbouring councils sent in staff to improve the rehousing response . The government also announced that they will send in a task force to take over some of Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council 's functions when the GRT is gradually wound down . This move from the government stops short of demands from the London mayor who called for ministers to appoint external commissioners to take over the running of the whole council . Costs ( edit ) Grenfell Tower was insured by Protector Forsikring ASA for £ 20 million , but the direct costs of the fire are likely to be substantially higher . According to The Times , the financial impact of the fire could reach as high as £ 1 billion due to a combination of litigation , compensation for deaths and injuries , rehousing and rehabilitation , the cost of demolition and rebuilding and the possibility that other tower blocks may have to be improved or evacuated . Reactions ( edit ) 14 June ( edit ) The Queen said that her thoughts and prayers were with the affected families . The Prime Minister , Theresa May , said she was saddened and called for a cross-government meeting , and a meeting with the Civil Contingencies Secretariat . The Mayor of London London Sadiq Khan issued a statement saying he was devastated and also praising the emergency services on the scene . Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn praised the emergency services for their actions , but said that questions needed to be answered about the fire . The Bishop of Kensington , Graham Tomlin , went to the site fire in the morning , and counselled firefighters moving in and out of the building . In the afternoon , he spent his time with survivors , and also helped collect charity donations in various churches around his parish . 15 June ( edit ) May made a private visit to Grenfell Tower to speak with London Fire Brigade commissioner Dany Cotton and other members of the emergency services . Conservative MP Tobias Ellwood stated that security concerns were the reason not to meet with people who lived in the tower . BBC political editor Laura Kuenssberg commented that May 's decision not to meet those who lived in the tower might be interpreted as indicative of a lack of empathy . An editorial in The Guardian called it May 's `` Hurricane Katrina moment '' . Former Conservative cabinet minister Michael Portillo described her meeting with members of the emergency services as `` a good thing '' but felt she `` should have been there with the residents . She wanted an entirely controlled situation in which she did n't use her humanity '' . The government confirmed Bellwin scheme financial assistance would be available to the council . Jeremy Corbyn visited a nearby community centre and spoke to some of the volunteers who were helping those affected by the fire . 16 June ( edit ) Westway Sports Centre , seen in 2007 , with Grenfell Tower ( centre ) in the distance The Queen and Prince William visited the Westway Sports Centre , where a relief centre had been set up to help the victims of the fire . May made a visit to some of the victims at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital . On a second visit that day , May visited St Clement 's Church which had been set up as a relief centre . From there she announced a £ 5 million fund for victims of the fire and promised that residents would be given new housing , as close to Grenfell Tower as possible , `` as far as possible within the borough , or in neighbouring boroughs '' , within the next three weeks . Some people proceeded to shout `` coward '' , `` murderer '' and `` shame on you '' at her . Minor scuffles broke out . An article written by former Conservative MP Matthew Parris in The Times described her as `` a good and moral person , who wants the best for her country , and is not privately unfeeling , ... in public is crippled by personal reserve '' . Andrea Leadsom , the Leader of the House of Commons subsequently visited a relief centre at the Rugby Portobello Trust , where she was confronted by residents angered by May 's response , and described the prime minister as being `` absolutely heartbroken '' over events at Grenfell Tower . Jeremy Corbyn visited a nearby community centre and spoke to some of the volunteers who were helping those affected by the fire . He called for private property to be `` requisitioned if necessary '' , to provide homes for those displaced by the fire , referring to the large number of empty properties in Kensington . This proposal was characterised by The Telegraph as unlawful . In a survey , 59 % of those polled by YouGov supported Corbyn 's proposal . During the afternoon of 16 June 2017 , hundreds of people protested at Kensington Town Hall , demanding that victims be rehoused within the borough and that funds be made available for those rendered homeless . The actions of some protesters caused a number of council officials having to be evacuated from the Town Hall . 17 June ( edit ) On her Official Birthday , the Queen released a statement in which she said it was `` difficult to escape a very sombre national mood '' following the Grenfell Tower fire , and terrorist attacks in London and Manchester shortly before . She led a minute 's silence at the annual Trooping the Colour ceremony held at Horse Guards Parade . May met with victims at 10 Downing Street . BBC Two cancelled transmission of the documentary Venice Biennale : Sink or Swim , scheduled for 7.30 pm that evening , as it features artist Khadija Saye , who was killed in the fire , and BBC One rescheduled an edition of its new series Pitch Battle because the programme contained themes and song lyrics deemed to be inappropriate so soon after the fire . 18 June ( edit ) Responsibility for managing the aftermath of the fire was removed from Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council . It was transferred to a new body comprising representatives from central and other local London government , the London Fire Brigade , Metropolitan Police and Red Cross . Residents living near the tower , who had been evacuated and were also effectively homeless , accused the council 's leadership of going into hiding . Some families reportedly returned home after being told that rehoming priorities were aimed at those who had lived in Grenfell Tower , amid confusion and uncertainty over whether their homes were safe . 21 June ( edit ) The chief executive of Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council , Nicholas Holgate , resigned . Holgate said he had been asked to leave by the local government secretary Sajid Javid ; the government refuted this . 23 June ( edit ) The 2017 Glastonbury Festival opened with a minute 's silence for the victims of the Grenfell tower fire and the Manchester Arena bombing , led by Peter Hook , co-founder of Manchester band Joy Division . Camden London Borough Council ordered the evacuation of all 800 flats of the five blocks on the Chalcots Estate following an inspection of the cladding on the buildings . Celotex Saint Gobain announced on its website that it was to stop the supply of RS5000 for use in rainscreen cladding systems in buildings over 18 metres ( 59 ft ) tall . The Football Association announced that proceeds from the 2017 FA Community Shield match , between London rivals Arsenal and Chelsea , will be donated to support the victims . Charity single ( edit ) Artists for Grenfell Tower charity single Music producer Simon Cowell , a borough resident , arranged the recording of a charity single of Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' , at nearby Sarm West Studios . Artists involved included Liam Payne , Stormzy , Louisa Johnson , Emeli Sandé , Pixie Lott , Rita Ora , Leona Lewis , Tulisa Contostavlos and Stereophonics singer Kelly Jones . A total of around fifty artists contributed to the single , which was released under the title Artists for Grenfell on 21 June . It sold 120,000 copies in its first day , the highest volume of opening - day sales of the 2010s , and reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on 23 June . The choir , conducted by Gareth Malone , included residents from Grenfell Tower . Rehousing ( edit ) On 21 June 2017 , the government announced the acquisition of 68 flats in a newly built development at Kensington Row which would be used to rehouse families made homeless by the fire . The development is in Kensington , in the same borough as Grenfell Tower , and about 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) from the Tower . Not all residents in the area of the new flats welcomed the idea of those from Grenfell Tower being rehoused near them . Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council has made 169 offers of accommodation to the survivors , 46 of which have been accepted but only twelve households have been rehoused by 1 August . The council has secured 105 flats so far , including 68 at Kensington Row and 31 on Hortensia Road , Chelsea , and is in the process of allocating the properties . On 9 September 2017 , The New York Times reported that almost three months on from the fire , only 24 out of 158 households rendered homeless by the blaze had been placed in permanent housing . Fire and structural safety reviews ( edit ) Independent review ( edit ) On 30 August 2017 , the Department for Communities and Local Government published the terms of reference for the Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety . This independent review will be led by Dame Judith Hackitt , who is a senior engineer and civil servant with experience as the Chair of the Health and Safety Executive . The review will report to both DCLG head Sajid Javid and Home Secretary Amber Rudd . An initial report is expected in the autumn of 2017 with a final report due in spring 2018 . Recommendations will be reconsidered after the conclusion of the public inquiry . The two main aims of the review are firstly to develop improved building regulations for the future , with a focus on residential high - rise blocks , and secondly to provide reassurance to residents that their homes are safe . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the days after the fire , local authorities across the United Kingdom undertook reviews of fire safety in their residential tower blocks , including Brighton and Hove City Council , Manchester City Council , Plymouth City Council , Portsmouth City Council , Swindon Borough Council . Around 200 National Health Service trusts across the country were urged by NHS Improvement to check the cladding on their buildings , with particular attention being paid to those buildings housing in - patients . In London , councils affected included Brent London Borough Council , Camden London Borough Council , Hounslow London Borough Council , Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council , Newham London Borough Council , and Wandsworth London Borough Council . There are estimated to be about 600 high - rise blocks of flats in the UK that have similar cladding and unspecified fire safety tests have been carried out on panels sent in by councils at the Building Research Establishment in Watford , on behalf of the Department for Communities and Local Government . By 28 June 2017 , 120 high - rise buildings in 37 different local authority areas were reported to have failed fire safety tests , a 100 % failure rate of samples tested . Councils had been instructed to begin with those buildings that caused the most concern , and every single one of those had failed the test . The government 's fire safety tests were criticised for looking only at the cladding and not the insulation behind it , which had burned rapidly in the Grenfell Tower fire ; testing the insulation is left to councils and landlords . By 6 July , only one of 191 samples tested had passed . It was announced that large - scale tests were to be done on a 9 - metre ( 30 ft ) high wall , simulating a fire breaking out of a window . In August , it was announced that the 52 - bed trauma unit at the John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford was to close for up to twelve months due to concerns over flammable cladding on the building and other `` serious and embedded '' fire safety issues . Risk of building collapse ( edit ) Other tower blocks are being investigated over structural safety concerns . Four 13 - storey tower blocks on the Ledbury estate in Peckham have had their gas supplies cut off as a precaution . In the event of a gas explosion , they could be at risk of collapse . These blocks , containing 242 flats , were constructed using the same `` large panel system '' as Ronan Point , which partly collapsed in 1968 . There are fears that more tower blocks across the country may also be at risk . International ( edit ) Authorities worldwide conducted reviews of fire safety in tower blocks . In Australia , authorities decided to remove similar cladding from all its tower blocks . It was stated that every tower block built in Melbourne in the previous 20 years had the cladding . In Malta , the Chamber of Engineers and the Chamber of Architects urged the government to update building regulations with regards to fire safety . On 27 June , an 11 - storey tower block in Wuppertal , North Rhine - Westphalia , Germany was evacuated after it was found that the cladding was similar to that installed on Grenfell Tower . Investigations ( edit ) The local borough pledged to carry out a full investigation into the fire . Prime Minister Theresa May ordered a full public inquiry , saying that people `` deserve answers '' to why the fire was able to spread as quickly as it did . Sophie Khan , who acted as solicitor for some families in the Lakanal House fire , told BBC Two 's Newsnight that inquests would be better for the families as they would allow the families to participate and ask questions . She said the coroner was independent but a public inquiry was government - led and she wondered what information the Prime Minister knew that she wanted to hide . Another solicitor , Louise Christian , who also acted for families in relation to Lakanal House , wrote in The Guardian that a public inquiry was the best approach . She wrote about a promised public inquiry for Lakanal House being `` downgraded to an inquest '' and that inquests would be delayed by a criminal investigation . She acknowledged that victims ' interests are often sidelined in a public inquiry but wrote that the scope of a public inquiry is wider and that a rapid inquiry would put the government under more pressure to implement its findings immediately . Criminal ( edit ) On 15 June Metropolitan Police Commander Stuart Cundy announced that a criminal investigation had been opened to establish if there is any case for charges to be brought . On 27 July 2017 Police issued a public notice to residents saying that they had `` reasonable grounds '' to suspect that both the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation `` may have committed '' Corporate manslaughter . Senior representatives of both organisations are likely to face police interviews under caution . More than 60 companies and organisations are associated with Grenfell Tower and police are keeping open all options for a range of possible charges . In an interview with the London Evening Standard on 7 August 2017 , the Director of Public Prosecutions , Alison Saunders , said investigations are at an early stage and nothing is ruled out . Ms Saunders said it was more important to build strong cases than to rush to court and that the DPP had yet to see the evidence . Health and safety legislation and other criminal laws will be considered . If proven , the offence of Gross Negligence Manslaughter carries a maximum life sentence , with a guideline minimum of 12 years . In brief , for such a charge the prosecution must show sufficient evidence to pass a four stage `` Adomako Test '' proving a reprehensible breach of duty of care which caused or contributed to the victims death . Cause and spread ( edit ) On 23 June 2017 at New Scotland Yard , Detective Superintendent Fiona McCormack gave details on how the investigation was being conducted . Tests were made of the fridge suspected of starting the fire , and the cladding used on the building which may have spread the fire . She announced that the police had expert evidence showing the fire was not deliberate and that it had started in a Hotpoint fridge - freezer . Owners of Hotpoint model numbers FF175BP and FF175BG were advised to contact Hotpoint Customer Services . McCormack stated : '' Preliminary tests show the insulation samples collected from Grenfell Tower combusted soon after the test started . The initial tests on equivalent aluminium composite tiles failed the safety tests . '' The Department for Communities and Local Government was immediately notified of these findings so local councils could act quickly to protect the public . Tenants repeatedly complained about electrical power surges causing appliances to smoke and such a surge may have started the fire . The Local Authority knew about complaints and had paid tenants compensation for damaged appliances . Judith Blakeman , a local Labour councilor said the surges affected many appliances including fridges . Blakeman maintains the cause of the surges was never solved . Forensic search and recovery ( edit ) Detailed investigations into the causes and possible criminal charges of manslaughter or breach of regulations are in progress . Search dogs , fingertip searches , DNA matching , fingerprinting , dental records and forensic anthropologists are being used . An external lift was fitted to the building to improve access . The scale of the search and recovery operation is challenging . Human remains are mixed within an estimated 15.5 tonnes ( 17.1 tons ) of debris on every floor . Time and care are being taken to maintain a judicial standard and avoid mistaken identity , which could cause further distress to surviving relatives . Disaster Victim Identification is expected by police to continue to 2018 . By way of comparison , 40 % of World Trade Center victims have still not been identified . Such is the similarity , Metropolitan Police Deputy Commissioner Craig Mackey said on 20 July 2017 that investigators with comparable experience from working on the New York 9 / 11 WTC recovery were being consulted . Fire Brigade ( edit ) Following the Newsnight report of 7 July 2017 , the LFB said issues encountered in its response to the fire would also form part of the police investigation . LFB Commissioner Dany Cotton said in a Channel 4 News interview on 11 July 2017 that she expected reasonable criticism of the LFB response in the investigation and public inquiry . BBC Radio 4 reported on 16 August 2017 that the Fire Brigade was advised by KCTMO during the refurbishment and fire officers had been shown `` fire safety features '' . Council opposition leader Robert Atkinson , structural engineer Paul Follows and building inspector Geoff Wilkinson all expressed shock that the fire had happened given prior consultation with LFB . London Fire Brigade said it had not given approval for the work , saying its legal powers are limited . It said firefighters regularly visit buildings to gain familiarity with the layout and equipment , but that this was not the same as a detailed inspection . White goods fire risk ( edit ) On 21 August 2017 a joint letter was sent to PM Theresa May calling for improvements in fire safety standards for white goods . Common products such as fridges , freezers , washing machines and tumble - dryers have been blamed for causing recent fires , including Grenfell . These are still being made with a flammable plastic backing . LFB have launched a campaign proposing : LFB Recommendations Government central recalls database Recall notices Improved regulation of second hand products Safer appliances made with less combustible materials Model and serial number markings Manufacturers and retailers to assess the risk to people sleeping The letter to the Prime Minister was signed by : London Fire Brigade Commissioner Dany Cotton London Mayor Sadiq Khan Fire Brigades Union National Fire Chiefs Council Electrical Safety First ( charity ) . Occupational side - effects ( edit ) There are around 250 specialists investigating possible cause and culpability , placing additional load on the Metropolitan Police when they are also dealing with recent terrorist incidents , including the London Bridge and Finsbury Park attacks . Floral tribute outside Notting Hill Methodist Church Cotton defended the heroism of emergency service workers who themselves were affected by Psychological trauma . An on - call counsellor has been made available . Around 80 firefighters and Met Police officers are reported to be suffering from their experiences . An extra four full - time counsellors have been employed ( reversing previous staff reductions ) and 60 volunteer counsellors were brought in . All firefighters who attended Grenfell are being given a psychological health check . The BBC report that LFB are using its reserve budget to bring counselling staff back to 2008 levels . On 6 July 2017 , NHS England issued an open letter to GPs giving advice on symptoms for mental health conditions such as PTSD that those affected by this fire ( or recent terrorism ) may be experiencing . On 21 August 2017 , in an interview with Nick Ferrari on LBC radio , LFB Commissioner Dany Cotton said that she herself was undergoing counselling . Public inquiry ( edit ) Main article : Grenfell Tower Inquiry Public hearings opened 14 September 2017 On 29 June , Sir Martin Moore - Bick was appointed to lead the public inquiry into the fire . He pledged that the inquiry would be `` open , transparent and fair . '' His appointment was not welcomed by some of the survivors , as Moore - Bick 's background was in the Commercial Court and the Court of Appeal . They believed strongly that the investigation into the fire should be a criminal matter . Theresa May said on 29 June that she expected that Moore - Bick will want to produce an interim report `` as early as possible '' . On 30 June Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn had written to Theresa May saying that the Inquiry 's Terms of Reference should be broad and he wrote to May once more on 17 July expressing `` concern among residents and others that the judge leading the inquiry has already been directed towards a narrowly defined Terms of Reference '' . On 15 August Theresa May announced the terms of reference , accepting in full Martin - Moore Bick 's proposals . The Inquiry 's public hearings started on 14 September 2017 . An interim report is due in Easter 2018 . They include consideration of the actions of Kensington and Chelsea Borough Council and KCTMO both before and after the fire occurred , as well as the adequacy of relevant building regulations and whether they were complied with . There is concern that previous inquiries under Theresa May that appeared to be independent were controlled and there is uncertainty how far the Grenfell inquiry will be independent . Demolition ( edit ) Grenfell Tower site manager Michael Lockwood told a public meeting on 26 July 2017 that the building is to be covered in a protective wrap supported by scaffolding during August . This is initially to protect forensic evidence but would later allow the building to be taken down towards the end of 2018 . The community will be consulted on how the space should be used after demolition . Similar fires ( edit ) The following are similar fires that spread through exterior wall assemblies ( cladding , insulation , wall ) containing combustible components . Most of them involved high - rise buildings . United Kingdom and Isle of man ( edit ) The 2005 Harrow Court fire in Stevenage caused three deaths . 1973 Summerland disaster -- leisure centre fire in Douglas , Isle of Man , worsened by the ignition of flammable acrylic sheeting covering the building , led to at least 50 deaths . 1991 Knowsley Heights fire -- a fire in a tower block in Liverpool that had recently been fitted with rain screen cladding spread from the bottom to the top of the building via the 90 mm air gap behind the cladding . 1999 Garnock Court fire -- the fire in a tower block in Irvine , North Ayrshire , spread rapidly up combustible cladding , resulting in one death and four injured . The incident led to a parliamentary inquiry into the fire risk of external cladding and a change of the law in Scotland in 2005 requiring any cladding to inhibit the spread of fire . 2005 Harrow Court fire -- in a tower block in Stevenage , Hertfordshire , led to three deaths . 2009 Lakanal House fire -- in a tower block in Camberwell , South London , led to six deaths and at least twenty injured ; an inquest `` found the fire spread unexpectedly fast , both laterally and vertically , trapping people in their homes , with the exterior cladding panels burning through in just four and a half minutes . '' 2016 Shepherd 's Court fire -- in a tower block in Shepherd 's Bush , West London , a faulty Indesit ( Whirlpool ) tumble - dryer caught fire on the seventh floor , 19 August 2016 . The fire spread up six floors on the outside of the building , which is owned by Hammersmith and Fulham Council . There were no fatalities but some suffered smoke inhalation . This led to the London Fire Brigade commissioning a report which showed external panels probably spread the fire . In May 2017 , LFB warned all 33 London councils to review the use of panels and `` take appropriate action to mitigate the fire risk . '' Elsewhere ( edit ) South Korean firefighters in the 2010 Wooshin Golden Suites fire used a helicopter as part of their operations to put out a cladding fire that rose within minutes from the 4th to the 38th floor . 2007 fire at The Water Club ( Atlantic City , New Jersey , USA ) -- a fire that occurred as the building was nearing completion spread rapidly up aluminium composite panel cladding with a polyethylene core , from the 3rd floor to the top of the 41 - floor building . 2009 Beijing Television Cultural Center fire ( China ) -- believed to have spread via insulating foam panels on the building 's facade . 2010 Wooshin Golden Suites fire ( Marine City , South Korea ) -- spread within 20 minutes from the 4th floor to the top of the 38 - storey building , which featured flammable aluminium composite cladding with a polyethylene core , along with insulation made of glass wool or polystyrene . 2010 Shanghai fire ( China ) -- destroyed a 28 - storey high - rise apartment building , killing at least 58 people ; flammable polyurethane insulation applied to the outside of the building was reported to have been a possible contributory factor . 2012 Al Tayer Tower fire ( Sharjah , United Arab Emirates ) -- the rapid spread of the fire , which started in a first - floor balcony and spread to the top of the 40 - storey ( 34 residential , six parking floors ) tower , was attributed to aluminium sandwich panels featuring a thermo - plastic core . 2012 Mermoz Tower fire ( Roubaix , France ) -- saw fire spread rapidly up flammable cladding , resulting in one death and six injured . 2012 Tamweel Tower fire ( Dubai , United Arab Emirates ) -- spread across dozens of floors via flammable aluminium cladding . 2014 Lacrosse Tower fire ( Melbourne , Australia ) -- a fire started on an eighth - floor balcony took just 11 minutes to travel up 13 floors to the building 's roof , spreading via the same type of aluminium composite cladding as was used in Grenfell Tower . 2015 fire at The Marina Torch ( Dubai , United Arab Emirates ) -- fire spreading up the cladding of several dozen storeys from the 50th floor to the top of the building . A second fire occurred on 4 August 2017 , again spreading rapidly up the exterior of the building . 2015 fire at The Address Downtown Dubai ( United Arab Emirates ) -- cladding fire in a supertall hotel and residential skyscraper . 2016 Ramat Gan high - rise fire ( Ramat Gan , Israel ) -- a small fire in a flat quickly spread to the top of a 13 - storey tower block via combustible external insulation panelling . 2016 Neo Soho fire ( Jakarta , Indonesia ) -- the fire occurred while the building was still under construction and spread rapidly up dozens of floors via flammable cladding . See also ( edit ) Disasters portal Fire portal London portal Building regulations in the United Kingdom § Part B. Fire safety History of fire safety legislation in the United Kingdom Fire services in the United Kingdom Fire escape List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll Khadija Saye , a notable victim Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 70 fire Engines with 5 firefighters each would provide 350 firefighters . Jump up ^ The building has 24 storeys above ground including the mezzanine . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell death toll ' may be below 80 ' '' . BBC . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Hayley ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Grenfell death toll may fall as ' fraudsters have invented missing loved ones ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No final Grenfell Tower death toll this year , police say '' . BBC News . 28 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Met Police Statement . Update : Grenfell Tower fire investigation '' . MPS . MPS. 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATE : Number of victims of Grenfell Tower fire formally identified '' . MPS. 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire victim identified by DNA , inquest hears '' . The Telegraph . 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Family pays tribute to Grenfell Tower fire victim Biruk Haftom , 12 '' . Belfast Telegraph . 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell fire : Two inquests open as further victim named '' . BBC . 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` Inquests open into deaths of four Grenfell Tower fire victims '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell Tower fire : Inquiry ' can and will provide answers ' '' . BBC . 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell fire : Terms of reference published '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ( 6 September 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower inquest hearings continue as investigation slows '' . Guardian . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jim ; Clare , Sean ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Grenfell cladding ' 14 times combustibility limit ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Javid , Sajid ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety : publication of terms of reference '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Javid , Sajid ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety : terms of reference '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Jackie ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Dany Cotton : only a ' miracle ' could have saved Grenfell '' . Channel 4 News . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on fire in North Kensington '' . LAS . LAS. 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statement re Grenfell Tower '' . HEMS . HEMS. 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Diwakar , Vinod ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Statement on fire at Grenfell Tower '' . NHS . ^ Jump up to : `` London fire : Six killed as Grenfell Tower engulfed '' . BBC News . 14 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( via New York Times ) , The Latest : London Fire Deadliest in UK Since 20th Century , 19 June 2017 Jump up ^ Griffiths , Frank ; Kirka , Danica. `` 79 now believed to have died in London high - rise fire '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everyone Was Helping '' . The Telegraph ( India ) . Kolkata . 15 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation -- The Board '' . Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea TMO . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Turner , Camilla ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` We are just as important as everyone else , say Tower homeowners '' . Sunday Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Heathcote , Edwin ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` London tower block 's refurbishment raises fire safety questions '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planning Statement '' ( PDF ) . Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . p. 3 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Proposed Sections '' ( PDF ) . Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Concerns raised about Grenfell Tower ' for years ' '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . `` Grenfell Tower '' . Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buildings of London -- Grenfell tower '' . emporis.com . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower floorplan shows how 120 flats were packed into highrise '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . 14 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . The `` Typical residential floor in Grenfell Tower '' diagram shows 4 two - bedroom and 2 one - bedroom flats . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower '' . Emporis . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eight failures that left people of Grenfell Tower at mercy of the inferno '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbread , Nigel . `` Lancaster West Estate : An Ideal For Living ? '' . Constantine Gras . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower Regeneration Project Engagement Statement '' ( PDF ) . Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower regeneration Project '' ( PDF ) . The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Waite , Richard . `` Grenfell Tower : residents had predicted massive fire '' . The Architects Journal . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hills , Joe ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower : Original proposed contractor was dropped to reduce cost of refurbishment project '' . ITV News . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rydon Maintenance Press Statement -- Grenfell Tower '' . Rydon Maintenance . Rydon maintenance limited . Archived from the original on 24 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Rob ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Complex chain of companies that worked on Grenfell Tower raises oversight concerns '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rydon lands Grenfell Tower refurbishment '' . rydon.co.uk . July 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ White , Charles . `` Cladding added to Grenfell Tower to ' improve view for nearby luxury flats ' '' . Metro.co.uk . Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Prynn , Jonathan ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Revealed : ' Chimney ' Grenfell Tower cladding is used on blocks across London '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Town and Country Planning ( Development Management Procedure ) Order 2010 -- Approval of Details Reserved by Condition ( s ) '' ( PDF ) . Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. 30 September 2014 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Arconic Architectural Products / Arconic Inc . `` Reynobond Europe ACM ACP Aluminium Composite Material '' . arconic.com . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Reynobond aluminium composite panels is an aluminium panel consisting of two coil - coated aluminium sheets that are fusion bonded to both sides of a polyethylene core . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell Tower , Notting Hill '' . Harley Facades . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower refurbishment used cheaper cladding and tenants accused builders of shoddy workmanship '' . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Omnis Exteriors said it had been asked to supply cheaper cladding to installer Harley Facades which did not meet strict fire - retardant specifications . The safer sheets were just £ 2 a square metre more expensive meaning that for an extra £ 5,000 the building could have been encased in a material which may have resisted the fire for longer . The cut - price version is banned from use in the US and Germany for tall buildings . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower Q&As - remote heat metering '' . KCTMO / webcache.googleusercontent.com . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tower block fire safety warnings ' fell on deaf ears ' , residents ' group claims '' . Metro.co.uk . Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower gas pipes left exposed , despite fire safety expert 's orders '' . The Guardian . 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Legal aid cuts ' may have stopped Grenfell tenants pursuing safety concerns ' The Guardian Jump up ^ `` London fire : Tower victims ' may never be identified ' '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Bethan . `` London fire : A tale of two tower blocks '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Four ministers were warned about tower block fire risks '' . BBC News . 19 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Revealed : the tower block fire warnings that ministers ignored Archived 18 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The Guardian Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word -- APPFSRG % 20 - % 20 % 20letter % 20to % 20Stephen % 20Williams % 20MP % 20Minister % 20fo % 20Communities % 20 - % 2012 % 20March % 202014. docx '' ( PDF ) . ALL - PARTY PARLIAMENTARY FIRE SAFETY & RESCUE GROUP. 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Picone , Susanna ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Incendio Londra , il papà di Marco : `` Mi aveva detto che il grattacielo non era sicuro '' `` . Jump up ^ Wahlquist , Calla ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Fire safety concerns raised by Grenfell Tower residents in 2012 '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Another Fire Safety Scandal '' . Grenfell Action Group . 21 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Residents warned of fire risk at London tower block gutted by blaze '' . ABC News . 14 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Grenfell Action Group ( 20 November 2016 ) . `` KCTMO -- Playing with fire ! '' . wordpress.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ grenfellactiongroup ( 21 February 2013 ) . `` Another Fire Safety Scandal '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Rozsa , Matthew ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Residents warned that London 's Grenfell apartment was a death trap before fire '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Bonnie ; Siddique , Haroon ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` What we know so far about the London tower block fire '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Morley , Nicole ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` The incredible firefighters who 've been battling the Grenfell blaze for 12 hours '' . Metro.co.uk . Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Four ministers were warned about tower block fire risks '' . BBC News . 19 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Millward , David ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` ' The whole building has gone ' : Witnesses describe screams and tears at Grenfell Tower fire in London '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bulman , May ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower graphic : what we know about how the fire spread '' . The Independent . Independent Print . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drunk emerges as an unlikely hero in the Grenfell Tower horror fire after he randomly hit the fourth floor lift button '' . The Sun . 17 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Horton , Helena ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower fire : Muslims Awake for Ramadan Among Heroes Who Helped Save Lives '' . The Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Muslims awake for Ramadan may have saved lives after raising alarm for horrific London tower blaze '' . The Independent . 14 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . `` ' Proud to be a Londoner ' : After deadly Grenfell Tower fire , people respond with acts of love and kindness '' . Washington Post . 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Doward , Jamie ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` London fire brigade boss : ' It was a massive risk , but it 's our job to go in ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven ; Castle , Stephen ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Fire Engulfs Apartment Tower in London '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom Towers ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Riot police protect firefighters from falling debris Grenfell tower block fire '' . Metro.co.uk . Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ WALKER , HARRY ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` London fire : Hero describes battling flames to rescue people trapped inside Grenfell Tower '' . The Express . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Firefighters battle huge blaze in London '' . news.com.au . News . 14 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Elle ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` London fire : fears of people trapped as major blaze engulfs tower block -- latest '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Live coverage , frequently updated . Jump up ^ Weaver , Matthew ; Hunt , Elle ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` London fire : six people confirmed dead after tower block blaze -- latest updates '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40282153 Jump up ^ http://www.itv.com/news/2017-06-15/victims-of-grenfell-tower-fire-disaster/ Jump up ^ Hartley - Parkinson , Richard . `` Video shows man making rope out of bed sheets to try and escape '' . Metro.co.uk . Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower disaster : Son 's relief after blind father pictured waving for help rescued from inferno '' . ITV News . 20 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . `` ' People were just waiting for the fire to take them ... waiting to die ' : Witnesses describe horror of Grenfell Tower inferno '' . The Telegraph . 14 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London fire : Police confirm 12 dead in Grenfell Tower blaze '' . The Independent . 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Brigade , London Fire . `` London Fire Brigade -- Latest Incidents '' . www.london-fire.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Kutner , Max ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` London firefighters used drone to battle Grenfell tower blaze '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/07/10/around-255-people-escaped-grenfell-tower-fire-police-say-6768485/ Jump up ^ Samuel Osborne ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower fire : Total death toll from devastating blaze may not be known until the end of the year , say police '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No final Grenfell Tower death toll this year , police say '' . BBC News . 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower : candlelit vigil for victims after grief turned to anger at earlier protests '' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ May Bulman ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower fire : Met Police confirm 30 dead and 12 remain critical '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Tom Kelly and Inderdeep Bains ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Agony of girl , five , feared to have lost her entire family '' . PressReader.com . Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . `` Grenfell Tower fire : Six - month - old baby ' found dead in mother 's arms ' '' . ITV News . 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Couple who escaped Grenfell Tower blaze lost unborn son ( news.com.au ) Jump up ^ Witte , Griff ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` London high - rise fire leaves multiple people dead , dozens injured and others missing '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AP News : London fire latest : Grenfell Tower fatalities confirmed after residents trapped '' . The Telegraph . 14 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Withnall , Adam ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` London Fire : Structural engineer is monitoring Grenfell Tower 's stability after devastating blaze '' . Independent . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kensington and Chelsea : a wealthy but deeply divided borough '' . The Economist. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Emma ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower fire : At least 12 dead after inferno engulfs London tower block with death toll set to rise '' . ITV . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Masters , James ; Griffiths , James ; Muhammad , Darwish ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` London fire : Mourning , anger and questions over lives lost in inferno '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Six victims provisionally identified , says Scotland Yard Archived 17 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` London fire : Queen and Prince William visit Grenfell Tower centre '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bulman , May . `` 30 people confirmed dead in Grenfell disaster '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ ( earlier ) , Nicola Slawson ( now ) Caroline Davies ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower fire : Police say at least 58 missing as No 10 says each family to get £ 5,500 -- live updates '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 June 2017 ... the next figure of those presumed dead and missing will be released tomorrow , Monday , 19 June . The figure will be higher but I do not wish to speculate on that number today . Jump up ^ `` London fire : 58 missing , presumed dead -- police '' . BBC News . BBC . 17 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : Seventy - nine people feared dead '' . BBC News . BBC . 19 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . The Sun -- ' GASSED TO DEATH ' Grenfell Tower victims ' may have been poisoned by CYANIDE gas from burning insulation boards ' Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/05/grenfell-tower-police-make-87-recoveries-of-human-remains Jump up ^ `` London fire : Sense of community shines through '' . BBC online . 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kensington And Chelsea Councillor Kim Taylor - Smith Forced To Apologise After Bereaved Father Walks Out Of Grenfell Meeting '' . Huffington Post . 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' At least 20 suicide attempts ' after Grenfell Tower fire , faith leader claims '' . The Independent . 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Grenfell Tower : The mental health toll BBC Jump up ^ Bulman , May ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower fire : Undocumented migrants could still be missing '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Underreporting of illegal subtenants could also mean the death toll is higher than currently assumed , it is feared ... Members of the community have also raised concerns that large `` swathes '' of foreign nationals who lived in the block and may have been undocumented have simply `` disappeared '' and are not on any missing lists , raising concerns that they have either fled the site or are among the dead but unaccounted for . Jump up ^ `` Sadiq Khan Backs Amnesty On Grenfell Tower Illegal Immigrants '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sparrow , Andrew ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell fire : a number of tower blocks have same flammable cladding , says Theresa May -- Politics live '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . See also the live blog 's 10 : 01 update . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell Tower survivors could be deported in 12 months despite government immigration amnesty '' . The Independent . 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower illegal subletting amnesty announced by Sajid Javid '' . Sky News . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London fire : What happened at Grenfell Tower ? '' . BBC . 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Locals claim Grenfell Tower fire death toll ' in hundreds ' -- BelfastTelegraph.co.uk '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . `` Lily Allen : ' What people would like is a more honest count of how many people have actually died ' '' . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hundreds ' died in Grenfell Tower fire , says shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott '' . The Independent . 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amelia Gentleman ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell residents ' groups compile lists of victims and survivors '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' We know the death toll 's higher ' : Grenfell Tower firefighters gagged '' . Yahoo7. 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : Police confirm 255 residents escaped blaze '' . The Independent . 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower Meeting Reveals Council Failings As Residents Say They Ca n't Get Access To Mental Health Support '' . Huffington Post . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Tom ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Police probe ' fraud cases and thefts ' following Grenfell Tower disaster '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Snowdon , Kathryn ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower Immigration Amnesty For Residents Slammed As ' Travesty ' By BMELawyers4Grenfell '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident describes seeing ' small ' kitchen fire that started Grenfell Tower blaze '' . Metro. 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sweeney , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Grenfell firefighters ' hampered by equipment ' '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everything we know about the Grenfell Tower blaze : Why did it happen and how many are injured ? '' . Telegraph . 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower : Fire started in Hotpoint refrigerator , say police '' . BBC News . 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Angela ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Hotpoint tells customers to check fridge - freezers after Grenfell Tower fire '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Greg ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Department responds to police identification of Hotpoint fridge freezer involved in Grenfell Tower fire '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Geoff Wilkinson ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower : residents had predicted massive fire '' . Architects ' Journal . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Doward , Jamie ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower : the chronicle of a tragedy foretold '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . If the building had been provided with sprinklers then that fire , if it started in the kitchen , would never have got out of the kitchen and nobody except the firefighters who would have gone there to mop up would have known about it . Jump up ^ London fire : Most services would have sent high ladder to Grenfell BBC Jump up ^ Grenfell Tower fire : ' Half an hour ' high ladder delay BBC Jump up ^ Lack of equipment ' hampered Grenfell rescue effort ' The Guardian Jump up ^ Grenfell Tower fire : ' Urgent review ' of firefighting resources requested BBC Jump up ^ Grenfell Tower : Council knew of emergency access fears BBC Jump up ^ Da Silva , Chantal ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower fire : Survivor recounts ' tripping over bodies ' in harrowing escape '' . Independent . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Grenfell Tower resident quoted as saying that 999 officers told them to stay put , dailymail.co.uk ; accessed 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Radical Housing Network Archived 10 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , landforwhat.org.uk ; retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower Fire '' . Grenfell Action Group . 14 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Residents warned of ' catastrophic ' Grenfell Tower block fire three years ago -- but pleas ' fell on deaf ears ' '' . The Telegraph . Press Association . 14 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Waugh , Rob . `` Council ' threatened blogger with legal action ' over Grenfell Tower warnings '' . Metro.co.uk . Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower regeneration newsletter July 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower Regeneration Newsletter , May 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea TMO . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Hayley ; Swinford , Steven ; Knapton , Sarah ; Mendick , Robert ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower inferno a ' disaster waiting to happen ' as concerns are raised for safety of other buildings '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Many of those that survived only did so by ignoring official advice to stay in their rooms and close their front doors until the fire was over ... All fire safety regulations are focused on containing a fire within a building , but this can not happen if it is spreading along the outside . Jump up ^ Pasha - Robinson , Lucy ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Residents inside 24 - storey London flats on fire were told to stay inside in case of blaze '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Joe . `` Gavin Barwell : Theresa May 's new chief of staff faces questions over delayed tower block fire safety review '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Merrick , Rob ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Cabinet reshuffle : Theresa May appoints ' deputy ' day after losing two top aides '' . The Independent . London , UK . Archived from the original on 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why is cladding banned in the US and Germany used on buildings in the UK ? '' . Metro. 15 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . `` Grenfell Tower : fire - resistant cladding is just £ 5,000 more expensive '' . The Times . 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower Regeneration Project '' ( PDF ) . Max Fordham . October 2012 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Loeb , Josh ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` E&T Engineering and Technology -- Grenfell Tower fire raises fears over lax building regulations '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Austin , Jon ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower refurbishers over insulated building to avoid repeat job '' . Express Newspapers . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Andrew ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` The fatal mistake made in the Grenfell Tower fire '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon , `` Grenfell Tower fire : police considering manslaughter charges '' , The Guardian , 23 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , Robert , `` Grenfell Tower : insulation was not certified for use with flammable cladding '' , The Guardian , 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert , `` Flammable Grenfell Tower cladding ' passed ' by council officer in 2015 '' , The Guardian , 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Peter ( 5 September 2017 ) . `` Eight out of 173 social housing blocks pass fire safety tests on cladding '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Association , `` Grenfell Tower : cladding system in 111 buildings fails the latest round of tests '' , The Guardian , 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reynobond PE Colorweld 500 '' ( PDF ) . Reynbond . October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reynobond ® Aluminum Composite Material '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Watson , Leon ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Did faulty fridge cause Grenfell Tower fire ? The theories fire chiefs will examine '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Waugh , Rob ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower had just had an £ 8.7 m refurb -- but was new cladding to blame ? '' . Metro.co.uk . Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . 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( 1 May 2010 ) . `` Modern Building Materials Are Factors in Atlantic City Fires '' . Fire Engineering . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` London fire latest : Grenfell Tower anger grows as death toll could soar above 100 '' . 16 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Tom ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Maker of panels at London Tower cautioned on high - rise fire risk '' . Reuters . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fire safety in high - rise buildings -- Our fire solutions '' ( PDF ) . Arconic Europe . 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reynobond Europe -- A2 fire solution '' . Arconic Europe . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower : Cladding firm ends global sales for tower blocks '' , BBC News , 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` London fire : Grenfell Tower cladding ' linked to other fires ' '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fire performance of facades -- Guide to the requirements of UK Building Regulations '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Window and Cladding Technology . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Will . `` Fire expert : Grenfell Tower tragedy ' entirely predictable ' '' . Architects Journal . EMAP Publishing . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , Oliver ; Walker , Peter ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` ' Disaster waiting to happen ' : fire expert slams UK tower blocks '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FP / 14 / 03563 -- New floor areas , new overcladding & windows , new heating system , reconfigured podium and entrance . -- Grenfell Tower , Grenfell Road , LONDON , W11 1TH '' . Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Building Control . Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . 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Fire Hazards of Exterior Wall Assemblies Containing Combustible Components . New York : Springer . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4939 - 2898 - 9 . Jump up ^ Geren , Ronald L. ( 2016 ) . Applying the Building Code : Step - by - Step Guidance for Design and Building Professionals . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 92076 - 3 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkpatrick , David D. ; Hakim , Danny ; Glanz , James ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` Why Grenfell Tower Burned : Regulators Put Cost Before Safety '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . p . A1 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tower cladding tests after Grenfell fire lack transparency , say experts '' , The Guardian , 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Booker , Christopher ( 8 July 2017 ) . `` The Grenfell Tower fire would not have happened without the EU and global warming '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Update -- Friday 16th June '' . Celotex . Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Our records show a Celotex product ( RS5000 ) was purchased for use in refurbishing the building ... It is important to state that Celotex manufacture rigid board insulation only . We do not manufacture , supply or install cladding . Insulation is one component in a rainscreen system , and is positioned in that system behind the cladding material . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : police considering manslaughter charges '' . The Guardian . 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Health & Safety Datasheet '' ( PDF ) . Celotex . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Hazard of Polyurethane and Other Organic Foam Insulation Aboard Ships and in Construction '' . US Department of Labor , Occupational Safety and Health Administration . Archived from the original on 28 April 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Grenfell Tower : Government to review building regulations BBC Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 25 August 2017 ) . `` Grenfell fire : 228 buildings at risk across UK '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Sebastian ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Feuerwehr - Chef im Gespräch : Warum ein Feuer wie in London in Deutschland unwahrscheinlich ist '' ( Fire Department Chief in Interview : Why a Fire like the one in London is unlikely in Germany ) . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London fire : UK ministers ' should take leaf from Wales ' on sprinklers '' . BBC News . 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , George ; Langton , Katie ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Grenfell fire chief calls for sprinklers in tower blocks '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Matthew ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Only 2 % of UK 's council tower blocks have full sprinkler system '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC ON THIS DAY 20 1979 : Council tenants will have ' right to buy ' '' . news.bbc.co.uk. 1979 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Travis , Alan ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower fire : was Tory austerity to blame or do problems date back to Blair ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Thomas ( 30 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower : A systemic failure of regulation '' . Building Design . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Laura . `` Theresa May accused of failing to show ' humanity ' during Grenfell Tower visit '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Lines , Andy ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Queen looks teary - eyed visiting Grenfell Tower victims - unlike PM '' . Mirror . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kanter , Jake . `` Jeremy Corbyn and Theresa May visited Grenfell Tower today -- and both took very different approaches '' . Business Insider France ( in French ) . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kentish , Ben ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower fire : Theresa May apologises for ' failure of the state ' after widely criticised response '' . Independent . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May apologises : Grenfell response ' not good enough ' '' . BBC News . BBC . 21 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Slawson , Nicola ( 9 June 2017 ) . `` Labour rounds off remarkable election with narrow victory in Kensington '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Amelia Gentleman , `` ' Unforgivable ' : local Labour MP vents fury over Grenfell Tower fire '' Archived 15 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Grenfell campaigner calls for return of local assets as reparation The Guardian ^ Jump up to : Sherwood , Harriet ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower : local people should be on inquiry panel , bishop says '' . Guardian . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Grenfell Tower consultation period deadline approaches The Guardian Jump up ^ `` London fire : A visual guide to what happened at Grenfell Tower '' . BBC News . BBC . 16 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` LOCAL ELECTIONS 2014 : Conservatives control Kensington and Chelsea for 50th year in a row '' . SW London . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notting Hill pastor blames ' disgusting ' treatment of poor for inferno '' . London Evening Standard . 14 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kensington and Chelsea council has £ 274m in reserves '' . The Guardian . 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Look at Grenfell Tower and see the terrible price of Britain 's inequality '' . The Guardian . 16 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.londonspovertyprofile.org.uk/news/updated-profile-of-kensington/ Jump up ^ Hartley - Parkinson , Richard ( 16 Jun 2017 ) . `` Council leader says residents did n't want disruption of sprinklers being fitted '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donations to fire victims may go to waste because council is failing to help co-ordinate efforts , volunteers say '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Jail those responsible ' : how Grenfell Tower residents ' grief turned to rage Archived 17 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The Guardian Jump up ^ After Grenfell Tower unbridled anger wo n't make our homes any safer Archived 17 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The Guardian Jump up ^ `` Council attacked for stockpiling £ 274m despite Grenfell Tower residents ' calls for fire safety improvements '' . The Independent . 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower residents ' still having rent payments taken out of bank accounts ' '' . Independent . 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : Government staff sent in to Kensington and Chelsea Council '' . BBC News . BBC . 18 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` MP : ' Charity is doing government 's work after Grenfell . It 's an outrage , it 's appalling ' '' . The Independent . 18 June 2017 . 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Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Grenfell cladding approved by residents was swapped for cheaper version The Guardian Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : Kensington council halts meeting '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : Fury as council halts meeting in ' absolute fiasco ' '' . Sky News . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kensington and Chelsea council leader steps down over response to Grenfell Tower fire '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Grenfell Tower fire : Sadiq Khan calls on PM to appoint commissioners BBC Jump up ^ Mistrust and anger deepen as Grenfell death toll is still unknown The Guardian ^ Jump up to : Ruddick , Graham ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` Jon Snow : reporting on Grenfell made me feel on wrong side of social divide '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tube , Overground , TfL Rail , DLR & Tram status updates '' . 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Jump up ^ Kuenssberg , Laura ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Govt confirms Bellwin scheme , that releases extra cash for councils , will apply to help cope with aftermath of awful fire '' . @ bbclaurak . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell Tower : Police hope fire death toll ' not triple figures ' '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower latest : London fire death toll rises to 30 as anger grows over safety failings '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hartley - Parkinson , Richard . `` Angry crowds shout ' coward ' and ' murderer ' at Teresa May as she leaves Grenfell Tower relief centre '' . Metro.co.uk . Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May heckled by angry crowds '' . BBC.co.uk . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Parris , Matthew . `` Matthew Parris on Theresa May '' . The Times . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Andrea Leadsom confronted over PM not meeting Grenfell Tower victims '' . Sky News . Sky UK . 16 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London fire : Corbyn calls for empty flats to be requisitioned '' . BBC News . BBC . 16 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lilico , Andrew . `` Jeremy Corbyn 's call to seize rich people 's houses for Grenfell victims shows his true , disturbing nature '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Survey Results '' . YouGov. 16 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower latest : Angry protesters storm Kensington Town Hall as angry crowd chases Theresa May 's car '' . 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Jump up ^ Masters , James . `` London fire : Theresa May meets with victims at Downing Street '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Grafton - Green , Patrick . `` BBC pulls documentary featuring Grenfell Tower fire victim '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Doran , Sarah ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` London fire : BBC reschedule new series of Pitch Battle following Grenfell Tower tragedy '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McAskill , Ewan ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Council sidelined in Grenfell Tower response as leader refuses to quit '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gentleman , Amelia ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` ' We think they are hiding ' : locals express fury at council over Grenfell response '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London fire : Kensington council boss quits over Grenfell tragedy '' . BBC . 21 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glastonbury pays tribute to victims of Manchester attack and Grenfell Tower fire '' . The Irish News . Jump up ^ Marris , Sharon . `` 800 Camden homes evacuated after Grenfell fire '' . Sky News . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Henry . `` Suffolk firm Celotex halts supplies of insulation used in Grenfell Tower cladding as London flats evacuated over safety concerns '' . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Community Shield proceeds to go to Grenfell Tower fire victims '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell to record Grenfell Tower charity single '' . BBC News . BBC . 16 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Fiona ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` Liam Payne and Stormzy among stars to perform on Grenfell Tower charity single , Simon Cowell confirms '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London fire : Stars gather to record charity single '' . BBC News . 18 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire charity single released by Simon Cowell '' . Sky News . Sky UK . 21 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell 's Grenfell Tower charity single racks up huge opening day sales '' . NME . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell 's Grenfell single tops UK chart '' . 23 June 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` TV Choirmaster Gareth Malone Leads Survivors Choir On Grenfell Tower Charity Single '' . 19 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London fire : Flats acquired for Grenfell Tower survivors '' . BBC News . BBC . 21 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower families to be rehoused in flats at luxury complex '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Pasha - Robinson , Lucy ; Murphy , Matt . `` Kensington residents express dismay at Grenfell fire victims ' nearby rehousing : ' I do n't want them here ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower '' . Chelsea Society . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Batty , David ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` Grenfell : names of wealthy empty - home owners in borough revealed '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frustrated Survivors of Grenfell Fire Ask , ' When Will We Get Our Lives Back ? ' '' . The New York Times . 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ James , Ben . `` Sprinklers to be added to two high rise blocks in Brighton as safety review ordered '' . The Argus . Newsquest . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cladding fire tests failed by 27 high - rise blocks '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Haworth , Thomas . `` Swindon tenants ' have no need to fear fire ' '' . Swindon Advertiser . Newsquest . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Fiona . `` NHS urged to check buildings for flammable cladding following Grenfell blaze '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , Jen ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` How many more buildings in London have the same cladding as Grenfell Tower ? '' . Metro.co.uk . Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Council statement following Grenfell Tower fire '' . Wandsworth London Borough Council . 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Grafton - Green ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Six hundred high rise blocks in UK have ' similar ' cladding to Grenfell Tower '' . Standard.co.uk . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Booth ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` Tower cladding tests after Grenfell fire lack transparency , say experts '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : More high - rises fail fire safety tests '' . BBC . 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell death toll cover - up claim is rejected by Michael Fallon '' . Yahoo ! News . 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` More high - rises fail fire safety tests '' . BBC . 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Government not testing tower blocks for the same deadly insulation as Grenfell , amid accusations of a ' quick fix ' '' . The Telegraph . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell fire : Cladding faces large - scale fire tests '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hospital trauma patients in Oxford relocated over ' serious ' cladding and fire safety issues '' . Sky News . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ London tower blocks residents ordered out over gas safety fears The Guardian Jump up ^ `` Australia rushes to strip dangerous cladding after Grenfell disaster '' . The Times . London . 19 June 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Knaus , Christopher ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` South Australia to audit Adelaide buildings for flammable cladding '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London inferno : engineers urge updating of regulations '' . Times of Malta. 19 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . `` London fire : Architects back call for holistic review of building regulations '' . Times of Malta. 21 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : German flats cleared amid cladding fears '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Danny ( @ DannyShawBBC ) ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Interesting to hear Lakanal House residents ' lawyer Sophie Khan tell @ BBCNewsnight inquests would be better than public inquiry ... 1 / 2 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Shaw , Danny ( @ DannyShawBBC ) ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Sophie Khan says Govt has more control in public inquiry & victims can participate & ask questions during inquests . @ BBCNewsnight 2 / 2 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . `` Newsnight , 15 June 2017 '' at BBC Programmes ^ Jump up to : `` Why the Grenfell Tower tragedy needs a rapid public inquiry , not an inquest '' . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : Police open criminal investigation into blaze that killed 17 as fears grow death toll could reach 100 '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Police say Grenfell manslaughter charges possible '' . BBC online . 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Met says Grenfell Tower Council may have committed corporate manslaughter '' . The Guardian . 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentham , Martin ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` People responsible for Grenfell Tower disaster may face criminal charges , says prosecutor '' . Standard . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Grenfell fire : criminal charges with long prison terms not ruled out The Guardian Jump up ^ `` Homicide : Murder and Manslaughter '' . CPS. 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower : Fire started in Hotpoint fridge freezer , say police '' . BBC . BBC . 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Electricity problems at Grenfell Tower ' never resolved ' BBC Jump up ^ `` Police start fingertip search of Grenfell Tower rubble in hunt for ' hidden victims ' '' . Evening Standard . 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Jolly , Joanna ( 8 July 2017 ) . `` The painstaking task of naming Grenfell 's victims '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : Investigators bring in 9 / 11 experts '' . BBC News . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hosken , Andrew ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` London Fire Brigade advised on Grenfell refurbishment '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower : London Fire Brigade denies it signed off on refurbishment work '' . The Independent . 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Change the way fridges and freezers are constructed '' . LFB. 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brigade reissues essential white goods safety advice following Grenfell Fire '' . LFB. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , David ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Ministers ' must act on faulty white goods fire risk ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smithers , Rebecca ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` London fire brigade calls for urgent action on electrical goods safety '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sawer , Patrick ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` New laws on van hire may be needed to counter terror , says Met Commissioner '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Martin ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` Emergency service workers suffering post-traumatic stress following terror attacks and Grenfell fire '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Clare , Sean ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Grenfell Tower : 60 trauma counsellors brought in for firefighters '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NHS issues advice on mental health care for people affected by terror attacks and Grenfell '' . NHS . NHS. 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrari , Nick ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` London Fire Chief Says She Has Received Counselling Since Grenfell '' . LBC Radio . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` London fire chief says she has had counselling for Grenfell Tower trauma '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower : Retired judge to lead disaster inquiry '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell inquiry could be ' too narrow ' , Jeremy Corbyn warns '' . The Guardian . 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Corbyn 's Grenfell Tower Fire Letter To Theresa May In Full '' . Huffington Post . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell fire : Police say 255 people survived the blaze '' . BBC News website . 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Child abuse panel members say ' inquiries are not independent ' The Guardian Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower to be covered in protective wrapping '' . BBC . 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chilling ' similarity to 1973 fire tragedy '' . IOM Today . 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Service to honour Summerland dead '' . BBC . 4 September 2006 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nathan White ; Michael Delichatsios ( 20 July 2015 ) . Fire Hazards of Exterior Wall Assemblies Containing Combustible Components . Springer . pp. 37 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4939 - 2898 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Warnings over ' deathtrap ' high - rise building cladding ' ignored ' for decades '' . The Telegraph . 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . `` How might we avert another tragedy like the Grenfell Tower fire ? '' . The Guardian . 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man dies in tower block inferno '' . Scotland Herald . 12 June 1999 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Vevers , Dan ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` London tower fire : Concerns over cladding stretch back years '' . STV . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . `` How 1999 Scottish tower block fire led to regulation change - BBC News '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Errors revealed in fire report '' . BBC News . 18 May 2006 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , Oliver ; Walker , Peter ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` ' Disaster waiting to happen ' : fire expert slams UK tower blocks '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hosken , Andrew ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Fire brigade raised fears about cladding with councils '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Faulty tumble dryer ' caused Shepherd 's Bush tower block fire ' '' . BBC News . 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fire guts high - rise building in Busan '' . The Korea Times . 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . `` High - rise apartments defenseless against fire '' . The Korea Times . 3 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jacobs , China TV Network Apologizes for Fire , The New York Times , 10 February 2009 Jump up ^ `` What Sparked TVCC ? Experts and architects weigh in on how one of Beijing 's most modern buildings took flame so quickly . '' . caijing.com.cn. 19 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What made the London highrise fire so horrific ? Tower 's cladding may have helped spread blaze '' . Toronto Star . 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . `` Deadly Fire Shows Risks of China 's Building Boom '' . TIME. 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Torch blaze reignites concerns over cladding used for Dubai towers '' . The National . 9 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London fire : Grenfell Tower ' renovated with deadly cladding ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The chronicle of a tragedy foretold : Grenfell Tower '' . The Guardian . 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cladding issue causes further headache for fire - hit Tamweel Tower '' . Arabian Business . 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cladding in London high - rise fire also blamed for 2014 Melbourne blaze '' . The Guardian . 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds evacuated after fire engulfs Dubai tower '' . Al Jazeera. 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Large fire rips through Dubai 's Torch Tower '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds of Israeli buildings ' as vulnerable ' as London 's Grenfell Tower '' . Times of Israel . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Perspective On High Rise Building Fires Involving The Façade '' . Asia Pacific Fire & MDM Publishing Ltd. 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . `` Massive fire crawls up multiple floors in uninhabited Neo Soho apartment building , one worker injured - Coconuts Jakarta '' . 10 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . `` pinfa - N - 75 - 09 Jakarta high - rise cladding fire '' . www.pinfa.org . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . `` Apartemen Neo Soho Terbakar '' . Detik . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grenfell Tower fire . Grenfell Tower Inquiry ( official website ) Firefighter gives first - hand account of Grenfell Tower rescue mission Rydon Construction case study on the refurbishment BBC news reports CTBUH Skyscraper Center -- Grenfell House Kensington Planning Application for renovation works Kensington Building Regulations record for Grenfell Tower West London Grenfell Tower on fire , multiple casualties confirmed ( Recorded LIVE FEED ) on YouTube `` Tackling fire risk in high rise blocks '' . House of Commons Library , UK Parliament . Provides an overview of the legal framework under which fire risks in tower blocks are managed in England London Fire Brigade -- Grenfell Tower fire update Met Police -- UPDATE : Grenfell Tower fire investigation NHS Statement on fire at Grenfell Tower Police Public Appeal For Photos and Videos London fire : Who are the victims ? ( BBC News ) Product Notice -- Hotpoint Fridge Freezer at hotpointservice.co.uk Dany Cotton interview Channel 4 News 11 July 2017 LFB Video of plastic backed fridge fire Grenfell Tower fire ( The Guardian ) GOV.UK Grenfell Tower Documents Collection James MacTaggart Memorial Lecture : Jon Snow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenfell_Tower_fire&oldid=801408851 '' Categories : 2017 disasters in the United Kingdom 2017 fires 2017 in London Fires in London Deaths from fire in June 2017 Housing in London Building and structure fires in the United Kingdom History of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea June 2017 events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) EngvarB from June 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with OS grid coordinates All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 14 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who owns the tower block on fire in london
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[
"\n\nGrenfell Tower\n\n\n\nGrenfell Tower in 2009, before refurbishment\n\n\n\nGeneral information\n\n\nLocation\nNorth Kensington\n\n\nTown or city\nLondon\n\n\nCountry\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nConstruction started\n1972\n\n\nCompleted\n1974\n\n\nRenovated\n2016\n\n\nDestroyed\n14 June 2017\n\n\nRenovation cost\n£8.7 million\n\n\nOwner\nKensington and Chelsea London Borough Council\n\n\nLandlord\nKensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation\n\n\nHeight\n67.30 metres (220 ft 10 in)\n\n\nTechnical details\n\n\nFloor count\n24\n\n\nDesign and construction\n\n\nArchitecture firm\nClifford Wearden and Associates\n\n\nMain contractor\nA E Symes\n\n\nRenovating team\n\n\nArchitect\nStudio E Architects\n\n\nRenovating firm\n\n\n\nRydon Construction\nArtelia\nMax Fordham\n\n\n\n\n\nMain contractor\n\n\n\nWITT UK\nHarley Facades\nCelotex\nJS Wright & Sons\nArconic\n\n\n\n\n"
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"Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council"
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991902816478942674
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Constitution of India
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Constitution of India - Wikipedia Constitution of India hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Constitution of India Original text of the preamble Original title भारतीय संविधान code : hin promoted to code : hi ( IAST : Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna ) code : hin promoted to code : hi Jurisdiction India Ratified 26 November 1949 ; 68 years ago ( 1949 - 11 - 26 ) Date effective 26 January 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) System Constitutional parliamentary socialist secular republic Branches Three ( executive , legislature and judiciary ) Executive Prime minister - led cabinet responsible to the lower house of the parliament Judiciary Supreme court , high courts and district courts Federalism Unitary ( Quasi-federal ) Electoral college Yes , for presidential and vice-presidential elections Entrenchments Amendments 101 Last amended 1 July 2017 ( 101st ) Location Parliament House , New Delhi , India Author ( s ) B.R. Ambedkar and the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of India Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Supersedes Government of India Act 1935 Indian Independence Act 1947 Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The Constitution of India ( IAST : Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna ) is the supreme law of India . The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code , structure , procedures , powers , and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights , directive principles , and the duties of citizens . It is the longest written constitution of any country on earth . B.R. Ambedkar , chairman of the drafting committee , is widely considered to be its chief architect . It imparts constitutional supremacy ( not parliamentary supremacy , since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament ) and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble . Parliament can not override the constitution . It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950 . The constitution replaced the Government of India Act , 1935 as the country 's fundamental governing document , and the Dominion of India became the Republic of India . To ensure constitutional autochthony , its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395 . India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day . The constitution declares India a sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic republic , assuring its citizens justice , equality and liberty , and endeavours to promote fraternity . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Previous legislation 2 Constituent Assembly 2.1 Membership 2.2 Drafting 3 Influence of other constitutions 4 Structure 4.1 Parts 4.2 Schedules 4.3 Appendices 5 Constitution and government 6 Constitution and legislature 6.1 Amendments 6.2 Limitations 7 Constitution and judiciary 7.1 Judicial review 8 Flexibility 9 See also 10 Notes 10.1 Notes on Article 21 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Background Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the drafting committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949 Most of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947 . The constitution of India repealed the Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of India Act , 1935 when it became effective on 26 January 1950 . India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution . Articles 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 60 , 324 , 366 , 367 , 379 , 380 , 388 , 391 , 392 , 393 , and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 , and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950 . Previous legislation The constitution was drawn from a number of sources . Mindful of India 's needs and conditions , its framers borrowed features of previous legislation such as the Government of India Act 1858 , the Indian Councils Acts of 1861 , 1892 and 1909 , the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 , and the Indian Independence Act 1947 . The latter , which led to the creation of India and Pakistan , divided the former Constituent Assembly in two . Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states . Constituent assembly 1950 Constituent Assembly meeting Main article : Constituent Assembly of India The constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies . The 389 - member assembly ( reduced to 299 after the partition of India ) took almost three years to draft the constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165 - day period . Membership B.R. Ambedkar , Sanjay Phakey , Jawaharlal Nehru , C. Rajagopalachari , Rajendra Prasad , Vallabhbhai Patel , Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi , Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar , Sandipkumar Patel , Abul Kalam Azad , Shyama Prasad Mukherjee , Nalini Ranjan Ghosh , and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in the assembly , which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes . Frank Anthony represented the Anglo - Indian community , and the Parsis were represented by H.P. Modi . Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a Christian assembly vice-president , chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo - Indian Christians . Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community . Judges , such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer , Benegal Narsing Rau , K.M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly . Female members included Sarojini Naidu , Hansa Mehta , Durgabai Deshmukh , Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit . The first , two - day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha ; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president . It met for the first time on 9 December 1946 . Drafting Benegal Narsing Rau , a civil servant who became the first Indian judge in the International Court of Justice and was president of the United Nations Security Council , was appointed as the assembly 's constitutional adviser in 1946 . Responsible for the constitution 's general structure , Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948 . At 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly , committees were proposed . Rau 's draft was considered , debated and amended by the eight - person drafting committee , which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with B.R. Ambedkar as chair . A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947 . While deliberating the revised draft constitution , the assembly moved , discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 . Before adopting the constitution , the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days . On 26 November 1949 it adopted the constitution , which was signed by 284 members . The day is celebrated as National Law Day , or Constitution Day . Jawaharlal Nehru signing the constitution The assembly 's final session convened on 24 January 1950 . Each member signed two copies of the constitution , one in Hindi and the other in English . The original constitution is hand - written , with each page decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose . Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada . The constitution was published in Dehradun and photolithographed by the Survey of India . Production of the original constitution took nearly five years . Two days later , on 26 January 1950 , it became the law of India . The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was ₹ 6.3 crore ( ₹ 63 million ) . The constitution has had a number of amendments since it was enacted . The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium - filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi . Influence of other constitutions United Kingdom Parliamentary government Concept of single citizenship Rule of law The legislative speaker and their role Legislative procedure United States Bill of Rights Federal structure of government Electoral College Independent judiciary and separation of powers Judicial review President as commander - in - chief of the armed forces Equal protection under law Ireland Directive principles of state policy Australia Freedom of trade between states National legislative power to implement treaties , even on matters outside normal federal jurisdiction Concurrent List Preamble terminology France Ideals of liberté , égalité , fraternité Canada Quasi-federal government -- a federal system with a strong central government Distribution of powers between the central and state governments Residual powers , retained by the central government Soviet Union Fundamental Duties under article 51 - A Mandated planning commission to oversee economic development Other constitutions The emergency provision under article 356 ( from the Weimar Constitution ) Amending the constitution ( from South Africa ) Due process ( from Japan ) Structure The Indian constitution is the world 's longest for a sovereign nation . At its enactment , it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules . At about 145,000 words , it is the second - longest active constitution -- after the Constitution of Alabama -- in the world . The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles , which are grouped into 25 parts . With 12 schedules and five appendices , it has been amended 101 times ; the latest amendment became effective on 1 July 2017 . Parts The constitution 's articles are grouped into the following parts : Preamble , with the words `` socialist '' and `` secular '' , and ' integrity ' added in 1976 by the 42nd amendment Part I -- States and union territories Part II -- Citizenship Part III -- Fundamental Rights Part IV -- Directive Principles of State Policy Part IVA -- Fundamental Duties Part V -- The union Part VI -- The states Part VII -- States in the B part of the first schedule ( repealed ) Part VIII -- Union territories Part IX -- Panchayats Part IXA -- Municipalities Part IXB -- Co-operative societies Part X -- Scheduled and tribal areas Part XI -- Relations between the union and the states Part XII -- Finance , property , contracts and suits Part XIII -- Trade and commerce within India Part XIV -- Services under the union and states Part XIVA -- Tribunals Part XV -- Elections Part XVI -- Special provisions relating to certain classes Part XVII -- Languages Part XVIII -- Emergency provisions Part XIX -- Miscellaneous Part XX -- Amending the constitution Part XXI -- Temporary , transitional and special provisions Part XXII -- Short title , date of commencement , authoritative text in Hindi and repeals Schedules Schedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy . First Schedule ( Articles 1 and 4 ) -- Lists India 's states and territories , changes in their borders and the laws used to make that change . Second Schedule ( Articles 59 ( 3 ) , 65 ( 3 ) , 75 ( 6 ) , 97 , 125 , 148 ( 3 ) , 158 ( 3 ) , 164 ( 5 ) , 186 and 221 ) -- Lists the salaries of public officials , judges , and the Comptroller and Auditor General . Third Schedule ( Articles 75 ( 4 ) , 99 , 124 ( 6 ) , 148 ( 2 ) , 164 ( 3 ) , 188 and 219 ) -- Forms of oaths -- Lists the oaths of office for elected officials and judges . Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) -- Details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha ( upper house of Parliament ) by state or union territory . Fifth Schedule ( Article 244 ( 1 ) ) -- Provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes ( areas and tribes requiring special protection ) . Sixth Schedule ( Articles 244 ( 2 ) and 275 ( 1 ) ) -- Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura , and Mizoram . Seventh Schedule ( Article 246 ) -- Central government , state , and concurrent lists of responsibilities Eighth Schedule ( Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 ) -- Official languages Ninth Schedule ( Article 31 - B ) -- Validation of certain acts and regulations Tenth Schedule ( Articles 102 ( 2 ) and 191 ( 2 ) ) -- Anti-defection provisions for members of Parliament and state legislatures . Eleventh Schedule ( Article 243 - G ) -- Panchayat Raj ( rural local government ) Twelfth Schedule ( Article 243 - W ) -- Municipalities ( urban local government ) Appendices Appendix I -- The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 Appendix II -- Re-statement , referring to the constitution 's present text , of exceptions and modifications applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir Appendix III -- Extracts from the Constitution ( Forty - fourth Amendment ) Act , 1978 Appendix IV -- The Constitution ( Eighty - sixth Amendment ) Act , 2002 Appendix V -- The Constitution ( Eighty - eighth Amendment ) Act , 2003 Constitution and government The executive , legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it . With the aid of its constitution , India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature . The President of India is head of the executive branch , under Articles 52 and 53 , with the duty of preserving , protecting and defending the constitution and the law under Article 60 . Article 74 provides for a Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers , which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties . The council is answerable to the lower house under Article 75 ( 3 ) . The constitution is considered federal in nature , and unitary in spirit . It has features of a federation ( a codified , supreme constitution , a three - tier governmental structure ( central , state and local ) , division of powers , bicameralism and an independent judiciary ) and unitary features such as a single constitution , single citizenship , an integrated judiciary , a flexible constitution , a strong central government , appointment of state governors by the central government , All India Services ( the IAS , IFS and IPS ) and emergency provisions . This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form . Each state and union territory has its own government . Analogous to the president and prime minister , each has a governor or ( in union territories ) a lieutenant governor and a chief minister . Article 356 permits the president to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority if a situation arises in which state government can not be conducted in accordance with constitution . This power , known as president 's rule , was abused as state governments came to be dismissed on flimsy grounds for political reasons . After the S.R. Bommai v. Union of India decision , such a course of action is more difficult since the courts have asserted their right of review . The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts introduced the system of panchayati raj in rural areas and Nagar Palikas in urban areas . Article 370 gives special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir . Constitution and legislature Main article : Amendment of the Constitution of India See also : List of amendments of the Constitution of India Amendments Amendments are additions , variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament . The procedure is detailed in Article 368 . An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a with a two - thirds majority of its total membership when at least two - thirds are present and vote . Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution 's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures . Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with Article 245 ( except for money bills ) , there is no provision for a joint session of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass a constitutional amendment . During a parliamentary recess , the president can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers under Article 123 , Chapter III . Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under the legislative powers of parliament were invalidated by Article 368 ( 1 ) in the Twenty - fourth Amendment . By July 2018 , 124 amendment bills had been presented in Parliament ; of these , 101 became Amendment Acts . Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass , the Indian constitution is the world 's most frequently - amended national governing document . The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies . In 2000 , the Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was formed to examine a constitutional update . The government of India establishes term - based law commissions to recommend legal reforms , facilitating the rule of law . Limitations Main article : Basic structure doctrine In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , the Supreme Court ruled that an amendment can not destroy what it seeks to modify ; it can not tinker with the constitution 's basic structure or framework , which are immutable . Such an amendment will be declared invalid , although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment ; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution . According to the doctrine , the constitution 's basic features ( when `` read as a whole '' ) can not be abridged or abolished . These `` basic features '' have not been fully defined , and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a `` basic feature '' is decided by the courts . The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala decision laid down the constitution 's basic structure : Supremacy of the constitution Republican , democratic form of government Its secular nature Separation of powers Its federal character This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure . The Supreme Court or a high court may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated , after a judicial review . This is typical of parliamentary governments , where the judiciary checks parliamentary power . In its 1967 Golak Nath v. State of Punjab decision , the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine . The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession , in this case , were considered fundamental rights . The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971 . Constitution and judiciary The judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution . Its duty ( mandated by the constitution ) is to act as a watchdog , preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds . The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people ( enshrined in the constitution ) from infringement by any state body , and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state ( or states ) . The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state , citizens or interest groups . An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution , which can not be changed by the legislature or the executive . Judicial review Judicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from judicial review in the United States . In the Indian constitution , judicial review is dealt with in Article 13 . The constitution is the supreme power of the nation , and governs all laws . According to Article 13 , All pre-constitutional laws , if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution , shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict ; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended ( the Doctrine of Eclipse ) . Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it , or they will be deemed void ab initio . In such situations , the Supreme Court ( or a high court ) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution . If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency ( and where separation is possible ) , the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void . In addition to Article 13 , Articles 32 , 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review . Due to the adoption of the Thirty - eighth Amendment , the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe fundamental rights under article 32 ( the right to constitutional remedies ) . The Forty - second Amendment widened Article 31C and added Articles 368 ( 4 ) and 368 ( 5 ) , stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court . The Supreme Court ruled in Minerva Mills v. Union of India that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution , overturning Articles 368 ( 4 ) , 368 ( 5 ) and 31C . Flexibility According to Granville Austin , `` The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document , and is aided by its Parts III & IV ( Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy , respectively ) acting together , as its chief instruments and its conscience , in realising the goals set by it for all the people . '' The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities ( not in vague terms ) to ensure its flexibility . John Marshall , the fourth Chief Justice of the United States , said that a constitution 's `` great outlines should be marked , its important objects designated , and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves . '' A document `` intended to endure for ages to come '' , it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers , but in the existing social and political context . The `` right to life '' guaranteed under Article 21 has been expanded to include a number of human rights , including the right to a speedy trial , ; the right to water ; the right to earn a livelihood , the right to health , and the right to education . At the conclusion of his book , Making of India 's Constitution , retired Supreme Court of India justice Hans Raj Khanna wrote : If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers , no less are we , the people of India , the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions ! A constitution is not a parchment of paper , it is a way of life and has to be lived up to . Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis , its only keepers are the people . '' -- Khanna , Hans Raj ( 2008 ) . Making of India 's constitution ( 2nd ed . ) . Lucknow : Eastern Book Co ( published 1 January 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . OCLC 294942170 . See also India portal Politics portal Constitution Day ( India ) Constitutional economics Constitutionalism History of democracy List of national constitutions Magna Carta Rule according to higher law Uniform civil code Notes Jump up ^ The Constitution of India was originally written in Hindi and English , so , both Hindi and English are its ' original ' languages . ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 until it split up in 1990 . Jump up ^ Although the last article of the constitution is Article 395 , the total number in March 2013 was 465 . New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location of the original constitution . To not disturb the original numbering , new articles are inserted alphanumerically ; Article 21A , pertaining to the right to education , was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act . Jump up ^ The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally . Part VII & IX ( older ) was repealed in 1956 , whereas newly added Part IVA , IXA , IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times ( lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment ) . Jump up ^ By 73rd & 74th Amendment , the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993 . Jump up ^ Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state , administered federally and usually mainly populated by a Scheduled Tribe . Jump up ^ Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people , identified in the Constitution , who are struggling socioeconomically Jump up ^ Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights . but in a landmark judgement in 2007 , the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14 , 15 , 19 , 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution ( ( ambiguous ) ) -- I.R. Coelho ( dead ) by L.Rs . v. State of Tamil Nadu and others ( 2007 ) 2 S.C.C. 1 Jump up ^ These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50 , have been authoritatively quoted many times Notes on Article 21 Jump up ^ Art . 21 -- `` No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law '' References Jump up ^ `` Preface , The constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Krithika , R. ( 21 January 2016 ) . `` Celebrate the supreme law '' . The Hindu . N. Ram . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pylee , Moolamattom Varkey ( 1994 ) . India 's Constitution ( 5th rev. and enl . ed . ) . New Delhi : R. Chand & Company . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 8121904032 . OCLC 35022507 . ^ Jump up to : Nix , Elizabeth ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Which country has the world 's shortest written constitution ? '' . History . A&E Networks . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional supremacy vs parliamentary supremacy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Swaminathan , Shivprasad ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` India 's benign constitutional revolution '' . The Hindu : opinion . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Das , Hari ( 2002 ) . Political System of India ( Reprint ed . ) . New Delhi : Anmol Publications . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 8174884961 . Jump up ^ Aruna Roy & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors . , WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( Supreme Court of India 12 September 2002 ) . Jump up ^ WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( 12 September 2002 ) . `` Aruna Roy & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . p. 18 / 30 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble of the Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law & Justice . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commencement '' . ^ Jump up to : Yellosa , Jetling ( 26 November 2015 ) . `` Making of Indian Constitution '' . The Hans India . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dhavan , Rajeev ( 26 November 2015 ) . `` Document for all ages : Why Constitution is our greatest achievement '' . Hindustan Times . OCLC 231696742 . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Patnaik , Biswaraj ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` BN Rau : The Forgotten Architect of Indian Constitution '' . The Pioneer . Bhubaneswar : Chandan Mitra . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrating Constitution Day '' . The Hindu . Internet Desk . N. Ram. 26 November 2015 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Some Facts of Constituent Assembly '' . Parliament of India . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India Jump up ^ On National Law Day , saluting two remarkable judges , Firstpost , 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ PM Modi greets people on Constitution Day , DNA India , 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original unamended constitution of India , January , 1950 '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( AMENDMENT ) ACTS '' . India Code Information System . Ministry of Law , Government of India . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bahl , Raghav ( 27 November 2015 ) . `` How India Borrowed From the US Constitution to Draft its Own '' . The Quint . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sridhar , Madabhushi . `` Evolution and Philosophy behind the Indian Constitution ( page 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute ( Institute of Administration ) , Hyderabad . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lockette , Tim ( 18 November 2012 ) . `` Is the Alabama Constitution the longest constitution in the world ? Truth Rating : 4 out of 5 '' . The Anniston Star . Josephine Ayers . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Constitution is Not the Longest '' . scocablog.com . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of india '' . Ministry of Law and Justice , Govt. of India . Jump up ^ `` Constitution ( Ninety - ninth Amendment ) Act , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Baruah , Aparijita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 177 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 996 - 0 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chishti , Seema ; Anand , Utkarsh ( 30 January 2015 ) . `` Legal experts say debating Preamble of Constitution pointless , needless '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forty - Second Amendment to the Constitution '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 28 August 1976 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Part I Jump up ^ Part II Jump up ^ Part IV Jump up ^ Part V Jump up ^ Part VI Jump up ^ Part VII Jump up ^ Part VIII Jump up ^ Part IX Jump up ^ Part IXA Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf ^ Jump up to : Menon , N.R. Madhava ( 26 September 2004 ) . `` Parliament and the Judiciary '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ M Laxmikanth. `` 3 '' . Indian Polity ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill Education . p. 3.2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 25 - 906412 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krishnakumar , R. `` ' Article 356 should be abolished ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rajendra Prasad , R.J. `` ' Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356 ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Swami , Praveen . `` Protecting secularism and federal fair play '' . Frontline ( Vol. 14 : : No. 22 : : 1 -- 14 Nov. 1997 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement : A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ name = `` amendments '' Jump up ^ Krishnamurthi , Vivek ( 2009 ) . `` Colonial Cousins : Explaining India and Canada 's Unwritten Constitutional Principles '' ( PDF ) . Yale Journal of International Law . 34 ( 1 ) : 219 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kuri 's blog : National Commission to review the working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) . Kurishravan.blogspot.in ( 23 February 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . p. 568 . ISBN 9788180382536 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : aDvantage . `` Doctrine of Basic Structure -- Constitutional Law '' . www.legalserviceindia.com . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary J. ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780674047662 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal , Milan ( 2008 ) . `` India 's New Constitutionalism : Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law '' . Boston College International Comparative Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 260 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Pratap Bhanu ( 2002 ) . Hasan , Zoya ; Sridharan , E. ; Sudarshan , R. , eds . Article -- The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism : Judicial Review and the ' Basic Structure ' ( Book -- India 's Kiving Constitution : Ideas , Practices , Controversies ) ( ( 2006 ) Second Impression ( 2002 ) First ed . ) . Delhi : Permanent Black . p. 187 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 087 - 4 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Bishwajit . `` Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC '' . the day after ( 1 -- 15 Nov 2015 ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ National Comionmission to Review the Working of the Constitution . `` A Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary '' . Chapter 1 . New Delhi ( 26 September 2001 ) . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chakrabarty , Bidyut ( 2008 ) . Indian Politics and Society Since Independence : Events , Processes and Ideology ( First ed . ) . Oxon ( UK ) , New York ( USA ) : Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40867 - 7 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorabjee , Soli J. ( 1 November 2015 ) . `` A step in the Wrong Direction '' . The Week . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Venkatesan , V. ( 10 -- 23 March 2012 ) . `` Three doctrines '' . Frontline . Vol. 29 no . 05 . ISSN 0970 - 1710 . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ Jain , Mahabir Prashad ( 2010 ) . Indian Constitutional Law ( 6th ed . ) . Gurgaon : LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . p. 921 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 621 - 3 . OCLC 650215045 . Jump up ^ Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh , Jindal Global Law School . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0674047662 . OCLC 939085793 . Jump up ^ Chandrachud , Chintan ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` India 's deceptive Constitution '' . The Hindu . N. Ram . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Vikram ( 2010 ) . `` The biographer of the Indian constitution '' . Seminar . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dharmadhikari , Justice D.M. `` Principle of Constitutional Interpretation : Some Reflections '' . ( 2004 ) 4 SCC ( Jour ) 1 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheaton ) 316 , 407 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1819 ) . Text Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheaton ) 316 , 415 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1819 ) . Text Jump up ^ Gaur , K.D. ( 2002 ) . Article -- Law and the Poor : Some Recent Developments in India ( Book -- Criminal Law and Criminology ) . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 564 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 410 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Narain , Vrinda . `` Water as a Fundamental Right : A Perspective from India '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Law Review . 34 : 917 : 920 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Madhav ( 2011 ) . `` Making social rights conditional : Lessons from India '' ( PDF ) . I con ( 2010 ) . 8 ( 4 ) : 761 . doi : 10.1093 / icon / mor005 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Khanna , Hans Raj ( 2008 ) . Making of India 's constitution ( 2nd ed . ) . Lucknow : Eastern Book Co ( published 1 January 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . OCLC 294942170 . Bibliography Khanna , Justice H.R ( 2015 ) . Making of India 's Constitution ( 2nd Edition 2008 , ( Reprinted 2015 ) ed . ) . Eastern Book Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 188 - 6 . Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9564 - 959 - 8 . Austin , Granville ( 2003 ) . Working a Democratic Constitution : A History of the Indian Experience ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9565 - 610 - 7 . Baruah , Aparajita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 996 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1965 ) . Commentary on the constitution of India : ( being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India ) . 1 -- 2 . S.C. Sarkar & Sons ( Private ) Ltd . Basu , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1981 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . Prentice - Hall of India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87692 - 200 - 2 . Das , Hari Hara ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Dash , Shreeram Chandra ( 1968 ) . The Constitution of India ; a Comparative Study . Chaitanya Pub . House . Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . ISBN 9788180382536 . Ghosh , Pratap Kumar ( 1966 ) . The Constitution of India : How it Has Been Framed . World Press . Jayapalan , N. ( 1998 ) . Constitutional History of India . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 761 - 4 . Khanna , Hans Raj ( 1981 ) . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Rahulrai , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Pylee , M.V. ( 2004 ) . Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 2203 - 8 . Sen , Sarbani ( 2007 ) . The Constitution of India : Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568649 - 4 . Sharma , Dinesh ; Singh , Jaya ; Maganathan , R. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . Indian Constitution at Work . Political Science , Class XI . NCERT . `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . 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tax Act , 1961 Transfer of Property Act 1882 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973 Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act , 2010 Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act , 1954 Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act , 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 Mental Health Care Act , 2017 Labour Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 Factories Act , 1948 , India Industrial Disputes Act , 1947 Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act , 1956 Special Marriage Act , 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 The Indian Christian Marriage Act , 1872 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act , 2016 Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act National Food Security Act , 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 Street Vendors Act , 2014 State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966 States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transport Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 National Waterways Act , 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act , 1978 Metro Railway Act , 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008 Indian Trusts Act , 1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies Registration Act , 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 Repealing and Amending Act , 2017 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2017 Other All India Services Act , 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act , 1968 Information Technology Act , 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act ( India ) Representation of the People Act , 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 Right to Information Act , 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 The Foreigners Act , 1946 Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act , 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act , 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act , 1907 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act , 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act , 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983 Interest Tax Act , 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_India&oldid=866437238 '' Categories : Constitution of India 1949 in law Constitutions by country Independent India Indian historical documents B.R. Ambedkar Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 maint : Date format Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2017 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking reliable references from July 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing Hindi - language text Lang and lang - xx code promoted to ISO 639 - 1 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikisource Languages অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ತುಳು Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 09 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many words in indian constitution in hindi version
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[
"The Indian constitution is the world's longest for a sovereign nation.[b][2][3][4] At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules.[13] At about 145,000 words, it is the second-longest active constitution – after the Constitution of Alabama – in the world.[27][28]\n"
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"about 145,000"
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Long Island Iced Tea
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Long Island Iced Tea - wikipedia Long Island Iced Tea Not to be confused with Long Island Iced Tea Corp . Long Island Iced Tea IBA official cocktail The Long Island Iced Tea was named for its visual resemblance to non-alcoholic Iced tea . Type Cocktail Primary alcohol by volume Gin Tequila Vodka Rum Triple sec Served On the rocks ; poured over ice Standard drinkware Highball glass IBA specified ingredients 1.5 cl Tequila 1.5 cl Vodka 1.5 cl White rum 1.5 cl Triple sec 1.5 cl Gin 2.5 cl Lemon juice 3.0 cl Gomme Syrup 1 dash of Cola Preparation Add all ingredients into highball glass filled with ice . Stir gently . Garnish with lemon spiral . Serve with straw . Long Island Iced Tea recipe at International Bartenders Association A Long Island Iced Tea is a type of alcoholic mixed drink typically made with vodka , tequila , light rum , triple sec , gin , and a splash of cola , which gives the drink the same amber hue as its namesake . A popular version mixes equal parts vodka , gin , rum , triple sec , with 1 ⁄ parts sour mix and a splash of cola . Lastly , it is decorated with the lemon and straw , after stirring with bar spoon smoothly . Most variants use equal parts of the main liquors , but include a smaller amount of triple sec ( or other orange - flavored liqueur ) . Close variants often replace the sour mix with lemon juice , replace the cola with diet cola or actual iced tea , or add white crème de menthe . Most variants do not include any tea . The drink has a much higher alcohol concentration ( approximately 22 percent ) than most highball drinks due to the relatively small amount of mixer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Variations 3 References 4 External links Origin ( edit ) Robert `` Rosebud '' Butt claims to have invented the Long Island Iced Tea as an entry in a contest to create a new mixed drink with triple sec in 1972 while he worked at the Oak Beach Inn on Long Island , New York . A slightly different drink is claimed to have been invented in the 1920s during Prohibition in the United States by an `` Old Man Bishop '' in a local community named Long Island in Kingsport , Tennessee . The drink was then perfected by Ransom Bishop , Old Man Bishop 's son . This drink included whiskey and maple syrup , and varied quantities of the five liquors , rather than the modern one with cola and five equal portions of the five liquors . Variations ( edit ) The popularity of the Long Island has spawned its own family of highballs . Many drinks remain popular in their own right in numerous locales throughout the United States , while owing their existence to the success of the original Long Island Iced Tea . An example of a variation to the Long Island is the Purple Rain , which uses the same mix as a Long Island but the Triple Sec is replaced with a shot of Chambord Liqueur and the cola replaced with lemonlime soda . The Adios Mother is consider a variation of the Long Island Ice Tea or a Blue Hawaiian . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Iced Tea '' . International Bartenders Association . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 롱 아일랜드 아이 스티 '' . www.doopedia.co.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Robert Butt . `` The official website of the original Long Island Iced Tea '' . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Thomson , Julie R. ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` You Can Thank A Guy Named Bob Butt For The Long Island Iced Tea '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Island Iced Tea '' . INVENTORS . PBS Digital Studios , InventorSeries , . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , J.S. ( October 13 , 2006 ) . Understanding Apples . Outskirts Press . p. 48 . ISBN 1598007467 . Jump up ^ `` Long Island Iced Tea : From New York , or Tennessee ? '' . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Purple Rain drink recipe '' . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Adios Mother * * * * er Cocktail Recipe '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Long Island Iced Tea at Wikimedia Commons hide International Bartenders Association Official Cocktails List of IBA official cocktails The Unforgettables Alexander Americano Angel Face Aviation Bacardi cocktail Between the Sheets Casino Clover Club Daiquiri Derby Dry Martini Gin Fizz John Collins Manhattan Mary Pickford Monkey Gland Negroni Old Fashioned Paradise Planter 's Punch Porto flip Ramos Fizz Rusty Nail Sazerac Screwdriver Sidecar Stinger Tuxedo Whiskey Sour White Lady Contemporary Classics Bellini Black Russian Bloody Mary Caipirinha Champagne cocktail Cosmopolitan Cuba Libre French Connection French 75 Godfather Godmother Golden Dream Grasshopper Harvey Wallbanger Hemingway Special Horse 's Neck Irish coffee Kir Long Island Iced Tea Mai Tai Margarita Mimosa Mint julep Mojito Moscow mule Piña colada Rose Sea Breeze Sex on the Beach Singapore Sling Tequila Sunrise White Russian New Era Drinks Barracuda Bramble B - 52 Dark ' n ' Stormy Dirty Martini Espresso Martini French Martini Kamikaze Lemon drop Pisco Sour Russian Spring Punch Spritz Veneziano Tommy 's Margarita Vampiro Vesper Yellow Bird See also List of cocktails Classic cocktails Liquor portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Island_Iced_Tea&oldid=844469783 '' Categories : Cocktails with gin Cocktails with rum Cocktails with tequila Cocktails with triple sec or curaçao Cocktails with vodka Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles with hRecipes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 03 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where did the drink long island come from
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[
"Robert \"Rosebud\" Butt claims to have invented the Long Island Iced Tea as an entry in a contest to create a new mixed drink with triple sec in 1972 while he worked at the Oak Beach Inn on Long Island, New York.[3][4][5]\n"
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"Long Island, New York"
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Brawl in Cell Block 99
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Brawl in Cell Block 99 - Wikipedia Brawl in Cell Block 99 Jump to : navigation , search Brawl in Cell Block 99 Theatrical release poster Directed by S. Craig Zahler Produced by Jack Heller Dallas Sonnier Written by S. Craig Zahler Starring Vince Vaughn Jennifer Carpenter Don Johnson Udo Kier Marc Blucas Tom Guiry Music by Jeff Herriott S. Craig Zahler Cinematography Benji Bakshi Edited by Greg D'Auria Production company Assemble Media Cinestate Caliber Media Company Realmbuilders Productions XYZ Films Distributed by RLJE Films Release date September 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) ( Venice ) October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 132 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $7,144 Brawl in Cell Block 99 is a 2017 American action thriller film written , directed and scored by S. Craig Zahler . It stars Vince Vaughn , Jennifer Carpenter , Don Johnson , Udo Kier , Marc Blucas and Tom Guiry . It was screened out of competition at the 74th Venice International Film Festival . The film was released in theaters on October 6 , 2017 , and on digital HD and video on demand on October 13 , 2017 , by RLJE Films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Bradley Thomas ( Vince Vaughn ) goes to his job at an auto - repair shop and discovers he has been laid - off by his employer . As he arrives home , he sees his wife , Lauren ( Jennifer Carpenter ) , sitting in her car using her cellphone . Bradley approaches her and sees a lovebite on her neck . Lauren confesses that she has been seeing somebody else . Bradley orders her inside the house before he violently dismantles her car with his bare hands . When calm , he enters the house to speak to Lauren about their failing relationship , his past with alcoholism and an unborn child which they once lost . Bradley decides to forgive Lauren and to return to work as a drug mule , a life he previously left behind . Eighteen months later , Bradley and a pregnant Lauren live in a larger , more expensive home . Bradley 's boss , Gil ( Marc Blucas ) , introduces him to Eleazar ( Dion Mucciacito ) , a new business associate , and gives him a new assignment . Bradley is to sail off the coast with two of Eleazar 's men to pick up a package of crystal meth . Bradley does not trust the larger of the two men , Roman ( Geno Segers ) , but accepts the job when Gil offers him three months paternity leave . As they arrive at the pier , Bradley senses they are walking into a police trap and dumps his bag into the water . Bradley instructs the other two men to do the same , but they sucker - punch him and ignore his order before confronting the police in a firefight , wounding three officers . Bradley intervenes knocks out Roman in order to assist the police . The third drug trafficker dies in the shootout . Bradley is taken into custody and sentenced to seven years in a medium - security prison . During the night , Lauren is kidnapped by Eleazar 's men . On the second day of his incarceration , Bradley is visited by the Placid Man , ( Udo Kier ) , who informs Bradley that he works for Eleazar . He tells Bradley that , unless Bradley assassinates an inmate named Christopher Bridge , the limbs of his unborn child will be surgically removed by a Korean abortionist and sent to him ; Bradley has no choice but to take the job . The Placid Man tells Bradley that the inmate is in cell block 99 inside Redleaf Correctional Facility , a different maximum security prison . Bradley picks a fight with a guard , brutally breaking his arm . As he is restrained and being taken away , Bradley fights with the other guards until he 's overpowered and transferred to Redleaf . There , he meets Warden Tuggs ( Don Johnson ) , who subjects Bradley to a cavity search outside of the prison entrance . Bradley is put into a horrible cell , where the toilet is clogged with feces . The smell is so overwhelming , Bradley is forced to take off his undershirt and wrap it around his face . Eventually , he is able to go outside for yard time . When a fellow inmate informs him that Christopher Bridge is not located in this section of the prison , Bradley fights some fellow inmates and consequently is thrown into cell block 99 . Warden Tuggs explains that cell block 99 is where he devises special punishments for society 's most despised criminals . Bradley is forced to wear a belt that gives him electric shocks at a push of a button , as a punishment for the fight . His cell in block 99 is lined with broken glass and only contains a crude squat toilet hole . Bradley speaks to the man in an adjacent cell , who informs him that Christopher Bridge does not exist at all . During the night , a young guard named Wilson ( Tom Guiry ) escorts Bradley to another , larger cell in block 99 , where Eleazar , Roman , and two other gangsters are living in comparative comfort . The gang torture Bradley with the electric belt , mock him , and try to break his spirit by telling him that if he ever fights back against them , Eleazar will make a cellphone call to activate the abortionist . Bradley refuses to break , and swears that he will ' rip off ' Eleazar 's head . He is shocked so badly that he needs to be dragged back to the cell unconscious . Bradley has a final conversation with the adjacent prisoner , where he indicates that he has accepted his fate . He devises a plan and tears the lining out of his shoes : he places the rubber between his body and the belt to prevent the shocks . This enables him to ambush two guards , breaking their shotgun and killing Wilson , who had previously handed him over to Eleazar . Bradley locks the second guard inside the cell . Bradley confronts Eleazar , and brutally kills all three henchmen in hand - to - hand combat : de-gloving the face of the first man , gouging the eyes of the second , and totally crushing Roman 's face . Eleazar quickly telephones the Placid Man and tells him to activate the abortionist . Bradley first tortures Eleazar by breaking his leg , then calls The Placid Man to negotiate for Lauren 's freedom . It is agreed that the Placid Man will deliver Lauren to Gil 's house . Bradley drags Eleazar into his own cell , across the broken glass , to await confirmation of Lauren 's freedom . Warden Tuggs and his men arrive at block 99 , but Bradley threatens to kill his two hostages . Bradley states he is waiting for a phone call , and promises that he will surrender peacefully , exactly one minute after the call ends . The Placid Man and the Korean abortionist follow Eleazar 's instructions and drive Lauren unharmed to Gil 's house . As they drive away , Gil retrieves a hidden assault rifle and kills the Placid Man . Lauren takes the rifle and kills the Korean abortionist herself . Gil phones Bradley to inform him that his family is finally safe . Bradley speaks to Lauren for the last time , and shares a few words with their unborn child . Bradley destroys the cell phone , then reminds Warden Tuggs that he still has 60 seconds of freedom remaining . Bradley shoves Eleazar 's face into the squat hole and stamps several times on his neck , decapitating Eleazar and leaving the head at the bottom of the toilet . Warden Tuggs and his men finally enter the cell . Bradley gives one last look at Tuggs , before Tuggs shoots Bradley twice , once in the chest and once in the head . The screen cuts to black as the third gunshot and Bradley 's body hitting the floor are heard . Cast ( edit ) Vince Vaughn as Bradley Thomas Jennifer Carpenter as Lauren Thomas Don Johnson as Warden Tuggs Udo Kier as Placid Man Marc Blucas as Gil Tom Guiry as Wilson Dan Amboyer as Longman Fred Melamed as Mr. Irving Rob Morgan as Jeremy Pooja Kumar as Denise Pawther Production ( edit ) Principal photography began on August 15 , 2016 , in New York City . On August 17 , 2016 , Jennifer Carpenter joined the cast of the film . Principal photography wrapped on October 17 , 2016 . Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the 74th Venice International Film Festival on September 2 , 2017 . The film was released in theaters on October 6 , 2017 , and on digital HD and video on demand on October 13 , 2017 , by RLJE Films . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 92 % based on 77 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Brawl in Cell Block 99 rides a committed Vince Vaughn performance into the brutally violent -- and undeniably entertaining -- depths of prison - set grindhouse genre fare . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 , based on 21 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The film made year - end best of lists for Newsweek , Los Angeles Times , Collider , JoBlo.com , The A.V. Club , and others . The picture was a New York Times Critics Pick and was screened at the Museum of Modern Art , where it was added to the permanent collection . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and praised Vaughn 's performance , saying : `` In the middle of all the wince - inducing , limb - bending , bone - crunching , face - exploding bloodshed , Vaughn turns in a legitimately great performance that ranks among the finest work he 's ever done . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Rooney ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Brawl in Cell Block 99 ' Review Venice 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brawl in Cell Block 99 ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venice Competition Includes Films From George Clooney , Guillermo del Toro , Darren Aronofsky '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Brawl In Cell Block 99 ' - production listing '' . Backstage . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dexter 's Jennifer Carpenter Cast Opposite Vince Vaughn In ' Brawl In Cell Block 99 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Brawl in Cell Block 99 stars a Vince Vaughn ' you 've never seen before ' '' . Ew.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Brawl in Cell Block 99 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brawl in Cell Block 99 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 18 most unforgettable films of 2017 , from ' Brawl in Cell Block 99 ' to ' The Shape of Water ' '' . Newsweek.com . December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin . `` ' Call Me by Your Name , ' ' The Florida Project ' lead Justin Chang 's 12 best films of 2017 '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brian 's Top 10 Films of 2017 '' . Collider.com . December 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Films of 2017 ( JimmyO ) - JoBlo.com '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , A.V. Club . `` The best of film 2017 : The ballots '' . AVClub.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Catsoulis , Jeannette ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Brawl in Cell Block 99 ' Features a Revelatory Vince Vaughn '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Brawl in Cell Block 99 . 2017 . Directed by S. Craig Zahler - MoMA '' . The Museum of Modern Art . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Vaughn a convincing prison brute in ' Brawl in Cell Block 99 ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 12 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Brawl in Cell Block 99 on IMDb Brawl in Cell Block 99 at Rotten Tomatoes Brawl in Cell Block 99 at Metacritic ( hide ) Works by S. Craig Zahler Novels A Congregation of Jackals ( 2010 ) Wraiths of the Broken Land ( 2013 ) Corpus Chrome , Inc. ( 2014 ) Mean Business on North Ganson Street ( 2014 ) Hug Chickenpenny : The Panegyric of an Anomalous Child ( 2018 ) Films written and directed Bone Tomahawk ( 2015 ) Brawl in Cell Block 99 ( 2017 ) Dragged Across Concrete ( 2018 ) Written only The Brigands of Rattleborge ( 2006 ) The Incident ( 2011 ) Big Stone Grid ( 2011 ) Puppet Master : The Littlest Reich ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brawl_in_Cell_Block_99&oldid=828001947 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s action films American action films Films shot in New York City Hidden categories : Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 00 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where did they film brawl in cell block 99
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"Principal photography began on August 15, 2016, in New York City.[4] On August 17, 2016, Jennifer Carpenter joined the cast of the film.[5] Principal photography wrapped on October 17, 2016.[4]"
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5398116325446512222
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Heart Full of Soul
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Heart Full of Soul - wikipedia Heart Full of Soul Jump to : navigation , search For the album by Antony Costa , see Heart Full of Soul ( album ) . `` Heart Full of Soul '' Single by the Yardbirds B - side `` Steeled Blues '' Released 4 June 1965 ( 1965 - 06 - 04 ) ( UK ) 2 July 1965 ( US ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm record Recorded 20 April 1965 Studio Advision , London Genre Raga rock Length 2 : 28 Label Columbia ( UK ) , Epic ( US ) ) Songwriter ( s ) Graham Gouldman Producer ( s ) Giorgio Gomelsky The Yardbirds UK singles chronology `` For Your Love '' ( 1965 ) `` Heart Full of Soul '' ( 1965 ) `` Evil Hearted You '' ( 1965 ) The Yardbirds US singles chronology `` For Your Love '' ( 1965 ) `` Heart Full of Soul '' ( 1965 ) `` I 'm a Man '' ( 1965 ) `` Heart Full of Soul '' is a song recorded by English rock group the Yardbirds in 1965 . Written by Graham Gouldman , it was the Yardbirds ' first single after Jeff Beck replaced Eric Clapton as lead guitarist . Released only three months after `` For Your Love '' , `` Heart Full of Soul '' reached the top ten on the charts in the United Kingdom and the United States . The Yardbirds ' first recorded the song with an Indian sitar player performing the distinctive instrumental figures . However , the group was dissatisfied with the results . Consequently , Beck developed the part on electric guitar using a fuzz box distortion unit . Music writers have described his contribution as introducing Indian - influenced guitar stylings to rock music . As one of the Yardbirds ' most popular songs , it was frequently performed in concert . There are a number of live recordings , the earliest of which feature Beck , while later ones feature guitarist Jimmy Page . `` Heart Full of Soul '' appears on several of the group 's compilations and renditions have been recorded by other musicians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition and recording 3 Releases 4 Broadcast and concert performances 5 Chart performance and influence 6 Notes Background ( edit ) Guitarist Eric Clapton left the Yardbirds in March 1965 because of a perceived shift in musical direction . Inspired in part by Jeff Beck , who replaced Clapton , the group began to experiment with different musical styles . Beck had more varied influences and used electronically enhanced guitar effects , such as fuzz and feedback , which he brought to the group 's sound . When preparing for a follow - up single to their first record chart hit , `` For Your Love '' , the song 's writer Graham Gouldman provided a demo for a new song . Music critic Richie Unterberger described Gouldman as `` a genius at effectively alternating tempos and major / minor modes '' , which are used in `` Heart Full of Soul '' . The shift in tempo and use of double - time was also a feature of the Yardbirds ' live performances and was known as a `` rave up '' . At the time , popular music at large was seen as becoming more experimental . Gouldman 's arrangement was perceived as creating an exotic sound . Yardbirds ' drummer Jim McCarty explained that `` the riff on the ( Gouldman 's ) demo suggested a sitar '' and that the group 's manager , Giorgio Gomelsky , hired a sitar and a tabla player for a recording session . Beck biographer Martin Power notes that `` For Your Love '' had been made more memorable by a prominent harpsichord part ( played by Brian Auger ) and that may have influenced Gomelsky 's decision . Beck also notes this parallel . The use of sitar was a new approach . Several months later , the Beatles recorded `` Norwegian Wood '' , which is often recognised as the first rock song released to incorporate a sitar part . Session guitar player Jimmy Page , who later joined the Yardbirds , was working in an adjacent studio and attended the session . Composition and recording ( edit ) `` Heart Full of Soul '' Excerpt with guitar The Yardbirds ' first attempt to record `` Heart Full of Soul '' was on 13 April 1965 at Advision Studios in London . The session began with the sitar player playing the distinctive instrumental hook or riff . However , he was unfamiliar with the type of rock sound the group was trying to achieve -- `` It just did n't have any groove to it '' , Beck felt . McCarty added : `` It was fine in principle , but while the tablas sounded OK , the sitar just was n't up front enough . It just did n't cut through . '' Beck developed a riff on guitar to replace the sitar line . He elaborated in an interview : The sitar player could n't get the 4 / 4 time signature right ; it was a hopeless waste of time . So I said , ' Look , is this the figure ? ' I had the fuzz machine , a Toneblender ( sic ) , going . We did one take , it sounded outrageous . So they kept the tabla player , who could just about make it work . They rushed that out , and the rest was a rollercoaster ride . According to McCarty , Beck developed the riff after borrowing Page 's prototype fuzz box , designed for him by Roger Mayer . When he played the lick for the band , they felt that it was a perfect fit : `` this great sounding riff emerged ... I mean Beck just nailed it '' , rhythm guitarist Chris Dreja recalled . The group returned to Advision on 20 April to complete the song . Beck was able to achieve the sitar - like hook by bending the higher notes on his guitar in an Eastern - sounding scale while also using his own Tone Bender unit to get the distinctive tone . While simultaneously sounding the open D string , he also added a droning quality reminiscent of the sitar 's sympathetic strings . Music writer Alan di Perna describes Beck 's playing as a milestone and helped introduce `` the psychedelic subgenre known as ' raga rock ' '' , which became popular during 1966 and 1967 . William Echard adds `` ' Heart Full of Soul , ' released in June 1965 , is often said to have marked the arrival of raga rock ( and ) be pivotal in shaping the look and sound of 1960s psychedelia . '' Unterberger commented , however , that the song does not rely on gimmicks and has other aspects that make it compelling . He added that the vocal parts by lead singer Keith Relf , backed by atmospheric harmonies , provide contrasting melancholic and upbeat sections . The song is partly propelled by a strummed acoustic guitar by Relf , giving it an element of contemporary folk music . McCarty and session bassist Ron Prentice ( who also played bass on `` For Your Love '' ) comprise the rhythm section . Yardbirds ' bassist Paul Samwell - Smith , who assumed the role of producer for `` For Your Love '' , is listed as `` Musical Director '' on the Columbia 45 rpm single . Gomelsky received the credit as the song 's producer . Releases ( edit ) 1965 US single picture sleeve with Eric Clapton Less than three months after `` For Your Love '' , `` Heart Full of Soul '' was released as the Yardbirds ' first single since Clapton 's departure . In the UK , Columbia issued it on 4 June 1965 , with Epic Records following on 2 July 1965 in the US . In an ironic twist , the picture sleeve used by Epic included a photograph of the band posing with Clapton ; Epic 's For Your Love album , released the month before , included a photo of Beck , but no image nor mention of Clapton . Epic released the group 's next single , `` I 'm a Man '' , without a picture sleeve ; Columbia did not use images for their 45s . In the UK , `` Evil Hearted You '' , another Gouldman song , was the follow - up single . `` Steeled Blues '' , a blues instrumental featuring Beck on slide guitar and Relf on harmonica , is included as the single 's B - side . `` Heart Full of Soul '' saw its first album release on the Yardbirds ' second American LP record , Having a Rave Up ( 1965 ) . In Canada , Capitol Records included the song on both their first album , titled Heart Full of Soul ( 1965 , also known as Presenting the Yardbirds ) , and second album , Having a Rave Up ( 1965 ) . It was also chosen for the popular American compilation The Yardbirds Greatest Hits ( 1967 ) . In the UK , the earliest album appearance was on Remember ... The Yardbirds , a collection of pre-Yardbirds ( also known as Roger the Engineer ) material released in 1971 after the group disbanded . Numerous later compilations include it , such as Ultimate ! ( 2001 ) , the comprehensive career retrospective released by Rhino Records . Broadcast and concert performances ( edit ) The Yardbirds performed the song for broadcast on several occasions . Five days after the single was released , they taped it for the Ken Dodd Show , which aired on BBC Radio 20 and 23 June 1965 . The recording later appeared on the album Yardbirds ... On Air ( 1991 , re-released in 1999 as BBC Sessions ) . During the group 's second American tour , they played `` Heart Full of Soul '' ( and `` I 'm a Man '' ) for Shivaree , a pop music variety television series . It was filmed at the KABC - TV studios in Hollywood on 3 January 1966 and aired on 8 January . The song was part of the Yardbirds ' concert repertoire and several live recordings have been issued . Three versions with Beck are included on Glimpses 1963 -- 1968 , a boxed set released in 2011 . Versions with Page as the group 's sole guitarist appear on the short - lived Live Yardbirds : Featuring Jimmy Page ( 1971 ) , Last Rave - Up in LA ( 1979 ) , and Glimpses . These include the song as part of an extended medley with `` You 're a Better Man Than I '' . Chart performance and influence ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) Canada RPM 100 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 German Singles Charts 7 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Cash Box Top Singles 12 A variety of musicians have recorded renditions of `` Heart Full of Soul '' . In 1986 , American roots rock artist Chris Isaak adapted the song using his own style . It was released as a single in 1987 and was included on his self - titled second album . Canadian rock band Rush recorded it for their 2004 album of cover songs , Feedback . Their version retained the psychedelic quality of the original , but with an updated sound . Metal band Trouble recorded a hard rock version for their Unplugged EP ( 2010 ) . The Yardbirds ' original song was used in the soundtrack of the 2010 film noir - ish crime thriller London Boulevard . The song plays as the protagonist ( played by Colin Farrell ) is driving through London in a black convertible . Stephen Holden , writing for The New York Times , notes , `` Enhancing the tarnished ' 60s ambience is a soundtrack that juxtaposes rock classics like ' Heart Full of Soul ' from the Yardbirds ( with current music ) '' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Echard , William ( 2017 ) . Psychedelic Popular Music : A History through Musical Topic Theory . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0253026590 . ^ Jump up to : Lavezzoli , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Dawn of Indian Music in the West . New York City : Continuum . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1815 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : di Perna , Alan ( 2012 ) . Guitar Masters : Intimate Portraits . Hal Leonard . eBook . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4803 - 2970 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Power , Martin ( 2011 ) . Hot Hired Guitar : The Life of Jeff Beck . London : Omnibus Press . eBook . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84938 - 869 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Koda , Cub ; Russo , Gregg ( 2001 ) . Ultimate ! ( Boxed set booklet ) . The Yardbirds . Los Angeles : Rhino Records . pp. 30 , 45 , 48 . OCLC 781357622 . R2 79825 . Jump up ^ Gomelsky , Giorgio ; Cohen , Phil ( 2002 ) . The Yardbirds Story ( Boxed set booklet ) . The Yardbirds . United Kingdom : Charly Records . pp. 27 -- 28 . OCLC 62367983 . SNAD 905 CD . ^ Jump up to : Bellman , Jonathan ( 1998 ) . The Exotic in Western Music . Boston : Northeastern University Press . p. 297 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 319 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Yardbirds : Heart Full of Soul -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Santoro , Gene ( 1991 ) . Beckology ( Boxed set booklet ) . Jeff Beck . New York City : Epic Records / Legacy Recordings . pp. 13 , 57 . OCLC 144959074 . 48661 . Jump up ^ After the session , Page bought the musician 's sitar , which he later used for his own recordings . Russo ( 1998 ) , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Clayson , Alan ( 2002 ) . The Yardbirds . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . pp. 173 , 176 , 200 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 724 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Greg ( 1998 ) . Yardbirds : The Ultimate Rave - Up . Floral Park , New York : Crossfire Publications . pp. 22 , 24 , 91 . ISBN 0 - 9648157 - 3 - 7 . Jump up ^ Although the first session ended without a master track , a demo recording with sitar has been released on several Yardbirds ' boxed sets . Russo ( 1998 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ it is unclear if Yardbirds ' rhythm guitarist Chris Dreja also plays on the song . ^ Jump up to : Heart Full of Soul ( Single label ) . The Yardbirds . Columbia Records . 1965 . OCLC 658544669 . DB 7594 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Dave ( 2002 ) . The Music Lover 's Guide to Record Collecting . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61774 - 492 - 1 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie ( 1996 ) . `` On Air '' . In Erlewine , Michael . All Music Guide to the Blues . San Francisco : Miller Freeman Books . p. 291 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 424 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 -- Week of October 04 1965 '' . Libraries and Archives Canada . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Yardbirds -- Heart Full of Soul ( Song ) '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Raggett , Chris . `` Chris Isaak -- Album Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jurek , Thom . `` Rush : Feedback -- Album Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trouble : Unplugged -- Overview '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( 10 November 2011 ) . `` Colin Farrell Slow Burns Through Smart , Stylish London Boulevard '' . Movieline.com . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Thwarting Paparazzi and Thugs : London Boulevard '' . The New York Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . The Yardbirds Original members ( 1963 -- 68 ) : Keith Relf Paul Samwell - Smith Chris Dreja Jim McCarty Top Topham Eric Clapton Jeff Beck Jimmy Page Later members ( since 1992 ) : John Idan Gypie Mayo Alan Glen Jerry Donahue Ben King Johnny A . Kenny Aaronson Myke Scavone Albums For Your Love Having a Rave Up Roger the Engineer Little Games Birdland Live albums Five Live Yardbirds Sonny Boy Williamson and the Yardbirds Live Yardbirds ! Featuring Jimmy Page BBC Sessions Reunion Jam Live ! Blueswailing July ' 64 Live at B.B. King Blues Club Making Tracks Compilations The Yardbirds Greatest Hits Shapes of Things Cumular Limit Ultimate ! Yardbirds ' 68 Bootlegs Golden Eggs More Golden Eggs Singles `` I Wish You Would '' `` Good Morning Little Schoolgirl '' `` For Your Love '' `` Heart Full of Soul '' `` Evil Hearted You '' `` I 'm a Man '' `` Shapes of Things '' `` You 're a Better Man Than I `` Boom Boom '' `` Over Under Sideways Down '' `` Happenings Ten Years Time Ago '' `` Ten Little Indians '' Other songs `` Let It Rock '' `` Who Do You Love '' `` Talkin ' ' Bout You '' `` You Ca n't Judge a Book by Looking at the Cover '' `` Too Much Monkey Business '' `` Smokestack Lightning '' `` Five Long Years '' `` The Sky Is Crying '' `` My Girl Sloopy '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` Spoonful '' `` The Stumble '' `` Dust My Blues '' `` White Summer '' `` Stealing Stealing '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' `` Dazed and Confused '' `` Knowing That I 'm Losing You '' `` I 'm Waiting for the Man '' Related articles Discography Members Giorgio Gomelsky Simon Napier - Bell Mickie Most Peter Grant Cream The Jeff Beck Group Led Zeppelin Renaissance Box of Frogs Media Chris Isaak Studio albums Silvertone Chris Isaak Heart Shaped World San Francisco Days Forever Blue Baja Sessions Speak of the Devil Always Got Tonight Christmas Mr. Lucky Beyond the Sun First Comes the Night Singles `` Heart Full of Soul '' `` Wicked Game '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Somebody 's Crying '' `` Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ( with Stevie Nicks ) `` I Want You to Want Me '' Compilation / Live albums Wicked Game 3 for One Best of Chris Isaak Live in Australia Live at the Fillmore Filmography Married to the Mob The Silence of the Lambs Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me Little Buddha Grace of My Heart That Thing You Do ! A Dirty Shame The Informers Television The Chris Isaak Show The Chris Isaak Hour Discography Chris Isaak discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_Full_of_Soul&oldid=807682760 '' Categories : 1965 songs Songs written by Graham Gouldman 1965 singles The Yardbirds songs Raga rock songs Columbia Graphophone Company singles Epic Records singles 1987 singles Chris Isaak songs Rush ( band ) songs Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 14 : 36 . About Wikipedia
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who played guitar on heart full of soul
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"\"Heart Full of Soul\" is a song recorded by English rock group the Yardbirds in 1965. Written by Graham Gouldman, it was the Yardbirds' first single after Jeff Beck replaced Eric Clapton as lead guitarist. Released only three months after \"For Your Love\", \"Heart Full of Soul\" reached the top ten on the charts in the United Kingdom and the United States."
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"Jeff Beck"
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Mo Money Mo Problems
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Mo Money Mo Problems - wikipedia Mo Money Mo Problems Not to be confused with Mo Honey Mo Problems . This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' Single by The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase from the album Life After Death Released July 15 , 1997 ( 1997 - 07 - 15 ) Format CD single 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Recorded Genre Gangsta rap East Coast Hip Hop g - funk Length 4 : 17 Label Bad Boy Arista Songwriter ( s ) Christopher Wallace Sean Combs Steven Jordan Mason Betha Bernard Edwards Nile Rodgers Producer ( s ) Stevie J The Notorious B.I.G. & Puff Daddy singles chronology `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' ( 1997 ) `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( 1997 ) `` Been Around the World '' ( 1997 ) Mase singles chronology `` Just the Way You Like It '' ( 1997 ) `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( 1997 ) `` Been Around the World '' ( 1997 ) Audio sample file help `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' is a single by The Notorious B.I.G. , the second single from his album Life After Death . Released posthumously , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks in 1997 , replacing `` I 'll Be Missing You '' from the chart , Puff Daddy 's tribute to the rapper 's death himself . The song is Notorious B.I.G. 's second posthumous number one single , following `` Hypnotize '' , making him the only artist in Hot 100 history to have two # 1 singles posthumously . It was the sixth song to hit # 1 posthumously for a credited artist . The song was nominated for the 1998 Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group . The song features guest vocals from Mase and Sean `` Puff Daddy '' Combs . The instrumental contains a sample of the Diana Ross song `` I 'm Coming Out '' , including backing vocals which repeat the title of that song . The refrain of the song was sung by Kelly Price . Based on airplay and chart success the song is considered one of the most popular singles in hip hop history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Music video 3 In popular culture 4 Track listing 4.1 CD single 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Decade - end charts 5.4 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Commercial Performance ( edit ) `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' was able to top the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks giving Biggie his second number 1 hit in the US . The song hit number 1 after he had died . It was preceded by `` I 'll Be Missing You '' by Puff Daddy featuring 112 and Faith Evans ( meaning that Puff Daddy spent 13 weeks in a row at the top of the Hot 100 ) and was succeeded by `` Honey '' by Mariah Carey , which was also co-produced by Puff Daddy . The single reached # 6 in the UK charts . Music video ( edit ) The video directed by Hype Williams featured Mase and Combs in futuristic locations , including a tunnel lined with fluorescent lamps and a stark white chamber with pressurized air blowing out of the floor , allowing the two to float in midair . This video is also famous for the red shiny jackets that are worn by Combs and Mase . The `` air chamber '' also had a video screen showing , at first , images of Kelly Price lip - synching to the sample of Diana Ross ' voice and singing the song 's chorus . During the final verse , which the Notorious B.I.G. performed , Mase and Puffy looked on as the video screen showed archival footage of B.I.G. performing , it ran at a speed so that the footage seemed to sync with B.I.G. 's vocals ; since the rapper had died just prior to the release of Life After Death , and well before the filming of the video , this was the only way to have him appear in the video . The video features appearances from Sheek Louch of The LOX , Riddick Bowe , Stevie J , and Nashiem Myrick . The video also has a short story , which is about how Combs was competing in a golf tournament and gained help from the spirit of The Notorious B.I.G , who helps him win the tournament . This was a reaction to the newly popular success of Tiger Woods . MuchMoreMusic ranked `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' # 31 on Listed 's `` 40 Most Memorable Videos Pt. 1 & 2 '' for its flashy wardrobe , and use of syncing old footage with the lyrics . VH1 ranked the song # 63 as one of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s '' . In popular culture ( edit ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( March 2018 ) Minnesota Vikings defensive tackle John Randle is featured in an NFL promotional commercial singing this song . Rapper Ludacris refers to this song in his song `` Large Amounts '' . Rapper Jay - Z refers to this song in his songs `` A Dream '' and `` Heart of the City ( Ai n't No Love ) '' . In The Office episode `` Branch Wars '' , Michael Scott refers to the song when speaking to his black co-worker Stanley . In the Workaholics episode `` The Promotion '' , Blake refers to the song in his list of reasons for not wanting to be promoted himself . In the How I Met Your Mother episode `` Landmarks '' , Barney references the song while talking to Ted in his dream . Alternative hip hop band Chiddy Bang refers to this song in their song `` Opposite of Adults '' . Alternative band Linkin Park refers to the song in the second verse of their song `` When They Come for Me '' on the album A Thousand Suns . A ' beat juggle ' remix of this song is featured in the 2010 video game DJ Hero 2 . In Fallout : New Vegas , the DJ references the song , saying : `` Mojave , mo ' problems '' . In the 2001 video game Grand Theft Auto III , one of the lines said by Triad gang members is `` mo ' money , mo ' problems ! '' . Canadian hip hop / R&B artist Drake refers to the song , or at least the phrase in his song `` The Ride '' off of his sophomore album Take Care . Dubstep band The Bolivian Marching Affair did a remix of the song . In Grey 's Anatomy episode `` The End Is the Beginning Is the End '' , Cristina Yang refers to the song when trying to decide what to do with the compensation money . An episode of American Dad ! is titled `` Less Money , Mo Problems '' . Rapper Drake interpolates parts of Mase 's verse into his verse on his song `` Worst Behavior '' off his third album `` Nothing Was the Same '' . Rapper Wiz Khalifa refers to this song in his song `` Paperbond '' from his album O.N.I.F.C. . Music producer Irv Gotti made a remake of the song featuring singer Keyshia Cole and Australian rapper Iggy Azalea for the 2014 film The Other Woman . Jesse Appell released `` Mo ' Money , Mo ' Fazhan '' in 2013 . The song is played in the It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode `` The Gang Buys a Boat '' from season 6 . Childish Gambino interpolates Biggie 's verse on his feature with Ariana Grande 's record `` Break Your Heart Right Back '' . On the semifinals of the season 18 of Dancing with the Stars , figure skater Charlie White performed a Samba routine to the song with his partner Sharna Burgess . Honey G covered the song in series 13 of The X Factor . In Uncle Grandpa Episode `` Bad Morning '' , Uncle Grandpa mention the name of the song . Mixed Martial Artist Conor McGregor 's entrance song vs. Floyd Mayweather . The Harvard Law Review 's April 2018 edition of its annual Developments in the Law series was titled `` More Data , More Problems , '' a reference to the late - 1990s hit track . The publication examined legal developments arising from the growing amount of data gathered and stored about members of the public , and concluded that it 's like the more data we come across the more problems we see . An episode title in the second half of season five of Total Drama is `` Mo Monkey Mo Problems '' . Track listing ( edit ) CD single ( edit ) `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' Produced by Steven `` Stevie J . '' Jordan and Sean Combs ( radio mix ) -- 4 : 12 `` Lovin You Tonight '' ( radio mix ) -- 5 : 07 `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( instrumental ) -- 4 : 12 `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( Razor - N - Go Club mix , short version ) -- 4 : 09 `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( Razor - N - Go Club mix , long version ) -- 10 : 33 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 -- 98 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 UK R&B ( UK R&B Singles and Albums Charts ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Canadian RPM Dance / Urban Chart 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 64 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) U.S. Billboard Hot 100 20 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 85 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 0 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MTV Yearbook 1997 : Mo Money , Mo Problems - Notorious B.I.G. '' Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Clayton , John ( February 7 , 2000 ) . `` Just Buggin ' '' . ESPN The Magazine . ESPN . 3 ( 3 ) . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Iggy Azalea & Keyshia Cole Are Remaking Biggie 's `` Mo ' Money , Mo ' Problems '' Jump up ^ Mo Money Mo Fazhan 发展 ( Development ) : Bilingual Chinese Economy Rap - YouTube Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Notorious B.I.G. feat . Puff Daddy & Mase -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Notorious B.I.G. feat . Puff Daddy & Mase -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Notorious B.I.G. feat . Puff Daddy & Mase -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Notorious B.I.G. feat . Puff Daddy & Mase -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Notorious B.I.G. feat . Puff Daddy & Mase : Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Notorious B.I.G. feat . Puff Daddy & Mase -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Notorious B.I.G. feat . Puff Daddy & Mase -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Notorious B.I.G. feat . Puff Daddy & Mase -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Notorious B.I.G. feat . Puff Daddy & Mase -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Notorious B.I.G. feat . Puff Daddy & Mase -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Notorious B.I.G. feat . Puff Daddy & Mase -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Notorious BIG : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ align = `` left '' UK R&B ( UK R&B Singles and Albums Charts ) Jump up ^ `` The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Urban - Volume 66 , No. 15 , December 15 , 1997 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1997 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1997 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1997 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Notorious B.I.G. -- Mo Money , Mo Problems '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Notorious B.I.G. -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Mo Money Mo Problems in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Notorious B.I.G. -- Mo Money Mo Problems '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1997 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 110 ( 5 ) : 76 . January 31 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Preceded by `` I 'll Be Missing You '' by Puff Daddy featuring Faith Evans and 112 Billboard Hot 100 number - one single August 30 , 1997 -- September 6 , 1997 Succeeded by `` Honey '' by Mariah Carey The Notorious B.I.G. Songs Discography Awards and nominations Death Studio albums Ready to Die Life After Death Posthumous albums Born Again Duets : The Final Chapter The King & I Compilations Greatest Hits Notorious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Singles `` Party and Bullshit '' `` Juicy '' `` Big Poppa '' / `` Who Shot Ya ? '' `` One More Chance '' `` Hypnotize '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Sky 's the Limit '' `` Dead Wrong '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Spit Your Game '' Featured singles `` Flava in Ya Ear ( Remix ) '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` The Points '' `` Runnin ' from tha Police '' `` This Time Around '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Victory '' `` Runnin ' ( Dying to Live ) '' Other songs `` Going Back to Cali '' `` Old Thing Back ( Matoma Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Entertainment Sean Combs Faith Evans Junior M.A.F.I.A. Conspiracy `` Player 's Anthem '' `` I Need You Tonight '' `` Get Money '' Lil ' Cease Lil ' Kim East Coast - West Coast hip hop rivalry `` I 'll Be Missing You '' Biggie & Tupac Notorious Sean Combs Discography Production discography Accolades Studio albums No Way Out Forever The Saga Continues ... Press Play Last Train to Paris No Way Out 2 Mixtapes MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) Remix albums We Invented the Remix Singles `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Been Around the World '' `` Victory '' `` Come with Me '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Bad Boy for Life '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 1 ) '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 2 ) '' `` Come to Me '' `` Tell Me '' `` Last Night '' `` Through the Pain ( She Told Me ) '' `` Angels '' `` Love Come Down '' `` Hello Good Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Coming Home '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Finna Get Loose '' `` Workin ( Remix ) '' Featured singles `` No Time '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Honey '' `` Lookin ' at Me '' `` Hate Me Now '' `` All Night Long '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Son of a Gun '' `` Show Stopper '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` I Do ( Wanna Get Close to You ) '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Take You There '' `` Imma Put It on Her '' `` Must Be Love '' `` Better on the Other Side `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' `` Someone to Love Me ( Naked ) '' `` Scream & Shout ( Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Records Sean John P. Diddy 's Starmaker The Notorious B.I.G. I Want to Work for Diddy A Raisin in the Sun Diddy -- Dirty Money Mase Albums Harlem World Double Up Welcome Back Singles `` Feel So Good '' `` What You Want '' `` Lookin ' at Me '' `` Get Ready '' `` Welcome Back '' `` Breathe , Stretch , Shake '' Featured singles `` Only You '' `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Been Around the World '' `` Top of the World '' `` Horse & Carriage '' `` Take Me There '' `` I Really Like It '' Other songs `` 24 Hrs. to Live '' Related articles Discography Harlem World The Movement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo_Money_Mo_Problems&oldid=839641241 '' Categories : 1997 singles 1996 songs Bad Boy Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Funk - rap songs Number - one dance singles in Canada Mase songs Music videos directed by Hype Williams The Notorious B.I.G. songs Sean Combs songs Songs released posthumously Songs written by The Notorious B.I.G. Songs written by Sean Combs Songs written by Mase Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with trivia sections from March 2018 All articles with trivia sections Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 18 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sings the chorus in mo money mo problems
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"The song features guest vocals from Mase and Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs. The instrumental contains a sample of the Diana Ross song \"I'm Coming Out\", including backing vocals which repeat the title of that song. The refrain of the song was sung by Kelly Price. Based on airplay and chart success the song is considered one of the most popular singles in hip hop history."
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"Kelly Price"
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The Other Woman (Ray Parker Jr. album)
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The Other Woman ( Ray Parker Jr album ) - wikipedia The Other Woman ( Ray Parker Jr album ) Jump to : navigation , search The Other Woman Studio album by Ray Parker Jr . Released 1982 Genre R&B / Funk / Soul Length 51 : 03 Label Arista Funky Town Grooves Producer Ray Parker Jr . Ray Parker Jr. chronology The Other Woman ( 1982 ) Woman Out Of Control ( 1983 ) Woman Out Of Control 1983 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Robert Christgau A - The Other Woman is the debut solo album by guitarist / singer / songwriter Ray Parker Jr. released in 1982 on the Arista label . The album was remastered and expanded by Funky Town Grooves in June 2012 including 3 bonus tracks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 Charts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Track listing ( edit ) # Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Other Woman '' Ray Parker Jr . 4 : 06 2 . `` Streetlove '' Ray Parker Jr . 5 : 31 3 . `` Stay the Night '' Ray Parker Jr . 4 : 03 4 . `` It 's Our Own Affair '' Ray Parker Jr . 3 : 54 5 . `` Let Me Go '' Ray Parker Jr . 5 : 05 6 . `` Let 's Get Off '' Ray Parker Jr . 4 : 54 7 . `` Stop , Look Before You Love '' Ray Parker Jr . 4 : 02 8 . `` Just Havin ' Fun '' Ray Parker Jr . 3 : 26 9 . `` The Other Woman '' ( 12 '' Version ) Ray Parker Jr . 5 : 54 10 . `` Bad Boy '' ( Non-Album Single ) Ray Parker Jr . 4 : 14 11 . `` The Other Woman '' ( 12 '' Instrumental Version ) Ray Parker Jr . 5 : 54 Personnel ( edit ) Ray Parker Jr . -- Drums , Bass , Piano , Guitar , Synthesizer Charles Green -- Saxophone , Flute Ollie E. Brown -- Percussion Michael Boddicker -- Vocoder Larry Tolber -- Drums on `` Let Me Go '' Anita Sherman , Arnell Carmichael , J.D. Nicholas , Jerry Knight , Ray Parker Jr. , Lynn Smith -- Background Vocals Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak U.S. Billboard Top LPs 11 U.S. Billboard Top Black LPs Singles Year Single Peak chart positions US US R&B US A / C US Dan 1982 `` The Other Woman '' 33 24 `` Let Me Go '' 38 -- -- `` It 's Our Own Affair '' 106 44 -- -- See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B albums of 1982 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lytle , Craig . The Other Woman > review at AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` The Other Woman > review '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Charts > Ray Parker Jr '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . External links ( edit ) The Other Woman at AllMusic The Other Woman at Discogs Official Website Facebook Page My Space Page Soulwalking page Ray Parker Jr 2012 Audio Interview at Soulinterviews.com ( hide ) Ray Parker Jr . & Raydio Albums Raydio Rock On Two Places at the Same Time A Woman Needs Love The Other Woman Woman Out of Control Sex and the Single Man After Dark I Love You Like You Are I 'm Free Singles `` Jack and Jill '' `` You Ca n't Change That '' `` A Woman Needs Love ( Just Like You Do ) '' `` That Old Song '' `` The Other Woman '' `` I Still Ca n't Get Over Loving You '' `` Ghostbusters '' Band members and collaborators Jerry Knight Ollie E. Brown Jack Ashford Herbie Hancock Natalie Cole Glenn Medeiros Book : Ray Parker Jr . & Raydio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Other_Woman_(Ray_Parker_Jr._album)&oldid=811918863 '' Categories : 1982 debut albums Arista Records albums Albums produced by Ray Parker Jr . Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 20 : 21 . About Wikipedia
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who sang i'm in love with the other woman
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"The Other Woman is the debut solo album by guitarist/singer/songwriter Ray Parker Jr. released in 1982 on the Arista label. The album was remastered and expanded by Funky Town Grooves in June 2012 including 3 bonus tracks."
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"Ray Parker Jr."
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Kingston upon Thames
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Kingston upon Thames - wikipedia Kingston upon Thames Jump to : navigation , search Kingston upon Thames Old Town Hall on Market Place Kingston upon Thames Kingston upon Thames shown within Greater London Population 43,013 OS grid reference TQ182693 Charing Cross 10.4 mi ( 16.7 km ) NE London borough Kingston Ceremonial county Greater London Region London Country England Sovereign state United Kingdom Post town KINGSTON UPON THAMES Postcode district KT1 , KT2 Dialling code 020 Police Metropolitan Fire London Ambulance London EU Parliament London UK Parliament Kingston and Surbiton Richmond Park London Assembly South West List of places UK England London 51 ° 24 ′ 37 '' N 0 ° 17 ′ 58 '' W / 51.4103 ° N 0.2995 ° W / 51.4103 ; - 0.2995 Coordinates : 51 ° 24 ′ 37 '' N 0 ° 17 ′ 58 '' W / 51.4103 ° N 0.2995 ° W / 51.4103 ; - 0.2995 Kingston upon Thames , also known as Kingston , is an area of south west London , England , located 10.4 miles ( 16.7 km ) south west of Charing Cross . It is the administrative centre of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames , and identified as a major metropolitan centre in the London Plan . Kingston lies approximately 33 feet ( 10 metres ) above sea level . It is notable as the ancient market town in which Saxon kings were crowned . Kingston was part of a large ancient parish in the county of Surrey and the town was an ancient borough , reformed in 1835 . It has been the location of Surrey County Hall from 1893 , extraterritorially in terms of local government administration since Kingston became part of Greater London in 1965 . Most of the town centre is part of the KT1 postcode area , but some areas north of Kingston railway station have the postcode KT2 instead . The population of the town itself , comprising the four wards of Canbury , Grove , Norbiton and Tudor , was 43,013 in the 2011 census . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Economic development 1.3 Local government 1.4 Urban development 2 Governance 3 Notable locations 4 Economy 5 Culture 6 Landmarks 7 Transport 8 Education 9 Religious sites 10 Sport 11 London 2012 Summer Olympics 12 Nearest places 13 Town twinning 14 Notable people 15 Bibliography 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) The Coronation Stone in the grounds of the guildhall Kingston was called Cyninges tun in 838 , Chingestune in 1086 , Kingeston in 1164 , Kyngeston super Tamisiam in 1321 and Kingestowne upon Thames in 1589 . The name means ' the king 's manor or estate ' from the Old English words cyning and tun . It belonged to the king in Saxon times and was the earliest royal borough . It was first mentioned in 838 as the site of a meeting between King Egbert of Wessex and Ceolnoth , Archbishop of Canterbury . Kingston lay on the boundary between the ancient kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia , until in the early tenth century when King Athelstan united both to create the kingdom of England . Probably because of the town 's symbolic location , several tenth - century kings were crowned in Kingston , Æthelstan in 925 , Eadred in 946 and Æthelred in 978 . Other kings who may have been crowned there are Edward the Elder in 902 , Edmund in 939 , Eadwig in 956 , Edgar in about 960 and Edward the Martyr in 975 . It was later thought that the coronations took place in the chapel of St Mary , which collapsed in 1730 , and a large stone recovered from the ruins has been regarded since the eighteenth century as the Coronation Stone . It was initially used as a mounting block , but in 1850 it was moved to a more dignified place in the market before finally being moved to its current location in the grounds of the guildhall . Economic development ( edit ) For much of the 20th century , Kingston was a major military aircraft manufacturing centre specialising in fighter aircraft -- first with Sopwith Aviation , HG Hawker Engineering , later Hawker Aircraft , Hawker Siddeley and eventually British Aerospace . The renowned Sopwith Camel , Hawker Fury , Hurricane , Hunter and Harrier were all designed and built in the town and examples of all of these aircraft can be seen today at the nearby Brooklands Museum in Weybridge . Well known aviation personalities Sydney Camm , Harry Hawker and Tommy Sopwith were responsible for much of Kingston 's achievements in aviation . British Aerospace finally closed its Lower Ham Road factory in 1992 ; part of the site was subsequently redeveloped for housing but the riverside part houses a community centre and sports complex . The growth and development of Kingston Polytechnic and its transformation into Kingston University has made Kingston a university town . Local government ( edit ) Kingston in 1846 A map showing the wards of Kingston - upon - Thames Municipal Borough as they appeared in 1868 . Kingston upon Thames formed an ancient parish in the Kingston hundred of Surrey . The parish of Kingston upon Thames covered a large area including Hook , Kew , New Malden , Petersham , Richmond , Surbiton , Thames Ditton and East Molesey . The town of Kingston was granted a charter by King John in 1200 , but the oldest one to survive is from 1208 and this document is housed in the town 's archives . Other charters were issued by later kings , including Edward IV 's charter that gave the town the status of a borough in 1481 . The borough covered a much smaller area than the ancient parish , although as new parishes were split off the borough and parish eventually became identical in 1894 . The borough was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 , becoming the Municipal Borough of Kingston - upon - Thames ( then spelt with hyphens ) . It had been known as a Royal borough through custom and the right to the title was confirmed by George V in 1927 . Kingston upon Thames has been the location of Surrey County Council since it moved from Newington in 1893 . In 1965 the local government of Greater London was reorganised and the municipal borough was abolished . Its former area was merged with that of the Municipal Borough of Surbiton and the Municipal Borough of Malden and Coombe , to form the London Borough of Kingston upon Thames . At the request of Kingston upon Thames London Borough Council another Royal Charter was granted by Queen Elizabeth II entitling it to continue using the title `` Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames '' for the new borough . Urban development ( edit ) The Hogsmill flowing under Clattern Bridge in Kingston . The bridge is mentioned in 1293 as `` Clateryngbrugge '' Kingston was built at the first crossing point of the Thames upstream from London Bridge and a bridge still exists at the same site . It was this ' great bridge ' that gave it its early importance in the 13th century . Kingston was occupied by the Romans , and later it was either a royal residence or a royal demesne . There is a record of a council held there in 838 , at which Egbert of Wessex , King of Wessex , and his son Ethelwulf of Wessex were present . In the Domesday Book it was held by William the Conqueror . Its domesday assets were : a church , five mills , four fisheries worth 10s , 27 ploughs , 40 acres ( 160,000 m ) of meadow , woodland worth six hogs . It rendered £ 31 10s ( £ 31.5 ) . In 1730 the chapel containing the royal effigies collapsed , burying the sexton , who was digging a grave , the sexton 's daughter and another person . The daughter survived this accident and was her father 's successor as sexton . Kingston sent members to early Parliaments , until a petition by the inhabitants prayed to be relieved from the burden . Another chapel , the collegiate chapel of St Mary Magdalene , The Lovekyn Chapel , still exists . It was founded in 1309 by a former mayor of London , Edward Lovekyn . It is the only private chantry chapel to survive the Reformation . With the coming of the railway in the 1830s , there was a great deal of development to the south of the town . Much of this became the new town of Surbiton , but the Surbiton Park estate , built in the grounds of Surbiton Place in the 1850s , remained part of Kingston during the period of the Municipal Borough of Kingston - upon - Thames . A permanent military presence was established in the borough with the completion of The Barracks in 1875 . Governance ( edit ) Kingston straddles two Parliamentary constituencies : the area north of the railway line is part of Richmond Park , which is represented by Zac Goldsmith of the Conservative Party , and the area south of the railway line ( including the ancient town centre ) is part of Kingston and Surbiton and is Ed Davey of the Liberal Democrats . Notable Locations ( edit ) The Bentall Centre Kingston Bridge with the John Lewis store in the background All Saint 's Church , a Grade I listed building Central Kingston is a busy predominantly retail centre , with a small number of commercial offices and civic buildings . The shopping centre includes a shopping mall , `` The Bentall Centre '' , containing the Bentalls department store and large branches of chain stores found in many British high streets . There is a large branch of the John Lewis department store group , with a Waitrose supermarket , located in the basement . The Rotunda , located in a former Bentalls furniture depository building ( a local landmark ) , includes a bowling alley , fitness centre , a 15 - screen Odeon multiplex cinema and a few restaurants . Recent developments along the riverside south of Kingston Bridge have added bars , restaurants and a theatre , the Rose Theatre which opened in 2008 with Sir Peter Hall as the director . The ancient market is still held daily in the Market Place , including today such produce as fish , jewellery , exotic foods , local foods and flowers . Kingston 's civic buildings include a local museum , public library , modern Crown Court and smaller county court and the Guildhall by the part - culverted mouth of the Hogsmill River which houses Kingston Council and magistrates ' court . A short distance away is the County Hall Building which houses the main offices of Surrey County Council . From 1893 -- 1965 , before Kingston became one of the 32 London boroughs of Greater London , it was the county town of Surrey following the period of 1791 -- 1893 when Newington had this role . Guildford has officially reclaimed this ancient , now ceremonial title as Kingston is no longer administered by Surrey . Kingston 's main open space is the River Thames , with its lively frontage of bars and restaurants . Downstream there is a walk through Canbury Gardens towards Teddington Lock . Upstream there is a promenade crossing the Hogsmill river and reaching almost to Surbiton . Across Kingston Bridge is a tree lined river bank fronting the expanse of Hampton Court Park . Economy ( edit ) Kingston has many pubs and restaurants and several public houses in the centre have become restaurants or bars . The more traditional pubs tend to be in the northern part of the town ( Canbury ) and include The Canbury Arms , Park Tavern , The Wych Elm and Willoughby Arms . Further south are found the Druid 's Head , the Spring Grove , The Cricketers , The Albion Tavern , The Duke Of Buckingham , and several small local pubs around Fairfield . The Druid 's Head is notable as one of the first taverns to make the famous dessert syllabub in the 18th century . There are several Chinese , Indian , Thai and Italian restaurants . The local newspapers are the weekly paid - for Surrey Comet , which celebrated its 150th year in 2004 , and the free Kingston Guardian . In 2010 retail footprint research , Kingston ranked 25th in terms of retail expenditure in the UK at £ 810 million , equal to Covent Garden and just ahead of Southampton . This puts it as generating the fifth most amount of money from the retail sector in Greater London , passing Croydon , with just four West End alternatives ahead . In 2005 , Kingston was 24th with £ 864 million . Culture ( edit ) A notable dramatic arts venue is the Rose Theatre . This theatre opened on 16 January 2008 and seats approximately 899 people . The audience are arranged around the semi-circular stage . All Saints Church is host to classical choral and music concerts mostly on Saturdays and houses a Frobenius organ . There are a number of choral societies including the Kingston Orpheus Choir and the Kingston Choral Society , an amateur symphony orchestra the Kingston Philharmonia , and the Kingston and District Chamber Music Society . A number of annual festivals are organised by the Council and Kingston Arts Council including Kingston Readers ' Festival , Think - in - Kingston and the Festival of the Voice . Kingston University runs the Stanley Picker Gallery and Kingston Museum has a changing gallery on the first floor . A regular singing group at the Rose Theatre caters to schools and families . Eadweard Muybridge ( photographer ) was born in the town in 1830 John Galsworthy the author was born on Kingston Hill and Jacqueline Wilson grew up , and went to school in Kingston and still lives there today . Both are commemorated at Kingston University -- Galsworthy in the newest building and Wilson in the main hall . Also commemorated at the University is photographer Eadweard Muybridge who was born at Kingston and changed the spelling of his first name in reference to the name of the Saxon king on the Coronation Stone . He was a pioneer in the photography of the moving image . R.C. Sheriff the playwright is also associated with Kingston , writing his first play to support Kingston Rowing Club . An earlier writer born in Kingston was John Cleland . Kingston has been covered in literature , film and television . It is where the comic Victorian novel Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome begins ; cannons aimed against the Martians in H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds are positioned on Kingston Hill ; in The Rainbow by D.H. Lawrence the youngest Brangwen dreams of a job in Kingston upon Thames in a long , lyrical passage ; Mr. Knightly in Emma by Jane Austen regularly visits Kingston , although the narrative never follows him there . Fine art is also a prominent feature in the history of Kingston . Both John Hoyland and Jeremy Moon worked from permanent studios in Kingston and many prominent artists and designers have studied at the university including Fiona Banner , John Bratby , David Nash and Jasper Morrison . Early in his music career , the guitarist and singer - songwriter Eric Clapton spent time busking in Kingston upon Thames , having grown up and studied in the area . Rock band Cardiacs were formed in the town . Kingston is mentioned ( and used as a filming location ) in episodes of Monty Python 's Flying Circus . More recently , a scene from Mujhse Dosti Karoge , a Bollywood film starring Hrithik Roshan as the leading actor , was filmed by the toppled telephone boxes sculpture in Old London Road . A scene in the television programme The Good Life sees Richard Briers get on a 71 bus in ' The Avenue ' towards Kingston town centre ( albeit this route never served the east side of Surbiton where the series is set ) . The 1974 Doctor Who story `` Invasion of the Dinosaurs '' used several locations in the town for filming . The 2008 series of Primeval , shown on ITV1 in January , featured almost an entire episode filmed inside the Bentall Centre and John Lewis department stores . Kingston featured in Primeval again in May 2009 with several scenes shot in and around the Market Place . Nipper , the famous `` His Master 's Voice '' ( HMV ) dog , is buried in the town under Lloyds Bank . His owners lived nearby in Fife Road . Kingston Green Fair was held annually from 1987 to 2008 in Canbury Gardens , next to the river , on the Spring Bank Holiday . The word `` Green '' in the title refers to the ethos of the fair as promoting sustainable development . For instance no meat or other products derived from dead animals were allowed to be sold , and no electricity was permitted on the site unless generated by wind , sun , or bicycle power . Kingston is also home to Crack Comedy Club which opened at The Grey Horse Pub in 2002 . Landmarks ( edit ) The sculpture `` Out of Order '' One of the more unusual sights in Kingston is Out of Order by David Mach , a sculpture in the form of twelve disused red telephone boxes that have been tipped up to lean against one another in an arrangement resembling dominoes . The work was commissioned in 1988 as part of the landscaping for the new Relief Road , and was described by its creator as `` anti-minimalist '' . Transport ( edit ) Kingston railway station The town is served by two South Western Railway routes advertised from London as to Shepperton and to Strawberry Hill , though the second route is a complete loop . Three railway stations serve the town on this line from London Waterloo station : Kingston Norbiton and Hampton Wick . Norbiton is east of the town centre near Kingston Hospital , and Hampton Wick is to the west across Kingston Bridge . New Malden , Wimbledon and Richmond upon Thames are on the lines . A primary stop exists on the nearby main ( express ) line in nearby Surbiton which has a peak hour non-stopping service to Waterloo . The town led to the South Western Main Line being in Surbiton as much of Kingston 's wealth and status were as a direct consequence of the road and stagecoach network developed as a result of its crossing on the Thames . Local landowners would not consent to the line coming through their land so in 1838 the rail station was built a few miles out at Surbiton , which was known as Kingston Upon Railway and led to the development of Surbiton . Kingston recognised the need for a railway , and in the 1860s Kingston opened . However , due to the eastern landowners ' resistance , the line had to take a longer route via Richmond upon Thames . Only later did the line receive all the relevant permissions for a closer link , connecting to London Waterloo via Norbiton . The A3 road runs from central London towards Kingston before by - passing the town to the east . The `` Kingston bypass road '' was one of the first arterial roads to be built in Britain . It was originally proposed in 1912 to relieve the pressure of traffic in the town centre , but World War I delayed the start of work until 1924 . It was opened by Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin on 28 October 1927 . Kingston is also served by the A240 , the A307 ( Portsmouth Road ) , A308 and A310 . Kingston has a large number of car parks , connected by a one - way system . It is also one of the main centres of the south - west London bus network . Compared with other outer London boroughs and towns in Surrey , a high proportion of trips are made by bicycle in Kingston . The 2011 census identified that 2.8 % of journeys to work were made by bicycle . Riverboats run regularly between Kingston and Hampton Court as well as Richmond all during the summer season . There are also direct services to Putney and Westminster from Hampton Court connected by the 10 -- 15 minute interval route 111 to London Heathrow , the destination for X26 an express service also serving the bus station and the Bentall Centre . Of more local note , bus services connect in most directions , including Dorking and Tooting Broadway . Education ( edit ) Main article : List of schools in Kingston upon Thames Kingston University main building , Penrhyn Road campus Kingston is the location of Kingston University and Kingston College . There are 34 Primary schools ( including Infant and Junior ) , of which 14 are Church Schools , 10 Secondary Schools and 14 Private schools which provide education for all age ranges . Primary schools include Latchmere School , Fernhill School and St Agathas Catholic Primary School . Kingston also is home to Tiffin School , The Tiffin Girls ' School and Kingston Grammar School , all of which have large catchment areas across Greater London and Surrey . Tiffin School Religious sites ( edit ) The 12th century church of All Saints serves the Church of England parish of Kingston which lies ecclesiastically in the Diocese of Southwark , although there has been a church in Kingston since at least 838 . The suffragan or Area Bishop of Kingston is the Rt Rev. Dr Richard Cheetham . Other Anglican churches in Kingston , of more recent date , are St John the Evangelist and St Luke . Kingston lies in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Southwark , and there is a Roman Catholic Church dedicated to Saint Agatha . Kingston is also the home of the Kingston Surbiton & District Synagogue . Kingston also has a Quaker meeting house , a Mosque and a Sikh Gurdwara . Sport ( edit ) Kingston is the home of four association football clubs , AFC Wimbledon and Kingstonian , both of whom play at the Kingsmeadow Stadium , Corinthian - Casuals who play in Tolworth and Chessington & Hook United who play in Chessington . AFC Wimbledon have played in League One since the 2016 -- 17 season , whereas Kingstonian , Corinthian - Casuals and Chessington & Hook United are non-league clubs . Kingston Athletic Club and Polytechnic Harriers are based at the neighbouring Kingsmeadow athletics stadium . This stadium boasts a 400m track which is floodlit , a gym and 5 - a-side football facilities . In the 2013 season the men competed in Division 3 of the British Athletics League . Kingston Rugby Club is based on the outskirts of the town , and Kingston Rowing Club is based on the River Thames . Kingston Regatta takes place on the river at the town in July . The town has a large leisure centre next to Fairfield named the Kingfisher Centre , which contains an indoor swimming pool and gymnasium . Sport in Kingston is promoted and encouraged by Sport Kingston , an organisation funded by the Royal Borough of Kingston . Kingston Wildcats School of Basketball is a community basketball development club that practices and plays its home fixtures at Chessington Community College , competing in the Surrey League and Basketball England National League . London 2012 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Bradley Wiggins riding towards central Kingston on 1 August 2012 . The borough was the setting for four cycling events during the 2012 Summer Olympics , the men 's road race , women 's road race , men 's road time trial and women 's road time trial . Prior to the opening of the games , Kingston hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay on two occasions with the flame travelling through the borough on 24 July 2012 and aboard the Gloriana in a cauldron on 27 July 2012 en route to the Olympic Stadium for the opening ceremony . Nearest places ( edit ) Nearest settlements Teddington , Twickenham Ham Kingston Vale across Richmond Park : Roehampton Hampton Wick and Hampton Court across Bushy Park : Hampton across Hampton Court Park : East Molesey Kingston upon Thames Coombe and New Malden Surbiton then Thames Ditton Surbiton then Hook , Chessington Berrylands and Tolworth Town twinning ( edit ) Kingston upon Thames has been twinned with Oldenburg in Germany since 2010 . It also has been historically twinned with the town Delft in the Netherlands . In 2016 , Kingston upon Thames has been twinned with Jaffna in Sri Lanka . Notable people ( edit ) List of people from Kingston upon Thames Bibliography ( edit ) * Dickens , Charles , Jr ( 1994 ) ( 1887 , 1879 ) . Dickens 's Dictionary of the Thames , 1887 ( facsimile ed . ) . Devon : Old House Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8735 - 9012 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) -- A guide to the Thames written by the novelist 's son References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. 2011 Census . Estimate by Ward . '' . Jump up ^ Mills , A.D. ( 2010 ) . `` Kingston upon Thames '' . A Dictionary of London Place Names ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 1995 - 6678 - 5 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Victoria County History '' . British History . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Foot , Sarah ( 2011 ) . Æthelstan : the first king of England . Yale University Press . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12535 - 1 . Jump up ^ Keynes , Simon ( 1999 ) . `` Kingston - upon - Thames '' . In Michael Lapidge et al . The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo - Saxon England . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 6312 - 2492 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Kingston Aviation '' . kingstonaviation.org . Jump up ^ Youngs , Frederic A. ( 1979 ) . Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England . I : Southern England . London : Royal Historical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9010 - 5067 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Borough Seal '' . Kingston London Borough Council . Retrieved 29 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Plaque on Clattern Bridge , Kingston Borough Council Jump up ^ Kingston ( upon Thames ) in the Domesday Book Jump up ^ H.E. Malden ( editor ) ( 1967 ) . `` Colleges : Collegiate chapel of St Mary Magdalen , Kingston '' . A History of the County of Surrey : Volume 2 . Institute of Historical Research . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Regimental depots '' . Queen 's Royal Surreys . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Relationships / unit history of Surrey '' . Vision of Britain . Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Comet 150 '' . Surrey Comet . Newsquest . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Retail Footprint 2010 reveals Britain 's shopping successes and strugglers '' . CACI . Archived from the original on 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Retail Footprint 2005 '' . CACI . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Singing it back website '' . singingitback.co.uk . Jump up ^ John Simkin . `` R.C. Sherriff '' . Spartacus Educational . Jump up ^ `` Sex and books : London 's most erotic writers '' . Time Out London . Jump up ^ Biography . Eric Clapton ( 26 November 1968 ) . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A late 1950s Hofner Club 60 '' . christies.com . Jump up ^ `` Invasion of the Dinosaurs - Story Locations - The Locations Guide to Doctor Who , Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures '' . Doctorwholocations.net . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kingston Green Fair on the banks of the Thames '' . Kingston Online . Jump up ^ Ethical Policies for all Traders Kingston Green Fair Jump up ^ Lightfoot , Liz ( 6 November 2000 ) . `` Number 's up for phone box sculpture '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Sampson , June ( 1997 ) . Kingston past . London : Historical Publications . ISBN 0948667451 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg -- Kingston 's partner city in Germany Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Jump up ^ `` Twin City Agreement signed between the City of Jaffna and City of Kingston in London '' . tamildiplomat.com. 19 October 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Daniel Lysons ( 1792 ) , `` Kingston upon Thames '' , Environs of London , 1 : County of Surrey , London : T. Cadell James Thorne ( 1876 ) , `` Kingston - upon - Thames '' , Handbook to the Environs of London , London : John Murray Edward Walford ( 1883 ) , `` Kingston - on - Thames '' , Greater London , London : Cassell & Co. , OCLC 3009761 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kingston upon Thames . Kingston Council official website Kingston upon Thames Society CHANTRY CHAPEL OF ST MARY MAGDALENE Pastscape -- Detailed historical record about Lovekyn Chapel Tim Lambert ( A Brief History of Kingston upon Thames LocalHistories.org Museum and Local History Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Kingston - upon - Thames British History Online -- Victoria County History ( 1911 ) H.E. Maldon ed. , A History of the County of Surrey , Volume 3 , Kingston - upon - Thames , pp. 487 -- 501 Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Districts Berrylands Chessington Coombe Hook Kingston upon Thames Kingston Vale Malden Rushett Motspur Park ( part ) New Malden Norbiton Old Malden Seething Wells Surbiton Tolworth Attractions Chessington World of Adventures Coronation Stone Dorich House Kingston Museum Kingston upon Thames Guildhall Out of Order sculpture Picton House Rose Theatre Stanley Picker Gallery , Kingston University The Queen 's Promenade , River Thames Bridges and tunnels Kingston Bridge Kingston Railway Bridge Parks and open spaces Bushy Park Canbury Gardens Richmond Park Constituencies Kingston and Surbiton Richmond Park Rail stations Berrylands Chessington North Chessington South Kingston Malden Manor New Malden Norbiton Surbiton Tolworth Worcester Park Places of worship All Saints Church , Kingston upon Thames St John 's Church , Kingston upon Thames St Luke 's Church , Kingston upon Thames St Andrew 's Church , Surbiton St Mark 's Church , Surbiton St Raphael 's Church , Surbiton Sport AFC Wimbledon Kingstonian F.C. Surbiton Hockey Club Kingston Rowing Club Other topics Council Grade I and II * listed buildings People Public art Schools Areas of London central activities zone Bloomsbury City of London wards Holborn Mayfair Paddington Soho Vauxhall Waterloo Westminster town centre network international Knightsbridge West End metropolitan Bromley Croydon Ealing Harrow Hounslow Ilford Kingston Romford Shepherd 's Bush Stratford Sutton Uxbridge Wood Green major Angel Barking Bexleyheath Brixton Camden Town Canary Wharf Catford Chiswick Clapham Junction Dalston East Ham Edgware Eltham Enfield Town Fulham Hammersmith Holloway Nags Head Kensington High Street Kilburn King 's Road East Lewisham Orpington Peckham Putney Queensway / Westbourne Grove Richmond Southall Streatham Tooting Walthamstow Wandsworth Wembley Whitechapel Wimbledon Woolwich districts ( principal ) Acton Beckenham Bethnal Green Brentford Camberwell Canada Water Carshalton Chadwell Heath Chingford Clapham Crystal Palace Coulsdon Cricklewood Dagenham Deptford Dulwich Edmonton Elephant and Castle Erith Feltham Finchley Forest Gate Forest Hill Golders Green Greenwich Harlesden Hampstead Harringay Hendon Hornchurch Kentish Town Leyton Mill Hill Mitcham Morden Muswell Hill New Cross New Malden Northwood Notting Hill Penge Pinner Purley Ruislip Sidcup Southgate South Norwood Stoke Newington Surbiton Sydenham Teddington Thamesmead Tolworth Twickenham Tulse Hill Upminster Upper Norwood Wanstead Wealdstone Welling West Hampstead West Norwood Willesden Green Woodford neighbourhoods ( principal ) Abbey Wood Alperton Anerley Barnes Barnsbury Battersea Beckton Bermondsey Bow Brent Cross Brockley Canonbury Charlton Chelsea Chessington Chipping Barnet Chislehurst Clerkenwell Elmers End Gidea Park Gunnersbury Hackbridge Hackney Harold Wood Highams Park Highbury Highgate Hillingdon Hook Holloway Hoxton Ickenham Isle of Dogs Isleworth Islington Kensal Green Kew Lambeth Manor Park Marylebone Mortlake Northolt Nunhead Poplar Roehampton Rotherhithe Seven Kings Seven Sisters Shoreditch Southwark Stepney St Helier Surrey Quays Tottenham Upper Clapton Walworth Wapping West Ham Worcester Park lists of all areas by borough Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth Westminster fictional Canley ( borough ) - ( The Bill : TV soap ) Charnham ( suburb ) - ( Family Affairs : TV soap ) Gasforth ( town ) - ( The Thin Blue Line : TV series ) London Below ( magical realm ) - ( Neverwhere : TV series , novel ) Walford ( borough ) - ( EastEnders : TV soap ) The London Plan 2011 , Annex Two : London 's Town Centre Network -- Greater London Authority Section 8 : London Outer Orbital Path Section 9 : Ewell Kingston upon Thames Hatton Cross Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingston_upon_Thames&oldid=804129733 '' Categories : Districts of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Areas of London Metropolitan centres of London Districts of London on the River Thames Market towns in London Market towns in Surrey Business improvement districts in London Former county towns in England Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter OpenDomesday CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from September 2015 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Cebuano Cymraeg فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Latina Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Scots Simple English Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 23 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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is kingston upon thames in london or surrey
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"Kingston upon Thames, also known as Kingston, is an area of south west London, England, located 10.4 miles (16.7 km) south west of Charing Cross. It is the administrative centre of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, and identified as a major metropolitan centre in the London Plan."
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"London"
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2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
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2018 College football Playoff national championship - wikipedia 2018 College football Playoff national championship Jump to : navigation , search 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs ( 12 -- 1 ) ( 13 -- 1 ) SEC SEC 26 23 Head coach : Nick Saban Head coach : Kirby Smart AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP OT Total Alabama 0 0 10 10 6 26 Georgia 0 13 7 0 23 Date January 8 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Location Atlanta , Georgia MVP Offensive : # 13 QB Tua Tagovailoa , Fr . Alabama Defensive : # 94 DT Da'Ron Payne , Jr . Alabama Favorite Alabama by 3.5 National anthem Zac Brown Band Referee Dan Capron ( Big Ten ) Halftime show Georgia Redcoat Marching Band Million Dollar Band Attendance 77,430 United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Sean McDonough , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) College Football Playoff National Championship < 2017 2019 > The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season . The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26 -- 23 in overtime . Alabama overcame a 13 -- 0 deficit at halftime . Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game . The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season . Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl , respectively , on January 1 , 2018 . The championship game was played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 8 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 2018 College Football Playoff 3 Teams 3.1 Alabama 3.2 Georgia 4 Game summary 4.1 Scoring summary 4.2 Statistics 5 Broadcasting 6 Dispute 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship took place at Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4 , 2015 . 2018 College football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals Championship January 1 -- Sugar Bowl Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans 1 Clemson 6 4 Alabama 24 January 8 -- National Championship Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta 4 Alabama ( OT ) 26 January 1 -- Rose Bowl Rose Bowl , Pasadena 3 Georgia 23 2 Oklahoma 48 3 Georgia ( 2OT ) 54 This bracket : view talk edit The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) selected four teams to advance to the playoff : the Clemson Tigers , Oklahoma Sooners , Georgia Bulldogs , and Alabama Crimson Tide . Teams ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) See also : 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24 -- 6 to reach the championship game . The Tide had a 12 -- 1 season , becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers . The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban . Georgia ( edit ) See also : 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54 -- 48 in double overtime to reach the championship game . The Bulldogs had a 13 -- 1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers , 28 -- 7 . The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart . Game summary ( edit ) After winning the coin toss , Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game . After two plays , quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown . Alabama began their first drive of the game , and , after eleven plays , that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40 - yard field goal . The teams each had three - and - outs for the game 's first two punts . During Georgia 's ensuing drive , the quarter ended , with no score . After a failed third down conversion , on the second play of the second quarter , Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41 - yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three . Alabama 's ensuing drive went nowhere , as they gained four yards on three plays and punted . Georgia took the ball and drove down the field , and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10 - yard - line ; the Tide defense held , however , and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6 -- 0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half . On Alabama 's next drive , the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama 's JK Scott punted for the third time . Just prior to the punt , Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room , reportedly with a left shoulder injury . Both defenses then forced punts , and Georgia took back over with 1 : 19 remaining in the half on their own 31 - yard - line . Nine plays later , on Alabama 's 1 - yard - line , Mecole Hardman took a direct snap , faked a handoff , and ran into the end zone for the game 's first touchdown , putting Georgia up 13 -- 0 going into halftime . Because they deferred the coin toss , Alabama received the ball first in the second half . They started their drive on their own 22 - yard - line . Tua Tagovailoa , Alabama 's backup quarterback , started the second half for the Tide ; that drive quickly resulted in a three - and - out . The initial punt was blocked , but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt . Georgia started their drive on their own 36 - yard - line , but punted on 4th & 17 . Alabama took over on their own 44 - yard - line . The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives ; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6 - yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs , but Georgia immediately responded with an 80 - yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman , putting Georgia up 20 -- 7 . On the second play of Alabama 's ensuing drive , Tagovailoa , while scrambling to the left , threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia 's Deandre Baker . Up 13 , the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama 's 39 - yard - line . The Tide defense responded immediately , however , as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia 's drive , returning the pick to the UGA 40 - yard - line . The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43 - yard field goal that put Bama within ten . The teams then traded punts . Just prior to Alabama 's punt , it was announced that an Alabama defensive back , Kyriq McDonald , had collapsed on the sideline ; the situation was described as a `` serious medical emergency '' . He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious . Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive , and punted . The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3 : 49 . With three seconds remaining in the game , Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game - winning 36 - yard field goal to the left , sending the game to overtime . In overtime , Georgia scored on a 51 - yard field goal . On Alabama 's first offensive play in overtime , Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16 - yard loss , but immediately followed that with a game - winning 41 - yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith . Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game , and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game . Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Alabama Georgia 14 : 14 14 55 7 : 40 Georgia 41 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 7 : 33 13 70 5 : 19 Georgia 27 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 6 0 : 07 9 69 1 : 12 Georgia Mecole Hardman 1 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 0 13 8 : 52 7 56 1 : 59 Alabama Henry Ruggs III 6 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 7 13 6 : 52 93 1 : 55 Georgia Mecole Hardman 80 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 20 5 : 20 6 15 1 : 06 Alabama 43 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 10 20 9 : 24 8 71 2 : 15 Alabama 30 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 13 20 3 : 49 8 66 3 : 21 Alabama Calvin Ridley 7 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 20 20 OT - 9 Georgia 51 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 20 23 OT 25 Alabama DeVonta Smith 41 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa 26 23 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 26 23 Statistics ( edit ) OT Total No. 4 Crimson Tide 0 0 10 10 6 26 No. 3 Bulldogs 0 13 7 0 23 Statistics Alabama Georgia First downs 20 22 Plays -- yards 71 -- 371 77 -- 365 Rushes -- yards 39 -- 184 45 -- 133 Passing yards 187 232 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 17 -- 32 -- 1 16 -- 32 -- 2 Time of possession 26 : 17 33 : 43 Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Team Player Statistics Alabama Passing Tua Tagovailoa 14 / 24 , 166 yds , 3 TD , 1 INT Rushing Najee Harris 6 car , 64 yds Receiving Calvin Ridley 4 rec , 32 yds , 1 TD Georgia Passing Jake Fromm 16 / 32 , 232 yds , 1 TD , 2 INT Rushing Sony Michel 14 car , 98 yds Receiving Riley Ridley 6 rec , 82 yds Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Broadcasting ( edit ) The game was televised nationally by ESPN . On January 8 , 2018 , the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime . This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams ) , and originated from Centennial Olympic Park . Dispute ( edit ) Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl , the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football . UCF held a victory parade at Disney World and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement . The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches , many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska ; Frost himself ( who coached UCF in the game ) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract . The selection committee controversially ranked undefeated UCF 12th at the end of the regular season , below a number of two - loss teams from the Power Five conferences , which left them out of the CFP . The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll , receiving 57 first - place votes , while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first - place votes -- the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team . Additionally , the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings . The Colley Matrix is recognized by the NCAA in its list of `` national champion major selections . '' See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all - SEC National Championship '' . sbnation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 -- 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Committee Rankings : Final Top 25 Rankings '' ( PDF ) . College Football Playoff . December 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all - SEC final : Final score , stats , analysis '' . nola.com . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT '' . ajc.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Drape , Joe ; Tracy , Marc ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` National Championship Game : Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` CFP players of the game : Alabama 's Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF is really claiming a national championship '' . tampabay.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gartland , Dan ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses '' . SI.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ September 1 , 2018 ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time ; UCF 6th '' . Msn.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roger Simmons ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` National champions : UCF Knights finish season ranked No. 1 in Colley Matrix '' . orlandosentinel.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Wikimedia Commons College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Links to related articles 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) Cure ( Dec. 16 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 29 ) Music City ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Peach ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) All - Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 * 1996 * 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games 1926 Rose Bowl 1927 Rose Bowl 1931 Rose Bowl 1935 Rose Bowl 1938 Rose Bowl 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic 1943 Orange Bowl 1945 Sugar Bowl 1946 Rose Bowl 1948 Sugar Bowl 1953 Orange Bowl 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic 1959 Liberty Bowl 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl 1962 Sugar Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1964 Sugar Bowl 1965 Orange Bowl 1966 Orange Bowl 1967 Sugar Bowl 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic 1968 Gator Bowl 1969 Liberty Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Orange Bowl 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic 1973 Sugar Bowl 1975 Orange Bowl 1975 Sugar Bowl 1976 Liberty Bowl 1978 Sugar Bowl 1979 Sugar Bowl 1980 Sugar Bowl 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Liberty Bowl 1983 Sun Bowl 1985 Aloha Bowl 1986 Sun Bowl 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl 1988 Sun Bowl 1990 Sugar Bowl 1991 Fiesta Bowl 1991 Blockbuster Bowl 1993 Sugar Bowl # 1993 Gator Bowl 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl 1997 Outback Bowl 1998 Music City Bowl 2000 Orange Bowl 2001 Independence Bowl 2004 Music City Bowl 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic 2006 Independence Bowl 2007 Independence Bowl 2009 Sugar Bowl 2010 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 BCS National Championship Game # 2013 BCS National Championship Game # 2014 Sugar Bowl 2015 Sugar Bowl / 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Peach Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2018 Sugar Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Georgia Bulldogs bowl games 1942 Orange Bowl 1943 Rose Bowl 1946 Oil Bowl 1947 Sugar Bowl 1948 Gator Bowl 1949 Orange Bowl 1950 Presidential Cup 1960 Orange Bowl 1964 Sun Bowl 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic 1967 Liberty Bowl 1969 Sugar Bowl 1969 Sun Bowl 1971 Gator Bowl 1973 Peach Bowl 1974 Tangerine Bowl 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic 1977 Sugar Bowl 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1981 Sugar Bowl 1982 Sugar Bowl 1983 Sugar Bowl 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl 1985 Sun Bowl 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl 1987 Liberty Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Peach Bowl 1991 Independence Bowl 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 Peach Bowl 1998 Outback Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2000 Outback Bowl 2000 Oahu Bowl 2001 Music City Bowl 2003 Sugar Bowl 2004 Capital One Bowl 2005 Outback Bowl 2006 Sugar Bowl 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2008 Sugar Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2009 Independence Bowl 2010 Liberty Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2013 Capital One Bowl 2014 Gator Bowl 2014 Belk Bowl 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl 2016 Liberty Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=833119359 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff 2018 in sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Sports competitions in Atlanta American football in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 2010s in Atlanta Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games January 2018 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 19 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who's playing in the ncaa football championship
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"The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23 in overtime. Alabama overcame a 13–0 deficit at halftime. Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game.",
"The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23 in overtime. Alabama overcame a 13–0 deficit at halftime. Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game."
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"Alabama Crimson Tide",
"Georgia Bulldogs"
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Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech
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Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech - wikipedia Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the automobile and mascot , see Ramblin ' Reck . `` Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech '' Mike Greenblatt 's 1911 arrangement Song by Georgia Tech students Published 1908 , 1919 ( copyrighted ) Genre Fight song Composer ( s ) Frank Roman , Michael A. Greenblatt , Charles Ives Lyricist ( s ) Billy Walthall `` ( I 'm a ) Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech '' is the fight song of the Georgia Institute of Technology , better known as Georgia Tech . The composition is based on `` Son of a Gambolier '' , composed by Charles Ives in 1895 , the lyrics of which are based on an old English and Scottish drinking song of the same name . It first appeared in print in the 1908 Blueprint , Georgia Tech 's yearbook . The song was later sung by the Georgia Tech Glee Club on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1953 , and by Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev during the 1959 Kitchen Debate . `` Ramblin ' Wreck '' is played after every Georgia Tech score in a football game , directly after a field goal or safety , and preceded by `` Up With the White and Gold '' after a touchdown . It is also frequently played during timeouts at the team 's basketball games . The term `` Ramblin ' Wreck '' has been used to refer to students and alumni of Georgia Tech much longer than the Model A now known as the Ramblin ' Reck has been in existence . The expression has its origins in the late 19th century and was used originally to refer to the makeshift motorized vehicles constructed by Georgia Tech engineers employed in projects in the jungles of South America . Other workers in the area began to refer to these vehicles and the men who drove them as `` Rambling Wrecks from Georgia Tech . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Previous adaptations 3 Creation at Georgia Tech 4 Rise to fame 5 Modern history 6 References 7 Works cited 8 External links Lyrics ( edit ) A nickname for students at Georgia Tech is `` Ramblin ' Wreck , '' after the vehicle and school mascot shown here . Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech A soundie based on `` Ramblin ' Wreck . '' Note the substitution of `` heck '' for `` hell . '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . I 'm a Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech , and a hell of an engineer -- A helluva , helluva , helluva , helluva , hell of an engineer . Like all the jolly good fellows , I drink my whiskey clear . I 'm a Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech and a hell of an engineer . Oh ! If I had a daughter , sir , I 'd dress her in White and Gold , And put her on the campus to cheer the brave and bold . But if I had a son , sir , I 'll tell you what he 'd do -- He would yell , ' To hell with georgia ! ' like his daddy used to do . Oh , I wish I had a barrel of rum and sugar three thousand pounds , A college bell to put it in and a clapper to stir it round . I 'd drink to all the good fellows who come from far and near . I 'm a ramblin ' , gamblin ' , hell of an engineer ! Previous adaptations ( edit ) The earliest rendition of the song is `` Son of a Gambolier '' ( also known as `` A Son of a Gambolier '' and `` The Son of a Gambolier '' ) , which is a lament to one 's own poverty ; a gambolier is `` a worthless individual given to carousing , gambling , and general moral depravity . '' The chorus goes : Like every jolly fellow I takes my whiskey clear , For I 'm a rambling rake of poverty And the son of a gambolier . The tune was first adapted as a school song by Dickinson College in southern Pennsylvania in the 1850s . Students at the college modified it to include a reference to their college bell by adding the following lyrics : I wish I had a barrel of rum , And sugar three hundred pounds , The college bell to mix it in , The clapper to stir it round In 1857 , the Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity published a songbook that contained a heavily modified version of the song . The adapted chorus used the following lyrics : I 'm a son of a , son of a , son of a , son of a , son of a DKE ! I 'm a son of a , son of a , son of a , son of a , son of a DKE ! Like every college fellow , I like my whiskey free , For I 'm a rambling rake of a college man , And the son of a DKE ! The song was subsequently adapted by the Colorado School of Mines in the late 1870s and entitled `` The Mining Engineer . '' This version is the closest adaptation to `` Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech . '' Like every honest fellow , I take my whisky clear , I 'm a rambling wreck from Golden Tech , a helluva engineer . The Mines version also includes : Oh , if I had a daughter I 'd dress her up in green , And send her up to Boulder To coach the football team But if I had a son , sir , I 'll tell you what he 'd do -- He 'd yell : ' TO HELL WITH BOULDER ! ' Like his daddy used to do . The song is also used by the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , entitled `` Ramblin ' Wreck '' although on campus it is referred to simply as the `` School Song . '' This version is almost identical to the first four lines of `` Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech . '' I 'm a rambling wreck from Rapid Tech , and a helluva engineer . a helluva , helluva , helluva , helluva , hell of an engineer . Like all my jolly good fellows , I drink my whiskey clear , I 'm a rambling wreck from Rapid Tech , and a helluva engineer . Hey ! In the early 1890s , Ohio State University adapted it and called it `` If I had a Daughter '' . At the time Ohio Wesleyan University was their archrival , hence the references to Delaware , Ohio and Methodists . One verse follows : If I had a daughter , I 'd dress her up in green , I 'd send her on the campus to coach the Freshman team ; And if I had a son , I tell you what he 'd do He would yell `` To Hell '' with Delaware '' And yell for O.S.U. In 1895 , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute adapted it and called it `` A Son of Old R.P.I. '' This version includes the lyrics : Like every honest fellow , I drink my whiskey clear , I 'm a moral wreck from the Polytech And a hell of an engineer . The Clemson University Tiger Band 's rude songbook , The Unhymnal `` , has a four - verse parody of the fight song which is distinctly un-politically correct which derides the Georgia Tech coach , football team and cheerleaders . In 1929 Norwegian University of Science and Technology adapted it and called it `` Nu klinger '' . Studenter i den gamle stad , ta vare på byens ry ! Husk på at jenter , øl og dram var kjempenes meny . Og faller I alle mann alle , skal det gjalle fra alle mot sky . La'kke byen få ro , men la den få merke det er en studenterby ! Og øl og dram , og øl og dram , og øl og dram , og øl og dram . Two different sources are claimed to have been the origin for the song 's music . The first is the marching tune `` The Bonnie Blue Flag '' , published in 1861 by Harry McCarthy . The second , and more widely cited , is Charles Ives ' composition of `` Son of a Gambolier '' in 1895 . Creation at Georgia Tech ( edit ) The first publication of `` Ramblin ' Wreck '' was in the 1908 Blue Print , entitled `` What Causes Whitlock to Blush '' . The words `` hell '' and `` helluva '' were too hot to print : at the bottom , it explains that `` Owing to the melting of the type , it has been impossible to print the parts of the above song represented by blank spaces '' . Georgia Tech 's use of the song is said to have come from an early baseball game against rival Georgia . Some sources credit Billy Walthall , a member of the school 's first four - year graduating class , with the lyrics . According to a 1954 article in Sports Illustrated , `` Ramblin ' Wreck '' was written around 1893 by a Tech football player on his way to an Auburn game . The `` Rambling Wreck '' had its beginning during the first year or two after Tech opened . Some of the frills were afterward added . We had no football team during the early days , but football was played on the campus . A round rubber ball was used and it was strictly football - no holding the ball and running with it . We had a good baseball team and I remember on one occasion almost the whole school went over to Athens to play Georgia . Duke Black of Rome pitched and we brought home the bacon . This was the beginning of the Rambling Wreck . -- H.D. Cutter , ME 1892 In 1905 , Georgia Tech adopted the tune as its official fight song , though it had already been the unofficial fight song for several years . It was published for the first time in the school 's first yearbook , the 1908 Blueprint . Entitled `` What causes Whitlock to Blush '' , words such as `` hell '' and `` helluva '' were censored as `` certain words ( are ) too hot to print '' . After Michael A. Greenblatt , Tech 's first bandmaster , heard the Georgia Tech band playing the song to the tune of Charles Ives 's `` A Son of a Gambolier '' , he wrote a modern musical version . In 1911 , Frank Roman succeeded Greenblatt as bandmaster ; Roman embellished the song with trumpet flourishes and publicized it . Roman copyrighted the song in 1919 . Rise to Fame ( edit ) Arthur Murray 's 1920 Radio Dance , as portrayed in the 1920 Blueprint ; `` Ramblin ' Wreck '' was one of the songs played that night . In 1920 , dance instructor Arthur Murray organized the world 's first `` radio dance '' while he attended Tech . A band on campus played `` Ramblin ' Wreck '' and other songs , which were broadcast to a group of about 150 dancers ( mostly Tech students ) on the roof of the Capital City Club in downtown Atlanta . Murray also opened the first Arthur Murray Dance Studio while in Atlanta . It was located at the Georgian Terrace Hotel . In 1925 , the Columbia Gramophone Company began selling a recording of Tech songs ( including `` Ramblin ' Wreck '' ) ; Tech was one of the first colleges in the Southern United States to have its songs recorded . The song became immensely popular and was known nationally because of its extensive radio play . In 1947 , the song was performed by The Gordonaires in a Soundie entitled `` Let 's Sing A College Song '' . On October 11 , 1953 , the Georgia Tech Glee Club sang `` Ramblin ' Wreck '' on Ed Sullivan 's `` Toast of the Town '' program ( later known as The Ed Sullivan Show ) on CBS . The performance reached a television audience of approximately 30 million viewers . Because only 28 seats were available on the train to the show , Glee Club members auditioned for the available spots . The group prepared three songs -- `` Ramblin ' Wreck , '' There 's Nothin ' Like a Dame , and the alma mater . Sullivan made them sing `` heck '' and `` heckuva '' instead of `` hell '' and `` helluva , '' and would not let them sing `` dames . '' According to The Technique , `` The club sang ' Dames ' at rehearsal and brought down the house , only to have Sullivan give it the axe . '' Then - Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev sang the song together when they met in Moscow in 1959 to reduce the tension between them during the Kitchen Debate . As the story goes , Nixon did not know any Russian songs , but Khrushchev knew that one American song as it had been sung on the Ed Sullivan show . `` Ramblin ' Wreck '' has had many other notable moments in history , including being the first school song played in space . Gregory Peck sang the song while strumming a mandolin in the movie The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit . John Wayne whistled it in The High and the Mighty . Tim Holt 's character sings a few bars of it in the movie His Kind of Woman . Gordon Jones sings a few stanzas several times in the movie My Sister Eileen . There are numerous stories of commanding officers in Higgins boats crossing the English Channel on the morning of D - Day leading their men in the song to calm their nerves . Modern History ( edit ) The Georgia Tech Yellow Jacket Marching Band at Bobby Dodd Stadium . The Edwin H. Morris & Company obtained a copyright to Roman 's version in 1931 ; that company was later acquired by Paul McCartney 's holding company , MPL Communications in 1976 . The copyright to that version expired in 1952 , so Greenblatt wrote a new arrangement and applied for a new copyright . In 1953 , Greenblatt sold the copyright for the new version to Georgia Tech for one dollar . There was some controversy when MPL Communications acquired the old copyright ; a law firm commissioned by Georgia Tech in 1984 , Newton , Hopkins & Ormsby , concluded that while there were copyrighted versions of the song , the version used by the school was not copyrighted and falls in the public domain . Over the years , a few variations of the song have been created at Georgia Tech . In 1998 , a 19 - member `` Diversity Task Force '' proposed that changes be made to the fight song because it discriminated against women . The proposal was widely and strongly opposed by students and alumni , and it was dropped . A different request to change the word cheer to join with respect to alumni daughters surfaced in 2015 . At the conclusion of the song there is a call of `` Go Jackets ! '' responded to with `` Bust their ass ! '' Following three of these calls and responses , the song was ended with a call of `` Go Jackets ! Fight ! Win ! '' Recently , however , the student body has yelled `` Fight ! Win ! Drink ! Get Naked ! '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Inventory of the Georgia Tech Songs Collection , 1900 - 1953 '' . Georgia Tech Archives and Records Management . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Georgia Tech School of Music . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Tech Traditions '' . RamblinWreck.com . Georgia Tech Athletic Association . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Pat ( August 25 , 2000 ) . `` Fight Songs '' . The Technique . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : McMath , p. 276 ^ Jump up to : Wallace , p. 106 Jump up ^ Georgia Tech - Official Student Handbook Archived September 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Edwards , Pat ( October 2 , 1995 ) . `` Ramlin 's '' . The Technique . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rottmann , David ( September 6 , 2002 ) . `` New NCAA Football raises bar '' . The Technique . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Jody ( August 23 , 2002 ) . `` Music tradition alive today '' ( PDF ) . The Technique . p. 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coast Survey Song '' . NOAA History . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Son of a Gambolier '' . Digital Tradition Mirror . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` DKE History , Founding to the Present '' . Delta Kappa Epsilon . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Son of a DKE Lyrics '' . The Jack Horntip Collection . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Mining Engineer '' . Colorado School of Mines Alumni and Friends . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Guyton , Andrew ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` Ramblin ' Wreck proves helluva song '' . The Technique . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of The Ohio State University '' . Songs of The Ohio State University . Nick Metrowsky . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Rensselaer Songs '' . Institute Archives and Special Collections . Rensselaer Research Libraries . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ The Unhymnal - Unofficial songbook of the Clemson University bands , various editions , 1974 - 1995 , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina . Jump up ^ Medevic , Lois ( 2002 ) . `` Song Activity : Bonnie Blue Flag and Battle Cry of Freedom '' . Voices Across Time . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Lange , Scott ( February 6 , 1998 ) . `` ' To hell ' with it : Diversity movement talks of change in Georgia Tech song '' . The Technique . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wallace , p. 104 Jump up ^ `` The Music of Charles Ives : IV . Works for Piano '' . A Descriptive Catalogue of The Music of Charles Ives . Irving S. Gilmore Music Library of Yale University . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Cutter , H.D. `` An Early History of Georgia Tech '' . Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine Online . Georgia Tech Alumni Association . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Preston ( Winter 1992 ) . `` The Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech '' . Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine Online . Georgia Tech Alumni Association . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Wallace , p. 105 Jump up ^ `` What causes Whitlock to Blush '' . The Blueprint : 138 . 1908 . Jump up ^ Fuld , James J ( 2000 ) . The Book of World - Famous Music : Classical , Popular and Folk . Courier Dover Publications . p. 516 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 41475 - 1 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Wallace , p. 155 Jump up ^ `` Arthur Murray Taught the World to Dance '' . Tech Topics . Georgia Tech Alumni Association . Summer 1991 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rambling Wreck from Georgia Tech '' . Troynovant . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Soundie - Rambling Wreck from Georgia Tech '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Century of Singing '' . Tech Topics . Georgia Tech Alumni Association . Spring 2006 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's No. 1 ? Fighting Words About Battle Hymns '' . Tech Topics . Georgia Tech Alumni Association . Summer 1991 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Insider 's Guide to the Colleges , 2005 . Yale Daily News . p. 268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 32384 - 4 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Abe Olman Publisher Award : Buddy Morris '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Faris , Steve ( February 13 , 1998 ) . `` Alum pronounces verdict on fight song changes '' . The Technique . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Daws , Josh ( February 27 , 1998 ) . `` Apology to the Diversity Task Force '' . The Technique . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Anthony ( February 27 , 1998 ) . `` Does Task Force represent students ? '' . The Technique . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ebbs , Arthur ( February 13 , 1998 ) . `` Revised `` Ramblin ' Wreck '' versions `` . The Technique . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , Mindy ( February 13 , 1998 ) . `` Ray : changing song low on list of priorities '' . The Technique . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/richard-hyatt/article39656085.html Works cited ( edit ) McMath , Robert C. ; Ronald H. Bayor ; James E. Brittain ; Lawrence Foster ; August W. Giebelhaus ; Germaine M. Reed ( 1985 ) . Engineering the New South : Georgia Tech 1885 -- 1985 . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 0784 - X . Wallace , Robert ( 1969 ) . Dress Her in WHITE and GOLD : A biography of Georgia Tech . Georgia Tech Foundation . External links ( edit ) Official Georgia Tech Athletics page on song ( with audio file ) Georgia Institute of Technology Located in : Atlanta , Georgia Colleges College of Computing College of Design College of Engineering College of Sciences Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts Scheller College of Business Schools Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Research Georgia Tech Research Institute Georgia Tech Research Corporation Marcus Nanotechnology Building Nuclear Research Center Library Athletics Yellow Jackets Football Baseball Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Bobby Dodd Stadium Hank McCamish Pavilion Russ Chandler Stadium Campus Recreation Center Athletic Association Student life Antico Pizza DramaTech Under the Couch MomoCon WREK Radio Georgia Tech Cable Network The Technique Blueprint Junior 's Grill Brittain Dining Hall Glee Club Marching Band Buzz `` Up with the White and Gold '' `` Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech '' Greek life RoboJackets Flying Club Clough Commons Campus Georgia Tech main campus Historic District Technology Square Home Park Georgia Tech Lorraine Georgia Tech Savannah People and History Presidents Faculty Alumni Athletes History Legends and Traditions George P. Burdell Ramblin ' Wreck Alumni Association ANAK Society Georgia Tech Foundation Founded : 1885 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football Venues Ponce de Leon Park ( 1907 -- 1911 ) Bobby Dodd Stadium ( 1913 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Auburn Clemson Georgia : Clean , Old - Fashioned Hate Tennessee Tulane Virginia Tech Culture & lore Buzz Ramblin ' Wreck `` Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech '' `` Up with the White and Gold '' Marching band Heisman shift 1916 Cumberland game 1990 game at Virginia People Head coaches Starting quarterbacks NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1991 2017 National championship seasons in bold Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men 's basketball Venues Heisman Gym ( 1938 -- 1956 ) Alexander Memorial Coliseum ( 1956 -- 2011 ) Philips Arena & Gwinnett Center ( 2011 -- 2012 ) McCamish Pavilion ( 2012 -- present ) Culture & lore Buzz Ramblin ' Wreck `` Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech '' Georgia Tech Pep Band People Head coaches Seasons 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA Final Four appearances in italics Official fight songs of the Atlantic Coast Conference `` For Boston '' ( Boston College ) `` Tiger Rag '' ( Clemson ) `` Fight ! Blue Devils , Fight ! '' and `` Blue and White '' ( Duke ) FSU Fight Song ( Florida State ) `` Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech '' and `` Up With the White and Gold '' ( Georgia Tech ) `` Fight ! U of L ! '' ( Louisville ) `` Miami U '' and `` Hail to the Spirit of Miami U '' ( Miami ) NCSU Fight Song ( NC State ) `` I 'm a Tar Heel Born '' and `` Here Comes Carolina '' ( North Carolina ) Victory March ( Notre Dame ) `` Hail to Pitt '' and `` Pitt Victory Song '' ( Pittsburgh ) `` Down the Field '' ( Syracuse ) `` The Cavalier Song '' ( Virginia ) `` Tech Triumph '' ( Virginia Tech ) `` O Here 's to Wake Forest '' ( Wake Forest ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramblin%27_Wreck_from_Georgia_Tech&oldid=800158386 '' Categories : Atlantic Coast Conference fight songs Drinking songs Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 20 : 41 . 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what is a ramblin wreck from georgia tech
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"\"(I'm a) Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech\" is the fight song of the Georgia Institute of Technology, better known as Georgia Tech. The composition is based on \"Son of a Gambolier\", composed by Charles Ives in 1895, the lyrics of which are based on an old English and Scottish drinking song of the same name.[3] It first appeared in print in the 1908 Blueprint, Georgia Tech's yearbook. The song was later sung by the Georgia Tech Glee Club on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1953, and by Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev during the 1959 Kitchen Debate.[4][5][6][7]"
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"fight song of the Georgia Institute of Technology"
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Assassin's Creed Origins
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Assassin 's Creed Origins - Wikipedia Assassin 's Creed Origins Assassin 's Creed Origins Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Montreal Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Jean Guesdon Ashraf Ismail Producer ( s ) Martin Schelling Designer ( s ) Eric Baptizat Programmer ( s ) Frédérick Champoux Artist ( s ) Raphael Lacoste Writer ( s ) Alain Mercieca Composer ( s ) Sarah Schachner Series Assassin 's Creed Engine AnvilNext 2.0 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release October 27 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , stealth Mode ( s ) Single - player Assassin 's Creed Origins is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft . It is the tenth major installment in the Assassin 's Creed series and the successor to 2015 's Assassin 's Creed Syndicate . It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on October 27 , 2017 . The game is set in Egypt near the end of the Ptolemaic period ( 49 -- 47 BCE ) and recounts the secret fictional history of real - world events . The story follows a Medjay named Bayek , and explores the origins of the centuries - long conflict between the Brotherhood of Assassins , who fight for peace by promoting liberty , and The Order of the Ancients -- forerunners to the Templar Order -- who desire peace through the forced imposition of order . Origins received positive reviews from critics , who praised the story , characters , voice acting , reworked gameplay - systems , immersive world of Egypt and the visuals , while criticizing some of the pacing and technical issues . The game was followed by Assassin 's Creed Odyssey , which takes place in Classical Greece and was released on October 5 , 2018 . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 3 Downloadable content 3.1 The Hidden Ones 3.2 Discovery Tour 3.3 The Curse of the Pharaohs 4 Development 4.1 Marketing 5 Editions 6 Reception 6.1 Sales 6.2 Accolades 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Players may travel around the game 's open world of Egypt on horseback . Assassin 's Creed Origins is an action - adventure stealth game played from a third - person perspective . Players complete quests -- linear scenarios with set objectives -- to progress through the story , earn experience points , and acquire new skills . Outside of quests , the player can freely roam the open world environment on foot , horseback , camel - back , horse - drawn vehicles or boat to explore locations , complete optional side - quests and unlock weapons and equipment . The `` eagle vision '' mode , which was used by the franchise to give the player the ability to scout an area by highlighting enemies and objects , has been replaced by a Bonelli 's eagle named Senu as a companion . The player is able to take control of Senu and scout an area in advance , highlighting enemies which will then be visible when they return to controlling Bayek , the game 's main character . The player can also tame various predators which will serve as a companion for the player and assist them against enemies . Naval combat , underwater exploration and tomb raiding return to the series . The game also features revised combat mechanics . Previous titles in the Assassin 's Creed series used a `` paired animation system '' whereby the player character would engage with an enemy and combat would be dictated by a series of predetermined animations based on player inputs and scripted AI movements . Origins moves to a `` hit - box system '' . When the player wields a weapon , they will strike at whatever is in range , allowing them to hit enemies directly , injure individual body parts , and creating the possibility of missing an enemy entirely . Complementing this is the way weapons fall into different categories and are rated on their damage dealt , speed and range . Enemies will be drawn from several basic archetypes that use a variety of tactics in combat which , combined with the hit - box system , will require the player to learn the attributes of individual weapons and tailor their playing style to succeed in combat . As enemy combat is also dictated by the hit - box system , the player has been equipped with a shield and needs to balance their offensive and defensive capabilities . Locations within the game world are designed to enable the player to choose their playing style by offering stealth and open combat as equally - viable choices for completing objectives . Origins introduces an arena - based combat system where the player fights waves of increasingly difficult combinations of enemies culminating in a boss fight . While the introduction to the arena is incorporated into the main story , the arena mode stands alone from the wider narrative . The game world features several arenas , with a variety of enemy combinations and unique bosses not found in the game world . The player is able to unlock additional weapons and equipment by completing arena fights . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The player takes on the role of a Medjay named Bayek and his wife Aya , as they work to protect the people of the Ptolemaic Kingdom during a time of widespread upheaval : the Pharaoh , Ptolemy XIII , struggles to maintain his rule while harbouring ambitions of expanding his kingdom ; his sister , the recently deposed Cleopatra , begins marshalling loyalist forces to launch a counter-coup against Ptolemy ; and frequent incursions into the Kingdom by the Roman Republic under the command of Julius Caesar lead to fears of an imminent invasion . Bayek 's role as a Medjay brings him and Aya into contact with the secretive forces manipulating these events and into becoming the first Assassins . Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the present day , Layla Hassan , a researcher at Abstergo 's Historical Research Division , is tasked along with her friend and co-worker Deanna Geary with finding and retrieving an artifact in Egypt . However , she instead finds a tomb containing the mummies of ancient Assassins Bayek and Aya . Hoping to find any relevant information that would secure her a position in the company 's Animus Project , Layla decides to relive both Bayek and Aya 's memories using her modified Animus without telling her superiors , despite Deanna 's protest . In 49 BCE , Bayek , a respected Medjay in charge of protecting the Siwa Oasis , is abducted along with his son Khemu by a group of five masked men to an underground vault in the Temple of Amun . The masked men give Bayek a golden orb and demand that he use it to open a secret Vault . Khemu helps Bayek escape , but during the struggle to kill one of the masked men , Bayek inadvertently stabs Khemu in the chest , killing him . One year later in 48 BCE , Bayek has exiled himself from Siwa in order to track down the five masked men to take his revenge . He finds the first one , Rudjek `` The Heron '' , and kills him . Bayek then returns to Siwa to kill the local priest Medunamun , `` The Ibis '' , who has been torturing Siwans for information to open the same vault . After killing Medunamun , Bayek then heads for Alexandria , where Aya has been tracking another of the masked men . Upon meeting Aya , she reveals that she has already killed Actaeon `` The Vulture '' and Ktesos `` The Ram '' , leaving only one target left , `` The Snake '' . Aya also reveals that she has been working with Apollodorus the Sicilian and Cleopatra to uncover The Snake 's identity . She gives Bayek the first Hidden Blade , which he uses to track down and kill Eudoros , whom he believes to be the `` Snake '' in a bathhouse . Killing Eudoros costs Bayek his left ring finger , cut off from the same hidden blade to kill his target . Bayek remembers Eudoros ' words and begins to have doubts . He decides to meet with Apollodorus and Cleopatra for answers . Cleopatra tells Bayek that she was ousted from the throne by the masked men , who call themselves the Order of Ancients and seek to control all of Egypt by using Ptolemy as their puppet . In addition , there are more members of Order than the five Bayek and Aya had already killed : `` The Scarab '' , `` The Hyena '' , `` The Lizard '' and `` The Crocodile '' . In fact , Eudoros was actually `` The Hippo '' , and the name of the Snake is used to refer to the Order as a whole . Confronted with this new information , Bayek agrees to become Cleopatra 's Medjay and assassinate the remaining members of the Order . Bayek tracks down and kills all of them while Aya convinces Pompey the Great to ally with Cleopatra . In the present , Layla and Deanna are attacked by Abstergo soldiers for failing to check in with the company . Layla kills her attackers , but Deanna is captured and executed . Swearing revenge , Layla returns to the Animus , determined to complete her mission . Bayek receives a letter from Aya explaining that there are two more members of the Order , `` The Scorpion '' and `` The Jackal '' , who are members of Ptolemy 's royal guard and the likely culprits responsible for Khemu 's death . He finds out that Lucius Septimius is the Jackal and tracks him , but is too late to stop him from assassinating Pompey . With no other options , Cleopatra has Bayek and Aya help sneak her into the palace to meet Julius Caesar . Cleopatra impresses Caesar and secures his support . Bayek kills Pothinus , `` The Scorpion '' , but is stopped from killing Septimius by Caesar . Aya watches Ptolemy get eaten by crocodiles when he tries to flee across the Nile . After the end of the civil war , Cleopatra takes the throne as Pharaoh . Septimius becomes an advisor for Caesar and Cleopatra cuts ties with Bayek and Aya . This causes Bayek and his supporters to realize that Cleopatra and Caesar have now allied themselves with the Order . Realizing his mistake in supporting Cleopatra , Bayek gathers his allies to form a brotherhood to counter the Order and defend the free will of the common people . Bayek and Aya realize the Order showed a strong interest in the tomb of Alexander the Great , which they investigate . There , they find a mortally wounded Apollodorus who warns them that Caesar 's lieutenant , Flavius , is `` The Lion '' and the true leader of the Order . He and Septimius had taken the Orb and a Staff from the tomb and are heading back to Siwa for the Vault . Upon returning to Siwa , they find the Vault already opened . Bayek tracks down and confronts Flavius , who bears the activated Apple of Eden , but kills him , avenging Khemu 's death . Bayek returns to Aya , who has recruited Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger and Gaius Cassius Longinus to their cause . She plans to head to Rome with Brutus and Cassius to assassinate Caesar and Septimius . Bayek and Aya part ways but form the foundation of the Assassin Brotherhood when they both swear to protect the world from the shadows . Upon their separation , Bayek drops his eagle 's skull charm , a necklace of Khemu 's , into the sand which leaves an impression , becoming the icon of their new Brotherhood . After this , Layla wakes up from the Animus to find William Miles , present day Mentor of the Assassin Brotherhood watching over her . She accepts William 's offer to work with the Assassins , but stops short of actually joining them . The two depart for modern - day Alexandria . In Rome , Aya confronts Septimius , who wields the Staff of Eden and she kills him . She then fails to correctly infiltrate the Roman Senate and assassinates Caesar . Later , she meets with Cleopatra and warns her to be a fair ruler or she will return to assassinate her . Afterward , Bayek and Aya ( now calling herself Amunet ) begin recruiting and training other Assassins as they build the Assassin Brotherhood in Egypt and Rome respectively . Downloadable content ( edit ) The Hidden Ones ( edit ) The Hidden Ones is a story - driven expansion that sheds more light on the rise of the Assassin Brotherhood . It is set four years after the events of the main game and takes the player to the Sinai Peninsula region , where they will have to investigate a clash between a rebel faction and occupying Roman forces . In addition to the new story chapter , The Hidden Ones introduces a variety of new items for the player to acquire , including an outfit , two Legendary weapon sets , a pair of mounts , and other weapons . The expansion raises the game 's level cap to 45 . Discovery Tour ( edit ) The new educational mode lets the player choose between free roaming the world of Ancient Egypt to learn more about its history and daily life , or embarking on guided tours curated by historians and Egyptologists . This disables the storyline , side - quests , conflicts with enemies , time limits , and gameplay constraints . Discovery Tour was released on February 20 , 2018 . A standalone expansion with only the Discovery Tour included was also released for Windows specifically for the educational market . Discovery Tour is based on reliable research results from universities and institutions like the British Museum . The Curse of the Pharaohs ( edit ) The second expansion is a new quest , set in Thebes , about an ancient curse that is plaguing the land due to grave robbers angering the gods . The Curse of the Pharaohs focuses on Egyptian mythology , pitting players against famous pharaohs and Egyptian beasts , as they uncover the cause of the curse that has brought certain dead rulers back to life . The Hidden Ones raises the level cap to 45 while The Curse of the Pharaohs increases it to 55 . Like The Hidden Ones , the expansion adds new outfits , gear and weapons , these themed around ancient Egyptian mythology . The Curse of the Pharaohs was released on March 13 , 2018 . Development ( edit ) Development of Assassin 's Creed Origins started in early 2014 , after the completion of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag . The series had been following a yearly release cycle , but after the launch of Assassin 's Creed Syndicate in 2015 , Ubisoft chose to delay the release of Origins until 2017 . Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot cited a desire to focus on the quality of the individual titles , the opportunity to develop future games with new engines , and the disappointing sales of Syndicate as the reasons behind the decision . The team enlisted Ubisoft Kiev to develop the PC version in parallel with the console versions . Information on Origins , then titled Assassin 's Creed Empire , first leaked in January 2017 , showing several screenshots of a character on a boat and in front of a cave . The game was officially revealed on June 11 , 2017 . It was developed using the latest iteration of the AnvilNext engine . During production of Assassin 's Creed III in November 2011 Ubisoft conducted a fan survey exploring potential settings for future titles . Ancient Egypt was one of the most popular choices , but Alex Hutchinson , the creative director of Assassin 's Creed III , dismissed the results as he considered Ancient Egypt -- as with the other two chosen settings , feudal Japan and World War II -- as being `` the worst choices '' for a setting . The development team hired Egyptologists to assist in making the open world more accurate to the time period . The original score for the game was composed by Sarah Schachner , who previously worked on the series with Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and Assassin 's Creed Unity . Marketing ( edit ) In August 2017 , Square Enix announced a promotional crossover between the Assassin 's Creed franchise and Final Fantasy XV . Taking the form of an in - game event , it introduced Assassin 's Creed - themed content to the game . Assassin 's Creed - themed content was also made available in other Ubisoft games such as Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Wildlands and South Park : The Fractured but Whole . Editions ( edit ) At launch , the following editions were available : Features Standard Edition ( consoles and PC ) Deluxe Edition ( consoles and PC ) Gold Edition ( consoles and PC ) God 's Edition ( consoles and PC ) Dawn of the Creed Edition ( Uplay exclusive ) ( consoles and PC ) Dawn of the Creed - Legendary Edition ( Uplay exclusive ) ( consoles and PC ) Game disc Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes In - game content Secrets of the Pyramid Mission mission Yes ( pre-order only ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ambush at Sea mission No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Bonus Ability Points mission No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Desert Cobra Pack No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Season Pass No ( can be purchased separately ) No ( can be purchased separately ) Yes No ( can be purchased separately ) Yes Yes Physical content Steelbook No No No No Yes Yes Map of Egypt No No No Yes Yes Yes Official soundtrack CD No No No Yes Yes Yes Artbook No No No Yes Yes Yes Exclusive packaging No No No Yes Yes Yes Art Cards No No No Yes Yes Yes Figurine No No No Yes Bayek on the Skhmet statue ( 10.2 `` / 27 cm ) Yes Bayek and Senu ( 14.5 `` / 37 cm ) Yes Numbered Bayek and Senu ( 28.7 `` / 73 ) Bayek 's Eagle Skull Amulet No No No No Yes Yes , Premium 4 large lithographs No No No No No Yes Certificate of authenticity No No No No No Yes Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 84 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( XONE ) 85 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8 / 10 Edge 6 / 10 EGM 9 / 10 Game Informer 8.5 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 7 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 9 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 84 / 100 Polygon 8.5 / 10 VideoGamer.com 8.0 / 10 Assassin 's Creed Origins received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Louise Blain from GamesRadar+ gave the game a score of 5 out of 5 stars and called it the best of the franchise , saying that `` As beautiful as it is deadly , Origins ' Egyptian playground is finally everything you wanted the Creed to be . '' Ray Carsillo 's score of 9 / 10 on EGMNow said that `` Assassin 's Creed Origins delivers a robust experience that mixes up the traditional Assassin 's Creed formula in a way that 's fresh and fun to play -- but which also harkens back to the series ' roots in some welcome ways , too . It marks an evolution fans might not have even known they were waiting for , delivering one of the best overall experiences we 've seen yet from the series . '' Alanah Pearce 's 9 / 10 review on IGN stated that `` Assassin 's Creed Origins is a deep - dive into a truly stunning realization of ancient Egypt , with a rich series of cultures , genuine characters , and more mission variety than any other game in the series . The combat is challenging and thoughtful , and while the loot system does n't match up to games like Destiny 2 , there are enough different weapon types and enough enemy variety to keep you swapping between weapons , catered to the situation . The RPG elements encourage challenges of their own , and even despite a handful of bugs , I desperately wanted to keep playing . '' Colin Campbell of Polygon gave the game a score of 8.5 / 10 , writing , `` In essence , Assassin 's Creed Origins is much the same game as the original Assassin 's Creed , which came out a decade ago . It 's a formula that people like to play , and it 's certainly been honed and improved over the years . Origins is , then , undoubtedly the best iteration of this formula yet . But I yearn for a fresh approach and new ideas , something that astounds the senses as much as the wondrous world this game inhabits . '' GameSpot gave the game a 7 / 10 , saying : `` While Assassin 's Creed Origins reaches great heights in this new setting , it routinely runs into issues that bog down the overall experience . Technical issues make for an inconsistent experience and its new gameplay pillars wobble under the weight of its systems . But despite this , the world of Origins remains fresh and exciting to explore , which is a testament to the remarkable setting and compelling story . '' Eurogamer ranked the game 23rd on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' , GamesRadar+ ranked it third on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 , and EGMNow ranked it sixth on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 , while Polygon ranked it 15th on their list of the 50 best games of 2017 . The game won the award for `` Best Open World Game '' in PC Gamer 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Best Setting '' and `` Game of the Year '' . It was also nominated for `` Best Xbox One Game '' in both Destructoid 's Game of the Year Awards 2017 and IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards , the latter of which also nominated it for `` Best Action - Adventure Game '' and `` Best Graphics '' . In Giant Bomb 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards , the game won the award for `` Best New Character '' ( Bayek ) , and was a runner - up for `` Best World '' . It also won the award for `` Best Setting '' in Game Informer 's 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards . Kotaku 's Jason Schreier discovered that many of the game 's user reviews on review aggregator Metacritic were artificially improved through the use of an online bot . In an article on history - themed video games , the Damals magazine wrote that the Discovery Tour mode presented a transformation from an entertainment product to an interactive learning aid . In its 2018 exhibition on the `` Queens of Egypt '' , the Pointe - à - Callière Museum of Montreal , Canada , incorporated images and video sequences from Discovery Tour . Sales ( edit ) In November 2017 , Ubisoft announced sales of Assassin 's Creed Origins during its first 10 days were double that of Assassin 's Creed Syndicate , while player engagement also saw an increase . 35 % of the sales were digital download , compared to just 12 % for Syndicate . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref . 2017 E3 2017 Game Critics Awards Best of Show Nominated Best Console Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Gamescom 2017 Best Console Game ( PlayStation 4 ) Won Best Console Game ( Xbox One ) Nominated Best PC Game Nominated Best RPG Nominated 35th Annual Golden Joystick Awards Ultimate Game of the Year Nominated The Game Awards 2017 Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated 2018 New York Game Awards 2018 Statue of Liberty Award for Best World Nominated 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Real - Time Project Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Nominated 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Achievement in Character ( Bayek ) Nominated Outstanding Technical Achievement Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Nominated National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Art Direction , Period Influence Nominated Control Design , 3D Nominated Costume Design Nominated Game , Franchise Adventure Nominated Graphics , Technical Nominated Lighting / Texturing Nominated Original Dramatic Score , Franchise Nominated Use of Sound , Franchise Nominated SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Visual Achievement Nominated Excellence in Animation Nominated Game Developers Choice Awards Best Technology Nominated 14th British Academy Games Awards Best Game Nominated Game Design Nominated Performer ( Abubakar Salim ) Nominated ASCAP Composers ' Choice Awards 2017 ASCAP Video Game Score of the Year Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional work by Ubisoft Singapore , Ubisoft Sofia , Ubisoft Bucharest , Ubisoft Chengdu , Ubisoft Kiev , Ubisoft Montpellier , Ubisoft Quebec , Ubisoft Philippines and Ubisoft Shanghai . Jump up ^ In Assassin 's Creed II , Amunet is described as having assassinated Cleopatra in 30 BC . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Assassin 's Creed Origin 's new hero -- and his eagle '' . Game Informer . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blain , Louise ; Roberts , David ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins to get `` tons '' of challenging boss fights `` . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Jump up ^ Plagge , Kallie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Assassin 's Creed Origins Is A True Open - World RPG '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberley ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Five Things You Need To Know About Assassin 's Creed Origins '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Why Assassin 's Creed : Origins is going to Egypt and revamping the series '' . GamesBeat . ^ Jump up to : Gurwin , Gabe ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Everything we know about Assassin 's Creed Origins '' . Digital Trends . ^ Jump up to : Blain , Louise ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` I 've played Assassin 's Creed Origins and OMG EVERYTHING has changed . Here are 8 reasons you 'll be going to Ancient Egypt '' . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Tatiana ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ( Watch ) Assassin 's Creed Origins dev details weapon types , combat changes , and more '' . GameZone . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Matt ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gladiator Arenas in Assassin 's Creed Origins are bloody fun , but I 'm worried about the stupid enemies '' . VG 247 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Rochefort , Simone ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 2 may have given us a hint about Origins '' . Polygon . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Knezevic , Kevin ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` DLC The Hidden Ones is out '' . Gamespot . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Combat - free mode makes Assassin 's Creed : Origins incredibly easy to explore '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins is getting an educational mode early next year '' . The Verge . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Madan , Asher ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ubisoft reveals release dates for future Assassin 's Creed Origins story expansions '' . Windows Central . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Right on target : using video games to enhance learning '' . UdeMNouvelles . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schwarz , Angela ( 2018 ) . `` Bin dann mal Geschichte machen '' . Damals ( in German ) . Vol. 50 no . 9 . pp. 58 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Gach , Ethan ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins finally announced for real , set in Egypt '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ `` A message from the Assassin 's Creed team '' . Ubisoft . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macy , Seth G. ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ubisoft confirms no Assassin 's Creed this year '' . IGN . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins PC release date and hardware '' . Gamespot . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` AC :3 Possible Locations Named In Survey '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Ubisoft : WW2 , Japan and Egypt would make dismal Assassin 's Creed locations '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hester , Blake ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins will have the series ' largest map '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Emily . `` First glimpse of Sarah Schachner 's Assassin 's Creed Origins on Billboard '' . Video Game Music Online . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Fantasy 15 is getting free Assassin 's Creed crossover DLC '' . Eurogamer . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( August 31 , 2017 ) . Final Fantasy XV . PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Lestallum Assassin 's Festival . Ignis : Ah , the Leap of Faith ... one of the Assassins ' finest acrobatic feats . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Orders and Limited Editions '' . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Assassin 's Creed Origins '' . Destructoid . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins '' . Edge . No. 313 . Future . November 9 , 2017 . pp. 100 -- 102 . ISSN 1350 - 1593 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins review '' . EGMNow . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vazquez , Suriel ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Keeping The Faith By Questioning It -- Assassin 's Creed Origins -- Xbox One '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leri , Michael ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins Review -- Egyptian Addiction '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fillari , Alessandro ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blain , Louise ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins review '' . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Alanah ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Origins Review '' . IGN . 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Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Best Open World Game 2017 : Assassin 's Creed Origins '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Nominees for Destructoid 's Best Xbox One Game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Xbox One Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Action - Adventure Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Graphics '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day Three : World , Wolfenstein , Moments , and PLEASE STOP '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Game Of The Year At DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ IGN Studios ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gamasutra staff ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Breath of the Wild & Horizon Zero Dawn lead GDC 2018 Choice Awards nominees ! '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Another Game Of The Year Award '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vote in the 2018 ASCAP Composers ' Choice Awards ! '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ASCAP ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Prolific Film Composer John Powell Recognized With ASCAP Henry Mancini Award ; Composer And Songwriter Germaine Franco Receives ASCAP Shirley Walker Award At 2018 ASCAP Screen Music Awards '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Assassin 's Creed Origins . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Assassin 's Creed : Origins . Official website 2010s portal Ancient Egypt portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Assassin 's Creed Video games Main series Assassin 's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III IV : Black Flag Rogue Unity Syndicate Origins Odyssey Other games Altaïr 's Chronicles Bloodlines II : Discovery III : Liberation Identity Chronicles Adaptations Novels Lineage The Fall The Chain Brahman Trial by Fire Embers Film Characters Desmond Miles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad Ezio Auditore da Firenze Related Prince of Persia Watch Dogs Skull & Bones Soulcalibur V Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassin%27s_Creed_Origins&oldid=865246808 '' Categories : 2017 video games Action - adventure games Ancient Egypt in fiction Assassin 's Creed Cultural depictions of Cleopatra Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Cultural depictions of Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger Open world video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Single - player video games Stealth video games Ubisoft games Video games about revenge Video games developed in Canada Video games set in ancient Rome Video games set in Egypt Video games set in Libya Video games set in the 1st century BC Windows games Xbox One games Xbox One X enhanced games Video game prequels Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi ไทย Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 18 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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the 10th main installment of the assassin's creed video game series developed by ubisoft
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"Assassin's Creed Origins is an action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It is the tenth major installment in the Assassin's Creed series and the successor to 2015's Assassin's Creed Syndicate. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on October 27, 2017. The game is set in Egypt near the end of the Ptolemaic period (49–47 BCE) and recounts the secret fictional history of real-world events. The story follows a Medjay named Bayek, and explores the origins of the centuries-long conflict between the Brotherhood of Assassins, who fight for peace by promoting liberty, and The Order of the Ancients—forerunners to the Templar Order—who desire peace through the forced imposition of order.\n"
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"Assassin's Creed Origins"
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Life Insurance Corporation
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Life insurance Corporation - Wikipedia Life insurance Corporation Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Life Insurance Corporation of India Type State enterprise government corporation Industry Financial services Founded 1 September 1956 Headquarters Mumbai , India Key people V.K. Sharma ( Chairman ) Usha Sangwan ( Managing Director ) Hemant Bhargava ( Managing Director ) B. Venugopal ( Managing Director ) Sunita Sharma ( Managing Director ) Products Life insurance , health insurance , Investment management , Mutual fund Revenue US $ 88.400 billion ( 2015 ) Profit US $ 9.257 billion ( 2015 ) Total assets ₹ 2,009,119 crore ( US $310 billion ) ( 2016 ) Owner Government of India Number of employees 114773 ( Mar 2016 ) Subsidiaries LIC Housing Finance LIC Pension Fund Ltd . LIC International LIC Cards Services LIC Mutual Fund Website www.licindia.in Life Insurance Corporation of India ( LIC ) is an Indian state - owned insurance group and investment company headquartered in Mumbai . It is the largest insurance company in India with an estimated asset value of ₹ 1,560,482 crore ( US $240 billion ) . As of 2013 it had total life fund of Rs. 1433103.14 crore with total value of policies sold of 367.82 lakh that year . The Life Insurance Corporation of India was founded in 1956 when the Parliament of India passed the Life Insurance of India Act that nationalised the private insurance industry in India . Over 245 insurance companies and provident societies were merged to create the state owned Life Insurance Corporation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding organisations 1.2 Nationalisation in 1956 1.3 Growth as a monopoly 1.4 Liberalisation post 2000s 2 Operations 3 Slogan . 4 Awards and recognitions 5 Employees and agents 6 Initiatives 7 Holdings 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) LIC Zonal Office , ' Night View From Connaught Place Park ' Founding organisations ( edit ) The Oriental Life Insurance Company , the first company in India offering life insurance coverage , was established in Kolkata in 1818 by `` Anita Bhavsar '' and others . Its primary target market was the Europeans based in India , and it charged Indians heftier premiums . Surendranath Tagore had founded Hindusthan Insurance Society , which later became Life Insurance Corporation . The Bombay Mutual Life Assurance Society , formed in 1870 , was the first native insurance provider . Other insurance companies established in the pre-independence era included Postal Life Insurance ( PLI ) was introduced on 1 February 1884 Bharat Insurance Company ( 1896 ) United India ( 1906 ) National Indian ( 1906 ) National Insurance ( 1906 ) Co-operative Assurance ( 1906 ) Hindustan Co-operatives ( 1907 ) Indian Mercantile General Assurance Swadeshi Life ( later Bombay Life ) Sahyadri Insurance ( Merged into LIC , 1986 ) The first 150 years were marked mostly by turbulent economic conditions . It witnessed India 's First War of Independence , adverse effects of the World War I and World War II on the economy of India , and in between them the period of worldwide economic crises triggered by the Great depression . The first half of the 20th century saw a heightened struggle for India 's independence . The aggregate effect of these events led to a high rate of and liquidation of life insurance companies in India . This had adversely affected the faith of the general public in the utility of obtaining life cover . Nationalisation in 1956 ( edit ) LIC Zonal Office , at Connaught Place , New Delhi , designed by Charles Correa , 1991 . LIC Building at Chennai , was the tallest building in India when it was inaugurated in 1959 In 1955 , parliamentarian Amol Barate raised the matter of insurance fraud by owners of private insurance agencies . In the ensuing investigations , one of India 's wealthiest businessmen , Ramkrishna Dalmia , owner of the Times of India newspaper , was sent to prison for two years . The Parliament of India passed the Life Insurance of India Act on 19 June 1956 creating the Life Insurance Corporation of India , which started operating in September of that year . It consolidated the business of 245 private life insurers and other entities offering life insurance services ; this consisted of 154 life insurance companies , 16 foreign companies and 75 provident companies . The nationalisation of the life insurance business in India was a result of the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 , which had created a policy framework for extending state control over at least 17 sectors of the economy , including life insurance . Growth as a monopoly ( edit ) From its creation , the Life Insurance Corporation of India , which commanded a monopoly of soliciting and selling life insurance in India , created huge surpluses and by 2006 was contributing around 7 % of India 's GDP . The corporation , which started its business with around 300 offices , 5.7 million policies and a corpus of INR 45.9 crores ( US $92 million as per the 1959 exchange rate of roughly ₹ 5 for US $1 ) , had grown to 25,000 servicing around 350 million policies and a corpus of over ₹ 800,000 crore ( US $120 billion ) by the end of the 20th century . Liberalisation post 2000s ( edit ) In August 2000 , the Indian Government embarked on a program to liberalise the insurance sector and opened it up for the private sector . LIC emerged as a beneficiary from this process with robust performance , albeit on a base substantially higher than the private sector . In 2013 the first year premium compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) was 24.53 % while total life premium CAGR was 19.28 % matching the growth of the life insurance industry and outperforming general economic growth . Operations ( edit ) Today LIC functions with 2048 fully computerized branch offices , 8 zonal offices , around 113 divisional offices , 2,048 branches and 1381 satellite offices and corporate offices ; it also has 54 customer zones and 25 metro - area service hubs located in different cities and towns of India . It also has a network of 1,337,064 individual agents , 242 Corporate Agents , 89 Referral Agents , 98 Brokers and 42 Banks for soliciting life insurance business from the public . Slogan ( edit ) LIC 's slogan yogakshemam vahamyaha is in Sanskrit language which translates in English as `` Your welfare is our responsibility '' . This is derived from ancient Hindu text , the Bhagavad Gita 's 9th chapter , 22nd verse . The slogan can be seen in the logo , written in Devanagari script . Awards and recognitions ( edit ) The Economic Times Brand Equity Survey 2012 rated LIC as the No. 6 Most Trusted Service Brand of India . From the year 2006 , LIC has been continuously winning the Readers ' Digest Trusted brand award . Voted India 's Most Trusted brand in the BFSI category according to the Brand Trust Report for 4 continuous years - 2011 - 2014 according to the Brand Trust Report . Employees and agents ( edit ) As on 31 March 2014 , LIC had 1 , 20,388 employees , out of which 24,867 were women ( 20.65 % ) . Category of employees Total Number No. of Women Class - I Officers 00 31,420 000 6,297 Class - II Development Officers 00 26,621 000 1,033 Class III / IV employees 00 62,347 00 17,542 Total 01 , 20,388 00 24,867 Agency strength LIC had 11 , 95,916 agents as on 31 March 2014 , out of which the number of active agents were 11 , 32,677 ( 94.71 % ) . Initiatives ( edit ) Golden Jubilee Foundation LIC Golden Jubilee Foundation was established in 2006 as a charity organization . This entity has the aim of promoting education , alleviation of poverty , and providing better living conditions for the under privileged . Out of all the activities conducted by the organisation , Golden Jubilee Scholarship awards is the best known . Each year , this award is given to the meritorious students in standard XII of school education or equivalent , who wish to continue their studies and have a parental income less than ₹ 100,000 ( US $1,600 ) . Holdings ( edit ) LIC holds shares worth about Rs 2.33 lakh crore in all the Nifty companies put together , but it lowered its holding in a total of 27 Nifty companies during the quarter . The cumulative value of LIC holding in these 27 companies fell by little over Rs 8,000 crore during the quarter shows the analysis of changes in their shareholding patterns . Individually , LIC is estimated to have sold shares worth Rs 500 - 1,000 crore in each of Mahindra & Mahindra , HDFC Bank , ICICI Bank , Tata Motors , L&T , HDFC , Wipro , SBI , Maruti Suzuki , Dr Reddys and Bajaj Auto . The insurance behemoth also trimmed holdings in Ambuja Cements , Cipla , TCS , Lupin and Asian Paints . A marginal decline was also witnessed in its stakes in companies such as IDFC , Hindustan Unilever , Grasim , ACC , BPCL , Bank of Baroda , Punjab National Bank , Sun Pharma and Tata Power . On the other hand , LIC further ramped up its stake in a total of 14 Nifty constituents with purchase of shares worth an estimated Rs 4,000 crore . The major companies where LIC has raised its stake include Infosys , RIL , Coal India Ltd and Cairn India . Other such companies are ITC , Power Grid Corp , NTPC , Siemens , Bharti Airtel and Hero MotoCorp . The state - run insurer also marginally hiked its exposure in Ultratech , Gail India , Ranbaxy , Kotak Mahindra Bank and HCL Technologies , while its shareholding remained almost unchanged in companies like ONGC , Tata Steel , BHEL and Reliance Infra . Among the Nifty companies , LIC 's holding in terms of value in 2012 were estimated to be the highest in ITC ( Rs 27,326 crore ) , followed by RIL ( Rs 21,659 crore ) , ONGC ( Rs 17,764 crore ) , SBI ( Rs 17,058 crore ) , L&T ( Rs 16,800 crore ) , and ICICI Bank ( Rs 10,006 crore ) . its The share price drop in ITC on July 18 2017 had caused LIC a major loss of around 7000 Crores . See also ( edit ) Insurance in India Insurance LIC Housing Finance References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2011 - 2012 '' ( PDF ) . LIC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Telegraph - Calcutta ( Kolkata ) Business LIC seeks to pack greater funds punch '' . Calcutta , India : Telegraphindia.com. 8 March 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . LIC . Archived from the original on 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090621/jsp/calcutta/story_11132721.jsp Jump up ^ `` UNdata record view Exchange rate , US $ per national currency , period average ( IMF ) '' . Data.un.org. 22 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ CA . Nirmal Ghorawat ( 31 January 2013 ) . `` Perspectives on Life Insurance Industry in India `` CA . Nirmal Ghorawat 's Blog '' . Canirmalg.wordpress.com . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bhagavad - gita As It Is Chapter 9 Verse 22 '' . Vedabase.net . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most Trusted Brands 2012 : Top 50 Service Brands '' . Economic Times . 7 November 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Economics Times '' . Jump up ^ http://licindia.in/pages/LIC_Annual_Report_2013_14.pdf Jump up ^ `` Golden Jubilee Scholarship Scheme '' . LIC . Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/lic-cuts-stake-in-27-nifty-firms-sells-shares-worth-rs-8000-crore/article4375025.ece Jump up ^ ITC Share Price External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Life Insurance Corporation of India . Life Insurance Corporation of India - Official LIC Website LIC Housing Finance Limited Insurance in India Companies Agriculture Agriculture Insurance Company of India General Bajaj Allianz Cholamandalam MS General Insurance Corporation of India HDFC ERGO ICICI Lombard National Insurance New India Assurance Oriental Insurance Reliance TATA AIG United India Shriram General Insurance Co . LTd . Health Apollo Munich Employees ' State Insurance ( ESI ) Max Bupa Star Health Life Aviva India AEGON Religare Bajaj Allianz Birla Sun Life Exide Life Insurance ( Previously ING Vyas Life India ) HDFC Life ICICI Prudential Life Insurance IDBI Federal Life Insurance IndiaFirst Life Insurance Company LIC Max Life Peerless Group PNB Met Life Reliance SBI Life Sun Life Financial Shriram Life Insurance Co. Ltd . Reinsurance GIC - Re Insurance Repository CDSL NSDL Other Insurance Repository in India CISR Insurance Institute of India Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority ( IRDA ) Policybazaar India Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana Central public sector companies of India Air India Balmer Lawrie Bharat Electronics Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Bharat Petroleum Bharat Sanchar Nigam BHAVINI Cement Corporation of India Coal India Limited Dredging Corporation of India Limited Electronics Corporation of India Limited Food Corporation of India GAIL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited India Trade Promotion Organisation Indian Oil Corporation Indian Rare Earths Limited Life Insurance Corporation of India Mazagon Dock Limited MECON Limited Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited NTPC Limited Nuclear Power Corporation of India Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Power Grid Corporation of India Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Rural Electrification Corporation Limited State Bank of India Steel Authority of India Uranium Corporation of India Major insurance and reinsurance companies Insurance Composite Aegon Ageas AIG Allianz Allstate Aon Aviva AXA China Pacific Insurance China Taiping Generali ING Japan Post Insurance National Mutual Insurance Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives Ping An Insurance Prudential plc PZU State Farm Insurance The Hartford Unipol UnipolSai USAA Vienna Insurance Group Zurich Insurance Group Farmers Insurance Group General insurance Berkshire Hathaway BNP Paribas Bradesco Seguros Direct Line Group Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance If P&C Insurance Insurance Australia Group Liberty Mutual Mapfre MS&AD Insurance Group PICC QBE Insurance RSA Insurance Group Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance Sompo Japan Tokio Marine Travelers XL Group Life insurance AIA Aviva Bupa China Life CNP Assurances Dai - ichi Life Great Eastern Jackson Legal & General LIC India Lincoln Manulife Financial Meiji Yasuda Life MetLife New China Life Insurance New York Life Nippon Life Northwestern Mutual Old Mutual Phoenix Group Prudential Financial Samsung Life Scottish Widows Standard Life Sumitomo Life Sun Life Swiss Life Taikang Life Reinsurance China Re Gen Re Hannover Re Korean Reinsurance Company Lloyd 's of London Munich Re Reinsurance Group of America Scor Swiss Re XL Group Methodology : Applicable FY2013 / 14 revenues of over US $3 billion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_Insurance_Corporation&oldid=798898913 '' Categories : Financial services companies based in Mumbai Government - owned insurance companies of India Companies established in 1956 Life insurance companies of India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2017 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 13 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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life insurance corporation of india is private or government
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"Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) is an Indian state-owned insurance group and investment company headquartered in Mumbai. It is the largest insurance company in India with an estimated asset value of ₹1,560,482 crore (US$240 billion).[2] As of 2013 it had total life fund of Rs.1433103.14 crore with total value of policies sold of 367.82 lakh that year.[citation needed]"
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Jim Parsons
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Jim Parsons - wikipedia Jim Parsons Jump to : navigation , search For gasser driver , see Jim Parsons ( drag racer ) . Jim Parsons Parsons at PaleyFest in 2013 James Joseph Parsons ( 1973 - 03 - 24 ) March 24 , 1973 ( age 44 ) Houston , Texas , U.S. Residence New York City and Los Angeles , California , U.S. Alma mater University of Houston University of San Diego Occupation Actor Years active 1994 -- present Spouse ( s ) Todd Spiewak ( m . 2017 ) James Joseph Parsons ( born March 24 , 1973 ) is an American actor . He is known for playing Sheldon Cooper in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory . He has received several awards for his performance , including four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Musical or Comedy . In 2011 , Parsons made his Broadway debut portraying Tommy Boatwright in the play The Normal Heart , for which he received a Drama Desk Award nomination . He reprised the role in the film adaptation of the play , and received his seventh Emmy nomination , this time in the category of Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Breakthrough role in The Big Bang Theory 2.3 Other works 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Stage 6 Awards and nominations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life Jim Parsons was born at St. Joseph Hospital in Houston , Texas , and was raised in one of its northern suburbs , Spring . He is the son of Milton Joseph `` Mickey / Jack '' Parsons , Jr . ( February 6 , 1949 -- April 29 , 2001 ) and teacher Judy Ann ( née McKnight ) . His sister Julie Ann Parsons is also a teacher . He attended Klein Oak High School in Spring . Parsons points to a role in Noises Off during his junior year as the first time `` I fully connected with the role I was playing and started to truly understand what it meant to be honest on stage . '' After playing the role of the Kola - Kola bird in a school production of The Elephant 's Child at age six , Parsons was determined to become an actor . The young Parsons was heavily influenced by sitcoms , particularly Three 's Company , Family Ties , and The Cosby Show . After graduating from high school , Parsons received a bachelor 's degree from the University of Houston . He was prolific during this time , appearing in 17 plays in 3 years . He was a founding member of Infernal Bridegroom Productions and regularly appeared at the Stages Repertory Theatre . Parsons enrolled in graduate school at the University of San Diego in 1999 . He was one of seven students accepted into a special two - year course in classical theater , taught in partnership with the Old Globe Theater . Program director Rick Seer recalled having reservations about admitting Parsons , saying , `` Jim is a very specific personality . He 's thoroughly original , which is one reason he 's been so successful . But we worried , ' Does that adapt itself to classical theater , does that adapt itself to the kind of training that we 're doing ? ' But we decided that he was so talented that we would give him a try and see how it worked out . '' Parsons enjoyed school and told an interviewer that he would have pursued a doctorate in acting if possible : `` school was so safe ! ... you frequently would surprise yourself by what you were capable of , and you were not surprised by some things . '' Parsons graduated in 2001 and moved to New York . Parsons traced his family 's history on TLC 's Who Do You Think You Are ? in September 2013 and discovered French heritage from his father 's side . One of his ancestors was the French architect Louis - François Trouard ( 1729 -- 1804 ) . Career Early career In New York , Parsons worked in Off - Broadway productions and made several television appearances . In a much - discussed 2003 Quiznos commercial , Parsons played a man who had been raised by wolves and continued to nurse from his wolf `` mother '' . He had a recurring role on the television show Judging Amy and appeared on the television series Ed . Parsons also had minor roles in several movies , including Garden State and School for Scoundrels . Breakthrough role in the Big Bang Theory Parsons and The Big Bang Theory co-stars Kaley Cuoco and Johnny Galecki in 2013 Parsons has estimated that he auditioned for between 15 and 30 television pilots , but on many of the occasions when he was cast , the show failed to find a television network willing to purchase it . The exception came with The Big Bang Theory . After reading the pilot script , Parsons felt that the role of Sheldon Cooper would be a very good fit for him . Although he did not feel any sort of relationship with the character , he was enchanted by the dialogue structure , the way the writers `` brilliantly use those words that most of us do n't recognize to create that rhythm . And the rhythm got me . It was the chance to dance through that dialogue , and in a lot of ways still is . '' In his audition , Parsons so impressed series creator Chuck Lorre that Lorre insisted on a second audition to see if Parsons could replicate the performance . Parsons was cast as Sheldon Cooper , a physicist with social apathy who frequently belittles his friends and the waitress who lives across the hall . The role requires Parsons to `` rattle off line after line of tightly composed , rhythmic dialogue , as well as then do something with his face or body during the silence that follows . '' Parsons credits his University of San Diego training with giving him the tools to break down Sheldon 's lines . Television critic Andrew Dansby compares Parsons 's physical comedy to that of Buster Keaton and other silent film stars . Lorre praises Parsons ' instincts , saying that `` You ca n't teach that . '' Lorre describes Parsons ' `` great sense of control over every part of his body , the way he walks , holds his hands , cocks his head , the facial tics as ' inspired ' . '' Reviewer Lewis Beale describes Parsons ' performance as `` so spot - on , it seems as if the character and the actor are the same person . '' Parsons admits that the work is `` more effort than I ever thought a sitcom would take . And that 's really the fun of it . '' In August 2009 , Parsons won the Television Critics Association award for individual achievement in comedy , beating Alec Baldwin , Tina Fey , Steve Carell , and Neil Patrick Harris . Parsons was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series , winning in 2010 , 2011 , 2013 and 2014 . In September 2010 , Parsons and co-stars Johnny Galecki and Kaley Cuoco signed new contracts , guaranteeing each of them $200,000 per episode for the fourth season of The Big Bang Theory , with substantial raises for each of the next three seasons . The three were also promised a percentage of the show 's earnings . In January 2011 , Parsons won the Golden Globe award for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy ( the award was presented by co-star Cuoco ) . From August 2013 , Parsons , Cuoco and Galecki each earned $325,000 per episode . In August 2014 , Parsons , Galecki and Cuoco once again signed new contracts , guaranteeing each of them $1,000,000 per episode for the eighth , ninth , and tenth seasons of The Big Bang Theory , as well as quadrupling their percentage of the show 's earnings to over 1 % each . Other works In 2011 , Parsons appeared with Jack Black , Owen Wilson , Steve Martin , and Rashida Jones in the comedy film The Big Year . It was released in October . That same year , he appeared as the human alter ego of Walter , the newest Muppet introduced in The Muppets . On May 18 , 2012 , Parsons began appearing on Broadway as Elwood P. Dowd in a revival of Harvey . Parsons received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 11 , 2015 . He voiced Oh , one of the lead roles in the DreamWorks Animation comedy film Home ( 2015 ) , alongside Rihanna . On January 29 , 2015 , it was announced that Parsons would star as God in the Broadway production of An Act of God , a new play by David Javerbaum and directed by Joe Mantello . The play began previews at Studio 54 on May 5 , 2015 and closing August 2 , 2015 , to positive reviews . In 2017 , Parsons started hosting his own SiriusXM talk show , Jim Parsons Is Too Stupid for Politics . The show will run for six weeks . Personal life Parsons lives in New York City neighborhood of Gramercy Park while also maintaining a residence in Los Angeles . His father died in a car crash on April 29 , 2001 . On May 23 , 2012 , an article in The New York Times noted that Parsons is gay and had been in a relationship for the last ten years . His husband is art director Todd Spiewak . In October 2013 , Parsons called their relationship `` an act of love , coffee in the morning , going to work , washing the clothes , taking the dogs out -- a regular life , boring love '' . Parsons and Spiewak wed in New York in May 2017 . Filmography Parsons at the 2009 San Diego Comic Con International Film Year Title Role Notes 2003 Happy End Casting Assistant Garden State Tim 2005 Heights Oliver 2005 Great New Wonderful , The The Great New Wonderful Justin 2005 King 's Inn , The The King 's Inn Sidney Short film 2006 10 Items or Less Receptionist 2006 School for Scoundrels Classmate 2007 On the Road with Judas Jimmy Pea 2007 Gardener of Eden Spim 2011 Big Year , The The Big Year Crane 2011 Muppets , The The Muppets Human Walter Cameo 2012 Sunset Stories Prince 2014 Wish I Was Here Paul 2015 Home Oh Voice 2015 Visions Dr. Mathison 2016 Hidden Figures Paul Stafford 2018 A Kid Like Jake Greg Wheeler Filming Television Year Title Role Notes 2002 Ed Chet Episode : `` The Road '' Why Blitt ? Mike Unsold Fox pilot Taste Kris Unsold CBS pilot 2004 -- 2005 Judging Amy Rob Holbrook 7 episodes 2007 -- present Big Bang Theory , The The Big Bang Theory Sheldon Cooper Main role 2009 Family Guy Sheldon Cooper Voice Episode : `` Business Guy '' Glenn Martin , DDS Draven Voice Episode : `` Jackie 's Get - Witch - Quick Scheme '' 2011 Super Hero Squad Show , The The Super Hero Squad Show Nightmare Voice Episode : `` Blind Rage Knows No Color '' 2011 Pound Puppies Milton Feltwaddle Voice 2 episodes 2011 iCarly Caleb Episode : `` iLost My Mind '' 2011 Eureka Carl the Jeep Voice Episode : `` Do You See What I See '' 2012 Family Guy Gay - Jacker Voice Episode : `` Joe 's Revenge '' 2012 High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange , The The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange Henry Applesauce Voice Episode : `` Generic Holiday Special '' 2012 Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil Larry Wilder Voice Episode : `` Jock Wilder 's Nature Camp '' 2013 Who Do You Think You Are ? Himself Season 4 , Episode 8 2014 Saturday Night Live Host Episode : `` Jim Parsons / Beck '' 2014 The Normal Heart Tommy Television film 2014 Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas Buddy Voice 2017 Michael Jackson 's Halloween TBA Voice 2017 Young Sheldon Older Sheldon Cooper Narrator Stage Year Title Role Locations The Balcony Torturer ( Arthur ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Rosencrantz 1995 La Ronde Alfred 1995 Endgame Clov Infernal Bridegroom Productions 1995 Marat / Sade Steve Infernal Bridegroom Productions Guys and Dolls Rusty Charlie Infernal Bridegroom Productions Eddie Goes to Poetry City Eddie New York Theatre Jack and the Future Is In Eggs Jack Othello Iago Infernal Bridegroom Productions Suicide in B - flat Infernal Bridegroom Productions Woyzeck Doctor / Horse 's Head Infernal Bridegroom Productions 1997 The Cherry Orchard Yasha Infernal Bridegroom Productions 1997 Chili Queen Buddy Stages Repertory Theatre 1997 Camino Real Baron Infernal Bridegroom Productions 1997 Last Rites Tiger Clean Infernal Bridegroom Productions 1998 Threepenny Opera MacHeath Infernal Bridegroom Productions 1998 Below the Belt Dobbitt 1998 In the Jungle of the Cities J. Finnay Infernal Bridegroom Productions 1998 Tamalalia 3 : The Cocktail Party Psychotic psychiatrist Infernal Bridegroom Productions 1998 King Ubu is King Tom , Mister Nice Guy Infernal Bridegroom Productions 1998 The Pitchfork Disney Presley Stray Stages Repertory Theatre 1999 Marie and Bruce Herb / Fred / Waiter Infernal Bridegroom Productions 1999 Tamalalia 4 : The Camp - Out Ralf Infernal Bridegroom Productions 2001 Da Old Globe Theatre 2002 What Happened Was Jackie The Paradise Theatre 2001 The Castle Jeremiah Manhattan Ensemble Theatre 2002 Tartuffe Valère La Jolla Playhouse The Love for Three Oranges ( Gozzi ) Prince Tartaglia La Jolla Playhouse 2011 The Normal Heart Tommy Boatwright John Golden Theatre 2012 Harvey Elwood Dowd Studio 54 2015 -- 16 An Act of God God Studio 54 / Booth Theatre Awards and nominations Year Awards Work Result 2009 Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy The Big Bang Theory Nominated TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Comedy Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Comedy Actor Nominated TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Comedy Nominated Online Film & Television Association Best Actor in a Comedy Series Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Won 2011 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Comedy Series Won Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series : Musical or Comedy Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Won Online Film & Television Association Best Actor in a Comedy Series Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Comedy Actor Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2012 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Online Film & Television Association Best Actor in a Comedy Series Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Comedy Actor Nominated TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Comedy Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated 2013 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series : Musical or Comedy Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated TV Guide Award Favorite Actor Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor : Comedy Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Comedy Actor Nominated 2014 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Critics Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Comedy Series Won Online Film & Television Association Best Actor in a Comedy Series Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie The Normal Heart Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Comedic Actor The Big Bang Theory Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Comedic Actor Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Satellite Awards Best Ensemble -- Motion Picture Hidden Figures Won 2017 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Won See also Character actor LGBT culture in New York City Television sitcom References Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1252 ) : 30 . Mar 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Parsons weds Todd Spiewak in New York '' . Wonderwall via MSN . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oswald , Brad . `` The buzz : Jim Parsons as Sheldon '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Salem , Rob ( January 24 , 2009 ) . `` Nerd herd doing a bang - up job '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 61st Primetime Emmy Awards Academy of Television Arts & Sciences '' . Emmys.tv . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cogan , Jennifer ( September 8 , 2010 ) , `` Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy '' , Klein Sun News ^ Jump up to : `` Biography '' . Saintmarylancaster.org. 1974 - 03 - 24 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Do You Think You Are ? TV episode ; Sep 2013 Jump up ^ Christie D'Zurilla ( August 29 , 2010 ) . `` Shocking Jim Parsons truths revealed after Emmy win '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Beale , Lewis ( January 18 , 2010 ) , `` TELEVISION Fast chat with Big Bang Theory star Jim Parsons : Houston native says he does n't speak Klingon '' , Houston Chronicle ^ Jump up to : Dansby , Andrew ( September 10 , 2009 ) , `` Jim Parsons find smart comedy role '' , Houston Chronicle , p . Zest , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Martinez , Olivia ( September 16 , 2010 ) , `` Alum sparks big bang at the Emmys '' , The Vista , archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 , retrieved September 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Comic Relief '' , Newsweek , September 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( May 24 , 2010 ) , `` Jim Parsons finds ' Big Bang Theory ' stimulating '' , Press of Atlantic City ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill ( December 8 , 2008 ) , `` Big Bang - up role for Jim Parsons '' , USAToday Jump up ^ Jakle , Jeannie ( August 5 , 2009 ) , `` Jim Parsons adjusts to his celebrity role : Big Bang star leaps from Klein Oak grad to TV popularity '' , Houston Chronicle , p . Star , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Jim Parsons wins Emmy for Best Lead Actor in a Comedy '' . Vox . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Missy ( September 15 , 2010 ) , `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' cast gets a big , fat raise '' , Entertainment Weekly Jump up ^ Corinne Heller ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Jim Parsons wins Golden Globe for ' Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Comedy Or Musical ' '' . OnTheRedCarpet.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Order of Golden Globe Awards presentations - latimes.com '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2011 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen ; Schneider , Michael ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` What They Earn '' . TV Guide . pp. 16 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Stars Sign New Deals Worth $1 Million Per Episode - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` The Big Year ( 2011 ) '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` The Muppets '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Parsons , Scott Ellis , and More Talk Harvey ! '' . broadway world.com . May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Jim Parsons Plots Broadway Return With ' Harvey ' Revival '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Big Bang Theory Stars Support Jim Parsons Walk of Fame Ceremony : Pics - Us Weekly '' . Us Weekly . Wenner Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Parsons and Rihanna to Voice DreamWorks Animation 's Happy Smekday ! '' . Jump up ^ Gordon Cox . `` Jim Parsons Returns to Broadway in ' An Act of God ' - Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Stefanie Cohen . `` Jim Parsons of ' Big Bang Theory ' to Star in ' An Act of God ' on Broadway '' . WSJ . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` The New York Times '' . Review : ' An Act of God ' With Jim Parsons as an Almighty Comedian . Jump up ^ `` Jim Parsons to Host Political Radio Show on SiriusXM ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moses , Claire ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` Jim Parsons buys Gramercy Park penthouse for $2.8 M '' . The Real Deal . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Getlen , Larry ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Nerd May Get The Girl '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Stalked by Shadows ( and a Rabbit ) '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( October 19 , 2013 ) . `` Jim Parsons Opens Up For the First Time About Relationship With Longtime Boyfriend '' . E ! Online . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . Ancestry.com . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson animated Halloween special in the works - NME '' . July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` More About Jim '' . the Catastrophic Theatre . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OLD GLOBE / USD ALUM JIM PARSONS WINS EMMY AWARD '' . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( January 17 , 2002 ) . `` The Castle '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Oxman , Steven ( May 20 , 2002 ) . `` Tartuffe Theater Review '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hirschhorn , Joel ( September 22 , 2004 ) . `` The Love of Three Oranges '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Normal Heart ' on Broadway -- Theater Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ David Rooney . `` David Javerbaum 's ' An Act of God ' to Strike Broadway - Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jim Parsons . Jim Parsons on IMDb Jim Parsons at the Internet Broadway Database Jim Parsons at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Jim Parsons at AllMovie CBS Biography Movieline interviews Big Bang Theory 's Jim Parsons On Learning Lines , Emmy Nods and Cast Ping Pong Deathmatches Fresh Air Interview : Jim Parsons On The Science Of Sheldon , ' Big Bang ' Preceded by Melissa McCarthy Saturday Night Live host March 1 , 2014 Succeeded by Lena Dunham Awards for Jim Parsons Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series Jim Parsons ( 2011 ) Louis C.K. ( 2012 ) Louis C.K. ( 2013 ) Jim Parsons ( 2014 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2015 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2016 ) Donald Glover ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series 1950 -- 1975 Alan Young ( 1950 ) Sid Caesar ( 1951 ) Jimmy Durante ( 1952 ) Donald O'Connor ( 1953 ) Danny Thomas ( 1954 ) Phil Silvers ( 1955 ) Sid Caesar ( 1956 ) Jack Benny ( 1957 ) Jack Benny ( 1959 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 1964 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 1965 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 1966 ) Don Adams ( 1967 ) Don Adams ( 1968 ) Don Adams ( 1969 ) William Windom ( 1970 ) Jack Klugman ( 1971 ) Carroll O'Connor ( 1972 ) Jack Klugman ( 1973 ) Alan Alda ( 1974 ) Tony Randall ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Jack Albertson ( 1976 ) Carroll O'Connor ( 1977 ) Carroll O'Connor ( 1978 ) Carroll O'Connor ( 1979 ) Richard Mulligan ( 1980 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1981 ) Alan Alda ( 1982 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1983 ) John Ritter ( 1984 ) Robert Guillaume ( 1985 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1986 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1987 ) Michael J. 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Henson , Aldis Hodge , Janelle Monáe , Jim Parsons , Glen Powell , Octavia Spencer Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy David Hyde Pierce ( 1997 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1998 ) Ray Romano ( 1999 ) Jane Kaczmarek ( 2000 ) Jane Kaczmarek ( 2001 ) Bernie Mac ( 2002 ) Jon Stewart ( 2003 ) Ricky Gervais ( 2004 ) Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) Steve Carell ( 2006 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2007 ) Tina Fey ( 2008 ) Jim Parsons ( 2009 ) Jane Lynch ( 2010 ) Ty Burrell / Nick Offerman ( 2011 ) Louis C.K. ( 2012 ) Louis C.K. ( 2013 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2014 ) Amy Schumer ( 2015 ) Rachel Bloom ( 2016 ) Donald Glover ( 2017 ) VIAF : 120774513 LCCN : no2010061350 ISNI : 0000 0001 1939 0203 GND : 1034877496 SUDOC : 157441245 BNF : cb162057354 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Parsons&oldid=802521341 '' Categories : 1973 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors American people of French descent Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe ( television ) winners Gay actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Texas Living people Male actors from Houston Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners University of Houston alumni University of San Diego alumni American male voice actors Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 17 : 59 . 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who plays sheldon cooper in big bang theory
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"James Joseph Parsons (born March 24, 1973) is an American actor. He is known for playing Sheldon Cooper in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory.[3][4][5] He has received several awards for his performance, including four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series[6] and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Musical or Comedy."
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"James Joseph Parsons"
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State church of the Roman Empire
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State church of the Roman Empire - wikipedia State church of the Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search Missorium of Emperor Theodosius I , who made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire . Nicene Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire with the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD , when Emperor Theodosius I made it the Empire 's sole authorized religion . The Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodoxy , and the Catholic Church each claim to be the historical continuation of this church in its original form , but do not identify with it in the caesaropapist form that it took later . Unlike Constantine I , who with the Edict of Milan of 313 AD had established tolerance for Christianity without placing it above other religions and whose involvement in matters of the Christian faith extended to convoking councils of bishops who were to determine doctrine and to presiding at their meetings , but not to determining doctrine himself , Theodosius established a single Christian doctrine ( specified as that professed by Pope Damasus I of Rome and Pope Peter II of Alexandria ) as the Empire 's official religion . Earlier in the 4th century , following the Diocletianic Persecution of 303 -- 313 and the Donatist controversy that arose in consequence , Constantine had convened councils of Christian bishops to define the orthodoxy , or `` correct teaching '' , of the Christian faith , expanding on earlier Christian councils . A series of ecumenical councils met during the 4th and 5th centuries , but Christianity continued to suffer rifts and schisms surrounding the issues of Arianism , Nestorianism , and Miaphysitism . In the 5th century the Western Empire decayed as a polity : invaders sacked Rome in 410 and in 455 , and Odoacer , an Arian barbarian warlord , forced Romulus Augustus , the last nominal Western Emperor , to abdicate in 476 . However , apart from the aforementioned schisms , the church as an institution persisted in communion , if not without tension , between the east and west . In the 6th century the Byzantine armies of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I recovered Italy and other sections of the western Mediterranean shore . The Eastern Roman Empire soon lost most of these gains , but it held Rome , as part of the Exarchate of Ravenna , until 751 , a period known in church history as the Byzantine Papacy . The Muslim conquests of the 7th century would begin a process of converting most of the then - Christian world in West Asia and North Africa to Islam , severely restricting the reach both of the Byzantine Empire and of its church . Missionary activity directed from Constantinople , the Byzantine capital , did not lead to a lasting expansion of the formal power of the Empire 's state church , since areas outside the empire 's political and military control set up their own distinct state churches , as in the case of Bulgaria in 919 . Justinian I , who became emperor in Constantinople in 527 , established the bishops of Rome , Constantinople , Alexandria , Antioch , and Jerusalem -- referred to as the Pentarchy -- as the leadership of the Imperial church and gave each bishop the title of `` Patriarch '' . However , Justinian saw these bishops as under his tutelage : according to his arrangement , `` the Emperor was the head of the Church in the sense that he had the right and duty of regulating by his laws the minutest details of worship and discipline , and also of dictating the theological opinions to be held in the Church '' . However , by Justinian 's day , the churches that now form Oriental Orthodoxy had already seceded from the Imperial state church , while in the west Christianity was mostly subject to the laws and customs of nations that owed no allegiance to the Emperor in Constantinople . While eastern - born popes who were appointed or at least confirmed by the Eastern Emperor continued to be loyal to him as their political lord , they refused to accept his authority in religious matters , or the authority of such a council as the imperially convoked Council of Hieria of 754 . Pope Gregory III ( 731 - 741 ) became the last Bishop of Rome to ask the Byzantine ruler to ratify his election . By then , the Roman Empire 's state church as originally conceived had ceased to exist . In the East , only the largest fragment of the Christian church was under the Emperor 's control , and with the crowning of Charlemagne on 25 December 800 AD as Imperator Romanorum by the latter 's ally , Pope Leo III , the de facto political split between east and west became irrevocable . Spiritually , the Chalcedonian Church , as a communion broader than the imperial state church , persisted as a unified entity , at least in theory , until the Great Schism and its formal division with the mutual excommunication in 1054 of Rome and Constantinople . Where the Emperor 's power remained , the state church developed in a caesaropapist form , although as the Byzantine Empire lost most of its territory to Islam , increasingly the members of the church lived outside the Byzantine state . The Eastern Roman Empire finally collapsed with the Fall of Constantinople to the Islamic Ottoman Turks in 1453 . Western missionary activities created a communion of churches that extended beyond the empire , the beginnings of which predated the establishment of the state church . The obliteration of the Empire 's boundaries by Germanic peoples and an outburst of missionary activity among these peoples , who had no direct links with the Eastern Roman Empire , and among Pictic and Celtic peoples who had never been part of the Roman Empire , fostered the idea of a universal church free from association with a particular state . On the contrary , `` in the East Roman or Byzantine view , when the Roman Empire became Christian , the perfect world order willed by God had been achieved : one universal empire was sovereign , and coterminous with it was the one universal church '' ; and the state church came , by the time of the demise of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 , to merge psychologically with it to the extent that its bishops had difficulty in thinking of Christianity without an emperor . Modern authors refer to this state church in a variety of ways : as the catholic church , the orthodox church , the imperial church , the imperial Roman church , or the Byzantine church , although some of these terms are also used for wider communions extending outside the Roman Empire . The legacy of the idea of a universal church polity carries on , directly or indirectly , in today 's Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church , as well as in others , such as the Anglican Communion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early Christianity in relation to the state 1.2 Establishment and early controversies 1.2. 1 Debates within Christianity 1.3 Late antiquity 1.3. 1 End of the Western Roman Empire 1.4 Patriarchates in the Eastern Roman Empire 1.5 Rise of Islam 1.6 Expansion of Christianity in Europe 1.7 East -- West Schism ( 1054 ) 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 References 5 Literature History ( edit ) Early Christianity in relation to the state ( edit ) Further information : Early Christianity Monogramme of Christ ( the Chi Rho ) on a plaque of a sarcophagus , 4th - century AD , marble , Musei Vaticani , on display in a temporary exhibition at the Colosseum in Rome , Italy Before the end of the 1st century , the Roman authorities recognized Christianity as a separate religion from Judaism . The distinction , perhaps already made in practice at the time of the Great Fire of Rome in the year 64 , was given official status by the emperor Nerva around the year 98 by granting Christians exemption from paying the Fiscus Iudaicus , the annual tax upon the Jews . Pliny the Younger , when propraetor in Bithynia in 103 , assumes in his letters to Trajan that because Christians do not pay the tax , they are not Jews . Since paying taxes had been one of the ways that Jews demonstrated their goodwill and loyalty toward the Empire , Christians had to negotiate their own alternatives to participating in the imperial cult . Their refusal to worship the Roman gods or to pay homage to the emperor as divine resulted at times in persecution and martyrdom . Church Father Tertullian , for instance , attempted to argue that Christianity was not inherently treasonous , and that Christians could offer their own form of prayer for the well - being of the emperor . Christianity spread especially in the eastern parts of the Empire and beyond its border ; in the west it was at first relatively limited , but significant Christian communities emerged in Rome , Carthage , and other urban centers , becoming by the end of the 3rd century , the dominant faith in some of them . Christians accounted for approximately 10 % of the Roman population by 300 , according to some estimates . According to Will Durant , the Christian Church prevailed over paganism because it offered a much more attractive doctrine and because the church leaders addressed human needs better than their rivals . In 301 , the Kingdom of Armenia , which Rome considered de jure a client kingdom though yielded de facto to the Parthians ( its ruling dynasty was of Parthian extraction ) , became the first nation to adopt Christianity as its state church . Establishment and early controversies ( edit ) See also : First seven Ecumenical Councils , Constantine I and Christianity , and Roman church under Constantine I Major communions of the 4th , 5th , and 6th centuries Communion Major churches Primary centers Chalcedonian Christianity ( after 451 ) Roman Imperial Church Western non-imperial Churches Georgian Church Rome , Alexandria , Antioch , Constantinople , Georgian Kingdoms ( Colchis and Iberia ) Nestorianism ( after 431 ) Persian church Syria , Sassanid Empire ( Persia ) Miaphysitism ( after 451 ) Armenian Church Coptic Church Syriac Church Ethiopian Church Armenia , Syria , Egypt Donatism ( largely ended after 411 ) North Africa Arianism much of Eastern Roman Empire until 380 Gothic tribes In 311 , the dying Emperor Galerius ended the Diocletianic Persecution that he is reputed to have instigated , and in 313 , Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan , granting to Christians and others `` the right of open and free observance of their worship '' . Constantine began to utilize Christian symbols such as the Chi - Rho early in his reign but still encouraged traditional Roman religious practices including sun worship . In 330 , Constantine established the city of Constantinople as the new capital of the Roman Empire . The city would gradually come to be seen as the intellectual and cultural center of the Christian world . Over the course of the 4th century the Christian body became consumed by debates surrounding orthodoxy , i.e. which religious doctrines are the correct ones . In the early 4th century , a group in North Africa , later called Donatists , who believed in a very rigid interpretation of Christianity that excluded many who had abandoned the faith during the Diocletianic persecution , created a crisis in the western Empire . A church synod , or council , was held in Rome in 313 , followed by another in Arles in 314 , the latter presided over by Constantine while still a junior emperor ( see Tetrarchy ) . These synods ruled that the Donatist faith was heresy and , when the Donatists refused to recant , Constantine launched the first campaign of persecution by Christians against Christians , and began imperial involvement in Christian theology . However , during the reign of Emperor Julian the Apostate , the Donatists , who formed the majority party in the Roman province of Africa for 30 years , were given official approval . Icon depicting Constantine and the bishops of the Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) , with the Emperor holding the Creed of the First Council of Constantinople ( 381 ) . The Emperor , considered to be a saint , is given more prominence than the bishops . Debates within Christianity ( edit ) Christian scholars and populace within the Empire were increasingly embroiled in debates regarding christology ( i.e. , regarding the nature of the Christ ) . Opinions ranged from belief that Jesus was entirely human to belief that he was entirely divine . The most persistent debate was that between the homoousian , or Athanasian , view ( the Father and the Son are one and the same , eternal ) , which was adopted at the council meeting that Constantine called at Nicaea in 325 , and the homoiousian , or Arian , view ( the Father and the Son are similar , but the Father is greater than the Son ) . Emperors thereby became ever more involved with the increasingly divided Church . Constantine was of divided opinions ( even as to being Christian ) , but he largely backed the Athanasian side , though he was baptized on his deathbed by the Arian bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia . His successor Constantius II supported a Semi-Arian position . Emperor Julian returned to the traditional ( pagan ) Roman / Greek religion , quickly quashed by his successor Jovian , a supporter of the Athanasian side . A Council of Rimini in 359 supported the Arian view . A Council of Constantinople in 360 supported a compromise ( see Semi-Arianism ) . The Council of Constantinople in 381 , called by Emperor Theodosius I reasserted the Nicene or Athanasian view and rejected the Arian view . This council further refined the definition of orthodoxy , issuing , according to tradition , the Niceno - Constantinopolitan Creed . On 27 February of the previous year , Theodosius I established , with the Edict of Thessalonica , the Christianity of the First Council of Nicaea as the official state religion , reserving for its followers the title of Catholic Christians and declaring that those who did not follow the religion taught by Pope Damasus I of Rome and Pope Peter of Alexandria were to be called heretics : It is our desire that all the various nations which are subject to our Clemency and Moderation , should continue to profess that religion which was delivered to the Romans by the divine Apostle Peter , as it has been preserved by faithful tradition , and which is now professed by the Pontiff Damasus and by Peter , Bishop of Alexandria , a man of apostolic holiness . According to the apostolic teaching and the doctrine of the Gospel , let us believe in the one deity of the Father , the Son and the Holy Spirit , in equal majesty and in a holy Trinity . We authorize the followers of this law to assume the title of Catholic Christians ; but as for the others , since , in our judgment they are foolish madmen , we decree that they shall be branded with the ignominious name of heretics , and shall not presume to give to their conventicles the name of churches . They will suffer in the first place the chastisement of the divine condemnation and in the second the punishment of our authority which in accordance with the will of Heaven we shall decide to inflict . -- Edict of Thessalonica In 391 , Theodosius closed all the `` pagan '' ( non-Christian and non-Jewish ) temples and formally forbade pagan worship . Late antiquity ( edit ) Main article : History of late ancient Christianity Changes in extent of the Empire ruled from Constantinople . 476 End of the Western Empire ; 550 Conquests of Justinian I ; 717 Accession of Leo the Isaurian ; 867 Accession of Basil I ; 1025 Death of Basil II ; 1095 Eve of the First Crusade ; 1170 Under Manuel I ; 1270 Under Michael VIII Palaiologos ; 1400 Before the fall of Constantinople At the end of the 4th century the Roman Empire had effectively split into two states although their economies ( and the Church , which only then became a state church ) were still strongly tied . The two halves of the Empire had always had cultural differences , exemplified in particular by the widespread use of the Greek language in the Eastern Empire and its more limited use in the West ( Greek , as well as Latin , was used in the West , but Latin was the spoken vernacular ) . By the time the state church of the Empire was established at the end of the 4th century , scholars in the West had largely abandoned Greek in favor of Latin . Even the Church in Rome , where Greek continued to be used in the liturgy longer than in the provinces , abandoned Greek . Jerome 's Vulgate had begun to replace the older Latin translations of the Bible . The Hagia Sophia basilica in Constantinople , for centuries the largest church building in the world . The 5th century would see further fracturing of the state church of the Roman Empire . Emperor Theodosius II called two synods in Ephesus , one in 431 and one in 449 , the first of which condemned the teachings of Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius , while the second supported the teachings of Eutyches against Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople . Nestorius taught that Christ 's divine and human nature were distinct persons , and hence Mary was the mother of Christ but not the mother of God . Eutyches taught on the contrary that there was in Christ only a single nature , different from that of human beings in general . The First Council of Ephesus rejected Nestorius ' view , causing churches centered around the School of Edessa , a city at the edge of the empire , to break with the imperial church ( see Nestorian schism ) . Persecuted within the Roman Empire , many Nestorians fled to Persia and joined the Sassanid Church ( the future Church of the East ) . The Second Council of Ephesus upheld the view of Eutyches , but was overturned two years later by the Council of Chalcedon , called by Emperor Marcian . Rejection of the Council of Chalcedon led to the exodus from the state church of the majority of Christians in Egypt and many in the Levant , who preferred miaphysite theology . Thus , in addition to losing all the western empire , the state church suffered a significant diminishment even in the east within a century of its setting up . Those who upheld the Council of Chalcedon became known in Syriac as Melkites , the imperial church , followers of the emperor ( in Syriac , malka ) . This schism resulted in an independent communion of churches , including the Egyptian , Syrian , Ethiopian and Armenian churches , that is today known as Oriental Orthodoxy . In spite of these schisms , however , the imperial church still represented the majority of Christians within the by now already diminished Roman Empire . End of the western Roman Empire ( edit ) Odoacer 's kingdom in 480 , after annexing Dalmatia and most of Sicily . In the 5th century , the Western Empire rapidly decayed and by the end of the century was no more . Within a few decades , Germanic tribes , particularly the Goths and Vandals , conquered the western provinces . Rome was sacked in 410 and 455 , and was to be sacked again in the following century in 546 . By 476 the Germanic chieftain Odoacer had conquered Italy and deposed the last western emperor , Romulus Augustus , though he nominally submitted to the authority of Constantinople . The Arian Germanic tribes established their own systems of churches and bishops in the western provinces but were generally tolerant of the population who chose to remain in communion with the imperial church . In 533 Roman Emperor Justinian in Constantinople launched a military campaign to reclaim the western provinces from the Arian Germans , starting with North Africa and proceeding to Italy . His success in recapturing much of the western Mediterranean was temporary . The empire soon lost most of these gains , but held Rome , as part of the Exarchate of Ravenna , until 751 . Justinian definitively established Caesaropapism , believing `` he had the right and duty of regulating by his laws the minutest details of worship and discipline , and also of dictating the theological opinions to be held in the Church '' . According to the entry in Liddell & Scott , the term orthodox first occurs in the Codex Justinianus : `` We direct that all Catholic churches , throughout the entire world , shall be placed under the control of the orthodox bishops who have embraced the Nicene Creed . '' By the end of the 6th century the Church within the Empire had become firmly tied with the imperial government , while in the west Christianity was mostly subject to the laws and customs of nations that owed no allegiance to the emperor . Patriarchates in the Eastern Roman Empire ( edit ) Further information : Patriarchate and Pentarchy A map of the 5 patriarchates in the Eastern Mediterranean as constituted by Justinian I. Leo the Isaurian later transferred Greece , Illyria , Sicily and Calabria from Rome to Constantinople . Emperor Justinian I assigned to five sees , those of Rome , Constantinople , Alexandria , Antioch and Jerusalem , a superior ecclesial authority that covered the whole of his empire . The First Council of Nicaea in 325 reaffirmed that the bishop of a provincial capital , the metropolitan bishop , had a certain authority over the bishops of the province . But it also recognized the existing supra - metropolitan authority of the sees of Rome , Alexandria and Antioch , and granted special recognition to Jerusalem . Constantinople was added at the First Council of Constantinople ( 381 ) and given authority initially only over Thrace . By a canon of contested validity , the Council of Chalcedon ( 451 ) placed Asia and Pontus , which together made up Anatolia , under Constantinople , although their autonomy had been recognized at the council of 381 . Rome never recognized this pentarchy of five sees as constituting the leadership of the state church . It maintained that , in accordance with the First Council of Nicaea , only the three `` Petrine '' sees of Rome , Alexandria and Antioch had a real patriarchal function . The canons of the Quinisext Council of 692 , which gave ecclesiastical sanction to Justinian 's decree , were also never fully accepted by the Western Church . Muslim conquests of the territories of the patriarchates of Alexandria , Antioch and Jerusalem , most of whose Christians were in any case lost to the imperial state church since the aftermath of the Council of Chalcedon , left in effect only two patriarchates , those of Rome and Constantinople . Then in 740 , Emperor Leo the Isaurian reacted to papal resistance to his iconoclast policy by transferring from the jurisdiction of Rome to that of Constantinople all but a minute portion of the then existing empire . The Patriarch of Constantinople had already adopted the title of `` ecumenical patriarch '' , indicating what he saw as his position in the oikoumene , the Christian world ideally headed by the emperor and the patriarch of the emperor 's capital . Also under the influence of the imperial model of governance of the state church , in which `` the emperor becomes the actual executive organ of the universal Church '' , the pentarchy model of governance of the state church regressed to a monarchy of the Patriarch of Constantinople . Rise of Islam ( edit ) A map of Muslim expansion in the 7th and 8th centuries . The Rashidun conquests began to expand the sway of Islam beyond Arabia in the 7th century , first clashing with the Roman Empire in 634 . That empire and the Sassanid Persian Empire were at that time crippled by decades of war between them . By the late 8th century the Umayyad caliphate had conquered all of Persia and much of the Byzantine territory including Egypt , Palestine , and Syria . Suddenly much of the Christian world was under Muslim rule . Over the coming centuries the successive Muslim states became some of the most powerful in the Mediterranean world . Though the state church of the Roman Empire claimed religious authority over Christians in Egypt and the Levant , in reality the majority of Christians in these regions were by then miaphysites and members of other sects that had long been persecuted by Constantinople . The new Muslim rulers , in contrast , offered religious tolerance to Christians of all sects . Additionally subjects of the Muslim Empire could be accepted as Muslims simply by declaring a belief in a single deity and reverence for Muhammad ( see shahada ) . As a result , the peoples of Egypt , Palestine and Syria largely accepted their new rulers and many declared themselves Muslims within a few generations . Muslim incursions later found success in parts of Europe , particularly Spain ( see Al - Andalus ) . Expansion of Christianity in Europe ( edit ) The spread of Christianity in Europe by 600 AD . During the 9th century , the Emperor in Constantinople encouraged missionary expeditions to nearby nations including the Muslim caliphate , and the Turkic Khazars . In 862 he sent Saints Cyril and Methodius to Slavic Great Moravia . By then most of the Slavic population of Bulgaria was Christian and Tsar Boris I himself was baptized in 864 . Serbia was accounted Christian by about 870 . In early 867 Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople wrote that Christianity was accepted by the Kievan Rus ' , which however was definitively Christianized only at the close of the following century . The spread of Christianity in Europe by 1000 . Of these , the Church in Great Moravia chose immediately to link with Rome , not Constantinople : the missionaries sent there sided with the Pope during the Photian Schism ( 863 -- 867 ) . After decisive victories over the Byzantines at Acheloos and Katasyrtai , Bulgaria declared its Church autocephalous and elevated it to the rank of Patriarchate , an autonomy recognized in 927 by Constantinople , but abolished by Emperor Basil II Bulgaroktonos ( the Bulgar - Slayer ) after his 1018 conquest of Bulgaria . In Serbia , which became an independent kingdom in the early 13th century , Stephen Uroš IV Dušan , after conquering a large part of Byzantine territory in Europe and assuming the title of Tsar , raised the Serbian archbishop to the rank of patriarch in 1346 , a rank maintained until after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turks . No Byzantine emperor ever ruled Russian Christianity . Expansion of the Church in western and northern Europe began much earlier , with the conversion of the Irish in the 5th century , the Franks at the end of the same century , the Arian Visigoths in Spain soon afterwards , and the English at the end of the 6th century . By the time the Byzantine missions to central and eastern Europe began , Christian western Europe , in spite of losing most of Spain to Islam , encompassed Germany and part of Scandinavia , and , apart from the south of Italy , was independent of the Byzantine Empire and had been almost entirely so for centuries . This situation fostered the idea of a universal church linked to no one particular state and of which the state church of the Roman Empire was only part . Long before the Byzantine Empire came to an end , Poland also , Hungary and other central European peoples were part of a Church that in no way saw itself as the empire 's state church and that , with the East - West Schism , had even ceased to be in communion with it . East -- West schism ( 1054 ) ( edit ) Further information : East -- West Schism The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor . With the defeat and death in 751 of the last Exarch of Ravenna and the end of the Exarchate , Rome ceased to be part of the Byzantine Empire . Forced to seek protection elsewhere , the Popes turned to the Franks and , with the coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 , transferred their political allegiance to a rival Roman Emperor . More clearly than before , the church in the west , while remaining in communion with the state church of the Byzantine Empire , was not part of it . Disputes between the see of Rome , which claimed authority over all other sees , and that of Constantinople , which was now without rival in the empire , culminated perhaps inevitably in mutual excommunications in 1054 . Communion with Constantinople was broken off by European Christians with the exception of those ruled by the empire ( including the Bulgarians and Serbs ) and of the fledgling Kievan or Russian Church , then a metropolitanate of the patriarchate of Constantinople . This church became independent only in 1448 , just five years before the extinction of the empire , after which the Turkish authorities included all their Orthodox Christian subjects of whatever ethnicity in a single millet headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople . The Westerners who set up Crusader states in Greece and the Middle East appointed Latin ( Western ) patriarchs and other hierarchs , thus giving concrete reality and permanence to the schism . Efforts were made in 1274 ( Second Council of Lyon ) and 1439 ( Council of Florence ) to restore communion between East and West , but the agreements reached by the participating eastern delegations and by the Emperor were rejected by the vast majority of Byzantine Christians . In the East , the idea that the Byzantine emperor was the head of Christians everywhere persisted among churchmen as long as the empire existed , even when its actual territory was reduced to very little . In 1393 , only 60 years before the fall of the capital , Patriarch Antony IV of Constantinople wrote to Basil I of Muscovy defending the liturgical commemoration in Russian churches of the Byzantine emperor on the grounds that he was `` emperor ( βασιλεύς ) and autokrator of the Romans , that is of all Christians '' . According to Patriarch Antony , `` it is not possible among Christians to have a Church and not to have an emperor . For the empire and the Church have great unity and commonality , and it is not possible to separate them '' , and `` the holy emperor is not like the rulers and governors of other regions '' . Legacy ( edit ) Emblem of the Patriarch of Constantinople , based on the imperial symbol adopted in the 11th century Following the schism between the Eastern and Western Churches , various emperors sought at times but without success to reunite the Church , invoking the notion of Christian unity between East and West in an attempt to obtain assistance from the Pope and Western Europe against the Muslims who were gradually conquering the empire 's territory . But the period of the Western Crusades against the Muslims had passed before even the first of the two reunion councils was held . Even when persecuted by the emperor , the Eastern Church , George Pachymeres said , `` counted the days until they should be rid not of their emperor ( for they could no more live without an emperor than a body without a heart ) , but of their current misfortunes '' . The state church had come to merge psychologically in the minds of the Eastern bishops with the empire to such an extent that they had difficulty in thinking of Christianity without an emperor . In Western Europe , on the other hand , the idea of a universal church linked to the Emperor of Constantinople was replaced by that in which the Roman see was supreme . `` Membership in a universal church replaced citizenship in a universal empire . Across Europe , from Italy to Ireland , a new society centered on Christianity was forming . '' The Western Church came to emphasize the term Catholic in its identity , an assertion of universality , while the Eastern Church came to emphasize the term Orthodox in its identity , an assertion of holding to the true teachings of Jesus . Both churches claim to be the unique continuation of the previously united Chalcedonian Church , whose core doctrinal formulations have been retained also by many of the churches that emerged from the Protestant Reformation , including Lutheranism and Anglicanism . See also ( edit ) Arian controversy Caesaropapism Chalcedonian Christianity Christianity in Iran Early Christianity Great Church History of late ancient Christianity History of the Catholic Church History of the Orthodox Church References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Forster ( 2008 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Tony Honoré ( 1998 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Vasiliev ( 1964 ) , p. 66 Jump up ^ Bury ( 1923 ) , p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Ayer ( 1913 ) , p. 553 Jump up ^ Thomas Talbot , The Inescapable Love of God ( Wipf and Stock 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 62564690 - 3 ) , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Ayer ( 1913 ) , pp. 538 - 539 Jump up ^ Ekonomou ( 2007 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ Granfield ( 2000 ) , p. 325 Jump up ^ Noble ( 1984 ) , p. 49 ^ Jump up to : Ayer ( 1913 ) , p. 538 Jump up ^ Fahlbusch ( 2008 ) , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Gerland , Ernst . `` The Byzantine Empire '' in The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1908 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : Schadé ( 2006 ) , art . `` Byzantine Church '' Jump up ^ In 1393 , Patriarch Antony IV of Constantinople declared the Byzantine emperor to be `` emperor ( βασιλεύς ) and autokrator of the Romans , that is of all Christians , and `` it is not possible among Christians to have a Church and not to have an emperor . For the empire and the Church have great unity and commonality , and it is not possible to separate them '' ( Dimitri Obolensky , The Byzantine Inheritance of Eastern Europe ( Variorum Reprints 1969 ISBN 978 - 0 - 86078102 - 8 ) , p. 339 ) . Jump up ^ Latourette ( 1983 ) , p. 175 . Schaff ( 1883 ) , p. 179 . Irvin ( 2002 ) , p. 160 . O'Hare ( 1997 ) , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Wylen ( 1995 ) . Pp 190 - 192 . ^ Jump up to : Dunn ( 1999 ) . Pp 33 - 34 . ^ Jump up to : Boatwright ( 2004 ) . Pg 426 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , Apologeticus 30.1 , as discussed by Cecilia Ames , `` Roman Religion in the Vision of Tertullian , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , pp. 467 -- 468 et passim . Jump up ^ Hopkins ( 1998 ) , p. 191 Jump up ^ Durant , Will . Caesar and Christ . New York : Simon and Schuster . 1972 Jump up ^ Redgate , Anne Elizabeth ( 2000 ) . The Armenians ( First ed . ) . Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishers Inc . pp. 88 -- 91 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22037 - 2 . 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The founding of Constantinople naturally drew such people thither rather than to Rome , and then Christianity at Rome began to spread among the Roman population , so that at last the bulk of the Christian population in Rome spoke Latin . Hence the change in the language of the liturgy ... The liturgy was said ( in Latin ) first in one church and then in more , until the Greek liturgy was driven out , and the clergy ceased to know Greek . About 415 or 420 we find a Pope saying that he is unable to answer a letter from some Eastern bishops , because he has no one who could write Greek '' ( Alfred Plummer , Conversations with Dr. Döllinger 1870 - 1890 , ed . Robrecht Boudens ( Leuven University Press , 1985 ) , p. 13 ) . ^ Jump up to : Price ( 2005 ) , p. 52 Jump up ^ Price ( 2005 ) , p. 54 Jump up ^ Bussell ( 1910 ) , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Latourette ( 1975 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Code of Justinian I. 5.21 Jump up ^ Cairns ( 1996 ) , p. 124 . `` By 590 the church had not only been freed from persecution by the Roman state but had become closely linked with that state . '' Jump up ^ Canon 4 Jump up ^ Canon 6 Jump up ^ Canon 7 Jump up ^ Paul Valliere , Conciliarism ( Cambridge University Press 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 10701574 - 6 ) , pp. 91 - 92 Jump up ^ J.F. Puglisi ( editor ) , How Can the Petrine Ministry Be a Service to the Unity of the Universal Church ? ( Eerdmans 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 80284862 - 8 ) , p. 40 Jump up ^ Canon 3 Jump up ^ George C. Michalopulos , `` Canon 28 and Eastern Papalism : Cause or Effect ? 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Golubinskii , Istoriia russkoi tserkvi ( Moscow : Universitetskaia tipografiia , 1900 ) , vol. 2 , pt. 1 , p. 469 Jump up ^ Aidan Nichols , OP , Rome and the Eastern Churches ( Ignatius Press 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 58617282 - 4 ) , p. 281 Jump up ^ St Cletus Parish Adult Education , `` Nails in the Coffin of Reunification '' Jump up ^ Eparchy of Newton , `` The Melkites '' Jump up ^ Meyendorff 1996 , pp. 89 . Jump up ^ Borys Andrij Gudziak , Crisis and Reform ( Harvard University Press 1992 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Michael Angold , Cambridge History of Christianity , Volume 5 , Eastern Christianity ( Cambridge University Press 2006 ISBN 978 - 0 - 52181113 - 2 ) , p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Dimitri Obolensky , The Byzantine Inheritance of Eastern Europe ( Variorum Reprints 1969 ISBN 978 - 0 - 86078102 - 8 ) , p. 339 Jump up ^ J. Chrysostomides in Kathēgētria ( Surrey 1988 ISBN 978 - 1 - 87132800 - 4 ) , p. 516 Jump up ^ Donald M. Nicol , The Last Centuries of Byzantium ( CambridgeUniversity Press 1993 ISBN 9780521439916 ) , pp. 78 - 79 Jump up ^ `` It was the papacy also which kept alive in western Europe the ideal of a universal imperial Church , for the whole of western Christendom came to acknowledge the supremacy of the Roman see '' Arthur Edward Romilly Boak , A History of Rome to 565 A.D. , p. 4030 . Jump up ^ Marvin Perry et alii , Western Civilization : Ideas , Politics , and Society , Volume I : To 1789 ( Cengage Learning 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 11183168 - 4 ) , p. 213 Literature ( edit ) Amory , Patrick . People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy , 489 -- 554 . Cambridge , MA : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52635 - 7 . Anderson , Lara ; et al. World and Its Peoples . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7883 - 6 . Ayer , John Cullen , ed. ( 1913 ) . A Source Book for Ancient Church History . Mundus Publishing ( 2008 reprint ) . Bettenson , Henry Scowcroft , ed. ( 1967 ) . 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ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0033 - 6 . Drobner , Hubertus R. ; Schatzmann , Siegfried S. ( 2007 ) . The fathers of the church : a comprehensive introduction . Peabody , MA : Hendrickson Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56563 - 331 - 5 . Dwyer , John C. ( 1998 ) . Church History : Twenty Centuries of Catholic Christianity . Mahwah , NJ : Paulist Press . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 3830 - 1 . Ekonomou , Andrew J. ( 2007 ) . Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes . Lexington Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 73911977 - 8 . Fahlbusch , Erwin ( 2008 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christianity ( volume 5 ) . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0802 - 82417 - 2 . Forster , Greg ( 2008 ) . The Contested Public Square : The Crisis of Christianity and Politics . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 2880 - 7 . Fortescue , Adrian ( 1908 ) . The Orthodox Eastern Church ( 2nd ed . ) . Catholic Truth Society . Goodenough , Erwin Ramsdell ( 1970 ) . The church in the Roman Empire . New York : H. Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8154 - 0337 - 1 . Granfield , Patrick ( 2000 ) . The Gift of the Church : A Textbook Ecclesiology . Liturgical Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 81465931 - 1 . Greer , Rowan A . The fear of freedom : a study of miracles in the Roman imperial church . Pennsylvania State University . ISBN 0 - 271 - 00648 - X . Honoré , Tony ( 1998 ) . Law in the Crisis of Empire 379 - 455 AD . Oxford University Press . Hopkins , Keith ( 1998 ) . `` Christian Number and Its Implications '' . Journal of Early Christian Studies . 6 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 226 . Irvin , Dale T. , Sunquist , Scott ( 2002 ) . History of the World Christian Movement. 1 . Edinburgh , Scotland : T & T Clark Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 08866 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jedin , Hubert ; Dolan , John ( 1980 ) . The Imperial Church from Constantine to the Early Middle Ages . Latourette , Kenneth Scott ( 1975 ) . A history of Christianity. 1 . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 064952 - 4 . McManners , John ( 2001 ) . The Oxford illustrated history of Christianity . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285439 - 1 . Medlycott , A.E. ( 1905 ) . India and the Apostle Thomas : an inquiry with a critical analysis of the Acta Thomae . London : David Nutt . Noble , Thomas F.X. ( 1984 ) . The Republic of St Peter . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 81221239 - 6 . Meyendorff , John ( 1996 ) . Rome , Constantinople , Moscow : Historical and Theological Studies . Crestwood , NY : St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press . O'Hare , Padraic ( 1997 ) . The enduring covenant : the education of Christians and the end of antisemitism . Valley Forge , PA : Trinity Press International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56338 - 186 - 7 . O'Leary , De Lacy ( 2000 ) . Arabia Before Muhammad . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 24466 - 4 . Payton , James R. Light from the Christian East : An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition . Downers Grove , IL : Invervarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 2594 - 3 . Pelikan , Jaroslav Jan ( 2005 ) . Creeds and confessions of faith in the Christian tradition . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10974 - 0 . Price , Richard ; Gaddis , Michael ( 2005 ) . The acts of the Council of Chalcedon. 3 . Liverpool , England : Liverpool University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85323 - 039 - 7 . Ruether , Rosemary Radford ( 2008 ) . Christianity and Social Systems : Historical Constructions and Ethical Challenges . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4643 - 1 . Schadé , Johannes P. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of World Religions . Foreign Media Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60136000 - 7 . Schaff , Philip ; Schaff , David Schley ( 1910 ) . History of the Christian church . 2 ( 9th ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Teja , Ramon ( 15 September 2006 ) . `` El poder de la iglesia imperial : El mito de constantino y el papado romano '' . Stud , hist. , Ha antig. 24 : 63 -- 81 . ISSN 0213 - 2052 . Vasiliev , A.A. ( 1964 ) . History of the Byzantine Empire . University of Wisconsin Press . Wordsworth , Christopher ( 1887 ) . A church history . 1 ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : James Pott and Co . 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and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire&oldid=800687023 '' Categories : Religion in the Byzantine Empire 380s establishments in the Roman Empire Late ancient Christianity Christianity of the Middle Ages Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 02 : 00 . 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when was christianity became the official religion of rome
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"Nicene Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire with the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD, when Emperor Theodosius I made it the Empire's sole authorized religion.[1][2] The Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Catholic Church each claim to be the historical continuation of this church in its original form, but do not identify with it in the caesaropapist form that it took later. Unlike Constantine I, who with the Edict of Milan of 313 AD had established tolerance for Christianity without placing it above other religions[3] and whose involvement in matters of the Christian faith extended to convoking councils of bishops who were to determine doctrine and to presiding at their meetings, but not to determining doctrine himself,[4] Theodosius established a single Christian doctrine (specified as that professed by Pope Damasus I of Rome and Pope Peter II of Alexandria) as the Empire's official religion."
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"380 AD"
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Descendants (2015 film)
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Descendants ( 2015 film ) - wikipedia Descendants ( 2015 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Descendants Promotional poster Genre Musical Fantasy Adventure Teen Written by Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott Directed by Kenny Ortega Starring Dove Cameron Cameron Boyce Booboo Stewart Sofia Carson Kristin Chenoweth Narrated by Dove Cameron Composer ( s ) David Lawrence Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Tracey Jeffrey ( line producer ) Judy Taylor ( executive producer ) Cinematography Thomas Burstyn Editor ( s ) Don Brochu Running time 112 minutes Production company ( s ) Bad Angels Productions 5678 Productions Disney Channel Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Original release July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) Chronology Followed by Descendants 2 Related shows Descendants : School of Secrets Descendants : Wicked World Website movies.disney.com/descendants Descendants is a 2015 American musical fantasy television film directed and choreographed by Kenny Ortega . The film stars Dove Cameron , Sofia Carson , Booboo Stewart , and Cameron Boyce as the teenage daughters and sons of Maleficent , the Evil Queen , Jafar , and Cruella De Vil , respectively . The film follows these teenagers adjusting to life outside their island prison , while on a mission to steal the Fairy Godmother 's wand and free their parents from captivity . The film also stars Mitchell Hope , Melanie Paxson , Brenna D'Amico , Sarah Jeffery , Zachary Gibson , Jedidiah Goodacre , Dianne Doan , Dan Payne , Keegan Connor Tracy , Wendy Raquel Robinson , Maz Jobrani , Kathy Najimy , and Kristin Chenoweth . The film debuted on July 31 , 2015 as a Disney Channel Original Movie , to positive reviews and 6.6 million viewers . Descendants was spun off into a CGI animated short - form series titled Descendants : Wicked World , and was followed by a sequel Descendants 2 that premiered in July 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Broadcast 5 Home Media 6 Soundtrack 7 Reception 7.1 Ratings 7.2 Critical reception 8 Expanded franchise 8.1 Sequel 8.2 Prequel spin - off 8.3 Animated spin - off 9 Novels 9.1 The Isle of the Lost 9.2 Return to the Isle of the Lost 9.3 Junior novelization 9.4 School of Secrets 9.5 Other books 10 Accolades 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Twenty years after Belle and Beast marry and become king and queen , they establish the United States of Auradon , creating a prosperous new nation from the surrounding kingdoms , and banish the villains to the Isle of the Lost , a slum surrounded by a barrier where magic is suspended . Their son , Ben , announces that his first proclamation is to give four selected children from the Isle of the Lost the chance to live in Auradon , away from the influence of their villainous parents : Carlos , son of Cruella de Vil ; Jay , son of Jafar ; Evie , daughter of the Evil Queen ; and Mal , daughter of Maleficent . On the island , Maleficent instructs the quartet to steal the Fairy Godmother 's magic wand to release the barrier so she can take over Auradon . Traveling to Auradon Prep , the four meet Ben and his self - proclaimed girlfriend Audrey , daughter of Princess Aurora and Prince Phillip . They also meet the Fairy Godmother , the school 's headmistress . Evie uses her mother 's pocket - sized magic mirror to locate the wand in a nearby museum , and Mal uses her mother 's spinning wheel from the museum to put the security guard to sleep , but they fail to steal the wand due to a barrier around it . After learning that the Fairy Godmother will use the wand at Ben 's coronation , the four wait it out by attending classes , but start to fit in with the students . Jay is recruited into the school 's `` tourney '' team ( a sport similar to field hockey and lacrosse ) , while Carlos overcomes his fear of dogs by befriending the school 's dog , Dude . Evie , though intelligent , acts vain to impress Chad , Cinderella 's son , but ends up doing his homework for him . Dopey 's son , Doug , encourages her not to pander to others and be herself . Mal becomes popular , using Maleficent 's spell book to improve the looks of Jane and Lonnie , the daughters of the Fairy Godmother and Mulan , respectively . Learning that Ben 's `` girlfriend '' will be seated close to the wand during the coronation , which is used during the ceremony , Mal bakes a cookie laced with a love potion and gives it to Ben , who falls madly in love with her , much to his friends ' shock . On a date with Ben , Mal becomes conflicted with her inner goodness and desire to please her mother , unsure of how to react to Ben 's feelings towards her . During the school 's family day , the villains ' children are ostracized after an encounter with Audrey 's grandmother , Queen Leah , saying that Maleficent 's curse was the reason she missed Aurora 's childhood , prompting an argument that drives Mal to end the beauty spell she used on Jane . Though Ben , Lonnie and Doug remain friendly towards the quartet , they are forced to distance themselves from them . At Ben 's coronation , Mal gives him a brownie containing the love spell 's antidote , believing it is unnecessary to keep him under the spell . However , Ben reveals he was already freed of the spell since their date when he went swimming in the Enchanted Lake , believing that Mal only did it because she really liked him . During Ben 's crowning , a disillusioned Jane grabs the wand from her mother , wanting to improve her beauty , only for her to accidentally destroy the Isle 's barrier . Mal takes the wand from Jane , but torn over what to do , is encouraged by Ben to make her own choice rather than follow Maleficent 's path . Mal recognizes that she and her friends found happiness in Auradon , and they choose to be good . Maleficent crashes the ceremony , freezing everyone except herself and the four children . When they defy her , Maleficent transforms into a dragon . Mal and her friends use a counterspell , turning Maleficent into a lizard based on the amount of love in her heart . Mal returns the Fairy Godmother her wand as she unfreezes everyone and tells her not to be hard on Jane . While the villains watch the celebration from afar , Auradon Prep 's students party through the night . Mal 's eyes turn green as she addresses the audience , telling them the story is not over yet . Cast ( edit ) Dove Cameron as Mal , the daughter of Maleficent Cameron Boyce as Carlos , the son of Cruella de Vil Booboo Stewart as Jay , the son of Jafar Sofia Carson as Evie , the daughter of the Evil Queen and Snow White 's stepsister Mitchell Hope as Prince Ben , the son of Queen Belle and King Beast Melanie Paxson as the Fairy Godmother from Cinderella , the headmistress of Auradon Prep and Jane 's mother Brenna D'Amico as Jane , the daughter of the Fairy Godmother Sarah Jeffery as Princess Audrey , the daughter of Princess Aurora and Prince Phillip Zachary Gibson as Doug , the son of Dopey from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Jedidiah Goodacre as Prince Chad Charming , the son of Cinderella and Prince Charming Dianne Doan as Lonnie , the daughter of Fa Mulan and Li Shang Dan Payne as King Beast from Beauty and the Beast , king of Auradon and Prince Ben 's father Keegan Connor Tracy as Queen Belle from Beauty and the Beast , queen of Auradon and Prince Ben 's mother Wendy Raquel Robinson as Cruella de Vil from One Hundred and One Dalmatians , Carlos ' mother Maz Jobrani as Jafar from Aladdin , Jay 's father who owns his own junk shop Kathy Najimy as the Evil Queen from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , Evie 's mother who still has issues with her stepdaughter , Snow White Kristin Chenoweth as Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty , Mal 's mother who is known as the worst and cruelest villain in Auradon Production ( edit ) On December 12 , 2013 , Disney Channel announced the production of the film and released the plot outline . Kenny Ortega , a director who has previously worked with Disney Channel on the High School Musical trilogy , was announced to be directing the film . The script was written by the Josann McGibbon and Sara Parriott . Filming began in the spring of 2014 . Filming took place in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada . The costumes were designed by Kara Saun . Broadcast ( edit ) Descendants made its debut on Family Channel in Canada on July 31 , 2015 , at the same time as the United States . It was also the last Disney Channel Original Movie to air in Canada on Family after moving all Disney Content to Disney Channel The film premiered on August 1 , 2015 on Disney Channel in Australia and New Zealand and on September 25 , 2015 on Disney Channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland . In the Middle East and Africa , the film premiered on September 18 , 2015 on the English feed of Disney Channel . It premiered in Turkey on October 17 , 2015 on Disney Channel . Home Media ( edit ) Descendants was released on DVD on July 31 , 2015 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Descendants ( Original TV Movie Soundtrack ) Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Before the film made its TV debut , it was viewed more than one million times on the Watch Disney Channel app . It was viewed by 6.6 million people on its premiere night and 10.5 million viewers in Early DVR Playback . Shortly after the premier air date , ratings showed the film was the fifth most watched original movie in cable history . In Australia , the film attracted 151,000 viewers , making it the sixth highest - rated broadcast on pay television on its premiere day . The British premiere was watched by 827,000 viewers , making it the most - watched broadcast on Disney Channel of that week and month . The viewers rose to 1.45 million in 28 days , making it the highest viewership ever on the network . Critical reception ( edit ) Descendants received positive reviews from critics . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 63 out of 100 , based on 5 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Isabella Biedenharn of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` B '' grade , saying `` ... plot is n't really the point . The fun is in the roll call ... It 's no High School Musical , but the songs are catchy , and the junior villains are worth rooting for . '' Tisha Mae Eaton of Moviepilot.com stated , `` It 's a movie that definitely had the feel of a Disney classic with a modern twist and I highly recommend it . '' Alex Reif of LaughingPlace.com gave it a score of 4.5 out of 5 saying , `` ... I highly recommend this to any Disney fan , if for no other reason than to see what they 've done with the characters , the Hocus Pocus references , and Kristin Chenoweth 's Maleficent which is closer to the animated character than Angelina Jolie 's portrayal . '' Brian Lowry of Variety called it `` ... a playful and tuneful TV movie , exhibiting much higher ambitions than , say , the Teen Beach franchise . '' By contrast , Amy Amatangelo of The Hollywood Reporter gave it a mixed review , calling it `` High School Musical meets Once Upon a Time . It smartly ushers little girls who have grown up watching Disney movies into the tween audience and is an idea so ripe for merchandising that the Disney Store is already chock - full of Descendants costumes , dolls and T - shirts . '' She called the story `` flimsy '' , but singled out the performances of Chenoweth , Najimy , Robinson and Jobrani . Expanded franchise ( edit ) Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Descendants 2 During the 2015 D23 Expo , Disney announced that a sequel to Descendants has been ordered . The news was made official on the Disney Channel Facebook page on October 15 , 2015 . Deadline reported that Parriott and McGibbon will reprise their duties as screenwriters and executive producers and that all of the cast from the first film is expected to return . On June 10 , 2016 , it was announced that China Anne McClain , who was already voicing Freddie , the daughter of Dr. Facilier , in Wicked World , would join the sequel as Ursula 's daughter , Uma . Prequel spin - off ( edit ) Main article : Descendants : School of Secrets Before the film 's premiere air date , Disney Channel announced a live action mini series leading up to the event . Every day leading up to the release of the film , a new episode of Descendants : School of Secrets would be released revealing more secrets about the students at Auradon Prep . Each episode of the series is under 5 minutes long , with 23 episodes in total . Animated spin - off ( edit ) Main article : Descendants : Wicked World Right after the film finished airing on Disney Channel , it was announced that a CGI - animated short spinoff entitled Descendants : Wicked World would be released in September 18 , 2015 . Furthermore , former Phineas and Ferb storyboard artist Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft announced on Twitter that she was directing the series , with Jenni Cook as producer , and that the original cast would be reprising their roles . Novels ( edit ) The Isle of the Lost ( edit ) A prequel novel called The Isle of the Lost by Melissa de la Cruz , has the villains ' descendants banding together to retrieve the Dragon 's Eye . The book has spent over 14 weeks as a Children 's Middle Grade New York Times Best Seller . Besides detailing about the children of Maleficent , Jafar , Cruella De Vil , and the Evil Queen , it also talks about some of the known locations of the Isle of the Lost like Dragon Hall ( the only school on the Isle of the Lost ) , Goblin Wharf ( which is operated by goblins who would like amnesty for their involvement with Maleficent ) , Bargain Castle ( which sells enchanted robes and bargain hats while the top floor is where Maleficent lives ) , Jafar 's Junk Shop ( which is owned by Jafar as mentioned in the film ) , Castle Far Away ( where the Evil Queen lives ) , Hell Hall ( where Cruella de Vil lives ) , and the Isle of the Doomed ( which is hidden next to the Isle of the Lost ) . The sorcerer Yen Sid from Fantasia is positioned here by King Beast to work at Dragon Hall to help the students with formerly magical parents adapt to more modern methods since the Isle of the Lost 's barrier negates all magic . Other villains mentioned or hinted to be on the Isle of the Lost are Captain Hook from Peter Pan ( who is mentioned to own `` Hook 's Inlet and Shack '' and is the father of Harriet , CJ , and Harry Hook ) , Ursula from The Little Mermaid ( who owns `` Ursula 's Fish and Chips '' while the Strait of Ursula that 's named after her is what separates the Isle of the Lost from Charmington as well as her being the mother of Uma and the other Sea Witches ) , Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog ( who was the founder of Dragon Hall and the father of Freddie Facilier ) , Mother Gothel from Tangled ( who is mentioned to be a teacher at Dragon Hall teaching `` Selfishness 101 '' and is the mother of Ginny Gothel ) , Lady Tremaine and her two daughters Drizella and Anastasia from Cinderella ( Lady Tremaine is the grandmother of Anastasia 's son Anthony and Drizella 's daughter Dizzy and a teacher at Dragon Hall teaching `` Evil Schemes and Nasty Plots '' while her cat Lucifer is the school mascot ) , Clayton from Tarzan ( who is the father of Clay Clayton ) , Madame Mim from The Sword in the Stone ( who has Mad Maddy as one of her granddaughters ) , Governor John Ratcliffe from Pocahontas , Gaston from Beauty and the Beast ( who is the father of Gaston Jr , Gaston III , and Gil as well as the owner of `` Gaston Duels Without Rules '' ) , Shan Yu from Mulan , Shere Khan from The Jungle Book ( who owns `` Shere Khan Pawns '' ) , Scar and his hyena cronies from The Lion King , the Coachman from Pinocchio ( who operates a taxicab pulled by normal donkeys after spending a year rounding up the boys he had turned into donkeys ) , the Horned King from The Black Cauldron ( who is mentioned to own `` Cauldron Repair '' ) , Professor Padraic Ratigan from The Great Mouse Detective , Yzma from The Emperor 's New Groove ( who is the mother of Yzla and Zevon ) , and Claude Frollo from The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( who is mentioned to own `` Frollo 's Creperie '' and is the father of Claudine Frollo ) . Return to the Isle of the Lost ( edit ) Another Descendants novel titled Return to the Isle of the Lost was released on May 24 , 2016 . While Ben is running Auradon while his parents are on a cruise , Mal , Jay , Carlos , and Evie receive threatening messages to return to the Isle of the Lost at the time when it ends up in worse shape ever since Maleficent 's defeat and the fact that Cruella de Vil , the Evil Queen , and Jafar have gone missing . During this time , it was confirmed that the Crocodile from Peter Pan ( who has various children swimming around `` Hook 's Inlet and Shack '' ) , Edgar Balthazar from The Aristocats ( who is mentioned to have a son named Eddie ) , Hades from Hercules ( who is mentioned to have a son named Hadie ) , and the Ringmaster from Dumbo ( who is mentioned to have a daughter named Hermie Bing ) are also imprisoned on the Isle of the Lost . The Isle of the Lost also has an original character who was the former Royal Astronomer of Agrabah and an ally of Jafar who is the father of Reza . It also introduces Hercules 's son Herkie , Pinocchio 's son Pin , Grumpy 's son Gordon , Tiger Lily 's daughter Tiger Peony , and King Arthur 's son Artie in the book ... It is also revealed that apart from Jay and Audrey , the villain kids and hero kids introduced in the film that shared couple dances are dating . Mal is still with Ben , Evie is confirmed to be Doug 's girlfriend , and Carlos and Jane turned out to be a perfect match for each other . Also as Freddie , Jordan , and Ally appear in the book , the story takes place during Descendants : Wicked World . Junior novelization ( edit ) A junior novelization of the film Descendants adapted by Rico Green , was published on July 14 , 2015 . School of Secrets ( edit ) School of Secrets is a series of novels that serve as a continuation of the Descendants film . The first book , CJ 's Treasure Chase , was released on August 30 , 2016 and centers on Captain Hook 's daughter , CJ Hook . The second book , Freddie 's Shadow Cards , was released on November 1 , 2016 , and centers on Freddie , the daughter of Dr. Facilier . The third book , Ally 's Mad Mystery , was released on February 28 , 2017 and focuses on Ally , the daughter of Alice in Wonderland . The fourth novel , Lonnie 's Warrior Sword , is set to be released on August 25 , 2017 , and will focus on Lonnie , the daughter of Mulan and Li Shang , while an untitled fifth book is set to be released on November 14 , 2017 . Other books ( edit ) Other books have been released , including Mal 's Diary , Mal 's Spell Book , a poster book , and a Guide to Auradon Prep . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipients and nominees Result Ref . 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie TV Song Shawn Mendes -- `` Believe '' Nominated 2016 Writers Guild of America Award Children 's Longform Program Josann McGibbon and Sara Parriott Won 2016 Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in a Children 's Program Kenny Ortega Won 2016 Golden Reel Awards Sound Editing In Television - Musical : Long Form Amber Funk Nominated 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition For A Limited Series , Movie Or Special ( Original Dramatic Score ) David Lawrence Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Disney Channel ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` sequel confirmation on Facebook '' . Facebook . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All - New , Contemporary Live - Action Disney Channel Original Movie ' Descendants ' to Introduce Teenage Children of Iconic Disney Villains '' . The Walt Disney Company ( Press release ) . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Good and Evil Collide When `` Descendants '' Premieres July 31 on Family Channel '' ( Press release ) . Toronto : DHX Media . July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants : Life beyond the happily ever after '' . Foxtel Insider . Foxtel . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Channel movie Descendants will grace the UK this September '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferreira , Thinus ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` DStv unblocking Disney Channel for Descendants '' . Channel 24 . Cape Town . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide September 2015 '' ( PDF ) . OSN . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's `` Descendants '' Garners Over One Million Views on the WATCH Disney Channel App Ahead of Its Television Premiere Tomorrow `` . The Futon Critic . July 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kessell , Rick ( August 1 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Channel 's Descendants Bewitches 6.6 Million in Friday Premiere '' . Variety . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick . `` Ratings : Descendants Premiere Surges to 10.5 Million Viewers in Early DVR Playback '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants ' Now Fifth Most Watched Cable Movie '' . Multichannel . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday 1 August 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 '' . BARB . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Top 10 '' . BARB . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Descendants at Metacritic Jump up ^ Biedenharn , Isabella ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` What to Watch '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. ( 1374 ) : 55 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eaton , Tisha Mae ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Descendants Brings Classic Disney Magic to TV Movie '' . Moviepilot . Jump up ^ Reif , Alex ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Descendants DCOM Review '' . LaughingPlace . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : Disney 's Descendants '' . Variety . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amatangelo , Amy ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Descendants : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.yahoo.com/tv/s/descendants-sequel-ordered-disney-channel-200158025.html Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Descendants ' Sequel Set At Disney Channel '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Descendants 2 ' Greenlighted By Disney Channel For 2017 , New Characters Added '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Day 1 : Welcome School of Secrets Disney Descendants on YouTube Jump up ^ Teaser Descendants : Wicked World on YouTube Jump up ^ Aliki Theofilopoulos ( @ alikigreeky ) ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` # DisneyDescendants # WickedWorld produced by the amazing @ Jmageecook & directed by me ! Voice talent from the cast ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Khatib , Joumana . `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Return to the Isle of the Lost - Disney Publishing Worldwide '' . Disney.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants : Junior Novel '' . Disney Publishing Worldwide . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.jessicabrody.com/2016/07/introducing-new-book-series-disneys-descendants/?doing_wp_cron=1492874764.7342650890350341796875 Jump up ^ http://books.disney.com/book/cjs-treasure-chase-volume-1/ Jump up ^ http://books.disney.com/book/descendants-mals-diary/ Jump up ^ http://books.disney.com/book/descendants-mals-spell-book/ Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners : Full List '' . Variety . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Writers Guild Awards '' . Writers Guild of America . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Annual DGA Awards Winners '' . Directors Guild of America . February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Writers Guild Awards : Nominations Announced For Television , New Media , News , Radio and Promotional Writing '' . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 68th EMMY ® AWARDS NOMINATIONS '' ( PDF ) . Emmys.org . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Official website Descendants on IMDb Disney Channel Original Movies 1990s Under Wraps ( 1997 ) You Lucky Dog ( 1998 ) Brink ! ( 1998 ) Halloweentown ( 1998 ) Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century ( 1999 ) Can of Worms ( 1999 ) The Thirteenth Year ( 1999 ) Smart House ( 1999 ) Johnny Tsunami ( 1999 ) Genius ( 1999 ) Do n't Look Under the Bed ( 1999 ) Horse Sense ( 1999 ) 2000s Up , Up and Away ( 2000 ) The Color of Friendship ( 2000 ) Alley Cats Strike ( 2000 ) Rip Girls ( 2000 ) Miracle in Lane 2 ( 2000 ) Stepsister from Planet Weird ( 2000 ) Ready to Run ( 2000 ) Quints ( 2000 ) The Other Me ( 2000 ) Mom 's Got a Date with a Vampire ( 2000 ) Phantom of the Megaplex ( 2000 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( 2000 ) Zenon : The Zequel ( 2001 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Hounded ( 2001 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) The Jennie Project ( 2001 ) Jumping Ship ( 2001 ) The Poof Point ( 2001 ) Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge ( 2001 ) ' Twas the Night ( 2001 ) Double Teamed ( 2002 ) Cadet Kelly ( 2002 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) Get a Clue ( 2002 ) Gotta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 ) A Ring of Endless Light ( 2002 ) The Scream Team ( 2002 ) You Wish ! ( 2003 ) Right on Track ( 2003 ) The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) The Cheetah Girls ( 2003 ) Full - Court Miracle ( 2003 ) Pixel Perfect ( 2004 ) Going to the Mat ( 2004 ) Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 ) Stuck in the Suburbs ( 2004 ) Tiger Cruise ( 2004 ) Halloweentown High ( 2004 ) Now You See It ... ( 2005 ) Buffalo Dreams ( 2005 ) Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) Go Figure ( 2005 ) Life Is Ruff ( 2005 ) The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) Twitches ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) Cow Belles ( 2006 ) Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior ( 2006 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 ) Jump In ! ( 2007 ) Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) Twitches Too ( 2007 ) Minutemen ( 2008 ) Camp Rock ( 2008 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Hatching Pete ( 2009 ) Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) 2010s Starstruck ( 2010 ) Den Brother ( 2010 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Avalon High ( 2010 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Lemonade Mouth ( 2011 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) Geek Charming ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Frenemies ( 2012 ) Radio Rebel ( 2012 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 ) Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) Zapped ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Bad Hair Day ( 2015 ) Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 ) The Swap ( 2016 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Films directed by Kenny Ortega Newsies ( 1992 ) Hocus Pocus ( 1993 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 ) Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( 2009 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again ( 2016 ) Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Descendants_(2015_film)&oldid=802834174 '' Categories : 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2015 television films American films American fantasy films American teen comedy films American television films Crossover films Disney Channel Original Movie films Films based on fairy tales Films directed by Kenny Ortega Films shot in Vancouver Teen films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 19 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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is the descendants a movie or tv show
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"Descendants is a 2015 American musical fantasy television film directed and choreographed by Kenny Ortega. The film stars Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Booboo Stewart, and Cameron Boyce as the teenage daughters and sons of Maleficent, the Evil Queen, Jafar, and Cruella De Vil, respectively. The film follows these teenagers adjusting to life outside their island prison, while on a mission to steal the Fairy Godmother's wand and free their parents from captivity."
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Las Vegas Stadium
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Las Vegas stadium - wikipedia Las Vegas stadium For the stadium originally known as Las Vegas Stadium , see Sam Boyd Stadium . Las Vegas Stadium Artist 's rendering showing the front of Las Vegas Stadium with the retractable windows and planned Al Davis memorial torch . Former names Raiders Stadium ( in early renderings ) Location Paradise , Nevada Coordinates 36 ° 05 ′ 26.7 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 01.4 '' W / 36.090750 ° N 115.183722 ° W / 36.090750 ; - 115.183722 Coordinates : 36 ° 05 ′ 26.7 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 01.4 '' W / 36.090750 ° N 115.183722 ° W / 36.090750 ; - 115.183722 Public transit Las Vegas Monorail at Mandalay Bay ( proposed ) Owner Las Vegas Stadium Authority ( Clark County Commission ) Operator Las Vegas Raiders Executive suites 100 Capacity 65,000 -- 72,000 ( larger events ) Acreage 62 acres ( 25 ha ) Surface Grass ( Raiders ) Field Turf ( UNLV ) Construction Broke ground November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) Construction cost US $1.8 billion Architect MANICA Architecture HNTB Project manager ICON Venue Group Structural engineer ARUP Services engineer Smith Seckman Reid , Inc . General contractor Mortenson Construction McCarthy Construction Tenants Las Vegas Raiders ( NFL ) ( 2020 -- ) planned UNLV Rebels ( NCAA ) ( 2020 -- ) planned Las Vegas Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2020 -- ) planned Website lasvegasstadium.raiders.com Las Vegas Stadium is the working name for a domed stadium under construction in Paradise , Nevada for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the UNLV Rebels football team of the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) . It is located on about 62 acres west of Mandalay Bay at Russell Road and Hacienda Avenue and between Polaris Avenue and Dean Martin Drive , just west of Interstate 15 . Construction of the $1.8 billion stadium began in September 2017 and is expected to be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2016 1.2 2017 1.3 2018 2 Financing 3 Design 4 Tenants and events 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 2016 ( edit ) In January 2016 , reports emerged that Las Vegas Sands was considering developing a stadium in conjunction with Majestic Realty and UNLV , on a 42 - acre site on Tropicana Avenue owned by UNLV . UNLV had been in the market for a new stadium to replace Sam Boyd Stadium since at least 2011 . Raiders owner Mark Davis visited Las Vegas on January 29 to tour the site and meet with Sands chairman Sheldon Adelson and other local figures . The Raiders , who had been trying to get a new stadium built for the team since the 1980s , had just missed out on relocating to Los Angeles that same month and were at an impasse in Oakland . In order for the team to relocate to Las Vegas , a new stadium was required , since Sam Boyd Stadium was undersized for the NFL and there were no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada . On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan . '' Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis met with UNLV officials and toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether it could serve as a temporary home for the team . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of the proposed $2.4 - billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . In the spring of 2016 , the board of directors of Las Vegas Sands rejected Adelson 's stadium proposal . Adelson decided to move ahead with the stadium as an individual investment , pledging $650 million of his personal wealth to the project . The viability of the Tropicana Avenue site was called into serious question in June 2016 , when Southwest Airlines objected to the location because its proximity to the northern end of one of McCarran Airport 's runways could negatively affect the safety and capacity of air traffic at the airport . The list of potential locations soon expanded to nine candidates , including the sites of the Wild Wild West casino , the Wynn golf course , the Riviera casino , the Las Vegas Festival Grounds , and Cashman Center . By September , the list was narrowed to two possibilities : the Bali Hai Golf Club , south of Mandalay Bay , and a vacant lot on Russell Road , just west of Interstate 15 . On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a proposed stadium design were released . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . Majestic Realty revealed in October 2016 that it had withdrawn from the stadium project . Sandoval called a special session of the Nevada Legislature to consider the stadium and other tourism - related proposals in October 2016 . The funding bill for the stadium was approved by a 16 -- 5 vote in the Senate and by 28 -- 13 in the Assembly , and was signed into law by Sandoval on October 17 . The bill allowed Clark County to increase its hotel tax to raise the $750 million in funding . 2017 ( edit ) 2015 view of the stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 The Raiders filed relocation papers on January 19 to move from Oakland to Las Vegas . On January 26 , 2017 , the Raiders submitted a proposed lease agreement for the stadium . It was reported that the Raiders had selected the Russell Road site as the stadium location , the team would pay one dollar in rent , and that they could control the naming rights for both the stadium and plaza and in addition keep signage sponsorship revenue . Days after the Raiders ' announced proposal , Adelson dropped out of the stadium project , pulling his proposed $650 million contribution Shortly after this announcement , Goldman Sachs , which had planned to finance part of the project , withdrew as well . As a result , the Raiders were expected to increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . On March 6 , the Raiders revealed Bank of America would lend $650 million to replace the Adelson portion of the funding . NFL owners voted to approve the move by a margin of 31 to 1 on March 27 . The next day , the Raiders and the Las Vegas Stadium Authority began accepting deposits for season tickets for the new stadium . The Raiders announced that they planned to remain in Oakland until the stadium was complete . The Raiders closed the purchase of the land for the stadium at the Russell Road site on May 1 . The purchase price was reported at $77.5 million . On May 11 , it was announced that in a joint venture Mortenson Construction and McCarthy Construction would be the developers for the stadium . Mortenson previously worked on U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis . The stadium authority approved a stadium lease with the Raiders on May 18 . The lease was to be for 30 years with four successive extension options of five years each . On September 18 , construction activity began on the stadium site with site preparation . A groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 13 . The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell , Raiders owner Mark Davis , his mother Carol Davis , various Raiders legends including Howie Long , Jim Plunkett , Tom Flores , and Ray Guy , Las Vegas and Nevada politicians such as Governor Brian Sandoval , Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman , Clark County Commissioner Steve Sisolak and stadium authority head Steve Hill . The event was hosted by George Lopez and included other celebrities like Carlos Santana , longtime Vegas icon Wayne Newton , and Howie D. and Nick Carter of the Backstreet Boys . There was also a tribute to the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that happened nearby with Judith Hill and the Las Vegas House of Blues Gospel Choir performing ' Rise up ' while 58 beams of light symbolizing the 58 victims were lit . 2018 ( edit ) In January , construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl . On February 3 , the Raiders opened a 7,500 - square - foot stadium preview center at Town Square , located a few miles from the stadium site , featuring interactive exhibits and team memorabilia , with plans for simulations of views from individual seats and a large - scale stadium model . Financing ( edit ) The budget for development of the stadium is estimated at $1.8 billion . Of this , $78 million was spent to purchase the land , $1.33 billion is estimated to be spent on construction , $123 million on furniture , fixtures , and equipment , $234 million on design and engineering , and $31 million on utilities and infrastructure . Some reports gave a budget of $1.9 billion , which also included $100 million to build a separate Raiders practice facility . The financing for the project is expected to come in the form of $750 million in public funding and $1.1 billion from the Raiders . The public portion of the funding will come from municipal bonds issued by Clark County , backed by the proceeds of a special tax on hotel rooms in the Las Vegas area , which took effect in March 2017 . The Raiders ' contribution was expected to include a $650 million loan from Bank of America , $200 million from the NFL 's stadium loan program , and $300 million from sales of personal seat licenses at the stadium , naming rights for the stadium , and sponsorships . Local government can not receive any rent or revenue sharing from the stadium , because such an arrangement would not be compatible with the tax - exempt status of the bonds . Proponents instead argued that the public financing would be justified by increased economic activity and tax revenue related to the stadium . Critics have argued that the economic projections were based on overly optimistic assumptions . A total of $645 million in construction bonds sold out in 90 minutes in April 2018 , representing Clark County 's contribution to the project beyond room taxes already collected . Design ( edit ) For Las Vegas Stadium , Mark Davis retained the same architecture firm , MANICA Architecture , that had designed the previously proposed Carson Stadium near Los Angeles . Davis retained much the look from the Carson stadium because he `` fell in love with the overall design of it '' . The stadium will be a 10 level domed stadium with a clear ETFE roof , silver and black exterior and large retractable curtain - like side windows facing the Las Vegas Strip . The design includes a large torch in one end that will house a flame in honor of Al Davis , the late long - time owner of the Raiders . Updated renderings released after the relocation vote passed show the stadium with a roll - in natural grass field similar to the one at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . In an August 17 , 2017 Las Vegas Stadium Authority meeting it was revealed that the stadium will have a designated pickup / drop off loop for ride sharing services such as Uber and Lyft , a first for a stadium in the NFL . Tenants and events ( edit ) The stadium will replace Sam Boyd Stadium and will serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels football program . In addition , it will host the annual Las Vegas Bowl . Stadium backers project 20 to 25 additional events per year , with plausible possibilities including the Super Bowl , the Pro Bowl , the NFL Draft , the NCAA Final Four , the USA Sevens rugby tournament , the Monster Jam World Finals , boxing matches , Ultimate Fighting Championship events , the Pac - 12 Football Championship Game , neutral - site college football games , international soccer matches , concerts , and corporate shows . David Beckham visited Las Vegas in 2016 to advocate for the stadium as a possible home for his Major League Soccer expansion team , although he ultimately announced the launch of the team with a stadium in Miami . The stadium was submitted as a potential site for the 2026 World Cup , but was later withdrawn from consideration . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal College Football portal Las Vegas portal Las Vegas Ballpark Sports in the Las Vegas metropolitan area T - Mobile Arena Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stadium Proposal '' ( PDF ) . Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final cost of Raiders stadium in Las Vegas pegged at $1.8 billion '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2018 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Clark County Stadium Authority Financing Plan Discussion Materials '' ( PDF ) . Las Vegas Stadium Authority . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Stadium Procurement Package 1a & 1b '' ( PDF ) . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Stadium Procurement Package 2a '' ( PDF ) . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halter , Nick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Report : Mortenson will build football stadium for Raiders in Las Vegas ( slideshow ) '' . Minneapolis -- St. Paul Business Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas Sands proposes $1 B domed stadium ; Adelson to meet with Raiders owner '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bleakley , Caroline ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Details of New UNLV Stadium Project Released '' . LASVEGASNOW . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says ' brand would do well ' in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders owner willing to give $20 M toward Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas '' . Fox News Channel . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Adelson commits personal wealth to back stadium plan '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rindels , Michelle ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Southwest Airlines does n't want stadium next to airport '' . Las Vegas Sun . Associated Press . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , J.D. ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Scouting report : Examining the pros , cons of potential NFL stadium sites '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valley , Jackie ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` As Las Vegas ' NFL stadium marches toward reality , burning questions remain '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file to trademark ' Las Vegas Raiders ' name '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote '' . National Football League . Associated Press . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Majestic Realty bows out of Las Vegas stadium development team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special session kicks off to consider NFL stadium funding '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ; Whaley , Sean ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16 - 5 vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill -- VIDEO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hickey , John ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tax increases designed to lure Raiders to Las Vegas go through '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damien , Levi ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas stadium proposal details revealed : Raiders get naming rights , one dollar rent , pick preferred site , more '' . Silver and Black Pride . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Adelsons withdraw investment from proposed Raiders stadium in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders boost Vegas commitment to $1.2 billion , operations , risk '' . espn.com . ESPN . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Las Vegas Stadium Gets Boost from Bank of America '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael David Smith ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move to Las Vegas approved '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders already taking deposits for season tickets in Las Vegas '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders close purchase on 62 - acre stadium site in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Vegas Lease Agreement Unanimously Approved by Stadium Authority Board '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium Lease Agreement between Clark County Stadium Authority and ( Raiders Stadium Events Company ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Construction activity begins at Las Vegas Raiders stadium site -- VIDEO '' . 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders breaking ground on new Las Vegas stadium -- LIVESTREAM '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders break ground on new stadium in Las Vegas '' . NFL . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis plays ceremonial shovel like guitar , other highlights , quotes , pics from Raiders Las Vegas stadium ground breaking '' . Silver And Black Pride . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Vince . `` Rock blasting begins on Raiders stadium site '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Silver and black history : Stadium preview center in Vegas filled with Raiders memorabilia '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2018 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pro Forma Stadium Project Budget Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Las Vegas Stadium Authority . March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Becker , Jon ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders purchase land for new Las Vegas stadium '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Akers , Mick ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Final cost of Raiders stadium in Las Vegas pegged at $1.8 billion '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Revenue from Las Vegas room taxes surges in January '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Room - tax money for NFL stadium starts to flow before Raiders ' move finalized '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` What that $100 Raiders deposit actually gets you '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Details of lease agreement between Las Vegas officials , Raiders emerging '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Messerly , Megan ; Valley , Jackie ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Digging into economic projections tied to a Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Will ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` To lure Raiders , Nevada officials willing to bet big -- with public money '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nocera , Joe ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` N.F.L. Stadium in Las Vegas May Be an Ego Boost , but Not an Economic One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All bonds for Las Vegas Raiders stadium sold in 90 minutes '' . 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Nusca , Andrew . `` This Is the Stunning $2 Billion Stadium Where the Las Vegas Raiders Will Play '' . Fortune.com . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders apply for ' Las Vegas Raiders ' trademark ; stadium renderings '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Davis on taking the new stadium plans from Carson to Las Vegas # Raiders '' . Vic Tafur on Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` First look at details of new Raiders stadium in Las Vegas may answer questions '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders pitch a $1.9 billion Las Vegas stadium - Archpaper.com '' . archpaper.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damien , Levi ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New video , pics of Raiders Las Vegas stadium renderings '' . Silver and Black Pride . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Can Las Vegas become a new destination in college football ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Beyond the pigskin : What events are needed for stadium 's long - term viability '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weissberg , Brad ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders brand , Vegas brand unite '' . Venues Today . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Can Las Vegas become a new destination in college football ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Time ticking on Beckham 's Miami MLS team amid deadline , Las Vegas speculation '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madigan , Nick ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` For David Beckham and M.L.S. , a Miami Marriage at Last '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Prince , Todd ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Raiders stadium considered for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Las Vegas withdrew bid to host 2026 World Cup '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Stadium . Official website Proposed Las Vegas Stadium Virtual Tour from the National Football League ( NFL ) 's official YouTube channel Construction page for stadium from Mortenson McCarthy Las Vegas Stadium Authority Stadium webcam Preceded by Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Home of the Las Vegas Raiders 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Preceded by Sam Boyd Stadium Home of UNLV Rebels football 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Preceded by Sam Boyd Stadium Host of Las Vegas Bowl 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. In the House Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ - FM KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Wild card berths ( 6 ) 1977 1980 1984 1991 1993 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 59 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold UNLV Rebels football Venues Cashman Field ( old ) ( 1968 ) Butcher Field ( 1971 ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( 1971 -- 2019 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( 2020 -- future ) Bowl games & rivalries Bowl games Hawaii ( Island Showdown ) Nevada ( Fremont Cannon ) Culture & lore Hey Reb ! Win with the Rebels Star of Nevada People Head coaches Statistical leaders NFL draftees Seasons 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Las Vegas Bowl History & tie - ins History California Bowl Broadcasters Mountain West Conference Pac - 12 Conference Las Vegas Bowl Champion seasons Venues Sam Boyd Stadium ( 1992 -- 2019 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( 2020 -- future ) Games 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Transportation Airports McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Amtrak station ( defunct ) Arts and museums 18b The Las Vegas Arts District Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Symphony Park Smith Center for the Performing Arts Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater Smith Center for the Performing Arts The AXIS Museums in Clark County , Nevada Active Boulder City / Hoover Dam Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum Imperial Palace Auto Collection Las Vegas Gambling Museum Las Vegas Historical Society Las Vegas Natural History Museum Lost City Museum Madame Tussauds Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art Mob Museum National Atomic Testing Museum Neon Museum Nevada State Museum Nevada Southern Railroad Museum Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park Pinball Hall of Fame Shelby Museum Southern Nevada Museum of Fine Art Thunderbirds Museum Previous Elvis - A-Rama Museum Guinness World of Records Guggenheim Hermitage Museum History of the Future Museum Hollywood Movie Museum Las Vegas Art Museum Liberace Museum Star Trek : The Experience Sports T - Mobile Arena Sam Boyd Stadium Cashman Field Thomas & Mack Center Darling Tennis Center Bettye Wilson Soccer Complex Las Vegas Motor Speedway Las Vegas Stadium Las Vegas Ballpark Mandalay Bay Events Center All Net Resort and Arena Government Las Vegas City Hall Clark County Government Center Lloyd D. 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where is the las vegas football stadium going to be
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"Las Vegas Stadium is the working name for a domed stadium under construction in Paradise, Nevada for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL) and the UNLV Rebels football team of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). It is located on about 62 acres west of Mandalay Bay at Russell Road and Hacienda Avenue and between Polaris Avenue and Dean Martin Drive, just west of Interstate 15. Construction of the $1.8 billion stadium began in September 2017 and is expected to be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season."
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"Paradise, Nevada"
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List of most expensive music videos
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List of Most Expensive Music videos - wikipedia List of Most Expensive Music videos Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This page lists the most expensive music videos ever made , with costs of US $500,000 or more . David Bowie 's video for the 1980 single `` Ashes to Ashes '' was the first music video to exceed this sum . Janet Jackson leads with six videos on the list , while Michael Jackson , Britney Spears , and Ayumi Hamasaki have five each . Ayumi Hamasaki , T - ara , 2NE1 and B.A.P are also the only Asian artists to appear on this list . Madonna has made three appearances in the top 5 , and four total , making her the artist with the most expensive videos of all time put together . Mylène Farmer has made 3 appearances . TLC , Kanye West , Busta Rhymes , Guns N ' Roses , and MC Hammer appear on the list twice . Joseph Kahn has directed four videos on this list while Hype Williams , Cha Eun Taek , and Wataru Takeishi have directed three videos on the list . Nigel Dick , Mark Romanek and John Landis appear twice on this list , the latter with videos both directed for Michael Jackson . This list only includes music videos with an announced or reported budget . Mark Romanek , the director of Michael and Janet Jackson 's `` Scream '' , which is claimed to be the most expensive music video ever made , has since denied this claim saying that there were two other music videos from the same era which cost `` millions more '' than the video for `` Scream '' . In a 2017 interview , Mick Garris a writer for Michael Jackson 's Ghosts stated that after several years of production development for the Ghosts short film `` it became the most expensive music video ever made ... it ended up coming in at about $15 million dollars , all of it out of Michael 's pocket '' . Indicates the title was the most expensive of all time at the time of production Most expensive music videos ( edit ) Artist ( s ) Song title Director Original air date Production ( US $ ) Inflation - adjusted PC ( 2018 ) Jackson , Michael ! Michael Jackson and Jackson , Janet ! Janet Jackson `` Scream '' ! `` Scream '' Romanek , Mark ! Mark Romanek 1995 - 05 - 00 1995 , June 13 $7,000,000 $11,242,193 Madonna `` Die Another Day '' Traktor 2002 - 10 - 22 2002 , October 22 $6,100,000 $8,299,611 Madonna `` Express Yourself '' Fincher , David ! David Fincher 1989 - 05 - 17 1989 , May 17 $5,000,000 $9,871,141 Madonna `` Bedtime Story '' Romanek , Mark ! Mark Romanek 1995 - 04 - 01 1995 , March 10 $5,000,000 $8,030,138 Jackson , Michael ! Michael Jackson `` Black or White '' Landis , John ! John Landis 1991 - 11 - 14 1991 , November 14 $4,000,000 $7,186,904 Guns N ' Roses `` Estranged '' Morahan , Andy ! Andy Morahan 1993 - 12 - 00 1993 , December $5,000,000 $6,776,319 Gwen Stefani `` Make Me Like You '' Muller , Sophie ! Sophie Muller 2016 - 02 - 15 2016 , February 15 $4,000,000 $4,078,758 Aqua `` Cartoon Heroes '' Masin , Thomas ! Thomas Masin 2000 - 01 - 00 2000 , January $3,500,000 $5,141,630 Puff Daddy ! Puff Daddy ( featuring The Notorious B.I.G. & Busta Rhymes ) `` Victory '' Nispel , Marcus ! Marcus Nispel 1998 - 03 - 31 1998 , March 31 $2,700,000 $4,053,859 MC Hammer `` 2 Legit 2 Quit '' Wainwright , Rupert ! Rupert Wainwright 1991 - 11 - 01 1991 , November $2,500,000 $4,359,734 Carey , Mariah ! Mariah Carey ( featuring Jay - Z ) `` Heartbreaker '' Ratner , Brett ! Brett Ratner 1999 - 08 - 16 1999 , August 16 $2,500,000 $3,672,593 Jackson , Janet ! Janet Jackson `` Does n't Really Matter '' Kahn , Joseph ! Joseph Kahn 2000 - 06 - 28 2000 , June 28 $2,500,000 $3,552,657 Busta Rhymes ( featuring Janet Jackson ) `` What 's It Gonna Be ? ! '' Williams , Hype & Busta Rhymes ! Hype Williams & Busta Rhymes 1999 - 03 - 12 1999 , March 12 $2,400,000 $4,185,345 Dion , Celine ! Celine Dion `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' Dick , Nigel ! Nigel Dick 1996 - 07 - 29 1996 , July 29 $2,300,000 $3,588,839 Jackson , Michael ! Michael Jackson `` Bad '' Scorsese , Martin ! Martin Scorsese 1987 - 08 - 31 1987 , August 31 $2,200,000 $4,738,957 Backstreet Boys `` Larger Than Life '' Kahn , Joseph ! Joseph Kahn 1999 - 09 - 14 1999 , September 14 $2,100,000 $3,084,978 Jackson , Michael ! Michael Jackson `` Remember the Time '' Singleton , John ! John Singleton 1992 - 02 - 03 1992 , February 3 $2,000,000 $3,487,788 Will Smith `` Miami '' Wayne Isham 1998 , December $2,000,000 $3,002,858 Elliott , Missy ! Missy Elliott `` She 's a Bitch '' Williams , Hype ! Hype Williams 1999 - 05 - 01 1999 , May 1 $2,000,000 $2,938,074 Michael , George ! George Michael `` Freeek ! '' Kahn , Joseph ! Joseph Kahn 2004 - 00 - 00 2002 , February 27 $2,000,000 $2,591,261 Hamasaki , Ayumi ! Ayumi Hamasaki `` my name 's WOMEN ! '' My Name 's Women '' Takeishi , Wataru ! Wataru Takeishi 2005 , March 16 $2,000,000 $2,506,049 Hamasaki , Ayumi ! Ayumi Hamasaki `` Fairyland '' Takeishi , Wataru ! Wataru Takeishi 2005 - 07 - 16 2005 , July 16 $2,000,000 $2,506,049 Hamasaki , Ayumi ! Ayumi Hamasaki `` Green '' Kazuyoshi Shimomura ! Kazuyoshi Shimomura 2008 - 12 - 17 2008 , December 17 $1,600,000 $2,004,839 TLC `` Unpretty '' Hunter , Paul ! Paul Hunter 1999 - 08 - 29 1999 , August 29 $1,600,000 $2,350,459 Guns N ' Roses `` November Rain '' Andy Morahan 1992 - 06 - 02 1992 , June 2 $1,500,000 $2,615,841 Blackstreet and Janet Jackson ( featuring Eve & Ja Rule ) `` Girlfriend / Boyfriend '' Kahn , Joseph ! Joseph Kahn 1999 - 03 - 23 1999 , March 23 $1,500,000 $2,203,556 Madonna ( featuring Nicki Minaj & M.I.A. ) `` Give Me All Your Luvin ' '' Megaforce 2012 - 02 - 03 2012 , February 3 $1,500,000 $1,631,805 MC Hammer `` Here Comes the Hammer '' MC Hammer 1991 - 01 - 01 1991 , January 1 $1,300,000 $2,435,099 Fugees `` Ready or Not '' Marcus Nispel 1996 - 08 - 29 1996 , August 29 $1,300,000 $2,028,474 West , Kanye ! Kanye West `` Stronger '' Williams , Hype ! Hype Williams 2007 - 07 - 00 2007 , June 19 $1,200,000 $1,416,273 Duran Duran `` Wild Boys , The '' ! `` The Wild Boys '' Mulcahy , Russell ! Russell Mulcahy 1984 - 11 - 00 1984 , November $1,000,000 + $2,355,541 Jackson , Michael ! Michael Jackson `` Thriller '' ! `` Thriller '' Landis , John ! John Landis 1983 - 12 - 02 1983 , December 2 $1,000,000 $2,457,066 S.E.S. ! S.E.S. `` Love '' Tak Jae - hoon 1999 - 11 - 27 1999 , November 27 $1,000,000 $1,469,037 Jackson , Janet ! Janet Jackson ( with Nelly ) `` Call on Me '' Williams , Hype ! Hype Williams 2006 - 07 - 26 2006 , July 26 $1,000,000 $1,213,932 Sisters of Mercy ! The Sisters of Mercy `` Dominion / Mother Russia '' Eldritch , Andrew ! Andrew Eldritch 1988 - 02 - 00 1988 , February $1,000,000 $2,069,218 The Rolling Stones `` Love Is Strong '' Fincher , David ! David Fincher 1994 - 00 - 00 1994 , July $1,000,000 $1,651,100 TLC `` Waterfalls '' Gray , F. Gary ! F. Gary Gray 1995 1995 , May 19 $1,000,000 $1,606,028 Sisqó ( with Foxy Brown ) `` Thong Song '' ( remix ) Little X ! Little X 2000 2000 , March $1,000,000 $1,421,063 Spears , Britney ! Britney Spears `` Toxic '' Kahn , Joseph ! Joseph Kahn 2004 - 01 - 13 2004 , January 13 $1,000,000 $1,330,318 West , Kanye ! Kanye West ( featuring Lupe Fiasco ) `` Touch the Sky '' Milk , Chris ! Chris Milk 2006 - 04 - 00 2006 , April $1,000,000 $1,213,932 Hamasaki , Ayumi ! Ayumi Hamasaki `` Jewel '' Takeishi , Wataru ! Wataru Takeishi 2006 - 11 - 00 2006 , November $1,100,000 $1,335,325 Farmer , Mylene ! Mylène Farmer `` L'Âme - stram - gram '' Ching Siu - tung 1996 - 03 - 20 1999 $1,000,000 $1,469,037 Jackson , Janet ! Janet Jackson `` I Get Lonely '' ( remix ) Hunter , Paul ! Paul Hunter 1998 - 03 - 01 1998 , April $1,000,000 $1,501,429 Hamasaki , Ayumi ! Ayumi Hamasaki `` Virgin Road '' ! `` Virgin Road '' Muto , Masashi ! Masashi Muto 2010 - 09 - 27 2010 , September 27 $1,000,000 $1,122,234 T - ara ! T - ara `` Cry Cry / Lovey Dovey '' Cha Eun Taek ! Cha Eun Taek 2011 - 11 - 11 2011 , November 11 $1,000,000 $1,087,870 Drake `` God 's Plan '' Karena Evans 2018 - 01 - 19 2018 , January 19 $996,631.90 $1,047,033 B.A.P `` One Shot '' Kang Ji Won & Kim Ki Bum ! Kang Ji Won & Kim Ki - bum 2013 - 02 - 12 2013 , February 12 $915,000 $961,273 Gangkiz ! Gangkiz `` Honey Honey '' Cha Eun Taek ! Cha Eun Taek 2012 - 05 - 12 2012 , May 12 $900,000 $959,356 Infinite ! Infinite `` Destiny '' Hong Won - ki 2013 - 07 - 16 2013 , July 16 $890,000 $935,009 Spears , Britney ! Britney Spears `` Work Bitch '' Ben Mor 2013 - 10 - 01 2013 , October 1 $850,000 $892,986 Zadora , Pia ! Pia Zadora `` Heartbeat of Love '' Sena , Dominic ! Dominic Sena 1989 1989 , October $800,000 $1,579,383 Gorillaz `` Saturnz Barz '' Jamie Hewlett 2017 , March 23 $800,000 $800,000 Farmer , Mylene ! Mylène Farmer `` California '' Ferrara , Abel ! Abel Ferrara 1996 - 03 - 20 1996 , March 20 $788,000 $1,229,805 Spears , Britney ! Britney Spears `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' Dick , Nigel ! Nigel Dick 2000 - 04 - 10 2000 , April 10 $750,000 $1,065,797 Speed ! Speed `` Sad Promise '' Cha Eun Taek ! Cha Eun Taek 2013 - 01 - 07 2013 , January 7 $706,000 $752,562 Lil ' Dicky `` Pillow Talking '' Tony Yacenda 2017 , April 14 $700,000 $700,000 Bowie , David ! David Bowie `` Ashes to Ashes '' Bowie , David & Mallet , David ! David Bowie & David Mallet 1980 - 01 - 01 1980 , May $582,000 $1,728,606 Spears , Britney ! Britney Spears `` Hold It Against Me '' Jonas Åkerlund 2011 - 02 - 17 2011 , February 17 $500,000 $543,935 Farmer , Mylene ! Mylène Farmer `` Pourvu qu'elles soient douces '' Boutonnat , Laurent ! Laurent Boutonnat 1988 - 09 - 12 1988 , September 12 $500,000 $590,114 Spears , Britney ! Britney Spears `` Piece of Me '' Wayne Isham 2007 - 12 - 14 2007 , December 14 $500,000 $590,114 2NE1 ! 2NE1 `` Come Back Home '' Dee Shin 2014 - 03 - 04 2014 , March 4 $500,000 $516,868 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tewksbury , Drew . `` Mark Romanek : ' Never Let Me Go ' Director On His Music Video Career : The Record '' . NPR . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ S , M. `` How Hocus Pocus writer Mick Garris went from ' Thriller ' extra to Michael Jackson collaborator '' . EW . Retrieved Oct 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Work of Director Mark Romanek , Vol. 4 of Palm Pictures ' Directors Label series , DVD , prod . Richard Brown and Lance Bangs , 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` The Most Expensive Music Videos Ever Made '' . MSN . October 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Traktor '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna -- Die Another Day ( 2002 ) -- IMVDb '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Expensive Music Videos Ever Made '' . Celebrity Net Worth . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madonna ( 1990 ) . The Immaculate Collection ( CD , VHS ) . Warner Music Vision . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Madonna 's 38 Top 10 Pop Songs '' . About.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hammer - `` Bedtime Story '' `` . mvdbase.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` The 5 Most Expensive Videos of All Time '' . Forbe . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's Black or White '' . June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Landis talks movie monsters , music videos and of course , Michael '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Superstars And Super Hype To The Rescue '' . Newsweek . December 9 , 1991 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Those Wacky Jacksons '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 27 , 1991 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Six Things You Did n't Know About Guns N ' Roses ' ' November Rain ' '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mick O'Shea. ( 2008 ) . The Guns N ' Roses encyclopaedia . New Malden , Surrey , UK : Chrome Dreams . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84240 - 423 - 2 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Gwen Stefani Creates Live ' Make Me Like You ' Video During Grammys '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Andy . `` Down to Brass Tacks : Gwen Stefani 's $12 Million Live Music Video for Target New Centerpiece to a Emerging Trend '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aqua -- Cartoon Hero ( 1999 ) -- IMVDb '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Most Costly Music Videos Ever '' . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clyde Philip Rolston ; Amy Macy ; Tom Hutchison ; Paul Allen ( 19 November 2015 ) . Record Label Marketing : How Music Companies Brand and Market Artists in the Digital Era . CRC Press . pp. 296 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 70548 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hammer - `` Too legit to quit '' `` . mvdbase.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Pacific Arts : APA Top Ten : Joseph Kahn music videos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Diehl , Matt . October 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangliste : Die teuersten Musikvideos aller Zeiten -- Nachrichten Panorama -- DIE WELT '' . Die Welt . November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The A To Z Of Martin Scorsese B Is For Bad , Music video '' . Empire . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jet -- Google Books . Books.google.co.uk . February 17 , 1992 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 25 Most Expensive Music Videos Ever Made '' . VH1 News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome ! - Music Video Database -- The Base Of Music Videos '' . Onlinemusikvideos.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oh No They Did n't ! - 20 Most Expensive Music Videos '' . Ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Give me all your luvin info '' . mvdbase . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Directors Of Madonna 's $1.5 m Music Video Throw Her Some Shade ! '' . Oh No They Did n't . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Megaforce : Working with Madonna is like Working with the CIA '' . Madonnarama . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( March 8 , 1991 ) . `` Flesh Forward '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Other works for Marcus Nispel '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vibe -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haugen , Fredrick ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Top 5 Futuristic Music Videos by Duran Duran '' . FutureDude . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : How Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' Changed The Music Business '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sisters of Mercy -- Sex & Violence '' . Vamp.org . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones Music Video in NYC -- On the set of New York.com '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ken ( June 2 , 1995 ) . `` Passing the Buck Michael Jackson '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TLC -- Waterfalls ( 1994 ) -- IMVDb '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 40 Most Expensive Music Videos Ever Made '' . Refined Guy . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sisqó -- Thong Song ( Version 2 ) ( 2000 ) -- IMVDb '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Keith ( March 2008 ) . `` Is the music video dead ? '' . Vibe : 66 . ISSN 1070 - 4701 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears ' ' Womanizer ' Director Joseph Kahn Talks ' Toxic ' Comparisons '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gill ( August 25 , 2004 ) . `` Yes , Britney Really Is Naked In The ' Toxic ' Video : VMA Lens Recap '' . MTV News . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West a sore loser at MTV awards -- today > entertainment -- Music '' . MSNBC . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` L'Âme - Stram - Gram '' . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ Khairallah , 2007 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` top 30 '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Jackson Making of I Get Lonely pt2 '' . YouTube . February 23 , 2008 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prince Samuel ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Call Me Prince : 09 / 19 / 11 '' . Pangeransamuelsamuel.blogspot.sg . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` T - ara 's Comeback MV Cost $1 Million '' . Soompi . September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpVfcZ0ZcFM Jump up ^ `` B.A.P releases video teaser for `` One Shot '' `` . Allkpop . February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` T - ara 's Hyomin shares photos from the editing studio of Gang Kiz `` Honey Honey '' MV `` . 2012 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` K - pop Drops the Big Bucks : Top Ten High - Budget MVs '' . MTV . 2014 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Infinite reveals track list for `` Destiny '' `` . NATE . NATE . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Will , Jenny ( 2013 - 05 - 27 ) . `` INFINITE filming their next MV on the same set of ' Transformers ' at Universal Studios '' . Allkpop . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` So How Much Did Britney 's `` Work Bitch '' Video Cost , Anyway ? Three Music Video Directors Weigh In `` . Daily Mail . United States . October 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , Craig ; Tannenbaum , Rob ( 2011 ) . I Want My MTV : The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution . Penguin . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane . `` Damon Albarn and Noel Gallagher on the Making of Gorillaz 's ' We Got the Power ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Macaulay , Scott . `` ABEL FERRARA 'S `` CALIFORNIA '' - Filmmaker Magazine `` . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Royer , Hugues ( 2008 ) . Mylène , biographie ( in French ) . Spain : Flammarion . ISBN 978 - 2 - 35287 - 139 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Conversion of 600000 EUR to USD on 01 January 1995 '' . FXTOP. 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . On 17 February 1996 600000 EUR = 788 152.97 USD Jump up ^ `` Britney -- Oops I Did It Again -- Nigel Dick '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears Reminisces About ' Baby ' Video , Director Nigel Dick Responds '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Britney Spears Fought For ' Oops ! ... I Did It Again ' Red Catsuit '' . MTV . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newsen ( 2012 - 12 - 21 ) . `` 박보영 지 창욱 , 스피드 위해 뭉쳤다 ! ' 슬픈 약속 ' 80 년대 배경 뮤비 감동 '' ( Park Bo - young , Jang Chang - wook , for speed ! ' Sad Promise ' 80s background ) ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Park Bo Young and Ji Chang Wook show their support for SPEED 's debut '' . Allkpop. 2013 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Dicky -- Pillow Talking ( 2017 ) -- IMVDb '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Insane Lil Dicky Video Stars Dinosaurs and John C. Reilly '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ashes to Ashes info '' . Mvd base . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckley , David ( 2012 ) . Strange Fascination : David Bowie : The Definitive Story . Random House . pp. 366 -- 369 . Jump up ^ Officer , Lawrence H. and Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2011 ) . `` Computing ' Real Value ' Over Time With a Conversion Between U.K. Pounds and U.S. Dollars , 1830 to Present '' . MeasuringWorth . To access , user must enter `` 1980 '' in the first search bar , select `` £ '' and enter 250,000 in the second bar , enter `` 1980 '' in the third bar and click `` Calculate '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears ' Manager Explains : Why Jonas Akerlund ? '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pourvu qu'elles soient douces ( Libertine II ) '' . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Was Britney ' slimmed down ' in new video ? '' . Daily Mail . London . December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears Shoots ' Piece Of Me ' Video , Using Pursued - By - Paparazzi Theme '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes in K - pop : YG Music Video Director Dee Shin Interview pt. 2 '' . Beyond Hallyu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Music portal Visual arts portal Lists portal Lists of most expensive items Transport Cars ( auctioned ) Media Books Coins Music videos Records Photographs ( of celebrities ) Paintings ( Indian artists ) Sculptures Video games Films animated non-English Czech Finnish Indian Locations Buildings Cities for expatriate employees Streets United States public works projects Sports Association football Transfer record British transfers Dutch transfers Ukrainian transfers Baseball Contracts Social Divorces Most expensive things Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_expensive_music_videos&oldid=832608500 '' Categories : Lists of music videos Lists of most expensive things Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from July 2015 Incomplete lists from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Català فارسی Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 00 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what was the most expensive music video of all time
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[
"\n\nArtist(s)\nSong title\nDirector\nOriginal air date\nProduction (US$)\nInflation-adjusted PC (2018)\n\n\nJackson, Michael !Michael Jackson and Jackson, Janet !Janet Jackson\n\"Scream\" !\"Scream\"\nRomanek, Mark !Mark Romanek[3]\n1995-05-001995, June 13\n$7,000,000[4]\n$11,242,193\n\n\nMadonna\n\"Die Another Day\"\nTraktor[5][6]\n2002-10-222002, October 22\n$6,100,000[7]\n$8,299,611\n\n\nMadonna\n\"Express Yourself\"\nFincher, David !David Fincher[8]\n1989-05-171989, May 17\n$5,000,000[9]\n$9,871,141\n\n\nMadonna\n\"Bedtime Story\"\nRomanek, Mark !Mark Romanek[10]\n1995-04-011995, March 10\n$5,000,000[11]\n$8,030,138\n\n\nJackson, Michael !Michael Jackson\n\"Black or White\"\nLandis, John !John Landis[12][13]\n1991-11-141991, November 14\n$4,000,000[14][15]\n$7,186,904\n\n\nGuns N' Roses\n\"Estranged\"\nMorahan, Andy !Andy Morahan[16]\n1993-12-001993, December\n$5,000,000[17]\n$6,776,319\n\n\nGwen Stefani\n\"Make Me Like You\"\nMuller, Sophie !Sophie Muller[18]\n2016-02-152016, February 15\n$4,000,000[19]\n$4,078,758\n\n\nAqua\n\"Cartoon Heroes\"\nMasin, Thomas !Thomas Masin[20]\n2000-01-002000, January\n$3,500,000[21][22]\n$5,141,630\n\n\nPuff Daddy !Puff Daddy\n(featuring The Notorious B.I.G. & Busta Rhymes)\n\"Victory\"\nNispel, Marcus !Marcus Nispel[citation needed]\n1998-03-311998, March 31\n$2,700,000[4]\n$4,053,859\n\n\nMC Hammer\n\"2 Legit 2 Quit\"\nWainwright, Rupert !Rupert Wainwright[23]\n1991-11-011991, November\n$2,500,000[14]\n$4,359,734\n\n\nCarey, Mariah !Mariah Carey\n(featuring Jay-Z)\n\"Heartbreaker\"\nRatner, Brett !Brett Ratner[citation needed]\n1999-08-161999, August 16\n$2,500,000[4]\n$3,672,593\n\n\nJackson, Janet !Janet Jackson\n\"Doesn't Really Matter\"\nKahn, Joseph !Joseph Kahn[24]\n2000-06-282000, June 28\n$2,500,000[4]\n$3,552,657\n\n\nBusta Rhymes\n(featuring Janet Jackson)\n\"What's It Gonna Be?!\"\nWilliams, Hype & Busta Rhymes !Hype Williams & Busta Rhymes[citation needed]\n1999-03-121999, March 12\n$2,400,000[4]\n$4,185,345\n\n\nDion, Celine !Celine Dion\n\"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\"\nDick, Nigel !Nigel Dick[citation needed]\n1996-07-291996, July 29\n$2,300,000[25]\n$3,588,839\n\n\nJackson, Michael !Michael Jackson\n\"Bad\"\nScorsese, Martin !Martin Scorsese[26]\n1987-08-311987, August 31\n$2,200,000[4]\n$4,738,957\n\n\nBackstreet Boys\n\"Larger Than Life\"\nKahn, Joseph !Joseph Kahn[citation needed]\n1999-09-141999, September 14\n$2,100,000[4]\n$3,084,978\n\n\nJackson, Michael !Michael Jackson\n\"Remember the Time\"\nSingleton, John !John Singleton[citation needed]\n1992-02-031992, February 3\n$2,000,000[27]\n$3,487,788\n\n\nWill Smith\n\"Miami\"\nWayne Isham[28]\n1998, December\n$2,000,000[28]\n$3,002,858\n\n\nElliott, Missy !Missy Elliott\n\"She's a Bitch\"\nWilliams, Hype !Hype Williams[citation needed]\n1999-05-011999, May 1\n$2,000,000[4]\n$2,938,074\n\n\nMichael, George !George Michael\n\"Freeek!\"\nKahn, Joseph !Joseph Kahn[29]\n2004-00-002002, February 27\n$2,000,000[4]\n$2,591,261\n\n\nHamasaki, Ayumi !Ayumi Hamasaki\n\"my name's WOMEN !\"My Name's Women\"\nTakeishi, Wataru !Wataru Takeishi[citation needed]\n2005, March 16\n$2,000,000[25]\n$2,506,049\n\n\nHamasaki, Ayumi !Ayumi Hamasaki\n\"Fairyland\"\nTakeishi, Wataru !Wataru Takeishi[citation needed]\n2005-07-162005, July 16\n$2,000,000[4]\n$2,506,049\n\n\nHamasaki, Ayumi !Ayumi Hamasaki\n\"Green\"\nKazuyoshi Shimomura !Kazuyoshi Shimomura[citation needed]\n2008-12-172008, December 17\n$1,600,000[30]\n$2,004,839\n\n\nTLC\n\"Unpretty\"\nHunter, Paul !Paul Hunter[citation needed]\n1999-08-291999, August 29\n$1,600,000[4]\n$2,350,459\n\n\nGuns N' Roses\n\"November Rain\"\nAndy Morahan[16]\n1992-06-021992, June 2\n$1,500,000[16]\n$2,615,841\n\n\nBlackstreet and Janet Jackson\n(featuring Eve & Ja Rule)\n\"Girlfriend/Boyfriend\"\nKahn, Joseph !Joseph Kahn[citation needed]\n1999-03-231999, March 23\n$1,500,000[4]\n$2,203,556\n\n\nMadonna\n(featuring Nicki Minaj & M.I.A.)\n\"Give Me All Your Luvin'\"\nMegaforce[31]\n2012-02-032012, February 3\n$1,500,000[32][33]\n$1,631,805\n\n\nMC Hammer\n\"Here Comes the Hammer\"\nMC Hammer[citation needed]\n1991-01-011991, January 1\n$1,300,000[34]\n$2,435,099\n\n\nFugees\n\"Ready or Not\"\nMarcus Nispel[35]\n1996-08-291996, August 29\n$1,300,000[36]\n$2,028,474\n\n\nWest, Kanye !Kanye West\n\"Stronger\"\nWilliams, Hype !Hype Williams[citation needed]\n2007-07-002007, June 19\n$1,200,000[4]\n$1,416,273\n\n\nDuran Duran\n\"Wild Boys, The\" !\"The Wild Boys\"\nMulcahy, Russell !Russell Mulcahy[citation needed]\n1984-11-001984, November\n$1,000,000+[37]\n$2,355,541\n\n\nJackson, Michael !Michael Jackson\n\"Thriller\" !\"Thriller\"\nLandis, John !John Landis[13]\n1983-12-021983, December 2\n$1,000,000[38]\n$2,457,066\n\n\nS.E.S. !S.E.S.\n\"Love\"\nTak Jae-hoon[citation needed]\n1999-11-271999, November 27\n$1,000,000[citation needed]\n$1,469,037\n\n\nJackson, Janet !Janet Jackson (with Nelly)\n\"Call on Me\"\nWilliams, Hype !Hype Williams[citation needed]\n2006-07-262006, July 26\n$1,000,000[25]\n$1,213,932\n\n\nSisters of Mercy !The Sisters of Mercy\n\"Dominion/Mother Russia\"\nEldritch, Andrew !Andrew Eldritch[citation needed]\n1988-02-001988, February\n$1,000,000[39]\n$2,069,218\n\n\nThe Rolling Stones\n\"Love Is Strong\"\nFincher, David !David Fincher[40]\n1994-00-001994, July\n$1,000,000[41]\n$1,651,100\n\n\nTLC\n\"Waterfalls\"\nGray, F. Gary !F. Gary Gray[42]\n19951995, May 19\n$1,000,000 [43]\n$1,606,028\n\n\nSisqó (with Foxy Brown)\n\"Thong Song\" (remix)\nLittle X !Little X[44]\n20002000, March\n$1,000,000[45]\n$1,421,063\n\n\nSpears, Britney !Britney Spears\n\"Toxic\"\nKahn, Joseph !Joseph Kahn[46]\n2004-01-132004, January 13\n$1,000,000[47]\n$1,330,318\n\n\nWest, Kanye !Kanye West\n(featuring Lupe Fiasco)\n\"Touch the Sky\"\nMilk, Chris !Chris Milk[citation needed]\n2006-04-002006, April\n$1,000,000[48]\n$1,213,932\n\n\nHamasaki, Ayumi !Ayumi Hamasaki\n\"Jewel\"\nTakeishi, Wataru !Wataru Takeishi[citation needed]\n2006-11-002006, November\n$1,100,000[25]\n$1,335,325\n\n\nFarmer, Mylene !Mylène Farmer\n\"L'Âme-stram-gram\"\nChing Siu-tung[49]\n1996-03-201999\n$1,000,000[50]\n$1,469,037\n\n\nJackson, Janet !Janet Jackson\n\"I Get Lonely\" (remix)\nHunter, Paul !Paul Hunter[51]\n1998-03-011998, April\n$1,000,000[52]\n$1,501,429\n\n\nHamasaki, Ayumi !Ayumi Hamasaki\n\"Virgin Road\" !\"Virgin Road\"\nMuto, Masashi !Masashi Muto[citation needed]\n2010-09-272010, September 27\n$1,000,000[53][unreliable source?]\n$1,122,234\n\n\nT-ara !T-ara\n\"Cry Cry / Lovey Dovey\"\nCha Eun Taek !Cha Eun Taek\n2011-11-112011, November 11\n$1,000,000[54]\n$1,087,870\n\n\nDrake\n\"God's Plan\"\nKarena Evans\n2018-01-192018, January 19\n$996,631.90[55][better source needed]\n$1,047,033\n\n\nB.A.P\n\"One Shot\"\nKang Ji Won & Kim Ki Bum !Kang Ji Won & Kim Ki-bum\n2013-02-122013, February 12\n$915,000[56]\n$961,273\n\n\nGangkiz !Gangkiz\n\"Honey Honey\"\nCha Eun Taek !Cha Eun Taek[57]\n2012-05-122012, May 12\n$900,000[58]\n$959,356\n\n\nInfinite !Infinite\n\"Destiny\"\nHong Won-ki[59]\n2013-07-162013, July 16\n$890,000[60]\n$935,009\n\n\nSpears, Britney !Britney Spears\n\"Work Bitch\"\nBen Mor\n2013-10-012013, October 1\n$850,000[61]\n$892,986\n\n\nZadora, Pia !Pia Zadora\n\"Heartbeat of Love\"\nSena, Dominic !Dominic Sena[62]\n19891989, October\n$800,000[62]\n$1,579,383\n\n\nGorillaz\n\"Saturnz Barz\"\nJamie Hewlett\n2017, March 23\n$800,000[63]\n$800,000\n\n\nFarmer, Mylene !Mylène Farmer\n\"California\"\nFerrara, Abel !Abel Ferrara[64]\n1996-03-201996, March 20\n$788,000[65][66]\n$1,229,805\n\n\nSpears, Britney !Britney Spears\n\"Oops!... I Did It Again\"\nDick, Nigel !Nigel Dick[67][68]\n2000-04-102000, April 10\n$750,000[69]\n$1,065,797\n\n\nSpeed !Speed\n\"Sad Promise\"\nCha Eun Taek !Cha Eun Taek[70]\n2013-01-072013, January 7\n$706,000[71]\n$752,562\n\n\nLil' Dicky\n\"Pillow Talking\"\nTony Yacenda[72]\n2017, April 14\n$700,000[73]\n$700,000\n\n\nBowie, David !David Bowie\n\"Ashes to Ashes\"\nBowie, David & Mallet, David !David Bowie & David Mallet[74]\n1980-01-011980, May\n$582,000[75][76]\n$1,728,606\n\n\nSpears, Britney !Britney Spears\n\"Hold It Against Me\"\nJonas Åkerlund[77]\n2011-02-172011, February 17\n$500,000[citation needed]\n$543,935\n\n\nFarmer, Mylene !Mylène Farmer\n\"Pourvu qu'elles soient douces\"\nBoutonnat, Laurent !Laurent Boutonnat[78]\n1988-09-121988, September 12\n$500,000[79]\n$590,114\n\n\nSpears, Britney !Britney Spears\n\"Piece of Me\"\nWayne Isham[80]\n2007-12-142007, December 14\n$500,000\n$590,114\n\n\n2NE1 !2NE1\n\"Come Back Home\"\nDee Shin[81]\n2014-03-042014, March 4\n$500,000[citation needed]\n$516,868\n\n",
"\n\nArtist(s)\nSong title\nDirector\nOriginal air date\nProduction (US$)\nInflation-adjusted PC (2018)\n\n\nJackson, Michael !Michael Jackson and Jackson, Janet !Janet Jackson\n\"Scream\" !\"Scream\"\nRomanek, Mark !Mark Romanek[3]\n1995-05-001995, June 13\n$7,000,000[4]\n$11,242,193\n\n\nMadonna\n\"Die Another Day\"\nTraktor[5][6]\n2002-10-222002, October 22\n$6,100,000[7]\n$8,299,611\n\n\nMadonna\n\"Express Yourself\"\nFincher, David !David Fincher[8]\n1989-05-171989, May 17\n$5,000,000[9]\n$9,871,141\n\n\nMadonna\n\"Bedtime Story\"\nRomanek, Mark !Mark Romanek[10]\n1995-04-011995, March 10\n$5,000,000[11]\n$8,030,138\n\n\nJackson, Michael !Michael Jackson\n\"Black or White\"\nLandis, John !John Landis[12][13]\n1991-11-141991, November 14\n$4,000,000[14][15]\n$7,186,904\n\n\nGuns N' Roses\n\"Estranged\"\nMorahan, Andy !Andy Morahan[16]\n1993-12-001993, December\n$5,000,000[17]\n$6,776,319\n\n\nGwen Stefani\n\"Make Me Like You\"\nMuller, Sophie !Sophie Muller[18]\n2016-02-152016, February 15\n$4,000,000[19]\n$4,078,758\n\n\nAqua\n\"Cartoon Heroes\"\nMasin, Thomas !Thomas Masin[20]\n2000-01-002000, January\n$3,500,000[21][22]\n$5,141,630\n\n\nPuff Daddy !Puff Daddy\n(featuring The Notorious B.I.G. & Busta Rhymes)\n\"Victory\"\nNispel, Marcus !Marcus Nispel[citation needed]\n1998-03-311998, March 31\n$2,700,000[4]\n$4,053,859\n\n\nMC Hammer\n\"2 Legit 2 Quit\"\nWainwright, Rupert !Rupert Wainwright[23]\n1991-11-011991, November\n$2,500,000[14]\n$4,359,734\n\n\nCarey, Mariah !Mariah Carey\n(featuring Jay-Z)\n\"Heartbreaker\"\nRatner, Brett !Brett Ratner[citation needed]\n1999-08-161999, August 16\n$2,500,000[4]\n$3,672,593\n\n\nJackson, Janet !Janet Jackson\n\"Doesn't Really Matter\"\nKahn, Joseph !Joseph Kahn[24]\n2000-06-282000, June 28\n$2,500,000[4]\n$3,552,657\n\n\nBusta Rhymes\n(featuring Janet Jackson)\n\"What's It Gonna Be?!\"\nWilliams, Hype & Busta Rhymes !Hype Williams & Busta Rhymes[citation needed]\n1999-03-121999, March 12\n$2,400,000[4]\n$4,185,345\n\n\nDion, Celine !Celine Dion\n\"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\"\nDick, Nigel !Nigel Dick[citation needed]\n1996-07-291996, July 29\n$2,300,000[25]\n$3,588,839\n\n\nJackson, Michael !Michael Jackson\n\"Bad\"\nScorsese, Martin !Martin Scorsese[26]\n1987-08-311987, August 31\n$2,200,000[4]\n$4,738,957\n\n\nBackstreet Boys\n\"Larger Than Life\"\nKahn, Joseph !Joseph Kahn[citation needed]\n1999-09-141999, September 14\n$2,100,000[4]\n$3,084,978\n\n\nJackson, Michael !Michael Jackson\n\"Remember the Time\"\nSingleton, John !John Singleton[citation needed]\n1992-02-031992, February 3\n$2,000,000[27]\n$3,487,788\n\n\nWill Smith\n\"Miami\"\nWayne Isham[28]\n1998, December\n$2,000,000[28]\n$3,002,858\n\n\nElliott, Missy !Missy Elliott\n\"She's a Bitch\"\nWilliams, Hype !Hype Williams[citation needed]\n1999-05-011999, May 1\n$2,000,000[4]\n$2,938,074\n\n\nMichael, George !George Michael\n\"Freeek!\"\nKahn, Joseph !Joseph Kahn[29]\n2004-00-002002, February 27\n$2,000,000[4]\n$2,591,261\n\n\nHamasaki, Ayumi !Ayumi Hamasaki\n\"my name's WOMEN !\"My Name's Women\"\nTakeishi, Wataru !Wataru Takeishi[citation needed]\n2005, March 16\n$2,000,000[25]\n$2,506,049\n\n\nHamasaki, Ayumi !Ayumi Hamasaki\n\"Fairyland\"\nTakeishi, Wataru !Wataru Takeishi[citation needed]\n2005-07-162005, July 16\n$2,000,000[4]\n$2,506,049\n\n\nHamasaki, Ayumi !Ayumi Hamasaki\n\"Green\"\nKazuyoshi Shimomura !Kazuyoshi Shimomura[citation needed]\n2008-12-172008, December 17\n$1,600,000[30]\n$2,004,839\n\n\nTLC\n\"Unpretty\"\nHunter, Paul !Paul Hunter[citation needed]\n1999-08-291999, August 29\n$1,600,000[4]\n$2,350,459\n\n\nGuns N' Roses\n\"November Rain\"\nAndy Morahan[16]\n1992-06-021992, June 2\n$1,500,000[16]\n$2,615,841\n\n\nBlackstreet and Janet Jackson\n(featuring Eve & Ja Rule)\n\"Girlfriend/Boyfriend\"\nKahn, Joseph !Joseph Kahn[citation needed]\n1999-03-231999, March 23\n$1,500,000[4]\n$2,203,556\n\n\nMadonna\n(featuring Nicki Minaj & M.I.A.)\n\"Give Me All Your Luvin'\"\nMegaforce[31]\n2012-02-032012, February 3\n$1,500,000[32][33]\n$1,631,805\n\n\nMC Hammer\n\"Here Comes the Hammer\"\nMC Hammer[citation needed]\n1991-01-011991, January 1\n$1,300,000[34]\n$2,435,099\n\n\nFugees\n\"Ready or Not\"\nMarcus Nispel[35]\n1996-08-291996, August 29\n$1,300,000[36]\n$2,028,474\n\n\nWest, Kanye !Kanye West\n\"Stronger\"\nWilliams, Hype !Hype Williams[citation needed]\n2007-07-002007, June 19\n$1,200,000[4]\n$1,416,273\n\n\nDuran Duran\n\"Wild Boys, The\" !\"The Wild Boys\"\nMulcahy, Russell !Russell Mulcahy[citation needed]\n1984-11-001984, November\n$1,000,000+[37]\n$2,355,541\n\n\nJackson, Michael !Michael Jackson\n\"Thriller\" !\"Thriller\"\nLandis, John !John Landis[13]\n1983-12-021983, December 2\n$1,000,000[38]\n$2,457,066\n\n\nS.E.S. !S.E.S.\n\"Love\"\nTak Jae-hoon[citation needed]\n1999-11-271999, November 27\n$1,000,000[citation needed]\n$1,469,037\n\n\nJackson, Janet !Janet Jackson (with Nelly)\n\"Call on Me\"\nWilliams, Hype !Hype Williams[citation needed]\n2006-07-262006, July 26\n$1,000,000[25]\n$1,213,932\n\n\nSisters of Mercy !The Sisters of Mercy\n\"Dominion/Mother Russia\"\nEldritch, Andrew !Andrew Eldritch[citation needed]\n1988-02-001988, February\n$1,000,000[39]\n$2,069,218\n\n\nThe Rolling Stones\n\"Love Is Strong\"\nFincher, David !David Fincher[40]\n1994-00-001994, July\n$1,000,000[41]\n$1,651,100\n\n\nTLC\n\"Waterfalls\"\nGray, F. Gary !F. Gary Gray[42]\n19951995, May 19\n$1,000,000 [43]\n$1,606,028\n\n\nSisqó (with Foxy Brown)\n\"Thong Song\" (remix)\nLittle X !Little X[44]\n20002000, March\n$1,000,000[45]\n$1,421,063\n\n\nSpears, Britney !Britney Spears\n\"Toxic\"\nKahn, Joseph !Joseph Kahn[46]\n2004-01-132004, January 13\n$1,000,000[47]\n$1,330,318\n\n\nWest, Kanye !Kanye West\n(featuring Lupe Fiasco)\n\"Touch the Sky\"\nMilk, Chris !Chris Milk[citation needed]\n2006-04-002006, April\n$1,000,000[48]\n$1,213,932\n\n\nHamasaki, Ayumi !Ayumi Hamasaki\n\"Jewel\"\nTakeishi, Wataru !Wataru Takeishi[citation needed]\n2006-11-002006, November\n$1,100,000[25]\n$1,335,325\n\n\nFarmer, Mylene !Mylène Farmer\n\"L'Âme-stram-gram\"\nChing Siu-tung[49]\n1996-03-201999\n$1,000,000[50]\n$1,469,037\n\n\nJackson, Janet !Janet Jackson\n\"I Get Lonely\" (remix)\nHunter, Paul !Paul Hunter[51]\n1998-03-011998, April\n$1,000,000[52]\n$1,501,429\n\n\nHamasaki, Ayumi !Ayumi Hamasaki\n\"Virgin Road\" !\"Virgin Road\"\nMuto, Masashi !Masashi Muto[citation needed]\n2010-09-272010, September 27\n$1,000,000[53][unreliable source?]\n$1,122,234\n\n\nT-ara !T-ara\n\"Cry Cry / Lovey Dovey\"\nCha Eun Taek !Cha Eun Taek\n2011-11-112011, November 11\n$1,000,000[54]\n$1,087,870\n\n\nDrake\n\"God's Plan\"\nKarena Evans\n2018-01-192018, January 19\n$996,631.90[55][better source needed]\n$1,047,033\n\n\nB.A.P\n\"One Shot\"\nKang Ji Won & Kim Ki Bum !Kang Ji Won & Kim Ki-bum\n2013-02-122013, February 12\n$915,000[56]\n$961,273\n\n\nGangkiz !Gangkiz\n\"Honey Honey\"\nCha Eun Taek !Cha Eun Taek[57]\n2012-05-122012, May 12\n$900,000[58]\n$959,356\n\n\nInfinite !Infinite\n\"Destiny\"\nHong Won-ki[59]\n2013-07-162013, July 16\n$890,000[60]\n$935,009\n\n\nSpears, Britney !Britney Spears\n\"Work Bitch\"\nBen Mor\n2013-10-012013, October 1\n$850,000[61]\n$892,986\n\n\nZadora, Pia !Pia Zadora\n\"Heartbeat of Love\"\nSena, Dominic !Dominic Sena[62]\n19891989, October\n$800,000[62]\n$1,579,383\n\n\nGorillaz\n\"Saturnz Barz\"\nJamie Hewlett\n2017, March 23\n$800,000[63]\n$800,000\n\n\nFarmer, Mylene !Mylène Farmer\n\"California\"\nFerrara, Abel !Abel Ferrara[64]\n1996-03-201996, March 20\n$788,000[65][66]\n$1,229,805\n\n\nSpears, Britney !Britney Spears\n\"Oops!... I Did It Again\"\nDick, Nigel !Nigel Dick[67][68]\n2000-04-102000, April 10\n$750,000[69]\n$1,065,797\n\n\nSpeed !Speed\n\"Sad Promise\"\nCha Eun Taek !Cha Eun Taek[70]\n2013-01-072013, January 7\n$706,000[71]\n$752,562\n\n\nLil' Dicky\n\"Pillow Talking\"\nTony Yacenda[72]\n2017, April 14\n$700,000[73]\n$700,000\n\n\nBowie, David !David Bowie\n\"Ashes to Ashes\"\nBowie, David & Mallet, David !David Bowie & David Mallet[74]\n1980-01-011980, May\n$582,000[75][76]\n$1,728,606\n\n\nSpears, Britney !Britney Spears\n\"Hold It Against Me\"\nJonas Åkerlund[77]\n2011-02-172011, February 17\n$500,000[citation needed]\n$543,935\n\n\nFarmer, Mylene !Mylène Farmer\n\"Pourvu qu'elles soient douces\"\nBoutonnat, Laurent !Laurent Boutonnat[78]\n1988-09-121988, September 12\n$500,000[79]\n$590,114\n\n\nSpears, Britney !Britney Spears\n\"Piece of Me\"\nWayne Isham[80]\n2007-12-142007, December 14\n$500,000\n$590,114\n\n\n2NE1 !2NE1\n\"Come Back Home\"\nDee Shin[81]\n2014-03-042014, March 4\n$500,000[citation needed]\n$516,868\n\n"
] |
[
"\"Scream\"",
"Michael Jackson and Jackson, Janet !Janet Jackson"
] |
-1239156129803244048
|
Catholic Church in Ireland
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Catholic Church in Ireland - Wikipedia Catholic Church in Ireland Jump to : navigation , search Catholic Church in Ireland Eaglais Chaitliceach na hÉireann St Patrick 's Cathedral , Armagh . Type National polity Orientation Catholic Church Governance Episcopal Pope Pope Francis Primate of All Ireland Eamon Martin Apostolic Nuncio Jude Thaddeus Okolo Region Island of Ireland Language English , Irish , Latin Headquarters Ara Coeli , Armagh , Northern Ireland Founder St. Patrick , by tradition . Origin Claims continuity with Celtic Christianity c. 430 . Roman diocesan structure introduced c. 1111 at Synod of Ráth Breasail . Separations Church of Ireland ( 1536 / 1871 ) Members 3,729,000 ( 2016 ) Official website Irish Bishops ' Conference The Catholic Church in Ireland ( Irish : Eaglais Chaitliceach na hÉireann ) is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope . With 3.7 million members , it is the largest Christian denomination in Ireland , comprising 78.3 % of the population . The Primate of All Ireland is the Archishop of Armagh and the Church ministers to Catholics on an All - Ireland basis ; covering both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . The Irish Catholic Bishops ' Conference is a consultative body for ordinaries in Ireland . Christianity has existed in Ireland since the 5th century and arrived from Roman Britain ( most famously associated with St. Patrick ) , forming what is today known as Gaelic Christianity . It gradually gained ground and replaced the old pagan traditions . The Catholic Church in Ireland cites its origin to this period and considers Palladius as the first bishop sent to the Gaels by Pope Celestine I . However , during the 12th century a stricter uniformity in the Western Church was enforced , with the diocesan structure introduced with the Synod of Ráth Breasail in 1111 and culminating with the Gregorian Reform which coincided with the Norman invasion of Ireland . During the Tudor conquest of Ireland , the Catholic Church was outlawed . The English Crown attempted to export the Protestant Reformation into Ireland . During the 16th century , Irish national identity coalesced around the Irish Catholic concept . For several centuries , the Irish Catholic majority were suppressed but eventually the Church and the British Empire came to a rapprochement . Funding for Maynooth College was agreed as was Catholic Emancipation to ward off revolutionary republicanism . Following the Easter Rising of 1916 and the creation of the Irish Free State , the Church gained significant social and political influence . In more recent decades , this has been in decline due to liberal modernity . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Gaels and early Christianity 1.2 Gregorian Reform and Norman influence 1.3 Counter-Reformation and suppression 1.4 Between Emancipation and the Revolution 1.5 Following the Partition of Ireland 2 Northern Ireland 3 Organization 3.1 Affiliated groups 3.2 Missionary activity 4 Statistics 5 Society 5.1 Politics 5.2 Education 5.3 Health care 5.4 Public morality 6 Popular traditions 7 Sex abuse scandals 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Christianity in Ireland Gaels and early Christianity ( edit ) The Christianisation of Ireland is associated with the 5th century activities of St. Patrick . The Roman Empire never reached Ireland ; so when the Edict of Milan in 313 AD allowed tolerance for the Levantine - originated religion of Christianity and then the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD enforced it as the state religion of the Empire ; covering much of Europe ( including Roman Britain ) ; the indigenous Indo - European pagan traditions of the Gaels in Ireland remained normative . Aside from this independence , Gaelic Ireland was a highly decentralised tribal society , so mass conversion to a new system would prove a drawn out process . The earliest stages of Christianity in Ireland during its 5th century arrival are somewhat obscure , however , native Christian figures including Ailbe , Abbán , Ciarán and Declán , later venerated as saint by the Christians , are known . These were typically in Leinster and Munster . The early stories of these people mention journeys to Roman Britain , Roman Gaul and even Rome itself . Indeed , Pope Celestine I is held to have sent Palladius to evangalise the Gaels in 431 , but this did not gather much steam . However , the figure most associated with the Christianisation of Ireland is Patrick ( Maewyn Succat ) , a Romano - British nobleman , who was captured by the Gaels during a raid , as Roman rule in Britain was retracting . Patrick contested with the druí , targeted the local royalty for conversion and re-orientated Irish Christianity to having Armagh as the preeminent seat of power ; an ancient royal site associated with the goddess Macha ( an aspect of An Morríghan ) . Gregorian reform and Norman influence ( edit ) A reform to the Roman style diocesan system developed slowly after the Synod of Rathbreasail in 1111 . In 1155 , Pope Adrian IV , the English born Pope , issued a papal bull known as Laudabiliter . This gave Henry , Duke of Normandy ( also known as King Henry II of England ) permission to invade Ireland as a means of strengthening the Papacy 's control over the Irish Church . The Norman invasion of Ireland began in 1169 , under the authority of this bull . Adrian IV 's successor , Pope Alexander III , ratified the Laudabiliter and gave Henry dominion over the `` barbarous nation '' of Ireland so that its `` filthy practises '' may be abolished , its Church brought into line , and that the Irish pay their tax to Rome . After the Norman invasion , a greater number of foreign - born prelates were appointed . Counter-reformation and suppression ( edit ) St. Oliver Plunkett , Primate of All Ireland was executed by the English during the `` Popish Plot '' affair . A confusing but defining period arose during the English Reformation in the 16th century , with monarchs alternately for or against Papal supremacy . When on the Death of Queen Mary in 1558 , the church in England and Ireland broke away completely from the Papacy , all but two of the bishops of the Church in Ireland followed the decision . Very few of the local clergy led their congregations to follow . The new body became the established State Church , which was grandfathered in the possession of most Church property . This allowed the Church of Ireland to retain a great repository of religious architecture and other religious items , some of which were later destroyed in future wars . A substantial majority of the population remained Catholic , despite the political and economic advantages of membership in the state church . Despite its numerical minority , however , the Church of Ireland remained the official state church for almost three hundred years until it was disestablished on 1 January 1871 by the Irish Church Act 1869 that was passed by Gladstone 's Liberal government . The effect of the Act of Supremacy 1558 and the Papal bull of 1570 ( Regnans in Excelsis ) legislated that the majority population of both kingdoms to be governed by an Anglican Ascendancy . After the defeat of King James II of The Three Kingdoms in 1690 , the Test Acts were introduced which began a long era of discrimination against the recusant Catholics of the Kingdoms . Between Emancipation and the Revolution ( edit ) The slow process of reform from 1778 on led to Catholic Emancipation in 1829 . By then Ireland was a part of the newly created United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Following the partition of Ireland ( edit ) Part of a series on the Catholic Church by country Worldwide distribution of Catholics Africa ( show ) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR of Congo Republic of Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam - including the Middle East ( show ) Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel ( Palestinian territories ) Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe ( show ) Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Cyprus Denmark Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Jersey Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands Norway Malta Moldova Montenegro Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom ( England and Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ) North America ( show ) Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States Latin America ( show ) Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Oceania ( show ) Australia East Timor Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Catholicism portal Since Ireland achieved partial independence from the British Empire , the Church continued to play a significant social and political role in the Irish Free State and following that the Republic of Ireland . For many decades , Catholic influence ( coupled with the rural nature of Irish society ) meant that Ireland was able to uphold family - orientated social policies for longer than most of the West , contrary to the laissez - faire - associated social liberalism of the British and Americans . This cultural direction was particularly prominent under Éamon de Valera . For example , from 1937 until 1995 , divorce and remarriage was not permitted ( inline with Catholic views of marriage ) . Similarly , the importation of contraception abortion and pornography were also resisted ; media - depictions perceived to be detrimental to public morality were also opposed by Catholics . In addition the Church largely controlled the State 's hospitals , schools and remained the largest provider of many other social services . With the partition of Ireland in 1922 , 92.6 % of the south 's population were Catholic while 7.4 % were Protestant . By the 1960s , the Anglican and Protestant population had fallen by half , mostly due to emigration in the early years of Irish independence . Some Protestants were loyal to the British Empire and did not wish to live in sovereign Irish state . The Catholic Church 's policy of Ne Temere , whereby the children of marriages between Catholics and Protestants had to be brought up as Catholics , also helped to uphold Catholic hegemony . In both parts of Ireland , Church policy and practice changed markedly after the Vatican II reforms of 1962 . Probably the largest change was that Mass could be said in vernacular languages instead of Latin , and in 1981 the Church commissioned its first edition of the Bible in the Irish language , but the Church overwhelmingly uses English . Since the Celtic Tiger and the furtherance of Anglocentric globalism in Ireland , Catholicism has been one of the traditional elements of Ireland in decline ; particularly in urban areas . Fewer than one in five Catholics attend Mass on any given Sunday in Dublin with many young people only retaining a marginal interest in religion the Archbishop of Dublin , Diarmuid Martin , said in May 2011 . According to an Ipsos MRBI poll by the Irish Times , the majority of Irish Catholics do not attend mass weekly , with almost 62 % rejecting key parts of Catholicism such as transubstantiation . Northern Ireland ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : there 's got ta be more out there than just two measly quotes . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2016 ) The Government of Ireland Act of 1920 acted as the constitution of Northern Ireland , in which was enshrined freedom of religion for all of Northern Ireland 's citizens . Here Catholics formed a minority of some 35 percent of the population , which had mostly supported Irish nationalism and was therefore historically opposed to the creation of Northern Ireland . `` The Roman Catholic schools ' council was at first resistant in accepting the role of the government of Northern Ireland , and initially accepted funding only from the government of the Irish Free State and admitting no school inspectors . Thus it was that the Lynn Committee presented a report to the government , from which an Education Bill was created to update the education system in Northern Ireland , without any co-operation from the Roman Catholic section in education . Instead , with regard to the Roman Catholic schools , the report relied on the guidance of a Roman Catholic who was to become the Permanent Secretary to the Minister of Education -- A.N. Bonaparte Wyse '' `` We hope that , notwithstanding the disadvantage at which we were placed by this action , it will be found that Roman Catholic interests have not suffered . We have throughout been careful to keep in mind and to make allowance for the particular points of view of Roman Catholics in regard to education so far as known to us , and it has been our desire to refrain as far as we could from recommending any course which might be thought to be contrary to their wishes . '' -- Lynn Commission report , 1923 Many commentators have suggested that the separate education systems in Northern Ireland after 1921 prolonged the sectarian divisions in that community . Cases of gerrymandering and preference in public services for Protestants led on to the need for a Civil Rights movement in 1967 . This was in response to continuing discrimination against Catholics in Northern Ireland . Organization ( edit ) See also : List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Ireland Catholic Dioceses in the island of Ireland The Church is organized into four ecclesiastical provinces . While these may have coincided with contemporary 12th century civil provinces or petty kingdoms , they are not now coterminous with the modern civil provincial divisions . The church is led by four archbishops and twenty - three bishops ; however , because there have been amalgamations and absorptions , there are more than twenty - seven dioceses . For instance , the diocese of Cashel has been joined with the diocese of Emly , Waterford merged with Lismore , Ardagh merged with Clonmacnoise among others . The bishop of the Diocese of Galway is also the Apostolic Administrator of Kilfenora . There are 1087 parishes , a few of which are governed by administrators , the remainder by parish priests . There are about 3000 secular clergy -- parish priests , administrators , curates , chaplains , and professors in colleges . The Association of Catholic Priests is a voluntary association of clergy in Ireland that claims to have 800 members . There are also many religious orders , which include : Augustinians , Capuchins , Carmelites , Fathers of the Holy Ghost , Dominicans , Franciscans , Jesuits , Marists , Missionaries of Charity , Oblates , Passionists , Redemptorists , and Vincentians . The total number of the regular clergy is about 700 . They are engaged either in teaching or in giving missions , but not charged with the government of parishes . Two societies of priests were founded in Ireland , namely St Patrick 's Missionary Society with its headquarters in County Wicklow and the Missionary Society of St. Columban which is based in County Meath . Affiliated groups ( edit ) Besides numerous religious institutes such as the Dominicans , there are many groups more focused on Catholic laity in Ireland , such as : Society of Saint Vincent de Paul ( 1844 ) Ancient Order of Hibernians ( 1890s ) Knights of Columbanus ( 1915 ) Legion of Mary ( 1921 ) Other organisations with Irish branches : Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of the Holy Sepulchre Missionary activity ( edit ) In the years surrounding the Great Famine in Ireland , the Catholic Church was doing much work to evangelize other nations in the world . As a consequence of the famine , the Parish Mission 's Movement commenced that would lead to a stricter observance of Catholicism in Ireland as well as the push for reform of healthcare and education which would later be expanded into the overseas missionary work . Initially inspired largely by Cardinal Newman to convert the colonized peoples of the British Empire , after 1922 the church continued to work in healthcare and education what is now the Third World through its bodies such as Trócaire . Along with the Irish Catholic diaspora in countries like the USA and Australia , this has created a worldwide network , though affected by falling numbers of priests . Statistics ( edit ) In the 2016 Irish census 78.3 % of the population identified as Catholic in the Irish Republic ; numbering approximately 3.7 million people . This is a significant decline from the 84.2 % who identified as Catholic in the 2011 census . Society ( edit ) Politics ( edit ) In Ireland the church had significant influence on public opinion . The introduction of the Irish Education Act ( 1831 ) of Lord Stanley place Irish primary school education under it . It was associated with the Jacobite movement until 1766 , and with Catholic emancipation until 1829 . The church was resurgent between 1829 and the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1869 -- 71 , when its most significant leaders included Bishop James Doyle , Cardinal Cullen and Archbishop MacHale . The relationship to Irish nationalism was complex ; most of the bishops and high clergy supported the British Empire , but a considerable number of local priests were more sympathetic to Irish independence . While the Church hierarchy was willing to work with Parliamentary Irish nationalism , it was mostly critical of `` Fenianism '' ; i.e. -- Irish republicanism . This continued right up until it was clear that the British - side was losing , then the Church partly switched sides . It supported the Anglo - Irish Treaty and the anti-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War . Despite this , some Protestants in Ireland stated that they were opposing Irish self - government , because it would result in `` Rome Rule '' instead of home rule , and this became an element in ( or an excuse for ) the creation of Northern Ireland . The church continued to have great influence in Ireland . Éamon de Valera 's 1937 constitution , while granting freedom of religion , recognised the `` special position of the Holy Catholic Apostolic and Roman Church '' . Major popular church events attended by the political world have included the Eucharistic Congress in 1932 and the Papal Visit in 1979 . The last prelate with strong social and political interests was Archbishop McQuaid , who retired in 1972 . It has been confirmed that Pope Francis is to visit Ireland in 2018 upon invitation extended to the Supreme Pomtiff by Ireland 's Catholic bishops to visit the country in August 2018 for the World Meeting of Families . Education ( edit ) After independence in 1922 , the Church became more heavily involved in health care and education , raising money and managing institutions which were staffed by Catholic religious institute , paid largely by government intervention and public donations and bequests . Its main political effect was to continue to gain power in the national primary schools where religious proselytisation in education was a major element . The hierarchy opposed the free public secondary schools service introduced in 1968 by Donogh O'Malley , in part because they ran almost all such schools . The church 's strong efforts since the 1830s to continue the control of Catholic education was primarily an effort to guarantee a continuing source of candidates for the priesthood , as they would have years of training before entering a seminary . As Irish society has become more diverse and secular , Catholic control over primary education has become controversial , especially with regard to preference given to baptized Catholics when schools are oversubscribed . Virtually all state - funded primary schools -- almost 97 percent -- are under church control . Irish law allows schools under church control to consider religion the main factor in admissions . Oversubscribed schools often choose to admit Catholics over non-Catholics , a situation that has created difficulty for non-Catholic families . The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child in Geneva asked Ireland 's minister for children , James Reilly , to explain the continuation of preferential access to state - funded schools on the basis of religion . He said that the laws probably needed to change , but noted it may take a referendum because the Irish constitution gives protections to religious institutions . The issue is most problematic in the Dublin area . A petition initiated by a Dublin attorney , Paddy Monahan , has received almost 20,000 signatures in favor of overturning the preference given to Catholic children . A recently formed advocacy group , Education Equality , is planning a legal challenge . Health care ( edit ) From 1930 , hospitals were funded by a sweepstake ( lottery ) with tickets frequently distributed or sold by nuns or priests . In 1950 , the Church opposed the Mother and Child Scheme . Many hospitals in Ireland are still run by Catholic religious institutes . For example , the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin is run by the Sisters of Mercy . In 2005 , the hospital deferred trials of a lung cancer medication because female patients in the trial would be required to practise contraception contrary to Catholic teaching . Mater Hospital responded that its objection was that some pharmaceutical companies mandated that women of childbearing years use contraceptives during the drug trials : `` The hospital said it was committed to meeting all of its legal requirements regarding clinical trials while at the same time upholding the principles and ethos of the hospital 's mission '' , and `` that individuals and couples have the right to decide themselves about how they avoid pregnancy . '' Public morality ( edit ) Main articles : Contraception in the Republic of Ireland and Censorship in the Republic of Ireland Divorce allowing remarriage was banned in 1924 ( though it had been rare ) , and selling artificial contraception was made illegal . The Church 's influence slipped somewhat after 1970 , impacted partly by the media and the growing feminist movement . For instance , the Health ( Family Planning ) Act , 1979 showed the ability of the Catholic Church to influence the government to compromise over artificial contraception , though the Church was unable to get the result it wanted -- contraception could now be bought , but only with a prescription from a doctor and supplied only by registered chemists . A 1983 Amendment to the constitution introduced the constitutional prohibition of abortion , which the Church supported , though abortion for social reasons had already been illegal under Irish statutory law . However , the Church failed to influence the June 1996 removal of the constitutional prohibition of divorce . While the Church opposed divorce allowing remarriage in civil law , its canon law allowed for a law of nullity and a limited divorce `` a mensa et thoro '' , effectively a form of marital separation . The Church helped reinforce public censorship and maintained its own list of banned literature until 1966 , which influenced the State 's list . In spite of objections from the Catholic hierarchy , voters in Ireland approved a referendum to legalize same - sex marriage in 2015 . In September 2010 , an Irish Times / Behaviour Attitudes survey of 1,006 people showed that 67 % felt that same - sex couples should be allowed to marry . This majority extended across all age groups , with the exception of the over-65s , while 66 % of Catholics were in favour of same - sex marriage . Only 25 % disagreed that same - sex couples should be allowed to marry , opposition that was concentrated among older people and those in rural areas . In terms of same - sex adoption , 46 % were in support of it and 38 % opposed . However , a majority of females , 18 - to 44 - year - olds , and urban dwellers supported the idea . The survey also showed that 91 % of people would not think less of someone who came out as homosexual , while 60 % felt the recent civil partnership legislation was not an attack on marriage . War - time censorship by the government for security was strict and included the church ; when bishops spoke on aspects of the war , they were censored and treated `` with no more ceremony than any other citizen '' While statements and pastoral letters issued from the pulpit were not interfered with , the quoting of them in the press was subject to the censor . Popular traditions ( edit ) Alongside the church itself , many Irish devotional traditions have continued for centuries as a part of the church 's local culture . One such tradition , unbroken since ancient times , is of annual pilgrimages to sacred Celtic Christian places such as St Patrick 's Purgatory and Croagh Patrick . Particular emphasis on mortification and offerings of sacrifices and prayers for the ' Holy Souls ' of Purgatory is another strong , long time cultural practice . The Leonine Prayers were said at the end of Low Mass for the deceased of Penal Times . `` Patterns '' ( processions ) in honour of local saints also continue to this day . Marian Devotion is an element , focused on the shrine at Knock , an approved apparition of the Virgin Mary who appeared in 1879 . Feasts and devotions such as the Immaculate Conception of Mary ( 1854 ) and the Sacred Heart of Jesus ( 1642 ) , and the concepts of martyrology are very prominent elements . Respect for mortification of the flesh has led on to the veneration of Matt Talbot and Padre Pio . Sex abuse scandals ( edit ) Main article : Catholic sexual abuse scandal in Ireland Several reports detailing cases of emotional , physical and sexual abuse of hundreds of children while in the pastoral care of dozens of priests have been published in 2005 -- 2009 . These include the Ferns Report and the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse , and have led on to much discussion in Ireland about what changes may be needed in the future within the Church . See also ( edit ) Irish Catholic Christianity in Ireland Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Divorce was permitted under the Constitution of the Irish Free State . The ban on divorce was introduced with the 1937 constitution . The ban was repealed in 1995 . While the ban forbade remarriage. , it provided for separation . Jump up ^ The sale of contraceptives was banned until 1979 . They were regarded as medical items thereafter , and were only available from pharmacies ; see ( 1 ) . Other outlets issued them freely , accepting donations and , as this was not selling , it was legal ; see Contraception in the Republic of Ireland . Other countries had a total ban : in the United States , for example , laws in some states prohibited contraception to married couples until the Griswold v. Connecticut decision in 1965 ; unmarried couples had to wait until the 1972 ruling Eisenstadt v. Baird . Jump up ^ The Ne Temere decree was issued in 1908 . In one Irish instance , a court ruled , in 1957 , that such a pre-nuptial agreement was legally binding . This led to the Fethard - on - Sea boycott . Many , including Éamon de Valera condemned the incident . Ne Temere was criticised by the Second Vatican Council and repealed by Pope Paul VI in 1970 , declaring : `` The penalties decreed by canon 2319 of the Code of Canon Law are all abrogated . For those who have already incurred them the effects of those penalties cease '' ( see ( 2 ) ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Adoption of Christianity by the Irish and Anglo - Saxons : The Creation of Two Different Christian Societies '' . Thomas Martz. 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of Macha '' . In Armagh. 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Austin Lane Poole . From Domesday book to Magna Carta , 1087 -- 1216 . Oxford University Press 1993 . pp. 303 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Hull , Eleanor . `` Pope Adrian 's Bull `` Laudabiliter '' and Note upon It `` , from A History of Ireland and Her People ( 1931 ) . Jump up ^ Mant , Richard ( 1840 ) . History of the Church of Ireland , from the Reformation to the Revolution . London : John W. Parker . p. 277 . Jump up ^ M.E. Collins , Ireland 1868 -- 1966 , ( 1993 ) p431 Jump up ^ An Biobla Naofa , Irish Bible Society , Maynooth 1981 ed . Pádraig Ó Fiannachta . Jump up ^ Smyth , Jamie ( 30 May 2011 ) . `` Fewer than one in five attend Sunday Mass in Dublin '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ O'BRIEN , CARL . `` Many Catholics ' do not believe ' church teachings '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ His Majesty 's Government ( 23 December 1920 ) . `` The Constitution of Northern Ireland being the Government of Ireland Act , 1920 , as amended ( Clause 5 ) '' . Government of Ireland Act , 1920 . Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1956 . Retrieved 13 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Morrison , John ( 1993 ) . `` The Ulster Government and Internal Opposition '' . The Ulster Cover - Up . Northern Ireland : Ulster Society ( Publications ) . p. 40 . ISBN 1 - 872076 - 15 - 7 . Jump up ^ Richard English . The State : Historical and Political Dimensions , Charles Townshend , 1998 , Routledge , p. 96 ; ISBN 0 - 41515 - 477 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Emmet ( June 1972 ) . `` The Devotional Revolution in Ireland , 1850 - 75 '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 3 ) : 625 -- 652 . doi : 10.2307 / 1870344 . Jump up ^ `` Dramatic fall in Irish religious belief '' . BBC News . 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis ' 2018 visit to Ireland will be a great gift - Archbishop Diarmuid Martin '' . thejournal.ie . The Journal . 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ E. Brian Titley `` Church , State and the control of schooling in Ireland 1900 -- 1944 '' ; McGill - Queen 's Univ . Press , New York 1983 . Jump up ^ Catholic Church 's Hold on Schools at Issue in Changing Ireland The New York Times , January 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ruth Dudley Edwards : Scandal shows how prone we are to hypocrisy and hysteria '' . Irish Independent . 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mater responds to drug trial controversy '' . RTÉ News . 3 October 2005 . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Maurice ( 2008 ) . The Splendid Cause . The Catholic Action Movement in Ireland in the 20th Century . Dublin : Greenmount Publications / Original Writing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906018 - 60 - 3 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Maurice ( 2009 ) . Influence and Control : The Catholic Action Movement in Ireland in the 20th Century . Lulu . ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 05124 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Yes to gay marriage and premarital sex : a nation strips off its conservative values '' . Irish Times . 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Whyte , John Henry ( 1980 ) . Church and state in modern Ireland . Gill & Macmillan . p. 375 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7171 - 1368 - 2 . Jump up ^ O Drisceoil , Donal ( 1996 ) . Censorship in Ireland . Cork University Press . p. 221 . ISBN 1 - 85918 - 074 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Curtis , Maurice ( 2008 ) . The Splendid Cause . The Catholic Action Movement in Ireland in the 20th Century . Dublin : Greenmount Publications / Original Writing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906018 - 60 - 3 . Curtis , Maurice ( 2010 ) . A Challenge to Democracy : Militant Catholicism in Modern Ireland . The History Press Ireland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84588 - 969 - 2 . Contemporary Catholicism in Ireland : A Critical Appraisal , ed. by John Littleton , Eamon Maher , Columbia Press 2008 , ISBN 1 - 85607 - 616 - 4 Brian Girvin : `` Church , State , and Society in Ireland since 1960 '' In : Éire - Ireland -- Volume 43 : 1&2 , Earrach / Samhradh / Spring / Summer 2008 , pp. 74 -- 98 Tom Inglis : Moral Monopoly : The Rise and Fall of the Catholic Church in Modern Ireland , Univ College Dublin Press , 2nd Revised edition , 1998 , ISBN 1 - 900621 - 12 - 6 Moira J. Maguire : `` The changing face of catholic Ireland : Conservatism and Liberalism in the Ann Lovett and Kerry Babies Scandal '' In : feminist studies . fs , ISSN 0046 - 3663 , j. 27 ( 2001 ) , n . 2 , p. 335 -- 359 Report on abuse by the Catholic Church in Ireland External links ( edit ) Irish Bishops ' Conference CatholicIreland.net Early Christian Sites in Ireland Catholic Parish Registers Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in Ireland Province of Armagh Eamon Martin ( Armagh ) Francis Duffy ( Ardagh and Clonmacnoise ) Sede vacante ( Clogher ) Donal McKeown ( Derry ) Noel Treanor ( Down and Connor ) John McAreavey ( Dromore ) Philip Leo O'Reilly ( Kilmore ) Michael Smith ( Meath ) Alan McGuckian ( Raphoe ) Province of Cashel Kieran O'Reilly ( Cashel and Emly ) William Crean ( Cloyne ) John Buckley ( Cork and Ross ) Raymond Browne ( Kerry ) Fintan Monahan ( Killaloe ) Brendan Leahy ( Limerick ) Alphonsus Cullinan ( Waterford and Lismore ) Brendan Kelly ( Kilfenora ) Province of Dublin Diarmuid Martin ( Dublin ) Denis Brennan ( Ferns ) Denis Nulty ( Kildare and Leighln ) Sede vacante ( Ossory ) Province of Tuam Michael Neary ( Tuam ) Sede vacante ( Achonry ) John Kirby ( Clonfert ) Kevin Doran ( Elphin ) Brendan Kelly ( Galway and Kilmacduagh ) John Fleming ( Killala ) Apostolic Visitor to Ireland for the Ukrainian Greek - 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who is the head of the catholic church in ireland
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"\n\n\nCatholic Church in Ireland\n\n\nEaglais Chaitliceach na hÉireann\n\n\n\nSt Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh.\n\n\n\nType\nNational polity\n\n\nOrientation\nCatholic Church\n\n\nGovernance\nEpiscopal\n\n\nPope\nPope Francis\n\n\nPrimate of All Ireland\nEamon Martin\n\n\nApostolic Nuncio\nJude Thaddeus Okolo\n\n\nRegion\nIsland of Ireland\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish, Irish, Latin\n\n\nHeadquarters\nAra Coeli, Armagh, Northern Ireland\n\n\nFounder\nSt. Patrick, by tradition.\n\n\nOrigin\nClaims continuity with Celtic Christianity c. 430. Roman diocesan structure introduced c. 1111 at Synod of Ráth Breasail.\n\n\nSeparations\nChurch of Ireland (1536/1871)\n\n\nMembers\n3,729,000 (2016)\n\n\nOfficial website\nIrish Bishops' Conference\n\n"
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"Eamon Martin"
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List of Hunter × Hunter (2011) episodes
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List of Hunter × Hunter ( 2011 ) episodes - wikipedia List of Hunter × Hunter ( 2011 ) episodes Jump to : navigation , search Artwork for the first Hunter × Hunter volume that was released in Japan in both DVD and Blu - ray format . Hunter × Hunter is an anime television series that aired from 2011 to 2014 based on Yoshihiro Togashi 's Hunter × Hunter manga . The story begins with a young boy named Gon Freecss , who one day discovers that the father who he thought was dead , is in fact alive and well . He learns that his father , Ging , is a legendary `` Hunter '' , an individual who has proven themselves an elite member of humanity . Despite the fact that Ging left his son with his relatives in order to pursue his own dreams , Gon becomes determined to follow in his father 's footsteps , pass the rigorous `` Hunter Examination '' , and eventually find his father to become a Hunter in his own right . This new Hunter × Hunter anime was announced on July 24 , 2011 . It is a complete reboot of the series starting from the beginning of the manga , with no connections to the first anime from 1999 . It is directed by Hiroshi Kōjina , produced by Madhouse , and features scripts by Jun Maekawa and character designs by Takahiro Yoshimatsu . Instead of having the old cast reprise their roles for the new adaptation , the series features an entirely new cast to voice the characters . The new series premiered airing weekly on Nippon Television and the nationwide Nippon News Network from October 2 , 2011 . An hour after each episode is aired in Japan , American website Crunchyroll provided English subtitled simulcasts in the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Ireland , South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand . The series started to be collected in both DVD and Blu - ray format on January 25 , 2012 . Viz Media has licensed the anime for a DVD / Blu - ray release in North America with an English dub . On television , the series began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on April 16 , 2016 . The anime series ' opening theme is alternated between the song `` Departure ! '' and an alternate version titled `` Departure ! - Second Version - '' both sung by Galneryus ' vocalist Masatoshi Ono . Five pieces of music were used as the ending theme ; `` Just Awake '' by the Japanese band Fear , and Loathing in Las Vegas in episodes 1 to 26 , `` Hunting for Your Dream '' by Galneryus in episodes 27 to 58 , `` Reason '' sung by Japanese duo Yuzu in episodes 59 to 75 , `` Nagareboshi Kirari '' also sung by Yuzu from episode 76 to 98 , which was originally from the anime film adaptation , Hunter × Hunter : Phantom Rouge , and `` Hyōri Ittai '' by Yuzu featuring Hyadain from episode 99 to 146 , which was also used in the film Hunter × Hunter : The Last Mission . The background music and soundtrack for the series was composed by Yoshihisa Hirano . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Hunter Exam arc 1.2 Heavens Arena arc 1.3 Phantom Troupe arc 1.4 Greed Island arc 1.5 Chimera Ant arc 1.6 Election arc 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Episode list ( edit ) Arc No of Episodes Originally aired English airdate First aired Last aired First aired Last aired Hunter Exam arc 26 October 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) April 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 16 ) November 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 05 ) Heavens Arena arc 12 April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) July 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 07 ) November 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12 ) February 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) Phantom Troupe arc 20 July 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 14 ) December 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) February 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 18 ) July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) Greed Island arc 17 December 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 16 ) April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) July 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 22 ) December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) Chimera Ant arc 61 April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) July 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 02 ) TBA ( TBA ) TBA ( TBA ) Election arc 12 July 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 09 ) September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) TBA ( TBA ) TBA ( TBA ) Hunter exam Arc ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate English airdate `` Departure × And × Friends '' `` Tabidachi to Nakama - tachi '' ( タビダチ × ト × ナカマタチ ) October 2 , 2011 April 16 , 2016 The story begins with a young boy named Gon who aspires to be just like his father Ging . Ging had left his son in the care of Mito , Gon 's aunt , and has not been back since . In order to prove his ability to take the exam , Gon catches the local monster fish , `` Lord of the Lake '' . Although Mito is reluctant to let Gon leave his home , she relents after seeing his determination to understand why his father left and what his interest of becoming a Hunter was . After saying goodbye to Mito and the townspeople , Gon boards a ship with participants from other lands and sets sail for the exam venue . After Gon predicts a violent storm approaching , the captain manages to steer the ship through the storm . He is later revealed to be one of the Hunter examiners , and he singles out Gon , Kurapika ( who wishes to become a Hunter in order to hunt down the Phantom Troupe , a band of criminals who massacred his clan ) , and Leorio ( who claims to want to be a Hunter just for the money ) . Kurapika and Leorio have an argument , stepping out onto the deck to fight during the storm , but are interrupted when Gon goes to save a crew member who fell out of the ship . Gon , Kurapika and Leorio help save the crew member , earning the captain 's approval , so he sends the three to the port closest to the exam site . `` Test × of × Tests '' `` Shiken no Shiken '' ( シケン × ノ × シケン ) October 9 , 2011 April 23 , 2016 Gon , Kurapika and Leorio arrive at Dolle Harbor and are given instructions by the captain to head for the cedar tree on the hilltop behind the city . Moving through a small town , their path is blocked by a group of people , where an old woman wo n't let them pass until they have answered a quiz question . Incorrect answers , refusal to answer , or attempts to head back will result in failure of the exam . A scheming participant who followed the trio from the harbor answers a question and is allowed to pass . The old woman then poses the question to the three , asking which of their loved ones they would rescue first : son or daughter . When Leorio complains that there 's no right answer , Kurapika understands that it 's a trick question and manages to stop Leorio from attacking the old woman . When the time is up and no answer is given , they pass , as the right answer was silence . The old woman shows Gon and the others to the correct path to the cedar tree . Upon reaching the tree , they find that the Navigators who live there are under attack by a shapeshifting creature , called a Kiriko . While Leorio tends to the wounded man , Gon and Kurapika go after the creature , only to discover that there are more than one of them . Impressed they were able to figure it out , the creatures revealed themselves to be the Navigators and fly them to the exam venue . `` Rivals × for × Survival '' `` Raibaru ga Sabaibaru '' ( ライバル × ガ × サバイバル ) October 16 , 2011 April 30 , 2016 With the navigators ' help , Gon , Kurapika and Leorio arrive at Zaban City , the venue of the exam . The Navigator leads them to a small restaurant , which is actually a front for the Hunter exam venue . Gon 's group is led to a back room , where an elevator takes them one hundred floors underground . Below , they meet the rest of the Hunter exam participants and are given their numbers . Tonpa , a regular participant who claims to have tried and failed 35 times in the exam , secretly goes about trying to fail all the rookie examinees by giving them drinks mixed with laxatives . However , he fails to convince any of them to take the drinks , including Gon 's group . Hisoka , a magician who attempted to kill an examiner in his previous attempt at the exam , is introduced . After accounting for the number of participants , an examiner by the name of Satotz tells the participants to follow him in the first phase of the exam , without telling them their destination or how far they are going to travel . `` Hope × and × Ambition '' `` Kibō to Yabō '' ( キボウ × ト × ヤボウ ) October 23 , 2011 May 7 , 2016 During the first phase , a number of participants drop out from fatigue after running for at least forty kilometers . Leorio almost gives up until he is encouraged by Gon , who waited for him . Killua , another rookie examinee , is introduced and he is curious about Gon when he discovers that they are the same age . Kurapika and Leorio run together and talk about their reasons for becoming Hunters . Kurapika wants to kill the Phantom Troupe , the group who massacred his clan for their precious scarlet eyes , which manifest when the Kurta experience intense emotion . Leorio aims to be a Hunter for money , but it is for altruistic reasons , as his childhood friend died of an illness because they did n't have the funds to save him . Leorio wishes to be a doctor so he can give his patients free treatment . Finally , the participants reach the end of the tunnel they were running in and surface in the Numere Wetlands , also known as Swindlers ' Swamp . Satotz warns them that the creatures often use devious tactics to lure and eat their prey in the wetlands , and that falling for their tricks equals death . Suddenly , a wounded man appears , claiming to be their original examiner and convincing everyone that Satotz was a man - faced ape masquerading as their examiner to fool them . Hisoka simultaneously throws his deadly playing cards at both the man and Satotz . The cards kill the man while Satotz catches the cards , proving that Satotz was the real examiner because examiners were supposed to be well - trained Hunters who are able to avoid such simple attacks . Hisoka is warned not to attack Satotz again , otherwise he will be disqualified . Satotz tells the participants to follow him into the swamp , and if any of them loses sight of him , they will never reach the second venue . `` Hisoka × is × Sneaky '' `` Hisoka wa Hisoka '' ( ヒソカ × ハ × ヒソカ ) October 30 , 2011 May 14 , 2016 While following Satotz , a fog covers the swamp and most of the contestants are either rendered unconscious or killed by the traps and ferocious beasts . Gon and Killua are separated from Leorio and Kurapika , and both parties are attacked by monsters . Leorio and Kurapika encounter Hisoka , who is surrounded by a group of candidates who feel that he 's a threat they need to kill . Leorio and Kurapika are shocked to watch the magician easily take the group down . Hisoka then turns to Leorio and Kurapika next , but upon realizing that they are no match for him , Leorio and Kurapika run off in different directions to stop Hisoka from following . Leorio , however , returns , unable to run away from a fight . As expected , Leorio is beaten badly and knocked out by Hisoka . Gon , who got separated from Killua , arrives and hits Hisoka in the face with his fishing rod before he could kill Leorio . After the initial hit , Gon nearly gets strangled by Hisoka , but , after concluding that they have passed his `` test '' where he roleplayed as an examiner , Hisoka lets them go . He carries an unconscious Leorio off to the second venue , and it is shown that Hisoka is collaborating with an unknown candidate . Gon leaves by himself and finds Kurapika , who had returned and witnessed the entire scene , and they both head for the site of Phase Two of the exam . Kurapika analyzes Hisoka 's behavior , believing that the magician has his own standards of judging whether the person he meets is worthy of fighting against or killing . Gon confesses to Kurapika that he actually feels afraid of his encounter with Hisoka . 6 `` A × Surprising × Challenge '' `` Igai na Kadai '' ( イガイ × ナ × カダイ ) November 6 , 2011 May 21 , 2016 Gon and Kurapika reunite with Leorio and Killua at the Phase Two site . Satotz leads what remains of the candidates to meet the second phase examiners , Menchi and Buhara . The examiners declare the next phase is to test their cooking skills , much to the candidates ' disbelief . The test requires pork , so the candidates are sent to find pigs in the forest . However , the pigs living inside the forest are carnivorous and tear through the candidates . Thanks to Gon , they discover the pigs ' weakness and manage to each get one for their cooking . Upon tasting the candidates ' food ( wherein majority of the examinees simply roasted their pigs over a spit ) , Buhara gives a pass but Menchi fails all of them . Knowing the candidates will riot , Satotz informs Chairman Netero of the Hunter Selection Committee to make an appearance . Netero arrives to correct Menchi 's habit of getting biased whenever it 's related to cooking . Netero then allows Menchi to stay on as examiner , only if she participates in the event as well . Menchi gives the candidates a retest : boil eggs laid by spider eagles on Mt . Split - in - Half . The candidates ride on Netero 's airship to the mountain , where they have to jump down into a potentially fatal ravine to get the eggs . Having seen and learned how Menchi gets her egg , Gon leads some of the other candidates into successfully getting their own . Some candidates are killed while rashly trying to get their eggs , while others refuse to take the leap . Out of the 50 candidates who survive to reach Phase Two , 42 candidates now remain . 7 `` Showdown × On × The Airship '' `` Hikōsen no Kessen '' ( ヒコウセン × ノ × ケッセン ) November 13 , 2011 June 4 , 2016 Upon traveling to the Phase Three site , the 42 remaining contestants travel on Chairman Netero 's airship . All the candidates are told by Beans , Netero 's secretary , to get some food and rest to prepare for the Third Phase the next morning . Tonpa tries to sabotage the rookies again by trying to keep Kurapika and Leorio awake for the whole night , but is exasperated to find that neither of them fall for his tricks . Gon and Killua explore the airship , and Killua tells Gon that he is actually from a family of assassins . He wished to go out on his own , not wanting his whole life planned out for him , which his family did not take lightly . Netero then arrives and tests both boys ' instincts and asks how they felt about the difficulty of the exam . Netero invites both of them to participate in a game , which is simply taking a basketball from his hand . Gon and Killua find it too hard to pass up , but discovers that with Netero 's skills , they are unable to grab the ball . hours pass , and eventually Killua gives up , realizing that they will never be able to take the ball from Netero because Netero has n't been employing any strength or energy from his right hand or left leg . Killua retires , but then takes his frustration out on two candidates who harass him by killing them . Gon continues the game until the wee hours of the morning , trying to grab the ball , and then headbutts Netero . The old man realizes that Gon will crack his skull if he continues with his headbutt , so he uses his right hand to push Gon away from him . Gon then tells Neteros then he has finally managed to get him to use his right hand once , which Gon counts as a great achievement . Gon passes out happily from exhaustion , and Netero calls the pilot of the airship to fly the ship a little slower so Gon could get more rest . 8 `` Solution × Is × Majority Rules ? '' `` Kaiketsu wa Tasūketsu ? '' ( カイケツ × ハ × タスウケツ ? ) November 20 , 2011 June 11 , 2016 The airship reaches the Phase Three site , which is a tall featureless pillar built on an equally high platform . It 's called the Trick Tower . The candidates are told that to pass Phase 3 , they have to climb down from the top to the base of the tower within 72 hours . An experienced rock climber candidate tries to climb down the side but is eaten by some flying monsters . Later , Kurapika finds that more than half of the candidates have gone missing from the top platform . Gon and Killua then tell Kurapika and Leorio that they have discovered hidden trap doors that flip and go inside the tower . However , the catch is that there are many hidden doors and each one can be only used once by one person , which means they have to split up . Gon , Killua , Kurapika and Leorio try out different doors , saying goodbye , only to realize that they all end up in the same room . Gon 's group is given special wristwatches , and Lippo , the Phase 3 examiner , explains that the wristwatches can be used to vote for which paths to take through the Tower . They will need to cooperate in order to pass this phase . However , there are 5 watches and they can not proceed without a fifth member . Tonpa eventually falls through the trap door , joining in as the fifth member , and the exam proceeds . By following majority rule , the group eventually reaches an arena , where they have to face prisoners hired by Lippo to become combatants . Lippo explains that to pass , all they have to do is win three rounds . But the prisoners are given reduced sentences by one year for every hour they manage to keep the candidates here . Tonpa volunteers to go first , pitting himself against a combatant named Bendot in a death match . Tonpa immediately gives up , and Leorio accuses him of sabotaging candidates , which he admits to doing every year . Kurapika manages to stop Leorio , saying that this is part of their plan to make them fight each other and waste time . Gon decides to go for the second match , and is up against Sedokan , a jailed serial bomber . 9 `` Beware × Of × Prisoners '' `` Shūjin ni Goyōjin '' ( シュウジン × ニ × ゴヨウジン ) November 27 , 2011 June 18 , 2016 Gon wins his fight with Sedokan . Kurapika agrees to fight next . Kurapika 's opponent , Majitani , exposes a spider tattoo - a trademark of Phantom Troupe members . Kurapika can not control his rage , showing his clan 's special ability , and defeats Majitani . Leorio agrees to fight next . 10 `` Trick × To × The Trick '' `` Hikkake no Kikkake '' ( ヒッカケ × ノ × キッカケ ) December 4 , 2011 June 25 , 2016 Leroute claims that Majitani is only unconscious , thus Kurapika 's match has not been settled . Leorio , and even Killua can not persuade Kurapika to finish the fight for the latter refuses to fight a person who has lost the will to fight . Frustrated , Leorio decides to use the majority rule as a way out of the difficulty but no one supports him . Elsewhere , Hisoka is met by Togari , a former examiner whom Hisoka attacked and is now wanting revenge . Togari attacks with four crescent blades , only to be finished with one sweeping attack . Hisoka then becomes the first applicant to pass this phase . Meanwhile , the team suspects Majitani 's real condition . Leroute challenges Leorio to have a betting game instead . Leorio agrees and bets ten hours that Majitani is alive , which he wins . Next , he bets twenty hours on Majitani feigning unconsciousness . To confirm , he brings Majitani to the edge of the platform and threatens to drop him . Seeing that , Leroute changes her bet to forty hours on Majitani being conscious . When he is about to be dropped by Leorio , Majitani moves and admits defeat , putting the score at 2 - 1 in favor of Leorio 's team . However , they only have 20 hours left to wager . 11 `` Trouble × With × The Gamble '' `` Gyanburu de Toraburu '' ( ギャンブル × デ × トラブル ) December 11 , 2011 July 9 , 2016 Leorio is still betting with Leroute , a woman who plays mind tricks . He ends up losing after playing rock - paper - scissors and uses up all the team 's hours . Killua goes next , facing off against an infamous serial killer who has murdered countless people with his bare hands . Killua earns a swift victory by instantly tearing his opponent 's heart out , terrifying everyone but Gon , who already knew of his assassin history . With that the team has 3 victories and moves on to the next challenge . 12 `` Last Test × Of × Resolve '' `` Saigo no Kakugo '' ( サイゴ × ノ × カクゴ ) December 18 , 2011 July 16 , 2016 The team waits in a room for 50 hours , and then face a predicament right before the end . The group is challenged , having to choose between a short and easy route , which only three can enter , or a long and hard path , which all members of the group can enter . Gon comes up with the idea to choose the long route , and axe the wall dividing them between the short path , and all five of them make it down the base of the tower in time . 13 `` Letter × From × Gon '' `` Gon yori no Tayori '' ( ゴンヨリ × ノ × タヨリ ) December 25 , 2011 July 23 , 2016 A letter from Gon arrives at Whale Island for Aunt Mito . A recap of episodes 1 to 12 . 14 `` Hit × The × Target '' `` Tāgetto ni Hitto '' ( ターゲット × ニ × ヒット ) January 8 , 2012 July 30 , 2016 The applicants head to Zevil Island for the fourth phase of the exam . Each person draws a number which corresponds to the ID number of their target . The ID tag of their target is worth 3 points , their own ID tag is worth 3 points , and all other ID tags are worth 1 point . Each applicant must collect 6 points in order to pass this phase of the exam . Gon 's target turns out to be Hisoka , much to his dismay . 15 `` Scramble × Of × Deception '' `` Damashiai no Toriai '' ( ダマシアイ × ノ × トリアイ ) January 15 , 2012 August 6 , 2016 Gon is relying on Bloodcrazy Butterflies to find his target , Hisoka , before waiting for the perfect time to use his skill with the fishing rod to snatch Hisoka 's tag . Meanwhile , Leorio runs into Tonpa , who claims he is not his target and gives Leorio information about his target , Ponzu , who specializes in the use of traps and poison . However , while Leorio is distracted , Tonpa 's partner steals Leorio 's tag . Kurapika then arrives and knocks out both Tonpa and his partner , revealing Tonpa was his target . Now that Kurapika and Leorio know that neither is the other 's target , they decide to form an alliance . 16 `` Defeat × And × Disgrace '' `` Haiboku to Kutsujoku '' ( ハイボク × ト × クツジョク ) January 22 , 2012 August 13 , 2016 Kurapika and Leorio are being stalked by Hisoka , but they managed to negotiate their way out of a fight by giving him Tonpa 's partner 's badge . However , the encounter leaves Hisoka aroused , so he leaves in search of a new target . Gon is able to use his fishing rod to snatch Hisoka 's tag right when Hisoka attacks his target . However , as Gon tries to escape , he is attacked and temporarily paralyzed by another applicant who takes his tag . Shortly after , Hisoka , impressed with Gon 's patience and skill , kills the applicant who attacked Gon and returns his badge . Though Gon is reluctant to accept Hisoka 's charity , he is ultimately forced to and Hisoka expresses his desire to meet Gon in the next stage of the exam . 17 `` Trap × In × The Hole '' `` Ana de Wana '' ( アナ × デ × ワナ ) January 29 , 2012 August 20 , 2016 Killua grows tired of having Imori shadowing him so he challenges Imori , along with Amori and Umori to a fight and quickly dispatches him . Meanwhile , Gon has joined up with Leorio and Kurapika . The three of them devise a plan for taking Ponzu 's tag and track her down to a suspicious - looking cave . That is when Leorio insists on heading in alone . 18 `` Big × Time × Interview '' `` Taisetsu na Mensetsu '' ( タイセツ × ナ × メンセツ ) February 5 , 2012 August 27 , 2016 Gon and his friends have been trapped inside a cave by poisonous snakes . Bourbon , the person responsible for the trap , is already dead , and nobody knows how to disarm the trap . Meanwhile , Leorio , who was bitten by the snakes , is growing weak . Gon manages to get them out of the sticky situation and through to the final phase of the exam . But first , Netero wants an interview with each of the remaining applicants . The Fourth Phase ended and 9 applicants will go on through the Final Phase and the chairman interviewed each of them , after that Gon and Kurapika chat and thank each other . 19 `` Ca n't Win × But × Ca n't Lose '' `` Katenai ga Makenai '' ( カテナイ × ガ × マケナイ ) February 12 , 2012 September 10 , 2016 Gon and his friends have advanced to the final phase of the Hunter Exam . The final phase is a tournament where the winners are out and the losers advance . The rule is that if you kill your opponent , you 'll be disqualified . The first mach is Gon versus Hanzo . Gon ca n't do anything against Hanzo , but he refuses to give up . Hanzo is losing his patience and threatens to break Gon 's arm . 20 `` Baffling Turn × Of × Events '' `` Fukakai na Tenkai '' ( フカカイ × ナ × テンカイ ) February 19 , 2012 September 17 , 2016 Gon wakes up , and finds himself being congratulated by Satotz for being the first person to pass the Hunter Exam . Gon asks Satotz if the Exam was still going on , and Satotz tells him that it 's over . Satotz explains the events that occurred while he was unconscious . Hisoka and Kurapika engage in a short fight during which Hisoka whispers something to Kurapika , and promptly surrenders . In the next round Hanzo forces Pokkle to surrender . Bodoro is beaten by Hisoka . Hisoka whispers into Bodoro 's ear which convinces Bodoro to surrender . Killua forfeits the next round because he thinks fighting Pokkle would not interest him . Leorio asks to postpone the next round until Bodoro is in a proper shape to fight . Killua then fights Gittarackur , who is revealed to be Killua 's brother Illumi following his facial transformation from the previous phase of the exam . After a tense conversation in which Illumi kills an examiner and threatens to kill Gon , Killua surrenders and falls into a depressed state . The next round between Leorio and Bodoro finally commences , but Killua interrupts it by killing Bodoro and disqualifying himself . Gon then heads to the New Hunter orientation to confront Illumi . 21 `` Some × Brother × Trouble '' `` Kyōdai no Mondai '' ( キョウダイ × ノ × モンダイ ) March 4 , 2012 September 24 , 2016 Gon is upset that Killua was forced to kill . Gon is mad at Illumi and proclaims that he will go to Kukuroo Mountain to rescue Killua . As Gon and his friends depart , Satotz mentions that the Hunter Exam is n't over yet . 22 `` A × Dangerous × Watchdog '' `` Kiken na Banken '' ( キケン × ナ × バンケン ) March 11 , 2012 October 1 , 2016 After arriving in the Republic of Podokea , Gon , Leorio , and Kurapika board a tour bus to Kukuroo Mountain , where Killua lives . However , they 're blocked by a massive `` Testing Gate . '' Anyone who attempts to enter through the side door is eaten by Mike , the watchdog . Gon tells Zebro , the elderly gatekeeper , that they are friends of Killua and asks to be let in . Kurapika eventually realizes the front gate is not locked , unlike the smaller side gate , and Leorio struggles to open the gate . Zebro eventually explains that each door of the gate weights two tons , the minimum amount of strength required for opening just one door . ( The group learns that Killua opened three levels of doors , sixteen tons total . ) After arguing with the family butler and attempting to climb over the gate with his fishing pole , Gon 's spirit convinces Zebro to open the Testing Gate and accompany them so they can enter without Mike eating them . 23 `` The × Guard 's × Duty '' `` Ban'nin no Sekinin '' ( バンニン × ノ × セキニン ) March 18 , 2012 October 8 , 2016 Gon and his friends have decided to pass through the Testing Gate to see Killua . Zebro takes them to the servants ' quarters where they meet Seaquant and rest for the night . They discover that every thing in the house is extremely heavy , so they decide to train so they can be strong enough to open the Testing Gate on their own . Meanwhile , Killua is being tortured by his brother Milluki until he is ready to apologize to his mother . Killua learns from his family that his friends are at the estate to see him . Gon , Leorio , and Kurapika are able to open the gate after completing their training ( and Gon 's left arm heals ) , but the apprentice butler Canary stands in their way . Just like with Zebro , Gon 's conviction touches Canary 's heart . Just as Canary is about to let them pass , Killua 's mother attacks her . Killua 's mother then gives the group a sad message from Killua that may or may not be true . 24 `` The × Zoldyck × Family '' `` Zorudikku no Kazoku '' ( ゾル ディック × ノ × カゾク ) March 25 , 2012 October 15 , 2016 We witness a few flashbacks from Killua 's earlier childhood , mostly between him and Canary . When the flashbacks end , Kikyo , Killua 's mother , tells them that Killua can not see them as he is in solitary confinement . While speaking with the trio , Kikyo suddenly begins screaming to `` Father '' that he not do anything hasty . Killua 's grandfather , Zeno , arrives in the dungeon and tells Killua he can go , despite Milluka insisting Killua is n't genuinely sorry yet . Killua is summoned by his father , Silva . With help from Canary , who is concerned about Killua , Gon and his friends are getting closer to the mansion . Meanwhile , Killua is bonding with his father ( much to Kikyo 's strong displeasure ) , and Silva asks him if he wants to see his friends . Killua answers truthfully that he does , so Silva grants him his freedom with the promise that Killua should never betray his friends . A short squabble between Kikyo and Silva reveals that he still believes Killua will one day return home as the leader of the Zoldyck family . 25 `` Ca n't See × If × You 're Blind '' `` Mienai to Aenai '' ( ミエナイ × ト × アエナイ ) April 1 , 2012 October 22 , 2016 Kikyo confides in Gotoh , the family butler , how emotionally distraught she is over Killua leaving again . With his father 's approval , Killua makes his way to the butler 's quarters . He instructs Gotoh to let him know the moment Gon and the other arrive . Gotoh complies , but internal dialogue reveals he has other intentions . Canary guides Gon and his friends to the butler office . There , they meet the butler Gotoh , who challenges them to a coin game so he can determine if they are worthy of being Killua 's friends . Leorio and Kurapika are disqualified for guessing the wrong hand , leaving only Gon to play the next round . After winning the game and reuniting with Killua , Gon now looks ahead to his next objective . He refuses to use his Hunter 's License until he can return Hisoka 's number badge . Kurapika reveals that he knows where to find Hisoka and that Hisoka has information about the Phantom Troupe . Leorio and Kurapika leave the group to pursue their own goals . Gon and Killua decide to spend their time training . Everyone agrees to meet again September 1 in Yorknew City . 26 `` Then × and × After '' `` Arekara to Sorekara '' ( アレカラ × ト × ソレカラ ) April 8 , 2012 November 5 , 2016 A letter from Gon arrives at Whale Island for Aunt Mito . A recap of episodes 14 to 25 . Heavens Arena Arc ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate English airdate 27 `` Arrival × At × The Arena '' `` Tōgijō ni Tōjō '' ( トウギジョウ × ニ × トウジョウ ) April 15 , 2012 November 12 , 2016 Gon and Killua have arrived at Heavens Arena , where opponents get stronger as you ascend the tower , to train and make money . Both of them are immediately advanced to the 50th floor after their initial battles on the 1st floor . There , they meet Zushi , another young teen with amazing strength . When Killua faces off against Zushi , he has no difficulty at all , until Zushi uses a strange technique reminiscent of what Illumi used . Killua is frightened enough to back away , but Zushi 's martial arts master , Wing , instructs him to stop the technique . Killua and Gon continue winning fights until they reach the 100th floor . The pair decide to ask Zushi about his strange technique ( called `` Ren '' ) , but Wing warns them against it . Killua insists he knew because Ren is related to the secret behind his brother 's power . In the end , Killua agrees to study under Wing . 28 `` Nen × And × `` Nen '' '' `` Nen to Nen '' ( ネン × ト × ネン ) April 22 , 2012 November 19 , 2016 In Wing 's room , Gon , Killua and Zushi are being taught by Wing . He explains the 4 main principles : Ten , Ren , Zetsu and Hatsu . He demonstrates how Ren works , by giving Killua the idea of killing him . Because of the strong pressure , Killua was forced to stay back . Wing advised them to train with Zushi and start mastering Ten but Killua suggests that they should leave . Killua reveals to Gon that Wing was lying all along . Back in Wing 's room , he noticed Zushi 's Ten is unstable . Zushi is troubled because Wing lied to them . Wing only said that for them to know what the other meaning of Nen is dangerous . After clearing the 190th floor , Gon and Killua advanced to the 200th floor . They were stopped by a strong aura which made them both wary . An employee appears , stating that they should register before midnight . Hisoka out of nowhere appears in front of the two behind the employee , and warns them that they are not ready yet . Wing appears behind them and offers to teach them the real Nen . Before they left , the employee also informs Killua that if he ca n't be able to register at the given time , he will never be able to register again for he fails to register once . In Wing 's room , he finally teaches Gon and Killua the real Nen . 29 `` Awakening × And × Potential '' `` Kakusei to Kanōsei '' ( カクセイ × ト × カノウセイ ) April 29 , 2012 November 26 , 2016 Gon and Killua 's aura nodes finally open thanks to Wing 's help . He teaches them how to pass through Hisoka 's barrier of Nen . A few hours before midnight , Gon and Killua come back to the hallway that Hisoka is guarding . They successfully pass through and Gon challenges Hisoka to a fight . Hisoka only replies that if Gon manages to win even one match , Hisoka will accept his challenge . The two successfully register before time runs out . After registering , they are confronted by three fighters from the 200th floor , namely Gido , Sadaso , and Riehlvelt . The two leave and head towards their room . A message saying that Gon 's match will be on the next day is seen on the television . The next day , Gido and Gon face off in the arena . Gido launches his spinning tops he called Battle Waltz . Gon is left defenseless in the middle of the ring . 30 `` Fierce × And × Ferocious '' `` Gekitō to Kattō '' ( ゲキトウ × ト × カットウ ) May 6 , 2012 December 3 , 2016 Gon continues his fight with Gido and begins to understand how the Dancing Tops technique works . After he understands the principle behind the technique he is able to evade the attacks . However , he is not able to go on the offensive because of Gido 's Tornado Top defense . Gon continues to fight and manages to release some of his hidden talents but eventually loses the fight . After the fight is over Master Wing chastises Gon and forbids him from learning any more about Nen until his injuries heal . Kurapika is denied a job at the Agency and meets a stranger who tests his skills and offers to teach him about Nen . 31 `` Destiny × And × Tenacity '' `` In'nen to Shūnen '' ( インネン × ト × シュウネン ) May 13 , 2012 December 10 , 2016 One month after Gon is seriously injured ( and banned to directly practice Nen or be part of any match ) , the 2 - year - lap revenge of the Nen - user Kastro against the magician Hisoka is about to start in the Sky Arena . Kastro shows confidence , remembering an old saying , `` not to fight If you do not have a chance of winning '' in this game . Facing to the game , he is also filled with a fearless smile secretly . 32 `` A × Surprising × Win '' `` Dokkiri na Shōri '' ( ドッキリ × ナ × ショウリ ) May 20 , 2012 December 17 , 2016 Kastro and Hisoka face off in Heaven 's Arena . Kastro goes on the offensive and appears to have an advantage . Hisoka is unable to dodge because Kastro creates a Nen double that hides behind Kastro 's attacks . Despite losing both arms , Hisoka is confident and performs magic tricks , appearing to reattach one arm . He artfully and secretly uses his Hatsu , `` Bungee Gum '' , to kill Kastro with the playing cards from one of his tricks . After the fight , Machi approaches Hisoka and uses Nen to sew both of his arms back on . She has a message from the boss of the Phantom Troupe . After she leaves , Hisoka removes his spider tattoo , revealing that it is a fake . 33 `` An × Empty × Threat '' `` Keihaku na Kyōhaku '' ( ケイハク × ナ × キョウハク ) May 27 , 2012 January 7 , 2017 Gon recovered from his injuries and trains in Nen along with Killua and Zushi , under the instruction of Wing . Sadaso , Riehvelt , and Gido kidnap Zushi to coax Killua into agreeing to fight Sadaso if they leave Killua and friends alone , but Sadaso breaks his promise by tricking Gon for the same purpose with Zushi 's shoe . Killua threatens his life and Sadaso never shows up to their fight , causing him to lose by default , and giving Killua his first win in the battle of the 200 . 34 `` Power × To × Avenge '' `` Jitsuryoku de Setsujoku '' ( ジツリョク × デ × セツジョク ) June 3 , 2012 January 14 , 2017 Riehvalt and Gido hear of Killua 's threat from Sadaso and talk about cheating in their matches to gain the upper hand . Killua interrupts them , showing off his speed and cold - blooded demeanor to scare them into playing fairly . After training tirelessly with Zushi and Wing , Gon and Killua defeat Riehvelt and Gido in their battles . Hisoka , impressed with Gon 's progress , appears in Gon 's way afterwards and invites him to be his next opponent , to which Gon agrees . 35 `` The × True × Pass '' `` Seikaku na Gōkaku '' ( セイカク × ナ × ゴウカク ) June 17 , 2012 January 21 , 2017 Gon , Killua , and Zushi train in Nen and learn of the Nen aura types in preparation for Gon 's battle . Wing reveals at the end of the training that Gon has officially passed the second Hunter exam , and gives them an update on their friends ' progress in this secret Nen exam . The fight between Gon and Hisoka begins , with Hisoka dealing the first punch . Gon shatters a floor tile to create a distraction and manages to successfully land a punch on Hisoka in the face -- the bar that Hisoka set for Gon being a worthy opponent . 36 `` A Big Debt × And × A Small Kick '' `` Ōki na kari to Chīsa na keri '' ( オオキナカリ × ト × チイサナケリ ) June 22 , 2012 January 28 , 2017 Gon gives Hisoka his badge after he hits him in the face as part of their prior agreement . Hisoka explains the types of aura by their personality to distract Gon while using his bungee gum on him . The two keep fighting , with Hisoka using the bungee gum to take control of Gon 's movements . Hisoka wins the match because of his technique and a referee that awarded points to end the battle before Gon got seriously injured . He praises Gon for his progress and warns him that they will fight again , but in the real world where their lives are on the line . Killua and Gon bid farewell to Wing and Zushi as they depart to visit Gon 's aunt on Whale Island , finally leaving Heavens Arena behind . 37 `` Ging × And × Gon '' `` Jin to Gon '' ( ジン × ト × ゴン ) June 29 , 2012 February 4 , 2017 Gon heads home to Whale Island along with Killua . Mito and her grandmother tell Gon about Ging 's past . Gon receives a small box from his father . Gon eventually manages to open the small box with his Nen and finds three items . After examining the unusual ring , they decide to listen to the cassette tape which contains a voice recording of Ging . On the audio Ging asks Gon if he wants to see him . 38 `` Reply × From × Dad '' `` Oyaji no Henji '' ( オヤジ × ノ × ヘンジ ) July 7 , 2012 February 11 , 2017 Gon heard his father 's message through the cassette tape . Gon and Killua grab some information about the memory card from the item box . Killua gets a lead from his brother about the game which is going to be presented in the auction , which will be held in Yorknew City . The two leave Whale island and journey to Yorknew City . Phantom Troupe Arc ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate English airdate 39 `` Wish × And × Promise '' `` Negai to Chikai '' ( ネガイ × ト × チカイ ) July 14 , 2012 February 18 , 2017 Kurapika leaves his master Mizuken in order to get a job . He finds himself in an interview to become a bodyguard for someone who has connections with the Southern Piece Auction . 40 `` Nen × Users × Unite ? '' `` Nōryokusha wa Kyōryokusha ? '' ( ノウリョクシャ × ハ × キョウ リョク シャ ? ) July 22 , 2012 February 25 , 2017 Kurapika and the other applicants fight the assailants in order for them to escape the mansion . Meanwhile , Killua asks for his brother 's help to gather information about Greed Island . 41 `` Gathering × Of × Heroes '' `` Gōketsu no Shūketsu '' ( ゴウケツ × ノ × シュウケツ ) July 29 , 2012 March 4 , 2017 After receiving information from Milluki , Gon and Killua research Greed Island . At the Nostrade manor , the new employees meet their boss , Neon . Meanwhile , the Phantom Troupe gathers at Yorknew City . 42 `` Defend × And × Attack '' `` Mamoru to Semeru '' ( マモル × ト × セメル ) August 5 , 2012 March 11 , 2017 Gon and Killua meet back up with Leorio and continue to try to make some money . The Phantom Troupe moves out . Meanwhile , Kurapika and Melody have an intimate chat while on guard . 43 `` A × Shocking × Tragedy '' `` Shōgeki no Sangeki '' ( ショウゲキ × ノ × サンゲキ ) August 12 , 2012 March 18 , 2017 The Phantom Troupe storms into the auction room and kills everyone inside at the moment , but finds out that the merchandise has been moved before their attack by a special force of the mafia known as the Shadow Beasts . 44 `` Buildup × To A × Fierce Battle '' `` Gekisen no Fukusen '' ( ゲキセン × ノ × フクセン ) August 19 , 2012 March 25 , 2017 The Shadow Beasts take on Uvogin . Kurapika alone makes a move against the Phantom Troupe . 45 `` Restraint × And × Vow '' `` Kōsoku no Yakusoku '' ( コウソク × ト × ヤクソク ) September 2 , 2012 April 1 , 2017 The Shadow Beast Owl attempts to capture part of the Phantom Troupe . The Nostrade bodyguards interrogate Uvogin . Later , Hisoka and Kurapika meet up in an abandoned amusement park . 46 `` Chasing × And × Waiting '' `` Oumono to Matsumono '' ( オウモノ × ト × マツモノ ) September 9 , 2012 April 8 , 2017 Uvogin searches for the chain user . The Nostrade family restructures and plans their next move . Gon , Killua , and Leorio look for other ways to make some money . 47 `` Condition × And × Condition '' `` Seiyaku to Seiyaku '' ( セイヤク × ト × セイヤク ) September 16 , 2012 April 15 , 2017 On the outskirts of Yorknew , Kurapika seeks vengeance for his fallen brethren by facing Uvogin . 48 `` Very × Sharp × Eye '' `` Mekiki no Kikime '' ( メキキ × ノ × キキメ ) September 23 , 2012 April 22 , 2017 The trio make attempts to raise money . After Gon pawned his hunter licence for some seed money , he and Killua go to the outside auction market so they may find some hidden treasures to bid on in to raise money . Meanwhile Leorio tries to find more up to date and reliable info about the Phantom Troupe members . 49 `` Pursuit × And × Analysis '' `` Tsuiseki de Bunseki '' ( ツイセキ × デ × ブンセキ ) September 30 , 2012 April 29 , 2017 Gon and Killua tail two members of the Phantom Troupe , only to be captured . Meanwhile , other members of the Troupe continue to gather information on the Nostrade Family and the chain user . 50 `` Ally × And × Sword '' `` Nakama to Katana '' ( ナカマ × ト × カタナ ) October 7 , 2012 May 6 , 2017 The Phantom Troupe question Gon and Killua about the chain user , and that 's when Killua realizes he could be Kurapika . Then they manage to escape and decide to find Kurapika and ask him to teach them more about Nen so they could fight against the Phantom Troupe . 51 `` A × Brutal × Battlefield '' `` Hijō no Senjō '' ( ヒジョウ × ノ × センジョウ ) October 14 , 2012 May 13 , 2017 Neon escapes to enter the auction with Chrollo 's help who later steals her fortune telling ability . While Kurapika accompanies Light Nostrade to meet the professionals who were assigned to kill the spiders . The Troupe take action too and kill the guards . 52 `` Assault × And × Impact '' `` Shūgeki to Shōgeki '' ( シュウゲキ × ト × ショウゲキ ) October 21 , 2012 May 20 , 2017 The Troupe is attacking the auction with all their power . The Ten Dons hired assassins are no match , except for Zeno and Silva . 53 `` Fake × And × Psyche '' `` Feiku de Saiku '' ( フェイク × デ × サイク ) October 28 , 2012 June 3 , 2017 The leader of the Phantom Troupe is dead ... Kurapika is shocked by the news . Unconvinced , he tries to get a glimpse of the body . Meanwhile , the dead bodies of the other Phantom Troupe member have been discovered . 54 `` Fortunes × Are n't × Right ? '' `` Uranai ga Ataranai ? '' ( ウラナイ × ガ × アタラナイ ? ) November 4 , 2012 June 10 , 2017 Kurapika meets up with Gon and Killua . While they are having a picnic , Gon makes Kurapika realize that he can now concentrate on his main goal : getting the eyes of his people back . Kurapika reveals his nen ability and explains why he must not use it against anyone other than the Troupe . Chrollo uses his new fortune - telling ability to read the futures of the various Troupe members . Kurapika receives a message that Chrollo is n't dead as previously thought ! 55 `` Allies × And × Lies '' `` Nakama to Ikasama '' ( ナカマ × ト × イカサマ ) November 11 , 2012 June 17 , 2017 Chrollo uses his new ability to predict the future of all of his group members . He predicts that Hisoka is a traitor . Hisoka in his turn changes his fortune and deceives Chrollo into staying rather than leaving . 56 `` Beloved × And × Beleaguered '' `` Saiai to Saiaku '' ( サイアイ × ト × サイアク ) November 18 , 2012 June 24 , 2017 Chrollo uses the information he has on Neon to identify the location of the chain user , Kurapika . Meanwhile , Killua is keeping an eye on the Phantom Troupe base when he is joined by Melody , who helps determine that the Troupe is headed towards Kurapika 's hotel . The Troupe is finally closing in on Kurapika . 57 `` Initiative × And × Law '' `` Sente to Okite '' ( センテ × ト × オキテ ) December 2 , 2012 July 8 , 2017 Gon and Killua are captives of the spiders . Kurapika , Melody , and Leorio hatch a plan to capture Chrollo and use him as leverage to force the remaining Phantom Troupe members to release Gon and Killua . 58 `` Signal × To × Retreat '' `` Hikigiwa no Hikigane '' ( ヒキギワ × ノ × ヒキガネ ) December 9 , 2012 July 15 , 2017 Kurapika negotiates with Pakunoda to secure the exchange of Gon and Killua . Pakunoda returns to the Troupe 's hideout to announce the terms of the exchange to the remaining members . Greed Island Arc ( edit ) No . Title Original air date English airdate 59 `` Bid × And × Haste '' `` Seri to Aseri '' ( セリ × ト × アセリ ) December 16 , 2012 July 22 , 2017 Gon and Killua attend an auction of Greed Island to scout out potential employers hiring Hunters to clear the game . 60 `` End × And × Beginning '' `` Kimari to Hajimari '' ( キマリ × ト × ハジマリ ) December 23 , 2012 July 29 , 2017 Gon and Killua attend the player selection test in a bid to gain access to Greed Island . And more training . 61 `` Invitation × And × Friend '' `` Kan'yū to Shin'yū '' ( カンユウ × ト × シンユウ ) January 6 , 2013 August 5 , 2017 Gon and Killua enter Greed Island . There they enter a town and meet other players , where they learn more about the game Greed Island . 62 `` Reality ? × And × Raw '' `` Genjitsu ? to Genseki '' ( ゲンジツ ? × ト × ゲンセキ ) January 13 , 2013 August 12 , 2017 Gon and Killua battle at the Rock , Paper , Scissors tournament , and decide to head to Masadora . Killua wins and gets the # 83 Card . Other players appear , attempting to steal the card . They see Biscuit stalking them and meet some monsters and bandits on their way as well . 63 `` A × Hard × Master ? '' `` Shishō wa Hijō ? '' ( シショウ × ハ × ヒジョウ ? ) January 20 , 2013 August 19 , 2017 Binolt all attacks Biscuit , she easily defeats him . Gon and Killua seeing her strength asked her to be their master and proceed to fight Binolt for 6 days . He gives up and they let him go . They go to the city of Masadora and got some cards but told them to go back to the rocky area again . Biscuit tells them that they are going exactly straight to Masadora but this time , they have to dig through the rocks , whilst doing so they discover another part of Ten , Shu . 64 `` Strengthen × And × Threaten '' `` Kyōka to Kyōkatsu '' ( キョウカ × ト × キョウカツ ) January 27 , 2013 August 26 , 2017 After learning how to use Shu , they made it to Masadora easily , only to be told to head back to the rocky area again to obtain the remaining monster cards there . They each catch a few and then they move on to the hardest monster in the area , the bubble horse . They got the card by dodging the white bubbles with Zetsu , and the red bubbles with ten . Biscuit comments that Gon and Killua make the perfect team . Gon and Killua also learned Ko , Ken and Ryu . Biscuit believes they are now ready for the final stage of the training which is training in the individual categories , starting with the Enhancer category . The Bomber identifies himself in the group whilst the Phantom Troupe discover the island and confirm their suspicion that Greed Island is in fact happening in the real world . 65 `` Evil Fist × And × Rock - Paper - Scissors '' `` Jaken to Janken '' ( ジャケン × ト × ジャンケン ) February 3 , 2013 September 9 , 2017 After hearing Biscuit 's lecture on rock - paper - scissors , Gon decides to work on a special technique modeled on rock - paper - scissors by using Enhancer , Emitter , and Transmuter abilities . Meanwhile , Killua leaves the game temporarily to take the Hunter Exam . While he 's gone , Gon and Biscuit find learn about the Bomber 's most recent attack . 66 `` Strategy × And × Scheme '' `` Kōryaku to Sakuryaku '' ( コウリャク × ト × サクリャク ) February 10 , 2013 September 16 , 2017 Killua returns after easily passing his second try at the Hunter Exam . Now that Gon , Killua , and Biscuit are together again , they begin working on beating this game by collecting cards . Meanwhile , the other players are scheming to gather the cards they need to complete the game . 67 `` 15 × 15 '' `` Jū - go to Jū - go '' ( 15 × ト × 15 ) February 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2017 Team Genthru now has 96 different types of restricted slot cards after tricking Team Tsezguerra . Gon and Killua receive an invitation from other players to team up to prevent Genthru from beating the game . They head to Soufrabi to monopolize Patch of Shore , one of the cards Genthru is missing . 68 `` Pirates × And × Guesses '' `` Kaizoku to Suisoku '' ( カイゾク × ト × スイソク ) February 24 , 2013 September 30 , 2017 When they reach Soufrabi , they meet the pirates and challenge the team in a sports battle . While their team loses , Killua does gather information and the other teams working with them disband from their group . They use the accompany card to meet up with Chrollo Lucilfer , which is actually Hisoka in disguise , and he leads them to the city of love , Aiai . 69 `` A × Heated × Showdown '' `` Taiketsu de Nekketsu '' ( タイケツ × デ × ネッケツ ) March 3 , 2013 October 7 , 2017 Gon and his friends have teamed up with Hisoka and Goreinu to challenge Razor again . To round out the party , they recruit Team Tsezgerra . Their preparations allow them to breeze through the first few matches , but then Razor challenges them to a game of dodgeball . 70 `` Guts × And × Courage '' `` Konjō to Yūjō '' ( コンジョウ × ト × ユウジョウ ) March 10 , 2013 October 14 , 2017 Gon is unable to hold onto Razor 's throw and is sent to the outfield . He uses Back to return , but Hisoka is also injured and the situation looks grim . However , Gon has an idea for defeating Razor , but he needs Killua 's help to pull it off . 71 `` Bargain × And × Deal '' `` Kakehiki to Torihiki '' ( カケヒキ × ト × トリヒキ ) March 17 , 2013 October 21 , 2017 Gon , Killua , and Hisoka manage to defeat Razor by working as a perfect team . After defeating Razor , Gon learns a little more about his father from Razor . The team gets Patch of Shore , and make two clones . Gon 's team receives the real card , which Genthru does not expect . Team Tsezgerra will delay Genthru for three weeks , giving Killua time to heal and Gon time to train to defeat Little Flower . 72 `` Chase × And × Chance '' `` Cheisu de Chansu '' ( チェイス × デ × チャンス ) March 24 , 2013 November 4 , 2017 Hisoka meets up with the members of the Phantom Troupe in order to track down the Nen user whose ability is to remove others nen . Meanwhile , Team Tsezgerra gathered enough Accompany cards to evade Team Genthru , declaring their decision to fight instead of surrender . Team Genthru had also collected Accompany cards and began `` a game of tag they can not lose '' . Gon continues his training whilst Killua is left to recover his hands while coming up with a plan to defeat the Bombers . Tsezgerra soon runs out of Accompany and Return cards , which was all according to plan , and uses Leave to exit the game . However , shockingly , no one was guarding the place . A cornered Tsezgerra finds Mr. Battera crying and discovers that the whole deal had been canceled . 73 `` Insanity × And × Sanity '' `` Kyōki to Shōki '' ( キョウキ × ト × ショウキ ) March 31 , 2013 November 11 , 2017 After Team Tsezgerra left the game , Mr. Battera reveals the true purpose behind why he purchased so many Greed Island games . Team Genthru have set camp up at the entrance awaiting Tsezgerra 's return to be disappointed when they do n't . Assuming that Tsezgerra and his team have given up on the game , Genthru approach Team Gon to propose a deal for the two remaining cards they require . When things turn sour , Team Gon force a one - on - one battle with Genthru 's team . 74 `` Victor × And × Loser '' `` Shōsha to Haisha '' ( ショウシャ × ト × ハイシャ ) April 7 , 2013 TBA With two of the members of Team Genthru down , Gon is left in a standoff with just Genthru himself . Everything Gon and his team had planned were coming together . Selfishly though , Gon decides to temporarily ignore the plan because he wanted to try something out , getting badly damaged in the process . Gon finally pulls through as Team Genthru is defeated . With the most dangerous team all tied up and Gon now having collected all 99 reserved card slots , a special game event is due to take place in order to receive the # 00 card . But before all that ... Gon and his team need to decide how they should use `` Breath of Archangel '' and whether to use it on themselves or Bomber and his team mates . 75 `` Ging 's Friends × And × True Friends '' `` Jin no tomo to Shin no tomo '' ( ジンノトモ × ト × シンノトモ ) April 14 , 2013 TBA Gon , Killua and Biscuit are challenged when they finally get all 99 reserved card slots . An in - game event takes place to win the # 00 card . Chimera Ant Arc ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate English airdate 76 `` Reunion × And × Understanding '' `` Saikai to Rikai '' ( サイカイ × ト × リカイ ) April 21 , 2013 TBA Gon and Killua travel to Nigg who turns out to be Kite instead of Ging . Kite tells Gon of his past and how he came to meet Gon 's father and introduces them to a mysterious and extremely dangerous species , the Chimera Ant . 77 `` Unease × And × Sighting '' `` Fuan to Shutsugen '' ( フアン × ト × シュツゲン ) April 28 , 2013 TBA Kite is shown a huge severed arm which it is believed to be from a Chimera Ant Queen that has grown to the height of two meters . As Gon and Killua join him in his search for the Queen , their fears are confirmed when it starts consuming humans to enhance its army of soldiers . 78 `` Very × Rapid × Reproduction '' `` Kyūsoku na Zōshoku '' ( キュウソク × ナ × ゾウショク ) May 5 , 2013 TBA Kite and his party trace the whereabouts of the Chimera Queen and conclude that it is located in the neo-ludite nation of NGL . As both Kite 's group and another separate team of hunters depart to NGL to investigate , the Queen establishes her stronghold and instructs her soldiers to gather a huge number of humans for her to consume in order to give birth to the King . 79 `` No × Good × NGL '' `` NG na NGL '' ( NG × ナ × NGL ) May 12 , 2013 TBA Upholding their policy of not allowing any kind of manufactured or artificial material inside their borders , the NGL only allows Kite , Gon , Killua and two other members of their party to enter their country , with the rest forced to stand by and await their return . Meanwhile , the second team of Hunters is attacked by the Chimera Ants , whose human DNA triggers in them a sense of individuality that brings conflict among their ranks . 80 `` Evil × And × Terrible '' `` Gokuaku to Saiaku '' ( ゴクアク × ト × サイアク ) May 19 , 2013 TBA As the top echelons of the NGL are killed by the Chimera Ants who claim their weapons and facilities , the team of Hunters under attack is also taken down , but not before Ponzu sends a message to warn the Hunter Association that ends up on Kite 's hands . As he instructs the others to turn back and call for reinforcements , Kite decides to check up the situation further , accompanied by just Gon and Killua . 81 `` The × Fight × Begins '' `` Tatakai no Kaishi '' ( タタカイ × ノ × カイシ ) May 26 , 2013 TBA Confirming his suspicions , Kite finds clues about the dark side of the NGL and meet Rammot , one of the Chimera Ants . Knowing that much stronger foes await them ahead , Kite declares that Gon and Killua must defeat the enemy by themselves , or they will not be allowed to proceed further with him . Meanwhile , the Chimera Ant commanders take heed of Nen - enhanced humans and make plans to capture them in order to attend the Queen 's increasing demands for nutrition . 82 `` Kite × And × Slots '' `` Kaito no Surotto '' ( カイト × ノ × スロット ) June 2 , 2013 TBA Searching for the Chimera Ant 's nest , Kite and the boys confirm their suspicions about the NGL and must face three dangerous Chimera Ants in order to proceed . Meanwhile , Rammot wants to payback Gon and Killua for his defeat and ends up unwittingly unlocking the power of Nen in his body . 83 `` Inspiration × To × Evolve '' `` Kanka Shite Shinka '' ( カンカ × シテ × シンカ ) June 9 , 2013 TBA News about the Chimera Ants threat reach the Hunter Association and an expedition is assembled to exterminate them . Meanwhile , Kite , Gon and Killua are surrounded by a large number of enemies and must fight for their lives . Back at the nest , the other squadron leaders look for a way to awaken the Nen in their bodies just like Rammot did . 84 `` A × Fated × Awakening '' `` Sadame no Mezame '' ( サダメ × ノ × メザメ ) June 16 , 2013 TBA As Gon , Killua and Kite approach the nest , one of the Chimera Ant Royal Guards , Neferpitou , awakens . Upon extracting information from Pokkle , Neferpitou learns the secrets of Nen , including the means to awaken and control it . 85 `` Light × And × Darkness '' `` Hikari to Kage '' ( ヒカリ × ト × カゲ ) June 23 , 2013 TBA As the Chimera Ants are reunited to unlock the power of Nen into their bodies , Neferpitou feels the presence of Kite approaching and leaves to confront him . Realizing that the enemy is too powerful for them , Kite warns Gon and Killua to flee , but Gon is taken by rage upon seeing Kite 's arm being severed by Neferpitou and Killua is forced to knock him down and escape carrying him . After escaping the NGL , with Gon still uncounscious , Killua is approached by Chairman Netero who is sent there to wipe out the Chimera Ants assisted by two other Pro Hunters , Morel and Knov . 86 `` Promise × And × Reunion '' `` Chikai to Saikai '' ( チカイ × ト × サイカイ ) June 30 , 2013 TBA Gon and Killua meet Knov 's student Palm and learn that to earn a place in the Extermination Squad and return to the NGL , they must win against Morel 's students Knuckle and Shoot in one month . To increase their chances of winning , Palm asks for Biscuit 's help and they start a harsh training routine with her . Meanwhile at the Chimera Ants nest , Shaiapouf , the second Royal Guard awakens . 87 `` Duel × And × Escape '' `` Kettō Shite Tōsō '' ( ケットウ × シテ × トウソウ ) July 7 , 2013 TBA After completing their training , Biscuit sends the exhausted Gon and Killua to face Knuckle . Looking at the condition of their opponents , Knuckle boasts that they could never move him an inch and bets his token on it . However his assumptions are proven wrong when Gon manages to land a powerful hit that knocks him out cold , and after awakening , Knuckle agrees that he will help them with their training until the deadline for returning the token comes . Meanwhile at the nest , Neferpitou focuses himself into reviving Kite for a second chance to fight him and Netero 's team starts taking down small groups of Chimera Ants that bring the attention of the captains , while the king grows strong inside the queen 's womb . As Gon and Killua spend their days training with Biscuit and sparring with Knuckle , Shoot , the second of Morel 's disciples make plans about how to deal with them . 88 `` Rock - Paper - Scissors × And × Weakness '' `` Janken to Jakuten '' ( ジャンケン × ト × ジャクテン ) July 14 , 2013 TBA As the deadline established by Netero approaches , the Chairman and his companions keep wiping out the Chimera Ant squads one by one and the remaining squad captains try to deal with the problem , while the third member of the royal guard , Menthuthuyoupi is born . Meanwhile , Gon and Killua complete their training and challenge Knuckle for real . 89 `` Compassion × And × Strength '' `` Yasashisa to Tsuyosa '' ( ヤサシサ × ト × ツヨサ ) July 21 , 2013 TBA Knuckle points out that Gon 's Jajanken technique has two major weaknesses : that it takes too long to charge and the distribution of aura in his body makes him more vulnerable during said charge . However Gon keeps using it instead , making use of these flaws to confuse his opponent . Unfortunately , just as Gon has a chance to deal a finishing blow , he collapses from exhaustion . Killua than carries Gon away , promising to return in the next day for the decisive battle against Knuckle and Shoot . As Gon rests for the upcoming fight , Biscuit approaches Killua and after sparring with him in her most powerful form , she exposes his own biggest flaw : Killua always fights on the verge of fleeing . 90 `` Interest × And × Curse '' `` Risoku to Jubaku '' ( リソク × ト × ジュバク ) July 28 , 2013 TBA The final duel between Gon and Knuckle begins . Just as he promised , Knuckle does not hold back and uses his special technique on him , forcing Gon to look for a way to defeat him as fast as possible . Meanwhile , Killua confronts Shoot , but he also gets himself in a pinch when his old habit to avoid stronger enemies is triggered . 91 `` The Strong × And × The Weak '' `` Kyōsha to Jakusha '' ( キョウシャ × ト × ジャクシャ ) August 4 , 2013 TBA The Chimera Ant King is born earlier than expected , leaving the queen in a critical condition . As the king abandons the nest accompanied by the royal guard , the squadron leaders disband except for a few loyal ones who surrender to Netero 's party in exchange for help to save the queen 's life . Meanwhile , Shoot and Knuckle , having defeated Gon and Killua , arrive at the NGL to join the others and Killua promises to protect Gon as long as his powers are sealed , decided to leave his side for good once he recovers . 92 `` One Wish × And × Two Promises '' `` Hitotsu no Negai to Futatsu no Chikai '' ( ヒトツノネガイ × ト × フタツノチカイ ) August 11 , 2013 TBA Despite all efforts to save the queen , she does not resist her wounds and dies , but not before revealing to Colt the name she had chosen for the king , `` Meruem '' . A final live offspring is found inside her body and Morel offers himself to protect both after he promises that they will never eat humans anymore . As the other squad leaders leave to build their own colonies , the king and the royal guard arrive at the neighboring country of East Gorteau . 93 `` Date × With × Palm '' `` Pāmu to Dēto '' ( パーム × ト × デート ) August 18 , 2013 TBA As the king kills the ruler of East Gorteau and takes over the country , Gon and Killua return to meet Palm , prepared to face her fury upon failing to fulfill their promise , but she decides to forgive them when Gon accepts her request to have a date with her . After learning from Morel that they found Kite , Gon takes Palm for her date , while Killua keeps trailing them in case of an enemy attack , and his fears are confirmed when Rammot appears before him . 94 `` Friend × And × Journey '' `` Tomodachi to Tabidachi '' ( トモダチ × ト × タビダチ ) September 1 , 2013 TBA Divided between his drive to flee and his will to protect Gon , Killua find himself in a dire situation until he realizes that he is under the effect of one Illumi 's needles , easily killing Rammot after he breaks free from it . Meanwhile , Gon 's date with Palm turns to the worse when he claims that he ca n't stay by her side . As Shoot returns to check on them , Morel and Knuckle confront Cheetu , one of the Chimera Ants on the run . 95 `` Grudge × And × Dread '' `` Urami to Sugomi '' ( ウラミ × ト × スゴミ ) September 8 , 2013 TBA After a brief fight with Cheetu , Morel and Knuckle return to check on Gon and Killua as they finally reunite with Kite , but upon seeing that he was turned into a mindless rogue by Neferpitou , Gon swears to avenge him . The Hunters then travel to East Gorteau , where the government summons all the population to meet at the capital for an undisclosed event in ten days . Knowing that it is all a plan of the Chimera Ants , Netero contacts the others and they start making plans to confront the king and the royal guard in the night preceding said event . 96 `` A × Lawless × Home '' `` Muhō na Hōmu '' ( ムホウ × ナ × ホーム ) September 15 , 2013 TBA As news about the rogue Chimera Ants spread around the world , six members of the Phantom Troupe appear at Meteor City to wipe out some of them which had established a colony there . 97 `` Carnage × And × Devastation '' `` Gekitō de Gekimetsu '' ( ゲキトウ × デ × ゲキメツ ) September 22 , 2013 TBA The Phantom Troupe reaches Zazan , the leader of the Ants , eliminating all opposition on the way . Fighting Zazan by himself , Feitan is forced to unleash his true power against her , which is feared even by his companions . 98 `` Infiltration × And × Selection '' `` Sennyū to Senbetsu '' ( センニュウ × ト × センベツ ) September 29 , 2013 TBA Once inside East Gorteau , Gon and Killua take separate ways in preparation for the attack on the palace , but once alone , it does not take long for Gon to be attacked by Ants sent by Meleoron whose presence is concealed thanks to his Chameleon - like powers . 99 `` Combination × And × Evolution '' `` Konbinēshon to Eboryūshon '' ( コンビネーション × ト × エボリューション ) October 9 , 2013 TBA As Gon deals with his enemies , Killua tries his best to save the citizens of nearby villages from falling prey to the Chimera Ants ' scheme until the Government , under the Royal Guards ' control , declares martial law to hinder his plans . Meanwhile , Shoot and Knuckle detect Cheetu 's presence and attempt to intercept him . 100 `` Tracking × And × Pursuit '' `` Tsuiseki ni wa Tsuigeki '' ( ツイセキ × ニハ × ツイゲキ ) October 16 , 2013 TBA Leol 's party is sent by the Royal Guard to stop Killua 's interference and Meleoron is found out by Gon , but instead of fighting , the Chimera Ant attempts to reason with him while hiding his true intentions . 101 `` Ikalgo × And × Lightning '' `` Ikarugo to Ikazuchi '' ( イカルゴ × ト × イカズチ ) October 23 , 2013 TBA Killua confronts Ikalgo but later , saves him from getting eaten by his own subordinates . The Ortho Siblings confront Killua in their game , a 1 - 501 dart game where he gets continuously attacked . After feigning death , Killua beheads his opponents in a flash , but he collapses due to extreme blood loss and Ikalgo decides to repay the favor by taking him to be treated . 102 `` Power × And × Games '' `` Nōryoku to Taikyoku '' ( ノウリョク × ト × タイキョク ) October 30 , 2013 TBA Gon becomes friends with Meleoron , who in return reveals the true extent of his powers and the reason why he wants the king dead . As the Hunters make adjustments in their preparations to storm the palace , the king entertains himself with board games until an unusual player appears before him . 103 `` Check × And × Mate '' `` Tsumi to Yomi '' ( ツミ × ト × ヨミ ) November 6 , 2013 TBA Despite having mastered the rules of the board game `` Gungi '' , the king is upset for still being unable to defeat the champion , Komugi . Meanwhile , Morel is approached by Cheetu who uses his new abilities to trap him inside a closed space , claiming that he ca n't leave unless he manages to catch him in 8 hours . 104 `` Doubt × And × Hesitation '' `` Mayoi to Tomadoi '' ( マヨイ × ト × トマドイ ) November 13 , 2013 TBA As the king is yet to defeat his opponent , Cheetu tries to provoke Morel into running after him with no success , unaware that he is setting a trap for him . Meanwhile , Knov realizes the enemy 's trick to detect him and comes with countermeasures against it . 105 `` Resolve × And × Awakening '' `` Kakugo to Kakusei '' ( カクゴ × ト × カクセイ ) November 20 , 2013 TBA The king attempts to intimidate the Gungi champion but moved by her determination , he rips off his own arm as a form of apology . With Neferpitou using her powers to treat the king , the palace 's defenses are lowered and Knov rushes to sneak inside it in preparations for the hunters ' attack . Meanwhile , Palm prepares to infiltrate the palace as well . 106 `` Knov × And × Morel '' `` Novu to Morau '' ( ノヴ × ト × モラウ ) November 27 , 2013 TBA Knov succeeds in his mission to breach the palace 's security , but just feeling the proximity of Royal Guards ' overwhelming aura is enough to drive him into hopelesness . Palm takes advantage of the lecherous secretary Bizelf to infiltrate the palace as well and Morel is confronted by the Chimera Ant Leol , who fights using the powers of those who owe him a favour . 107 `` Return × And × Retire '' `` Ritān to Ritaia '' ( リターン × ト × リタイア ) December 4 , 2013 TBA Even with his borrowed powers , Leol has been defeated by Morel while Killua recovers from his wounds and invites Ikalgo to join his side . Meanwhile , Palm starts her investigation when a massive and ominous aura surrounds her . 108 `` Gungi × Of × Komugi '' `` Komugi no Gungi '' ( コムギ × ノ × グンギ ) December 11 , 2013 TBA Gon and his friends make the final preparations for their assault on the palace . Meanwhile , the king is yet to defeat Komugi , the Gungi champion and when he decides to kill her , he ends up protecting her instead , for reasons that even he ca n't explain . 109 `` Taking Stock × And × Taking Action '' `` Kōshin Kaishi de Kōdō Kaishi '' ( コウシン カイシ × デ × コウドウ カイシ ) December 18 , 2013 TBA The time has come for Gon and his friends to infiltrate the palace and confront the Royal Guard , who are making preparations for the upcoming selection . As his concerns about Komugi increase , the king starts questioning his own existence and purpose . 110 `` Confusion × And × Expectation '' `` Konwaku to Omowaku '' ( コンワク × ト × オモワク ) December 25 , 2013 TBA The selection is at hand , but the king starts isolating himself from his servants , including the Royal Guard . Meanwhile , Gon 's party is about to break into the palace . 111 `` Charge × And × Invade '' `` Totsunyū Shite Shinnyū '' ( トツニュウ × シテ × シンニュウ ) January 8 , 2014 TBA The Hunters assault on the royal palace begins . Gon and his friends break inside and come across Menthuthuyoupi , while Netero and Zeno strike from the sky and Neferpitou jumps up to confront them , just to be driven away when the chairman makes a small demonstration of his powers . Part of the chairman 's backstory is explained in the process . 112 `` Monster × And × Monster '' `` Kaibutsu to Kaibutsu '' ( カイブツ × ト × カイブツ ) January 15 , 2014 TBA Gon 's party confronts Youpi while Pouf and Pitou rush to the palace to assist the king , who is distraught with Komugi 's condition as she gets herself badly injured during the attack . 113 `` An × Indebted × Insect '' `` Mushi × Dakedo × Kashi '' ( ムシ × ダケド × カシ ) January 22 , 2014 TBA Shoot and Knuckle stay behind to fight Youpi while Morel rushes forward to face Pouf . While looking for Pitou , Killua turns back briefly to assist Ikalgo unaware that he accidentally put his friend 's cover at risk . 114 `` Divide × And × Conquer '' `` Bundan to Gosan '' ( ブンダン × ト × ゴサン ) January 29 , 2014 TBA Separated from the Royal Guard , the king departs from the palace with Netero to have their fight elsewhere and Gon , learning of Pitou 's location , steels himself to confront it . Meanwhile , Pouf enters in a cocoon in preparation to confront Morel , and Shoot fights Youpi to the limit of his forces until Knuckle steps in to protect him . 115 `` Duty × And × Question '' `` Gimu to Gimon '' ( ギム × ト × ギモン ) February 5 , 2014 TBA The disguised Ikalgo reaches the lower levels of the palace to look for Palm , unaware that he is being followed . Meanwhile , Meleoron leaves Knuckle 's side and proceeds further into the palace , but another Chimera Ant , Welfin , tracks his smell . Elsewhere , Gon and Killua find Pitou , who is too busy to fight them while tending to Komugi 's wounds . 116 `` Revenge × And × Recovery '' `` Fukushū to Shūfuku '' ( フクシュウ × ト × シュウフク ) February 12 , 2014 TBA Face to face with Pitou , Gon ca n't hold back his rage and urges the chimera to fight him . Realizing that Pitou is willing to sacrifice itself to protect Komugi , Killua attempts to calm down his friend down with no success , but in the end , Gon gives one hour for Pitou to treat Komugi in exchange of accompanying him to meet Kite and help him recover his senses . 117 `` Insult × And × Payback '' `` Bujoku ni wa Setsujoku '' ( ブジョク × ニハ × セツジョク ) February 19 , 2014 TBA Cheetu attempts to provoke Zeno into fighting him , but Silva appears to pick up his father , killing the ant instantly in the occasion . Separated from the others , Youpi realizes that he failed to prevent the intruders from approaching the king and attempts to vent out his anger on Knuckle and Shoot , creating an overwhelming explosion , a feat that surprised even himself . Knuckle believes this could prove itself as an opportunity to make a comeback , while Youpi plans to use it to defeat them for good . 118 `` A × False × Rage '' `` Itsuwari no Ikari '' ( イツワリ × ノ × イカリ ) February 26 , 2014 TBA Ikalgo infiltrates the palace 's lower levels to look for Palm with no success . While returning to the surface , his cover is blown and he finds himself trapped in the underground with an enemy . Meanwhile , Youpi pretends to be angered in order to have Knuckle falsely believe there is an opening for him to attack . Youpi 's plan works , but just before he could kill his opponent , Killua paralyzes the ant with a lighting bolt and steps in to fight him . 119 `` Strong × Or × Weak '' `` Tsuyoi ka Yowai ka '' ( ツヨ × イカ × ヨワ × イカ ) March 5 , 2014 TBA Taking advantage of Youpi 's distraction , Killua vents out his anger by beating him up , but is forced to flee after his lighting power runs out . Meanwhile , Ikalgo makes use of the underground security system to outsmart his pursuer and find a way to escape back to surface . Morel , on the other hand , is in doubt about whether he should make the first move against Pouf or not . 120 `` Fake × And × Real '' `` Nisemono to Honmono '' ( ニセモノ × ト × ホンモノ ) March 12 , 2014 TBA Morel decides to make the first move and unwillingly frees Pouf from his restrain . Upon realizing that Shoot is missing , unaware that he was taken by Knov to be treated , Knuckle confronts Youpi , assisted by Morel , whose options are drastically reduced upon having his pipe stolen by Pouf , who after realizing that the king is nowhere to be found , decides to rejoin Pitou , who is still working to stabilize Komugi under Gon 's vigilant eyes . 121 `` Defeat × And × Dignity '' `` Haiboku to Menboku '' ( ハイボク × ト × メンボク ) March 19 , 2014 TBA Knuckle and Morel confront Youpi with their lives on the line , but just a few moments left of neutralizing his nen with his ability , he is forced to choose between abandoning his master or giving up on the last chance they have to defeat him . 122 `` Pose × And × Name '' `` Tatemae to Namae '' ( タテマエ × ト × ナマエ ) March 26 , 2014 TBA Far away from the palace , Netero prepares himself to confront the king , who much to his surprise , recognizes his value as a fighter and is not willing to kill him . Meanwhile , Pouf learns the situation from Pitou and sneaks past Gon 's vigilance to rejoin Youpi as they leave the palace to search for the king . 123 `` Centipede × And × Memory '' `` Mukade to Omoide '' ( ムカデ × ト × オモイデ ) April 2 , 2014 TBA Ikalgo is attacked by Welfin but the enemy 's attempt to restrain him backfires and they find themselves in a stand off . In the occasion , Welfin regains some of his lost memories from when he was still human and gives him a hint regarding Palm 's location . 124 `` Breakdown × And × Awakening '' `` Kekkai to Kakusei '' ( ケッカイ × ト × カクセイ ) April 9 , 2014 TBA Killua meets Palm and learns that she was transformed into a Chimera . Refusing to let her see Gon in fear of what effects this could have on his already unstable mind , Killua is attacked by her , unaware that she is under Pouf 's control . 125 `` Great Power × And × Ultimate Power '' `` Bu no Tsuyomi to Bu no Kiwami '' ( ブノツヨミ × ト × ブノキワミ ) April 16 , 2014 TBA Netero convinces the king to fight him by revealing that he will tell him his true name once defeated . The chairman then unleashes his most powerful technique that despite striking the king countless times , only manages to scratch him . 126 `` Zero × And × Rose '' `` Zero to Rōzu '' ( ゼロ × ト × ローズ ) April 23 , 2014 TBA The king bypasses Netero 's defenses and tears up an arm and a leg from his body . Refusing to give up , the chairman focuses all his Nen into a final attack that also fails to defeat him . Having won the match , the king finally learns from Netero his true name - Meruem , just before Netero commits suicide to trigger a weapon of mass destruction stored inside his body in a last attempt to destroy him . 127 `` Hostility × And × Determination '' `` Tekii to Ketsui '' ( テキイ × ト × ケツイ ) April 30 , 2014 TBA Pitou completes Komugi 's treatment and Gon forces her to accompany him to Peijing in order to restore Kite 's mind , while Komugi stays behind with Killua and the others . Meanwhile , Pouf and Youpi reach the site of Netero 's battle with Meruem and ca n't hide their feelings of sadness upon finding their king 's maimed body . 128 `` Unparalleled Joy × And × Unconditional Love '' `` Mujō no Yorokobi to Mushō no Ai '' ( ム ジョウ ノ ヨロコビ × ト × ムショウノアイ ) May 7 , 2014 TBA Pouf and Youpi use part of their own bodies to heal Meruem , who revives stronger than before , but missing most of his memories and Pouf decides to take advantage of the situation to dispose of Komugi in order to ensure that he does not remember her at all . Meanwhile , the other hunters learn , much to their horror , that the king is still alive and is returning to the palace . 129 `` Formidable Enemy × And × Clear Objective '' `` Hyōteki to Mokuteki '' ( ヒョウテキ × ト × モクテキ ) May 14 , 2014 TBA As Meruem approaches the palace , Pouf continues his search for Komugi until he finds her under Killua 's guard . Claiming that he intends to rescue her , Pouf convinces her to resist against Killua to give him an opening to kill her instead , but Killua realizes this and successfully protects her from him . Meanwhile , Gon and Pitou are about to reach Kite 's location . 130 `` Magic × And × Despair '' `` Mahou te Zetsubou '' ( マホウ × デ × ゼツボウ ) May 21 , 2014 TBA As Meruem returns to the palace , the remaining hunters conceal their presence while Gon and Pitou come across Kite . In the occasion , Pouf contacts Pitou and lies to her , claiming that Komugi was rescued thus it does not need to obey Gon anymore . However , when Gon asks Pitou to heal Kite , the Chimera explains that he was dead all along , only moving under the influence of its powers , much to his despair . 131 `` Anger × And × Light '' `` Ikari to Hikari '' ( イカリ × ト × ヒカリ ) May 28 , 2014 TBA Determined to sacrifice everything to avenge Kite , Gon unleashes all of his latent energy and attains a level of power that far exceeds the limits of his body . Upon knowing that his friend is in a predicament , Killua rushes to his aid , arriving just to see a hopeless Gon destroying Pitou for good . 132 `` Flash × And × Trigger '' `` Senkou to Hatsudou '' ( センコウ × ト × ハツドウ ) June 4 , 2014 TBA Back to the palace , Meruem attempts to recover his lost memories while Pouf and Youpi struggle to prevent him from remembering about Komugi . In a demonstration of his new powers , the king detects and captures Knuckle and Meleoron before returning to the palace in a few seconds , while Palm and Ikalgo flee to the underground , taking Komugi with them . 133 `` Deadline × To × Live '' `` Seizon × no × Kigen '' ( セイゾン × ノ × キゲン ) June 11 , 2014 TBA Ikalgo and Palm send Welfin back with a message to the king asking for a hostage exchange . On the way , Welfin meets Youpi and decides to fight him . Meanwhile , Meruem 's memories return little by little and while Pouf gets desperate upon finding a dead Youpi , Palm and Ikalgo hide Komugi in a safe place as part of their plan to stall the chimera ants as long as possible because according to Palm , the king has not much time left to live . 134 `` The Word × Is × That Person '' `` Hito Koto x wa x Sono Hito '' ( ヒトコト × ハ × ソノヒト ) June 18 , 2014 TBA Unaware that both he and the king were poisoned by Netero 's bomb , Pouf ca n't shake the feeling that something is wrong , when Meruem locates Welfin and sensing a deep hatred towards him , inquires the Chimera about it . Certain that he is about to be killed , a desperate Welfin surprisingly utters Komugi 's name , and Meruem finally remembers about her . The king then takes his leave , without punishing either Welfin or Pouf for their disobedience , to look for Komugi . 135 `` This Day × And × This Moment '' `` Konohi x to x Konashunkan '' ( コノヒ × ト × コノ シュンカン ) June 25 , 2014 TBA Now knowing his fate , Meruem admits defeat and reveals that all he wants now is to spend his final moments playing with Komugi , convincing Palm to tell him where she is hidden . East Gorteau and the NGL fall into turmoil after the fall of the Chimera Ants and the Hunter Association starts making preparations to decide who will succeed Netero as its president . Despite knowing that she will also be poisoned to death by staying close to Meruem , Komugi stays by his side until his last breath and passes away in sequence . 136 `` Homecoming × And × Real Name '' `` Kikyō × to × Honmyou '' ( キキョウ × ト × ホンミョウ ) July 2 , 2014 TBA After the fall of the king , the remaining Chimera Ants move on with their lives , each following their own path . However , Gon is still in critical condition after his battle with Neferpitou and Killua departs in search for a way to heal his body . Meanwhile , the top members of the Hunter Association , the Zodiacs , assemble to organize the election to choose the next president , following the will of Netero 's last message . Election Arc ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate English airdate 137 `` Twelve Zodiac × In × Discussion '' `` Jyunishin x de x Giron '' ( ジュウニシン x デ x ギロン ) July 9 , 2014 TBA To ensure that Netero 's last wish will be followed , Ging convinces the other members of the Zodiacs to proceed with the election according to some rules defined by him . However , after the first round of voting , a winner is not decided and a second round begins . Meanwhile , Illumi informs Hisoka about Gon 's condition and asks for his help to ensure Killua 's safety as well , in a plan that somehow involves a fifth , yet unrevealed member of the Zoldyck siblings . 138 `` Plea x and x Favor '' `` Onedari x to x Onegai '' ( オネダリ × ト × オネガイ ) July 16 , 2014 TBA With the elections in a stalemate , Pariston , the current vice-president proposes a new set of rules to his fellow Zodiacs in order to solve the impasse , but the others know that he actually plans to make use of this to secure a victory for himself . Meanwhile , Killua returns home and asks his father to let him see his younger sibling Alluka , intending to use her mysterious and frightening power to grant wishes in order to save Gon 's life . 139 `` Alluka x and x That Thing '' `` Alluka x to x Nanika '' ( アルカ × ト × ナニカ ) July 21 , 2014 TBA Killua reunites with Alluka and uses her as a leverage for them to be allowed to leave the Zoldyck estate , as her powers can only be used to heal Gon if she is close to him . Meanwhile , Illumi asks for Hisoka 's help to stop Killua 's plans , and with elections yet to reach a conclusion , the Zodiacs keep arguing about a possible way to bring it to end . 140 `` Third Election x And x Re-election '' `` Sansen x to x Kaisen '' ( サンセン × ト × カイセン ) July 30 , 2014 TBA Killua is allowed by his family to leave the Zoldyck estate with Alluka , but only under supervision of several butlers including Gotoh with orders to bring them home if he ever leaves Alluka 's side or allows any of their secrets to be leaked . Meanwhile , Leorio appears and confronts Ging , asking him why he had not ever paid a visit to Gon at the hospital yet . 141 `` Magician × And × Butler '' `` Tejinashi × to × Hitsuji '' ( テジナシ × ト × ヒツジ ) August 6 , 2014 TBA Leorio 's confrontation with Ging earns him the respect of his fellow Hunters and make him one of the frontrunners for the election . Meanwhile , Illumi begins an attack on Killua as part of his plan to kill Alluka , assisted by Hisoka , who has other plans for him , like to be killed . 142 `` Needle × And × Debt '' `` Hari x to x Kari '' ( ハリ × ト × カリ ) August 13 , 2014 TBA Gotoh is killed by Hisoka , while the other butlers keep following Killua until he manages to shake them off . Meanwhile , Illumi uses his needles to take control of several people to assist on his plans and when news of it come to the Association , a team of Hunters is assembled to bring him to justice , while some of them decide to take advantage of it in order to win the election . 143 `` Sin × And × Claw '' `` Tsumi × to × Tsume '' ( ツミ × ト × ツメ ) August 20 , 2014 TBA The election proceeds without a winner determined yet , and Killua is cornered by Illumi , who demands him to reveal which secrets he is hiding regarding Alluka 's powers . Meanwhile , Hisoka keeps murdering other hunters just to amuse himself . 144 `` Approval × And × Coalition '' `` Kessai × to × Kassai '' ( ケッサイ × ト × カッサイ ) August 27 , 2014 TBA With only four candidates left , the election draws to its conclusion and has an unexpected turn when Leorio receives the support from two of the other remaining contestants , who are eager to prevent Pariston from winning . Meanwhile , Killua and Alluka finally arrive at the hospital where Gon is being treated . 145 `` Defeat × And × Reunion '' `` Kanpai × to × Saikai '' ( カンパイ × ト × サイカイ ) September 3 , 2014 TBA Leorio is about to win the election , but loses all motivation to continue after a fully healed Gon appears before him , thanks to the power of Alluka , opening the way to Pariston 's victory . Surrounded by his friends and the other hunters who celebrate his recovery , Gon meets his father at last . 146 `` Chairman × And × Release '' `` Kaichō x to x Hōshutsu '' ( カイチョウ × ト × ホウシュツ ) September 10 , 2014 TBA Gon apologizes to Ging for failing to save Kite and his father instructs him to apologize to Kite himself instead , affirming that he will wait for him to return . Meanwhile , Pariston wins the election , but renounces in favor of fellow Zodiac Cheadle and Killua tries to seal Alluka 's powers away to ensure that she can live a normal life , but changes his mind after Alluka tells him that he should accept both her personalities . 147 `` Salvation × And × Future '' `` Sukui × to × Mirai '' ( スクイ × ト × ミライ ) September 17 , 2014 TBA Gon meets Kite who claims that there is nothing to apologize for , as only he was at fault for what happened to him . Back to meet his father , Gon learns that he is waiting for him on the top of the World Tree , and he journeys with Killua and Alluka there , where he finally part ways with them , promising to meet them again someday and introduce his father to them . 148 `` Until Now x and x From Now '' `` Koremade x to x Korekara '' ( コレマデ × ト × コレカラ ) September 24 , 2014 TBA Gon climbs to the top of the World Tree where Ging is expecting him , and the two finally have a heart to heart . In the occasion , Ging reveals his intentions to explore the world beyond the current boundaries known by mankind and Gon tells him of all his adventures , while his friends keep following their separate ways , each one of them with their own dreams and goals to pursue . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of May 28 , 2016 , Adult Swim hosted a Samurai Champloo Memorial Day marathon where they played episodes 15 -- 21 . The English dub of episode 7 aired on Adult Swim on June 4 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of July 2 , 2016 , Adult Swim hosted a Hunter × Hunter marathon where they played the first seven episodes . The English dub of episode 11 aired on Adult Swim on July 9 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of September 3 , 2016 , Adult Swim hosted a One - Punch Man Labor Day marathon where they played episodes 1 -- 7 . The English dub of episode 19 aired on Adult Swim on September 10 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of October 29 , 2016 , Adult Swim hosted a Mobile Suit Gundam : Iron Blooded Orphans marathon where they played episodes 13 -- 19 . The English dub of episode 26 aired on Adult Swim on November 5 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of May 27 , 2017 , Adult Swim hosted a Samurai Jack Memorial Day marathon where they played all ten episodes of Season 5 . The English dub of episode 53 aired on Adult Swim on June 3 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of July 1 , 2017 , Adult Swim hosted a Attack on Titan marathon where they played the first 9 episodes of Season 2 . The English dub of episode 57 aired on Adult Swim on July 8 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of September 2 , 2017 , Adult Swim hosted a Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters Labor Day marathon where they played episodes 123 - 130 followed by an episode of Attack on Titan . The English dub of episode 65 aired on Adult Swim on September 9 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of October 28 , 2017 , Adult Swim hosted a Samurai Jack marathon where they played all ten episodes of Season 5 The English dub of episode 72 aired on Adult Swim on November 4 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hunter x Hunter TV Anime Series Confirmed for This Fall '' . Anime News Network . July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Hunter × Hunter Anime to Retell Story From Start '' . Anime News Network . August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream New Hunter x Hunter Anime '' . Anime News Network . September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray & DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . NTV . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Adds 2011 Hunter x Hunter Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim 's Toonami to Run Hunter x Hunter TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` VIZ Media '' . Twitter . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter X Hunter Debuts on Toonami Starting April 16th '' . Toonami Faithful . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( Hunter × Hunter ) OP 曲 は 小野 正利 ら 「 Galneryu 」 の 「 departure 」 '' . ホビー マイコミ ジャーナル . September 17 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GALNERYUS to provide new theme song for `` HUNTER x HUNTER '' `` . tokyohive.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ゲスト 声優 & 主題 歌 決定 ! '' . 11 December 2012 . Hunter x Hunter news . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hunter x Hunter '' Chimera Ant Arc to Feature New Ending `` . Crunchyroll. 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Yuzu , Hyadain Make Their 2nd Hunter x Hunter Film Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` HUNTER × HUNTER '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter × Hunter '' ( in Japanese ) . NTV . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what Toonami 's got coming up ! Catch a double header of DBZ Kai on May 21st from midnight to 1am . Then , buckle up for an all night Samurai Champloo marathon on May 28th '' . Facebook . May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter X Hunter marathon on July 2 '' . Twitter . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter X Hunter marathon on July 2 '' . Facebook . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day weekend is n't just about getting an extra day off . It 's also about the One - Punch Man Marathon ! Get ready for seven back - to - back episodes of your favorite bald hero . Happening September 3rd , starting at 11 : 30 '' . Facebook . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Fan Art Friday ! Today 's submission is helping us announce our Halloween weekend marathon ! On Oct 29 , do n't miss out on seven back - to - back episodes of Gundam Iron - Blooded Orphans . Only on Toonami , starting at midnight ! '' . Facebook . September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ストーリー HUNTER × HUNTER 日本 テレビ '' . Ntv.co.jp . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ストーリー HUNTER × HUNTER 日本 テレビ '' . Ntv.co.jp . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't get enough of Samurai Jack ? Catch our marathon happening Saturday , May 27th ! Starting at 11p , Toonami 's extending to 4 am to show all 10 episodes of your favorite Samurai in action ! '' . Facebook . May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Announces Attack On Titan Marathon '' . Comicbook . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Announces DBZ Kai : The Final Chapters Marathon '' . Facebook . August 18 , 2017 . How much Kai can you handle ? Tune in during Labor Day weekend for 9 back - to - back - to - back episodes of Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters . All happening September 2 from 11p -- 3 : 30a ! Jump up ^ `` Toonami Announces ' Samurai Jack ' Marathon Plans '' . comicbook . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Hunter × Hunter at Nippon Television Hunter x Hunter at Crunchyroll Hunter x Hunter at Netflix Hunter x Hunter ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Hunter × Hunter ( 2011 ) on IMDb ( hide ) Hunter × Hunter by Yoshihiro Togashi Media Chapters Characters Nippon Animation series ( 1999 ) Episodes OVAs Madhouse series ( 2011 ) Episodes Films Phantom Rouge The Last Mission Related Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hunter_ × _Hunter_ ( 2011 ) _episodes&oldid = 810000072 '' Categories : Hunter × Hunter episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many episode of hunter x hunter are there
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[
"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nOriginal airdate\nEnglish airdate\n\n\n137\n\"Twelve Zodiac × In × Discussion\"\n\"Jyunishin x de x Giron\" (ジュウニシン x デ x ギロン) \nJuly 9, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nTo ensure that Netero's last wish will be followed, Ging convinces the other members of the Zodiacs to proceed with the election according to some rules defined by him. However, after the first round of voting, a winner is not decided and a second round begins. Meanwhile, Illumi informs Hisoka about Gon's condition and asks for his help to ensure Killua's safety as well, in a plan that somehow involves a fifth, yet unrevealed member of the Zoldyck siblings. \n\n\n138\n\"Plea x and x Favor\"\n\"Onedari x to x Onegai\" (オネダリ × ト × オネガイ) \nJuly 16, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nWith the elections in a stalemate, Pariston, the current vice-president proposes a new set of rules to his fellow Zodiacs in order to solve the impasse, but the others know that he actually plans to make use of this to secure a victory for himself. Meanwhile, Killua returns home and asks his father to let him see his younger sibling Alluka, intending to use her mysterious and frightening power to grant wishes in order to save Gon's life. \n\n\n139\n\"Alluka x and x That Thing\"\n\"Alluka x to x Nanika\" (アルカ × ト × ナニカ) \nJuly 21, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nKillua reunites with Alluka and uses her as a leverage for them to be allowed to leave the Zoldyck estate, as her powers can only be used to heal Gon if she is close to him. Meanwhile, Illumi asks for Hisoka's help to stop Killua's plans, and with elections yet to reach a conclusion, the Zodiacs keep arguing about a possible way to bring it to end. \n\n\n140\n\"Third Election x And x Re-election\"\n\"Sansen x to x Kaisen\" (サンセン × ト × カイセン) \nJuly 30, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nKillua is allowed by his family to leave the Zoldyck estate with Alluka, but only under supervision of several butlers including Gotoh with orders to bring them home if he ever leaves Alluka's side or allows any of their secrets to be leaked. Meanwhile, Leorio appears and confronts Ging, asking him why he had not ever paid a visit to Gon at the hospital yet. \n\n\n141\n\"Magician × And × Butler\"\n\"Tejinashi × to × Hitsuji\" (テジナシ × ト × ヒツジ) \nAugust 6, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nLeorio's confrontation with Ging earns him the respect of his fellow Hunters and make him one of the frontrunners for the election. Meanwhile, Illumi begins an attack on Killua as part of his plan to kill Alluka, assisted by Hisoka, who has other plans for him, like to be killed. \n\n\n142\n\"Needle × And × Debt\"\n\"Hari x to x Kari\" (ハリ×ト×カリ) \nAugust 13, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nGotoh is killed by Hisoka, while the other butlers keep following Killua until he manages to shake them off. Meanwhile, Illumi uses his needles to take control of several people to assist on his plans and when news of it come to the Association, a team of Hunters is assembled to bring him to justice, while some of them decide to take advantage of it in order to win the election. \n\n\n143\n\"Sin × And × Claw\"\n\"Tsumi × to × Tsume\" (ツミ×ト×ツメ) \nAugust 20, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nThe election proceeds without a winner determined yet, and Killua is cornered by Illumi, who demands him to reveal which secrets he is hiding regarding Alluka's powers. Meanwhile, Hisoka keeps murdering other hunters just to amuse himself. \n\n\n144\n\"Approval × And × Coalition\"\n\"Kessai × to × Kassai\" (ケッサイ × ト × カッサイ) \nAugust 27, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nWith only four candidates left, the election draws to its conclusion and has an unexpected turn when Leorio receives the support from two of the other remaining contestants, who are eager to prevent Pariston from winning. Meanwhile, Killua and Alluka finally arrive at the hospital where Gon is being treated. \n\n\n145\n\"Defeat × And × Reunion\"\n\"Kanpai × to × Saikai\" (カンパイ × ト × サイカイ) \nSeptember 3, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nLeorio is about to win the election, but loses all motivation to continue after a fully healed Gon appears before him, thanks to the power of Alluka, opening the way to Pariston's victory. Surrounded by his friends and the other hunters who celebrate his recovery, Gon meets his father at last. \n\n\n146\n\"Chairman × And × Release\"\n\"Kaichō x to x Hōshutsu\" (カイチョウ × ト × ホウシュツ) \nSeptember 10, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nGon apologizes to Ging for failing to save Kite and his father instructs him to apologize to Kite himself instead, affirming that he will wait for him to return. Meanwhile, Pariston wins the election, but renounces in favor of fellow Zodiac Cheadle and Killua tries to seal Alluka's powers away to ensure that she can live a normal life, but changes his mind after Alluka tells him that he should accept both her personalities. \n\n\n147\n\"Salvation × And × Future\"\n\"Sukui × to × Mirai\" (スクイ×ト×ミライ) \nSeptember 17, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nGon meets Kite who claims that there is nothing to apologize for, as only he was at fault for what happened to him. Back to meet his father, Gon learns that he is waiting for him on the top of the World Tree, and he journeys with Killua and Alluka there, where he finally part ways with them, promising to meet them again someday and introduce his father to them. \n\n\n148\n\"Until Now x and x From Now\"\n\"Koremade x to x Korekara\" (コレマデ×ト×コレカラ) \nSeptember 24, 2014\nTBA\n\n\nGon climbs to the top of the World Tree where Ging is expecting him, and the two finally have a heart to heart. In the occasion, Ging reveals his intentions to explore the world beyond the current boundaries known by mankind and Gon tells him of all his adventures, while his friends keep following their separate ways, each one of them with their own dreams and goals to pursue. \n\n"
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3201317495154789039
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United Arab Emirates
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United Arab Emirates - wikipedia United Arab Emirates Jump to : navigation , search `` UAE '' redirects here . For other uses , see UAE ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 24 ° N 54 ° E / 24 ° N 54 ° E / 24 ; 54 United Arab Emirates الإمارات العربية المتحدة ( Arabic ) Dawlat - al - Imārāt al - ' Arabīyah al - Muttaḥidah Flag Emblem Anthem : عيشي بلادي `` Īšiy Bilādī '' `` Long Live my Nation '' Location of United Arab Emirates ( green ) in the Arabian Peninsula ( white ) Capital Abu Dhabi 24 ° 28 ′ N 54 ° 22 ′ E / 24.467 ° N 54.367 ° E / 24.467 ; 54.367 Largest city Dubai 25 ° 15 ′ N 55 ° 18 ′ E / 25.250 ° N 55.300 ° E / 25.250 ; 55.300 Official languages Arabic Recognised national languages English Persian Urdu Hindi Ethnic groups 27.15 % Indian 12.53 % Pakistani 11.32 % Emirati 7.31 % Bangladeshi 3.13 % Sri Lankan 38.56 % others Religion Islam Demonym Emirati Government Federal absolute monarchy President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Vice President & Prime Minister Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Legislature Federal National Council Establishment from the United Kingdom and the Trucial States Ras al - Khaimah 1708 Sharjah 1727 Abu Dhabi 1761 Umm al - Quwain 1775 Ajman 1816 Dubai 1833 Fujairah 1876 Independence 2 December 1971 Admission of Ras al - Khaimah to the UAE 10 February 1972 Area Total 83,600 km ( 32,300 sq mi ) ( 114th ) Water ( % ) negligible Population 2017 estimate 9,400,000 ( 94th ) 2005 census 4,106,427 Density 99 / km ( 256.4 / sq mi ) ( 110th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $693.765 billion ( 32nd ) Per capita $68,424 ( 7th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $407.210 billion ( 28th ) Per capita $40,162 ( 19th ) Gini ( 2008 ) 36 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.840 very high 42st Currency UAE dirham ( AED ) Time zone GST ( UTC + 4 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy Drives on the right Calling code + 971 ISO 3166 code AE Internet TLD . ae امارات . United Arab Emirates portal You may need rendering support to display the Arabic text in this article correctly . The United Arab Emirates ( / juː ˈnaɪtɪd ˈærəb ˈɛmɪrɪts / ( listen ) ; UAE ; Arabic : دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة Dawlat al - Imārāt al - ' Arabīyah al - Muttaḥidah ) , sometimes simply called the Emirates ( Arabic : الإمارات al - Imārāt ) , is a federal absolute monarchy in Western Asia at the southeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf , bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south , as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north . In 2013 , the UAE 's population was 9.2 million , of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates . The country is a federation of seven emirates , and was established on 2 December 1971 . The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi ( which serves as the capital ) , Ajman , Dubai , Fujairah , Ras al - Khaimah , Sharjah and Umm al - Quwain . Each emirate is governed by an absolute monarch ; together , they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council . One of the monarchs ( traditionally always the Emir of Abu Dhabi ) is selected as the President of the United Arab Emirates . Islam is the official religion of the UAE and Arabic is the official language ( although English , Urdu and Hindi languages are widely spoken , with English being the language of business and education particularly in Abu Dhabi and Dubai ) . The UAE 's oil reserves are the seventh - largest in the world while its natural gas reserves are the world 's seventeenth - largest . Sheikh Zayed , ruler of Abu Dhabi and the first President of the UAE , oversaw the development of the Emirates and steered oil revenues into healthcare , education and infrastructure . The UAE 's economy is the most diversified in the Gulf Cooperation Council , while its most populous city of Dubai is an important global city and an international aviation hub . Nevertheless , the country remains principally reliant on its export of petroleum and natural gas . The UAE is criticised for its human rights record , including the specific interpretations of Sharia used in its legal system . The UAE 's rising international profile has led some analysts to identify it as a regional and middle power . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Antiquity 1.2 Islam 1.3 Ottoman and Portuguese era 1.4 British era and discovery of oil 1.5 Independence 1.6 After independence 2 Geography 2.1 Flora and fauna 2.2 Climate 3 Politics 3.1 Foreign relations 3.2 Military 3.3 Political divisions 4 Law 4.1 Human rights 4.2 Migrant workers 4.3 Dress code 5 Media 6 Economy 7 Transport 7.1 Expo 2020 8 Culture 8.1 Cuisine 9 Sports 9.1 Football 9.2 Cricket 10 Education 11 Demographics 11.1 Religion 11.2 Largest cities 11.3 Languages 12 Health 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United Arab Emirates The land comprising the UAE , was under the Umayyads : Expansion under Muhammad , 622 -- 632 Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate , 632 -- 661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate , 661 -- 750 Antiquity ( edit ) It appears the land of the Emirates has been occupied for thousands of years . Stone tools recovered from Jebel Faya in the emirate of Sharjah reveal a settlement of people from Africa some 127,000 years ago and a stone tool used for butchering animals discovered at Jebel Barakah on the Arabian coast suggests an even older habitation from 130,000 years ago . There is no proof of contact with the outside world at that stage , although in time it developed with civilisations in Mesopotamia and Iran . This contact persisted and became wide - ranging , probably motivated by trade in copper from the Hajar Mountains , which commenced around 3000 BCE . In ancient times , Al Hasa ( today 's Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia ) was part of Al Bahreyn and adjoined Greater Oman ( today 's UAE and Oman ) . From the second century AD , there was a movement of tribes from Al Bahreyn towards the lower Gulf , together with a migration among the Azdite Qahtani ( or Yamani ) and Quda'ah tribal groups from south west Arabia towards central Oman . Sassanid groups were present on the Batinah coast . In 637 , Julfar ( in the area of today 's Ra 's al - Khaimah ) was an important port that was used as a staging post for the Islamic invasion of the Sassanian Empire . The area of the Al Ain / Buraimi Oasis was known as Tu'am and was an important trading post for camel routes between the coast and the Arabian interior . The earliest Christian site in the UAE was first discovered in the 1990s , an extensive monastic complex on what is now known as Sir Bani Yas Island and which dates back to the 7th century . Thought to be Nestorian and built in 600 AD , the church appears to have been abandoned peacefully in 750 AD . It forms a rare physical link to a legacy of Christianity which is thought to have spread across the peninsula from 50 to 350 AD following trade routes . Certainly , by the 5th century , Oman had a bishop named John -- the last bishop of Oman being Etienne , in 676 AD . Islam ( edit ) The spread of Islam to the North Eastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula is thought to have followed directly from a letter sent by the Islamic prophet , Muhammad , to the rulers of Oman in 630 AD , nine years after the hijrah . This led to a group of rulers travelling to Medina , converting to Islam and subsequently driving a successful uprising against the unpopular Sassanids , who dominated the Northern coasts at the time . Following the death of Prophet Muhammad , the new Islamic communities south of the Persian Gulf threatened to disintegrate , with insurrections against the Muslim leaders . The Caliph Abu Bakr sent an army from the capital Medina which completed its reconquest of the territory ( the Ridda Wars ) with the bloody battle of Dibba in which 10,000 lives are thought to have been lost . This assured the integrity of the Caliphate and the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the newly emerging Rashidun Caliphate . Ottoman and Portuguese era ( edit ) See also : Piracy in the Persian Gulf A map of the area in 1914 The harsh desert environment led to the emergence of the `` versatile tribesman '' , nomadic groups who subsisted due to a variety of economic activities , including animal husbandry , agriculture and hunting . The seasonal movements of these groups led not only to frequent clashes between groups but also to the establishment of seasonal and semi-seasonal settlements and centres . These formed tribal groupings whose names are still carried by modern Emiratis , including the Bani Yas and Al Bu Falah of Abu Dhabi , Al Ain , Liwa and the Al Bahrayn coast , the Dhawahir , Awamir and Manasir of the interior , the Sharqiyin of the east coast and the Qawasim to the North . By the 16th century , ports in the Persian Gulf and part of the population that today form the coastal Iraq , Kuwait and Saudi Arabia , came under the direct influence of the Ottoman Empire . At the same time , the Portuguese , English and Dutch colonial forces also appeared in the Persian Gulf region , with the entire northern coast remaining under Persian rule throughout . By the 17th century , the Bani Yas confederation was the dominant force in most of the area now known as Abu Dhabi . The Portuguese maintained an influence over the coastal settlements , building forts in the wake of the bloody 16th century conquests of coastal communities by Albuquerque and the Portuguese commanders who followed him -- particularly on the east coast at Muscat , Sohar and Khor Fakkan . The southern coast of the Persian Gulf was known to the British as the `` Pirate Coast '' , as boats of the Al Qawasim ( Al Qasimi ) federation based in the area harassed British - flagged shipping from the 17th century into the 19th . British expeditions to protect the Indian trade from raiders at Ras al - Khaimah led to campaigns against that headquarters and other harbours along the coast in 1809 and subsequently 1819 . The following year , Britain and a number of local rulers signed a treaty to combat piracy along the Persian Gulf coast , giving rise to the term Trucial States , which came to define the status of the coastal emirates . Further treaties were signed in 1843 and 1853 . Primarily in reaction to the ambitions of other European countries , namely France and Russia , the British and the Trucial Sheikhdoms established closer bonds in an 1892 treaty , similar to treaties entered into by the British with other Persian Gulf principalities . The sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to the British and not to enter into relationships with any foreign government other than the British without their consent . In return , the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack . This treaty , the Exclusive Agreement , was signed by the Rulers of Abu Dhabi , Dubai , Sharjah , Ajman , Ras Al Khaimah and Umm Al Quwain between 6 and 8 March 1892 . It was subsequently ratified by the Viceroy of India and the British Government in London . British maritime policing meant that pearling fleets could operate in relative security . However , the British prohibition of the slave trade meant an important source of income was lost to some sheikhs and merchants . The charge of piracy is disputed by modern Emirati historians , including the current Ruler of Sharjah in his 1986 book The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf . In 1869 , the Qubaisat tribe settled at Khawr al Udayd and tried to enlist the support of the Ottomans , whose flag was occasionally seen flying there . Khawr al Udayd was claimed by Abu Dhabi at that time , a claim supported by the British . In 1906 , the British Political Resident , Percy Cox , confirmed in writing to the ruler of Abu Dhabi , Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ( ' Zayed the Great ' ) that Khawr al Udayd belonged to his sheikhdom . British era and discovery of oil ( edit ) During the 19th and early 20th centuries , the pearling industry thrived , providing both income and employment to the people of the Persian Gulf . The First World War had a severe impact on the industry , but it was the economic depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s , coupled with the invention of the cultured pearl , that wiped out the trade . The remnants of the trade eventually faded away shortly after the Second World War , when the newly independent Government of India imposed heavy taxation on pearls imported from the Arab states of the Persian Gulf . The decline of pearling resulted in extreme economic hardship in the Trucial States . Dubai in 1950 ; the area in this photo shows Bur Dubai in the foreground ( centered on Al - Fahidi Fort ) ; Deira in middle - right on the other side of the creek ; and Al Shindagha ( left ) and Al Ras ( right ) in the background across the creek again from Deira The British set up a development office that helped in some small developments in the emirates . The seven sheikhs of the emirates then decided to form a council to coordinate matters between them and took over the development office . In 1952 , they formed the Trucial States Council , and appointed Adi Bitar , Dubai 's Sheikh Rashid 's legal advisor , as Secretary General and Legal Advisor to the Council . The council was terminated once the United Arab Emirates was formed . The tribal nature of society and the lack of definition of borders between emirates frequently led to disputes , settled either through mediation or , more rarely , force . The Trucial Oman Scouts was a small military force used by the British to keep the peace . In 1955 , the United Kingdom sided with Abu Dhabi in the latter 's dispute with Oman over the Buraimi Oasis , another territory to the south . A 1974 agreement between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia would have settled the Abu Dhabi - Saudi border dispute , but this has not been ratified . The UAE 's border with Oman was ratified in 2008 . In 1922 , the British government secured undertakings from the trucial rulers not to sign concessions with foreign companies . Aware of the potential for the development of natural resources such as oil , following finds in Persia ( from 1908 ) and Mesopotamia ( from 1927 ) , a British - led oil company , the Iraq Petroleum Company ( IPC ) , showed an interest in the region . The Anglo - Persian Oil Company ( APOC , later to become British Petroleum , or BP ) had a 23.75 % share in IPC . From 1935 , onshore concessions to explore for oil were agreed with local rulers , with APOC signing the first one on behalf of Petroleum Concessions Ltd ( PCL ) , an associate company of IPC . APOC was prevented from developing the region alone because of the restrictions of the Red Line Agreement , which required it to operate through IPC . A number of options between PCL and the trucial rulers were signed , providing useful revenue for communities experiencing poverty following the collapse of the pearl trade . However , the wealth of oil which the rulers could see from the revenues accruing to surrounding countries such as Iran , Bahrain , Kuwait , Qatar and Saudi Arabia remained elusive . The first bore holes in Abu Dhabi were drilled by IPC 's operating company , Petroleum Development ( Trucial Coast ) Ltd ( PDTC ) at Ras Sadr in 1950 , with a 13,000 - foot - deep ( 4,000 - metre ) bore hole taking a year to drill and turning out dry , at the tremendous cost at the time of £ 1 million . In 1953 , a subsidiary of BP , D'Arcy Exploration Ltd , obtained an offshore concession from the ruler of Abu Dhabi . BP joined with Compagnie Française des Pétroles ( later Total ) to form operating companies , Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd ( ADMA ) and Dubai Marine Areas Ltd ( DUMA ) . A number of undersea oil surveys were carried out , including one led by the famous marine explorer Jacques Cousteau . In 1958 , a floating platform rig was towed from Hamburg , Germany , and positioned over the Umm Shaif pearl bed , in Abu Dhabi waters , where drilling began . In March , it struck oil in the Upper Thamama , a rock formation that would provide many valuable oil finds . This was the first commercial discovery of the Trucial Coast , leading to the first exports of oil in 1962 . ADMA made further offshore discoveries at Zakum and elsewhere , and other companies made commercial finds such as the Fateh oilfield off Dubai and the Mubarak field off Sharjah ( shared with Iran ) . PDTC had continued its onshore exploration activities , drilling five more bore holes that were also dry , but on 27 October 1960 , the company discovered oil in commercial quantities at the Murban No. 3 well on the coast near Tarif . In 1962 , PDTC became the Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company . As oil revenues increased , the ruler of Abu Dhabi , Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , undertook a massive construction program , building schools , housing , hospitals and roads . When Dubai 's oil exports commenced in 1969 , Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , the ruler of Dubai , was able to invest the revenues from the limited reserves found to spark the diversification drive that would create the modern global city of Dubai . Independence ( edit ) Historic photo depicting the first hoisting of the United Arab Emirates flag by the rulers of the emirates at The Union House , Dubai on 2nd of December 1971 . Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan is the first President of the United Arab Emirates and is widely recognized as the father of the nation . By 1966 , it had become clear the British government could no longer afford to administer and protect what is now the United Arab Emirates . British MPs debated the preparedness of the Royal Navy to defend the sheikhdoms . Secretary of State for Defence Denis Healey reported that the British Armed Forces were seriously overstretched and in some respects dangerously under - equipped to defend the sheikhdoms . On 24 January 1968 , British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced the government 's decision , reaffirmed in March 1971 by Prime Minister Edward Heath to end the treaty relationships with the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms , that had been , together with Bahrain and Qatar , under British protection . Days after the announcement , the ruler of Abu Dhabi , Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , fearing vulnerability , tried to persuade the British to honour the protection treaties by offering to pay the full costs of keeping the British Armed Forces in the Emirates . The British Labour government rejected the offer . After Labour MP Goronwy Roberts informed Sheikh Zayed of the news of British withdrawal , the nine Persian Gulf sheikhdoms attempted to form a union of Arab emirates , but by mid-1971 they were still unable to agree on terms of union even though the British treaty relationship was to expire in December of that year . Fears of vulnerability were realized the day before independence . An Iranian destroyer group broke formation from an exercise in the lower Gulf , sailing to the Tunb islands . The islands were taken by force , civilians and Arab defenders alike allowed to flee . A British warship stood idle during the course of the invasion . A destroyer group approached the island Abu Musa as well . But there , Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi had already negotiated with the Iranian Shah , and the island was quickly leased to Iran for $3 million a year . Meanwhile , Saudi Arabia laid claim to swathes of Abu Dhabi . Bahrain became independent in August , and Qatar in September 1971 . When the British - Trucial Sheikhdoms treaty expired on 1 December 1971 , they became fully independent . The rulers of Abu Dhabi and Dubai decided to form a union between their two emirates independently , prepare a constitution , then call the rulers of the other five emirates to a meeting and offer them the opportunity to join . It was also agreed between the two that the constitution be written by 2 December 1971 . On that date , at the Dubai Guesthouse Palace , four other emirates agreed to enter into a union called the United Arab Emirates . Bahrain and Qatar declined their invitations to join the union . Ras al - Khaimah joined later , in early 1972 . In February 1972 , the Federal National Council ( FNC ) was created ; it was a 40 - member consultative body appointed by the seven rulers . The UAE joined the Arab League in 1971 . It was a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council in May 1981 , with Abu Dhabi hosting the first summit . UAE forces joined the allies against Iraq after the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 . After independence ( edit ) View of Dubai Sharjah city skyline The UAE supported military operations from the US and other coalition nations engaged in the war against the Taliban in Afghanistan ( 2001 ) and Saddam Hussein in Iraq ( 2003 ) as well as operations supporting the Global War on Terror for the Horn of Africa at Al Dhafra Air Base located outside of Abu Dhabi . The air base also supported Allied operations during the 1991 Persian Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch . The country had already signed a military defense agreement with the U.S. in 1994 and one with France in 1995 . In January 2008 , France and the UAE signed a deal allowing France to set up a permanent military base in the emirate of Abu Dhabi . The UAE joined international military operations in Libya in March 2011 . On 2 November 2004 , the UAE 's first president , Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , died . His eldest son , Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan , succeeded as Emir of Abu Dhabi . In accordance with the constitution , the UAE 's Supreme Council of Rulers elected Khalifa as president . Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan succeeded Khalifa as Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi . In January 2006 , Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum , the prime minister of the UAE and the ruler of Dubai , died , and the crown prince Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum assumed both roles . The first ever national elections were held in the UAE on 16 December 2006 . A small number of hand - picked voters chose half of the members of the Federal National Council , an advisory body . UAE has largely escaped the Arab Spring , which other countries have had ; however , more than 100 Emirati activists were jailed and tortured because they sought reforms . Furthermore , some people have had their nationality revoked . A member of the ruling family in Ras al - Khaimah was put under house arrest in April 2012 after calling for political openness . Mindful of the protests in nearby Bahrain , in November 2012 the UAE outlawed online mockery of its own government or attempts to organise public protests through social media . Geography ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Geography of the United Arab Emirates A view of the desert landscape on the outskirts of Dubai Map of the United Arab Emirates Satellite image of United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates is situated in Middle East , bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf , between Oman and Saudi Arabia ; it is in a strategic location slightly south of the Strait of Hormuz , a vital transit point for world crude oil . The UAE lies between 22 ° 30 ' and 26 ° 10 ' north latitude and between 51 ° and 56 ° 25 ′ east longitude . It shares a 530 - kilometre ( 330 mi ) border with Saudi Arabia on the west , south , and southeast , and a 450 - kilometre ( 280 mi ) border with Oman on the southeast and northeast . The land border with Qatar in the Khawr al Udayd area is about nineteen kilometres ( 12 miles ) in the northwest ; however , it is a source of ongoing dispute . Following Britain 's military departure from the UAE in 1971 , and its establishment as a new state , the UAE laid claim to islands resulting in disputes with Iran that remain unresolved . The UAE also disputes claim on other islands against the neighboring state of Qatar . The largest emirate , Abu Dhabi , accounts for 87 % of the UAE 's total area ( 67,340 square kilometres ( 26,000 sq mi ) ) . The smallest emirate , Ajman , encompasses only 259 km ( 100 sq mi ) ( see figure ) . The UAE coast stretches for more than 650 km ( 404 mi ) along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf . Most of the coast consists of salt pans that extend far inland . The largest natural harbor is at Dubai , although other ports have been dredged at Abu Dhabi , Sharjah , and elsewhere . Numerous islands are found in the Persian Gulf , and the ownership of some of them has been the subject of international disputes with both Iran and Qatar . The smaller islands , as well as many coral reefs and shifting sandbars , are a menace to navigation . Strong tides and occasional windstorms further complicate ship movements near the shore . The UAE also has a stretch of the Al Bāţinah coast of the Gulf of Oman , although the Musandam Peninsula , the very tip of Arabia by the Strait of Hormuz , is an exclave of Oman separated by the UAE . South and west of Abu Dhabi , vast , rolling sand dunes merge into the Rub al - Khali ( Empty Quarter ) of Saudi Arabia . The desert area of Abu Dhabi includes two important oases with adequate underground water for permanent settlements and cultivation . The extensive Liwa Oasis is in the south near the undefined border with Saudi Arabia . About 100 km ( 62 mi ) to the northeast of Liwa is the Al - Buraimi oasis , which extends on both sides of the Abu Dhabi - Oman border . Lake Zakher is a human - made lake near the border with Oman . Prior to withdrawing from the area in 1971 , Britain delineated the internal borders among the seven emirates in order to preempt territorial disputes that might hamper formation of the federation . In general , the rulers of the emirates accepted the British intervention , but in the case of boundary disputes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai , and also between Dubai and Sharjah , conflicting claims were not resolved until after the UAE became independent . The most complicated borders were in the Al - Hajar al - Gharbi Mountains , where five of the emirates contested jurisdiction over more than a dozen enclaves . Flora and fauna ( edit ) Acacia trees growing in desert suburbs near Fujairah The oases grow date palms , acacia and eucalyptus trees . In the desert , the flora is very sparse and consists of grasses and thorn bushes . The indigenous fauna had come close to extinction because of intensive hunting , which has led to a conservation program on Bani Yas Island initiated by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan in the 1970s , resulting in the survival of , for example , Arabian Oryx , Arabian camel and leopards . Coastal fish and mammals consist mainly of mackerel , perch , and tuna , as well as sharks and whales . Climate ( edit ) The climate of the UAE is subtropical - arid with hot summers and warm winters . The hottest months are July and August , when average maximum temperatures reach above 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) on the coastal plain . In the Al Hajar Mountains , temperatures are considerably lower , a result of increased elevation . Average minimum temperatures in January and February are between 10 and 14 ° C ( 50 and 57 ° F ) . During the late summer months , a humid southeastern wind known as Sharqi ( i.e. `` Easterner '' ) makes the coastal region especially unpleasant . The average annual rainfall in the coastal area is less than 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) , but in some mountainous areas annual rainfall often reaches 350 mm ( 13.8 in ) . Rain in the coastal region falls in short , torrential bursts during the summer months , sometimes resulting in floods in ordinarily dry wadi beds . The region is prone to occasional , violent dust storms , which can severely reduce visibility . On the 28th of December , 2004 , there was snow in the UAE for the very first time , in the Jebel Jais mountain cluster . A few years later , there were more sightings of snow and hail . The Jebel Jais mountain cluster in Ras al - Khaimah has experienced snow only twice since records began . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the United Arab Emirates Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan is the President of the UAE and Ruler of Abu Dhabi Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum is the Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai The United Arab Emirates is a federation of hereditary absolute monarchies . It is governed by a Federal Supreme Council made up of the seven emirs of Abu Dhabi , Ajman , Fujairah , Sharjah , Dubai , Ras al - Khaimah and Umm al - Qaiwain . All responsibilities not granted to the national government are reserved to the emirates . A percentage of revenues from each emirate is allocated to the UAE 's central budget . Although elected by the Supreme Council , the presidency and prime ministership are essentially hereditary ; the Emir of Abu Dhabi holds the presidency , and the Emir of Dubai is prime minister . All prime ministers but one have served concurrently as vice president . Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was the UAE 's president from the nation 's founding until his death on 2 November 2004 . On the following day the Federal Supreme Council elected his son , Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan , to the post . Abu Dhabi 's crown prince , Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan , is the heir apparent . The UAE convened a half - elected Federal National Council in 2006 . The FNC consists of 40 members drawn from all the emirates . Half are appointed by the rulers of the constituent emirates , and the other half are indirectly elected to serve two - year terms . However , the FNC is restricted to a largely consultative role . The UAE eGovernment is the extension of the UAE Federal Government in its electronic form . On 10 February 2016 , 22 - year - old Oxford and NYU - Abu Dhabi graduate Shamma Al Mazrui was named Minister of State for Youth Affairs , the youngest minister in the cabinet . Shaikh Mohammed noted that as head of the Youth Council , Al Mazrui will `` represent the hopes of our youth '' . The UAE is frequently described as an `` autocracy '' . According to the New York Times , the UAE is `` an autocracy with the sheen of a progressive , modern state '' . The UAE ranks poorly in freedom indices measuring civil liberties and political rights . The UAE is annually ranked as `` Not Free '' in Freedom House 's annual Freedom in the World report , which measures civil liberties and political rights . The UAE also ranks poorly in the annual Reporters without Borders ' Press Freedom Index . Al Nahyan family , one of the six ruling families of the United Arab Emirates , is believed to have a fortune of $150 billion collectively as a family . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan with Russian president Vladimir Putin , 2007 The UAE has extensive diplomatic and commercial relations with other countries . It plays a significant role in OPEC and the UN , and is one of the founding members of the Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) . The UAE was one of only three countries to recognise the Taliban as Afghanistan 's legitimate government ( Pakistan and Saudi Arabia were the other two countries ) . The UAE maintained diplomatic relations with the Taliban until 11 September attacks in 2001 . A hacker group calling itself GlobalLeaks distributed hacked emails from the inbox of Yousef Al Otaiba , UAE 's Ambassador to US , which was covered by The New York Times , Huff Post and other major newspapers . Leaks show that the UAE supported a major effort to spread skepticism about Qatar in the United States . The New York Times further reported that UAE wanted to host Taliban embassy and used massive sums to influence decisions of D.C. diplomats . The UAE has long maintained close relations with Egypt and is Egypt 's largest investor from the Arab world . Pakistan was the first country to formally recognize the UAE upon its formation and continues to be one of its major economic and trading partners ; about 400,000 Pakistani expatriates are employed in the UAE . Minister of Foreign Affairs Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry , 2013 The UAE spends more than any other country in the world to influence U.S. policy and shape domestic debate , and it pays former high - level government officials who worked with it to carry out its agenda within the U.S. The largest expatriate presence in the UAE is Indian . Following British withdrawal from the UAE in 1971 and the establishment of the UAE as a state , the UAE disputed rights to a number of islands in the Persian Gulf against Iran . The UAE went so far as to bring the matter to the United Nations , but the case was dismissed . The dispute has not significantly impacted relations because of the large Iranian community presence and strong economic ties . In its dispute with the United States and Israel , Iran has repeatedly threatened to close the strait at the mouth of the Persian Gulf , a vital oil - trade route . Therefore , in July 2012 , the UAE began operating a key overland oil pipeline which bypasses the Strait of Hormuz in order to mitigate any consequences of an Iranian shut - off . Commercially , the UK and Germany are the UAE 's largest export markets and bilateral relations have long been close as a large number of their nationals reside in the UAE . Diplomatic relations between UAE and Japan were established as early as UAE 's independence in December 1971 . The two countries had always enjoyed friendly ties and trade between each other . Exports from the UAE to Japan include crude oil and natural gas and imports from Japan to UAE include cars and electric items . Military ( edit ) Main article : Armed Forces of UAE United Arab Emirates Air Force F - 16 Block 60 taking off from the Lockheed Martin plant in Fort Worth , Texas France and the United States have played the most strategically significant roles with defence cooperation agreements and military material provision . The UAE discussed with France the possibility of a purchase of 60 Rafale fighter aircraft in January 2013 . The UAE helped the US launch its first air offensive against Islamic State targets in Syria . Although initially small in number , the UAE armed forces have grown significantly over the years and are presently equipped with some of the most modern weapon systems , purchased from a variety of outside countries , mainly France , the US and the UK ( the former protector of the UAE ) . Most officers are graduates of the United Kingdom 's Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst , with others having attended the United States Military Academy at West Point , the Royal Military College , Duntroon , and St Cyr , the military academy of France . France opened the Abu Dhabi Base in May 2009 . In March 2011 , the UAE agreed to join the enforcement of the no - fly - zone over Libya by sending six F - 16 and six Mirage 2000 multi-role fighter aircraft . During the Gulf war , the US had troops and equipment stationed in the UAE as well as other parts of the Persian Gulf . In 2015 , UAE participated in the Saudi Arabian - led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh , who was deposed in the 2011 uprising . UAE has been secretly buying foreign weapons and American F - 16 through offset payments which were channelled to DC thinktanks such as Middle East Institute . On Friday 4 September 2015 , at least 50 soldiers from the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain were killed in Marib Area of central Yemen . The Houthis claimed responsibility for the attack which was conducted using a Soviet - era rocket known as Tochka . It was later found out that this rocket targeted a weapons cache and caused a large explosion leading to the death of Emirati and Bahraini troops . According to SIPRI , between 2012 and 2016 , the UAE was the 3rd largest importer of arms among countries in the world . Political divisions ( edit ) See also : Politics of the United Arab Emirates , List of cities in the United Arab Emirates , and Emirates of the United Arab Emirates Location of the Emirates The United Arab Emirates is divided into seven emirates . Dubai is the most populated Emirate with 35.6 % of the UAE population . The Emirate of Abu Dhabi has a further 31.2 % , meaning that over two - thirds of the UAE population live in either Abu Dhabi or Dubai . Abu Dhabi has an area of 67,340 square kilometres ( 26,000 square miles ) , which is 86.7 % of the country 's total area , excluding the islands . It has a coastline extending for more than 400 km ( 250 mi ) and is divided for administrative purposes into three major regions . The Emirate of Dubai extends along the Persian Gulf coast of the UAE for approximately 72 km ( 45 mi ) . Dubai has an area of 3,885 square kilometres ( 1,500 square miles ) , which is equivalent to 5 % of the country 's total area , excluding the islands . The Emirate of Sharjah extends along approximately 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the UAE 's Persian Gulf coastline and for more than 80 km ( 50 mi ) into the interior . The northern emirates which include Fujairah , Ajman , Ras al - Khaimah , and Umm al - Qaiwain all have a total area of 3,881 square kilometres ( 1,498 square miles ) . There are two areas under joint control . One is jointly controlled by Oman and Ajman , the other by Fujairah and Sharjah . There is an Omani exclave surrounded by UAE territory , known as Wadi Madha . It is located halfway between the Musandam peninsula and the rest of Oman in the Emirate of Sharjah . It covers approximately 75 square kilometres ( 29 square miles ) and the boundary was settled in 1969 . The north - east corner of Madha is closest to the Khor Fakkan - Fujairah road , barely 10 metres ( 33 feet ) away . Within the Omani exclave of Madha , is a UAE exclave called Nahwa , also belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah . It is about eight kilometres ( 5.0 miles ) on a dirt track west of the town of New Madha . It consists of about forty houses with its own clinic and telephone exchange . Flag Emirate Capital Population Area 2008 % ( km2 ) ( mi2 ) % Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi 1,548,655 31.2 % 67,340 26,000 86.7 % Ajman Ajman 372,923 7.5 % 259 100 0.3 % Dubai Dubai 1,770,533 35.6 % 3,885 1,500 5.0 % Fujairah Fujairah 137,940 2.9 % 1,165 450 1.5 % Ras al - Khaimah Ras al - Khaimah 171,903 3.4 % 1,684 650 2.2 % Sharjah Sharjah 895,252 18.0 % 2,590 1,000 3.3 % Umm al - Quwain Umm al - Quwain 69,936 1.4 % 777 300 1 % UAE Abu Dhabi 4,967,142 100 % 77,700 30,000 100 % Law ( edit ) Main articles : Legal system of the United Arab Emirates and Crime in the United Arab Emirates Dubai Police at work Police in Abu Dhabi The UAE has a federal court system . There are three main branches within the court structure : civil , criminal and Sharia law . The UAE 's judicial system is derived from the civil law system and Sharia law . The court system consists of civil courts and Sharia courts . UAE 's criminal and civil courts apply elements of Sharia law , codified into its criminal code and family law . Flogging is a punishment for criminal offences such as adultery , premarital sex and alcohol consumption . According to Sharia court rulings , flogging ranges from 80 to 200 lashes . Verbal abuse pertaining to a person 's honour is illegal and punishable by 80 lashes . Between 2007 and 2014 , many people in the UAE were sentenced to 100 lashes . More recently in 2015 , two men were sentenced to 80 lashes for hitting and insulting a woman . In 2014 , an expatriate in Abu Dhabi was sentenced to 10 years in prison and 80 lashes after alcohol consumption and raping a toddler . Alcohol consumption for Muslims is illegal and punishable by 80 lashes ; many Muslims have been sentenced to 80 lashes for alcohol consumption . Sometimes 40 lashes are given . Illicit sex is sometimes penalized by 60 lashes. 80 lashes is the standard number for anyone sentenced to flogging in several emirates . Sharia courts have penalized domestic workers with floggings . In October 2013 , a Filipino housemaid was sentenced to 100 lashes for illegitimate pregnancy . Drunk - driving is strictly illegal and punishable by 80 lashes ; many expatriates have been sentenced to 80 lashes for drunk - driving . In Abu Dhabi , people have been sentenced to 80 lashes for kissing in public . Under UAE law , premarital sex is punishable by 100 lashes . Stoning is a legal punishment in the UAE . In May 2014 , an Asian housemaid was sentenced to death by stoning in Abu Dhabi . Other expatriates have been sentenced to death by stoning for committing adultery . Between 2009 and 2013 , several people were sentenced to death by stoning . Abortion is illegal and punishable by a maximum penalty of 100 lashes and up to five years in prison . In recent years , several people have retracted their guilty plea in illicit sex cases after being sentenced to stoning or 100 lashes . The punishment for committing adultery is 100 lashes for unmarried people and stoning to death for married people . Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction over family law cases and also have jurisdiction over several criminal cases including adultery , premarital sex , robbery , alcohol consumption and related crimes . The Sharia - based personal status law regulates matters such as marriage , divorce and child custody . The Islamic personal status law is applied to Muslims and sometimes non-Muslims . Non-Muslim expatriates can be liable to Sharia rulings on marriage , divorce and child custody . Apostasy is a crime punishable by death in the UAE . Blasphemy is illegal ; expatriates involved in insulting Islam are liable for deportation . UAE incorporates hudud crimes of Sharia ( i.e. , crimes against God ) into its Penal Code -- apostasy being one of them . Article 1 and Article 66 of UAE 's Penal Code requires hudud crimes to be punished with the death penalty ; therefore , apostasy is punishable by death in the UAE . In several cases , the courts of the UAE have jailed women who have reported rape . For example , a British woman , after she reported being gang raped by three men , was charged with the crime of `` alcohol consumption '' . Another British woman was charged with `` public intoxication and extramarital sex '' after she reported being raped , while an Australian woman was similarly sentenced to jail after she reported gang rape in the UAE . In another recent case , an 18 - year Emirati woman withdrew her complaint of gang rape by 6 men when the prosecution threatened her with a long jail term and flogging . The woman still had to serve one year in jail . In July 2013 , a Norwegian woman , Marte Dalelv , reported rape to the police and received a prison sentence for `` illicit sex and alcohol consumption '' . Other laws discriminate against women . Emirati women must receive permission from a male guardian to marry and remarry . This requirement is derived from the UAE 's interpretation of Sharia , and has been federal law since 2005 . In all emirates , it is illegal for Muslim women to marry non-Muslims . In the UAE , a marriage union between a Muslim woman and non-Muslim man is punishable by law , since it is considered a form of `` fornication '' . Kissing in public is illegal and can result in deportation . Expats in Dubai have been deported for kissing in public . In Abu Dhabi , people have been sentenced to 80 lashes for kissing in public . A new federal law in the UAE prohibits swearing in Whatsapp and penalizes swearing by a $68,061 fine and imprisonment ; expatriates are penalized by deportation . In July 2015 , an Australian expatriate was deported for swearing on Facebook . Homosexuality is illegal and is a capital offense in the UAE . In 2013 , an Emirati man was on trial for being accused of a `` gay handshake '' . Article 80 of the Abu Dhabi Penal Code makes sodomy punishable with imprisonment of up to 14 years , while article 177 of the Penal Code of Dubai imposes imprisonment of up to 10 years on consensual sodomy . Amputation is a legal punishment in the UAE due to the Sharia courts . Crucifixion is a legal punishment in the UAE . Article 1 of the Federal Penal Code states that `` provisions of the Islamic Law shall apply to the crimes of doctrinal punishment , punitive punishment and blood money . '' The Federal Penal Code repealed only those provisions within the penal codes of individual emirates which are contradictory to the Federal Penal Code . Hence , both are enforceable simultaneously . During the month of Ramadan , it is illegal to publicly eat , drink , or smoke between sunrise and sunset . Exceptions are made for pregnant women and children . The law applies to both Muslims and non-Muslims , and failure to comply may result in arrest . Dancing in public is illegal in the UAE . Human Rights ( edit ) Main article : Human rights in the United Arab Emirates Flogging and stoning are legal punishments in the UAE . The requirement is derived from Sharia law , and has been federal law since 2005 . Some domestic workers in the UAE are victims of the country 's interpretations of Sharia judicial punishments such as flogging and stoning . The annual Freedom House report on Freedom in the World has listed the United Arab Emirates as `` Not Free '' every year since 1999 , the first year for which records are available on their website . The UAE has escaped the Arab Spring ; however , more than 100 Emirati activists were jailed and tortured because they sought reforms . Since 2011 , the UAE government has increasingly carried out forced disappearances . Many foreign nationals and Emirati citizens have been arrested and abducted by the state . The UAE government denies these people are being held ( to conceal their whereabouts ) , placing these people outside the protection of the law . According to Human Rights Watch , the reports of forced disappearance and torture in the UAE are of grave concern . The Arab Organization for Human Rights has obtained testimonies from many defendants , for its report on `` Forced Disappearance and Torture in the UAE '' , who reported that they had been kidnapped , tortured and abused in detention centres . The report included 16 different methods of torture including severe beatings , threats with electrocution and denying access to medical care . In 2013 , 94 Emirati activists were held in secret detention centres and put on trial for allegedly attempting to overthrow the government . Human rights organizations have spoken out against the secrecy of the trial . An Emirati , whose father is among the defendants , was arrested for tweeting about the trial . In April 2013 , he was sentenced to 10 months in jail . The latest forced disappearance involves three sisters from Abu Dhabi . Repressive measures were also used against non-Emiratis in order to justify the UAE government 's claim that there is an `` international plot '' in which UAE citizens and foreigners were working together to destabilize the country . Foreign nationals were also subjected to a campaign of deportations . There are many documented cases of Egyptians and other foreign nationals who had spent years working in the UAE and were then given only a few days to leave the country . Foreign nationals subjected to forced disappearance include two Libyans and two Qataris . Amnesty reported that the Qatari men have been abducted by the UAE government and the UAE government has withheld information about the men 's fate from their families . Amongst the foreign nationals detained , imprisoned and expelled is Iyad El - Baghdadi , a popular blogger and Twitter personality . He was arrested by UAE authorities , detained , imprisoned and then expelled from the country . Despite his lifetime residence in the UAE , as a Palestinian citizen , El - Baghdadi had no recourse to contest this order . He could not be deported back to the Palestinian territories , therefore he was deported to Malaysia . In 2007 , the UAE government attempted to cover up information on the rape of a French teenage boy by three Emirati locals , one of whose HIV - positive status was hidden by Emirati authorities . Diplomatic pressure led to the arrest and conviction of the Emirati rapists . In April 2009 , a video tape of torture smuggled out of the UAE showed Sheikh Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan torturing a man ( Mohammed Shah Poor ) with whips , electric cattle prods , wooden planks with protruding nails and running him over repeatedly with a car . In December 2009 , Issa appeared in court and proclaimed his innocence . The trial ended on 10 January 2010 , when Issa was cleared of the torture of Mohammed Shah Poor . Human Rights Watch criticised the trial and called on the government to establish an independent body to investigate allegations of abuse by UAE security personnel and other persons of authority . The US State Department has expressed concern over the verdict and said all members of Emirati society `` must stand equal before the law '' and called for a careful review of the decision to ensure that the demands of justice are fully met in this case . In recent years , a large number of Shia Muslim expatriates have been deported from the UAE . Lebanese Shia families in particular have been deported for their alleged sympathy for Hezbollah . According to some organizations , more than 4,000 Shia expatriates have been deported from the UAE in recent years . The issue of sexual abuse among female domestic workers is another area of concern , particularly given that domestic servants are not covered by the UAE labour law of 1980 or the draft labour law of 2007 . Worker protests have been suppressed and protesters imprisoned without due process . In its 2013 Annual Report , Amnesty International drew attention to the United Arab Emirates ' poor record on a number of human rights issues . They highlighted the government 's restrictive approach to freedom of speech and assembly , their use of arbitrary arrest and torture , and UAE 's use of the death penalty . In 2012 , Dubai police subjected three British citizens to beatings and electric shocks after arresting them on drugs charges . The British Prime Minister , David Cameron , expressed `` concern '' over the case and raised it with the UAE President , Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan , during his 2013 state visit to the UK . The three men were pardoned and released in July 2013 . Migrant workers ( edit ) Main articles : Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates and Migrant workers in the Gulf region South Asian construction workers at the Burj Dubai Construction workers from Asia on top floor of the Angsana Hotel & Suites The treatment of migrant workers in the UAE has been likened to `` modern - day slavery '' . Migrant workers are excluded from the UAE 's collective labour rights , hence migrants are vulnerable to forced labour . Migrant workers in the UAE are not allowed to join trade unions . Moreover , migrant workers are banned from going on strike . Dozens of workers were deported in 2014 for going on strike . As migrant workers do not have the right to join a trade union or go on strike , they do n't have the means to denounce the exploitation they suffer . Those who protest risk prison and deportation . The International Trade Union Confederation has called on the United Nations to investigate evidence that thousands of migrant workers in the UAE are treated as slave labour . In July 2013 , a video was uploaded onto YouTube , depicting a local driver hitting an expatriate worker , following a road related incident . Using part of his head gear , the local driver whips the expatriate and also taunts him , before other passers - by intervene . A short while later , Dubai police announced that the person who filmed the video had been taken into custody . It was also revealed that the local driver was a senior UAE government official . Later in 2013 , police arrested a US citizen and some UAE citizens , in connection with a YouTube parody video which allegedly portrayed Dubai and its residents in a bad light . The video was shot in areas of Satwa , Dubai , and featured gangs learning how to fight using simple weapons , including shoes , the aghal , etc . In 2015 , nationals from different countries were put in jail for offences . An Australian woman was accused of ' writing bad words on social media ' , after she had posted a picture of a vehicle parked illegally . She was later deported from the UAE . The State Security Apparatus in the UAE has been accused of a series of atrocities and human rights abuses including enforced disappearance , arbitrary arrests and torture , the latest being the forced disappearance of Turkish businessman Dr Amer Al Shawa on 2 October 2014 . Freedom of association is also severely curtailed . All associations and NGOs have to register through the Ministry of Social Affairs and are therefore under de facto State control . About twenty non-political groups operate on the territory without registration . All associations have to be submitted to censorship guidelines and all publications have first to be approved by the government . Secret Dubai was an independent blog in Dubai , from 2002 until 2010 . It generated a significant following in the Middle East Blogosphere until the UAE 's Telecoms Regulatory Authority ( TRA ) in the UAE blocked the website . Dress Code ( edit ) The UAE has a modest dress code . The dress code is part of Dubai 's criminal law . Most malls in the UAE have a dress code displayed at entrances . At Dubai 's malls , females should cover their shoulders and knees ; therefore women are not permitted to wear sleeveless tops . People can also wear swimwear at the pools and beaches . People are also requested to wear modest clothing when entering mosques , such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi . Media ( edit ) The UAE 's media is annually classified as `` not free '' in the Freedom of the Press report by Freedom House . The UAE ranks poorly in the annual Press Freedom Index by Reporters without Borders . Dubai Media City and twofour54 are the UAE 's main media zones . The UAE is home to some pan-Arab broadcasters , including the Middle East Broadcasting Centre and Orbit Showtime Network . In 2007 , Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum decreed that journalists can no longer be prosecuted or imprisoned for reasons relating to their work . At the same time , the UAE has made it illegal to disseminate online material that can threaten `` public order '' . Criticism of the government is not allowed . Criticism of government officials and royal family members is not allowed . Prison terms have been given to those who `` deride or damage '' the reputation of the state and `` display contempt '' for religion . There have been many politically motivated press freedom violations ; for example in 2012 a YouTube user was arrested in Dubai for filming and uploading a video of a UAE local ( who happened to be a Government official ) hitting an overseas worker . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the United Arab Emirates Dubai Marina Beach Burj Khalifa is the tallest human - made structure in the world . Abu Dhabi skyline UAE has the second largest economy in the GCC ( after Saudi Arabia ) , with a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $377 billion ( 1.38 trillion AED ) in 2012 . Since independence in 1971 , UAE 's economy has grown by nearly 231 times to 1.45 trillion AED in 2013 . The non-oil trade has grown to 1.2 trillion AED , a growth by around 28 times from 1981 to 2012 . UAE is ranked as the 26th best nation in the world for doing business based on its economy and regulatory environment , ranked by the Doing Business 2017 Report published by the World Bank Group . Although UAE has the most diversified economy in the GCC , the UAE 's economy remains extremely reliant on oil . With the exception of Dubai , most of the UAE is dependent on oil revenues . Petroleum and natural gas continue to play a central role in the economy , especially in Abu Dhabi . More than 85 % of the UAE 's economy was based on the oil exports in 2009 . While Abu Dhabi and other UAE emirates have remained relatively conservative in their approach to diversification , Dubai , which has far smaller oil reserves , was bolder in its diversification policy . In 2011 , oil exports accounted for 77 % of the UAE 's state budget . Successful efforts at economic diversification have reduced the portion of GDP based on oil / gas output to 25 % . Dubai suffered from a significant economic crisis in 2007 -- 2010 and was bailed out by Abu Dhabi 's oil wealth . Dubai is running a balanced budget , reflecting economic growth . Tourism acts as a growth sector for the entire UAE economy . Dubai is the top tourism destination in the Middle East . According to the annual MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index , Dubai is the fifth most popular tourism destination in the world . Dubai holds up to 66 % share of the UAE 's tourism economy , with Abu Dhabi having 16 % and Sharjah 10 % . Dubai welcomed 10 million tourists in 2013 . The UAE has the most advanced and developed infrastructure in the region . Since the 1980s , the UAE has been spending billions of dollars on infrastructure . These developments are particularly evident in the larger emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai . The northern emirates are rapidly following suit , providing major incentives for developers of residential and commercial property . Property prices in Dubai fell dramatically when Dubai World , the government construction company , sought to delay a debt payment . UAE law does not allow trade unions to exist . The right to collective bargaining and the right to strike are not recognised , and the Ministry of Labour has the power to force workers to go back to work . Migrant workers who participate in a strike can have their work permits cancelled and be deported . Consequently , there are very few anti-discrimination laws in relation to labour issues , with Emiratis -- other GCC Arabs -- getting preference in public sector jobs despite lesser credentials than competitors and lower motivation . In fact , just over eighty percent of Emirati workers hold government posts , with many of the rest taking part in state - owned enterprises such as Emirates airlines and Dubai Properties . Transport ( edit ) Emirates , one of the world 's largest airlines based in Dubai . Etihad Airways , flag carrier of the UAE . Main article : Transport in the United Arab Emirates Dubai International Airport was the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic in 2014 , overtaking London Heathrow . A 1,200 km ( 750 mi ) country - wide railway is under construction which will connect all the major cities and ports . The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula . The major ports of the United Arab Emirates are Khalifa Port , Zayed Port , Port Jebel Ali , Port Rashid , Port Khalid , Port Saeed , and Port Khor Fakkan . The UAE is served by two telecommunications operators , Etisalat and Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company ( `` du '' ) . Etisalat operated a monopoly until du launched mobile services in February 2007 . Internet subscribers were expected to increase from 0.904 million in 2007 to 2.66 million in 2012 . The regulator , the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority , mandates filtering websites for religious , political and sexual content . Expo 2020 ( edit ) Main article : Expo 2020 UAE launched a successful bid for Expo 2020 with Dubai . The win is unprecedented in the region . World Expos are a meeting point for the global community to share innovations and make progress on issues such as the global economy , sustainable development and improved quality of life . World Expos can be a catalyst for economic , cultural and social transformation and generates legacies for the host city and nation . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the United Arab Emirates A traditional souk in Deira , Dubai A Harbiya band performs in an Emirati wedding . Harbiya is a cultural dance derived from Arab tribes sword battles . Emirati culture is based on Arabian culture and has been influenced by the cultures of Persia , India , and East Africa . Arabian and Persian inspired architecture is part of the expression of the local Emirati identity . Persian influence on Emirati culture is noticeably visible in traditional Emirati architecture and folk arts . For example , the distinctive wind tower which tops traditional Emirati buildings , the barjeel has become an identifying mark of Emirati architecture and is attributed to Persian influence . This influence is derived both from traders who fled the tax regime in Persia in the early 19th Century and from Emirati ownership of ports on the Persian coast , for instance the Al Qassimi port of Lingeh . The United Arab Emirates has a diverse society . Major holidays in the United Arab Emirates include Eid al Fitr , which marks the end of Ramadan , and National Day ( 2 December ) , which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates . Emirati males prefer to wear a kandura , an ankle - length white tunic woven from wool or cotton , and Emirati women wear an abaya , a black over-garment that covers most parts of the body . Ancient Emirati poetry was strongly influenced by the 8th - century Arab scholar Al Khalil bin Ahmed . The earliest known poet in the UAE is Ibn Majid , born between 1432 and 1437 in Ras Al - Khaimah . The most famous Emirati writers were Mubarak Al Oqaili ( 1880 -- 1954 ) , Salem bin Ali al Owais ( 1887 -- 1959 ) and Ahmed bin Sulayem ( 1905 -- 1976 ) . Three other poets from Sharjah , known as the Hirah group , are observed to have been heavily influenced by the Apollo and Romantic poets . The Sharjah International Book Fair is the oldest and largest in the country . The list of museums in the United Arab Emirates includes some of regional repute , most famously Sharjah with its Heritage District containing 17 museums , which in 1998 was the Cultural Capital of the Arab World . In Dubai , the area of Al Quoz has attracted a number of art galleries as well as museums such as the Salsali Private Museum . Abu Dhabi has established a culture district on Saadiyat Island . Six grand projects are planned , including the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi and the Louvre Abu Dhabi . Dubai also plans to build a Kunsthal museum and a district for galleries and artists . Emirati culture is a part of the culture of Eastern Arabia . Liwa is a type of music and dance performed locally , mainly in communities that contain descendants of Bantu peoples from the African Great Lakes region . The Dubai Desert Rock Festival is also another major festival consisting of heavy metal and rock artists . The cinema of the United Arab Emirates is minimal but expanding . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Emirati cuisine Arabic coffee with Lugaimat ; a traditional Emirati sweet . The traditional food of the Emirates has always been rice , fish , and meat . The people of the United Arab Emirates have adopted most of their foods from other West and South Asian countries including Iran , Saudi Arabia , Pakistan , India and Oman . Seafood has been the mainstay of the Emirati diet for centuries . Meat and rice are other staple foods ; lamb and mutton are the more favored meats , than goat and beef . Popular beverages are coffee and tea , which can be complemented with cardamom , saffron , or mint to give them a distinct flavor . Fast food has become very popular among young people , to the extent that campaigns are underway to highlight the dangers of fast food excesses . Alcohol is allowed to be served only in hotel restaurants and bars . All nightclubs are permitted to sell alcohol . Specific supermarkets may sell alcohol , but these products are sold in separate sections . Note that although alcohol may be consumed , it is illegal to be intoxicated in public or drive a motor vehicle with any trace of alcohol in the blood . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in the United Arab Emirates Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi Dubai Tennis Championships in 2006 Formula One is particularly popular in the United Arab Emirates , and is annually held at the picturesque Yas Marina Circuit . The race is held at evening time , and is the first ever Grand Prix to start in daylight and finish at night . Other popular sports include camel racing , falconry , endurance riding , and tennis . The emirate of Dubai is also home to two major golf courses : The Dubai Golf Club and Emirates Golf Club . In the past , child camel jockeys were used , leading to widespread criticism . Eventually the UAE passed laws banning the use of children for the sport , leading to the prompt removal of almost all child jockeys . Ansar Burney is often praised for the work he has done in this area . Football ( edit ) Hazza Bin Zayed Stadium in Al Ain Football is a popular sport in the UAE . Al Nasr SC , Al - Ain , Al - Wasl , Al - Sharjah , Al - Wahda , and Shabab Al Ahli Dubai are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long - time regional champions . The United Arab Emirates Football Association was established in 1971 and since then has dedicated its time and effort to promoting the game , organizing youth programs and improving the abilities of not only its players , but also the officials and coaches involved with its regional teams . The UAE national football team qualified for the FIFA World Cup in 1990 with Egypt . It was the third consecutive World Cup with two Arab nations qualifying , after Kuwait and Algeria in 1982 , and Iraq and Algeria again in 1986 . The UAE won the Gulf Cup Championship two times : the first cup in January 2007 held in Abu Dhabi and the second in January 2013 , held in Bahrain . The country is scheduled to host the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . Cricket ( edit ) Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the UAE , largely because of the expatriate population from the SAARC countries , the United Kingdom , and Australia . The Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium in Sharjah has hosted four international test cricket matches so far . Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium in Abu Dhabi also hosted international cricket matches . Dubai has two cricket stadiums ( Dubai Cricket Ground No. 1 and No. 2 ) with a third , the DSC Cricket Stadium , as part of Dubai Sports City . Dubai is also home to the International Cricket Council . The UAE national cricket team qualified for the 1996 Cricket World Cup and narrowly missed out on qualification for the 2007 Cricket World Cup . They qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup held in Australia and New Zealand . The next edition of the Asia Cup Cricket tournament is likely to be held next year in the first week of March . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in the United Arab Emirates American University of Sharjah Abu Dhabi University The education system through secondary level is monitored by the Ministry of Education in all emirates except Abu Dhabi , where it falls under the authority of the Abu Dhabi Education Council . It consists of primary schools , middle schools and high schools . The public schools are government - funded and the curriculum is created to match the United Arab Emirates ' development goals . The medium of instruction in the public school is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language . There are also many private schools which are internationally accredited . Public schools in the country are free for citizens of the UAE , while the fees for private schools vary . The higher education system is monitored by the Ministry of Higher Education . The ministry also is responsible for admitting students to its undergraduate institutions . The adult literacy rate in 2011 was 90 % . Thousands of nationals are pursuing formal learning at 86 adult education centres spread across the country . The UAE has shown a strong interest in improving education and research . Enterprises include the establishment of the CERT Research Centers and the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology and Institute for Enterprise Development . According to the QS Rankings , the top - ranking universities in the country are the United Arab Emirates University ( 421 -- 430th worldwide ) , Khalifa University ( 441 -- 450th worldwide ) , the American University of Sharjah ( 431 -- 440th ) and University of Sharjah ( 551 -- 600th worldwide ) . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the United Arab Emirates Historical population Year Pop . ± % p.a. 1963 95,000 -- 1968 180,226 + 13.66 % 557,887 + 17.52 % 1980 1,042,099 + 13.31 % 1985 1,379,303 + 5.77 % 1995 2,411,041 + 5.74 % 1999 2,938,000 + 5.07 % 2005 4,106,427 + 5.74 % 8,264,070 + 15.01 % 2011 8,925,096 + 8.00 % 2012 9,205,651 + 3.14 % 2013 9,346,129 + 1.53 % 2016 9,269,610 − 0.27 % Sources : Palm Jumeirah Residential buildings in Dubai The demography of the UAE is extremely diverse . In 2010 , the UAE 's population was estimated to be 8,264,070 , of whom only 13 % were UAE nationals or Emiratis , while the majority of the population were expatriates . The country 's net migration rate stands at 21.71 , the world 's highest . Under Article 8 of UAE Federal Law no . 17 , an expatriate can apply for UAE citizenship after residing in the country for 20 years , providing that person has never been convicted of a crime and can speak fluent Arabic . There are 1.4 million Emirati citizens . The United Arab Emirates ' population is ethnically diverse . According to the CIA , 19 % of residents were Emirati ; 23 % were other Arab ( Egyptians ; Jordanians ) ; and Iranian ; 50 % were South Asian ; and 8 % were other expatriates , including Westerners and East Asians ( 1982 est . ) . In 2009 , Emirati citizens accounted for 16.5 % of the total population ; South Asian ( Bangladeshi , Pakistani , Sri Lankans and Indians ) constituted the largest group , making up 58.4 % of the total ; other Asians ( Filipinos , Iranians ) made up 16.7 % , while Western expatriates were 8.4 % of the total population . Indian and Pakistani expatriates make up more than a third ( 37 % ) of the population of three emirates -- Dubai , Sharjah , and Ajman according to the latest 2014 statistics provided by Euromonitor International , a market intelligence company . The five most populous nationalities in the three emirates , are : Indian ( 25 % ) , Pakistani ( 12 % ) , Emirati ( 9 % ) , Bangladeshi ( 7 % ) , and Filipino ( 5 % ) . There is a growing presence of Europeans especially in multicultural cities such as Dubai . Western expatriates , from Europe , Australia , Northern America and Latin America make up 500,000 of the UAE population . More than 100,000 British nationals live in the country . The rest of the population were from other Arab states . About 88 % of the population of the United Arab Emirates is urban . The average life expectancy was 76.7 in 2012 , higher than for any other Arab country . With a male / female sex ratio of 2.2 males for each female in the total population and 2.75 to 1 for the 15 -- 65 age group , the UAE 's gender imbalance is second highest in the world after Qatar . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in the United Arab Emirates Religions in UAE ( Pew Research ) Religion Percent Muslim 76 % Christianity 12.6 % Hindu 6.6 % Buddhist 2 % Other 1 % None 1 % Islam is the largest and the official state religion of the UAE . The government follows a policy of tolerance toward other religions and rarely interferes in the activities of non-Muslims . By the same token , non-Muslims are expected to avoid interfering in Islamic religious matters or the Islamic upbringing of Muslims . The government imposes restrictions on spreading other religions through any form of media as it is considered a form of proselytizing . There are approximately 31 churches throughout the country , one Hindu temple in the region of Bur Dubai , one Sikh Gurudwara in Jebel Ali and also a Buddhist temple in Al Garhoud . Based on the Ministry of Economy census in 2005 , 76 % of the total population was Muslim , 9 % Christian , and 15 % other ( mainly Hindu ) . Census figures do not take into account the many `` temporary '' visitors and workers while also counting Baha'is and Druze as Muslim . Among Emirati Muslim citizens , 85 % are Sunni , while Shi'a are 15 % , mostly concentrated in the emirates of Sharjah and Dubai . Omani immigrants are mostly Ibadi , while Sufi influences exist too . Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in the United Arab Emirates 2008 Calculation ( some figures up to 2012 ) Rank Name Emirate Pop . Dubai Abu Dhabi Dubai Dubai 2,106,533 Sharjah Al Ain Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi 1,935,234 Sharjah Sharjah 1,332,455 Al Ain Abu Dhabi 580,000 5 Ajman Ajman 403,923 6 Al Gharbia Abu Dhabi 290,450 7 Ras Al Khaimah Ras al Khaimah 230,903 8 Fujairah Fujairah 145,940 9 Dibba Fujairah 78,200 10 Um Al Quwain Um Al Quwain 72,936 Languages ( edit ) Arabic is the national language of the United Arab Emirates . The Gulf dialect of Arabic is spoken natively by the Emirati people . Since the area was occupied by the British until 1971 , English is the primary lingua franca in the UAE . As such , a knowledge of the language is a requirement when applying for most local jobs . Other world languages are represented by expatriate population drawn from a wide mix of nationalities . Health ( edit ) Main article : Health in the United Arab Emirates Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi , a multidisciplinary 364 bed hospital branch of Cleveland Clinic Foundation , USA . The life expectancy at birth in the UAE is at 76.96 years . Cardiovascular disease is the principal cause of death in the UAE , constituting 28 % of total deaths ; other major causes are accidents and injuries , malignancies , and congenital anomalies . According to World Health Organisation data from 2014 , 37.2 % of adults in the UAE are clinically obese , with a Body mass index ( BMI ) score of 30 or more . In February 2008 , the Ministry of Health unveiled a five - year health strategy for the public health sector in the northern emirates , which fall under its purview and which , unlike Abu Dhabi and Dubai , do not have separate healthcare authorities . The strategy focuses on unifying healthcare policy and improving access to healthcare services at reasonable cost , at the same time reducing dependence on overseas treatment . The ministry plans to add three hospitals to the current 14 , and 29 primary healthcare centres to the current 86 . Nine were scheduled to open in 2008 . The introduction of mandatory health insurance in Abu Dhabi for expatriates and their dependants was a major driver in reform of healthcare policy . Abu Dhabi nationals were brought under the scheme from 1 June 2008 and Dubai followed for its government employees . Eventually , under federal law , every Emirati and expatriate in the country will be covered by compulsory health insurance under a unified mandatory scheme . The country has benefited from medical tourists from all over the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf . The UAE attracts medical tourists seeking plastic surgery and advanced procedures , cardiac and spinal surgery , and dental treatment , as health services have higher standards than other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf . See also ( edit ) List of United Arab Emirates - related topics Outline of the United Arab Emirates LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates portal Arab world portal Asia portal Middle East portal Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World Fact Book '' . Central Intelligence Agency . ^ Jump up to : `` United Arab Emirates '' . CIA World Factbook . ^ Jump up to : `` United Arab Emirates '' . International Monetary Fund . 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SIPRI . Jump up ^ `` Census 2008 '' . Ministry of Economy and Planning , Government of the United Arab Emirates . 2008 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Human Rights Reports : United Arab Emirates '' . US Department of State . Sharia ( Islamic law ) courts , which adjudicate criminal and family law , have the option of imposing flogging as punishment for adultery , prostitution , consensual premarital sex , pregnancy outside marriage , defamation of character , and drug or alcohol abuse . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices -- United Arab Emirates '' . US Department of State . Jump up ^ `` U.N. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice : United Arab Emirates '' . Human Rights Voices . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007 . Government Printing Office . 2008 - 09 . p. 2092 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 081399 - 3 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` UAE : Judicial corporal punishment by flogging '' . World Corporal Punishment Research . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dh500 , 000 expat verbal abuse case to be retried '' . The National . 8 December 2010 . In the UAE , only verbal abuse pertaining to the sexual honour of a person would be tried under Sharia . For guilt to be proven , the attack must have been made in public and one reliable witness must testify . If convicted , a person would be sentenced to 80 lashes and would never be accepted as a valid witness in a Sharia - based case . Jump up ^ `` Pregnant maid to get 100 lashes after being found guilty of illegal affair '' . 7daysindubai.com. 9 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ World News '' Teenager to be lashed for adultery . Gulf Daily News ( 10 July 2010 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Illicit lovers sentenced to 100 lashes each . GulfNews.com ( 15 November 2010 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Two women sentenced to death for adultery . Khaleej Times ( 25 September 2013 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Prison for couple who conceived outside of wedlock . Thenational.ae ( 22 August 2011 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bassma Al Jandaly ( 9 May 2010 ) Adulterer to be lashed , jailed in Sharjah . Gulf News Jump up ^ Amnesty International Report 2007 -- United Arab Emirates . Refworld ( 23 May 2007 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Court jails pregnant Filipina in Fujairah . Emirates247.com ( 9 October 2013 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ DUBAI : Alleged victim of gang rape sentenced to one year in prison . Latimesblogs.latimes.com ( 17 June 2010 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2 men to be lashed for hitting woman in Fujairah '' . Emirates 247 . March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Drunk worker rapes 2 - year - old girl in Abu Dhabi '' . Emirates247.com . January 2014 . Jump up ^ Man to get 80 lashes for drinking alcohol . GulfNews.com ( 19 February 2010 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emirati man to be lashed , executed , for murder and drinking alcohol '' . Gulf News . May 2012 . Jump up ^ Man who stabbed brother in drunken fight in Abu Dhabi jailed for year . Thenational.ae ( 14 March 2013 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man who stabbed brother in drunken fight in Abu Dhabi jailed for year '' . The National . March 2013 . The younger brother admitted illegally consuming alcohol and was sentenced to 80 lashes -- a punishment prescribed under Sharia . Jump up ^ Man appeals 80 lashes for drinking alcohol in Abu Dhabi . Thenational.ae ( 9 August 2012 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Husband jailed for letting friend abuse his wife '' . 7days.ae. 9 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . As well as the jail term for rape , the Supreme Court also ordered that the defendants be given 80 lashes for drinking alcohol . Jump up ^ Cocaine trace due to drinking Red Bull Cola , Abu Dhabi court hears . Thenational.ae ( 14 August 2012 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man jailed for raping step - daughter '' . 7days.ae. 6 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . As well as the jail term he was also fined Dhs10 , 000 for reckless driving and will receive 80 lashes for drinking alcohol . Jump up ^ Drinking costs dad custody of kids . Emirates247.com ( 13 March 2011 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Fujairah man is jailed for drunken kidnap bid Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... 7days.ae ( 13 June 2012 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Emirati to be executed for murder in Fujairah . Emirates247.com ( 29 May 2012 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Al Jandaly , Bassma ( 16 April 2006 ) . `` Estonian soldier to be lashed '' . Gulf News . Jump up ^ Girl to receive 60 lashes for illicit sex . GulfNews.com ( 20 June 2007 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Two sex workers are sentenced to lashes . Khaleej Times . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Indian lover in UAE sentenced to 60 lashes -- Express India . Expressindia.indianexpress.com ( 8 June 2002 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Motorist sentenced to 80 lashes for drink driving '' . 7days.ae. 26 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` VI . Charges and Penalties against Domestic Workers '' . Human Rights Watch . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swaying car exposes Fujairah drunk driver '' . Emirates 247 . 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drink - drive student to get 80 lashes '' . Khaleej Times . 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Motorist sentenced to 80 lashes for drink driving Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... 7days.ae ( 26 November 2012 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ 80 lashes and one month in jail for drink driving . GulfNews.com ( 12 August 2010 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Drunk driver sentenced to 80 lashes . Thenational.ae ( 28 July 2010 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ 4 years and 80 lashes for drug addict . Emirates247.com ( 1 November 2011 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ 80 lashes , jail for drink - driving upheld . Emirates247.com ( 18 May 2011 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Couple deny kissing on Abu Dhabi Corniche . Thenational.ae ( 10 January 2013 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Woman denies affair after hearing she faces stoning . Thenational.ae ( 29 July 2009 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Expat faces death by stoning after admitting in court to cheating on husband Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... 7daysindubai.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Woman Sentenced To Death By Stoning In Abu Dhabi . Emirateswoman.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Asian housemaid gets death for adultery in Abu Dhabi . Qatar Living ( 4 May 2014 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Document Amnesty International . Amnesty.org . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Man faces stoning in UAE for incest . Dnaindia.com ( 14 April 2007 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woman denies affair after hearing she faces stoning '' . The National . 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel executive who had abortion gets jail term '' . The National . 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Change plea or you 'll be stoned `` : Husband who admits cheating given legal advice by judge '' . 7days.ae. 6 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` To avoid 100 lashes and prison , woman retracts plea in sex case '' . The National . 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyer urges acquittal of woman on zina charges '' . The National . 26 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Britons ' liable to Sharia divorces ' in UAE -- BBC News . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Robert . ( 9 December 2013 ) Atheists face death in 13 countries , global discrimination : study . Reuters . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The International Briefing : Persecution of Atheists and Apostates '' . Jump up ^ `` UAE to deport expats abusing religions '' . Emirates 247 . 22 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Butti Sultan Butti Ali Al - Muhairi ( 1996 ) . `` The Islamisation of Laws in the UAE : The Case of the Penal Code '' . Arab Law Quarterly . 11 ( 4 ) : 350 -- 371 . JSTOR 3381546 . Jump up ^ Al - Muhairi ( 1997 ) , Conclusion to the Series of Articles on the UAE Penal Law . Arab Law Quarterly , Vol. 12 , No. 4 Jump up ^ Alex ; Topping , ra ( 26 October 2015 ) . `` UAE imprisoning rape victims under extramarital sex laws -- investigation '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dubai ruler pardons Norwegian woman convicted after she reported rape '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bakr , Amena ( 21 July 2013 ) . `` Woman jailed in Dubai after reporting rape hopes to warn others '' . Reuters . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dubai 's Progressive Charade '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gang - rape victim in Dubai arrested for drinking alcohol : report '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DUBAI : Victim of gang rape sentenced to one year in prison '' . Jump up ^ `` U.A.E. Woman Withdraws Gang - Rape Claim to Avoid Lashes , Prison Sentence '' . Jump up ^ `` Court jails Emirati woman in gang rape case '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Divorcees , widows concerned about receiving ' permission ' before remarrying '' . The National . ^ Jump up to : `` United Arab Emirates International Religious Freedom Report , Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor ( 2009 ) '' . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ Public kissing can lead to deportation The National . Thenational.ae ( 7 July 2008 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jailed Dubai kissing pair lose appeal over conviction . BBC News ( 4 April 2010 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women get jail and deportation for kissing on Dubai public beach '' . Gulf News . 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ London man tells of ' shock ' jailing in Dubai over kiss -- BBC News . Bbc.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Couple deny kissing on Abu Dhabi Corniche '' . A man jailed and sentenced to 80 lashes for drunkenly kissing his girlfriend on the Corniche ^ Jump up to : `` Swearing on Whatsapp ' will result in £ 40,000 fine and deportation , UAE rules ' '' . The Independent . 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Imposes over $68,000 Fine , Jail Term for Swearing on Whatsapp ; Expatriates Face Deportation '' . International Business Times . 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man to face trial in UAE for swearing in WhatsApp message '' . 7days.ae. 16 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British Expats Face Being Deported From UAE For Swearing on WhatsApp '' . Yahoo News . 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian woman deported from Abu Dhabi over Facebook post '' . Khaleej Times . 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian woman deported from the UAE after Facebook post '' . Arabian Business . 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian jailed over Facebook post deported from Abu Dhabi '' . Stuff.co.nz. 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Expat deported after posting abusive message about parking on Facebook '' . 7days.ae. 15 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian expat deported following Facebook post '' . Gulf News . 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates '' . Facts as drug trafficking , homosexual behaviour , and apostasy are liable to capital punishment . ^ Jump up to : `` Man Accused of ' Gay Handshake ' Stands Trial in Dubai '' . Jump up ^ `` Federal criminal statute in UAE '' . Sodomylaws.Org . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty International Report 1999 -- United Arab Emirates '' . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates : Briefing for the Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates -- Global Progress '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Punishments include flogging , amputation , and -- as retaliation -- injury similar to that for which the offender has been convicted of inflicting on the victim . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates -- Country Reports on Human Rights Practices '' . In February an Indonesian woman convicted of adultery by the Shari'a court in the Emirate of Fujairah , was sentenced to death by stoning after she purportedly insisted on such punishment . The sentence was commuted on appeal to 1 year in prison , followed by deportation . In June 1998 , the Shari'a court in Fujairah sentenced three Omani nationals convicted of robbery to have their right hands amputated . The Fujairah prosecutor 's office instead commuted the sentence to a term of imprisonment . Jump up ^ `` Defining Sharia 's role in the UAE 's legal foundation '' . The National . Jump up ^ `` Crucifixion for UAE murderers '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` UAE : Further information on fear of imminent crucifixion and execution '' . Amnesty International . September 1997 . Jump up ^ `` UAE : Fear of imminent crucifixion and execution '' . Amnesty International . September 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Law No ( 3 ) of 1987 on Issuance of the Penal Code '' . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Measures Against Corruptibility , Gifts and Gratification -- Bribery in the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . Arab Law Quarterly . Jump up ^ Riazat Butt ( 31 July 2011 ) . `` Britons warned to respect Ramadan while holidaying in Dubai '' . The Guardian . London , UK . OCLC 60623878 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Law of Dubai '' . lawyersuae.com . Jump up ^ `` المشارق '' . al-shorfa.com . Jump up ^ No dancing in public : Dubai . Arab News ( 15 March 2009 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Divorcees , widows concerned about receiving ' permission ' before remarrying '' . Jump up ^ `` UAE : Ruthless crackdown on dissent exposes ' ugly reality ' beneath façade of glitz and glamour '' . Amnesty International . ^ Jump up to : `` Silencing dissent in the UAE '' ( PDF ) . Amnesty International . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silencing dissent in the UAE '' ( PDF ) . Amnesty International . pp. 16 -- 29 & 35 -- 45 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forced Disappearances and Torture in the United Arab Emirates '' ( PDF ) . Arab Organisation for Human Rights . November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : UAE : Enforced Disappearance and Torture Human Rights Watch . Hrw.org . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Human Rights in the United -- UAE : Enforced disappearances continue . Ic4jhr.net . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Emirati victim of enforced disappearance seen in state security prison '' Emirates Centre for Human Rights . Echr.org.uk ( 14 March 2014 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ UAE must reveal whereabouts of ' disappeared ' Libyans and Emiratis : HRW . Middle East Eye ( 6 October 2014 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : UAE 's crackdown on democracy short - sighted . Middleeastmonitor.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ David Hearst ( 2013 ) . `` The UAE 's bizarre , political trial of 94 activists '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Ben Brumfield ; Caroline Faraj ; Saad Abedine ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` Man faces 10 months jail for tweets about trial in UAE '' . CNN . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ UAE Three women held in secret detention over tweets Amnesty International . Amnesty.org ( 27 February 2015 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 3 women risk torture in secret UAE detention over ' I miss my brother ' tweet -- Amnesty '' . Russia Today . 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ UAE : Reveal Whereabouts of ' Disappeared ' Libyans Human Rights Watch . Hrw.org . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urgent Action : Enforced Disappearance of Qatari Nationals '' ( PDF ) . Amnesty International . Jump up ^ Cambanis , Thanassis ( 1 November 2007 ) . `` In Rape Case , a French Youth Takes on Dubai '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ French Teen 's Rape Case Exposes Dubai 's Dark Side , ABC News . Abcnews.go.com ( 19 February 2009 ) . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News Exclusive : Torture Tape Implicates UAE Royal Sheikh '' . ABC News . 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Amena Bakr ( 14 December 2009 ) . `` UAE ruling family member says not guilty of torture '' . Reuters . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Amena Bakr ( 10 January 2010 ) . `` UAE ruling family member acquitted in torture trial '' . Reuters . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rights group questions UAE trial '' . Al Jazeera. 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US concern after UAE acquits sheikh in torture case '' . BBC News . 12 January 2010 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shiites deported from Gulf lament injustice '' . Daily Star . 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Concern over deportations from Gulf Arab states '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UAE urged to allow appeal on deportations '' . Financial Times . July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UAE deportations raise questions in Lebanon '' . Global Post . July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanese Shiites Ousted from Gulf over Hizbullah Ties '' . naharnet.com . July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanese Living in UAE Fear Deportation '' . Al Monitor. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Deports 125 Lebanese Citizens '' . Al Monitor. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UAE / Lebanon : Allow Lebanese / Palestinian Deportees to Appeal '' . Human Rights Watch . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanese Families in UAE Face Deportations on Short Notice '' . Al Monitor. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hezbollah and the Gulf '' . Jump up ^ `` Thousands of Shias Deported from UAE '' . majlis.org.uk . Jump up ^ Sarah Leah Whitson ( 24 March 2007 ) . `` UAE : Draft Labor Law Violates International Standards '' . Human Rights Watch . Jump up ^ `` Indian workers jailed in Dubai over violent protest '' . Reuters. 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2013 '' . Amnesty International . Archived from the original on 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai drugs trial : Mother tells of ' torture horror ' '' . BBC . 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai drugs trial : David Cameron ' concerned ' over torture claims '' . 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai pardons three Britons ' tortured ' and jailed over drugs '' . The Guardian . 19 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Day Slave Labor : Conditions for Abu Dhabi 's Migrant Workers Shame the West '' . ^ Jump up to : `` United Arab Emirates '' . International Trade Union Confederation . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates '' . International Trade Union Confederation . Jump up ^ `` Conditions for Abu Dhabi 's migrant workers ' shame the west ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Call for UN to investigate plight of migrant workers in the UAE '' . ^ Jump up to : Senior UAE official arrested over driver attack . ArabianBusiness.com . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Three held for parody video on Satwa streets '' , Khaleej Times , 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Australian woman deported from Abu Dhabi over Facebook post . Khaleej Times . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights in The UAE '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrest of Dr Al Shawa '' . Jump up ^ Fanack . `` Stifling Dissent in the UAE '' . Fanack.com . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Law of Dubai '' . ^ Jump up to : `` UAE : `` Dress Modestly '' Drive Gains Momentum `` . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Campaign Wants Female Visitors To Respect UAE Dress Code in Malls '' . Jump up ^ `` Dubai Mall dress code '' . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of the Press '' . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates '' . Carnegie Endowment . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates -- Media '' . BBC News . 15 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` UAE 's economy growth momentum set to pick up '' . Khaleej Times . 27 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GDP to hit $474.2 b in 2018 '' . Khaleej Times . 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking of Economies '' . World Bank Group . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speaking of Water '' . Jump up ^ Fitch , Asa ( 4 January 2015 ) . `` Dubai Unveils Balanced Budget for 2015 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai Ranks Fifth Among Top Global Destinations For Travellers '' . Gulf Business . Jump up ^ `` Infrastructure in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) '' . The Prospect Group . Jump up ^ `` UAE yearbook 2009 '' . Slideshare.net . ^ Jump up to : `` United Arab Emirates '' . ITUC . Jump up ^ Krane , Jim ( 2009 ) . City of Gold : Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 267 -- 270 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 53574 - 2 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Elizabeth ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Dubai Overtakes Heathrow To Become World 's Busiest '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From sand to sea '' . International Railway Journal . 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Will metro change Dubai car culture ? '' . BBC News . 11 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Ports '' . Uae.gov.ae . Archived from the original on 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates '' ( PDF ) . OpenNet Interactive . Jump up ^ `` UAE telecom market grows with competition Mobile telecomms report '' . Ameinfo.com . Jump up ^ `` UAE reports high website censorship '' . The National Newspaper. 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ WAM . `` Expo impact : UAE to see $35 bn contracts -- Emirates 24 / 7 '' . Emirates 24 / 7 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hosting of Expo 2020 unprecedented achievement for the region , says Sultan Al Jaber -- WAM '' . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai Expo will open up unlimited opportunities -- WAM '' . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Expo 2020 ... What it Means to Us ? '' . CSS Light House . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hurriez , Sayyid Hamid ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) . Folklore and Folklife in the United Arab Emirates . p. 167 . ISBN 9781136849077 . Jump up ^ Sandıkcı , Özlem ; Rice , Gillian ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . Handbook of Islamic Marketing . p. 430 . ISBN 9780857936028 . Arabian and Persian inspired architecture is part of the expression of a ' local ' identity . Jump up ^ Hellyer , Peter . United Arab Emirates : A New Perspective . Trident . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 1900724470 . Jump up ^ `` Country and Metropolitan Stats in Brief '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Official holidays in UAE '' . Gowealthy.com . Archived from the original on 3 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UAE National Clothing '' . Grapeshisha.com . Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Literature and poetry '' . Visitabudhabi.ae. 1 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharjah Museums Department . sharjahmuseums.ae Jump up ^ `` About Sharjah -- Sharjah Commerce Tourism Development Authority '' . Sharjahtourism.ae. 18 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Dubai FAQs . `` Art Galleries Dubai '' . Dubaifaqs.com . Jump up ^ `` Saadiyat Island -- Island of Happiness '' . Saadiyat.ae. 19 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ John Irish and Tamara Walid ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Dubai eyeing new fashion , design district '' . ArabianBusiness.com . Jump up ^ `` Festival Info '' . DesertRockFestival.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Travel& Tourism : Food & Drink '' . UAEinteract . Jump up ^ The UAE 's big fat problem . Gulf News . ( 19 July 2012 ) . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and Pork Licenses '' . Alloexpat.com. 30 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AUTOSPORT.com -- premium content '' . Autosport. 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Sports '' . Uae.gov.ae . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Middle East Help for Gulf child camel jockeys . BBC News ( 2 December 2004 ) . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clubs , Sports Clubs UAE United Arab Emirates '' . Indexuae.com . Jump up ^ `` Gulf Cup 2007 '' . Gulf News . Archived from the original on 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Cricket Timeline '' . Cricketeurope4.net . Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo -- Grounds -- United Arab Emirates '' . Content-uk.cricinfo.com. 17 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ K.R. Nayar ( 6 September 2008 ) . `` Not stumped by UAE cricket issues -- Khan '' . Gulf News . Jump up ^ Qualification -- Cricket World Cup 2015 Qualifier ICC . Icc-cricket.com ( 10 April 2015 ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ United Arab Emirates set to host Asia Cup -- Rediff.com Cricket . Rediff.com ( 14 June 2015 ) . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American University in Dubai . Undergraduate : Admission '' . Aud.edu . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Country Profile : United Arab Emirates '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress -- Federal Research Division . Jump up ^ Ghazala Biqluise . `` Study in UAE -- UAE Educational System '' . Arabiancampus.com . Jump up ^ `` Adult Literacy Rate : United Arab Emirates '' . UNdata . United Nations Statistics Division . 19 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2015 . Subgroup : Total 15 + yr . Year : ( 2011 ) . Source : UNESCO Institute for Statistics . Unit : Percent . Value : 90 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Education '' . Uae.gov.ae . Archived from the original on 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MASDAR Profile '' . Web.archive.org. 31 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Khalifa University Undergraduate . Top Universities . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ American University of Sharjah Rankings . Top Universities . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` UAE National Bureau of Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates '' . World Gazetteer . Archived from the original on 3 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population ( Total ) '' . World Bank . Jump up ^ `` Population leaps to 8.19 million '' . The National . Abu Dhabi. 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrzej Kapiszewski ( 22 May 2006 ) . `` Arab versus Asian migrant workers in the GCC countries '' ( PDF ) . UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Jump up ^ `` Net migration rate '' . Cia.gov . Jump up ^ Camille Paldi ( 13 July 2010 ) UAE Islamic Finance . I Love The UAE . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Migration in the United Arab Emirates : Challenges and Responses '' . Migration Policy Institute . 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Sambidge ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` UAE population hits 6m , Emiratis make up 16.5 % '' . ArabianBusiness.com . Jump up ^ `` Indians , Pakistanis make up 37 % of Dubai , Sharjah , Ajman population '' . gulfnews.com . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Expat numbers rise rapidly as UAE population touches 6m '' . Uaeinteract.com . Jump up ^ Mcintosh , Lindsay ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Terror red alert for 100,000 British expats in Dubai '' . The Scotsman . Jump up ^ Giles Whittell ( 15 March 2010 ) . `` British pair face jail for kissing in Dubai restaurant '' . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : The Ideal Prince '' . Arabnews.com. 3 November 2004 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Table 3.10 Urbanization '' ( PDF ) . World Development Indicators . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Life expectancy at birth '' . The World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` Average life expectancy in UAE rises to 75 years '' . Uaeinteract.com . Jump up ^ `` Sex ratio '' . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project : United Arab Emirates . Pew Research Center . 2010 . Jump up ^ United Arab Emirates . International Religious Freedom Report 2007 . State.gov . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report for 2012 -- United Arab Emirates '' . Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . Jump up ^ Bassma Al Jandaly ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` Churches and temples in the UAE '' . Gulf News . Jump up ^ `` Islam : Sunnis and Shiites '' ( PDF ) . investigativeproject.org. 23 February 2004 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Shane ( 2010 ) . Frommer 's Dubai . John Wiley & Sons . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 71178 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The World Life Expectancy '' . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates country profile '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Prevalence of obesity , ages 18 + , 2010 -- 2014 '' . WHO . World Health Organisation . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Health '' . Uae.gov.ae . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Dina El Shammaa ( 3 January 2009 ) . `` Health cover is mandatory '' . Gulf News . Jump up ^ Megan Detrie ( 15 November 2009 ) . `` Dubai has eye on medical tourism '' . The National Newspaper . Archived from the original on 24 November 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Towards A Foreign Language , Teaching Policy for the Arab World : U.A.E Perspective . '' United Arab Emirates University ( 1996 ) . Abu Libdeh , A. ( 1994 ) . ' English on Khalifa Street ' . The Journal of the College of Education . UAE University 10 , 25 -- 51 . Swan , M. ( 26 April 2012 ) . Arabic school aims to boost the popularity of the language . The National , p. 6 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutUnited Arab Emiratesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government of the United Arab Emirates The World Government Summit -- UAE The 2020 World Exposition in UAE `` United Arab Emirates '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . United Arab Emirates web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado -- Boulder Libraries United Arab Emirates at DMOZ United Arab Emirates profile from the BBC News . United Arab Emirates country profile from the Lebanese Economy Forum , extracted from the CIA Factbook & Worldbank data . Wikimedia Atlas of United Arab Emirates World Bank Summary Trade Statistics United Arab Emirates Bohra caste relations Minister Cabinet 2016 Timeline of the United Arab Emirates History from Bronze Age to present day Emirates of the United Arab Emirates Emirates Abu Dhabi Dubai Sharjah Ajman Umm al - Quwain Fujairah Ras al - Khaimah Capitals Abu Dhabi Dubai Sharjah Ajman Umm al - Quwain Fujairah Ras al - Khaimah United Arab Emirates articles History Prehistory Umm an - Nar Culture Advent of Islam Portuguese control Trucial Sheikhs British era Pearling industry The beginning of the oil era Border disputes Sheikh Zayed and the Union Independence Federation of Emirates Post-independence Trucial States Death of Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan Geography Border disputes Cities Climate Environmental concerns Resources and land use Towns and villages Politics Elections 2006 parliamentary Emirates rulers Federal National Council Federal Supreme Council Foreign aid Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Legal system Military President Prime Minister Economy Central Bank Dirham ( currency ) Taxation Tourism attractions hotels resorts Dubai Stock exchange Telecommunications companies regulation Internet domain Transport airlines airports water - based Society Crime Demographics Education Emiratis Diaspora list Expatriates Health Language Women Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Literature and poetry writers Media Dubai radio and TV channels Music Religion Sunni Muslim Shi'a Muslim Sport camel racing Thawb ( garment ) Symbols Animal Anthem Bird Coat of arms Flag Flower Garment Sport Tree Outline Index Portal Geographic locale Countries and dependencies of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and special administrative regions Australia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands China Hong Kong Macau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia British Indian Ocean Territory Middle East Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Cinema Conflicts Cuisine Dance Demography Etiquette History timeline Music Religion Irreligion Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate Countries Bahrain Djibouti Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Regions Khuzestan Province Southeastern Anatolia Region Southern Denkalya Subregion Awdal South Sinai Governorate Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean Africa Comoros Djibouti Egypt Eritrea France Mayotte Réunion Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mozambique Rodrigues ( Mauritius ) Seychelles Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Zanzibar , Tanzania Asia Bahrain Bangladesh British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago - United Kingdom Christmas Island ( Australia ) Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Malaysia Maldives Myanmar Oman Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Thailand Timor - Leste United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory French Southern and Antarctic Lands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Australia Countries bordering the Persian Gulf Bahrain Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates International membership Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Brunei Cameroon Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Indonesia Iran Iraq Ivory Coast Jordan Kuwait Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Maldives Malaysia Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Tajikistan Turkey Tunisia Togo Turkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Yemen Suspended Syria Observers Countries and territories Bosnia and Herzegovina Central African Republic Northern Cyprus Russia Thailand Muslim communities Moro National Liberation Front International organizations Economic Cooperation Organization African Union Arab League Non-Aligned Movement United Nations As the `` Turkish Cypriot State '' . 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1 NDL : 00560309 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Arab_Emirates&oldid=809920261 '' Categories : United Arab Emirates Arabian Peninsula Arabic - speaking countries and territories Federal monarchies Member states of OPEC Member states of the Arab League Member states of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member states of the United Nations Middle Eastern countries Near Eastern countries States and territories established in 1971 1971 establishments in the United Arab Emirates Countries in Asia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - 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what are the countries of the united arab emirates
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"The country is a federation of seven emirates, and was established on 2 December 1971. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi (which serves as the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. Each emirate is governed by an absolute monarch; together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. One of the monarchs (traditionally always the Emir of Abu Dhabi) is selected as the President of the United Arab Emirates. Islam is the official religion of the UAE and Arabic is the official language (although English, Urdu and Hindi languages are widely spoken, with English being the language of business and education particularly in Abu Dhabi and Dubai).",
"The country is a federation of seven emirates, and was established on 2 December 1971. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi (which serves as the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. Each emirate is governed by an absolute monarch; together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. One of the monarchs (traditionally always the Emir of Abu Dhabi) is selected as the President of the United Arab Emirates. Islam is the official religion of the UAE and Arabic is the official language (although English, Urdu and Hindi languages are widely spoken, with English being the language of business and education particularly in Abu Dhabi and Dubai).",
"The country is a federation of seven emirates, and was established on 2 December 1971. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi (which serves as the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. Each emirate is governed by an absolute monarch; together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. One of the monarchs (traditionally always the Emir of Abu Dhabi) is selected as the President of the United Arab Emirates. Islam is the official religion of the UAE and Arabic is the official language (although English, Urdu and Hindi languages are widely spoken, with English being the language of business and education particularly in Abu Dhabi and Dubai).",
"The country is a federation of seven emirates, and was established on 2 December 1971. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi (which serves as the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. Each emirate is governed by an absolute monarch; together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. One of the monarchs (traditionally always the Emir of Abu Dhabi) is selected as the President of the United Arab Emirates. Islam is the official religion of the UAE and Arabic is the official language (although English, Urdu and Hindi languages are widely spoken, with English being the language of business and education particularly in Abu Dhabi and Dubai).",
"The country is a federation of seven emirates, and was established on 2 December 1971. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi (which serves as the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. Each emirate is governed by an absolute monarch; together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. One of the monarchs (traditionally always the Emir of Abu Dhabi) is selected as the President of the United Arab Emirates. Islam is the official religion of the UAE and Arabic is the official language (although English, Urdu and Hindi languages are widely spoken, with English being the language of business and education particularly in Abu Dhabi and Dubai).",
"The country is a federation of seven emirates, and was established on 2 December 1971. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi (which serves as the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. Each emirate is governed by an absolute monarch; together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. One of the monarchs (traditionally always the Emir of Abu Dhabi) is selected as the President of the United Arab Emirates. Islam is the official religion of the UAE and Arabic is the official language (although English, Urdu and Hindi languages are widely spoken, with English being the language of business and education particularly in Abu Dhabi and Dubai)."
] |
[
"Ajman",
"Dubai",
"Fujairah",
"Ras al-Khaimah",
"Sharjah",
"Umm al-Quwain"
] |
-7953734714053987171
|
American League Championship Series
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American League Championship Series - wikipedia American League Championship Series Jump to : navigation , search `` ALCS '' redirects here . For other uses , see ALCS ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) is a best - of - seven series played in October in the Major League Baseball postseason that determines the winner of the American League ( AL ) pennant . The winner of the series advances to play the winner of the National League ( NL ) Championship Series ( NLCS ) in the World Series , Major League Baseball 's championship series . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Championship Trophy 3 Most Valuable Player Award 4 ALCS results ( 1969 -- present ) 4.1 ALCS appearances by team 4.2 Recurring matchups 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) It started in 1969 , when the AL reorganized into two divisions , East and West . The winners of each division played each other in a best - of - five series to determine who would advance to the World Series . In 1985 , the format changed to best - of - seven . In 1994 , the league was restructured into three divisions , with the three division winners and a wild - card team advancing to a best - of - five postseason round , known as the American League Division Series ( ALDS ) . The winners of that round then advanced to the best - of - seven ALCS . In 2012 , the playoffs were expanded again so that two wild card teams face off in a one - game wild card round to determine which team advances to the division series , with the playoffs then continuing as it had before 2012 ( though with the possibility of a fifth seed being in the playoffs and a fourth seed being out ) after the end of the wild card round . This is the system currently in use . The ALCS and NLCS , since the expansion to best - of - seven , are always played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format : Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 are played in the stadium of the team that has home field advantage , and Games 3 , 4 , and 5 are played in the stadium of the team that does not . The series concludes when one team records its fourth win . Since 1998 , home field advantage has been given to the team that has the better regular season record , unless that team happens to be the Wild Card team . In that case , the other team gets home field advantage , because by rule the Wild Card team is never allowed home field advantage in a Division Series or LCS . In the event that both teams have identical records in the regular season , home field advantage goes to the team that has the winning head - to - head record . From 1969 to 1993 , home field advantage alternated between the two divisions , and from 1995 to 1997 home field advantage was determined before the season . The Milwaukee Brewers , an American League team between 1969 and 1997 , and the Houston Astros are the only franchises to play in the ALCS and NLCS . The Astros are the only team to have won both the National and American League Championship Series . Championship trophy ( edit ) The William Harridge Trophy is awarded to the ALCS champion . The trophy 's namesake comes from the American League president from 1931 to 1959 . Most Valuable Player award ( edit ) See : League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award # American League winners The Lee MacPhail Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award is given to the outstanding player in the ALCS . No MVP award is given for Division Series play . Although the National League began its LCS MVP award in 1977 , the American League did not begin its LCS MVP award till 1980 . The winners are listed ( 1 ) below in the section on `` ALCS results ( 1969 -- present ) '' , in the `` Series MVP '' column , ( 2 ) at League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award , and ( 3 ) on the MLB website . ALCS results ( 1969 -- present ) ( edit ) Further information : List of American League pennant winners § 1901 -- 1968 Click the link on the far left for detailed information on that series . Key wc Wild - card team ( since 1995 ) * MVP did not play for winning team Year Winner Loser Record Series MVP TV Network 1969 Baltimore Orioles Minnesota Twins 3 -- 0 NBC 1970 Baltimore Orioles Minnesota Twins 3 -- 0 NBC 1971 Baltimore Orioles Oakland Athletics 3 -- 0 NBC 1972 Oakland Athletics Detroit Tigers 3 -- 2 NBC 1973 Oakland Athletics Baltimore Orioles 3 -- 2 NBC Oakland Athletics Baltimore Orioles 3 -- 1 NBC Boston Red Sox Oakland Athletics 3 -- 0 NBC 1976 New York Yankees Kansas City Royals 3 -- 2 ABC 1977 New York Yankees Kansas City Royals 3 -- 2 NBC 1978 New York Yankees Kansas City Royals 3 -- 1 ABC 1979 Baltimore Orioles California Angels 3 -- 1 NBC 1980 Kansas City Royals New York Yankees 3 -- 0 Frank White , Kansas City ABC 1981 New York Yankees Oakland Athletics 3 -- 0 Graig Nettles , New York NBC 1982 Milwaukee Brewers California Angels 3 -- 2 Fred Lynn , California * ABC Baltimore Orioles Chicago White Sox 3 -- 1 Mike Boddicker , Baltimore NBC 1984 Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals 3 -- 0 Kirk Gibson , Detroit ABC 1985 Kansas City Royals Toronto Blue Jays 4 -- 3 George Brett , Kansas City NBC 1986 Boston Red Sox California Angels 4 -- 3 Marty Barrett , Boston ABC Minnesota Twins Detroit Tigers 4 -- 1 Gary Gaetti , Minnesota NBC 1988 Oakland Athletics Boston Red Sox 4 -- 0 Dennis Eckersley , Oakland ABC 1989 Oakland Athletics Toronto Blue Jays 4 -- 1 Rickey Henderson , Oakland NBC 1990 Oakland Athletics Boston Red Sox 4 -- 0 Dave Stewart , Oakland CBS 1991 Minnesota Twins Toronto Blue Jays 4 -- 1 Kirby Puckett , Minnesota CBS 1992 Toronto Blue Jays Oakland Athletics 4 -- 2 Roberto Alomar , Toronto CBS 1993 Toronto Blue Jays Chicago White Sox 4 -- 2 Dave Stewart , Toronto CBS 1994 Series cancelled -- -- -- -- 1995 Cleveland Indians Seattle Mariners 4 -- 2 Orel Hershiser , Cleveland ABC / NBC New York Yankees Baltimore Orioles 4 -- 1 Bernie Williams , New York NBC 1997 Cleveland Indians Baltimore Orioles 4 -- 2 Marquis Grissom , Cleveland Fox 1998 New York Yankees Cleveland Indians 4 -- 2 David Wells , New York NBC 1999 New York Yankees Boston Red Sox 4 -- 1 Orlando Hernández , New York Fox 2000 New York Yankees Seattle Mariners 4 -- 2 David Justice , New York NBC 2001 New York Yankees Seattle Mariners 4 -- 1 Andy Pettitte , New York Fox 2002 Anaheim Angels Minnesota Twins 4 -- 1 Adam Kennedy , Anaheim Fox 2003 New York Yankees Boston Red Sox 4 -- 3 Mariano Rivera , New York Fox Boston Red Sox New York Yankees 4 -- 3 David Ortiz , Boston Fox 2005 Chicago White Sox Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 4 -- 1 Paul Konerko , Chicago Fox 2006 Detroit Tigers Oakland Athletics 4 -- 0 Plácido Polanco , Detroit Fox 2007 Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians 4 -- 3 Josh Beckett , Boston Fox 2008 Tampa Bay Rays Boston Red Sox 4 -- 3 Matt Garza , Tampa Bay TBS 2009 New York Yankees Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 4 -- 2 CC Sabathia , New York Fox Texas Rangers New York Yankees 4 -- 2 Josh Hamilton , Texas TBS 2011 Texas Rangers Detroit Tigers 4 -- 2 Nelson Cruz , Texas Fox 2012 Detroit Tigers New York Yankees 4 -- 0 Delmon Young , Detroit TBS 2013 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 4 -- 2 Koji Uehara , Boston Fox 2014 Kansas City Royals Baltimore Orioles 4 -- 0 Lorenzo Cain , Kansas City TBS 2015 Kansas City Royals Toronto Blue Jays 4 -- 2 Alcides Escobar , Kansas City Fox / FS1 2016 Cleveland Indians Toronto Blue Jays 4 -- 1 Andrew Miller , Cleveland TBS 2017 Houston Astros New York Yankees 4 -- 3 Justin Verlander , Houston FS1 / Fox ALCS appearances by team ( edit ) Series appearances Team Wins Losses Win % Most recent win Most recent appearance Games won Games lost Game win % Most recent game win 16 New York Yankees 11 5 . 688 2009 2017 48 36 . 571 2017 11 Oakland Athletics 6 5 . 545 1990 2006 23 23 . 500 1992 10 Boston Red Sox 5 5 . 500 2013 2013 26 31 . 456 2013 10 Baltimore Orioles 5 5 . 500 2014 21 20 . 512 1997 8 Kansas City Royals . 500 2015 2015 20 17 . 541 2015 7 Detroit Tigers . 429 2012 2013 18 15 . 545 2013 7 Toronto Blue Jays 5 . 286 1993 2016 16 24 . 400 2016 6 Los Angeles Angels 5 . 167 2002 2009 13 19 . 406 2009 5 Cleveland Indians . 600 2016 2016 17 13 . 567 2016 5 Minnesota Twins . 400 1991 2002 9 12 . 429 2002 Chicago White Sox . 333 2005 2005 7 8 . 467 2005 Seattle Mariners 0 . 000 - 2001 5 12 . 294 2001 Texas Rangers 0 1.000 2011 2011 8 . 667 2011 Tampa Bay Rays 0 1.000 2008 2008 . 571 2008 Milwaukee Brewers 0 1.000 1982 1982 . 600 1982 Houston Astros 0 1.000 2017 2017 . 571 2017 Recurring matchups ( edit ) Count Matchup Record Years Kansas City Royals vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 3 -- 1 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 Boston Red Sox vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 2 -- 1 1999 , 2003 , 2004 Baltimore Orioles vs. Oakland Athletics Athletics , 2 -- 1 1971 , 1973 , 1974 Boston Red Sox vs. Oakland Athletics Athletics , 2 -- 1 1975 , 1988 , 1990 Baltimore Orioles vs. Minnesota Twins Orioles , 2 -- 0 1969 , 1970 Detroit Tigers vs. Oakland Athletics Tied , 1 -- 1 1972 , 2006 Kansas City Royals vs. Toronto Blue Jays Royals , 2 -- 0 1985 , 2015 New York Yankees vs. Seattle Mariners Yankees , 2 -- 0 2000 , 2001 Oakland Athletics vs. Toronto Blue Jays Tied , 1 -- 1 1989 , 1992 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of American League pennant winners American League Division Series List of American League Wild Card winners ( since 1994 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ winner. http://fielderschoice.wordpress.com/2009/04/10/overjoyed/ Dave ( Tampa Bay Rays fan ) , `` Overjoyed ! '' , Fielder 's Choice Baseball Card Blog , April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 ( including photo of trophy ) . Jump up ^ League Championship Series Most Valuable Players ( MLB.com/News/Awards/History/ ) . MLB Advanced Media , L.P. Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball - Reference Playoff and World Series Index '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) ALCS Boxscores and Play - by - Play at Baseball-Reference.com Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Championship Series 1969 -- 1970s 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 AL pennant winners MVPs Broadcasters American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_League_Championship_Series&oldid=806907325 '' Categories : American League Championship Series Recurring sporting events established in 1969 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who gets home field advantage in the alcs
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[
"The ALCS and NLCS, since the expansion to best-of-seven, are always played in a 2–3–2 format: Games 1, 2, 6, and 7 are played in the stadium of the team that has home field advantage, and Games 3, 4, and 5 are played in the stadium of the team that does not. The series concludes when one team records its fourth win. Since 1998, home field advantage has been given to the team that has the better regular season record, unless that team happens to be the Wild Card team. In that case, the other team gets home field advantage, because by rule the Wild Card team is never allowed home field advantage in a Division Series or LCS. In the event that both teams have identical records in the regular season, home field advantage goes to the team that has the winning head-to-head record. From 1969 to 1993, home field advantage alternated between the two divisions, and from 1995 to 1997 home field advantage was determined before the season."
] |
[
"the team that has the better regular season record, unless that team happens to be the Wild Card team"
] |
-1828211238302873561
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Subversion
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Subversion - wikipedia Subversion This article is about the political concept of subversion . For other uses , see Subversion ( disambiguation ) . Subversion ( Latin subvertere : overthrow ) refers to a process by which the values and principles of a system in place are contradicted or reversed , an attempt to transform the established social order and its structures of power , authority , hierarchy , and social norms . Subversion can be described as an attack on the public morale and , `` the will to resist intervention are the products of combined political and social or class loyalties which are usually attached to national symbols . Following penetration , and parallel with the forced disintegration of political and social institutions of the state , these loyalties may be detached and transferred to the political or ideological cause of the aggressor '' . Subversion is used as a tool to achieve political goals because it generally carries less risk , cost , and difficulty as opposed to open belligerency . Furthermore , it is a relatively cheap form of warfare that does not require large amounts of training . A subversive is something or someone carrying the potential for some degree of subversion . In this context , a `` subversive '' is sometimes called a `` traitor '' with respect to ( and usually by ) the government in power . Subversion , however , is also often a goal of `` comedians '' , artists and people in those careers . In this case , being subversive can mean questioning , poking fun at , and undermining the established order in general . When a comedy or comic is referred to as being subversive , it is as much of a compliment to their work as it could be an accusation , from comics like Charlie Chaplin , Lenny Bruce , Andy Kaufman and Stephen Colbert to writers like Paddy Chayefsky , Larry Charles and Mel Brooks , and activists like Abbie Hoffman , and Michael Moore . Satire is one of the most potent forms of subversion for artists and comics , and it can take shape in films , television , books , and even political protest . Terrorist groups generally do not employ subversion as a tool to achieve their goals . Subversion is a manpower - intensive strategy and many groups lack the manpower and political and social connections to carry out subversive activities . However , actions taken by terrorists may have a subversive effect on society . Subversion can imply the use of insidious , dishonest , monetary , or violent methods to bring about such change . Iraqi troops put up a poster of wanted insurgents . This is in contrast to protest , a coup d'état , or working through traditional means ( if ) available in a political system to bring about change . Furthermore , external subversion is where , `` the aggressor state attempts to recruit and assist indigenous political and military actors to overthrow their government by coup d'état '' . If subversion fails in its goal of bringing about a coup it is possible that the actors and actions of the subversive group could transition to insurrection , insurgency , and / or guerilla warfare . The word is present in all languages of Latin origin ( see seditio ) , originally applying to such events as the military defeat of a city . As early as the 14th century , it was being used in the English language with reference to laws , and in the 15th century came to be used with respect to the realm . The term has taken over from `` sedition '' as the name for illicit rebellion , though the connotations of the two words are rather different , sedition suggesting overt attacks on institutions , subversion something much more surreptitious , such as eroding the basis of belief in the status quo or setting people against each other . Contents 1 Definition 2 Conceptual understanding 3 Types 4 Tools and practices 4.1 Infiltration and establishing front groups 4.2 Economics 4.3 Agitation and civil unrest 4.4 Offensive terror 4.5 Bribery 5 Subverting cultural hegemony 6 Laws 6.1 Subversive activity 6.2 China 6.3 Italy 6.4 United Kingdom 6.5 United States 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definition ( edit ) The problem with defining the term subversion is that there is not a single definition that is universally accepted . Charles Townshend described subversion as a term , `` so elastic as to be virtually devoid of meaning , and its use does little more than convey the enlarged sense of the vulnerability of modern systems to all kinds of covert assaults '' . What follows are some of the many attempts to define the term : `` Subversion is the undermining or detachment of the loyalties of significant political and social groups within the victimized state , and their transference , under ideal conditions , to the symbols and institutions of the aggressor . '' `` Subversion -- Actions designed to undermine the military , economic , psychological , or political strength or morale of a governing authority . '' `` Subversive Activity -- Anyone lending aid , comfort , and moral support to individuals , groups , or organizations that advocate the overthrow of incumbent governments by force and violence is subversive and is engaged in subversive activity . All willful acts that are intended to be detrimental to the best interests of the government and that do not fall into the categories of treason , sedition , sabotage , or espionage will be placed in the category of subversive activity . '' `` Subversive Political Action -- A planned series of activities designed to accomplish political objectives by influencing , dominating , or displacing individuals or groups who are so placed as to affect the decisions and actions of another government . '' Subversion -- `` A destructive , aggressive activity aimed to destroy the country , nation , or geographical area of your enemy ... ( by demoralizing the cultural values and changing the population 's perception of reality ) . Subversion -- Roger Trinquier defined subversion as a term that could be lumped together under the name modern warfare , `` as being interlocking systems of actions , political , economic , psychological and military that aims at the overthrow of established authority in a country . '' Conceptual understanding ( edit ) Defining and understanding subversion means identifying entities , structures , and things that can be subverted . Furthermore , it may help to identify practices and tools that are not subversive . Institutions and morals can be subverted , but ideology on the other hand can not . The fall of a government or the creation of a new government as a result of an external war is not subversion . Espionage does not count as subversion because it is not an action that leads directly to an overthrow of a government . Information gathered from espionage may be used to plan and carry out subversive activities . To gain an understanding of what is considered to be subversive requires understanding the intent of those taking action . This makes defining and identifying subversion a difficult process . As Laurence Beilenson points out , `` to criticize a government in an effort to reform it or to change its policies is not subversion , even though such criticism may contribute to overthrow . But criticism intended to help a projected overthrow becomes subversive without regard to whether it is right or wrong . '' Types ( edit ) Subversion can generally be broken down into internal and external subversion , but this distinction is not meant to imply that each follows a specific set of unique and separate tools and practices . Each subversive campaign is different because of the social , political , economic , cultural , and historical differences that each country has . Subversive activities are employed based upon an evaluation of these factors . This breakdown merely clarifies who the actors are . While the subversive actors may be different , the soon to be subverted targets are the same . As Paul Blackstock identifies , the ruling and political elites are the ultimate targets of persuasion because they control the physical instruments of state power . Internal subversion is actions taken by those within a country and can be used as a tool of power . In most cases the use or threat of force is the last step of internal subversion . External subversion is actions taken by another country in cooperation with those inside the subverted country and can be used as a tool of statecraft . Foreign volunteers from another country are not enough to qualify for external subversion . The reason for this is that the individuals may legitimately share the cause of the internal subversive dissidents and have legitimately volunteered . Only when the government itself furnishes a nation with money , arms , supplies , or other help to dissidents can it be called external subversion . Tools and practices ( edit ) See also : Propaganda and Deception Subversive actions can generally be grouped into three interrelated categories : Establishing front groups and penetrating and manipulating existing political parties Infiltrating the armed forces , the police , and other institutions of the state , as well as important non-government organizations Generating civil unrest through demonstrations , strikes , and boycotts . Other factors , while not specifically falling into these categories , may also be useful to subversive dissidents . Additionally , many tools may overlap into other groups of tools as well . As an example , subversives may infiltrate an organization for cultural subversion more so than for control . Civil unrest may be used to provoke the government into a violent response . Infiltration and establishing front groups ( edit ) In order for a group to be successful in subverting a government , the group itself and its ideas must be seen as an acceptable alternative to the status quo . However , groups that work toward subverting a government , in many cases , follow ideas and promote goals that on their surface would not receive the support of the population . Therefore , `` to gain public credibility , attract new supporters , generate revenue , and acquire other resources , groups need to undertake political activities that are entirely separate , or appear separate , from the overtly violent activities of those groups . Sometimes this is achieved by infiltrating political parties , labor unions , community groups , and charitable organizations '' . Infiltrating organizations is an important tool because these institutions are already seen as legitimate in the eyes of the people and provide a platform to express their ideas . When infiltrating , the dissident identifies needs of the organization and then links those needs to solutions that his ideology can provide . This was a technique that the Communist Party USA employed . Once the organization has been co-opted , the dissident can then move on to establishing ties with other groups . Furthermore , in addition to gaining possible legitimacy for its ideas the infiltration of these groups can , `` bolster political allies , attack government policies , and attract international support '' . If some organizations are too difficult to infiltrate , it may be necessary to create new organizations that appear to be independent but are actually under the direction of the subversive group . The infiltration of state organizations can provide subversive groups the opportunity to do many things to achieve their goals . The infiltration of security forces can provide information about the government 's capabilities and how they plan to address the group 's activities . Infiltration also provides the opportunity to plant false information , lead the government to misallocate resources , to steal funds , weapons , equipment , and other resources , and ultimately aid in weakening and delegitimizing the government . The targets of infiltration are not limited to the groups and institutions mentioned above . Economic industries and universities have also been the target for infiltration . In the case of universities , the liberal arts departments are more prone to subversion than the hard sciences . For precautionary measures one could possibly assume that any group , organization , or institution that may help sway the opinion and beliefs of the citizenry against the government could be a target for infiltration . Economics ( edit ) Economics can be both a tool of the internal and external subversive . For the external subversive simply cutting off credit can cause severe economic problems for a country . An example of this is the United States ' relations with Chile in the early 1970s . In an attempt to get Salvador Allende removed from office , the United States tried to weaken the Chilean economy . Chile received little foreign investments and the loss of credit prevented Chile from purchasing vital imports . An economic pressure of this kind prevents an economy from functioning and reduces a country 's standard of living . If the reduction is too great , the people may become willing to support a change in the government 's leadership . The main objective of economic pressures is to make it difficult for the country to fulfill its basic obligations to the citizenry either by cutting off trade or by depriving it of resources . The internal subversive can also use economics to put pressure on the government through use of the strike . An example of this is the Chilean Truckers ' Strike during the 1970s . The strike prevented the transport of food staples and forced nearly 50 % of the national economy to cease production . Activities of these kinds create human , economic , and political problems that , if not addressed , can challenge the competency of the government . Agitation and civil unrest ( edit ) As defined by Laurence Beilenson , agitation is `` subversive propaganda by action such as mass demonstrations or the political strike , that is , a strike not intended to benefit the union or workers in the ordinary sense , but intended instead against the government '' . Furthermore , propaganda and agitation , even when they are legal forms of freedom of speech , press , and assembly can still be classified as subversive activity . These tools further demonstrate the need to determine intent of those taking action to identify subversive activities . Civil unrest creates many of the problems that an insurgency campaign does . First of all it is an affront to government authority , and if the government is unable to quell the unrest it leads to an erosion of state power . This loss of power stems from the people 's lack of trust in the government to maintain law and order . In turn , the people begin to question whether or not new leadership is needed . Discrediting , disarming , and demoralizing the government is the goal of these activities and the cause of the government 's loss of power . Civil unrest depletes resources as the government is forced to spend more money on additional police . Additionally , civil unrest may be used to provoke a response from the government . In the 1940s communists in France during strikes against the Marshall Plan would , `` deliberately provoke the police and gendarmerie into acts of repressive violence in order to exploit the resulting ' martyrs to the cause ' for propaganda purposes '' . These martyrs and subsequent propaganda can be useful in turning political and social groups against each other . The less violent forms of unrest , `` such as worker absenteeism , passive resistance , boycotts , and deliberate attempts to cripple government agencies by ' overloading the system ' with false reports , can have powerfully disruptive effects , both economically and politically '' . Offensive terror ( edit ) Offensive terror can be defined as the killing of people , destruction of property , kidnapping , etc . It is usually a minor part of subversion and , `` is used not to exert force in the transfer of state power , but is meant to cower the people or ruler '' . Force used in this manner is meant to reinforce other forms or persuasion in addition to cowering the people or leaders . Additionally , much like civil unrest and agitation , it raises the question of whether or not the state can provide security for the population . Terror also provides a practical motivation of physically removing political opponents . The assassination of an organization 's leader may open the door to a successor that is more friendly to the subversives position or possibly someone that has successfully infiltrated the organization and is in fact one of the subversives . Bribery ( edit ) Bribery is one of the most common tools of subversion . Most societies see bribery as a form of corruption and it used as a subversive tool because it , `` implies the undermining of existing rules of political or moral conduct '' . It can also be one of the less reliable tools as well . Bribed officials are only useful if they take action . However actions taken over a period of time draw suspicion from the public . The official must be able to carefully conceal their actions or perform only key functions and action . For these reasons bribed officials are most effective when they are asked to take immediate action . In the case of external subversion , bribery is usually used for influence rather than for actions . Subverting cultural hegemony ( edit ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Subversion '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recent writers , in the post-modern and post-structuralist traditions ( including , particularly , feminist writers ) have prescribed a very broad form of subversion . It is not , directly , the parliamentary government which should be subverted in their view , but the dominant cultural forces , such as patriarchy , individualism , and scientism . This broadening of the target of subversion owes much to the ideas of Antonio Gramsci , who stressed that communist revolution required the erosion of the particular form of ' cultural hegemony ' within society . Theodor Adorno argued that the culture industry and its shallow entertainment was a system by which society was controlled through a top - down creation of standardized culture that intensified the commodification of artistic expression ; in 1938 he said that capitalism has colonized every aspect of life so much that `` every pleasure which emancipates itself from the exchange - value takes on subversive features '' . Using culture to bring about change to a political system through integration of political warfare and political action and the targeting of cultural vehicles and institutions is another tool of subversion . The use of the arts or more broadly culture is primarily a tool for external subversives , as internal subversives are generally citizens of the country and share the same culture . It is a tool that takes a longer period of time to implement and its effects are revealed over time , as opposed to those of a terrorist attack or civil unrest . Therefore , one could classify this tool as an element of strategic subversion . The targets of cultural subversive activities are traditionally film , literature , popular music , educational institutions , mass media , religious organizations , charitable organizations and other forms of art . The intended results of these activities are to persuade or co-opt publics , discredit the ideas of enemies and splitting factions within the enemy 's camp . The state is charged with the protection of the civilizational values of society ( liberty , equality , comradeship , compassion , democracy , education , the family , religion , rule of law , human and civil rights , etc . ) , `` including the cultural / aesthetic values that enhance the quality of life and maintain its legitimacy '' . In situations where the government is not being a good steward in protecting these values , the use of tools like literature , film , music can be used as a reminder of these values , as well as a forum to protest and question the government 's legitimacy . Additionally , art and culture allow people to connect on an emotional level that could soften negative perceptions one may be believed to have . Once the stigma has been removed , the target may be more receptive to other messages conveyed . This individual or group would no longer be seen as being completely different from them . Another example of how culture can be subversive is seen in Iran . Western culture , media , art , etc. is popular among the country 's youth , but certain elements are banned or curtailed . As the exportation of Western culture continues , conflict between the state and its citizens is created . The government is then seen as unresponsive or out of touch with its people . Laws ( edit ) Subversive activity ( edit ) Subversive activity is the lending of aid , comfort , and moral support to individuals , groups , or organizations that advocate the overthrow of incumbent governments by force and violence . All willful acts that are intended to be detrimental to the best interests of the government and that do not fall into the categories of treason , sedition , sabotage , or espionage are placed in the category of subversive activity . China ( edit ) See also : Inciting subversion of state power Subversion ( Chinese : 颠覆 ; pinyin : Diānfù ) is a crime in China . The government of the People 's Republic of China prosecutes subversives under Articles 102 through 112 of the state criminal law . These articles specify the types of behavior that constitute a threat to national security and China has prosecuted many dissidents including Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo using these laws . Of these , Articles 105 and 111 are the ones most commonly employed to silence political dissent . Article 105 criminalizes organizing , plotting , or carrying out subversion of the national order , or using rumor mongering or defamation or other means to incite subversion of the national order or the overthrow of the socialist system . Article 111 prohibits stealing , secretly collecting , purchasing , or illegally providing state secrets or intelligence to an organization , institution , or personnel outside the country . Italy ( edit ) Subversion is a crime in Italy ( Attentato alla Costituzione ) , under Article 283 of Italian criminal law ( Codice penale italiano ) and Associazione sovversiva , under Articles 270 and 270 - bis . United kingdom ( edit ) There is no crime defined as `` subversion '' ( as opposed to treason ) in British constitutional law . Attempts have been made to introduce definitions but there is no general consensus among political and legal theorists . Historically MI5 were entrusted with the legal investigative powers for concerns of threats to national security by subversion , but in the Security Service Act 1989 , subversion was not mentioned , and according to the official MI5 website , subversion is no longer investigated , due to a reduced threat as a result of the end of the Cold War and of associated political situations since the 1980s . United States ( edit ) 18 U.S.C. ch. 115 covers `` Treason , Sedition , and Subversive Activities '' in Federal law . As related above , members of the Communist Party were supposed by legislators to be subversives , especially between the 1917 Russian Revolution and the 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union . The House Un-American Activities Committee was formed in 1938 in order to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens , public employees , and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties . Senator Joseph McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread Communist subversion . The term `` McCarthyism '' , coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy 's practices , including public attacks on the character or patriotism of political opponents , was soon applied to similar anti-communist activities . Senator Pat McCarran sponsored the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 and the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 , both of which were hotly contested in the law courts , and by Harry Truman , who went so far as to veto the former ; however , the veto was overridden in the Senate by a margin of 57 to 10 . In 1943 , the Stone court ruled in a bitterly contested fashion that an avowed publisher of the Communist doctrine could be naturalized a citizen of the US , in Schneiderman v. United States , 320 U.S. 118 ( 1943 ) . Aptheker v. Secretary of State tested in 1964 whether a passport could be disallowed to a Communist . Aptheker won . Elfbrandt v. Russell involved questions concerning the constitutionality of an Arizona Act requiring an oath from state employees . William O. Douglas wrote in 1966 for a strongly divided court the majority opinion that the State could not require the oath and accompanying statutory gloss . The Warren court ruled by 5 - 4 majority in Keyishian v. Board of Regents ( of SUNY ) to strike down New York State law that prohibited membership by professors in any organization that advocated the overthrow of the US government , or any organization that was held by the Regents to be `` treasonous '' or `` seditious '' . The Regents also required teachers and employees to sign an oath that they were not members of the Communist Party . See also ( edit ) Agent of influence Agent provocateur Democratic elements of Roman Republic Destabilisation Counter-insurgency Information Warfare Political warfare in British colonial India Psychological warfare Revolution Sedition Subvertising , a portmanteau of subverting and advertising Yuri Bezmenov Active measures References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blackstock , Paul W. ( 1964 ) . The Strategy of Subversion : Manipulating the Politics of Other Nations ( Hardcover ) ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : Quadrangle Books . p. 56 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hosmer , Stephen T. ; George , K. Tanham ( 1986 ) . `` Countering Covert Aggression '' . Notes . Santa Monica , California : RAND Corporation : 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Stone , Laurie ( 1 August 1997 ) . `` Laughing in the Dark : A Decade of Subversive Comedy '' . The Ecco Press -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Subversive Comedies '' . Jump up ^ `` 28 Most Subversive Comedians Ever '' . 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosenau , William ( 2007 ) . Subversion and Insurgency : RAND Counterinsurgency Study -- Paper 2 . Occasional Papers . Santa Monica , California : RAND Corporation . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8330 - 4123 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hosmer , Stephen T. ; Tanham , George K. ( 1986 ) . `` Countering Covert Aggression '' . notes . Santa Monica , California : RAND Corporation : 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kitson , Frank , Low Intensity Operations : Subversion , Insurgency and Peacekeeping ( London : Faber and Faber Limited , 1971 ) , Pg. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Spjut , R.J. ( 1979 ) . `` Defining Subversion '' . British Journal of Law and Society . 6 ( 2 ) : 254 -- 261 . Jump up ^ Rosenau , Subversion and Insurgency , Pg. 4 . Jump up ^ Blackstock , Paul W. ( 1964 ) . The Strategy of Subversion : Manipulating the Politics of Other Nations ( Hardcover ) ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : Quadrangle Books . p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : DoD ; Joint Education and Doctrine Division ( November 2010 ) . `` Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms : ( As Amended Through 15 May 2011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Joint Publication 1 - 02 . Department of Defense . p. 351 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bezmenov ( Ex-KGB ) , Yuri . `` Soviet subversion of Western Society ( 1983 ) '' . Yuri Bezmenov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kitson , 1971 , Pg. 5 . Jump up ^ Beilenson , Laurence , Power Through Subversion ( Washington , D.C. : Public Affairs Press , 1972 ) , Pg . v -- vi . Jump up ^ Beilenson , 1972 , pg . vi . ^ Jump up to : Beilenson , 1972 , pg . v . Jump up ^ Blackstock , 1964 , 57 . Jump up ^ Beilenson , 1972 , pg . v - vi . Jump up ^ Beilenson , 1972 , pg . vii . ^ Jump up to : Rosenau , Subversion , pg. 6 . Jump up ^ Budenz , Louis . The Techniques of Communism . ( Chicago : Henry Regnery , 1954 ) , Pg. 155 . Jump up ^ Rosenau , Subversion , pg. 6 Jump up ^ Rosenau , Subversion , pg. 6 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kittell , Allan . `` Subversion , Progress , and Higher Education . '' AAUP Bulletin . Vol. 51 , No. 4 ( September 1965 ) : Pg. 363 . Jump up ^ Qureshi , Lubna . Nixon , Kissinger , and Allende : U.S. Involvement in the 1973 coup in Chile . ( Lanham , MD : Lexington Books , 2009 ) , Pg. 115 . Jump up ^ Sigmund , Paul . The Overthrow of Allende and the Politics of Chile , 1964 - 1976 . ( Pittsburg : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1977 ) , Pg. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Beilenson , 1972 , pg . viii . Jump up ^ Clutterbuck , Richard , Protest and the Urban Guerrilla , New York : Abelard - Schuman , 1973 , Pg. 274 . Jump up ^ Blackstock , 1964 , pg. 84 . Jump up ^ Rosenau , Subversion , pg. 8 . Jump up ^ Kitson , 1971 , Pg. 4 . Jump up ^ Rhyne , Russell . `` Patterns of Subversion by Violence . '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . Vol. 341 ( May 1962 ) : Pg. 66 . Jump up ^ Beilenson , 1972 , pg 77 . Jump up ^ Adorno ( 1938 ) On the Fetish - Character in Music and the Regression of Listening , Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung ( Magazine for Social Research ) . This essay will be republished in the 1956 collection Dissonanzen . Musik in der verwalteten Welt . Jump up ^ Lenczowski , John . `` Cultural Diplomacy , Political Influence and Integrated Strategy '' , in Waller , ed. , Strategic Influence : Public Diplomacy , Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare ( IWP Press , 2008 ) , Pg 24 . Jump up ^ Waller , J. Michael , ed . `` The Public Diplomacy Reader '' ( Institute of World Politics Press , 2007 ) , Pg. 198 . Jump up ^ Lenczowski . Cultural Diplomacy . Pg 24 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kapferer , Judith , ed . `` The State and the Arts : Articulating Power and Subversion . '' ( New York : Berghahn Books , 2008 ) , Pg. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Silencing Critics by Exploiting National Security and State Secrets Laws . Congressional - Executive Commission on China ( Report ) . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Coliver , Sandra ( 1999 ) . Secrecy and liberty : national security , freedom of expression and access to information . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 1191 - 3 . Jump up ^ Coliver , 1999 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Gill , Peter ( 1994 ) . Policing politics : security intelligence and the liberal democratic state . Routledge . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 3490 - 6 Jump up ^ Military Intelligence 5 of the United Kingdom - Subversion published by The Crown ( Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 ) External links ( edit ) Look up subversion in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Address before the National Association of Manufacturers '' on the Soviet military and political threat by Allen Welsh Dulles ( 1959 ) - lower - middle portion of web page Media manipulation Context Bias Crowd psychology Deception Dumbing down False balance Half - truths Machiavellianism Media Obfuscation Orwellian Persuasion Psychological manipulation Activism Alternative media Boycott Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstrations Guerrilla communication Hacktivism Internet Media Occupations Petitions Protests Youth Advertising Billboards False Infomercials Mobiles Modeling Radio Sex Slogans Testimonials TV Criticism of advertising Censorship Regulation Books Broadcast law Burying of scholars Corporate Cover - ups Euphemism Films Historical negationism Internet Political Religious Self Hoaxing Alternative facts April Fools ' Fake news website Fakelore Fictitious entries Forgery Gaslighting List Literary Racial Urban legend Virus Marketing Branding Loyalty Product Product placement Publicity Research Word of mouth News media Agenda - setting Broadcasting Circus Cycle False balance Infotainment Managing Narcotizing dysfunction Newspeak Pseudo-event Scrum Sensationalism Tabloid journalism Political campaigning Advertising Astroturfing Attack ad Canvassing Character assassination Charm offensive Dog - whistle politics Election promises Lawn signs Manifestos Name recognition Negative Push polling Smear campaign Wedge issue Propaganda Bandwagon Crowd manipulation Disinformation Fearmongering Framing Indoctrination Loaded language Lying press National mythology Techniques Psychological warfare Airborne leaflets False flag Fifth column Information ( IT ) Lawfare Political Public diplomacy Sedition Subversion Public relations Cult of personality Doublespeak Non-apology apology Reputation management Slogans Sound bites Spin Transfer Understatement Weasel words Sales Cold calling Door - to - door Pricing Product demonstrations Promotion Promotional merchandise Telemarketing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subversion&oldid=852961747 '' Categories : Political terminology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių മലയാളം Norsk Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 14 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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what is the meaning of the word subversion
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"Subversion (Latin subvertere: overthrow) refers to a process by which the values and principles of a system in place are contradicted or reversed, an attempt to transform the established social order and its structures of power, authority, hierarchy, and social norms. Subversion can be described as an attack on the public morale and, \"the will to resist intervention are the products of combined political and social or class loyalties which are usually attached to national symbols. Following penetration, and parallel with the forced disintegration of political and social institutions of the state, these loyalties may be detached and transferred to the political or ideological cause of the aggressor\".[1] Subversion is used as a tool to achieve political goals because it generally carries less risk, cost, and difficulty as opposed to open belligerency. Furthermore, it is a relatively cheap form of warfare that does not require large amounts of training.[2] A subversive is something or someone carrying the potential for some degree of subversion. In this context, a \"subversive\" is sometimes called a \"traitor\" with respect to (and usually by) the government in power.\n"
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"a process by which the values and principles of a system in place are contradicted or reversed, an attempt to transform the established social order and its structures of power"
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2017 World Series
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2017 World Series - wikipedia 2017 World Series For other uses , see 2017 World Series ( disambiguation ) . 2017 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) Dave Roberts 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer ( Houston ) Umpires Phil Cuzzi ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner ( Games 3 -- 7 ) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Rolando Nichols , Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta ( Fox Deportes ) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 ( HOU -- English ) FM 94.1 HD3 ( HOU -- Spanish ) AM 570 LA Sports ( LAD -- English ) Univision America 1020 ( LAD -- Spanish ) Radio Korea 1540 ( LAD -- Korean ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández ( ESPN Deportes ) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks ( HOU -- English ) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero ( HOU -- Spanish ) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday ( LAD -- English ) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín ( LAD -- Spanish ) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim ( LAD -- Korean ) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series 2018 → The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was played between October 24 and November 1 . The series was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , also becoming the first team from Texas to do so . It was the first time since 2002 when two consecutive World Series went to seven games . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Chase Utley in 2009 . This was the first World Series in which home - field advantage was decided by the regular season record of the two pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home - field advantage had been determined by coin flips and by alternating between the AL and NL . From 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All - Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . The Dodgers earned home - field advantage over the Astros . The series was played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , with the Dodgers hosting Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 ; and the Astros hosting Games 3 , 4 , and 5 . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Summary 3 Pre-game ceremonies 4 Game summaries 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 4.7 Game 7 4.8 Composite line score 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Ratings 5.2 Radio 6 Sponsorship 7 Impact and aftermath 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) This was the first World Series matchup , and second postseason meeting overall , between the Astros and Dodgers . Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year . The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie - breaker game . This was the first Fall Classic since 1970 , and the eighth overall , in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season . The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season The Dodgers held a 91 -- 36 record through August 25 . They won their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . In the postseason , the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year 's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games . This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988 , the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958 , and the 19th overall . Entering the 2017 World Series , the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings , a postseason record for a bullpen . Additionally , by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48 -- 19 margin , the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third - best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995 . All - Star shortstop Corey Seager , who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury , was included on the Dodgers ' World Series roster . Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series , as well as the fourth African - American manager . Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Houston Astros season The Astros wore a patch during the 2017 World Series in support of Hurricane Harvey victims in Houston With a 101 -- 61 regular season record , the team won its first American League West title , and their first division title since 2001 . In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in seven games . This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League . The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey . The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word `` Strong '' on the bottom of the patch , as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong . Manager A.J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team was n't just playing for a title , but to help boost moral support for the city . On August 31 , just seconds before the midnight deadline , the Astros traded for Detroit Tigers pitcher Justin Verlander . Following the trade , including the regular season and postseason to this point , Verlander had posted a 9 -- 0 win - loss record with a 1.23 earned run average . He was named the ALCS MVP . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 24 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2 : 28 54,253 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 ( 11 ) Dodger Stadium 4 : 19 54,293 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 , Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3 : 46 43,282 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 06 43,322 5 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12 , Houston Astros -- 13 ( 10 ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 17 43,300 6 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3 : 22 54,128 7 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3 : 37 54,124 Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) A F - 16 Fighting Falcon flies past Dodger Stadium during the pre-game ceremonial flyover before Game 2 . Game 1 : The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson 's family , including his widow Rachel . The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson 's death , and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line . Keith Williams Jr. , a gospel singer , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem . Game 2 : Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager ; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully . Country music 's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem . Game 3 : Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt , who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims , threw out the first pitch . The ball was given to him by Astros ' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio . The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris . Game 4 : Hailey Dawson , a seven - year - old girl from Nevada , threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand . The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet . Game 5 : Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch . His father , former President George H.W. Bush handed him the ball . Justin Verlander caught the pitch . Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem . Game 6 : Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda , celebrating the Dodgers ' 1988 World Series title , each threw out the ceremonial first pitch . Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem . Game 7 : The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem . The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax . Rick Monday , Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well . Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Clayton Kershaw pitched seven innings with 11 strikeouts in winning Game 1 . October 24 , 2017 , 5 : 11 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Clayton Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dallas Keuchel ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Alex Bregman ( 1 ) LAD : Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,253 The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded . Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers , while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros . Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel 's first pitch of the game . It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history ( following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ) . Alex Bregman hit a tying home run for the Astros in the fourth inning . In the sixth inning , Justin Turner hit a go - ahead two - run home run for the Dodgers . Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in ( RBIs ) in Dodgers postseason history with 26 . Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 ⁄ innings . Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save . The two - hour , 28 - minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992 . Game 2 ( edit ) George Springer drove in the game - winning run in Game 2 . October 25 , 2017 , 5 : 17 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 WP : Chris Devenski ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brandon McCarthy ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Marwin González ( 1 ) , José Altuve ( 1 ) , Carlos Correa ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,293 The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros . The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning . Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth . Joc Pederson tied the game with a home run in the bottom of the fifth inning , and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two - run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning . Verlander allowed two hits , both home runs , in his six innings pitched . Carlos Correa drove in the Astros ' second run of the game on a single in the eighth , ending the Dodgers bullpen 's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason . Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game . This was only Jansen 's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities , a major league record . The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead . In the bottom of the inning , Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game , with the latter being the Dodgers ' first run that was not driven in by a home run . In the next inning , George Springer hit a two - run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski , who later struck out Puig to end the game . This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth , tenth and eleventh inning . The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight and this was the first time in MLB history , regular season or postseason , that five home runs were hit in extra innings . The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . Game 3 ( edit ) Lance McCullers Jr. earned the win in Game 3 . October 27 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 12 0 WP : Lance McCullers Jr. ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Brad Peacock ( 1 ) Home runs : LAD : None HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,282 The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros . The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman . Darvish left the game after 1 ⁄ innings , which was the shortest outing of his career . The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks . The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5 ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits . Brad Peacock replaced McCullers , completing the final 3 ⁄ innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save . It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor 's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series , and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save , first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS . Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run . He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito , which translates to `` little Chinese Boy '' ; Darvish is from Japan . Gurriel apologized , and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba , although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there . As a result , Rob Manfred , the Commissioner of Baseball , suspended Gurriel for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay , but allowed him to continue playing in the World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Joc Pederson hit a three - run home run in Game 4 . October 28 , 2017 , 7 : 20 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ken Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Joc Pederson ( 2 ) HOU : George Springer ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) Attendance : 43,322 The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros . Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame . It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game . Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh . Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6 ⁄ innings . Bellinger then drove in the go - ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three - run homer by Pederson . Bregman hit a home run off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth inning , but the Dodgers won the game to even up the series . The Astros had two hits in the game ; both were home runs . This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners . After Game 4 , both teams ' pitching coaches , Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros , commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season . Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders . Game 5 ( edit ) Alex Bregman drove in the game - winning run in Game 5 . October 29 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 12 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 WP : Joe Musgrove ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Kenley Jansen ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , George Springer ( 3 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,300 Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5 , in a rematch of the opening game of the series . Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early . A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel . Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe . Keuchel pitched 3 ⁄ innings for the Astros , allowing five hits and four runs ( three earned ) . The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning , followed by a three - run home run by Gurriel to tie the game . Bellinger hit a three - run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three - run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up . Kershaw pitched 4 ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks . A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow , who was pitching for the third consecutive day , to tie the game . Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game , and then Correa hit a two - run home run to extend the lead . Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning , but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning . That was the 21st home run of the series , tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . Down to their last strike , Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single . In the tenth inning , McCann was hit by a pitch to put him on base with two outs . Subsequently , Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base . McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher . On the next pitch , Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run . The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game , the other was the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15 -- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record . This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run ( 14 to date in the World Series ) . With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game , this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14 -- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes , making it the second longest World Series game in history by time . Game 6 ( edit ) Kenley Jansen recorded a two - inning save in Game 6 . October 31 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , overcast Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Justin Verlander ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 4 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) Attendance : 54,128 Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game : Verlander and Hill . Springer hit a home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night . It was Springer 's fourth homer of the series , tied for third all - time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a World Series . Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series . The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning , but did not score . Hill pitched 4 ⁄ innings , struck out five and allowed four hits and one run . In the sixth inning , Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead . Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed . Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save . Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit . Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter , set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game . George Springer hit his fifth home run in Game 7 , tying the World Series record . Game 7 ( edit ) November 1 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Charlie Morton ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) LAD : None Attendance : 54,124 This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium ( and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS , and the Dodgers ' first World Series Game 7 since 1965 ) . It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season . This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back - to - back Fall Classics had a Game 7 . The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game : McCullers and Darvish . Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger , which allowed Bregman to reach second base . Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout . McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers . Springer hit a two - run home run , his fifth of the series , tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series . As in Game 3 , Darvish lasted only 1 ⁄ innings ( tying the shortest outing of his career ) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series , and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series . Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series , joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series . McCullers lasted only 2 ⁄ innings himself ; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters . This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning . The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings . Ethier , pinch hitting , scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers ' only run . They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game . Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game , and in the process , he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout . Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win , as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve , who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game , with the Astros winning their first championship in franchise history , and ending their 56 - year drought . Springer won the World Series MVP Award . After Game 7 , Correa proposed to his girlfriend , 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez , on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal . She accepted . Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston Astros 7 5 34 56 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 9 8 34 47 Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , Marwin González ( 1 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) , Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Total attendance : 346,702 Average attendance : 49,529 Winning player 's share : $438,901.57 . Losing player 's share : $259,722.14 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with Joe Buck serving as the play - by - play announcer , along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . For Fox Deportes , Rolando Nichols provided play - by - play while Carlos Álvarez and Edgar Gonzalez provided color commentary . Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows , joined by analysts Keith Hernandez , David Ortiz , Alex Rodriguez , and Frank Thomas . Outside the United States , MLB International televised the series , with Matt Vasgersian on play - by - play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary . Ratings ( edit ) Downtown Houston skyline during the 2017 World Series Further information : World Series television ratings According to Nielsen ratings , this series was the third highest rated since 2005 , trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series . For the second straight year , a World Series game , Game 5 , beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 8.7 15 14.97 9.2 18 15.48 8.8 17 15.68 8.7 17 15.40 5 10.5 21 18.94 6 12.6 23 22.23 7 15.8 28 28.24 Radio ( edit ) ESPN Radio broadcast the series nationally in English , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network , while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton . The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada , as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app . Spanish - language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio , with Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández announcing . Locally , both teams ' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . Sportstalk 790 aired the English - language broadcast for the Houston area , with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games . In Los Angeles , AM 570 LA Sports aired the English - language broadcast , with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing . In Spanish , Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast , with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call . In Korean , Radio Korea 1540 aired the series , with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth . Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series ; the internet television service YouTube TV is the first - ever presenting sponsor of the World Series . The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV . This sponsorship includes logo branding in - stadium and on official digital properties , as well as commercial inventory during Fox 's telecasts of the games . Impact and aftermath ( edit ) The Astros earned $30,420,155.57 from postseason pool money to split among team personnel ; each share was worth $438,901.57 . The Dodgers received $20,280,103.72 , with shares of $259,722.14 The sportsbooks in Nevada lost $11.4 million in November 2017 , a record for baseball - related betting . The city of Houston held a parade for the Astros on November 3 , 2017 , which Mayor Sylvester Turner proclaimed was `` Houston Astros ' Day '' . An estimated 750,000 to one million attended the parade . Springer and Altuve appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated 's November 13 , 2017 , issue , with Altuve holding the Commissioner 's Trophy and Springer holding a copy of a Sports Illustrated from 2014 that predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Los Angeles portal Houston portal 2017 Korean Series 2017 Japan Series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except 1904 and 1994 , when the World Series was not held Jump up ^ The Astros moved to the American League West from the National League Central before the 2013 season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Davis named chief of World Series ump crew '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube TV Swings for 2017 World Series Hits in MLB Pact '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overview of World Series home - field advantage '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers complete record - setting World Series '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer wins World Series MVP , ties record with five homers '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` 1994 strike most embarrassing moment in MLB history '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` The meaning of home - field advantage : For the first time in World Series history , Game 1 belongs to the team with the best record '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Dayn ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Who has home - field advantage in the World Series ? The Dodgers , and here 's why : The process for determining home - field advantage in the World Series is different in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Whicker : Dodgers , Houston Astros try to rekindle their 80s rivalry '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers , Astros renew rivalry in World Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ; Randhawa , Manny ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers joins 100 - win Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros vs. Dodgers is the first World Series between 100 - win teams in 47 years '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers bullpen sets record for consecutive scoreless innings in a postseason '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers Dominated Like Few Pennant Winners In Recent History '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baer , Bill ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Seager will be included on Dodgers ' World Series roster '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Roberts can join Cito Gaston as the only black managers to win World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Astros clinch first AL West title , first division title overall since 2001 : The Astros have their first division title since moving to the AL in 2013 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves , sends Astros to series '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy , Randy ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` A look back : Astros 2005 World Series run '' . KPRC - TV . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : Four facts that make the Astros - Dodgers clash historic '' . USA Today . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane - ravaged Houston '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers deal Justin Verlander to Astros in last - minute deadline stunner '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 : A look at the pitching matchup between Rich Hill and Justin Verlander '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Verlander named ALCS MVP after superb starts '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 2 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 3 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 6 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family threw out the first pitch for Game 1 of the World Series '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family tosses first pitch as Dodgers take Game 1 of World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Gospel Singer Keith Williams Jr . Sings National Anthem at Game 1 '' . Billboard . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Vin Scully brings Dodgers legends for 1st pitch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beloved Scully delights Dodgers fans at Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Brad Paisley Performs the National Anthem at Game 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( @ brianmctaggart ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` On Friday , Texans DL JJ Watt will throw out ceremonial first pitch and Hall of Famer Craig Biggio will deliver the game ball '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt tosses first pitch at Game 3 '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` National anthem lineup set for World Series games at MMP '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - year - old with 3 - D printed hand to throw out World Series first pitch '' . CBS News . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 first pitch tossed by young girl with prosthetic hand '' . ESPN . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` World Series : George Bush will throw out first pitch for Game 5 in Houston '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodger greats Tommy Lasorda and Orel Hershisher throw out ceremonial first pitch for Game 6 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Mark . `` 2017 World Series National Anthem singers '' . AXS . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sandy Koufax , Don Newcombe , Rick Monday , and Steve Garvey all showed up for Game 7 's ceremonial first pitch '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobo , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` 103 - degree heat shatters World Series record '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varela , Ashley ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 will feature Dallas Keuchel vs. Clayton Kershaw '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 1 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw aces Astros , rewrites October reputation in Dodgers ' Game 1 win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Red hot ! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Astros , Dodgers author a classic Fall Classic thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros : Game 3 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Darvish has shortest outing of career in first World Series start ; Astros top Dodgers 5 - 3 in Game 3 '' . The Dallas Morning News . Associated Press . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Astros rock Darvish , power their way to 2 -- 1 lead over Dodgers '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 3 : Los Angeles Dodgers 3 -- 5 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros use 1 -- 2 punch to take 2 -- 1 WS lead '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Peacock 's relief performance a Series classic : Astros righty delivers 3 2 / 3 hitless , scoreless innings for first career save '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Dylan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Some look askew at Yuli Gurriel 's dugout squint '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Yuli Gurriel Apologizes After a Racist Gesture Aimed at Yu Darvish '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott . `` MLB mulls discipline after Yuli Gurriel 's insensitive gesture '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gurriel suspended for first 5 games in 2018 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Yuli Gurriel wo n't be suspended for any World Series games , MLB rules '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Greg ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 4 pitching foes come from Braves stock '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 4 : Los Angeles Dodgers 6 -- 2 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers break Astros ' home spell , even Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Historic World Series Home Run Rate may be Result of Slicker Baseballs '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` The top Cy Young duels in World Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 5 : Los Angeles Dodgers 12 -- 13 Houston Astros -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk - off fashion to take World Series lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers - Astros Game 5 : What to know about maybe the best World Series game ever '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't make this up ! Astros earn insane W '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game , Combined '' . ESPN . Associates Press . October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : 11 crazy facts from Astros ' insane Game 5 win vs. Dodgers '' . Usatoday.com . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Perspective Game 5 of the 2017 World Series was not the best ever . But it was an instant classic '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs Astros Game 6 : Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info ( @ ESPNStatsInfo ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace ( 1972 ) as the only players to hit 4 game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a # WorldSeries '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ High Heat Stats ( @ HighHeatStats ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Players to homer in 4 games of a single World Series : Hank Bauer 1958 , won series Barry Bonds 2002 , lost series GEORGE SPRINGER 2017 , ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA solves JV ! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA as confident as can be with G7 at home '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers , Astros push their wonderful World Series to Game 7 '' . Fox Sports . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Normandin , Marc ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers World Series heads to decisive Game 7 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 7 : Houston Astros 5 - 1 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Clayton Kershaw sets Dodgers postseason strikeout record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Stefan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Carlos Correa caps World Series with live , post-game proposal to girlfriend '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` World Series schedule 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffarth , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hoffarth on the media : Fox Deportes ' Nichols fills important role in 2017 Serie Mundial '' . Daily News . Orange County Register . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Channel is the World Series ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lucia , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Your 2017 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series draws third - highest viewership since 2005 '' . Awful Announcing . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game 5 of the World Series Beats Sunday Night Football in TV Ratings '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 Second-Most Watched Since 2010 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 2 Third-Most Watched in a Decade '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Posts Second - Best Game 3 Audience Since 2005 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Scores Second - Best Saturday Audience Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Third - Best in Decade Entering Game 6 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers Game 6 Among Top World Series Games Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Over 28 Million For World Series Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN Radio to Provide Comprehensive Coverage of the 113th World Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Astros : Your ' 17 World Series TV Schedule '' . LATF . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry . `` MLB close to selling first World Series presenting sponsorship '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry ; Ourand , John . `` YouTube TV Digital Pay Service Signs On To Be First World Series Presenting Sponsor '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MLB postseason shares : Astros to split record $30.42 million '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros ' title results in $11.4 million baseball loss for Las Vegas sportsbooks in November '' . Espn.com . December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian . `` Houston pays tribute to Astros with parade '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Matt ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Jose Altuve , George Springer make Sports Illustrated cover '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) 2017 World Series at Baseball Reference 2017 Major League Baseball postseason Part of the 2017 Major League Baseball season World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League Wild Card Game National League Wild Card Game American League teams Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians Houston Astros Minnesota Twins New York Yankees National League teams Arizona Diamondbacks Chicago Cubs Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers Washington Nationals World Series Series not held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate , or in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Pre-World Series champions Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Book : World Series Category : World Series Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. 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Pierzynski Harold Reynolds Frank Robinson Ken Singleton John Smoltz Jeff Torborg Tom Verducci Guest commentators Bret Boone David Cone Terry Francona Luis Gonzalez Ozzie Guillén Al Leiter David Ortiz A.J. Pierzynski Lou Piniella Jimmy Rollins Nick Swisher Field reporters Erin Andrews Curt Menefee Chris Myers Ken Rosenthal Studio hosts Greg Amsinger Kevin Burkhardt Chip Caray Brian Kenny Keith Olbermann Patrick O'Neal Chris Rose Rob Stone Jeanne Zelasko Studio analysts Eric Byrnes Keith Hernandez Raúl Ibañez Gabe Kapler Kevin Kennedy Kevin Millar C.J. Nitkowski Dan Plesac Billy Ripken Pete Rose Mark Sweeney Frank Thomas Mitch Williams Dontrelle Willis Dave Winfield Lore The Flip Play ( 2001 ) Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The 53 - Minute 7th Inning ( 2015 ) Regular season 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Philip Humber 's perfect game ( 2012 ) World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty ( 2001 ) Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction ( 2013 ) The End of The Curse ( 2016 ) The Wedding Proposal ( 2017 ) Baseball - related curses Curse of the Bambino Curse of the Billy Goat Curse of Rocky Colavito World Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 AL Championship Series 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Championship Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 AL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Division Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2014 2016 2018 2020 All - Star Game 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Music `` At Last '' `` Con te partirò '' `` Golden Autumn Day '' `` The Golden Age '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' `` On Top '' `` The Rising '' Scott Schreer `` The Scientist '' `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' `` Time of Your Life '' `` Walk On '' Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio Play - by - play Charley Steiner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Jon Miller ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Dan Shulman ( 2002 -- present ) Gary Thorne ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Jon Sciambi ( 2010 -- present ) Analysts Kevin Kennedy ( 1998 ) Dave Campbell ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Chris Singleton ( 2011 -- present ) Studio hosts Joe D'Ambrosio ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Marc Kestecher ( 2008 -- present ) AL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 AL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 AL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 All - Star Game 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 World Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related programs ESPN Major League Baseball Major League Baseball Game of the Week Sunday Night Baseball Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Lore 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Death of Osama bin Laden Grand Slam Single Tie - breaker games 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff 2007 NL Wild Card Playoff 2008 AL Central Playoff 2009 AL Central Playoff 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker Divisional Series games The Flip Play `` The Bug Game '' Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter `` The Illegal Slide Game '' `` The 53 - Minute 7th Inning '' World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction End of the Curse of the Billy Goat Chicago Cubs Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Curse of the Billy Goat New York Yankees Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Related articles Major League Baseball on the radio Home Run Derby 2017 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston NY Yankees Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chi White Sox Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Houston LA Angels Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Miami NY Mets Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chi Cubs Cincinnati Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado LA Dodgers San Diego San Francisco 2017 MLB draft 2017 All - Star Game 2017 MLB Little League Classic Players Weekend 2017 World Series Houston Astros 2017 World Series champions 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 3 Cameron Maybin 4 George Springer ( World Series MVP ) 9 Marwin González 10 Yuli Gurriel 11 Evan Gattis 15 Carlos Beltrán 16 Brian McCann 21 Derek Fisher 22 Josh Reddick 27 José Altuve 30 Juan Centeno 31 Collin McHugh 35 Justin Verlander ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Will Harris 41 Brad Peacock 43 Lance McCullers Jr . 44 Luke Gregerson 46 Francisco Liriano 47 Chris Devenski 50 Charlie Morton 53 Ken Giles 59 Joe Musgrove 60 Dallas Keuchel Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Bench Coach 26 Alex Cora First Base Coach 48 Rich Dauer Third Base Coach 8 Gary Pettis Pitching Coach 56 Brent Strom Hitting Coach 39 Dave Hudgens Assistant Hitting Coach 55 Alonzo Powell Bullpen Coach 52 Craig Bjornson Bullpen Catcher 85 Javier Bracamonte Bullpen Catcher 96 Carlos Muñoz Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Houston Astros Established in 1962 Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Jeff Luhnow General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros DSL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers St. Louis Cardinals ( former divison rival ) Atlanta Braves ( former playoff rival ) Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Los Angeles Dodgers Established in 1884 Formerly the Brooklyn Robins and the Brooklyn Dodgers Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise History in Brooklyn History in Los Angeles Seasons Award winners Records No - hitters Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Coaches Broadcasters Los Angeles Dodgers Radio Network SportsNet LA Hall of Famers Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Washington Park Eastern Park Ridgewood Park Washington Park Ebbets Field Roosevelt Stadium Proposed domed stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Dodger Stadium Spring training : Whittington Park Majestic Park Barrs Field Tinker Field Clearwater Athletic Field City Island Ball Park Gran Stadium de La Habana Holman Stadium Camelback Ranch Culture Dodger Dog The First Rick Monday saves the American flag Chavez Ravine Dodger blue `` I Love L.A. '' Roy Campanella Award Historic Dodgertown Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Nancy Bea Hilda Chester 2011 bankruptcy 42 Lore Chronicle - Telegraph Cup 1955 World Series Fernandomania Kirk Gibson 's 1988 World Series home run Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak Sandy Koufax 's perfect game `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' NL tie - breaker games / series 1946 NL tie - breaker series 1951 NL tie - breaker series 1959 NL tie - breaker series 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Rivalries San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels New York Yankees Subway Series Hall of Fame members Walter Alston Roy Campanella Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Willie Keeler Sandy Koufax Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Walter O'Malley Pee Wee Reese Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Don Sutton Dazzy Vance Zack Wheat Key personnel Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management President : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Manager : Dave Roberts World Series Championships ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 League pennants ( 23 ) American Association : 1889 National League : 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 2017 Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 ( first half ) 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Minor league affiliates AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers AA : Tulsa Drillers A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes A : Great Lakes Loons Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors Rookie : AZL Dodgers DSL Dodgers Guerrero DSL Dodgers Robinson Minor League Rosters Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_World_Series&oldid=853819637 '' Categories : 2017 Major League Baseball season World Series 2017 in sports in California 2017 in sports in Texas 2010s in Houston 2017 in Los Angeles October 2017 sports events in the United States November 2017 sports events in the United States Houston Astros postseason Los Angeles Dodgers postseason Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 04 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who did astros play in the world series
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"The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2017 season. The 113th edition of the World Series, it was played between October 24 and November 1. The series was a best-of-seven playoff between the National League (NL) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League (AL) champion Houston Astros. It was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV.[2][3]\n"
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"Los Angeles Dodgers"
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Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk
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Braden scale for Predicting pressure ulcer risk - wikipedia Braden scale for Predicting pressure ulcer risk The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk , is a tool that was developed in 1987 by Barbara Braden and Nancy Bergstrom . The purpose of the scale is to help health professionals , especially nurses , assess a patient 's risk of developing a pressure ulcer . Contents 1 Assessment using the Braden Scale 1.1 Sensory perception 1.2 Moisture 1.3 Activity 1.4 Mobility 1.5 Nutrition 1.6 Friction and Shear 2 Scoring with the Braden Scale 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Assessment using the Braden scale ( edit ) The Braden scale assesses a patient 's risk of developing a pressure ulcer by examining six criteria : Sensory perception ( edit ) This parameter measures a patient 's ability to detect and respond to discomfort or pain that is related to pressure on parts of their body . The ability to sense pain itself plays into this category , as does the level of consciousness of a patient and therefore their ability to cognitively react to pressure - related discomfort . Moisture ( edit ) Excessive and continuous skin moisture can pose a risk to compromise the integrity of the skin by causing the skin tissue to become macerated and therefore be at risk for epidermal erosion . So this category assesses the degree of moisture the skin is exposed to . Activity ( edit ) This category looks at a patient 's level of physical activity since very little or no activity can encourage atrophy of muscles and breakdown of tissue . Mobility ( edit ) This category looks at the capability of a patient to adjust their body position independently . This assesses the physical competency to move and can involve the clients willingness to move . Nutrition ( edit ) The assessment of a client 's nutritional status looks at their normal patterns of daily nutrition . Eating only portions of meals or having imbalanced nutrition can indicate a high risk in this category . Friction and shear ( edit ) Friction and shear looks at the amount of assistance a client needs to move and the degree of sliding on beds or chairs that they experience . This category is assessed because the sliding motion can cause shear which means the skin and bone are moving in opposite directions causing breakdown of cell membranes and capillaries . Moisture enhances the susceptibility of friction . Scoring with the Braden scale ( edit ) Each category is rated on a scale of 1 to 4 , excluding the ' friction and shear ' category which is rated on a 1 - 3 scale . This combines for a possible total of 23 points , with a higher score meaning a lower risk of developing a pressure ulcer and vice versa . A score of 23 means there is no risk for developing a pressure ulcer while the lowest possible score of 6 points represents the severest risk for developing a pressure ulcer . The Braden Scale assessment score scale : Very High Risk : Total Score 9 or less High Risk : Total Score 10 - 12 Moderate Risk : Total Score 13 - 14 Mild Risk : Total Score 15 - 18 No Risk : Total Score 19 - 23 See also ( edit ) Pressure ulcer Wound healing Waterlow score References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kozier , Barbara , Glenora Erb , Shirlee Snyder , and Audrey Berman . Fundamentals of Nursing : Concepts , Process , and Practice . 8th ed . Upper Saddle Riveer , NJ : Pearson Education , 2008 . 905 - 907 . Print . Jump up ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine , Initials. ( 2009 , May 20 ) . 2009aa braden scale source information . Retrieved from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/sourcereleasedocs/2009AA/LNC_BRADEN/ Jump up ^ Cassell , Charisse . `` Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment : The Braden Scale for Prediction Pressure Sore Risk . '' Health Services Advisory Group of California , Inc. , n.d. Web . 25 Feb 2011 . < http://www.hsag.com/App_Resources/Documents/CA_HSAG_LS3_Risk_Cassell.pdf > Archived July 12 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bedsores ( pressure sores ) . '' Mayo Clinic , 30 Mar 2009 . Web . 25 Feb 2011 . http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bedsores/DS00570/DSECTION=causes . Jump up ^ Jiricka MK , Ryan P , Carvalho MA , Bukvich J ( 1995 ) . `` Pressure ulcer risk factors in an ICU population '' . Am. J. Crit . Care . 4 ( 5 ) : 361 -- 7 . PMID 7489039 . External links ( edit ) Braden Scale Official Website Braden Scale Instruction sheet Braden Scale Assessment form Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braden_Scale_for_Predicting_Pressure_Ulcer_Risk&oldid=831603167 '' Categories : Nursing Medical scales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 11 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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what does a braden score of 20 mean
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"Very High Risk: Total Score 9 or less\nHigh Risk: Total Score 10-12\nModerate Risk: Total Score 13-14\nMild Risk: Total Score 15-18\nNo Risk: Total Score 19-23"
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"No Risk"
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Knockin' on Heaven's Door
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Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door - wikipedia Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door ( disambiguation ) . `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side `` Turkey Chase '' Released July 13 , 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock , gospel Length 2 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan , for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid . Released as a single , it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as `` an exercise in splendid simplicity '' , the song , in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it , is one of Dylan 's most popular post-1960s compositions . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Cover versions 2.1 Eric Clapton version 2.2 Guns N ' Roses versions 2.2. 1 Charts 2.2. 2 Certifications 2.3 Dunblane tribute 2.4 Other cover versions 3 Sampled version 4 Soundtrack inclusions 5 In popular culture 6 References Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 - 74 ) Peak position Australia KMR 10 Canada RPM Top Singles 10 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands 51 UK ( OCC ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 US Cash Box Top 100 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia 92 Canada 93 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 104 Cover versions ( edit ) Eric Clapton version ( edit ) In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis ' recording of `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' arranged in a reggae style . Subsequently , Clapton recorded his own reggae - style version of the song which was released in August 1975 , two weeks after Louis 's version was released as a single in July 1975 . Clapton 's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart . The single was less successful in the US , only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box . Clapton 's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977 . The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car , One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003 . Additionally , the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums , such as Time Pieces : The Best of Eric Clapton , Backtrackin ' , The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton . Guns N ' Roses versions ( edit ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Song by Guns N ' Roses from the album Days of Thunder ( soundtrack ) Released June 26 , 1990 Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 36 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' 1992 UK picture sleeve Single by Guns N ' Roses from the album Use Your Illusion II Released Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 30 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses Guns N ' Roses singles chronology `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` November Rain '' ( 1992 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` November Rain '' ( 1992 ) In 1987 , Guns N ' Roses started including the song in their live sets . A live version of the song was released on the maxi - single of `` Welcome to the Jungle '' the same year . They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990 . This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II ( basically discarding the responses in the second verse ) . Released as the fourth single from the album , it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart as well as No. 12 in Australia and No. 1 in Ireland . Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B - side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era : ' 87 -- ' 93 album , released in 1999 . The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 18 Year - end charts Chart ( 1992 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum Dunblane tribute ( edit ) In 1996 and with the consent of Dylan , Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre . This has been , according to some sources , one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs . This version of the song , including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan 's album Infidels ( 1983 ) , Mark Knopfler , was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart . The proceeds went to charities for children . The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97 , where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities . Other cover versions ( edit ) Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released . One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985 , and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004 . A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift . A live version by Television appears on their 1982 album The Blow - Up . Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend . Heaven released a version of the song on the group 's 1985 album , Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door . Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989 , featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn . Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996 . It was performed by Beltinška banda . S Vremena Na Vreme released a cover on their live album Unplugged in 1997 . The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan 's song called `` Batendo na Porta do Céu '' in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica ( Acoustic Anthology ) . Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind , shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year . Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003 , as one of the B - Sides from her single `` Nobody 's Home '' and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby . Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions . With the exception of the chorus line , the song has completely original lyrics . Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame : The Solo Years Volume 1 . Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song , which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil . Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist . A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I 'm Not There , which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name . Both Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead often covered the song in their live sets , one recorded example being the Jerry Garcia Band live album Do n't Let Go Meir Ariel , an Israeli singer , covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album , Doors Are Opened By Themselves . The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English . Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque . Ján Boleslav Kladivo released a Slovak version on his 1995 debut album Nahá Sampled version ( edit ) Gabrielle 's single `` Rise '' ( 2000 ) sampled from this song . Soundtrack inclusions ( edit ) Film / TV show Year Performer Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 Bob Dylan Renaldo & Clara 1978 Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn Lethal Weapon 2 1989 Randy Crawford , Eric Clapton & David Sanborn Days of Thunder 1990 Guns N ' Roses Shake Rattle & Roll 2 ( segment `` Aswang '' ) 1990 Guns N ' Roses Rush 1991 Bob Dylan Total Balalaika Show Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble Lawn Dogs 1997 Bob Dylan The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field 1997 Roger Waters Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door 1997 Selig Treasure Planet 2002 Bob Dylan Windstruck Youme Be Cool 2005 Bob Dylan Las Vegas ( episode 45 , `` Letters , Lawyers and Loose Women '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan Six Feet Under ( episode 61 , `` All Alone '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan ER ( episode 260 , `` Darfur '' ) 2006 Scoob Serious Salvador ( Puig Antich ) 2006 Bob Dylan I 'm Not There 2007 Antony & the Johnsons Supernatural ( episode 35 , `` Houses of the Holy '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Cold Case ( episode 84 , `` Blood on the Tracks '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Big Love ( episode 2 - 08 , `` Kingdom Come '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan My Name is Earl 2008 Bob Dylan Come Dio Comanda 2008 Antony & the Johnsons Heaven 's Door 2009 Angela Aki Supernatural ( episode 98 , `` Dark Side of the Moon '' ) Bob Dylan Lifted 2011 Uriah Shelton Blue Bloods ( Season 4 , Episode 7 , `` Drawing Dead '' ) 2013 Rick Devin The 100 2015 RAIGN Sense8 ( episode 9 , `` Death Does n't Let You Say Goodbye '' ) 2015 Antony & the Johnsons Containment , episode 5 , `` Like a Sheep Among Wolves '' 2016 RAIGN Misty 2018 KLANG In popular culture ( edit ) Nick Talevski used the title for his book , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show `` The 100 '' An alternate name for the 24th episode of Neon Genesis Evangelion is `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . The title is used as a name of a Stand , `` Heaven 's Door '' , in the fourth part of the manga `` Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure '' , Diamond is Unbreakable . The title was used for the 12th episode of Angel Beats ! and Bob Dylan along with the song was mentioned in the episode by T.K. and Hinata Covered by The Jenerators , the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS : Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 `` New Tricks '' , broadcast on March 5 , 2017 . Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 2009 ) . Revolution in the Air : The Songs of Bob Dylan , 1957 - 1973 . Chicago Review Press . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1973 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , November 10 , 1973 Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Michael . Crossroads : The Life and Music of Eric Clapton . Hyperion Press . p. 373 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Clapton discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gun N ' Roses discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Guns ' n ' Roses - `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's door ( live ) '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . bannockburnband.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane against Guns '' . 1997 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 601 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door CD '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Fairport Convention : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Mainly Norfolk : English Folk and Other Good Music . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp . `` Swingshift - Cold Chisel '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven '' . Australian Music History . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Janjatović , Petar ( 2007 ) . Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960 - 2006 . Belgrade : self - released . p. 218 . Jump up ^ `` DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop '' . Solid Rock . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods Music - S4E7 : `` Drawing Dead '' `` . TuneFind . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 미스티 Special OST ( Misty Special OST ) '' . Melon . kakao M Corporation . Jump up ^ Televski , Nick , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries , Omnibus Press , London 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/ Bob Dylan singles discography 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' 1989 `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990 `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Slash Duff McKagan Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Izzy Stradlin Tracii Guns Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands Slash 's Snakepit The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Kings of Chaos L.A. Guns Neurotic Outsiders Road Crew Velvet Revolver Book Preceded by `` A Different Beat '' by Boyzone UK Singles Chart number - one single 21 December 1996 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` 2 Become 1 '' by Spice Girls Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knockin%27_on_Heaven%27s_Door&oldid=834164480 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1973 songs 1970s ballads 1992 singles The Alarm songs Bob Dylan songs Columbia Records singles Geffen Records singles Eric Clapton songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grateful Dead songs Guns N ' Roses songs Music videos directed by Andy Morahan Rock ballads Roger Waters songs Songs about death Songs written for films Songs written by Bob Dylan UK Singles Chart number - one singles Warren Zevon songs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 08 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was the first artist to sing knocking on heavens door
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"\"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\" is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan, for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Released as a single, it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as \"an exercise in splendid simplicity\",[1] the song, in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it, is one of Dylan's most popular post-1960s compositions."
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"Bob Dylan"
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Chromatid
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Chromatid - wikipedia Chromatid Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the diagram , ( 1 ) refers to a chromatid : one - half of two identical threadlike strands of a replicated chromosome . During cell division , the identical copies ( called a `` sister chromatid pair '' ) are joined at the region called the centromere ( 2 ) . Once the paired sister chromatids have separated from one another ( in the anaphase of mitosis ) each is known as a daughter chromosome . The short arm of the right chromatid ( 3 ) , and the long arm of the right chromatid ( 4 ) , are also marked . A chromatid ( Greek khrōmat - ' color ' + - id ) is one copy of a newly copied chromosome which is still joined to the original chromosome by a single centromere . Before replication , one chromosome is composed of one DNA molecule . Following replication , each chromosome is composed of two DNA molecules ; in other words , DNA replication itself increases the amount of DNA but does not increase the number of chromosomes . The two identical copies -- each forming one half of the replicated chromosome -- are called chromatids . During the later stages of cell division these chromatids separate longitudinally to become individual chromosomes . Chromatid pairs are normally genetically identical , and said to be homozygous ; however , if mutation ( s ) occur , they will present slight differences , in which case they are heterozygous . The pairing of chromatids should not be confused with the ploidy of an organism , which is the number of homologous versions of a chromosome . Chromonema is the fibre - like structure in prophase in the primary stage of DNA condensation . In metaphase , they are called chromatids . Sister chromatids ( edit ) Main article : Sister chromatids Chromatids may be sister or non-sister chromatids . A sister chromatid is either one of the two chromatids of the same chromosome joined together by a common centromere . A pair of sister chromatids is called a dyad . Once sister chromatids have separated ( during the anaphase of mitosis or the anaphase II of meiosis during sexual reproduction ) , they are again called chromosomes . Although having the same genetic mass as the individual chromatids that made up its parent , the daughter `` molecules '' are called chromosomes in a similar way that one child of a pair of twins is not referred to as a single twin . The DNA sequence of two sister chromatids is completely identical ( apart from very rare DNA copying errors ) . Sister chromatid exchange ( SCE ) is the exchange of genetic information between two sister chromatids . SCEs can occur during mitosis or meiosis . SCEs appear to primarily reflect DNA recombinational repair processes responding to DNA damage ( see articles Sister chromatids and Sister chromatid exchange ) . Non-sister chromatids , on the other hand , refers to either of the two chromatids of paired homologous chromosomes , that is , the pairing of a paternal chromosome and a maternal chromosome . In chromosomal crossovers , non-sister ( homologous ) chromatids form chiasmata to exchange genetic material during the prophase I of meiosis ( See Homologous recombination ) . References ( edit ) Look up chromatid in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jump up ^ `` What is a Chromatid ? '' . About.com . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of CHROMATID '' . www.Merriam-Webster.com . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Cytogenetics : chromosomes Basic concepts Karyotype Ploidy Genetic material / Genome Chromatin Euchromatin Heterochromatin Chromosome Chromatid Nucleosome Nuclear organization Types Autosome / Sex chromosome ( or allosome or heterosome ) Macrochromosome / Microchromosome Circular chromosome / Linear chromosome Extra chromosome ( or accessory chromosome ) Supernumerary chromosome A chromosome / B chromosome Lampbrush chromosome Polytene chromosome Dinoflagellate chromosomes Homologous chromosome Isochromosome Satellite chromosome Centromere position Metacentric Submetacentric Telocentric Acrocentric Holocentric Centromere number Acentric Monocentric Dicentric Polycentric Processes and evolution Mitosis Meiosis Structural alterations Chromosomal inversion Chromosomal translocation Numerical alterations Aneuploidy Euploidy Polyploidy Paleopolyploidy Polyploidization Structures Telomere : Telomere - binding protein ( TINF2 ) Protamine Histone H1 H2A H2B H3 H4 Centromere C1 C2 Q See also Extrachromosomal DNA Plasmid List of organisms by chromosome count List of chromosome lengths for various organisms List of sequenced genomes International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromatid&oldid=841479073 '' Categories : Chromosomes Molecular genetics Cell biology Mitosis Telomeres Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 03 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the exchange of chromosome parts between non-sister chromatids may occur during
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"Non-sister chromatids, on the other hand, refers to either of the two chromatids of paired homologous chromosomes, that is, the pairing of a paternal chromosome and a maternal chromosome. In chromosomal crossovers, non-sister (homologous) chromatids form chiasmata to exchange genetic material during the prophase I of meiosis (See Homologous recombination)."
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"prophase I of meiosis"
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History of Germany (1945–90)
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History of Germany ( 1945 -- 90 ) - wikipedia History of Germany ( 1945 -- 90 ) Jump to : navigation , search `` History of Germany since 1945 '' redirects here . For events after reunification , see History of Germany since 1990 . Inter -- German relations East Germany West Germany Part of a series on the History of Germany Early history ( show ) Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Medieval Germany ( show ) East Francia Kingdom of Germany Holy Roman Empire Eastward settlement Early Modern period ( show ) Sectionalism 18th century Kingdom of Prussia Unification ( show ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848 German Empire ( 1849 ) North German Confederation German Reich ( show ) German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Alsace - Lorraine Saar Danzig Memel Austria Sudetenland Nazi Germany Cold War era ( show ) Occupation Ostgebiete Expulsion of Germans West Germany East Germany Saar German reunification Contemporary ( show ) New federal states Reunified Germany By topic ( show ) Timeline Economic history Military history Territorial evolution Berlin Women 's history Names of Germany Germany portal As a consequence of the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II , Germany was cut between the two global blocs in the East and West , a period known as the division of Germany . Germany was stripped of its war gains and lost territories in the east to Poland and the Soviet Union . At the end of the war , there were in Germany some eight million foreign displaced persons ; mainly forced laborers and prisoners ; including around 400,000 from the concentration camp system , survivors from a much larger number who had died from starvation , harsh conditions , murder , or being worked to death . Over 10 million German - speaking refugees arrived in Germany from other countries in Central and Eastern Europe . Some 9 million Germans were POWs , many of whom were kept as forced laborers for several years to provide restitution to the countries Germany had devastated in the war , and some industrial equipment was removed as reparations . The Cold War divided Germany between the Allies in the west and Soviets in the east . Germans had little voice in government until 1949 when two states emerged : Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG ) , commonly known as West Germany , was a parliamentary democracy with a capitalist economic system and free churches and labour unions . German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) , commonly known as East Germany , was the smaller Marxist -- Leninist socialist republic with its leadership dominated by the Soviet - aligned Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) in order to retain it within the Soviet sphere of influence . After experiencing its Wirtschaftswunder or `` economic miracle '' in 1955 , West Germany became the most prosperous economy in Europe . Under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , West Germany built strong relationships with France , the United States , and Israel . West Germany also joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Economic Community ( later to become the European Union ) . East Germany stagnated as its economy was largely organized to meet the needs of the Soviet Union ; the secret police ( Stasi ) tightly controlled daily life , and the Berlin Wall ( 1961 ) ended the steady flow of refugees to the west . Germany was reunited in 1990 , following the decline and fall of the SED as the ruling party of the GDR . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Division of Germany 1.1 Four occupation zones 1.2 Expulsion and denazification 1.3 Industrial disarmament in western Germany 1.4 French designs 1.5 Dismantling in East Germany 1.6 Marshall plan and currency reform 1.7 Reparations to the U.S. 1.8 Nutritional levels and famine 1.9 Forced labour reparations 1.10 Mass rape 1.11 The different German states 2 West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) 2.1 The Sixties : a time for reform 2.2 Political developments 1969 -- 1990 3 East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) 3.1 Industry and agriculture in East Germany 4 Berlin 5 Relations between East Germany and West Germany 6 The reunification of East Germany and West Germany 6.1 Background 6.2 Treaty negotiations 6.3 Aftermath 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 GDR 9 External links The division of Germany ( edit ) Occupation zone borders in Germany , 1947 . The territories east of the Oder - Neisse line , ceded to Poland and the Soviet Union , are shown as white as is the likewise detached Saar Protectorate . Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone . Four occupation zones ( edit ) Further information : Office of Military Government , United States At the Potsdam Conference ( 17 July to 2 August 1945 ) , after Germany 's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 , the Allies divided Germany into four military occupation zones -- France in the southwest , Britain in the northwest , the United States in the south , and the Soviet Union in the east , bounded eastwards by the Oder - Neisse line . At Potsdam these four zones in total were denoted as ' Germany as a whole ' , and the four Allied Powers exercised the sovereign authority they now claimed within Germany in agreeing ' in principle ' the future transfer of lands of the former German Reich east of ' Germany as a whole ' to Poland and the Soviet Union . These eastern areas were notionally placed under Polish and Soviet administration pending a final peace treaty ( which was not formalized until 1990 , 45 years later ) ; but in actuality were promptly reorganized as organic parts of their respective sovereign states . In addition , under the Allies ' Berlin Declaration ( 1945 ) , the territory of the extinguished German Reich was to be treated as the land area within its borders as of 31 December 1937 . All Nazi land expansion from 1938 to 1945 was hence treated as automatically invalid . Such expansion included the League of Nations administered City - State of Danzig ( occupied by Nazi Germany immediately following Germany 's 1 September 1939 invasion of Poland ) , Austria , the occupied territory of Czechoslovakia , Suwalki , Alsace - Lorraine , Luxembourg , post 27 September 1939 `` West Prussia '' , post 27 September 1939 `` Posen Province '' , northern Slovenia , Eupen , Malmedy , the part of Southern Silesia ultimately detached from 1918 Germany by action of the Versailles Treaty , likewise , the Hultschiner Laendchen . Expulsion and denazification ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Flight and expulsion of Germans ( 1944 -- 50 ) The northern half of East Prussia in the region of Königsberg was administratively assigned by the Potsdam Agreement to the Soviet Union , pending a final Peace Conference ( with the commitment of Britain and the United States to support its incorporation into Russia ) ; and was then annexed by the Soviet Union . Gdańsk and the southern half of East Prussia were incorporated into Poland on a similar basis ; the Allies having assured the Polish government - in - exile of their support for this after the Tehran Conference in 1943 . It was also agreed at Potsdam that Poland would receive all former German lands east of the Oder - Neisse line , although the exact delimitation of the boundary was left to be resolved at an eventual Peace Conference . Under the wartime alliances of the United Kingdom with the Czechoslovak and Polish governments - in - exile , the British had agreed in July 1942 to support `` ... the General Principle of the transfer to Germany of German minorities in Central and South Eastern Europe after the war in cases where this seems necessary and desirable '' . In 1944 roughly 12.4 million ethnic Germans were living in territory that became part of post-war Poland and Soviet Union . Approximately 6 million fled or were evacuated before the Red Army occupied the area . Of the remainder , around 2 million died during the war or in its aftermath ( 1.4 million as military casualties ; 600,000 as civilian deaths ) , 3.6 million were expelled by the Poles , one million declared themselves to be Poles , and 300,000 remained in Poland as Germans . The Sudetenland territories , surrendered to Germany by the Munich Agreement , were returned to Czechoslovakia ; these territories containing a further 3 million ethnic Germans . ' Wild ' expulsions from Czechoslovakia began immediately after the German surrender . August 1948 , German children deported from the eastern areas of Germany taken over by Poland arrive in West Germany . The Potsdam Conference subsequently sanctioned the `` orderly and humane '' transfer to Germany of individuals regarded as `` ethnic Germans '' by authorities in Czechoslovakia , Poland , and Hungary . The Potsdam Agreement recognized that these expulsions were already underway and were putting a burden on authorities in the German Occupation Zones , including the re-defined Soviet Occupation Zone . Most of the Germans who were being expelled were from Czechoslovakia and Poland , which included most of the territory to the east of the Oder - Neisse Line . The Potsdam Declaration stated : Since the influx of a large number of Germans into Germany would increase the burden already resting on the occupying authorities , they consider that the Allied Control Council in Germany should in the first instance examine the problem with special regard to the question of the equitable distribution of these Germans among the several zones of occupation . They are accordingly instructing their respective representatives on the control council to report to their Governments as soon as possible the extent to which such persons have already entered Germany from Poland , Czechoslovakia , and Hungary , and to submit an estimate of the time and rate at which further transfers could be carried out , having regard to the present situation in Germany . The Czechoslovak Government , the Polish Provisional Government and the control council in Hungary are at the same time being informed of the above and are being requested meanwhile to suspend further expulsions pending the examination by the Governments concerned of the report from their representatives on the control council . Many of the ethnic Germans , who were primarily women and children , and especially those under the control of Polish and Czechoslovakian authorities , were severely mistreated before they were ultimately deported to Germany . Thousands died in forced labor camps such as Lambinowice , Zgoda labour camp , Central Labour Camp Potulice , Central Labour Camp Jaworzno , Glaz , Milecin , Gronowo , and Sikawa . Others starved , died of disease , or froze to death while being expelled in slow and ill - equipped trains ; or in transit camps . Altogether , around 8 million ethnic German refugees and expellees from across Europe eventually settled in West Germany , with a further 3 million in East Germany . In West Germany these represented a major voting block ; maintaining a strong culture of grievance and victimhood against Soviet Power , pressing for a continued commitment to full German reunification , claiming compensation , pursuing the right of return to lost property in the East , and opposing any recognition of the postwar extension of Poland and the Soviet Union into former German lands . Due to the Cold War rhetoric and successful political machinations of Konrad Adenauer , this block eventually became substantially aligned with the Christian Democratic Union of Germany ; although in practice ' westward - looking ' CDU policies favouring the Atlantic Alliance and the European Union worked against the possibility of achieving the objectives of the expellee population from the east through negotiation with the Soviet Union . But for Adenauer , fostering and encouraging unrealistic demands and uncompromising expectations amongst the expellees would serve his `` Policy of Strength '' by which West Germany contrived to inhibit consideration of unification or a final Peace Treaty until the West was strong enough to face the Soviets on equal terms . Consequently , the Federal Republic in the 1950s adopted much of the symbolism of expellee groups ; especially in appropriating and subverting the terminology and imagery of the Holocaust ; applying this to post-war German experience instead . Eventually in 1990 , following the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany , the unified Germany indeed confirmed in treaties with Poland and the Soviet Union that the transfer of sovereignty over the former German eastern territories in 1945 had been permanent and irreversible ; Germany now undertaking never again to make territorial claims in respect of these lands . The intended governing body of Germany was called the Allied Control Council , consisting of the commanders - in - chief in Germany of the United States , the United Kingdom , France and the Soviet Union ; who exercised supreme authority in their respective zones , while supposedly acting in concert on questions affecting the whole country . In actuality however , the French consistently blocked any progress towards re-establishing all - German governing institutions ; substantially in pursuit of French aspirations for a dismembered Germany , but also as a response to the exclusion of France from the Potsdam conference . Berlin , which lay in the Soviet ( eastern ) sector , was also divided into four sectors with the Western sectors later becoming West Berlin and the Soviet sector becoming East Berlin , capital of East Germany . Provisional Civil Ensign A key item in the occupiers ' agenda was denazification . The swastika and other outward symbols of the Nazi regime were banned , and a Provisional Civil Ensign was established as a temporary German flag . It remained the official flag of the country ( necessary for reasons of international law ) until East Germany and West Germany ( see below ) were independently established in 1949 . The United States , the United Kingdom , and the Soviet Union had agreed at Potsdam to a broad program of decentralization , treating Germany as a single economic unit with some central administrative departments . These plans never materialised as the Soviet Union was intent on extracting as much material as possible in order to make good in part the enormous destruction caused by the German Wehrmacht , and the policy broke down completely in 1948 when the Russians blockaded West Berlin and the period known as the Cold War began . It was agreed at Potsdam that the leading members of the Nazi regime who had been captured should be put on trial accused of crimes against humanity , and this was one of the few points on which the four powers were able to agree . In order to secure the presence of the western allies in Berlin , the United States agreed to withdraw from Thuringia and Saxony in exchange for the division of Berlin into four sectors . The State Department and individual U.S. congressmen pressured to have this policy lifted . In June 1945 the prohibition against speaking with German children was loosened . In July troops were permitted to speak to German adults in certain circumstances . In September 1945 the entire policy was dropped . Only the ban on marriage between Americans and German or Austrian civilians remained in place . Industrial Disarmament in Western Germany ( edit ) The initial proposal for the post-surrender policy of the Western powers , the so - called Morgenthau Plan proposed by Henry Morgenthau , Jr. , was one of `` pastoralization '' . The Morgenthau Plan , though subsequently ostensibly shelved due to public opposition , influenced occupation policy ; most notably through the U.S. punitive occupation directive JCS 1067 and The industrial plans for Germany The `` ' Level of Industry plans for Germany '' were the plans to lower German industrial potential after World War II . At the Potsdam conference , with the U.S. operating under influence of the Morgenthau plan , the victorious Allies decided to abolish the German armed forces as well as all munitions factories and civilian industries that could support them . This included the destruction of all ship and aircraft manufacturing capability . Further , it was decided that civilian industries which might have a military potential , which in the modern era of `` total war '' included virtually all , were to be severely restricted . The restriction of the latter was set to Germany 's `` approved peacetime needs '' , which were defined to be set on the average European standard . In order to achieve this , each type of industry was subsequently reviewed to see how many factories Germany required under these minimum level of industry requirements . The first plan , from 29 March 1946 , stated that German heavy industry was to be lowered to 50 % of its 1938 levels by the destruction of 1,500 listed manufacturing plants . In January 1946 the Allied Control Council set the foundation of the future German economy by putting a cap on German steel production -- the maximum allowed was set at about 5,800,000 tons of steel a year , equivalent to 25 % of the prewar production level . The UK , in whose occupation zone most of the steel production was located , had argued for a more limited capacity reduction by placing the production ceiling at 12 million tons of steel per year , but had to submit to the will of the U.S. , France and the Soviet Union ( which had argued for a 3 million ton limit ) . Germany was to be reduced to the standard of life it had known at the height of the Great Depression ( 1932 ) . Car production was set to 10 % of pre-war levels , etc . By 1950 , after the virtual completion of the by then much watered - down plans , equipment had been removed from 706 factories in the west and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6,700,000 tons . Timber exports from the U.S. occupation zone were particularly heavy . Sources in the U.S. government stated that the purpose of this was the `` ultimate destruction of the war potential of German forests . '' With the beginning of the Cold war , the Western policies changed as it became evident that a return to operation of the West German industry was needed not only for the restoration of the whole European economy but also for the rearmament of West Germany as an ally against the Soviet Union . On 6 September 1946 United States Secretary of State , James F. Byrnes made the famous speech Restatement of Policy on Germany , also known as the Stuttgart speech , where he amongst other things repudiated the Morgenthau plan - influenced policies and gave the West Germans hope for the future . Reports such as The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria helped to show the U.S. public how bad the situation in Germany really was . The next improvement came in July 1947 , when after lobbying by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and Generals Clay and Marshall , the Truman administration decided that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it had previously been dependent . In July 1947 , President Harry S. Truman rescinded on `` national security grounds '' the punitive occupation directive JCS 1067 , which had directed the U.S. forces in Germany to `` take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany . '' It was replaced by JCS 1779 , which instead stressed that `` ( a ) n orderly , prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany . '' The dismantling did however continue , and in 1949 West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer wrote to the Allies requesting that it end , citing the inherent contradiction between encouraging industrial growth and removing factories and also the unpopularity of the policy . Support for dismantling was by this time coming predominantly from the French , and the Petersberg Agreement of November 1949 reduced the levels vastly , though dismantling of minor factories continued until 1951 . The final limitations on German industrial levels were lifted after the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 , though arms manufacture remained prohibited . French designs ( edit ) Under the Monnet Plan , France -- intent on ensuring that Germany would never again have the strength to threaten it -- began in 1945 to attempt to gain economic control of the remaining German industrial areas with large coal and mineral deposits ; the Rhineland , the Ruhr and the Saar ( Germany 's second largest center of mining and industry , Upper Silesia , had been handed over by the Allies to Poland at the Potsdam conference and the German population was being forcibly expelled ) The Ruhr Agreement had been imposed on the Germans as a condition for permitting them to establish the Federal Republic of Germany . ( see also the International Authority for the Ruhr ( IAR ) ) . French attempts to gain political control of or permanently internationalize the Ruhr were abandoned in 1951 with the West German agreement to pool its coal and steel resources in return for full political control over the Ruhr ( see European Coal and Steel Community ) . With French economic security guaranteed through access to Ruhr coal now permanently ensured France was satisfied . The French attempt to gain economic control over the Saar was temporarily even more successful . In the speech Restatement of Policy on Germany , held in Stuttgart on 6 September 1946 , the United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes stated the U.S. motive in detaching the Saar from Germany as `` The United States does not feel that it can deny to France , which has been invaded three times by Germany in 70 years , its claim to the Saar territory '' . The Saar came under French administration in 1947 as the Saar Protectorate , but did return to Germany in January 1957 ( following a referendum ) , with economic reintegration with Germany occurring a few years later . Although not a party to the Potsdam conference where the policy of industrial disarmament had been set , as a member of the Allied Control Council France came to champion this policy since it ensured a weak Germany . In August 1954 the French parliament voted down the treaty that would have established the European Defense Community , a treaty they themselves had proposed in 1950 as a means to contain German revival . France instead focused on another treaty also under development . In May 1950 France had proposed the European Coal and Steel Community with the purpose of ensuring French economic security by perpetuating access to German Ruhr coal , but also to show to the U.S. and the UK that France could come up with constructive solutions , as well as to pacify Germany by making it part of an international project . Germany was eventually allowed to rearm , but under the auspices of the Western European Union , and later NATO . Dismantling in East Germany ( edit ) The Soviet Union engaged in a massive industrial dismantling campaign in its occupation zone , much more intensive than that carried out by the Western powers . While the Soviet powers soon realized that their actions alienated the German workforce from the Communist cause , they decided that the desperate economic situation within the Soviet Union took priority over alliance building . The allied leaders had agreed on paper to economic and political cooperation but the issue of reparations dealt an early blow to the prospect of a united Germany in 1945 . The figure of $20 Billion had been floated by Stalin as an adequate recompense but as the United States refused to consider this a basis for negotiation The Soviet Union was left only with the opportunity of extracting its own reparations , at a heavy cost to the East Germans . This was the beginning of the formal split of Germany . Marshall Plan and currency reform ( edit ) With the Western Allies eventually becoming concerned about the deteriorating economic situation in their `` Trizone '' , the American Marshall Plan of economic aid was extended to Western Germany in 1948 and a currency reform , which had been prohibited under the previous occupation directive JCS 1067 , introduced the Deutsche Mark and halted rampant inflation . Though the Marshall Plan is regarded as playing a key psychological role in the West German recovery , other factors were also significant . The Soviets had not agreed to the currency reform ; in March 1948 they withdrew from the four - power governing bodies , and in June 1948 they initiated the Berlin blockade , blocking all ground transport routes between Western Germany and West Berlin . The Western Allies replied with a continuous airlift of supplies to the western half of the city . The Soviets ended the blockade after 11 months . Reparations to the U.S. ( edit ) Further information : German reparations for World War II The Allies confiscated intellectual property of great value , all German patents , both in Germany and abroad , and used them to strengthen their own industrial competitiveness by licensing them to Allied companies . Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years , the U.S. pursued a vigorous program to harvest all technological and scientific know - how as well as all patents in Germany . John Gimbel comes to the conclusion , in his book `` Science Technology and Reparations : Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany '' , that the `` intellectual reparations '' taken by the U.S. and the UK amounted to close to $10 billion . During the more than two years that this policy was in place , no industrial research in Germany could take place , as any results would have been automatically available to overseas competitors who were encouraged by the occupation authorities to access all records and facilities . Meanwhile , thousands of the best German scientists were being put to work in the U.S. ( see also Operation Paperclip ) Nutritional levels and famine ( edit ) The average daily food ration in the UK occupation zone ( 1948 ) Collapsed employee of the labor office during the hunger - winter , December 1948 . During the war , Germans seized food supplies from occupied countries and forced millions of foreigners to work on German farms , in addition to food shipped from farms in eastern Germany . When this ended in 1945 , the German rationing system ( which stayed in place ) had much lower supplies of food . The U.S. Army sent in large shipments of food to feed some 7.7 million prisoners of war -- far more than they had expected -- as well as the general population . For several years following the surrender , German nutritional levels were low . The Germans were not high on the priority list for international aid , which went to the victims of the Nazis . It was directed that all relief went to non-German displaced persons , liberated Allied POWs , and concentration camp inmates . During 1945 it was estimated that the average German civilian in the U.S. and UK occupation zones received 1200 kilocalories a day in official rations , not counting food they grew themselves or purchased on the large - scale black market . In early October 1945 the UK government privately acknowledged in a cabinet meeting that German civilian adult death rates had risen to 4 times the pre-war levels and death rates amongst the German children had risen by 10 times the pre-war levels . The German Red Cross was dissolved , and the International Red Cross and the few other allowed international relief agencies were kept from helping Germans through strict controls on supplies and on travel . The few agencies permitted to help Germans , such as the indigenous Caritasverband , were not allowed to use imported supplies . When the Vatican attempted to transmit food supplies from Chile to German infants , the U.S. State Department forbade it . The German food situation became worse during the very cold winter of 1946 -- 1947 when German calorie intake ranged from 1,000 -- 1,500 kilocalories per day , a situation made worse by severe lack of fuel for heating . Forced labour reparations ( edit ) See also : Forced labor of Germans after World War II As agreed by the Allies at the Yalta conference Germans were used as forced labor as part of the reparations to be extracted . By 1947 it is estimated that 400,000 Germans ( both civilians and POWs ) were being used as forced labor by the U.S. , France , the UK , and the Soviet Union . German prisoners were for example forced to clear minefields in France and the Low Countries . By December 1945 it was estimated by French authorities that 2,000 German prisoners were being killed or injured each month in accidents . In Norway the last available casualty record , from 29 August 1945 , shows that by that time a total of 275 German soldiers died while clearing mines , while 392 had been injured . Death rates for the German civilians doing forced labor in the Soviet Union ranged between 19 % and 39 % , depending on category . Mass rape ( edit ) Main article : Rape during the occupation of Germany See also : Soviet war crimes Norman Naimark writes in The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 that although the exact number of women and girls who were raped by members of the Red Army in the months preceding and years following the capitulation will never be known , their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands , quite possibly as high as the 2,000,000 victims estimate made by Barbara Johr , in `` Befreier und Befreite '' . Many of these victims were raped repeatedly . Naimark states that not only had each victim to carry the trauma with her for the rest of her days , it inflicted a massive collective trauma on the East German nation ( the German Democratic Republic ) . Naimark concludes `` The social psychology of women and men in the Soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of occupation , through the founding of the GDR in the fall of 1949 , until -- one could argue -- the present . '' Some of the victims had been raped as many as 60 to 70 times . The different German states ( edit ) In 1947 , the Saar Protectorate had been established under French control , in the area corresponding to the current German state of Saarland . It was not allowed to join its fellow German neighbors until a plebiscite in 1955 rejected the proposed autonomy . This paved the way for the accession of the Saarland to the Federal Republic of Germany as its 12th state , which went into effect on 1 January 1957 . On 23 May 1949 , the Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG , Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) was established on the territory of the Western occupied zones , with Bonn as its `` provisional '' capital . It comprised the area of 11 newly formed states ( replacing the pre-war states ) , with present - day Baden - Württemberg being split into three states until 1952 ) . The Federal Republic was declared `` fully sovereign '' on 5 May 1955 . On 7 October 1949 the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , Deutsche Demokratische Republik ( DDR ) ) , with East Berlin as its capital , was established in the Soviet Zone . The 1952 Stalin Note proposed German reunification and superpower disengagement from Central Europe but Britain , France , and the United States rejected the offer as insincere . Also , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer preferred `` Westintegration '' , rejecting `` experiments '' . In English , the two larger states were known informally as `` West Germany '' and `` East Germany '' respectively . In both cases , the former occupying troops remained permanently stationed there . The former German capital , Berlin , was a special case , being divided into East Berlin and West Berlin , with West Berlin completely surrounded by East German territory . Though the German inhabitants of West Berlin were citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany , West Berlin was not legally incorporated into West Germany ; it remained under the formal occupation of the western allies until 1990 , although most day - to - day administration was conducted by an elected West Berlin government . West Germany was allied with the United States , the United Kingdom , and France . A western democratic country with a `` social market economy '' , the country would from the 1950s onwards come to enjoy prolonged economic growth ( Wirtschaftswunder ) following the Marshall Plan help from the Allies , the currency reform of June 1948 and helped by the fact that the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) led to a worldwide increased demand for goods , where the resulting shortage helped overcome lingering resistance to the purchase of German products . East Germany was at first occupied by and later ( May 1955 ) allied with the Soviet Union . West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) ( edit ) See also : West Germany Konrad Adenauer The Western Allies turned over increasing authority to West German officials and moved to establish a nucleus for a future German government by creating a central Economic Council for their zones . The program later provided for a West German constituent assembly , an occupation statute governing relations between the Allies and the German authorities , and the political and economic merger of the French with the British and American zones . On 23 May 1949 , the Grundgesetz ( Basic Law ) , the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany , was promulgated . Following elections in August , the first federal government was formed on 20 September 1949 , by Konrad Adenauer ( CDU ) . Adenauer 's government was a coalition of the CDU , the CSU and the Free Democrats . The next day , the occupation statute came into force , granting powers of self - government with certain exceptions . In 1949 the new provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany was established in Bonn , after Chancellor Konrad Adenauer intervened emphatically for Bonn ( which was only fifteen kilometers away from his hometown ) . Most of the members of the German constitutional assembly ( as well as the U.S. Supreme Command ) had favored Frankfurt am Main where the Hessian administration had already started the construction of a plenary assembly hall . The Parlamentarischer Rat ( interim parliament ) proposed a new location for the capital , as Berlin was then a special administrative region controlled directly by the allies and surrounded by the Soviet zone of occupation . The former Reichstag building in Berlin was occasionally used as a venue for sittings of the Bundestag and its committees and the Bundesversammlung , the body which elects the German Federal President . However , the Soviets disrupted the use of the Reichstag building by institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany by flying supersonic jets near the building . A number of cities were proposed to host the federal government , and Kassel ( among others ) was eliminated in the first round . Other politicians opposed the choice of Frankfurt out of concern that , as one of the largest German cities and a former centre of the Holy Roman Empire , it would be accepted as a `` permanent '' capital of Germany , thereby weakening the West German population 's support for reunification and the eventual return of the Government to Berlin . After the Petersberg agreement West Germany quickly progressed toward fuller sovereignty and association with its European neighbors and the Atlantic community . The London and Paris agreements of 1954 restored most of the state 's sovereignty ( with some exceptions ) in May 1955 and opened the way for German membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . In April 1951 , West Germany joined with France , Italy and the Benelux countries in the European Coal and Steel Community ( forerunner of the European Union ) . The outbreak of the Korean War ( June 1950 ) led to U.S. calls for the rearmament of West Germany in order to defend western Europe from the perceived Soviet threat . But the memory of German aggression led other European states to seek tight control over the West German military . Germany 's partners in the Coal and Steel Community decided to establish a European Defence Community ( EDC ) , with an integrated army , navy and air force , composed of the armed forces of its member states . The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control , but the other EDC member states ( Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg and the Netherlands ) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces . Though the EDC treaty was signed ( May 1952 ) , it never entered into force . France 's Gaullists rejected it on the grounds that it threatened national sovereignty , and when the French National Assembly refused to ratify it ( August 1954 ) , the treaty died . The French had killed their own proposal . Other means had to be found to allow West German rearmament . In response , the Brussels Treaty was modified to include West Germany , and to form the Western European Union ( WEU ) . West Germany was to be permitted to rearm , and have full sovereign control of its military ; the WEU would , however , regulate the size of the armed forces permitted to each of its member states . Fears of a return to Nazism , however , soon receded , and as a consequence , these provisions of the WEU treaty have little effect today . The Volkswagen Beetle was an icon of West German reconstruction . Between 1949 and 1960 , the West German economy grew at an unparalleled rate . Low rates of inflation , modest wage increases and a quickly rising export quota made it possible to restore the economy and brought a modest prosperity . According to the official statistics the German gross national product grew in average by about 7 % annually between 1950 and 1960 . GNP growth 1950 -- 1960 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 + 10.5 + 8.3 + 7.5 + 7.4 + 11.5 + 6.9 + 5.4 + 3.3 + 6.7 + 8.8 The initial demand for housing , the growing demand for machine tools , chemicals , and automobiles and a rapidly increasing agricultural production were the initial triggers to this ' Wirtschaftswunder ' ( economic miracle ) as it was known , although there was nothing miraculous about it . The era became closely linked with the name of Ludwig Erhard , who led the Ministry of Economics during the decade . Unemployment at the start of the decade stood at 10.3 % , but by 1960 it had dropped to 1.2 % , practically speaking full employment . In fact , there was a growing demand for labor in many industries as the workforce grew by 3 % per annum , the reserves of labor were virtually used up . The millions of displaced persons and the refugees from the eastern provinces had all been integrated into the workforce . At the end of the decade , thousands of younger East Germans were packing their bags and migrating westwards , posing an ever - growing problem for the GDR nomenklatura . With the construction of the Berlin wall in August 1961 they hoped to end the loss of labor and in doing so they posed the West German government with a new problem -- how to satisfy the apparently insatiable demand for labor . The answer was to recruit unskilled workers from Southern European countries ; the era of the Gastarbeiter ( foreign laborers ) began . In October 1961 an initial agreement was signed with the Turkish government and the first Gastarbeiter began to arrive . By 1966 , some 1,300,000 foreign workers had been recruited mainly from Italy , Turkey , Spain , and Greece . By 1971 , the number had reached 2.6 million workers . The initial plan was that single workers would come to Germany , would work for a limited number of years and then return home . The significant differences between wages in their home countries and in Germany led many workers to bring their families and to settle -- at least until retirement -- in Germany . That the German authorities took little notice of the radical changes that these shifts of population structure meant was the cause of considerable debate in later years . In the 1950s Federal Republic , restitution laws for compensation for those who had suffered under the Nazis was limited to only those who had suffered from `` racial , religious or political reasons '' , which were defined in such a way as to sharply limit the number of people entitled to collect compensation . According to the 1953 law on compensation for suffering during the National Socialist era , only those with a territorial connection with Germany could receive compensation for their suffering , which had the effect of excluding the millions of people , mostly from Central and Eastern Europe , who had been taken to Germany to work as slave labor during World War II . In the same vein , to be eligible for compensation they would have to prove that they were part of the `` realm of German language and culture '' , a requirement that excluded most of the surviving slave laborers who did not know German or at least enough German to be considered part of the `` realm of German language and culture '' . Likewise , the law excluded homosexuals , Gypsies , Communists , Asoziale ( `` Asocials '' - people considered by the National Socialist state to be anti-social , a broad category comprising anyone from petty criminals to people who just were merely eccentric and non-conformist ) , and homeless people for their suffering in the concentration camps under the grounds that all these people were `` criminals '' whom the state was protecting German society from by sending them to concentration camps , and in essence these victims of the National Socialist state got what they deserved , making them unworthy of compensation . In this regard it is significant that the 1935 version of Paragraph 175 was not repealed until 1969 . As a result , German homosexuals - in many cases survivors of the concentration camps -- between 1949 and 1969 continued to be convicted under the same law that had been used to convict them between 1935 and 1945 , though in the period 1949 -- 69 they were sent to prison rather than to a concentration camp . A study done in 1953 showed that of the 42,000 people who had survived the Buchenwald concentration camp , only 700 were entitled to compensation under the 1953 law . The German historian Alf Lüdtke wrote that the decision to deny that the Roma and the Sinti had been victims of National Socialist racism and to exclude the Roma and Sinti from compensation under the grounds that they were all `` criminals '' reflected the same anti-Gypsy racism that made them the target of persecution and genocide during the National Socialist era . The cause of the Roma and Sinti excited so little public interest that it was not until 1979 that a group was founded to lobby for compensation for the Roma and the Sinti survivors . Communist concentration camp survivors were excluded from compensation under the grounds that in 1933 the KPD had been seeking `` violent domination '' by working for a Communist revolution , and thus the banning of the KPD and the subsequent repression of the Communists were justified . In 1956 , the law was amended to allow Communist concentration camp survivors to collect compensation provided that they had not been associated with Communist causes after 1945 , but as almost all the surviving Communists belonged to the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime , which had been banned in 1951 by the Hamburg government as a Communist front organisation , the new law did not help many of the KPD survivors . Compensation started to be paid to most Communist survivors regardless if they had belonged to the VVN or not following a 1967 court ruling , through the same court ruling had excluded those Communists who had `` actively '' fought the constitutional order after the banning of the KPD again in 1956 . Only in the 1980s were demands made mostly from members of the SPD , FDP and above all the Green parties that the Federal Republic pay compensation to the Roma , Sinti , gay , homeless and Asoziale survivors of the concentration camps . In regards to the memory of the Nazi period in the 1950s Federal Republic , there was a marked tendency to argue that everyone regardless of what side they had been on in World War II were all equally victims of the war . In the same way , the Nazi regime tended to be portrayed in the 1950s as a small clique of criminals entirely unrepresentative of German society who were sharply demarcated from the rest of German society or as the German historian Alf Ludtke argued in popular memory that it was a case of `` us '' ( i.e ordinary people ) ruled over by `` them '' ( i.e. the Nazis ) . Though the Nazi regime itself was rarely glorified in popular memory , in the 1950s World War II and the Wehrmacht were intensely gloried and celebrated by the public . In countless memoirs , novels , histories , newspaper articles , films , magazines , and Landserheft ( a type of comic book in Germany glorifying war ) , the Wehrmacht was celebrated as an awesome , heroic fighting force that had fought a `` clean war '' unlike the SS and which would have won the war as the Wehrmacht was always portrayed as superior to the Allied forces had not been for mistakes on the part of Hitler or workings of `` fate '' . The Second World War was usually portrayed in heavily romantic aura in various works that celebrated the comradeship and heroism of ordinary soldiers under danger with the war itself being shown as `` ... a great adventure for idealists and daredevils ... '' who for the most part had a thoroughly fun time . The tendency in the 1950s to glorify war by depicting World War II as a fun - filled , grand adventure for the men who served in Hitler 's war machine meant the horrors and hardship of the war were often downplayed . In his 2004 essay `` Celluloid Soldiers '' about post-war German films , the Israeli historian Omer Bartov wrote that German films of the 1950s always showed the average German soldier as a heroic victim : noble , tough , brave , honourable and patriotic , while fighting hard in a senseless war for a regime that he did not care for . Commendations of the victims of the Nazis tended to center around honoring those involved in the July 20 putsch attempt of 1944 , which meant annual ceremonies attended by all the leading politicians at the Bendlerblock and Plötzensee Prison to honor those executed for their involvement in the 20 July putsch . By contrast , almost no ceremonies were held in the 1950s at the ruins of the concentration camps like Bergen - Belsen or Dachau , which were ignored and neglected by the Länder governments in charge of their care . Not until 1966 did the Land of Lower Saxony opened Bergen - Belsen to the public by founding a small `` house of documentation '' , and even then it was in response to criticism that the Lower Saxon government was intentionally neglecting the ruins of Bergen - Belsen . Though it was usually claimed at the time that everybody in the Second World War was a victim , Ludtke commented that the disparity between the millions of Deutsche Marks spent in the 1950s in turning the Benderblock and Plötzensee prison into sites of remembrance honoring those conservatives executed after the 20 July putsch versus the neglect of the former concentration camps suggested that in both official and popular memory that some victims of the Nazis were considered more worthy of remembrance than others . It was against this context where popular memory was focused on glorifying the heroic deeds of the Wehrmacht while treating the genocide by the National Socialist regime as almost a footnote that in the autumn of 1959 that the philosopher Theodor W. Adorno gave a much - publicized speech on TV that called for Vergangenheitsbewältigung ( `` coming to terms with the past '' ) . Adorno stated that most people were engaged in a process of `` willful forgetting '' about the Nazi period and used euphemistic language to avoid confronting the period such as the use of the term Kristallnacht ( Crystal Night ) for the pogrom of November 1938 . Adorno called for promoting a critical `` consciousness '' that would allow people to `` come to terms with the past '' . West German authorities made great efforts to end the denazification process that had been started by the occupying powers and to liberate war criminals from prison , including those that had been convicted at the Nuremberg trials , while demarcating the sphere of legitimate political activity against blatant attempts at a political rehabilitation of the Nazi regime . Until the end of occupation in 1990 , the three Western Allies retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole . Under the new arrangements , the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense , pursuant to stationing and status - of - forces agreements . With the exception of 45,000 French troops , Allied forces were under NATO 's joint defense command . ( France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966 . ) Political life in West Germany was remarkably stable and orderly . The Adenauer era ( 1949 -- 63 ) was followed by a brief period under Ludwig Erhard ( 1963 -- 66 ) who , in turn , was replaced by Kurt Georg Kiesinger ( 1966 -- 69 ) . All governments between 1949 and 1966 were formed by coalitions of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) and Christian Social Union ( CSU ) , either alone or in coalition with the smaller Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) . The sixties : a time for reform ( edit ) The grand old man of German postwar politics had to be dragged -- almost literally -- out of office in 1963 . In 1959 , it was time to elect a new President and Adenauer decided that he would place Erhard in this office . Erhard was not enthusiastic , and to everybody 's surprise , Adenauer decided at the age of 83 that he would take on the position . His aim was apparently to remain in control of German politics for another ten years despite the growing mood for change , but when his advisers informed him just how limited the powers of the president were he quickly lost interest . An alternative candidate was needed and eventually the Minister of Agriculture , Heinrich Lübke took on the task and was duly elected . In October 1962 , the weekly news magazine Der Spiegel published an analysis of the West German military defense . The conclusion was that there were several weaknesses in the system . Ten days after publication , the offices of Der Spiegel in Hamburg were raided by the police and quantities of documents were seized under the orders of the CSU Defense Minister Franz Josef Strauss . Chancellor Adenauer proclaimed in the Bundestag that the article was tantamount to high treason and that the authors would be prosecuted . The editor / owner of the magazine , Rudolf Augstein spent some time in jail before the public outcry over the breaking of laws on freedom of the press became too loud to be ignored . The FDP members of Adenauer 's cabinet resigned from the government , demanding the resignation of Franz Josef Strauss , Defence Minister , who had decidedly overstepped his competence during the crisis by his heavy - handed attempt to silence Der Spiegel for essentially running a story that was unflattering to him ( which incidentally was true ) . The British historian Frederick Taylor argued that the Federal Republic under Adenauer retained many of the characteristics of the authoritarian `` deep state '' that existed under the Weimar Republic , and that the Der Spiegel affair marked an important turning point in German values as ordinary people rejected the old authoritarian values in favor of the more democratic values that are today seen as the bedrock of the Federal Republic . Adenauer 's own reputation was impaired by Spiegel affair and he announced that he would step down in the Fall of 1963 . His successor was to be the Economics Minister Ludwig Erhard , who was the man widely credited as the father of the `` economic miracle '' of the 1950s and of whom great things were expected . The proceedings of the War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg had been widely publicised in Germany but , a new generation of teachers , educated with the findings of historical studies , could begin to reveal the truth about the war and the crimes committed in the name of the German people . In 1963 , a German court ruled that a KGB assassin named Bohdan Stashynsky who had committed several murders in the Federal Republic in the late 1950s was not legally guilty of murder , but was only an accomplice to murder as the responsibility for Stashynsky 's murders rested only with his superiors in Moscow who had given him his orders . The legal implications of the Stashynsky case , namely that in a totalitarian system only executive decision - makers can be held legally responsible for any murders committed and that anyone else who follows orders and commits murders were just accomplices to murder was to greatly hinder the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the coming decades , and ensured that even when convicted , that Nazi criminals received the far lighter sentences reserved for accomplices to murders than the harsher sentences given to murderers . The term executive decision - maker who could be found guilty of murder was reserved by the courts only for those at the highest levels of the Reich leadership during the Nazi period . The only way that a Nazi criminal could be convicted of murder was to show that they were not following orders at the time and had acted on their initiative when killing someone . One courageous attorney , Fritz Bauer patiently gathered evidence on the guards of the Auschwitz death camp and about twenty were put trial in Frankfurt between 1963 - 1965 in what came to be known as the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials . The men on trial in Frankfurt were tried only for murders and other crimes that they committed on their own initiative at Auschwitz and were not tried for anything that they did at Auschwitz when following orders , which was considered by the courts to be the lesser crime of accomplice to murder . Because of this , Bauer could only indict for murder those who killed when not following orders , and those who had killed when following orders were indicted as accomplices to murder . Moreover because of the legal distinction between murderers and accomplices to murder , an SS man who killed thousands while operating the gas chambers at Auschwitz could only be found guilty of being accomplice to murder because he had been following orders , while an SS man who had beaten one inmate to death on his initiative could be convicted of murder because he had not been following orders . Daily newspaper reports and visits by school classes to the proceedings revealed to the German public the nature of the concentration camp system and it became evident that the Shoah was of vastly greater dimensions than the German population had believed . ( The term ' Holocaust ' for the systematic mass - murder of Jews first came into use in 1979 , when an American mini-series with that name was shown on German television . ) The processes set in motion by the Auschwitz trial reverberated decades later . In the early sixties , the rate of economic growth slowed down significantly . In 1962 , the growth rate was 4.7 % and the following year , 2.0 % . After a brief recovery , the growth rate petered into a recession , with no growth in 1967 . The economic showdown forced Erhard 's resignation in 1966 and he was replaced with Kurt Georg Kiesinger of the CDU . Kiesinger was to attract much controversy because in 1933 he had joined the National Socialist Legal Guild and NSDAP ( membership in the former was necessary in order to practice law , but membership in the latter was entirely voluntary ) . In order to deal with the problem of the economic slowdown , a new coalition was formed . Kiesinger 's 1966 -- 69 grand coalition was between West Germany 's two largest parties , the CDU / CSU and the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . This was important for the introduction of new emergency acts -- the grand coalition gave the ruling parties the two - thirds majority of votes required for their ratification . These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as freedom of movement to be limited in case of a state of emergency . Rudi Dutschke , student leader During the time leading up to the passing of the laws , there was fierce opposition to them , above all by the Free Democratic Party , the rising German student movement , a group calling itself Notstand der Demokratie ( Democracy in Crisis ) , the Außerparlamentarische Opposition and members of the Campaign against Nuclear Armament . In the late 1960s saw the rise of the student movement and university campuses in a constant state of uproar . A key event in the development of open democratic debate occurred in 1967 when the Shah of Iran visited West Berlin . Several thousand demonstrators gathered outside the Opera House where he was to attend a special performance . Supporters of the Shah ( later known as ' Jubelperser ' ) , armed with staves and bricks , attacked the protesters while the police stood by and watched . A demonstration in the center was being forcibly dispersed when a bystander named Benno Ohnesorg was shot in the head and killed by a plain - clothed policeman Karl - Heinz Kurras . ( It has now been established that the policeman , Kurras , was a paid spy of the East German Stasi security forces . ) Protest demonstrations continued , and calls for more active opposition by some groups of students were made , which was declared by the press , especially the tabloid Bild - Zeitung newspaper , to be acts of terrorism . The conservative Bild - Zeitung waged a massive campaign against the protesters who were declared to be just hooligans and thugs in the pay of East Germany . The press baron Axel Springer emerged as one of the principal hate figures for the student protesters because of Bild - Zeitung 's often violent attacks on them . Protests against the US intervention in Vietnam , mingled with anger over the vigor with which demonstrations were repressed , led to mounting militancy among the students at the universities of Berlin . One of the most prominent campaigners was a young man from East Germany called Rudi Dutschke who also criticised the forms of capitalism that were to be seen in West Berlin . Just before Easter 1968 , a young man tried to kill Dutschke as he bicycled to the student union , seriously injuring him . All over West Germany , thousands demonstrated against the Springer newspapers which were seen as the prime cause of the violence against students . Trucks carrying newspapers were set on fire and windows in office buildings broken . In the wake of these demonstrations , in which the question of America 's role in Vietnam began to play a bigger role , came a desire among the students to find out more about the role of their parents ' generation in the Nazi era . In 1968 , the Bundestag passed a Misdemeanors Bill dealing with traffic misdemeanors , into which a high - ranking civil servant named Dr. Eduard Dreher who had been drafting the bill inserted a prefatory section to the bill under a very misleading heading that declared that henceforth there was a statute of limitations of 15 years from the time of the offense for the crime of being an accomplices to murder which was to apply retroactively , which made it impossible to prosecute war criminals even for being accomplices to murder since the statute of limitations as now defined for the last of the suspects had expired by 1960 . The Bundestag passed the Misdemeanors Bill without bothering to read the bill in its entirety so its members missed Dreher 's amendment . It was estimated in 1969 that thanks to Dreher 's amendment to the Misdemeanors Bill that 90 % of all Nazi war criminals now enjoyed total immunity from prosecution . The prosecutor Adalbert Rückerl who headed the Central Bureau for the Prosecution of National Socialist Crimes told an interviewer in 1969 that this amendment had done immense harm to the ability of the Bureau to prosecute those suspected of war crimes and crimes against humanity . The calling in question of the actions and policies of the government led to a new climate of debate by the late 1960s . The issues of emancipation , colonialism , environmentalism and grass roots democracy were discussed at all levels of society . In 1979 , the environmental party , the Greens , reached the 5 % limit required to obtain parliamentary seats in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen provincial election . Also of great significance was the steady growth of a feminist movement in which women demonstrated for equal rights . Until 1979 , a married woman had to have the permission of her husband if she wanted to take on a job or open a bank account . Parallel to this , a gay movement began to grow in the larger cities , especially in West Berlin , where homosexuality had been widely accepted during the twenties in the Weimar Republic . In 1969 , the Bundestag repealed the 1935 Nazi amendment to Paragraph 175 , which not only made homosexual acts a felony , but had also made any expressions of homosexuality illegal ( before 1935 only gay sex had been illegal ) . However , Paragraph 175 which made homosexual acts illegal remained on the statute books and was not repealed until 1994 , although it had been softened in 1973 by making gay sex illegal only with those under the age of 18 . RAF symbol Anger over the treatment of demonstrators following the death of Benno Ohnesorg and the attack on Rudi Dutschke , coupled with growing frustration over the lack of success in achieving their aims , led to growing militancy among students and their supporters . In May 1968 , three young people set fire to two department stores in Frankfurt ; they were brought to trial and made very clear to the court that they regarded their action as a legitimate act in what they described as the ' struggle against imperialism ' . The student movement began to split into different factions , ranging from the unattached liberals to the Maoists and supporters of direct action in every form -- the anarchists . Several groups set as their objective the aim of radicalizing the industrial workers and , taking an example from activities in Italy of the Brigade Rosse , many students went to work in the factories , but with little or no success . The most notorious of the underground groups was the ' Baader - Meinhof Group ' , later known as the Red Army Faction , which began by making bank raids to finance their activities and eventually went underground having killed a number of policemen , several bystanders and eventually two prominent West Germans , whom they had taken captive in order to force the release of prisoners sympathetic to their ideas . The `` Baader - Meinhof gang '' was committed to the overthrow of the Federal Republic via terrorism in order to achieve the establishment of a Communist state . In the 1990s attacks were still being committed under the name `` RAF '' . The last action took place in 1993 and the group announced it was giving up its activities in 1998 . Evidence that the groups had been infiltrated by German Intelligence undercover agents has since emerged , partly through the insistence of the son of one of their prominent victims , the State Counsel Buback . Political developments 1969 -- 1990 ( edit ) In the 1969 election , the SPD -- headed by Willy Brandt -- gained enough votes to form a coalition government with the FDP . Although Chancellor for only just over four years , Brandt was one of the most popular politicians in the whole period . Brandt was a gifted speaker and the growth of the Social Democrats from there on was in no small part due to his personality . Brandt began a policy of rapprochement with West Germany 's eastern neighbors known as Ostpolitik , a policy opposed by the CDU . The issue of improving relations with Poland , Czechoslovakia , and East Germany made for an increasingly aggressive tone in public debates but it was a huge step forward when Willy Brandt and the Foreign Minister , Walther Scheel ( FDP ) negotiated agreements with all three countries ( Moscow Agreement , August 1970 , Warsaw Agreement , December 1970 , Four - Power Agreement over the status of West Berlin in 1971 and an agreement on relations between West and East Germany , signed in December 1972 ) . These agreements were the basis for a rapid improvement in the relations between east and west and led , in the long term , to the dismantlement of the Warsaw Treaty and the Soviet Union 's control over East - Central Europe . During a visit to Warsaw on 7 December 1970 , Brandt made the Warschauer Kniefall by kneeling before a monument to those killed in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising , a gesture of humility and penance that no German Chancellor had made until that time . Chancellor Brandt was forced to resign in May 1974 , after Günter Guillaume , a senior member of his staff , was uncovered as a spy for the East German intelligence service , the Stasi . Brandt 's contributions to world peace led to his winning the Nobel Peace Prize for 1971 . U.S. military convoys were still a regular sight in West Germany in the 1970s and 1980s . U.S. Army tanks being transported by rail in 1978 Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt ( SPD ) formed a coalition and he served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982 . Hans - Dietrich Genscher , a leading FDP official , became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister . Schmidt , a strong supporter of the European Community ( EC ) and the Atlantic alliance , emphasized his commitment to `` the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA '' . Throughout the 1970s , the Red Army Faction had continued its terrorist campaign , assassinating or kidnapping politicians , judges , businessmen , and policemen . The highpoint of the RAF violence came with the German Autumn in autumn 1977 . The industrialist Hanns - Martin Schleyer was kidnapped on 5 September 1977 in order to force the government to free the imprisoned leaders of the Baader - Meinhof Gang . A group from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacked Lufthansa Flight 181 to seize further hostages to free the RAF leaders . On 18 October 1977 , the Lufthansa jet was stormed in Mogadishu by the GSG 9 commando unit , who were able to free the hostages . The same day , the leaders of the Baader - Meinhof gang , who had been waging a hunger strike , starved themselves to death , which led to Schleyer being executed by his captors . The Red Army Faction was to continue its terrorist campaign into the 1990s , but the German Autumn of 1977 was the highpoint of its campaign . That the Federal Republic had faced a crisis caused by a terrorist campaign from the radical left without succumbing to dictatorship as many feared that it would , was seen as vindication of the strength of German democracy . In January 1979 , the American mini-series Holocaust aired in West Germany . The series , which was watched by 20 million people or 50 % of West Germans , first brought the matter of the genocide in World War II to widespread public attention in a way that it had never been before . After each part of Holocaust was aired , there was a companion show where a panel of historians could answer questions from people phoning in . The historians ' panels were literally overwhelmed with thousands of phone calls from shocked and outraged Germans , a great many of whom stated that they were born after 1945 and that was the first time that they learned that their country had practiced genocide in World War II . By the late 1970s , an initially small number of young people had started to demand that the Länder governments stop neglecting the sites of the concentration camps , and start turning them into proper museums and sites of remembrance , turning them into `` locations of learning '' meant to jar visitors into thinking critically about the Nazi period . In 1980 , the CDU / CSU ran Strauss as their joint candidate in the elections , and he was crushingly defeated by Schmidt . In October 1982 , the SPD - FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU / CSU to elect CDU chairman Helmut Kohl as Chancellor in a Constructive Vote of No Confidence . Genscher continued as Foreign Minister in the new Kohl government . Following national elections in March 1983 , Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU . The CDU / CSU fell just short of an absolute majority , due to the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens , who received 5.6 % of the vote . In 1983 , despite major protests from peace groups , the Kohl government allowed Pershing II missiles to be stationed in the Federal Republic to counter the deployment of the SS - 20 cruise missiles by the Soviet Union in East Germany . In 1985 , Kohl , who had something of a tin ear when it came to dealing with the Nazi past , caused much controversy when he invited President Ronald Reagan of the United States to visit the war cemetery at Bitburg to mark the 40th anniversary of the end of World War II . The Bitburg cemetery was soon revealed to contain the graves of SS men , which Kohl stated that he did not see as a problem and that to refuse to honor all of the dead of Bitburg including the SS men buried there was an insult to all Germans . Kohl stated that Reagan could come to the Federal Republic to hold a ceremony to honor the dead of Bitburg or not come at all , and that to change the venue of the service to another war cemetery that did not have SS men buried in it was not acceptable to him . Even more controversy was caused by Reagan 's statement that all of the SS men killed fighting for Hitler in World War II were `` just kids '' who were just as much the victims of Hitler as those who been murdered by the SS in the Holocaust . Despite the huge controversy caused by honoring the SS men buried at Bitburg , the visit to Bitburg went ahead , and Kohl and Reagan honored the dead of Bitburg . What was intended to promote German - American reconciliation turned out to be a public relations disaster that had the opposite effect . Public opinion polls showed that 72 % of West Germans supported the service at Bitburg while American public opinion overwhelming disapproved of Reagan honoring the memory of the SS men who gave their lives for Hitler . Despite or perhaps because of the Bitburg controversy , in 1985 a campaign had been started to build a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust in Berlin . It was felt by at least some Germans that there was something wrong about the Chancellor and the President of the United States honoring the memory of the SS men buried at Bitburg while there was no memorial to any of the people killed in the Holocaust . The campaign to build a Holocaust memorial , which Germany until then lacked , was given a major boost in November 1989 by the call by television journalist Lea Rosh to build the memorial at the site for the former Gestapo headquarters . In April 1992 , the City of Berlin finally decided that a Holocaust memorial could be built . Along the same lines , in August 1987 , protests put a stop to plans by the City of Frankfurt to raze the last remains of the Frankfurt Jewish Ghetto in order to redevelop the land , arguing that the remnants of the Frankfurt ghetto needed to be preserved . In January 1987 , the Kohl - Genscher government was returned to office , but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties . Kohl 's CDU and its Bavarian sister party , the CSU , slipped from 48.8 % of the vote in 1983 to 44.3 % . The SPD fell to 37 % ; long - time SPD chairman Brandt subsequently resigned in April 1987 and was succeeded by Hans - Jochen Vogel . The FDP 's share rose from 7 % to 9.1 % , its best showing since 1980 . The Greens ' share rose to 8.3 % from their 1983 share of 5.6 % . Later in 1987 , Kohl had a summit with the East German leader Erich Honecker . Unknown to Kohl , the meeting room had been bugged by the Stasi , and the Stasi tapes of the summit had Kohl saying to Honecker that he did not see any realistic chance of reunification in the foreseeable future . East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) ( edit ) Main article : East Germany In the Soviet occupation zone , the Social Democratic Party was forced to merge with the Communist Party in April 1946 to form a new party , the Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands or SED ) . The October 1946 elections resulted in coalition governments in the five Land ( state ) parliaments with the SED as the undisputed leader . A series of people 's congresses were called in 1948 and early 1949 by the SED . Under Soviet direction , a constitution was drafted on 30 May 1949 , and adopted on 7 October , the day when East Germany was formally proclaimed . The People 's Chamber ( Volkskammer ) -- the lower house of the East German parliament -- and an upper house -- the States Chamber ( Länderkammer ) -- were created . ( The Länderkammer was abolished again in 1958 . ) On 11 October 1949 , the two houses elected Wilhelm Pieck as President , and an SED government was set up . The Soviet Union and its East European allies immediately recognized East Germany , although it remained largely unrecognized by noncommunist countries until 1972 -- 73 . East Germany established the structures of a single - party , centralized , communist state . On 23 July 1952 , the traditional Länder were abolished and , in their place , 14 Bezirke ( districts ) were established . Even though other parties formally existed , effectively , all government control was in the hands of the SED , and almost all important government positions were held by SED members . The National Front was an umbrella organization nominally consisting of the SED , four other political parties controlled and directed by the SED , and the four principal mass organizations -- youth , trade unions , women , and culture . However , control was clearly and solely in the hands of the SED . Balloting in East German elections was not secret . As in other Soviet bloc countries , electoral participation was consistently high , as the following results indicate . In October 1950 , a year after the formation of the GDR , 98.53 % of the electorate voted. 99.72 % of the votes were valid and 99.72 % were cast in favor of the ' National Front ' -- the title of the ' coalition ' of the Unity Party plus their associates in other conformist groups . In election after election , the votes cast for the Socialist Unity Party were always over 99 % , and in 1963 , two years after the Berlin Wall was constructed , the support for the S.E.D. was 99.95 % . Only 0.05 % of the electorate opposed the party according to these results , the veracity of which is disputable . Industry and agriculture in East Germany ( edit ) With the formation of a separate East German communist state in October 1949 , the Socialist Unity Party faced a huge range of problems . Not only were the cities in ruins , much of the productive machinery and equipment had been seized by the Soviet occupation force and transported to The Soviet Union in order to make some kind of reconstruction possible . While West Germany received loans and other financial assistance from the United States , the GDR was in the role of an exporter of goods to the USSR -- a role that its people could ill afford but which they could not avoid . The S.E.D. 's intention was to transform the GDR into a socialist and later into a communist state . These processes would occur step by step according to the laws of scientific ' Marxism - Leninism ' and economic planning was the key to this process . In July 1952 , at a conference of the S.E.D. , Walter Ulbricht announced that `` the democratic ( sic ) and economic development , and the consciousness ( Bewusstsein ) of the working class and the majority of the employed classes must be developed so that the construction of Socialism becomes their most important objective . '' This meant that the administration , the armed forces , the planning of industry and agriculture would be under the sole authority of the S.E.D. and its planning committee . Industries would be nationalized and collectivization introduced in the farm industry . When the first Five - Year Plan was announced , the flow of refugees out of East Germany began to grow . As a consequence , production fell , food became short and protests occurred in a number of factories . On 14 May 1952 , the S.E.D. ordered that the production quotas ( the output per man per shift ) were to be increased by 10 % , but wages to be kept at the former level . This decision was not popular with the new leaders in the Kremlin . Stalin had died in March 1953 and the new leadership was still evolving . The imposition of new production quotas contradicted the new direction of Soviet policies for their satellites . Gerhard Behrendt with Sandmännchen On 5 June 1953 , the S.E.D. announced a ' new course ' in which farmers , craftsmen , and factory owners would benefit from a relaxation of controls . The new production quotas remained ; the East German workers protested and up to sixty strikes occurred the following day . One of the window - dressing projects in the ruins of East Berlin was the construction of Stalin Allee , on which the most ' class - conscious ' workers ( in S.E.D. propaganda terms ) were involved . At a meeting , strikers declared `` You give the capitalists ( the factory owners ) presents , and we are exploited ! '' A delegation of building workers marched to the headquarters of the S.E.D. demanding that the production quotas be rescinded . The crowd grew , demands were made for the removal of Ulbricht from office and a general strike called for the following day . On 17 June 1953 strikes and demonstrations occurred in 250 towns and cities in the GDR . Between 300,000 and 400,000 workers took part in the strikes , which were specifically directed towards the rescinding of the production quotas and were not an attempt to overthrow the government . The strikers were for the most part convinced that the transformation of the GDR into a socialist state was the proper course to take but that the S.E.D. had taken a wrong turn . The S.E.D. responded with all of the force at its command and also with the help of the Soviet Occupation force . Thousands were arrested , sentenced to jail and many hundreds were forced to leave for West Germany . The S.E.D. later moderated its course but the damage had been done . The real face of the East German regime was revealed . The S.E.D. claimed that the strikes had been instigated by West German agents , but there is no evidence for this . Over 250 strikers were killed , around 100 policemen and some 18 Soviet soldiers died in the uprising ; 17 June was declared a national day of remembrance in West Germany . Berlin ( edit ) Shortly after World War II , Berlin became the seat of the Allied Control Council , which was to have governed Germany as a whole until the conclusion of a peace settlement . In 1948 , however , the Soviet Union refused to participate any longer in the quadripartite administration of Germany . They also refused to continue the joint administration of Berlin and drove the government elected by the people of Berlin out of its seat in the Soviet sector and installed a communist regime in East Berlin . From then until unification , the Western Allies continued to exercise supreme authority -- effective only in their sectors -- through the Allied Kommandatura . To the degree compatible with the city 's special status , however , they turned over control and management of city affairs to the West Berlin Senate and the House of Representatives , governing bodies established by constitutional process and chosen by free elections . The Allies and German authorities in West Germany and West Berlin never recognized the communist city regime in East Berlin or East German authority there . During the years of West Berlin 's isolation -- 176 kilometers ( 110 mi . ) inside East Germany -- the Western Allies encouraged a close relationship between the Government of West Berlin and that of West Germany . Representatives of the city participated as non-voting members in the West German Parliament ; appropriate West German agencies , such as the supreme administrative court , had their permanent seats in the city ; and the governing mayor of West Berlin took his turn as President of the Bundesrat . In addition , the Allies carefully consulted with the West German and West Berlin Governments on foreign policy questions involving unification and the status of Berlin . Between 1948 and 1990 , major events such as fairs and festivals were sponsored in West Berlin , and investment in commerce and industry was encouraged by special concessionary tax legislation . The results of such efforts , combined with effective city administration and the West Berliners ' energy and spirit , were encouraging . West Berlin 's morale was sustained , and its industrial production considerably surpassed the pre-war level . The Final Settlement Treaty ended Berlin 's special status as a separate area under Four Power control . Under the terms of the treaty between West and East Germany , Berlin became the capital of a unified Germany . The Bundestag voted in June 1991 to make Berlin the seat of government . The Government of Germany asked the Allies to maintain a military presence in Berlin until the complete withdrawal of the Western Group of Forces ( ex-Soviet ) from the territory of the former East Germany . The Russian withdrawal was completed 31 August 1994 . Ceremonies were held on 8 September 1994 , to mark the final departure of Western Allied troops from Berlin . Government offices have been moving progressively to Berlin , and it became the formal seat of the federal government in 1999 . Berlin also is one of the Federal Republic 's 16 Länder . Relations between East Germany and West Germany ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Under Chancellor Adenauer West Germany declared its right to speak for the entire German nation with an exclusive mandate . The Hallstein Doctrine involved non-recognition of East Germany and restricted ( or often ceased ) diplomatic relations with countries that gave East Germany the status of a sovereign state . The constant stream of East Germans fleeing across the Inner German border to West Germany placed great strains on East German - West German relations in the 1950s . East Germany sealed the borders to West Germany in 1952 , but people continued to flee from East Berlin to West Berlin . On 13 August 1961 , East Germany began building the Berlin Wall around West Berlin to slow the flood of refugees to a trickle , effectively cutting the city in half and making West Berlin an enclave of the Western world in communist territory . The Wall became the symbol of the Cold War and the division of Europe . Shortly afterward , the main border between the two German states was fortified . The Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops of 1965 was controversial at the time , but is now seen as an important step toward improving relations between the German states and Poland . In 1969 , Chancellor Willy Brandt announced that West Germany would remain firmly rooted in the Atlantic alliance but would intensify efforts to improve relations with the Eastern Bloc , especially East Germany . West Germany commenced this Ostpolitik , initially under fierce opposition from the conservatives , by negotiating nonaggression treaties with the Soviet Union , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Bulgaria , and Hungary . West Germany 's relations with East Germany posed particularly difficult questions . Though anxious to relieve serious hardships for divided families and to reduce friction , West Germany under Brandt 's Ostpolitik was intent on holding to its concept of `` two German states in one German nation . '' Relations gradually improved . In the early 1970s , the Ostpolitik led to a form of mutual recognition between East and West Germany . The Treaty of Moscow ( August 1970 ) , the Treaty of Warsaw ( December 1970 ) , the Four Power Agreement on Berlin ( September 1971 ) , the Transit Agreement ( May 1972 ) , and the Basic Treaty ( December 1972 ) helped to normalise relations between East and West Germany and led to both states joining the United Nations , in September 1973 . The two German states exchanged permanent representatives in 1974 , and , in 1987 , East German head of state Erich Honecker paid an official visit to West Germany . The reunification of East Germany and West Germany ( edit ) Main article : German reunification Background ( edit ) International plans for the unification of Germany were made during the early years following the establishment of the two states , but to no avail . In March 1952 , the Soviet government proposed the Stalin Note to hold elections for a united German assembly while making the proposed united Germany a neutral state , i.e. a neutral state approved by the people , similar to the Austrians ' approval of a neutral Austria . The Western Allied governments refused this initiative , while continuing West Germany 's integration into the Western alliance system . The issue was raised again during the Foreign Ministers ' Conference in Berlin in January -- February 1954 , but the western powers refused to make Germany neutral . Following Bonn 's adherence to NATO on 9 May 1955 , such initiatives were abandoned by both sides . During the summer of 1989 , rapid changes took place in East Germany , which ultimately led to German reunification . Widespread discontent boiled over , following accusations of large scale vote - rigging during the local elections of May 1989 . Growing numbers of East Germans emigrated to West Germany via Hungary after the Hungarians decided not to use force to stop them . Thousands of East Germans also tried to reach the West by staging sit - ins at West German diplomatic facilities in other East European capitals . The exodus generated demands within East Germany for political change , and mass demonstrations ( Monday demonstrations ) with eventually hundreds of thousands of people in several cities -- particularly in Leipzig -- continued to grow . On 7 October , the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev visited Berlin to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the establishment of East Germany and urged the East German leadership to pursue reform , without success . The movement of civil resistance against the East German regime -- both the emigration and the demonstrations -- continued unabated . On 18 October , Erich Honecker was forced to resign as head of the SED and as head of state and was replaced by Egon Krenz . But the exodus continued unabated , and pressure for political reform mounted . On 4 November , a demonstration in East Berlin drew as many as 1 million East Germans . Finally , on 9 November 1989 , the Berlin Wall was opened , and East Germans were allowed to travel freely . Thousands poured through the wall into the western sectors of Berlin , and on 12 November , East Germany began dismantling it . On 28 November , West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl outlined the 10 - Point Plan for the peaceful unification of the two German states , based on free elections in East Germany and a unification of their two economies . In December , the East German Volkskammer eliminated the SED monopoly on power , and the entire Politbüro and Central Committee -- including Krenz -- resigned . The SED changed its name to the Party of Democratic Socialism ( PDS ) and the formation and growth of numerous political groups and parties marked the end of the communist system . Prime Minister Hans Modrow headed a caretaker government which shared power with the new , democratically oriented parties . On 7 December 1989 , an agreement was reached to hold free elections in May 1990 and rewrite the East German constitution . On 28 January , all the parties agreed to advance the elections to 18 March , primarily because of an erosion of state authority and because the East German exodus was continuing apace ; more than 117,000 left in January and February 1990 . In early February 1990 , the Modrow government 's proposal for a unified , neutral German state was rejected by Chancellor Kohl , who affirmed that a unified Germany must be a member of NATO . Finally , on 18 March , the first free elections were held in East Germany , and a government led by Lothar de Maizière ( CDU ) was formed under a policy of expeditious unification with West Germany . The freely elected representatives of the Volkskammer held their first session on 5 April , and East Germany peacefully evolved from a communist to a democratically elected government . Free and secret communal ( local ) elections were held in the GDR on 6 May , and the CDU again won most of the available seats . On 1 July , the two German states entered into an economic and monetary union . Treaty negotiations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During 1990 , in parallel with internal German developments , the Four Powers -- the Allies of World War II , being the United States , United Kingdom , France , and the Soviet Union -- together with the two German states negotiated to end Four Power reserved rights for Berlin and Germany as a whole . These `` Two - plus - Four '' negotiations were mandated at the Ottawa Open Skies conference on 13 February 1990 . The six foreign ministers met four times in the ensuing months in Bonn ( 5 May ) , Berlin ( 22 June ) , Paris ( 17 July ) , and Moscow ( 12 September ) . The Polish Foreign Minister participated in the part of the Paris meeting that dealt with the Polish - German borders . Overcoming Soviet objections to a united Germany 's membership in NATO was of key importance . This was accomplished in July when the alliance , led by President George H.W. Bush , issued the London Declaration on a transformed NATO . On 16 July , President Gorbachev and Chancellor Kohl announced the agreement in principle on a united Germany in NATO . This cleared the way for the signing in Moscow , on 12 September , of the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany -- in effect the peace treaty that was anticipated at the end of World War II . In addition to terminating Four Power rights , the treaty mandated the withdrawal of all Soviet forces from Germany by the end of 1994 , made clear that the current borders ( especially the Oder - Neisse line ) were viewed as final and definitive , and specified the right of a united Germany to belong to NATO . It also provided for the continued presence of British , French , and American troops in Berlin during the interim period of the Soviet withdrawal . In the treaty , the Germans renounced nuclear , biological , and chemical weapons and stated their intention to reduce the ( combined ) German armed forces to 370,000 within 3 to 4 years after the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe , signed in Paris on 19 November 1990 , entered into force . The conclusion of the final settlement cleared the way for the unification of East and West Germany . Formal political union occurred on 3 October 1990 , preceded by the GDR declaring its accession to the Federal Republic through Article 23 of West Germany 's Basic Law ( meaning that constitutionally , East Germany was subsumed into West Germany ) ; but affected in strict legality through the subsequent Unification Treaty of 30 August 1990 , which was voted into their constitutions by both the West German Bundestag and the East German Volkskammer on 20 September 1990 . These votes simultaneously extinguished the GDR and affected fundamental amendments to the West German Basic Law ( including the repeal of the very Article 23 under which the GDR had recently declared its post-dated accession ) . On 2 December 1990 , all - German elections were held for the first time since 1933 . The `` new '' country stayed the same as the West German legal system and institutions were extended to the east . The unified nation kept the name Bundesrepublik Deutschland ( though the simple ' Deutschland ' would become increasingly common ) and retained the West German `` Deutsche Mark '' for currency as well . Berlin would formally become the capital of the united Germany , but the political institutions remained at Bonn for the time being . Only after a heated 1991 debate did the Bundestag conclude on moving itself and most of the government to Berlin as well , a process that took until 1999 to complete , when the Bundestag held its first session at the reconstructed Reichstag building . Many government departments still maintain sizable presences in Bonn as of 2008 . Aftermath ( edit ) Further information : New states of Germany To this day , there remain vast differences between the former East Germany and West Germany ( for example , in lifestyle , wealth , political beliefs , and other matters ) and thus it is still common to speak of eastern and western Germany distinctly . The eastern German economy has struggled since unification , and large subsidies are still transferred from west to east . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 549 . Jump up ^ Wachsmann , Nikolaus ( 2015 ) . KL ; A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. Little , Brown . p. 544 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 549 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 551 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Chris ( 29 January 2014 ) . `` Germany 1945 - 1949 : a case study in post-conflict reconstruction '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2003 ) ( 2002 ) . Berlin : The Downfall 1945 . Penguin Books . pp. 402 ff . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028696 - 9 . Jump up ^ Uniting Germany : documents and debates , 1944 - 1993 . Jarausch , Konrad Hugo. , Gransow , Volker . Providence : Berghahn Books . 1994 . p. 1 . ISBN 9781571810113 . OCLC 30624400 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 557 . Jump up ^ Alrich , Amy ( 2004 ) . `` An Exploration of the Inner Landscape of Experience '' . H - Net Reviews . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 556 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 558 . Jump up ^ Biddiscombe , Perry ( 2001 ) . `` Dangerous Liaisons : The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the US Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria , 1945 -- 1948 '' . Journal of Social History . 34 ( 3 ) : 619 . Jump up ^ Morgenthau , Henry Jr ( September 1944 ) . `` Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany '' . President 's Secretary 's Files ( PSF ) , German Diplomatic Files , Jan. -- Sept. 1944 ( i297 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt Digital Archives . Retrieved 27 January 2007 . It should be the aim of the Allied Forces to accomplish the complete demilitarization of Germany in the shortest possible period of time after its surrender . This means completely disarming the German Army and people ( including the removal or destruction of all war material ) , the total destruction of the whole German armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries which are basic to military strength . ( ... ) Within a short period , if possible not longer than 6 months after the cessation of hostilities , all industrial plants and equipment not destroyed by military action shall either be completely dismantled and removed from the ( Ruhr ) area or completely destroyed . All equipment shall be removed from the mines and the mines shall be thoroughly wrecked . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael R . The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 . p. 233 . Jump up ^ Petrov , Vladimir ( 1967 ) . Money and conquest ; allied occupation currencies in World War II . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . pp. 228 -- 229 . ^ Jump up to : Gareau , Frederick H. ( June 1961 ) . `` Morgenthau 's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany '' . The Western Political Quarterly . 14 ( 2 ) : 517 -- 534 . doi : 10.2307 / 443604 . Jump up ^ Wallich , Henry C. ( 1955 ) . Mainsprings of the German Revival . p. 348 . Jump up ^ `` ECONOMICS : Cornerstone of Steel '' . Time Magazine . 21 January 1946 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Cost of Defeat '' . Time Magazine . 8 April 1946 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Herbert ( March 1947 ) . `` The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria , Report 3 '' . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Balabkins , Nicholas ( 1964 ) . Germany Under Direct Controls ; Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945 -- 1948 . Rutgers University Press . p. 119 . The two quotes used by Balabkins are referenced to respectively : A Year of Potsdam : The German Economy Since the Surrender . U.S. Office of Military Government . 1946 . p. 70 . and The German Forest Resources Survey . U.S. Office of Military Government . 1948 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Ray Salvatore ( May 2003 ) . `` The Road Ahead : Lessons in Nation Building from Japan , Germany , and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq '' ( PDF ) . Peaceworks . p. 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CONFERENCES : Pas de Pagaille ! '' . Time Magazine . 28 July 1947 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bark , Dennis L. ; Gress , David R. ( 1989 ) . A History of West Germany : From Shadow to Substance. 1 . Oxford Press . Jump up ^ `` French proposal regarding the detachment of German industrial regions '' . Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe. 8 September 1945 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Yoder , Amos ( July 1955 ) . `` The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem '' . The Review of Politics . Cambridge University Press . 17 ( 3 ) : 345 -- 358 . doi : 10.1017 / s0034670500014261 . Jump up ^ Stern , Susan ( 2001 , 2007 ) . `` Marshall Plan 1947 -- 1997 A German View '' . Germany Info . German Embassy 's Department for Press , Information and Public Affairs , Washington D.C. Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . There is another reason for the Plan 's continued vitality . It has transcended reality and become a myth . To this day , a truly astonishing number of Germans ( and almost all advanced high school students ) have an idea what the Marshall Plan was , although their idea is very often very inaccurate . ( ... ) Many Germans believe that the Marshall Plan was alone responsible for the economic miracle of the Fifties . And when scholars come along and explain that reality was far more complex , they are skeptical and disappointed . They should not be . For the Marshall Plan certainly did play a key role in Germany 's recovery , albeit perhaps more of a psychological than a purely economic one . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Walker , C. Lester ( October 1946 ) . `` Secrets By The Thousands '' . Harper 's Magazine . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Naimark , Norman M. The Russians in Germany . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Note : The $10 billion compares to the U.S. annual GDP of $258 billion in 1948 . It also compares to the total Marshall plan expenditure ( 1948 -- 1952 ) of $13 billion , of which Germany received $1 , 4 billion ( partly as loans ) . ^ Jump up to : Bessel , Richard ( 2009 ) . Germany 1945 : From War to Peace . Jump up ^ Hitchcock , , William I. ( 2008 ) . The Bitter Road to Freedom : The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe . pp. 205 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wiggers , Richard Dominic . `` The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II '' . In Vardy , Steven Bela ; Tooley , T. Hunt . Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe . ISBN 0 - 88033 - 995 - 0 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , S.P. ( September 1994 ) . `` The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II '' . The Journal of Modern History . 66 ( 3 ) : 487 -- 520 . doi : 10.1086 / 244883 . Jump up ^ Tjersland , Jonas ( 8 April 2006 ) . `` Tyske soldater brukt som mineryddere '' ( German soldiers used for mine - clearing ) ( in Norwegian ) . VG Nett . Retrieved 2 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Naimark , Norman M. ( 1995 ) . The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 . Harvard University Press . pp. 132 , 133 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 78405 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hitchcock , William I . The Struggle for Europe The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945 to the Present . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49799 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Informationen für Politische Bildung ( in German ) ( 256 ) . 1997 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Ludtke , Alf ( 1993 ) . `` ' Coming to Terms with the Past ' : Illusions of Remembering , Ways of Forgetting Nazism in West Germany '' . The Journal of Modern History . 65 . doi : 10.1086 / 244674 . ^ Jump up to : Burleigh , Michael ; Wippermann , Wolfgang ( 1991 ) . The Racial State : Germany 1933 - 1945 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Wette , Wolfram ( 2006 ) , The Wehrmacht : History , Myth , Reality , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , p. 235 Jump up ^ Bartov , Omer ( 2004 ) . `` Celluloid Soldiers : Cinematic Images of the Wehrmacht '' . In Erickson , Ljubica ; Erickson , Mark . Russia War , Peace , and Diplomacy . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Frei , Norbert ( 1996 ) . Vergangenheitspolitik : Die Anfänge der Bundesrepublik und die NS - Vergangenheit . C.H. Beck . ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 63661 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Exorcising Hitler . London : Bloomsbury Press . p. 371 . ^ Jump up to : Fulford , Robert ( 4 June 2005 ) . `` How the Auschwitz Trial failed '' . National Post . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kraushaar , Wolfgang ( 1998 ) . Frankfurter Schule und Studentenbewegung ( Frankfurt School and the Student Movement ) ( in German ) . 2 . Rogner und Bernhard . p. 356 . Jump up ^ Denso , Christian ( 8 August 2011 ) . `` Gefangen in der Geschichte '' . ZEIT ONLINE ( in German ) . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Otte , Max ; Greve , Jürgen ( 2000 ) . A rising middle power ? : German foreign policy in transformation , 1989 -- 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Buchanan 'S Response To Norman Podhoretz 'S Op - Ed '' . Wall Street Journal . Internet Archive. 5 November 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Zahlenspiegel ein Vergleich Bundesrepublik Deutschland Deutsche Demokratische Republik Ministerium für Innerdeutsche Beziehungen ( in German ) . 1973 . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Steininger . Deutsch Geschichte 1945 -- 1961 . 2 . Jump up ^ Maier , Charles S. ( 2009 ) . `` Civil Resistance and Civil Society : Lessons from the Collapse of the German Democratic Republic in 1989 '' . In Roberts , Adam ; Ash , Timothy Garton . Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present . Oxford University Press . pp. 260 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Kommers , Donald P ( 2012 ) , The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany , Duke University Presss , p. 309 Works cited Fulbrook , Mary . ( 1 ) `` The Two Germanies , 1945 -- 90 '' ( ch. 7 ) and `` The Federal Republic of Germany Since 1990 '' ( ch. 8 ) in A Concise History of Germany ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) : 203 -- 249 ; 249 -- 257 . Jean Edward Smith , Germany Beyond The Wall : People , Politics , and Prosperity , Boston : Little , Brown , & Company , 1969 . Jean Edward Smith , Lucius D. Clay : An American Life , New York : Henry , Holt , & Company , 1990 . Jean Edward Smith , The Defense of Berlin , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1963 . Jean Edward Smith , The Papers of Lucius D. Clay , 2 Vols. , Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press , 1974 . David H Childs , Germany in the Twentieth Century , ( From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity ) , Batsford , Third edition , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 David H Childs and Jeffrey Johnson , West Germany : Politics And Society , Croom Helm , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 0702 - 8 David H Childs , The Two Red Flags : European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945 , Routledge , 2000 . ( 2 ) Further reading ( edit ) Ahonen , Pertti . `` Germany and the Aftermath of the Second World War . '' Journal of Modern History 89 # 2 ( 2017 ) : 355 - 387 . Bark , Dennis L. , and David R. Gress . A History of West Germany Vol 1 : From Shadow to Substance , 1945 -- 1963 ( 1992 ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 16787 - 7 ; vol 2 : Democracy and Its Discontents 1963 -- 1988 ( 1992 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 16788 - 4 Berghahn , Volker Rolf . Modern Germany : society , economy , and politics in the twentieth century ( 1987 ) ACLS E-book online Bernhard , Michael . `` Democratization in Germany : A Reappraisal . '' Comparative Politics 33 # 4 ( 2001 ) : 379 - 400 . in JSTOR Bessel , Richard . Germany 1945 : From War to Peace ( Harper Collins Publishers , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 054036 - 4 Davis , Franklin M. , Jr . Come as Conqueror : The United States Army 's Occupation of Germany , 1945 - 49 ( Macmillan , 1967 ) . Hanrieder , Wolfram F. Germany , America , Europe : Forty Years of German Foreign Policy ( 1989 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 04022 - 9 Jarausch , Konrad H. After Hitler : Recivilizing Germans , 1945 -- 1995 ( 2008 ) Junker , Detlef , ed . The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War ( 2 vol 2004 ) , 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945 -- 1990 excerpt and text search vol 1 ; excerpt and text search vol 2 Lovelace , Alexander G ( 2013 ) . `` Trends in the Western Historiography of the United States ' Occupation of Germany '' . International Bibliography of Military History . 33 ( 2 ) : 148 -- 163 . doi : 10.1163 / 22115757 - 03302004 . Merritt , Anna J. , and Richard L. Merritt . Public opinion in occupied Germany : the OMGUS surveys , 1945 - 1949 ( University of Illinois Press , 1970 ) , OMGUS polls . Miller , Paul D ( 2013 ) . `` A bibliographic essay on the Allied occupation and reconstruction of West Germany , 1945 -- 1955 '' . Small Wars & Insurgencies. 24 ( 4 ) : 751 -- 759 . doi : 10.1080 / 09592318.2013. 857935 . Schwarz , Hans - Peter . Konrad Adenauer : A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War , Revolution and Reconstruction ( 2 vol 1995 ) excerpt and text search vol 2 ; also full text vol 1 ; and full text vol 2 Smith , Jean Edward . Lucius D. Clay : An American Life ( 1990 ) , a major scholarly biography Smith , Gordon , ed , Developments in German Politics ( 1992 ) ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1266 - 2 , broad survey of reunified nation Weber , Jurgen . Germany , 1945 -- 1990 ( Central European University Press , 2004 ) online edition Ziemke , Earl Frederick ( 1975 ) . The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany : 1944 - 1946 . Government Printing Office . , the official Army history GDR ( edit ) Fulbrook , Mary . Anatomy of a Dictatorship : Inside the GDR , 1949 -- 1989 ( 1998 ) Jarausch , Konrad H. and Eve Duffy . Dictatorship As Experience : Towards a Socio - Cultural History of the GDR ( 1999 ) Jarausch , Konrad H. , and Volker Gransow , eds . Uniting Germany : Documents and Debates , 1944 -- 1993 ( 1994 ) , primary sources on reunification Pritchard , Gareth . The Making of the GDR , 1945 -- 53 ( 2004 ) Ross , Corey . The East German Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR ( 2002 ) Steiner , André . The Plans That Failed : An Economic History of East Germany , 1945 -- 1989 ( 2010 ) External links ( edit ) East Germany portal Germany portal Germany at the onset of the cold war James F. Byrnes , Speaking Frankly ( The division of Germany ) The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria , Report No. 1 ( 1947 ) The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria , Report 3 ( 1947 ) The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War by Melvyn P. Leffler Contemporary History maintained by the Institute for Contemporary Historical Research in Potsdam ( in German ) Special German series 2 . The Committee on Dismemberment of Germany Allied discussions on the dismemberment of Germany into separate states , 29 March 1945 . The overlooked majority : German women in the four zones of occupied Germany , 1945 -- 1949 , a comparative study East Berlin , Past and Present Germany Under Reconstruction is a digital collection that provides a varied selection of publications in both English and German from the period immediately following World War II . Many are publications of the U.S. occupying forces , including reports and descriptions of efforts to introduce U.S. - style democracy to Germany . Some of the other books and documents describe conditions in a country devastated by years of war , efforts at political , economic and cultural development , and the differing perspectives coming from the U.S. and British zones and the Russian zone of occupation . For representation of the German Partition in literature , one can consult the Raiganj University - Associate Professor Pinaki Roy 's `` Das Bewusstsein für die Wand : A Very Brief Review of German Partition Literature '' , in The Atlantic Critical Review Quarterly ( ISSN 0972 - 6373 ; ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 1747 - 1 ) 11 ( 2 ) , April -- June 2012 : 157 -- 68 . In his `` Patriots in Fremden Landern : 1939 - 45 German Émigré Literature '' , collected in Writing Difference : Nationalism , Identity , and Literature , edited by G.N. Ray , J. Sarkar , and A. Bhattacharyya , and published by the New Delhi - based Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. in 2014 ( ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 1938 - 3 ; pages - 367 - 90 ) , Roy examines the attitudes and ideologies of those anti-Nazi German litterateurs who were forced to relocate due to their opposition to National Socialism and hence suffered from a sort of identity - crisis . Post-World War II Posters from Germany , 1945 - 1947 From the Collections at the Library of Congress Chronology of the East - West - German division ( hide ) Germany articles History Timeline Historiography Military history Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Holy Roman Empire Ostsiedlung ( East Colonisation ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Frankfurt Constitution North German Confederation Unification of Germany German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Nazi Germany World War II Divided Germany Allied occupation Flight and expulsions East Germany West Germany Reunification Reunified Germany Geography Administrative divisions States Districts Cities and towns Earthquakes Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Bundestag Bundesrat Bundeswehr ( military ) Cabinet Chancellor Constitution Court system Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Law Law enforcement Political parties President Economy Agriculture Automobile industry Banking Central bank Chemical Triangle Economic history Energy Exports German model German states by GDP Manufacturing Mining Mittelstand companies Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Welfare Society Crime Demographics Drug policy Education Germans Ethnic groups Healthcare Immigration Pensions Religion Social issues Culture Anthem Architecture Art Arts Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Dance Fashion Festivals Flag Language Literature Internet Media Music Names Philosophy Prussian virtues Sport Television World Heritage Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Germany_(1945 -- 90 ) &oldid = 843316151 '' Categories : Cold War history of Germany Contemporary German history 20th century in Germany by period Aftermath of World War II in Germany Partition ( politics ) East Germany West Germany 1940s in Germany 1950s in Germany 1960s in Germany 1970s in Germany 1980s in Germany History of Germany by period Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Articles with dead external links from May 2012 CS1 errors : dates CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Pages using Infobox bilateral relations with deprecated parameters NPOV disputes from April 2017 All NPOV disputes All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română ไทย 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 09 : 55 . 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"The Cold War divided Germany between the Allies in the west and Soviets in the east. Germans had little voice in government until 1949 when two states emerged:"
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Seneca Falls Convention
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Seneca Falls convention - wikipedia Seneca Falls convention Jump to : navigation , search This mahogany tea table was used on July 16 , 1848 , to compose much of the first draft of the Declaration of Sentiments . 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It advertised itself as `` a convention to discuss the social , civil , and religious condition and rights of woman '' . Held in Seneca Falls , New York , it spanned two days over July 19 -- 20 , 1848 . Attracting widespread attention , it was soon followed by other women 's rights conventions , including the Rochester Women 's Rights Convention in Rochester , New York , two weeks later . In 1850 the first in a series of annual National Women 's Rights Conventions met in Worcester , Massachusetts . Female Quakers local to the area organized the meeting along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who was not a Quaker . They planned the event during a visit to the area by Philadelphia - based Lucretia Mott . Mott , a Quaker , was famous for her oratorical ability , which was rare for non-Quaker women during an era in which women were often not allowed to speak in public . The meeting comprised six sessions including a lecture on law , a humorous presentation , and multiple discussions about the role of women in society . Stanton and the Quaker women presented two prepared documents , the Declaration of Sentiments and an accompanying list of resolutions , to be debated and modified before being put forward for signatures . A heated debate sprang up regarding women 's right to vote , with many -- including Mott -- urging the removal of this concept , but Frederick Douglass , who was the convention 's sole African American attendee , argued eloquently for its inclusion , and the suffrage resolution was retained . Exactly 100 of approximately 300 attendees signed the document , mostly women . The convention was seen by some of its contemporaries , including featured speaker Mott , as one important step among many others in the continuing effort by women to gain for themselves a greater proportion of social , civil and moral rights , while it was viewed by others as a revolutionary beginning to the struggle by women for complete equality with men . Stanton considered the Seneca Falls Convention to be the beginning of the women 's rights movement , an opinion that was echoed in the History of Woman Suffrage , which Stanton co-wrote . The convention 's Declaration of Sentiments became `` the single most important factor in spreading news of the women 's rights movement around the country in 1848 and into the future '' , according to Judith Wellman , a historian of the convention . By the time of the National Women 's Rights Convention of 1851 , the issue of women 's right to vote had become a central tenet of the United States women 's rights movement . These conventions became annual events until the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Reform movement 1.2 Abolitionism 1.3 Women 's rights 1.4 Political gains 1.5 Quaker influence 2 Planning 2.1 Announcement 2.2 Declaration , grievances , resolutions 3 First day 3.1 Morning session 3.2 Afternoon session 3.3 Evening speech 4 Second day 4.1 Morning session , day two 4.2 Afternoon session , day two 4.3 Evening session , day two 5 Afterward 5.1 News reports 5.2 Religious reaction 5.3 Further conventions 5.4 Remembrances 6 Historiography 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Reform movement ( edit ) In the decades leading up to 1848 , a small number of women began to push against restrictions imposed upon them by society . A few men aided in this effort . In 1831 , Reverend Charles Grandison Finney began allowing women to pray aloud in gatherings of men and women . The Second Great Awakening was challenging women 's traditional roles in religion . Recalling the era in 1870 , Paulina Wright Davis set Finney 's decision as the beginning of the American women 's reform movement . Abolitionism ( edit ) Starting in 1832 , abolitionist and journalist William Lloyd Garrison organized anti-slavery associations which encouraged the full participation of women . Garrison 's ideas were not welcomed by a majority of other abolitionists , and those unwilling to include women split from him to form other abolitionist societies . A few women began to gain fame as writers and speakers on the subject of abolition . In the 1830s , Lydia Maria Child wrote to encourage women to write a will , and Frances Wright wrote books on women 's rights and social reform . The Grimké sisters published their views against slavery in the late 1830s , and they began speaking to mixed gatherings of men and women for Garrison 's American Anti-Slavery Society , as did Abby Kelley . Although these women lectured primarily on the evils of slavery , the fact that a woman was speaking in public was itself a noteworthy stand for the cause of women 's rights . Ernestine Rose began lecturing in 1836 to groups of women on the subject of the `` Science of Government '' which included the enfranchisement of women . James and Lucretia Mott In 1840 , at the urging of Garrison and Wendell Phillips , Lucretia Coffin Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton traveled with their husbands and a dozen other American male and female abolitionists to London for the first World 's Anti-Slavery Convention , with the expectation that a motion put forward by Phillips to include women 's participation in the convention would be controversial . In London , the proposal was rebuffed after a full day of debate ; the women were allowed to listen from the gallery but not allowed to speak or vote . Mott and Stanton became friends in London and on the return voyage , and together planned to organize their own convention to further the cause of women 's rights , separate from abolition concerns . In 1842 Thomas M'Clintock and his wife Mary Ann became founding members of the Western New York Anti-Slavery Society and helped write its constitution . When he moved to Rochester in 1847 , Frederick Douglass joined Amy and Isaac Post and the M'Clintocks in this Rochester - based chapter of the American Anti-Slavery Society . Women 's rights ( edit ) In 1839 in Boston , Margaret Fuller began hosting conversations , akin to French salons , among women interested in discussing the `` great questions '' facing their sex . Sophia Ripley was one of the participants . In 1845 , Fuller published The Great Lawsuit , asking women to claim themselves as self - dependent . In the 1840s , women in America were reaching out for greater control of their lives . Husbands and fathers directed the lives of women , and many doors were closed to female participation . State statutes and common law prohibited women from inheriting property , signing contracts , serving on juries and voting in elections . Women 's prospects in employment were dim : they could expect only to gain a very few service - related jobs and were paid about half of what men were paid for the same work . In Massachusetts , Brook Farm was founded by Sophia Ripley and her husband George Ripley in 1841 as an attempt to find a way in which men and women could work together , with women receiving the same compensation as men . The experiment failed . In the fall of 1841 , Elizabeth Cady Stanton gave her first public speech , on the subject of the Temperance movement , in front of 100 women in Seneca Falls . She wrote to her friend Elizabeth J. Neal that she moved both the audience and herself to tears , saying `` I infused into my speech an Homeopathic dose of woman 's rights , as I take good care to do in many private conversations . '' Lucretia Mott met with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in Boston in 1842 , and discussed again the possibility of a woman 's rights convention . They talked once more in 1847 , prior to Stanton moving from Boston to Seneca Falls . Women 's groups led by Lucretia Mott and Paulina Wright Davis held public meetings in Philadelphia beginning in 1846 . A wide circle of abolitionists friendly to women 's rights began in 1847 to discuss the possibility of holding a convention wholly devoted to women 's rights . In October 1847 , Lucy Stone gave her first public speech on the subject of women 's rights , entitled The Province of Women , at her brother Bowman Stone 's church in Gardner , Massachusetts . In March 1848 , Garrison , the Motts , Abby Kelley Foster , Stephen Symonds Foster and others hosted an Anti-Sabbath meeting in Boston , to work toward the elimination of laws that apply only to Sunday , and to gain for the laborer more time away from toil than just one day of rest per week . Lucretia Mott and two other women were active within the executive committee , and Mott spoke to the assemblage . Lucretia Mott raised questions about the validity of blindly following religious and social tradition . Political gains ( edit ) Further information : Married Women 's Property Acts in the United States On April 7 , 1848 , in response to a citizen 's petition , the New York State Assembly passed the Married Woman 's Property Act , giving women the right to retain property they brought into a marriage , as well as property they acquired during the marriage . Creditors could not seize a wife 's property to pay a husband 's debts . Leading up to the passage of this law , in 1846 , supporters issued a pamphlet , probably authored by Judge John Fine , which relied on its readers ' familiarity with the United States Declaration of Independence to demand `` That all are created free and equal ... '' , and that this idea should apply equally to the sexes . `` Women , as well as men , are entitled to the full enjoyment of its practical blessings '' . A group of 44 married women of western New York wrote to the Assembly in March 1848 , saying `` your Declaration of Independence declares , that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed . And as women have never consented to , been represented in , or recognized by this government , it is evident that in justice no allegiance can be claimed from them ... Our numerous and yearly petitions for this most desirable object having been disregarded , we now ask your august body , to abolish all laws which hold married women more accountable for their acts than infants , idiots , and lunatics . '' Gerrit Smith made woman suffrage a plank in the Liberty Party platform on June 14 -- 15 , 1848 . The General Assembly in Pennsylvania passed a similar married woman 's property law a few weeks later , one which Lucretia Mott and others had championed . These progressive state laws were seen by American women as a sign of new hope for women 's rights . On June 2 , 1848 in Rochester , New York , Gerrit Smith was nominated as the Liberty Party 's presidential candidate . Smith was Elizabeth Cady Stanton 's first cousin , and the two enjoyed debating and discussing political and social issues with each other whenever he came to visit . At the National Liberty Convention , held June 14 -- 15 in Buffalo , New York , Smith gave a major address , including in his speech a demand for `` universal suffrage in its broadest sense , females as well as males being entitled to vote . '' The delegates approved a passage in their party platform addressing votes for women : `` Neither here , nor in any other part of the world , is the right of suffrage allowed to extend beyond one of the sexes . This universal exclusion of woman ... argues , conclusively , that , not as yet , is there one nation so far emerged from barbarism , and so far practically Christian , as to permit woman to rise up to the one level of the human family . '' At this convention , five votes were placed calling for Lucretia Mott to be Smith 's vice-president -- the first time in the United States that a woman was suggested for federal executive office . Quaker influence ( edit ) Many members of the Religious Society of Friends , known as Quakers , made their homes in western New York state , near Seneca Falls . A particularly progressive branch lived in and around Waterloo in Seneca County , New York . These Quakers strove for marital relationships in which men and women worked and lived in equality . The M'Clintocks came to Waterloo from a Quaker community in Philadelphia . They rented property from Richard P. Hunt , a wealthy Quaker and businessman . The M'Clintock and Hunt families opposed slavery ; both participated in the free produce movement , and their houses served as stations on the Underground Railroad . Though women Friends had since the 1660s publicly preached , written and led , and traditional Quaker tenets held that men and women were equals , Quaker women met separately from the men to consider and decide a congregation 's business . By the 1840s , some Hicksite Quakers determined to bring women and men together in their business meetings as an expression of their spiritual equality . In June 1848 , approximately 200 Hicksites , including the Hunts and the M'Clintocks , formed an even more radical Quaker group , known as the Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends , or Progressive Friends . The Progressive Friends intended to further elevate the influence of women in affairs of the faith . They introduced joint business meetings of men and women , giving women an equal voice . Planning ( edit ) Lucretia and James Mott visited central and western New York in the summer of 1848 for a number of reasons , including visiting the Cattaraugus Reservation of the Seneca Nation and former slaves living in the province of Ontario , Canada . Mott was present at the meeting in which the Progressive Friends left the Hicksite Quakers . They also visited Lucretia 's sister Martha Coffin Wright in Auburn , NY , where Mott also preached to prisoners at the Auburn State Penitentiary . Lucretia Mott 's skill and fame as an orator drew crowds wherever she went . Announcement ( edit ) Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1848 with two of her three sons After Quaker worship on Sunday July 9 , 1848 , Lucretia Coffin Mott joined Mary Ann M'Clintock , Martha Coffin Wright ( Mott 's witty sister , several months pregnant ) , Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Jane Hunt for tea at the Hunt home in Waterloo . The two eldest M'Clintock daughters , Elizabeth and Mary Ann , Jr. may have accompanied their mother . Jane Hunt had given birth two weeks earlier , and was tending the baby at home . Over tea , Stanton , the only non-Quaker present , vented a lifetime 's worth of pent - up frustration , her `` long - accumulating discontent '' about women 's subservient place in society . The five women decided to hold a women 's rights convention in the immediate future , while the Motts were still in the area , and drew up an announcement to run in the Seneca County Courier . The announcement began with these words : `` WOMAN 'S RIGHTS CONVENTION. -- A Convention to discuss the social , civil , and religious condition and rights of woman '' . The notice specified that only women were invited to the first day 's meetings on July 19 , but both women and men could attend on the second day to hear Lucretia Mott speak , among others . On July 11 , the announcement first appeared , giving readers just eight days ' notice until the first day of convention . Other papers such as Douglass 's North Star picked up the notice , printing it on July 14 . The meeting place was to be the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in Seneca Falls . Built by a congregation of abolitionists and financed in part by Richard Hunt , the chapel had been the scene of many reform lectures , and was considered the only large building in the area that would open its doors to a women 's rights convention . Declaration , grievances , resolutions ( edit ) At their home in Waterloo on Sunday , July 16 , the M'Clintocks hosted a smaller planning session for the convention . Mary Ann M'Clintock and her eldest daughters , Elizabeth and Mary Ann , Jr. , discussed with Stanton the makeup of the resolutions that would be presented to the convention for approval . Each woman made certain her concerns were appropriately represented among the ten resolutions that they composed . Taken together , the resolutions demanded that women should have equality in the family , education , jobs , religion , and morals . One of the M'Clintock women selected the Declaration of Independence from 1776 as a model for the declaration they wanted to make at their convention . The Declaration of Sentiments was then drafted in the parlor on a round , three - legged , mahogany tea table . Stanton changed a few words of the Declaration of Independence to make it appropriate for a statement by women , replacing `` The history of the present King of Great Britain '' with `` The history of mankind '' as the basis for `` usurpations on the part of man toward woman . '' The women added the phrase `` and women '' to make `` ... all men and women are created equal ... '' A list of grievances was composed to form the second part of the Declaration . Between July 16 and July 19 , at home on her own writing desk , Stanton edited the grievances and resolutions . Henry Brewster Stanton , a lawyer , politician and Stanton 's husband , helped substantiate the document by locating `` extracts from laws bearing unjustly against woman 's property interests . '' On her own , Stanton added a more radical point to the list of grievances and to the resolutions : the issue of women 's voting rights . To the grievances , she added `` He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise '' , and to the Sentiments , she added a line about man depriving woman of `` the elective franchise , thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation ... '' Stanton then copied the Declaration and resolutions into final draft form for presentation at the meeting . When he saw the addition of woman suffrage , Henry Stanton warned his wife `` you will turn the proceedings into a farce . '' He , like most men of his day , was not in favor of women gaining voting rights . Because he intended to run for elective office , he left Seneca Falls to avoid being connected with a convention promoting such an unpopular cause . Elizabeth Cady Stanton asked her sister Harriet Cady Eaton to accompany her ; Eaton brought her young son Daniel . On July 16 , Lucretia Mott sent a note to Stanton apologizing in advance for James Mott not being able to attend the first day , as he was feeling `` quite unwell '' . Lucretia Mott wrote to say she would bring her sister , Martha Wright , and that the two women would participate in both days of the convention . First day ( edit ) On July 19 , 1848 , the morning of the first day of convention , the organizing committee arrived at the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel shortly before ten o'clock on a hot , sunny day to find a crowd gathered outside and the church doors locked -- an overlooked detail . Stanton 's young nephew Daniel was lifted through an open window so that he could unbar the doors from the inside . Even though the first session had been announced as being exclusively for women , some young children of both sexes had been brought by their mothers , and about 40 men were there expecting to attend . The men were not turned away , but were asked to remain silent . Mary Ann M'Clintock , Jr. , 26 years old , was appointed secretary , to take notes . Morning session ( edit ) Lucretia Mott was described as `` the moving spirit of the occasion '' . Starting at 11 o'clock , Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke first , exhorting each woman in the audience to accept responsibility for her own life , and to `` understand the height , the depth , the length , and the breadth of her own degradation . '' Lucretia Mott then spoke , encouraging all to take up the cause . Stanton read the Declaration of Sentiments in its entirety , then re-read each paragraph so that it could be discussed at length , and changes incorporated . The question of whether men 's signatures would be sought for the Declaration was discussed , with the vote looking favorable for including men , but the motion was tabled until the following day when men themselves could participate . The first session adjourned at 2 : 30 p.m. Afternoon session ( edit ) After a pause for refreshment in the 90 ° heat , an afternoon session began with Stanton and then Mott addressing the audience . The Declaration of Sentiments was read again and more changes were made to it . The resolutions , now numbering eleven with Stanton 's addition of women 's suffrage , were read aloud and discussed . Lucretia Mott read a humorous newspaper piece written by her sister Martha Wright in which Wright questioned why , after an overworked mother completed the myriad daily tasks that were required of her but not of her husband , she was the one upon whom written advice was `` so lavishly bestowed . '' Twenty - seven - year - old Elizabeth W. M'Clintock then delivered a speech , and the first day 's business was called to a close . Evening speech ( edit ) In the evening , the meeting was opened to all persons , and Lucretia Mott addressed a large audience . She spoke of the progress of other reform movements and so framed for her listeners the social and moral context for the struggle for women 's rights . She asked the men present to help women gain the equality they deserved . The editor of the National Reformer , a paper in Auburn , New York , reported that Mott 's extemporaneous evening speech was `` one of the most eloquent , logical , and philosophical discourses which we ever listened to . '' Second day ( edit ) A larger crowd attended on the second day , including more men . Amelia Bloomer arrived late and took a seat in the upstairs gallery , there being none left in the main seating area . Quaker James Mott was well enough to attend , and he chaired the morning meeting ; it was still too radical a concept that a woman serve as chair in front of both men and women . Morning session , day two ( edit ) After Mott opened the meeting , the minutes of the previous day were read , and Stanton presented the Declaration of Sentiments . In regard to the grievance `` He has taken from her all right in property , even to the wages she earns , '' Assemblyman Ansel Bascom stood to say that he had recently been at the New York State Assembly which passed the Married Woman 's Property Act . Bascom spoke at length about the property rights it secured for married women , including property acquired after marriage . Further discussion of the Declaration ensued , including comments by Frederick Douglass , Thomas and Mary Ann M'Clintock , and Amy Post ; the document was adopted unanimously . The question of men 's signatures was solved by having two sections of signatures , one for women followed by one for men . One hundred of the 300 present signed the Declaration of Sentiments , including 68 women and 32 men . Amelia Bloomer was one of the participants who did not endorse the Declaration ; she was focused at that time on the temperance movement . Ansel Bascom was the most conspicuous attendee who chose not to sign the Declaration . The National Reformer reported that those in the audience who evidently regarded the Declaration as `` too bold and ultra '' , including the lawyers known to be opposed to the equal rights of women , `` failed to call out any opposition , except in a neighboring BAR - ROOM . '' Afternoon session , day two ( edit ) Frederick Douglass stood up to speak in favor of women 's right to vote . At the afternoon session , the eleven resolutions were read again , and each one was voted on individually . The only one that was materially questioned was the ninth , the one Stanton had added regarding women 's right to vote . It read : Resolved , that it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise . Those who opposed this resolution argued that its presence would cause the other , more rational resolutions to lose support . Others argued that only the social , civil and religious rights of women should be addressed , not the political rights . James and Lucretia Mott were against the resolution ; Lucretia said to Stanton , `` Why Lizzie , thee will make us ridiculous . '' Stanton defended the concept of woman suffrage , saying women would then be able to affect future legislation and gain further rights . Frederick Douglass , the only African American at the meeting , stood and spoke eloquently in favor ; he said that he could not accept the right to vote himself as a black man if woman could not also claim that right . Douglass projected that the world would be a better place if women were involved in the political sphere . `` In this denial of the right to participate in government , not merely the degradation of woman and the perpetuation of a great injustice happens , but the maiming and repudiation of one - half of the moral and intellectual power of the government of the world . '' Douglass 's powerful words rang true with many in attendance , and the resolution passed by a large majority . Lucretia Mott spoke to end the session . Evening session , day two ( edit ) Quaker Thomas M'Clintock served as chair for the evening session , opening it at half - past seven . The minutes were read , then Stanton spoke in defense of the many severe accusations brought against the much - abused `` Lords of Creation . '' Following Stanton , Thomas M'Clintock read several passages from Sir William Blackstone 's laws , to expose for the audience the basis of woman 's current legal condition of servitude to man . Lucretia Mott stood to offer another resolution : `` Resolved , That the speedy success of our cause depends upon the zealous and untiring efforts of both men and women , for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit , and for the securing to woman an equal participation with men in the various trades , professions and commerce . '' This , the twelfth resolution , passed . Mary Ann M'Clintock , Jr. spoke briefly , calling upon woman to arouse from her lethargy and be true to herself and her God . Douglass again rose to speak in support of the cause of woman . Lucretia Mott spoke for an hour with one of her `` most beautiful and spiritual appeals '' . Although Lucretia Mott 's reputation as a speaker drew the audience , Mott recognized Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Mary Ann M'Clintock as the `` chief planners and architects '' of the convention . To close the meeting , a committee was appointed to edit and publish the convention proceedings , with Amy Post , Eunice Newton Foote , Mary Ann M'Clintock , Jr. , Elizabeth W. M'Clintock and Stanton serving . Afterward ( edit ) News reports ( edit ) Local newspapers printed reports of the convention , some positive , others not . The National Reformer reported that the convention `` forms an era in the progress of the age ; it being the first convention of the kind ever held , and one whose influence shall not cease until woman is guaranteed all the rights now enjoyed by the other half of creation -- Social , Civil and POLITICAL . '' The Oneida Whig did not approve of the convention , writing of the Declaration : `` This bolt is the most shocking and unnatural incident ever recorded in the history of womanity . If our ladies will insist on voting and legislating , where , gentleman , will be our dinners and our elbows ? Where our domestic firesides and the holes in our stockings ? '' Soon , newspapers across the country picked up the story . Reactions varied widely . In Massachusetts , the Lowell Courier published its opinion that , with women 's equality , `` the lords must wash the dishes , scour up , be put to the tub , handle the broom , darn stockings . '' In St. Louis , Missouri , the Daily Reveille trumpeted that `` the flag of independence has been hoisted for the second time on this side of the Atlantic . '' Horace Greeley in the New York Tribune wrote `` When a sincere republican is asked to say in sober earnest what adequate reason he can give , for refusing the demand of women to an equal participation with men in political rights , he must answer , None at all . However unwise and mistaken the demand , it is but the assertion of a natural right , and such must be conceded . '' Religious reaction ( edit ) Some of the ministers heading congregations in the area attended the Seneca Falls Convention , but none spoke out during the sessions , not even when comments from the floor were invited . On Sunday , July 23 , many who had attended , and more who had not , attacked the Convention , the Declaration of Sentiments , and the resolutions . Women in the congregations reported to Stanton , who saw the actions of the ministers as cowardly ; in their congregations , no one would be allowed to reply . Further conventions ( edit ) Signers of the Declaration of Sentiments hoped for `` a series of Conventions , embracing every part of the country '' to follow their own meeting . Because of the fame and drawing power of Lucretia Mott , who would not be staying in the Upstate New York area for much longer , some of the participants at Seneca Falls organized the Rochester Women 's Rights Convention two weeks later in Rochester , New York with Lucretia Mott as its featured speaker . Unlike the Seneca Falls convention , the Rochester convention took the controversial step of electing a woman , Abigail Bush , as its presiding officer . In the next two years , `` the infancy ... of the movement '' , other local and state women 's rights conventions were called in Ohio , Indiana , and Pennsylvania . Charlotte Woodward , alone among all 100 signers , was the only one still alive in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment passed . Woodward was not well enough to vote herself . Remembrances ( edit ) U.S. postage stamp commemorating the Seneca Falls Convention titled 100 Years of Progress of Women : 1848 -- 1948 ( Elizabeth Cady Stanton on left , Carrie Chapman Catt in middle , Lucretia Mott on right . ) A stamp was issued in 1948 in remembrance of the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Carrie Chapman Catt , and Lucretia Mott as part of a Centennial Celebration in Seneca Falls . The Women 's Rights National Historical Park was established in 1980 , and covers a total of 6.83 acres ( 27,600 m2 ) of land in Seneca Falls and nearby Waterloo , New York , USA . The park consists of four major historical properties , including the Wesleyan Methodist Church , which was the site of the Seneca Falls Convention , Elizabeth Cady Stanton 's home , and the M'Clintock House , which was where the Declaration of Sentiments , resolutions , and speeches were drawn up for the Seneca Falls Convention . The Wesleyan Methodist Church and the M'Clintock House were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . In 1998 First Lady Hillary Clinton gave a speech on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Seneca Falls Convention . Historiography ( edit ) In 1870 , Paulina Wright Davis authored a history of the antebellum women 's rights movement , The History of the National Woman 's Rights Movement , and received approval of her account from many of the involved suffragists including Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . Davis ' version gave the Seneca Falls meeting in 1848 a minor role , equivalent to other local meetings that had been held by women 's groups in the late 1840s . Davis set the beginning of the national and international women 's rights movement at Worcester , Massachusetts in 1850 , at the National Women 's Rights Convention when women from many states were invited , the influence of which was felt across the continent and in Great Britain . Stanton seemed to agree ; in an address to the National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ) convention in 1870 , on the subject of the women 's rights movement , she said `` The movement in England , as in America , may be dated from the first National Convention , held at Worcester , Mass. , October , 1850 . '' In 1876 , in the spirit of the nation 's centennial celebrations , Stanton and Susan B. Anthony decided to write a more expansive history of the women 's rights movement . They invited Lucy Stone to help , but Stone declined to be part of the project ; she was of the opinion that Stanton and Anthony would not fairly portray the divisive split between NWSA and American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . Stanton and Anthony wrote without her and , in 1881 , they published the first volume of the History of Woman Suffrage , and placed themselves at each of its most important events , marginalizing Stone 's contribution . According to Lisa Tetrault , a professor of women 's history , the Seneca Falls Convention was central to their rendition of the movement 's history . Neither Stanton nor Anthony had been at the 1850 convention , which was associated with their rivals . Stanton , however , had played a key role at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 , at which Stone had not been present . In the early 1870s , Stanton and Anthony began to present Seneca Falls as the beginning of the women 's rights movement , an origin story that downplayed Stone 's role . Pointing out that the women 's rights movement could be said to have begun even earlier than Seneca Falls , Tetrault said the History of Woman Suffrage dealt with these earlier events relatively briefly in its first three chapters , the first of which is titled `` Preceding Causes . '' In the volume , Stanton did not mention the Liberty Party 's plank on woman suffrage pre-dating the Seneca Falls Convention by a month , and she did not describe the Worcester National Women 's Rights Convention , organized by Stone and Davis in 1850 , as the beginning of the women 's rights movement . Rather , Stanton named the 1840 Anti-Slavery Convention in London as the birth of the `` movement for woman 's suffrage , in both England and America '' . She positioned the Seneca Falls meeting as her own political debut , and characterized it as the beginning of the women 's rights movement , calling it `` the greatest movement for human liberty recorded on the pages of history -- a demand for freedom to one - half the entire race . '' Stanton worked to enshrine the Declaration of Sentiments as a foundational treatise in a number of ways , not the least of which was by imbuing the small , three - legged tea table upon which the first draft of it was composed an importance similar to that of Thomas Jefferson 's desk upon which he wrote the Declaration of Independence . The M'Clintocks gave Stanton the table , then Stanton gave it to Susan B. Anthony on the occasion of her 80th birthday , though Anthony had no part in the Seneca Falls meeting . In keeping with Stanton 's promotion of the table as an iconic relic , women 's rights activists put it in a place of honor at the head of the casket at the funeral of Susan B. Anthony on March 14 , 1906 . Subsequently , it was displayed prominently on the stage at each of the most important suffrage meetings until 1920 , even though the grievance and resolution about woman suffrage was not written on it . The table is kept at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History in Washington , D.C. Lucretia Mott reflected in August 1848 upon the two women 's rights conventions in which she had participated that summer , and assessed them no greater than other projects and missions she was involved with . She wrote that the two gatherings were `` greatly encouraging ; and give hope that this long neglected subject will soon begin to receive the attention that its importance demands . '' Historian Gerda Lerner has pointed out that religious ideas provided a fundamental source for the Declaration of Sentiments . Most of the women attending the convention were active in Quaker or evangelical Methodist movements . The document itself drew from writings by the evangelical Quaker Sarah Grimké to make biblical claims that God had created woman equal to man and that man had usurped God 's authority by establishing `` absolute tyranny '' over woman . According to author Jami Carlacio , Grimké 's writings opened the public 's eyes to ideas like women 's rights , and for the first time they were willing to question conventional notions about the subordination of women . See also ( edit ) Conference of Badasht , Persian women 's rights , June -- July 1848 First - wave feminism Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( CEDAW ) , ( 1979 ) List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists National Women 's Conference Timeline of women 's suffrage Women 's suffrage organizations Women 's Rights National Historical Park , which contains the site of the Seneca Falls Convention Timeline of feminism in the United States Timeline of feminism References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Dumenil , 2012 , p. 56 . Many scholarly sources describe Seneca Falls as `` the first women 's rights convention '' , including Wellman , 2004 ( the book 's title itself include those words ) ; Isenberg , 1998 , p. 1 ; and McMillen , 2008 , p. 115 , and no scholarly source describes an earlier meeting as `` women 's rights convention '' . Seneca Falls is given that recognition because it was the first that was organized by women explicitly for the purpose of discussing women 's rights as such . It was not , however , the first convention at which the topic of women 's rights was among the topics that were discussed . The Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City , defended the right of women to speak out on the great issues of the day and specifically in opposition to slavery . In June 1848 , two other conventions included a discussion the rights of women : The Conference of Badasht in Persia , a foundational meeting of the Bábí religion at which Táhirih advocated women 's rights , supported by Quddús and the standards set were endorsed by the Báb and Bahá'u'llah which became norms in the Bahá'í Faith and echo still in Persian culture , and the National Liberty Party Convention in New York at which Gerrit Smith said that women should be able to vote . ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 189 Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/report-of-the-womans-rights-convention.htm ^ Jump up to : McMillen , 2008 , p. 102 , Jump up ^ Wellman , 2004 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Buhle , 1978 p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Isenberg , 1998 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Higginson , Thomas Wentworth ; Meyer , Howard N. The magnificent activist , Da Capo Press , 2000 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Buhle , 1978 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Marshall , Megan . The Peabody Sisters : Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company , 2005 : 387 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 71169 - 7 ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Quaker Influence . Retrieved on April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hankins , 2004 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Stanton , 1997 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Isenberg , 1998 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Dorothy May ; Edwards , June ; Knox , Helene . Standing Before Us , Skinner House Books , 2000 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Anti-Sabbath Convention . Proceedings of the Anti-Sabbath Convention , Retrieved on April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Isenberg , 1998 , pp. 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : McMillen , 2008 , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Historynow.org . Judith Wellman . The Seneca Falls Convention : Setting the National Stage for Women 's Suffrage , Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 176 . Judith Wellman offers the theory that Gerrit Smith and Elizabeth Cady Stanton , during a possible visit by Smith to Seneca Falls between June 2 and June 14 , 1848 , challenged or encouraged each other to introduce women 's voting rights in their separate political and social spheres , as both subsequently did so , Smith taking the first shot . Jump up ^ Claflin , Alta Blanche . Political parties in the United States 1800 - 1914 , New York Public Library , 1915 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Faulkner , Carol ( 2011 ) . Lucretia Mott 's Heresy . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 132 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4321 - 5 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Martha C. Wright . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wellman , 2004 , p. 186 ^ Jump up to : Stanton , 1881 Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Jane Hunt . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Wesleyan Chapel . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stanton , 1922 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . National Museum of American History . Declaration of Sentiments table , 1848 . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Declaration of Sentiments . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 193 . Stanton 's use of the word ' never ' was incorrect : prior to 1848 , women had voted in certain times and places . ^ Jump up to : McMillen , 2008 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Mani , 2007 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : McMillen , 2008 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Stanton , 1997 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Wellman , 2004 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ McMillen , 2008 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : McMillen , 2008 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : National Reformer , Auburn , Thursday , August 3 , 1848 . Woman 's Rights Convention . Retrieved on April 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Report of the Woman 's Rights Convention , July 19 -- 20 , 1848 . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mani , 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Signers of the Declaration of Sentiments . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloomer , D.C. Life And Writings Of Amelia Bloomer , 1895 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Stanton , 1997 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ USConstitution.net . Text of the `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , and the resolutions . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buhle , 1978 p. 97 . Jump up ^ Stanton , 1997 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ McMillen , 2008 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Thomas M'Clintock . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stanton , 1997 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Oneida Whig , Tuesday Morning , August 1 ( 1848 ) . Bolting Among The Ladies . Retrieved on April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McMillen , 2008 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ University of Rochester . River Campus Libraries . Report of The Woman 's Rights Convention Rochester , 1848 , `` We presented ourselves there before them as an oppressed class , with trembling frames and faltering tongues , and we did not expect to be able to speak so as to be heard by all at first , but she trusted we should have the sympathy of the audience , and that they would bear with our weaknesses now in the infancy as we were of the movement , that our trust in the omnipotency of Right was our only faith that we should succeed . '' -- Abigail Bush , August 2 , 1848 . Retrieved on April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . More Women 's Rights Conventions . Retrieved on April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Charlotte Woodward . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Women of Achievement Library ( Author Index ) '' . Thelizlibrary.org. 1998 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Worcester Women 's History Project . Why Commemorate the 1850 Woman 's Rights Convention ? , Retrieved on May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Andrea Moore , Ph. D. ( 2002 ) Lucy Stone and Coy 's Hill . The Trustees of Reservations . Archived on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved on January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tetrault ( 2014 ) , pp. 71 , 121 , 137 . Tetrault says she describes the Seneca Falls story as a `` myth '' not to indicate that it is false but in the technical sense of `` a venerated and celebrated story used to give meaning to the world . '' See Tetrault ( 2014 ) , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress . American Memory . Miller NAWSA Scrapbooks , 1897 -- 1911 . rbcmil scrp5003502 Some Interesting Objects at the Suffrage Convention : a news clipping with both accurate and inaccurate statements . Retrieved on April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Historywired.com . Declaration of Sentiments Table ( 1848 ) . Retrieved on April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . David M. Kennedy , ed . What hath God wrought : the transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . New York : Oxford University Press , USA . p. 837 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507894 - 2 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lerner , 1998 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Carlacio , 2002 . 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Sisters : The Lives of America 's Suffragists . Hill and Wang , New York , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 9528 - 9 Baker , Jean H. Votes for Women : The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited . Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513016 - 2 Blackwell , Alice Stone . Lucy Stone : Pioneer of Woman 's Rights . Charlottesville and London : University Press of Virginia , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1990 - 8 Buhle , Mari Jo ; Buhle , Paul . The concise history of woman suffrage . University of Illinois , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00669 - 0 Capron , E.W. `` National Reformer . '' National Reform Nomination For President Gerrit Smith of New York 3 August 1848 . Carlacio , Jami . `` '' Ye Knew Your Duty , But Ye Did It Not `` : The Epistolary Rhetoric of Sarah Grimké . '' Rhetoric Review 3rd ser. 21.3 ( 2002 ) : 247 - 263 . Academic Search Premier . EBSCO . Dumenil , Lynn , Editor - in - Chief ( 2012 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199743360 Faulkner , Carol . Lucretia Mott 's Heresy : Abolition and Women 's Rights in Nineteenth - Century America . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4321 - 5 Hankins , Barry . The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31848 - 4 Hinks , Peter P , John R. McKivigan , and R. Owen Williams . Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition : Greenwood Milestones in African American History . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 2007 . Isenberg , Nancy . Sex and citizenship in antebellum America , University of North Carolina Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2442 - 9 Kerr , Andrea Moore . Lucy Stone : Speaking Out for Equality . New Jersey : Rutgers University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1860 - 1 Lerner , Gerda ; Grimké , Sarah Moore . The feminist thought of Sarah Grimké , Oxford University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510604 - 0 Mani , Bonnie G. Women , Power , and Political Change . Lexington Books , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 1890 - 0 McMillen , Sally Gregory . Seneca Falls and the origins of the women 's rights movement . Oxford University Press , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518265 - 0 Osborn , Elizabeth R . The Seneca Falls Convention : Teaching about the Rights of Women and the Heritage of the Declaration of Independence . ERIC Digest . Ryerson , Lisa M. `` Falls revisited : Reflection on the legacy of the 1848 Woman 's Rights Convention . '' Vital Speeches of the day 65.11 ( 1999 ) : 327 - 332 . Proquest . ABI / INFORM . Schenken , Suzanne O'Dea . From Suffrage to the Senate . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , 1999 . pp. 644 -- 646 . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 960 - 6 Spender , Dale . ( 1982 ) Women of Ideas and what Men Have Done to Them . Ark Paperbacks , Routledge & Kegan Paul , London , 1983 , pp. 347 -- 357 . ISBN 0 - 7448 - 0003 - X Stansell , Christine . `` The Road From Seneca Falls . '' The New Republic 219.6 ( 1998 ) : 26 - 38 . Proquest . ABI / INFORM . Tetrault , Lisa . The Myth of Seneca Falls : Memory and the Women 's Suffrage Movement , 1848 - 1898 ( 2014 ) online review Wellman , Judith . The Road to Seneca Falls : Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Women 's Rights Convention , University of Illinois Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02904 - 6 Primary sources ( edit ) Lasser , Carol and Merrill , Marlene Deahl , editors . Friends and Sisters : Letters between Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell , 1846 - 93 . University of Illinois Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01396 - 4 Stanton , Elizabeth Cady ; Anthony , Susan Brownell ; Gage , Matilda Joslyn . History of Woman Suffrage , Volume I , covering 1848 -- 1861 . Copyright 1881 . Stanton , Elizabeth Cady ; edited by Theodore Stanton and Harriot Stanton Blatch . Elizabeth Cady Stanton , As Revealed in Her Letters , Diary and Reminiscences , Harper & Brothers , 1922 . Stanton , Elizabeth Cady ; edited by Ann D. Gordon ; assistant editor Tamara Gaskell Miller . The selected papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony , Rutgers , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2317 - 6 External links ( edit ) National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Report of the Woman 's Rights Convention , July 19 -- 20 , 1848 Text of the `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , and the resolutions Seneca Falls in 1848 , National Park Service : Women 's Rights Newspaper clippings reporting on the convention The Rights of Women , The North Star , Rochester , New York , July 28 , 1848 Bolting Among The Ladies , Oneida Whig , Oneida , New York , August 1 , 1848 Woman 's Rights Convention , National Reformer , Auburn , New York , August 3 , 1848 Woman 's Rights , The Recorder , Syracuse , New York , August 3 , 1848 Woman 's Rights Convention , National Reformer , Auburn , New York , August 10 , 1848 Women out of their Latitude , The Mechanics Advocate , Albany , New York , ( August 12 , 1848 ) `` Women out of their Latitude '' , National Reformer , Auburn , New York , August 31 , 1848 Woman 's Rights , National Reformer , Auburn , New York , September 14 , 1848 ( hide ) Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK 1907 Mud March Black Friday Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Feminism portal Women 's history portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seneca_Falls_Convention&oldid=827511024 '' Categories : History of New York ( state ) History of women 's rights in the United States 1848 in the United States Seneca Falls , New York Feminism and history Feminism in New York ( state ) History of Methodism History of Quakerism History of women in New York ( state ) Quakerism in the United States 1848 in New York ( state ) 1848 conferences Elizabeth Cady Stanton July 1848 events 1848 in women 's history Women 's conferences Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Español فارسی Français עברית Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 03 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where was the first women's right convention held
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"The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention.[1] It advertised itself as \"a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman\".[2][3] Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848. Attracting widespread attention, it was soon followed by other women's rights conventions, including the Rochester Women's Rights Convention in Rochester, New York, two weeks later. In 1850 the first in a series of annual National Women's Rights Conventions met in Worcester, Massachusetts."
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"Seneca Falls, New York"
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Nissan GT-R
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Nissan GT - R - wikipedia Nissan GT - R For the prototype racing car using the Nissan GT - R name , see Nissan GT - R LM Nismo . For the previous series , see Nissan Skyline GT - R and Nissan Skyline . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( May 2017 ) Nissan GT - R ( R35 ) 2017 Nissan GT - R Overview Manufacturer Nissan Motor Company Production December 2007 -- present Assembly Kaminokawa , Tochigi , Japan Designer Exterior : Hirohisa Ono Interior : Akira Nishimura Chief Designer : Hiroshi Hasegawa Design Director : Shiro Nakamura Body and chassis Class Sports car Grand tourer ( S ) Body style 2 - door coupé Layout F4 layout Platform Premium Midship Powertrain Engine 3.8 L VR38DETT twin - turbo V6 Power output 353 kW ( 480 PS ) ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 390 -- 405 kW ( 530 -- 550 PS ) ( 2011 -- 2017 ) 419 kW ( 570 PS ) ( 2017 -- present ) 441 kW ( 600 PS ) ( NISMO ) Transmission 6 - speed dual clutch automatic Wheelbase 2,780 mm ( 109.4 in ) Length 2009 -- 2010 : 183.3 in ( 4,656 mm ) 2011 -- present : 183.9 in ( 4,671 mm ) Width 2009 -- 2010 & 2013 -- : 74.6 in ( 1,895 mm ) 2011 -- 12 : 74.9 in ( 1,902 mm ) Height 2009 -- 2010 & 2013 -- : 53.9 in ( 1,369 mm ) 2011 -- 12 : 54.0 in ( 1,372 mm ) Curb weight 1,740 kg ( 3,840 lb ) Chronology Predecessor Nissan Skyline GT - R The Nissan GT - R is a 2 - door 2 + 2 high performance vehicle produced by Nissan , unveiled in 2007 . It is the successor to the Nissan Skyline GT - R , although no longer part of the Skyline range itself , the name having been given over to the R35 Series and having since left its racing roots . Contents 1 History 1.1 Concepts 2 Production 2.1 Production model 2.1. 1 Design 2.1. 1.1 Nissan PM platform 2.1. 1.2 Exterior 2.1. 1.3 Optional features 2.1. 2 Specifications 2.1. 3 2011 facelift 2.2 SpecV 2.3 Black Edition 2.4 GT - R NISMO 2.5 GT - R NISMO N - Attack 3 Performance 3.1 Comparison tests 4 Motorsport 4.1 Super GT 4.2 FIA GT / GT1 World Championship 4.2. 1 GT - R Nismo GT1 4.2. 2 GT - R Nismo GT3 4.3 Other categories 5 Aftermarket tuning 6 Awards and recognition 7 Sales 8 Statistics by US model year ( manufacturer claimed ) 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) See also : Nissan Skyline GT - R Between 1969 and 1974 , and again between 1989 and 2002 , Nissan produced a high performance version of its Skyline coupe called the Nissan Skyline GT - R . This car proved to be iconic for Nissan and achieved much fame and success on both road and track . The Nissan GT - R , now a standalone model no longer based on the Skyline , has heritage in the Nissan Skyline GT - R . Similar to the later generations of the Skyline GT - R , the GT - R is four - wheel drive with a twin - turbo 6 cylinder engine and has the signature four round tail lights . However , the GT - R is an entirely new model , sharing little with its Skyline siblings and is a complete redesign from previous Skylines , rather than an incremental evolution ; the four - wheel - steering HICAS system has been removed and the former straight - 6 RB26DETT engine has been replaced with a new V6 VR38DETT . Because of the GT - R 's heritage , the chassis code for the all - new version has been called CBA - R35 , or ' R35 ' for short ( where CBA is the prefix for emission standard ) , carrying on the naming trend from previous Skyline GT - R generations . The GT - R has also retained its Skyline predecessor 's nickname , Godzilla , given to it by the Australian motoring publication Wheels in its July 1989 edition . Concepts ( edit ) 2001 GT - R Concept at the 2001 Tokyo Motor Show GT - R Concept at the 2005 Tokyo Motor Show Only two concept vehicles were displayed at motor shows prior to the unveiling of the production model . The first concept was shown at the Tokyo Motor Show in 2001 , to preview what a 21st - century GT - R would look like . At the 2005 Tokyo Motor Show , Nissan unveiled a redesigned concept , the GT - R Proto , stating that the production GT - R would be 80 -- 90 % based on this concept . Production ( edit ) Production model ( edit ) The production version of the GT - R debuted at the 2007 Tokyo Motor Show , launching in the Japanese market on December 6 , 2007 . The U.S. official launch was seven months later on July 7 , 2008 . Universal Nissan in Los Angeles provided a customer with the delivery of a new GT - R , fresh from the production line at 12 : 01 am , on July 7 , 2008 . The Canadian launch was also in July 2008 . Europe became the third consumer market , where it launched in March 2009 . The large disparity in initial marketing between these regional releases is due to Nissan having to build GT - R performance centers where the car is serviced . Design ( edit ) A rear view of the GT - R , showing the signature taillights known since 1972 on the Skyline c110 Nissan chief creative officer , Shirō Nakamura , has likened the new GT - R to the giant robots of the Gundam series . Nakamura stated : `` The GT - R is unique because it is not simply a copy of a European - designed Sports car ; it had to really reflect Japanese culture . '' Nissan 's American designers sculpted the rear three quarters of the vehicle , while their European designers sculpted the roofline . Polyphony Digital , creators of the Gran Turismo series of motor racing video games , were themselves involved in the development of the GT - R , having been contracted to design the GT - R 's multifunction display . The customizable multifunction display integrated into the dash of the GT - R that had its roots in the R34 Skyline . 2014 Nissan GT - R interior Nissan PM platform ( edit ) As of 2014 the GT - R was the only model built on Nissan 's Premium Midship ( PM ) platform , an evolution of the Front Midship ( FM ) architecture introduced in its 2001 ( V35 ) Skyline . It is a hybrid unibody assembled on ultra-low - tolerance jigs similar to those used in racecar construction . Alcoa aluminum is used for the hood , trunk lid and outer door skins , with die - cast aluminum front shock towers and inner door structures . Outer body panels are stamped using multiple - strike coining process for added rigidity and precision . The chassis is stiffened with a carbon - composite front crossmember / radiator support . Exterior ( edit ) Nissan developed a 6 - stage paint process with double clear coat and chip - resistant paint for use in critical areas of the GT - R chassis . An optional liquid - effect finish employs a hand - polished 8 - stage process with product - specific Super Silver metallic paint and three layers of clearcoat . Optional Features ( edit ) The Premium Nissan GT - R has a body - colored rear spoiler whereas the Black Edition has a dry carbon - fiber rear spoiler . Both the Premium and Black Edition GT - R are fitted with ( LED ) headlights , automatic on / off headlights , LED daytime running lights , LED taillights and brake lights , dual heated body - color power outside mirrors , power folding outside mirrors , flush - mounted aluminum door handles , four 5 '' exhaust outlets with polished tips and UV - reducing solar glass . For the 2014 model year , Nissan introduced a limited production Track Edition GT - R which deletes the rear seats ( saving 22 lbs over the Black Edition ) and adds more aggressive suspension , carbon fiber air inlets , improved brake cooling , a unique front spoiler , and new black and gray leather Recaro front seats . Specifications ( edit ) The VR38DETT engine The Nissan GT - R is powered by the VR38DETT V6 engine , a 3,799 cc ( 3.8 L ; 231.8 cu in ) DOHC V6 with plasma transferred wire arc sprayed cylinder bores . Two parallel Ishikawajima - Harima Heavy Industries ( IHI ) turbochargers provide forced induction . Models manufactured between 2007 and 2010 produce a manufacturer - claimed engine output of 485 PS ( 357 kW ; 478 hp ) at 6400 rpm and 434 lb ⋅ ft ( 588 N ⋅ m ) at 3200 -- 5200 rpm . The engine also meets California Air Resources Board Ultra Low Emission Vehicle ( ULEV ) standards . A curb weight of 1,730 or 1,736 kg ( 3,814 or 3,827 lb ) with side curtain airbags is achieved using a jig welded steel chassis with aluminum used for the hood , trunk , and doors . A rear mounted six - speed BorgWarner designed dual clutch semi-automatic transmission built by Aichi Machine Industry is used in conjunction with the ATTESA E-TS system to provide power to all four wheels and along with Nissan 's Vehicle Dynamics Control ( VDC - R ) to aid in stability . Three shift modes can also be selected for various conditions . Beginning in 2010 , engine power and torque were upgraded to 390 kW ( 530 PS ; 523 hp ) at 6400 rpm and 612 N ⋅ m ( 451 lbf ⋅ ft ) at 3200 -- 6000 rpm respectively . Models produced in 2012 again featured improved engine output ( 406.5 kW ( 553 PS ; 545 hp ) at 6400 rpm and 628 N ⋅ m ( 463 lbf ⋅ ft ) at 3200 -- 5800 rpm ) . The next - generation GTR is expected to be a hybrid , powered by a combination of the GT - R LM Nismo derived 3.0 liter V6 and a battery / motor system . 2011 facelift ( edit ) A 2013 Nissan GT - R Premium with the updated design The revised GT - R features an engine with revised mapping , changes to valve timing , larger inlets and a revised exhaust system which boosts rated power to 545 bhp and 612Nm of torque from 3,200 to 6,000 rpm . Changes also include a new more rigid front strut bar made from carbon composite , larger front brake rotors , new lighter and stiffer wheels , and revised Dunlop tires . Cosmetic changes include a new front bumper with integrated LEDs . The front bumper improves cooling to the radiator and front brakes while reducing drag . A new rear diffuser improves downforce and also includes additional rear cooling ducts . The interior was revised to improve the quality . This new version is offered with a new HDD CARWINGS navigation system with enhanced entertainment features and USB port with iPod connectivity . The revised GT - R went on sale in Japan from mid November 2010 and February 2011 in Europe , North America and other regions . SpecV ( edit ) GT - R SpecV Nissan introduced the GT - R SpecV on January 7 , 2009 at the 2009 Tokyo Auto Salon . This version uses carbon fiber trim inside and out , and has no rear seat . In addition , a new colour was introduced limited to the SpecV , LAC Black Opal . The GT - R SpecV is powered by the standard twin - turbo 3,799 cc ( 3.8 L ; 231.8 cu in ) V6 with no increase in horsepower . A new high gear boost controller that allows a temporary increase in boost pressure to the IHI twin turbochargers , now larger than those on the standard GT - R , should deliver more torque in mid to high - range revs . Other mechanical changes include a titanium exhaust , reworked suspension , carbon ceramic brakes , and 20 - inch ( 510 mm ) Nismo wheels . Overall weight is decreased by 132 lb ( 60 kg ) over the standard GT - R . Sales began in Japan on February 2 , 2009 at seven preselected dealers staffed specially trained mechanics knowledgeable about racing circuit driving . The price was ¥ 15,750,000 ( about US $160,000 . The SpecV was also sold in Europe and the Middle East . A total of 109 SpecV were built , 77 for Japan , 24 for Europe , 1 for United Kingdom and 7 for Middle East . In Auto Express testing the SpecV posted a 0 -- 60 mph time of 3.20 seconds , pulled 1.12 g on the skidpad and 74.7 mph in the slalom . An earlier tested Corvette ZR1 ( 2011 ) resulted in an identical slalom speed but a lower 1.06 g on the skidpad . Black Edition ( edit ) Comes with exclusive 20 '' RAYS rims and a carbon fiber spoiler . Recaro racing seats were commissioned specifically by Nissan for the Black Edition . The interior is finished in red and black leather , but a beige colour known as ' Pale Ivory ' is also available . No mechanical changes are made from the standard GT - R . GT - R Nismo ( edit ) Nissan introduced a NISMO Edition GT - R for model year 2014 . US price increased almost 50 % to US $149,990 . In the new model , power increases to 600 PS ( 592 bhp ; 441 kW ) @ 6800 rpm and 652 N ⋅ m ( 481 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3200 - 5800 rpm of torque . The top speed remains the same at 196 mph ( 315 km / h ) , and the gear ratios do not change in the Dual - clutch transmission . The fuel tank capacity is 74 L ( 19.5 US gal ) . Additional front and rear brake cooling ducts are added , and a full NISMO tuned suspension is installed , including a hollow 17.3 mm ( 0.68 in ) rear stabilizer bar from the NISMO performance division . Special edition forged alloys by RAYS in 20 '' size are included . The standard GT - R 's aluminum trunk lid is swapped out for a full carbon fiber panel , and additional spot welds and adhesive help strengthen the chassis . A front splitter with carbon fiber air ducts up front add to the special NISMO full aerodynamic package , while a large racing style carbon wing finishes off the rear . Inside , the NISMO edition has special seats with black and red color treatment made with synthetic suede . The instrument binnacle and steering wheel are also covered in synthetic suede . The Bose stereo system does not have active noise control . The gauges have some red color treatment as well . NISMO - specific options are low - gloss matte gray paint and a full titanium exhaust with additional heatsinks . These changes , in aggregate , reduce weight by 17 kg ( 38 lb ) , which is the reason that the GT - R accelerates even faster than before . GT - R Nismo N - Attack ( edit ) A special edition of the GT - R Nismo which is outfitted after the purchase of the Nismo model . This package includes the parts which the original GT - R Nismo has when racing for the fastest lap time on the Nürburgring track . For Japan , installation is handled by NISMO Omori factory . For North America , the conversion is handled by Stillen . GT - R NISMO N - Attack GT - R NISMO N - Attack A 2017 model MY17 GT - R Performance ( edit ) Cutaway model showing engine and cooling systems Nissan states the GT - R can reach a top speed of 315 km / h ( 196 mph ) , Motor Trend recorded a top speed of 313.8 km / h ( 195.0 mph ) . In tests the original production model was shown to be capable of achieving 0 - 97 km / h ( 60 mph ) times as low as 2.7 seconds using `` launch control '' . Owners expressed concern that duplicating the times achieved in these tests would void their factory warranty . Nissan 's chief vehicle engineer Kazutoshi Mizuno has indicated that he has never used the term `` launch control '' , which refers to the act of turning off vehicle dynamic control ( VDC ) and launching the car at around 4500 rpm . However , Nissan 's director of product planning John Wiener stated in an interview with Jay Leno that `` we ( Nissan ) actually offer a ' launch mode ' '' . The GT - R user 's manual states that turning off the VDC is only meant for escaping low - traction situations such as mud or snow . Nissan has re-programmed the 2010 model year GT - R to reduce the engine speed at launch to around 3,000 - 3,500 rpm with VDC enabled , which is meant to improve acceleration times . The new programming was also installed on old 2009 vehicles still in Nissan 's inventory , and is available for existing 2009 vehicles . The updated GT - R now has a launch mode called `` R - Mode Start '' . The system allows a maximum of 4 consecutive hard launches before locking itself out , after which it can be unlocked by driving normally for 1.5 miles . The increased engine output of later models combined with the `` R - Mode Start '' has lowered the 0 - 97 km / h ( 60 mph ) time to 2.7 seconds . Motor Trend achieved a standing quarter - mile time of 11.6 s at 193.1 km / h ( 120.0 mph ) . Autocar achieved a 0 - 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) time of 8.5 seconds . Cutaway model showing rear mounted transmission With a manufacturer claimed lap time of 7 : 26.7 on the base model 's Dunlop tires and previously 7 : 29 min on standard Japanese market tires , the GT - R is currently one of the fastest handbuilt cars to lap the Nürburgring Nordschleife circuit . Porsche , not necessarily a rival car manufacturer , has claimed Nissan overstated the GT - R 's performance in September 2008 . Porsche , unusually , claims to have conducted a test of a factory stock , European market GT - R and achieved a slower time ( of 7 : 54 ) , apparently implying that the car is n't as fast around this public road as Nissan claims and / or that their driver is n't as talented as Nissans . Nissan disputed the former and implied the later claim in October 2008 . The German magazine sport auto achieved a time of 7 : 50 on the Nürburgring with a car supplied to them by Nissan during an initial short test in 2007 , while testing by Drivers Republic of a GT - R and GT2 in stock form resulted in times of 7 : 55 for the GT - R and 7 : 49 for the GT2 respectively . Both tests were conducted in partially damp conditions and by automotive journalists rather than professional track drivers . In 2009 , in a full `` super test '' sport auto achieved a time of 7 : 38 minutes on the Nürburgring with a standard GT - R driven by Horst von Saurma , identical to a later `` super test '' Corvette ZR1 time . In a first test with the facelifted GT - R model , ' sport auto ' recorded a lap time of 7 : 34 on the Nürburgring with a standard GT - R driven by Horst von Saurma . In October 2012 , the GT - R once again broke its Nürburgring lap record , with a new time of 7 : 18 . This made it the 9th fastest ever production car around the Nürburgring at the time . On September 30 , 2013 , the Nissan GT - R NISMO N - Attack , driven by Michael Krumm in a test conducted by Nissan , shattered its previous Nürburgring record of 7 : 18 with a new time of 7 : 08.68 , making it the 8th fastest road - legal production vehicle around the track as of April 2018 . Comparison tests ( edit ) The GT - R has frequently featured in head to head track comparisons against competing vehicles conducted by the automotive press . Fifth Gear tested the GT - R along with the Mitsubishi Evo FQ 400 in their short autototest agility track and their larger test track . The GT - R was a second quicker than the Evo in terms of speed ( 0 - 60 ) but the Evo proved to handle better than the GT - R on the autotest track . On the larger track the GT - R was 3 seconds a lap quicker than the Evo FQ 400 . Autocar performed several head to head comparisons involving the GT - R and competing vehicles . In the first , against the Porsche 911 GT3 and BMW M3 , the GT - R was declared to be faster around the test track . A second test on the Isle of Man on a 4.5 km closed public road , featured with the Audi R8 , Lotus Elise , and Lamborghini Gallardo LP560 - 4 . The GT - R 's time of 1 : 56.69 was behind the Gallardo 's 1 : 55.99 time , however , because the GT - R was Japanese - spec , its top speed was limited to 112 mph , which led the journalists to believe it could have performed better . In CAR Magazine 's test with the 911 Turbo , BMW M3 , and Audi R8 at Rockingham the GT - R was the fastest . Evo tested the GT - R alongside the 911 GT3 at the Bedford Autodrome circuit , the GT - R ran a 1 : 21.7 lap time compared to GT3 's 1 : 22.6 time . In a Fifth Gear test with the 911 Turbo , Bruno Senna was able to achieve faster lap times in the GT - R. Car and Driver compared the GT - R on Reno - Fernley Raceway with the 911 Turbo and BMW M3 , the GT - R 's lap time of 1 : 26.7 made it the fastest on the track . Road & Track was able to achieve quick lap times with the car on Buttonwillow Raceway , clocking in at 1 : 56.9 which was over 5 seconds faster than the Chevrolet Corvette C6 Z06 and 911 Turbo . In an Edmunds.com 6 - way test on the Streets of Willow and an improvised mountain road , the GT - R posted faster times than the Audi R8 and Porsche 911 Carrera . Auto Bild compared the GT - R with the 911 Turbo and V10 Audi R8 at Contidrome , the GT - R 's time of 1 : 30.95 placed it ahead of both the Porsche 911 ( 1 : 31.75 ) and the Audi R8 ( 1 : 32.11 ) . In another Autocar comparison with the PDK 911 Turbo ( 997.2 ) and V10 Audi R8 on the Castle Combe Circuit the GT - R 's laptime of 1 : 14.6 , was faster than the 911 's time of 1 : 14.9 and the R8 's 1 : 15.5 lap time . In December , Auto , Motor und Sport published a comparison between the GT - R , PDK 911 Turbo ( 997.2 ) and the Audi R8 V10 . Around the ' small ' Hockenheimring circuit , the GT - R achieved a time of 1 : 12.0 against the 911 's 1 : 11.5 and the Audi 's 1 : 12.3 . The sport auto magazine had tested the GT - R on the ' small ' Hockenheimring circuit and had recorded a lap time of 1 : 10.7 during the full `` supertest '' . In July 2009 , CAR Magazine published a comparison of the revised 911 GT3 ( 997.2 ) and the GT - R at the Nurburgring . A time of 7 : 49 was achieved for the GT3 and 7 : 51 for the GT - R. It should be noted that these times are not directly comparable to previous Nurburgring tests , as they included a section of track near the pits normally excluded from timing . At Spring Mountain Motorsports Ranch Road and Track managed a 1 : 20.9 lap time compared to the ZR1 's time of 1 : 20.1 and the 911 Turbo 's ( 997.2 ) time of 1 : 21.3 . In another Motor Trend comparison at the Streets of Willow , driver Randy Pobst 's laptime of 1 : 20.25 in the facelifted GT - R was slightly faster than the competing Corvette Z06 equipped with optional carbon ceramic brake rotors . On Willow Springs International Motorsports Park , Edmunds.com was able to achieve lap times of 1 : 25.09 with the 2009 GT - R compared to the Corvette ZR1 's time of 1 : 23.87 . On the Las Vegas Motor Speedway infield road course , Motor Trend was able to achieve lap times with the GT - R that were almost as fast as the Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano and 911 GT2 and 1.2 seconds slower than a Corvette ZR1 . The pre-2011 GT - R currently holds a lap time of 1 : 19.7 around the Top Gear Test Track , with the Facelifted GT - R holding a time of 1 : 17.8 , equaling the Pagani Zonda F Clubsport , beating the Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 by 2.6 seconds ( Damp Lap For ZR1 ) , and being the fastest Japanese car to lap the track . On Top Gear Australia 's test track the GT - R posted a lap time of 1 : 07.06 , putting it in second place 0.14 seconds behind the 997 GT2 . Motorsport ( edit ) Super GT ( edit ) Nissan GT - R GT500 of Nismo for the 2008 Super GT season Nissan GT - R Nismo GT500 of Mola in the 2014 Super GT season Nismo , the motorsport arm of Nissan , entered the Nissan GT - R in the Super GT race series in the GT500 class for the 2008 season , replacing the Nissan 350Z . The GT500 version of the car has a completely different drivetrain compared to the production car . The race car is upgraded to a VK45DE 4.5 - litre naturally aspirated V8 instead of the twinturbo V6 VR38DETT . It uses a 6 speed sequential manual gearbox and a RWD layout from its predecessor , the 350Z race car . The GT - R safety car leading a pack of cars at the Super GT race at Fuji Speedway in May 2008 . A prototype was spotted testing around the Suzuka Circuit as well as Fuji Speedway in Japan . The car went on to win the opening race of the 2008 Super GT season at Suzuka scoring a one - two finish for Nissan . The dominant performances in the opening race has led to all GT - Rs being applied a 50 kg weight penalty in addition to the race weight penalty under the Special Adjustment of Performance under the Super GT regulations . In race two , the GT - R repeated their 1 -- 2 result in Suzuka despite the race winning car of team Nismo carrying a 100 kg weight penalty making it only the 3rd team in JGTC / Super GT history to do so . The last time this feat was achieved was 10 years ago by Nismo Skyline GT - R racing under the same number 23 . Despite the weight handicap , it did in fact become the champion in this 2008 season through the Xanavi Nismo GT - R driven by Satoshi Motoyama and Benoit Treluyer , as well as winning 8 out of 9 races driven by 4 different teams using GT - Rs . The GT500 version scored 4 victories in the 2009 Japanese SUPER GT Series GT 500 class . In 2010 the VK45DE 4.5 litre engine was replaced by a newly developed 3.4 litre engine ( VRH34A ) . It also is the 2011 and 2012 Champion . Team Mola GT - R with drivers Ronnie Quintarelli and Masataka Yanagida got back to back championships in both Team and Driver in the Super GT500 . In 2014 , the Super GT regulations were aligned with those of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters , and so the V8 engine was replaced with a 2.0 liter , 4 - cylinder turbo engine . FIA GT / GT1 World Championship ( edit ) Swiss Racing Team 's Nissan GT - R competing in the FIA GT1 World Championship On February 27 , 2009 , Nismo announced a partnership with British racing team Gigawave Motorsports to enter a GT - R in four races in the 2009 FIA GT Championship season . The entry did not compete for championship points , but was used by Nismo to refine the performance of the GT - R for future customer teams to use the car in the planned FIA GT1 World Championship in 2010 . Nismo driver Michael Krumm and Gigawave driver Darren Turner will co-drive the GT1 GT - R . The Sumo Power GT - R won the 2010 RAC Tourist Trophy at Silverstone Circuit as part of the FIA GT1 World Championship on May 2 , 2010 . The 2011 season saw Swiss Racing Team switch to Lamborghini which left Sumo Power running four GT - Rs , two under the Sumo Power GT name and two under JR Motorsports . JR Motorsports with the drivers Michael Krumm and Lucas Luhr won the Drivers Championship for the 2011 season , gaining 3 wins and 1 pole position in 10 races . GT - R Nismo GT1 ( edit ) Designed and produced specifically to compete in the FIA GT1 World Championship , the GT - R NISMO GT1 is based on the road - going version of the Nissan GT - R and was the only car to have ever been constructed implicitly to the GT1 technical regulations . The GT - R NISMO GT1 is powered by a NISMO race - prepped VK56DE , a naturally aspirated V8 engine that displaces 5,552 cc . It measures 80.3 inches in width , 186.2 inches in length , and has a wheelbase of 109.4 inches . Displacement : DOHC naturally aspirated V8 front mid-engine 5,552 cc ( 5.6 L ; 338.8 cu in ) Horsepower : 440 kW ; 590 hp ; 600 PS ( capped -- GT1 regulations ) Valves Per Cylinder : 4 Torque : 649.91 N ⋅ m ( 479.35 lb ⋅ ft ) Drivetrain : RWD Curb weight : 1,250 kg ( 2,760 lb ) ( as GT1 regulations ) Transmission : Ricardo 6 - speed transaxle , sequential shift lever , 5.5 '' carbon triple - plate clutch Suspension : Adjustable suspension with double wishbones front and multi-link rear Brakes : Brembo 6 - piston calipers with carbon discs and pads Tires : Front and rear Michelin 31 / 71 - 18 ( GT1 controlled specification ) GT - R Nismo GT3 ( edit ) The GT - R Nismo GT3 is powered by the VR38DETT , a twin - turbocharged V6 engine that displaces 3,799 cc . It measures 80.15 inches in width , 188.19 inches in length , and has a wheelbase of 109.45 inches . Displacement : DOHC twin - turbo V6 front mid-engine 3,799 cc ( 3.8 L ; 231.8 cu in ) Horsepower : 600 ( 608.3 PS ) ( 447 kW ) at 6500 rpm Valves Per Cylinder : 4 Torque : 690 N ⋅ m ( 510 lb ⋅ ft ) at 5000 rpm Drivetrain : Premium Midship RWD Curb weight : 1,300 kg ( 2,900 lb ) Brakes : Front : 6 - piston caliper Rear : 4 - piston caliper Drag coefficient : 0.26 Transmission : Six - speed sequential racing transmission in transaxle configuration with multi-disc limited - slip differential and traction control Suspension : Adjustable suspension with double wishbones front and multi-link rear Extras : Semi-automatic paddle - shift Tires : Front : 330 / 710 - 18 , Rear : 330 / 710 - 18 MSRP : JPY For Japan , Asia , North / South America ¥ 39,800,000 Japanese Yen ( without tax ) . Manufactured on demand . Top speed : 218 mph ( 350 kph ) Other categories ( edit ) A GT - R won the 2015 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour driven by Katsumasa Chiyo , Wolfgang Reip and Florian Strauss A production - based GT - R made its world motorsport debut in Australia 's Targa Tasmania tarmac rally in April 2008 , however it sustained damage early in the event and did not complete the rally . Later in 2008 a GT - R won the Competition Modern class in the Targa West before returning to Targa Tasmania in 2009 to take the outright win in the Modern class . In 2009 Nissan 's GT - R won the One Lap of America competition . In 2010 the GT - R finished 2nd over all in the One Lap of America competition . During the 2010 SCCA World Challenge season , a pair of GT class GT - Rs were campaigned by Brass Monkey Racing and driven by Steve Ott and Tony Rivera . On June 4 , 2010 , Nismo announced a Club Track Edition GT - R available via its Nissan supported Omori aftermarket factory . This domestic market trim is a non-street legal , race ready variant equipped with a 6 - point roll cage and upgraded with Nismo race package developed through its Tokachi endurance racer program . On June 25 and 26 , 2011 , the No. 71 Schulze Motorsport Nissan GT - R took part in the 24 Hours of Nürburgring 2011 driven by Michael Schulze , Tobias Schulze , Kazunori Yamauchi and Yasuyoshi Yamamoto . The car finished the race in 36th place overall , achieving a victory in the SP 8T class after overcoming several technical problems . It was the first time a Nissan GT - R took part in the 24 Hours of Nürburgring . In the following year , Nissan participated the SP8T class with 2 Club Track Edition GT - Rs as works team , which driven by Team Nissan and Team GT Academy , both cars completed the race in 99th and 30th in overall respectively -- through they are the only entries in SP - 8T class that year . On July 7 , 2011 , a Nissan GT - R was spotted testing at the Ciudad del Motor de Aragón for a possible FIA GT3 European Championship entry . Not much is known about the car currently : the car appears similar to the GT1 car , but it is likely the internals will be far different due to GT3 's much lower power restrictions . A GT - R won the 2015 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour driven by Katsumasa Chiyo , Wolfgang Reip and Florian Strauss . The NISMO team returned to the Mount Panorama Circuit for the 2016 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour where after qualifying a disappointing 13th , Chiyo , Strauss and Nissan Australia 's Rick Kelly finished in second place , only 1.3 seconds behind the race winning McLaren 650S GT3 from Tekno Autosports . The NISMO Athlete Global Team led the most number of laps in the race having led for 107 of the 297 laps run . Aftermarket tuning ( edit ) Despite early concerns about the difficulty of modifying the Nissan GT - R , many aftermarket tuning parts are now available . The previously reported `` untuneable '' ECU has since been hacked by several tuning houses . COBB Tuning was the first company to access the GT - R 's encrypted ECU . With their AccessPORT anyone can reprogram both the engine and transmission control units with off the shelf or custom maps . Mine 's also has limited control of the ECU , and others ( MCR , HKS , and Top Secret ) have bypassed the unit . They have been seen testing modified GT - Rs with the former two having conducted tests at the Tsukuba Circuit . Ecutek tuning on the other hand was the first company to manipulate and change shift points on the GT - R in the TCM ( Transmission Control Module ) on automatic mode . This can be done at will by the driver . Ecutek also allows the driver to adjust launch control on the fly available with a wrap around boost gauge that can read over 20 PSI . Like COBB Tuning , Ecutek currently offers engine tuning on the ECU and TCM with different launch control software from LC1 up to LC5 . Ecutek 's RACEROM offers in addition Valet Mode , Per - Cylinder Fueling , RaceRom Launch Control , Speed Density , Map Switching , Enhanced Targeted Boost Control , Upshift boostspike prevention , Per - gear boost control limit , per - gear rev limits , RACEROM Boost control , MAF Left - Right Swap for Custom Intercoolers , Large Fuel Injector Support and Visual Knock Warning . On January 16 , 2013 , Ecutek also became the first company to construct and offer Flex Fuel hardware and software capability for all Nissan GT - Rs . This fuel kit requires the Ecutek specific TCM . The kit provides changes in the cold start cranking compensation , changes to the maximum target boost , changes in the ignition timing , changes to target airflow , changes in cam timing , and changes in the fuel economy gauge reading all based solely on ethanol content in the gas tank . Japan based tuner Mine 's has created the VR38DETT super response engine which uses lightened engine internals like titanium rods , lightened pistons and many other components that allows the engine to rev - up fast . The Mine 's GT - R has always been one of the most sought after GT - Rs in the world for its highly responsive driving feel with the right amount of power at 588 kW ; 789 hp ; 800 PS . In a review by Motor Trend editor Scott Kanemura , it was revealed that the GPS system fitted to the GT - R would remove the 180 - kilometer per hour ( 112 mph ) speed limiter when the car arrives at a race track , but only on tracks approved by Nissan . Aftermarket ECUs have been developed to bypass the speed limiter , in addition to stand - alone speed - limiter defeaters . The GPS check will not be implemented in American models . In August 2008 , Nissan 's official motorsport and tuning arm Nismo announced the `` Club Sport '' tuning package for the GT - R . The package , which is also fitted to the SpecV , includes Bilstein Damptronic compatible dampers , 20 '' forged aluminum wheels from RAYS Engineering , Bridgestone run - flat tires , Recaro carbon fiber - shelled bucket seats , a titanium exhaust , and a revised rear diffuser with an added cooling duct . The package is supported by a warranty and saves over 20 kg ( 44 lb ) . AMS Performance , based in West Chicago , Illinois , has set record power levels and performance numbers for the GT - R. Their Alpha Omega GT - R puts down between 1700 -- 1750 whp and boasts 0 -- 60 times of 1.7 seconds according to their staff on their official Facebook page . In June 2013 , Omega set multiple world records at the WannaGoFast 1 / 2 Mile Shootout at Built Field Airport in Monee , Illinois which included : 214.04 mph in a standing 1 / 2 mile ; 60 -- 130 mph in 3 seconds ; 0 -- 100 mph in 4.4 seconds ; 0 -- 200 mph in 11.87 seconds . In July 2013 , AMS regained their world record ( previously held by John Shepherd 's AMS / Switzer GT - R for a brief time ) when Omega ran 8.259 at 185.18 mph . A few days later , OMEGA broke into the 7s when it ran a 7.98 at 186.14 mph , currently making it the quickest and fastest GT - R in the world , as well as the first GT - R to reach the 9 's , 8 's , and 7 's . During the evening of the 7 second pass Omega broke a couple of other records . Omega bested its previous 60 -- 130 mph time with a staggering 2.67 seconds . Omega also broke the 100 -- 150 mph record which was previously held by an Underground Racing TT Gallardo ( 2.58 seconds ) with an astounding 2.45 seconds . The AMS Performance Alpha Omega package functions more as a shop / research and development vehicle which is the reason why it is not available to the general public . However , anybody can purchase the Alpha 6 , Alpha 9 , Alpha 10 , Alpha 12 , Alpha 14 and Alpha 16 packages ; each respectively with approximately 600 , 900 , 1000 , 1200 , 1,400 and 1,600 wheel horsepower when installed and tuned . In 2013 , during a training day of a Russian drag racing event , Unlim 500 , a 1700 hp MK. 1 GT - R tuned by Switzer ( called Goliath R1K - X ) made a new record of top speed and standing mile trap speed , reaching the finish line at 402.23 km / h ( 249.9 mp / h ) , breaking the previous record of 386 km / h made by an AMS / Turbo Drive 1550 hp Alpha 12 + GT - R , which still holds the standing mile world record of 22.086 s at 385.43 km / h . The Nissan GT - R played a main role in Fast & Furious 6 . The car in the widely successful movie has modified bumpers , new vented hood , modified fenders , side sills , carbon doors , carbon roof , and carbon spoilers . In February 2016 , using the GT - R NISMO , Masato Kawabata set a new world record for the fastest 90 - degree drift at approximately 320 km / h in the Fujairah International Airport . On the 13th of August 2014 , Mike Newman broke the record for the ' fastest speed for a car driven blindfolded ' in a Nissan GT - R modified by Litchfield Motors ( UK ) . Awards and recognition ( edit ) Year Award and Recognition v 2007 Top Gear Awards -- Sports car of the Year 2008 Autocar -- Drivers Car of the Year . 2008 Evo Magazine -- Car of the Year 2008 Japan 's Most Advanced Technology Award 2008 Popular Mechanics -- Automotive Excellence Awards 2008 ( Design ) 2009 Automobile Magazine -- Automobile of the Year 2009 MotorWeek -- Driver 's Choice Awards 2009 -- Best Performance Car 2009 Edmunds.com -- Edmunds ' Inside Line Editors ' Most Wanted Awards : Instant Classic 2009 Motor Trend -- Motor Trend Car of the Year 2009 Popular Science -- Auto Tech Grand Award Winner 2009 International Car of the Year 2009 World Performance Car 2009 Targa Tasmania Modern Champion 2009 Targa West Challenge Modern Champion 2009 Targa West Competition Modern Champion 2009 Guinness World Records -- Fastest 0 -- 60 mph acceleration by a four - seater production car Redline Time Attack Modified AWD Champion Targa West Challenge Modern Champion Targa West Competition Modern Champion Yahoo -- Listed as having one of the best resale values of any sports car . 2011 Targa Tasmania Modern Champion 2011 Targa West Competition Modern Champion 2011 Motor Magazine Performance Car Cup Winner 2013 Targa Adelaide -- Modern Champion Sales ( edit ) Calendar Year US Canada Japan Europe ( incl . UK ) 2007 -- -- 807 -- 2008 1730 137 4871 2009 1534 133 531 877 62 395 1078 2011 1294 72 526 889 2012 1188 117 558 738 2013 1237 125 668 480 2014 1436 125 n / a 503 2015 1105 130 n / a 486 2016 698 156 n / a 618 2017 578 134 n / a n / a Notes ^ Jump up to : Data not available Statistics by US model year ( manufacturer claimed ) ( edit ) US Model Year Power kW ( hp ) Torque Nm ( lb ⋅ ft ) 0 -- 97 km / h 0 -- 60 mph ( seconds ) 400 m ⁄ mile ( seconds ) Nurburgring Lap Time ( minutes ) 2009 358 ( 480 ) 583 ( 430 ) 3.5 11.9 7 : 26.70 362 ( 485 ) 583 ( 430 ) 3.3 11.8 NA 2011 362 ( 485 ) 588 ( 434 ) 3.2 11.6 7.24. 22 2012 395 ( 530 ) 607 ( 448 ) 2.8 11.2 NA 2013 406 ( 545 ) 628 ( 463 ) 2.7 11.0 7 : 18.06 2014 406 ( 545 ) 628 ( 463 ) 2.7 11.0 NA 2015 406 ( 545 ) 628 ( 463 ) 2.7 11.0 NA 2015 Nismo N - Attack Package 447 ( 600 ) 652 ( 481 ) 2.7 11.0 7 : 08.679 2016 406 ( 545 ) 628 ( 463 ) 2.7 NA NA 2017 421 ( 565 ) 633 ( 467 ) 2.7 NA NA 2018 421 ( 565 ) 633 ( 467 ) TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nissan Motor Corporation . `` NISSAN -- CORPORATE INFORMATION -- Outline of Company -- Facilities in Japan '' . www.nissan-global.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tony Swan ( December 2007 ) . `` First Drive Review - 2009 Nissan GT - R '' . www.caranddriver.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nissan Skyline GT - R '' . www.edmunds.com . Inside Line . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2007 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edward Loh ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` First Look : 2008 Nissan GT - R '' . www.motortrend.com . MotorTrend . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian Eveleigh ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` Nissan Skyline GT - R '' . www.evo.co.uk . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Skyline GT - R '' . Zimbio . p. 1 . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Under the hood of the Nissan GT - R '' . Autoblog . September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan GT - R Press Information -- Specifications '' ( Press release ) . Nissan . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Richard ( February 29 , 2008 ) . `` Nissan GT - R : ' Godzilla ' returns ... '' drive.com.au . p. 1 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Nissan GT - R Concept '' . JB car pages . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TOKYO NEWS : Nissan Reveals Juicy Tidbits About 2007 GT - R Sports car '' . edmunds.com . October 18 , 2005 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Vella ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` Nissan Redesigns a Japanese Icon '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Edmunds Inside Line : A Day in Germany With the GT - R Engineers '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nissan GT - R Press Kit '' ( Press release ) . Canada : Nissan . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . The Nissan GT - R 's unique Premium Midship platform , created expressly for use with the GT - R ... Jump up ^ 2013 Nissan GT - R Specifications . Nissan USA . Jump up ^ `` Fast Favorite : Limited Run 2014 Nissan GT - R , 09iu Track Edition '' . Automoblog.net . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Nissan USA Jump up ^ `` Nissan Press Release -- Nissan Announces New Nissan GT - R '' ( Press release ) . Nissan . October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan GT - R Specification '' . Nissan . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan GT - R Features '' . JB car pages . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nissan GT - R Specs and Standard Features '' . Jump up ^ `` Aichi Kikai manufacturing history '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Times : Nissan GT - R Sets New Nurburgring Record '' . Edmunds . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan and Infiniti -- 2012 Nissan GT - R Features More Horsepower , New `` Black Edition , '' Revised Fascias and Carbon Fiber Interior Trim '' ( Press release ) . US : Nissan . November 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Nissan GT - R '' . Jump up ^ Damon Lavrinc RSS feed . `` Nissan GT - R SpecV unveiled ! '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Skyline R35 GT - R Colour Breakdown '' . GTR-Registry.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan GT - R SpecV : Super-Godzilla Caught On Tape '' . Jalopnik.com . January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Skyline R35 GT - R SpecV '' . GTR-Registry.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathon Ramsey RSS feed . `` Video : AutoExpress tests the 2010 Nissan GT - R SpecV '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Nissan GT - R NISMO , 2014 MY R35 '' . carfolio.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aftermarket & Performance Parts - Auto Parts & Accessories - STILLEN '' . www.stillen.com . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News : Undisguised 2009 Nissan GT - R '' . edmunds.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison : ZR1 vs GT - R vs GT2 vs 599 Top Speed Run Video '' . Motortrend.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ GT Channel . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1bHGaV-Lvw 2010 GT - R Launch Control Controversy Explained on video Jump up ^ `` Jay Leno 's Garage : GT - R Review '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Automotiveaddicts.com Nissan GT - R Launch Control Reprogram Clarification from Nissan Jump up ^ `` 2013 Nissan GT - R is a 10 Second Car ! '' . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nissan GT - R acceleration runs '' . Motortrend.com . February 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube -- Nissan GT - R BMW M3 ( Autocar ) -- Part 2 '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AWARD - WINNING NISSAN GT - R ACHIEVES NEW RECORD LAP TIME AT NÜRBURGRING CIRCUIT '' . Nissan . Jump up ^ `` Fast Times : Nissan GT - R Sets New Nurburgring Record '' . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mengenal Pantai Lamaru Balikpapan - www.nissan360.com '' . October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gover , Paul ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Porsche accuses Nissan of cheating at Nürburgring '' . Carsguide.com.au . News Limited . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Autocar -- Porsche says Nissan cheating '' . Autocar.co.uk . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Korzeniewski , Jeremy ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Nissan defends GT - R ' Ring time '' . Autoblog . Retrieved October 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roth , Dan ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` Nissan defends GT - R ' Ring time '' . Autoblog . Retrieved October 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan GT - R : Ost - Erweiterung '' . sportauto ( in German ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( November 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Truth '' . Driver 's Republic . p. 23 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Objektive Nordschleifen - Rundezeit des Japaners '' . sportauto ( in German ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Corvette ZR1 im Supertest auf der Nordschleife : Was kann die stärkste Corvette aller Zeiten ? Sportauto '' . Sportauto-online.de . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Horst von Saurma ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Nissan GT - R 2011 im ersten Nordschleifen - Test -- SPORT AUTO '' . Sportauto-online.de . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Viknesh Vijayenthiran. `` 2014 Nissan GT - R Revealed , Laps Nürburgring In 7 : 18 : Video '' . Motor Authority . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Nissan GT - R sets ninth - quickest Nurburgring lap time in history '' . CarAdvice.com.au . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan GT - R -- Road Test First Drive '' . Autocar.co.uk . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Autocar Videos '' . Autocar.co.uk . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan GT - R v Porsche 911 Turbo video part 2 Car Video & Clips Car Magazine Online '' . Carmagazine.co.uk . February 19 , 2008 . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Text : Richard Meaden / Photos : Andy Morgan ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Nissan GT - R and Porsche GT3 Car Review Group Test '' . evo . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ -- turbox ( View Profile ) . `` Porsche 911 Turbo V Nissan GT - R -- Fifth Gear By Senna -- AutoSpies Auto News '' . Autospies.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 BMW M3 vs. 2009 Nissan GT - R vs. 2008 Porsche 911 Turbo -- Coupes / Comparison Test / Reviews / Car and Driver '' . Car And Driver . March 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sam Mitani ( May 1 , 2008 ) . `` Comparison Test : Nissan GT - R vs. Chevrolet Corvette Z06 vs. Porsche 911 Turbo '' . Hachette Filipacchi Media , U.S. , Inc . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2008 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Millen , Steve . `` Lap Times at Buttonwillow 's 2.73 - mile road course ( config. no. 13 ) '' ( PDF ) . US : Road and Track . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nissan GT - R vs. the World Ultimate Performance Car Test '' . Edmunds.com . May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vergleich Nissan GT - R / Porsche 911 Turbo / Audi R8 V10 -- Die Runde der Wahrheit '' . autobild.de . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Autocar Videos '' . Autocar.co.uk . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Auto , Motor Und Sport -- Vergleichstest der 500 PS - Supersportler '' . / www.auto-motor-und-sport.de . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rundenzeiten Nürburgring -- SPORT AUTO '' . Sportauto-online.de. April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CAR Magazine , July 2009 '' . carmagazine.co.uk . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Culture Clash -- Comparison Test '' . Roadandtrack.com. April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 vs 2011 Ford Shelby GT500 vs 2012 Nissan GT - R Specs '' . Motor Trend . December 7 , 1941 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hellwig , Ed ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` Comparison Test : 2009 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 vs. 2009 Nissan GT - R '' . Inside Line . Edmunds Inc . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ St. Antoine , Arthur ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` War of the Worlds : ZR1 vs GT2 vs 599 vs GT - R '' . Motor Trend . Source Interlink Media . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Top Gear -- Power Laps '' . October 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear Track lap records '' . FastestLaps.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 「 NISSAN GT - R 」 が SUPER GT に 参戦 '' ( `` NISSAN GT - R '' participates in SUPER GT ) ( in Japanese ) . Nissan Motorsports . Jump up ^ Racecar Engineering 2010 Vol. 20 No. 8 , p. 14 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the V8 Nissan GT - R '' . Autocar . January 31 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NAGTROC gallery -- Super GT GT - R '' . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 404 '' . www.gtr-world.net . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Super GT 2008 Round 1 Suzuka Race Review '' . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Super GT 2008 Fuji Official Test '' . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Super GT 2008 Round 2 Okayama Race Review '' . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Press Release '' . Nissan Motorsports . February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SUPER GT.net -- SUPER GT OFFICIAL WEBSITE '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2014 Super GT season Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nismo -- Gigawave Motorsport announcement '' . FIA GT Championship . February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) http://www.rpmpromotions.com/GT1andGT3techspec.pdf . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . http://www.nismo.co.jp/en/products/GT3/spec.html Jump up ^ `` Nissan GT - R confirms Targa Appearance 2008 '' . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Targa Tasmania Modern Competition results '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Targa West Modern Competition results '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Targa Wrest Point all go and filling fast '' . May 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` the Official Webpage '' . One Lap of America . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Feature -- Brass Monkey Racing World Challenge R35 Nissan GT - R '' . The Octane Report . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nismo Omori factory news '' . Jump up ^ `` Nissan GT - R GT3 Testing In Spain '' . Planet Le Mans . July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholomaeus , Stefan ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` SVG leads McLaren to Bathurst 12 Hour victory '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cobb Tuning cracks Nissan GT - R 's encrypted ECU '' . Motortrend.com. April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ セントラル : New 日産 GT - R ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Option Fans Magazine '' ( 78 ) . Unity Media Communications . February 2008 . pp. 12 , 56 . Jump up ^ `` Option Fans Magazine '' ( 78 ) . July 2008 . pp. 12 , 56 . Jump up ^ `` Ecutek tuning paving the way with adjustable shiftpoints in automode '' . gtrlife.com . November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Now offering Ecutek Staged Ecutek flashes with cable / E85 Package available '' . gtrlife.com . November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecutek Flex Fuel is Reality ! '' . gtrlife.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mine 's Meeting Event : Mine 's GT - R '' . gtrblog.com . January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mine 's shows off latest GT - R package at Tokyo Auto Salon '' . motorauthority.com . January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan GT - R ca n't take aftermarket wheels , unapproved race tracks are out '' . Auto Blog . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NISMO NEWS RELEASE '' ( in Japanese ) . Jump up ^ `` NISMO NEWS RELEASE '' ( in Japanese ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Alpha Omega GT - R Sets New World Record - 1 / 4 Mile in 7.98 s '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barari , Arman ( ed . ) . `` Fast and Furious 6 Nissan GT - R Revealed '' . Motorward . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig . Guinness World Records 2016 . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 910561 - 01 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jason Barlow . `` TopGear Galleries -- TG Awards ' 07 '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 日産 : NISSAN GT - R ( GT - R ) スポーツ & スペシャリティ / SUV Web カタログ ホーム '' ... nissan.co.jp . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan GT - R Car News '' . evo . December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 日本 カー ・ オブ ・ ザ ・ イヤー : 受賞 車 ・ 特別 賞 受賞 車 '' . Jcoty.org . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ PM 's Automotive Editors ( November 6 , 2007 ) . `` Nissan GT - R : Automotive Excellence Design Award Winner '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ 2009 Automobile of the Year : 2009 Nissan GT-R.automobilemag.com . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Edmunds ' Inside Line Editors ' Most Wanted Awards '' . Edmunds.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nissan GT - R -- The 2009 Motor Trend Car of the Year Winner is the Nissan GT - R '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nissan GT - R Popular Science '' . Popsci.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 International Car of the Year Awards ' Winners : ROAD & TRAVEL Magazine '' . Roadandtravel.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Car of the Year Awards '' . wcoty.com. April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Quit Targa West 2009 -- Challenge Modern -- Final Results '' ( PDF ) . Australia : TargaWest . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quit Targa West 2009 -- Competition Modern -- Final Results '' ( PDF ) . Australia : TargaWest . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stevebs , Mike ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` 2009 Nissan GT - R Declared Fastest Accelerating Production Four - Seater By Guinness '' . The Motor Report . Australia . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Redline Timeattack Nissan GT - R News . GTRBlog.com . Jump up ^ `` Quit Targa West 2010 -- Challenge Modern -- Final '' ( PDF ) . Australia : TargaWest . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quit Targa West 2010 -- Competition Modern -- Final '' ( PDF ) . Australia : TargaWest . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sports cars with best resale value Yahoo Autos '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quit Targa West 2011 -- Final Classifications -- Competition Category ‐ Modern '' ( PDF ) . Australia : TargaWest . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Performance Car Cup 2011 Winner ! Nissan GT - R. Motoring.ninemsn.com.au ( 2011 - 12 - 08 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese Market Nissan GT - R Sales '' . GT - R Magazine . No. 103 . March 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cain , Timothy ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Nissan GT - R Sales Figures '' . GoodCarBadCar . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan GT - R '' . carsalesbase.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Used Nissan GT - R Buyers Guide 2009 - 2011 '' . 2009gtr.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Nissan GT - R files down ' Ring time to 7 : 26.70 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Nissan GT - R 7 : 24.22 Nurburgring Lap Time Video '' AutoGuide.com News `` . March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nissan GT - R Revealed , Laps Nürburgring In 7 : 18 : Video '' . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla 's ' Ring : Nissan Claims Nürburgring Lap Record With 2015 GT - R NISMO with `` Track Options '' `` . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Nissan GT - R Press Kit '' ( Press release ) . US : Nissan . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Nissan GT - R Press Kit '' ( Press release ) . US : Nissan . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Nissan GT - R first drive : Monster , matured '' . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Nissan GT - R Press Kit '' ( Press release ) . US : Nissan . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nissan GT - R Owners Reviews . `` www.westwaynissan.co.uk/new-cars/nissan-gt-r '' Further reading ( edit ) Gorodji , Alex ( 2008 ) . Nissan GT - R : Legendary performance , Engineering Marvel . Minneapolis : Motorbooks . pp. 192 pages . ISBN - 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3036 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nissan GT - R . Nissan GT - R official global site Nissan Motor Company Marques Current Datsun Infiniti Nissan Venucia Defunct / Integrated Prince Kurogane Aichi Shatai Sold Nissan Diesel Divisions and subsidiaries Autech Infiniti Nismo Nissan Motor India Private Limited Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK Joint ventures Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd. ( 50 % ) Ghandhara Nissan Nissan Motor Indonesia Nissan Philippines Renault -- Nissan -- Mitsubishi Alliance Tan Chong Motor Shareholdings Mitsubishi Motors ( 34 % ) Current Datsun vehicles redi - Go Go Go+ on - Do mi - Do Current Nissan vehicles Cars 370Z / Fairlady Z Altima / Teana Cima Dayz Fuga GT - R Lannia Latio / Versa Sedan / Almera / Sunny Leaf Livina / Grand Livina March / Micra Maxima Note / Versa Note Pulsar C12 / Tiida Sentra / Sylphy / Pulsar B17 Skyline Pickup Trucks Clipper Truck Frontier / Navara NP200 Patrol Cab Chassis Titan SUVs / Crossovers Armada Juke Kicks Murano Pathfinder Patrol Patrol Y61 Qashqai / Rogue Sport X-Trail / Rogue Terra Terrano Xterra Vans / Minivans Caravan Cube Elgrand NV100 NV150 AD NV200 / Evalia NV300 NV350 NV400 NV1500 NV2500 HD NV3500 HD Serena Commercial trucks NT100 Clipper NT400 Cabstar NT450 Atlas Buses Civilian Discontinued vehicles DC - 3 100NX 180SX 200SX B - 210 240SX 240Z 280ZX 300C 300ZX 310 350Z 510 810 1200 Almera Tino Altra ( EV ) Aprio Atleon Auster Avenir Bassara Be-1 Bluebird Caball Cablight Cedric Cefiro Cherry Crew Datsun Truck Dualis Echo Expert Fairlady Figaro Gazelle Gloria Hardbody Truck Homy Hypermini Interstar Junior Kubistar Lafesta Largo Laurel Leopard Liberty Mistral Moco Multi Murano CrossCabriolet NX NT500 Paladin Pao Pino Pintara Platina Prairie Presage Presea Primastar Primera Prince Royal President Pulsar EXA Pulsar GTI - R Quest R390 GT1 R'nessa Rasheen Roadster - Road Star S - Cargo Saurus Saurus Jr Sileighty Silvia Skyline Crossover Skyline GT - R Stagea Stanza Terrano Terrano II Trade Vanette Violet Wingroad Concept vehicles 126X 216X 240Z Concept 270X 300 Bambu 300 Seta 300XM 315 - a AA - X Actic AD - 1 AD - 2 AL - X Alpha T Amenio AP - X AQ - X ARC - X AXY AZEAL Bevel BladeGlider Boga C - Note Chapeau Chappo Cocoon Compact Sport CONCEPT 2020 Vision Gran Turismo CQ - X Crossbow CUE - X Cypact Denki Cube Duad Dunehawk Effis Ellure Esflow ESV EV Guide II EV Truck Evalia Extrem FEV FEV - II Foria Forum Friend - ME Fusion Gobi GR - 1 GR - 2 Gripz Hi - Cross ideo IDS IDx IMx Intima Invitation Jikoo Judo Jura Kicks Kino KYXX Land Glider LEAF LUC - 2 MID4 Mixim mm. e Moco Nails NCS NEO-X NRV - II Nuvu NV2500 NX - 018 NX - 21 Pivo Pivo 2 Pivo 3 Qazana Redigo Resonance Round Box Saurus Serenity Sport Concept Sport Sedan Stylish VI SUT Sway TeRRA Terranaut Tone Townpod Trailrunner TRI-X URGE UV - X Xmotion XIX XVL Yanya Z Concept Zaroot Engines Straight - 3 HR UD Straight - 4 BD CA CD CG CR FJ GA GB HR KA LD MA MR NA QD QG QR SD SR TD UD YD Z ZD Straight - 6 FD LD RB RD S20 SD TB TD UD V V6 VE VG VQ VR V8 UD VEJ30 VH VK VRH35 W64 Y V12 GRX - 3 UD VRT35 Places Nissan Engine Museum Nissan Proving Grounds Nissan Stadium ( Nashville ) Nissan Stadium ( Yokohama ) Other ATTESA CarWings dCi HICAS NAPS VVEL VVL Yokohama F. Marinos A brand of Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . Commons `` previous -- Nissan road car timeline , United States and Canadian markets , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Micra Micra Versa ( hatchback ) Versa Note 210 Sentra Sentra Sentra Sentra Versa ( sedan ) Versa ( sedan ) Compact 310 Pulsar Sentra Sentra Sentra 510 Stanza Stanza Stanza Altima Altima Leaf Leaf 810 Maxima Maxima Mid-size Altima Altima Altima Maxima Maxima Maxima Full - size Maxima Maxima Maxima Sport compact Pulsar NX Pulsar NX NX 200SX Altima Coupe 200SX 200SX 240SX 240SX Sports 280ZX 300ZX 300ZX 350Z 370Z GT - R ( R35 ) Note Vehicle sold only in Canada . Nissan road car timeline , European market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 City car Pixo Subcompact Micra K10 Micra K11 Micra K12 Micra K13 Micra K14 Compact Sunny B310 Sunny B11 Cherry N10 Cherry N12 Sunny N13 Sunny N14 Almera N15 Almera N16 Tiida C11 Pulsar C13 Leaf Leaf Midsize Stanza T11 Bluebird 910 Bluebird U11 Bluebird T12 / T72 Primera P10 Primera P11 Primera P12 Large Laurel C31 Laurel C32 Maxima J30 Maxima QX A32 Maxima QX A33 Teana J31 Teana J32 Teana L33 Coupé Silvia S110 Silvia S12 200SX S13 200SX S14 Sports car 280ZX 300ZX Z31 300ZX Z32 350Z Z33 370Z GT - R R35 Mini MPV Cube Compact MPV Prairie M10 Prairie M11 Almera Tino Note E11 Note E12 Large MPV Serena C23 Crossover Juke Qashqai J10 Qashqai J11 Qashqai + 2 NJ10 X-Trail T32 Murano Z50 Murano Z51 Murano Z52 Compact SUV Terrano II R20 X-Trail T30 X-Trail T31 Mid-size SUV Terrano WD21 Pathfinder R50 Pathfinder R51 Pathfinder R52 Full - size SUV Patrol 160 Patrol Y60 Patrol Y61 Patrol Y62 Nissan sportscar racers ( 1966 -- present ) Group 6 ( 1965 -- 1970 ) R380 R380 - II R380 - III Group 7 ( 1968 -- 1970 ) R381 R382 R383 IMSA GTU ( 1975 -- 1993 ) 280Z 280ZX 240SX IMSA GTO / GTS ( 1981 -- 1995 ) 280ZX 300ZX Group 5 ( 1979 -- 1984 ) Bluebird SSS Turbo Skyline RS Silhouette Formula Nichira Impul Silvia Group C ( 1983 -- 1992 ) Skyline Turbo C LM03C 83G T810 R85V R86V R87E R88V / C R89C R90CK / CP R91CK / CP / VP R92CP P35 / NP35 IMSA GTP ( 1985 -- 1993 ) GTP ZX - Turbo NPT - 90 JGTC / Super GT ( 1993 -- current ) Skyline GT - R Silvia Fairlady Z ( Z33 ) GT - R FIA GT1 ( 1997 - 1998 ) R390 GT1 FIA GT1 / GT3 ( 2009 -- current ) GT - R Le Mans Prototype ( 1999 , 2015 ) R391 GT - R LM Nismo Experimental ( 2012 -- 2014 ) DeltaWing ZEOD RC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_GT-R&oldid=853333831 '' Categories : Nissan vehicles Nissan concept vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Coupés Sports cars Grand tourers 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 2007 Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Use mdy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 00 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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is the nissan gtr a v6 or v8
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[
"Nissan GT-R (R35)\n2017 Nissan GT-ROverviewManufacturer\nNissan Motor CompanyProduction\nDecember 2007 – presentAssembly\nKaminokawa, Tochigi, Japan[1]Designer\nExterior: Hirohisa OnoInterior: Akira NishimuraChief Designer: Hiroshi HasegawaDesign Director: Shiro NakamuraBody and chassisClass\nSports car Grand tourer (S)Body style\n2-door coupéLayout\nF4 layoutPlatform\nPremium MidshipPowertrainEngine\n3.8 L VR38DETT twin-turbo V6Power output\n353 kW (480 PS) (2007–2011)390–405 kW (530–550 PS) (2011–2017)419 kW (570 PS) (2017–present)441 kW (600 PS) (NISMO)Transmission\n6-speed dual clutch automaticDimensionsWheelbase\n2,780 mm (109.4 in)Length\n2009–2010: 183.3 in (4,656 mm)2011 – present: 183.9 in (4,671 mm)Width\n2009–2010 & 2013–: 74.6 in (1,895 mm)2011–12: 74.9 in (1,902 mm)Height\n2009–2010 & 2013–: 53.9 in (1,369 mm)2011–12: 54.0 in (1,372 mm)Curb weight\n1,740 kg (3,840 lb)ChronologyPredecessor\nNissan Skyline GT-R"
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"V6"
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5515773188604245248
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Seniority in the United States Senate
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Seniority in the United States Senate - wikipedia Seniority in the United States Senate Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President Pro Tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) Seniority in the United States Senate is valuable as it confers a number of benefits and is based on length of continuous service , with ties broken by a series of factors . Customarily , the terms `` senior senator '' and `` junior senator '' are used to distinguish the two senators representing a particular state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Benefits of seniority 2 Determining the beginning of a term 3 Determining length of seniority 4 Current seniority list 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Benefits of seniority ( edit ) The United States Constitution does not mandate differences in rights or power , but Senate rules give more power to senators with more seniority . Generally , senior senators will have more power , especially within their own caucuses . In addition , by custom , senior senators from the president 's party control federal patronage appointments in their states . The president pro tempore of the Senate is traditionally the most senior member of the majority party . There are several benefits , including the following : Senators are given preferential treatment in choosing committee assignments based on seniority . Seniority on a committee is based on length of time serving on that committee , which means a senator may rank above another in committee seniority but be more junior in the full Senate . Although the committee chairmanship is an elected position , it is traditionally given to the most senior senator of the majority party serving on the committee , and not already holding a conflicting position such as chairmanship of another committee . The ranking member of a committee ( called the vice-chairman in some select committees ) is elected in the same way . Greater seniority enables a senator to choose a desk closer to the front of the Senate Chamber . Senators with higher seniority may choose to move into better office space as those offices are vacated . Seniority determines the ranking in the United States order of precedence although other factors , such as being a former President or First Lady , can place an individual higher in the order of precedence . Determining the beginning of a term ( edit ) A term does not necessarily coincide with the date the Senate convenes or when the new Senator is sworn in . In the case of Senators first elected in a general election for the upcoming Congress , their terms begin on the first day of the new Congress . Since 1935 , that means January 3 of odd - numbered years . The seniority date for an appointed senator is the date of the appointment , not necessarily the date of taking the oath of office . In the case of Senators taking vacant seats in special elections , the term begins on Election Day . However , in both of these cases , if the incoming Senator is a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives at the time , he / she must resign from the House before her / his term in the Senate begins . Determining length of seniority ( edit ) A senator 's seniority is primarily determined by length of continuous service ; for example , a senator who has served for 12 years is more senior than one who has served for 10 years . Because several new senators usually join at the beginning of a new Congress , seniority is determined by prior federal or state government service . These tiebreakers in order are : Former Senator Former Vice President Former House member Former Cabinet secretary Former state Governor Population of state based on the most recent census when the senator took office Alphabetical by last name ( in case two senators came from the same state on the same day and have identical credentials ) When more than one senator has served in the same previous role , length of time in that prior office is used to break the tie . For instance , Ben Cardin , Bernie Sanders , Sherrod Brown , Bob Casey , Bob Corker , Claire McCaskill , Amy Klobuchar , Sheldon Whitehouse and Jon Tester took office on January 3 , 2007 , and the first three senators mentioned had previously served in the House of Representatives . Cardin , having served 20 years , is more senior than Sanders , who served 16 , in turn is more senior than Brown who served 14 years . Casey is more senior than Corker because as of the 2000 census , Pennsylvania 's population outranks that of Tennessee 's , McCaskill is more senior than Klobuchar because Missouri 's population outranked that of Minnesota , and the latter is more senior than Whitehouse because the latter 's home state outranked Rhode Island 's population , meanwhile Tester 's home state of Montana had the least population amongst the freshmen class of 2006 , thus he was ranked 100 in seniority when the 110th Congress convened . Current seniority list ( edit ) Only relevant factors are listed below . For senators whose seniority is based on their state 's respective population , the state population ranking is given as determined by the relevant United States Census current at the time they first took their seat . Republican R ( 52 ) Democratic D ( 46 ) Independent I ( 2 ) Current rank Historical rank : Senator Party - State Seniority date First tie - breaker Second tie - breaker Committee and leadership positions 1692 Leahy , Patrick Patrick Leahy D - Vermont January 3 , 1975 Ranking Member : Appropriations President pro tempore emeritus 1708 Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch R - Utah January 3 , 1977 President pro tempore Chair : Finance 1719 Cochran , Thad Thad Cochran R - Mississippi December 27 , 1978 Chair : Appropriations 1745 Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley R - Iowa January 3 , 1981 Chair : Judiciary 5 1766 McConnell , Mitch Mitch McConnell R - Kentucky January 3 , 1985 Majority Leader 6 1775 Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby R - Alabama January 3 , 1987 Former Representative ( 8 years ) Chair : Rules 7 1777 McCain , John John McCain R - Arizona Former Representative ( 4 years ) Chair : Armed Services 8 1801 Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein D - California November 4 , 1992 Ranking Member : Judiciary 9 1810 Murray , Patty Patty Murray D - Washington January 3 , 1993 Ranking Member : HELP Assistant Minority Leader 10 1816 Inhofe , Jim Jim Inhofe R - Oklahoma November 16 , 1994 11 1827 Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden D - Oregon February 6 , 1996 Ranking Member : Finance 12 1830 Roberts , Pat Pat Roberts R - Kansas January 3 , 1997 Former Representative ( 16 years ) Chair : Agriculture 13 1831 Durbin , Dick Dick Durbin D - Illinois Former Representative ( 14 years ) Minority Whip 14 1835 Reed , Jack Jack Reed D - Rhode Island Former Representative ( 6 years ) Ranking Member : Armed Services 15 1842 Collins , Susan Susan Collins R - Maine Maine 38th in population ( 1990 ) Chair : Aging 16 1843 Enzi , Mike Mike Enzi R - Wyoming Wyoming 50th in population ( 1990 ) Chair : Budget 17 1844 Schumer , Chuck Chuck Schumer D - New York January 3 , 1999 Former Representative ( 18 years ) Minority Leader 18 1846 Crapo , Mike Mike Crapo R - Idaho Former Representative ( 6 years ) Chair : Banking 19 1854 Nelson , Bill Bill Nelson D - Florida January 3 , 2001 Former Representative ( 12 years ) Ranking Member : Commerce 20 1855 Carper , Tom Tom Carper D - Delaware Former Representative ( 10 years ) Ranking Member : Environment 21 1856 Stabenow , Debbie Debbie Stabenow D - Michigan Former Representative ( 4 years ) Ranking Member : Agriculture Democratic Policy Committee Chair 22 1859 Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell D - Washington Former Representative ( 2 years ) Ranking Member : Energy 23 1873 Murkowski , Lisa Lisa Murkowski R - Alaska December 20 , 2002 Chair : Energy 24 1867 Graham , Lindsey Lindsey Graham R - South Carolina January 3 , 2003 Former Representative 25 1869 Alexander , Lamar Lamar Alexander R - Tennessee Former Cabinet member Chair : HELP 26 1871 Cornyn , John John Cornyn R - Texas Majority Whip 27 1876 Burr , Richard Richard Burr R - North Carolina January 3 , 2005 Former Representative ( 10 years ) Chair : Intelligence 28 1879 Thune , John John Thune R - South Dakota Former Representative ( 6 years ) Chair : Commerce Republican Conference Chair 29 1880 Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson R - Georgia Former Representative ( 5 yrs. , 10 mos . ) Chair : Veterans ' Affairs Chair : Ethics 30 1885 Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez D - New Jersey January 17 , 2006 31 1886 Cardin , Ben Ben Cardin D - Maryland January 3 , 2007 Former Representative ( 20 years ) Ranking Member : Foreign Relations 32 1887 Sanders , Bernie Bernie Sanders I - Vermont Former Representative ( 16 years ) Ranking Member : Budget 33 1888 Brown , Sherrod Sherrod Brown D - Ohio Former Representative ( 14 years ) Ranking Member : Banking 34 1890 Casey Jr. , Bob Bob Casey Jr . D - Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 6th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Aging 35 1891 Corker , Bob Bob Corker R - Tennessee Tennessee 16th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Foreign Relations 36 1892 McCaskill , Claire Claire McCaskill D - Missouri Missouri 17th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Homeland Security 37 1893 Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar D - Minnesota Minnesota 21st in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Rules 38 1894 Whitehouse , Sheldon Sheldon Whitehouse D - Rhode Island Rhode Island 43rd in population ( 2000 ) 39 1895 Tester , Jon Jon Tester D - Montana Montana 44th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Veterans ' Affairs 40 1896 Barrasso , John John Barrasso R - Wyoming June 22 , 2007 Chair : Environment Republican Policy Committee Chair 41 1897 Wicker , Roger Roger Wicker R - Mississippi December 31 , 2007 42 1899 Udall , Tom Tom Udall D - New Mexico January 3 , 2009 Former Representative Vice Chair : Indian Affairs 43 1901 Shaheen , Jeanne Jeanne Shaheen D - New Hampshire Former Governor ( 6 years ) Ranking Member : Small Business 44 1902 Warner , Mark Mark Warner D - Virginia Former Governor ( 4 years ) Vice Chair : Intelligence Democratic Caucus Vice Chair 45 1903 Risch , Jim Jim Risch R - Idaho Former Governor ( 7 months ) Chair : Small Business 46 1905 Merkley , Jeff Jeff Merkley D - Oregon 47 1909 Bennet , Michael Michael Bennet D - Colorado January 21 , 2009 48 1910 Gillibrand , Kirsten Kirsten Gillibrand D - New York January 26 , 2009 49 1911 Franken , Al Al Franken D - Minnesota July 7 , 2009 50 1916 Manchin , Joe Joe Manchin D - West Virginia November 15 , 2010 Former Governor 51 1917 Coons , Chris Chris Coons D - Delaware Vice Chair : Ethics 52 1919 Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt R - Missouri January 3 , 2011 Former Representative ( 14 years ) Missouri 17th in population ( 2000 ) Republican Conference Vice Chair 53 1920 Moran , Jerry Jerry Moran R - Kansas Kansas 33rd in population ( 2000 ) 54 1921 Portman , Rob Rob Portman R - Ohio Former Representative ( 12 years ) 55 1922 Boozman , John John Boozman R - Arkansas Former Representative ( 10 years ) 56 1923 Toomey , Pat Pat Toomey R - Pennsylvania Former Representative ( 6 years ) 57 1924 Hoeven , John John Hoeven R - North Dakota Former Governor Chair : Indian Affairs 58 1925 Rubio , Marco Marco Rubio R - Florida Florida 4th in population ( 2000 ) 59 1926 Johnson , Ron Ron Johnson R - Wisconsin Wisconsin 20th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Homeland Security 60 1927 Paul , Rand Rand Paul R - Kentucky Kentucky 25th in population ( 2000 ) 61 1928 Blumenthal , Richard Richard Blumenthal D - Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population ( 2000 ) 62 1929 Lee , Mike Mike Lee R - Utah Utah 34th in population ( 2000 ) 63 1931 Heller , Dean Dean Heller R - Nevada May 9 , 2011 64 1932 Schatz , Brian Brian Schatz D - Hawaii December 26 , 2012 65 1933 Scott , Tim Tim Scott R - South Carolina January 2 , 2013 66 1934 Baldwin , Tammy Tammy Baldwin D - Wisconsin January 3 , 2013 Former Representative ( 14 years ) Democratic Caucus Secretary 67 1935 Flake , Jeff Jeff Flake R - Arizona Former Representative ( 12 years ) 68 1936 Donnelly , Joe Joe Donnelly D - Indiana Former Representative ( 6 years ) Indiana 15th in population ( 2010 ) 69 1937 Murphy , Chris Chris Murphy D - Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population ( 2010 ) 70 1938 Hirono , Mazie Mazie Hirono D - Hawaii Hawaii 40th in population ( 2010 ) 71 1939 Heinrich , Martin Martin Heinrich D - New Mexico Former Representative ( 4 years ) 72 1940 King , Angus Angus King I - Maine Former Governor ( 8 years ) 73 1941 Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine D - Virginia Former Governor ( 4 years ) 74 1942 Cruz , Ted Ted Cruz R - Texas Texas 2nd in population ( 2010 ) 75 1943 Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren D - Massachusetts Massachusetts 14th in population ( 2010 ) Democratic Caucus Vice Chair 76 1944 Fischer , Deb Deb Fischer R - Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population ( 2010 ) 77 1945 Heitkamp , Heidi Heidi Heitkamp D - North Dakota North Dakota 48th in population ( 2010 ) 78 1948 Markey , Ed Ed Markey D - Massachusetts July 16 , 2013 79 1949 Booker , Cory Cory Booker D - New Jersey October 31 , 2013 80 1951 Capito , Shelley Moore Shelley Moore Capito R - West Virginia January 3 , 2015 Former Representative ( 14 years ) 81 1952 Peters , Gary Gary Peters D - Michigan Former Representative ( 6 years ) Michigan 8th in population ( 2010 ) 82 1953 Cassidy , Bill Bill Cassidy R - Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population ( 2010 ) 83 1954 Gardner , Cory Cory Gardner R - Colorado Former Representative ( 4 years ) Colorado 22nd in population ( 2010 ) NRSC Chair 84 1955 Lankford , James James Lankford R - Oklahoma Oklahoma 28th in population ( 2010 ) 85 1956 Cotton , Tom Tom Cotton R - Arkansas Former Representative ( 2 years ) Arkansas 32nd in population ( 2010 ) 86 1957 Daines , Steve Steve Daines R - Montana Montana 44th in population ( 2010 ) 87 1958 Rounds , Mike Mike Rounds R - South Dakota Former Governor 88 1959 Perdue , David David Perdue R - Georgia Georgia 9th in population ( 2010 ) 89 1960 Tillis , Thom Thom Tillis R - North Carolina North Carolina 10th in population ( 2010 ) 90 1961 Ernst , Joni Joni Ernst R - Iowa Iowa 30th in population ( 2010 ) 91 1962 Sasse , Ben Ben Sasse R - Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population ( 2010 ) 92 1963 Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan R - Alaska Alaska 47th in population ( 2010 ) 93 1964 Van Hollen , Chris Chris Van Hollen D - Maryland January 3 , 2017 Former Representative ( 14 years ) DSCC Chair 94 1965 Young , Todd Todd Young R - Indiana Former Representative ( 6 years ) 95 1966 Duckworth , Tammy Tammy Duckworth D - Illinois Former Representative ( 4 years ) 96 1967 Hassan , Maggie Maggie Hassan D - New Hampshire Former Governor 97 1968 Harris , Kamala Kamala Harris D - California California 1st in population ( 2010 ) 98 1969 Kennedy , John Neely John Neely Kennedy R - Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population ( 2010 ) 99 1970 Cortez Masto , Catherine Catherine Cortez Masto D - Nevada Nevada 35th in population ( 2010 ) 100 1971 Strange , Luther Luther Strange R - Alabama February 9 , 2017 Rank Historical rank Senator Party - State Seniority date First tie - breaker Second tie - breaker Committee and leadership positions See also ( edit ) Current members of the United States Senate Seniority in the United States House of Representatives List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The seniority date for an appointed senator is the date of the appointment , not necessarily the date of taking the oath of office . See Determining the beginning of a term , above . Jump up ^ Richard Shelby 's 1994 party change did not break his service or seniority . Jump up ^ Maria Cantwell ( # 22 ) is the Senate 's most senior junior senator . Jump up ^ John Cornyn 's predecessor , Phil Gramm , resigned early , effective November 30 , 2002 , so that Senator - elect Cornyn could take office early , and move into Gramm 's office suite in order to begin organizing his staff . Cornyn did not , however , gain seniority , owing to a 1980 Rules Committee policy that no longer gave seniority to senators who entered Congress early for the purpose of gaining advantageous office space . Jump up ^ Although Sanders was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President in 2016 , and has voted with the Democratic Party for organizational purposes throughout his time in Congress , he has never been a Democratic Senator . Jump up ^ Al Franken was elected to the Senate term that began January 3 , 2009 , but , due to legal challenges , was not sworn in until July 7 , 2009 ( see United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2008 for more details ) . His seniority date is based on the date he was sworn in . Jump up ^ Bill Cassidy ( # 82 ) is the Senate 's most junior senior senator . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Senators of the United States 1789 - present , A chronological list of senators since the First Congress in 1789 '' ( PDF ) . Senate Historical Office . April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 U.S Census Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 1991 U.S Census Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` 2000 Census State Population Rankings '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data ( Text Version ) - 2010 Census , by state and census region '' . Jump up ^ `` Historical rank '' refers to the Senator 's seniority over the entire history of the Senate since 1789 . This is an absolute number that does not change from one Congress to the next . Jump up ^ Rushing , J. Taylor ( July 8 , 2009 ) . `` Franken ranks last in Senate seniority '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . ( hide ) Lists of United States Senators in Congress by seniority 1 ( 1789 ) 2 ( 1791 ) 3 ( 1793 ) 4 ( 1795 ) 5 ( 1797 ) 6 ( 1799 ) 7 ( 1801 ) 8 ( 1803 ) 9 ( 1805 ) 10 ( 1807 ) 11 ( 1809 ) 12 ( 1811 ) 13 ( 1813 ) 14 ( 1815 ) 15 ( 1817 ) 16 ( 1819 ) 17 ( 1821 ) 18 ( 1823 ) 19 ( 1825 ) 20 ( 1827 ) 21 ( 1829 ) 22 ( 1831 ) 23 ( 1833 ) 24 ( 1835 ) 25 ( 1837 ) 26 ( 1839 ) 27 ( 1841 ) 28 ( 1843 ) 29 ( 1845 ) 30 ( 1847 ) 31 ( 1849 ) 32 ( 1851 ) 33 ( 1853 ) 34 ( 1855 ) 35 ( 1857 ) 36 ( 1859 ) 37 ( 1861 ) 38 ( 1863 ) 39 ( 1865 ) 40 ( 1867 ) 41 ( 1869 ) 42 ( 1871 ) 43 ( 1873 ) 44 ( 1875 ) 45 ( 1877 ) 46 ( 1879 ) 47 ( 1881 ) 48 ( 1883 ) 49 ( 1885 ) 50 ( 1887 ) 51 ( 1889 ) 52 ( 1891 ) 53 ( 1893 ) 54 ( 1895 ) 55 ( 1897 ) 56 ( 1899 ) 57 ( 1901 ) 58 ( 1903 ) 59 ( 1905 ) 60 ( 1907 ) 61 ( 1909 ) 62 ( 1911 ) 63 ( 1913 ) 64 ( 1915 ) 65 ( 1917 ) 66 ( 1919 ) 67 ( 1921 ) 68 ( 1923 ) 69 ( 1925 ) 70 ( 1927 ) 71 ( 1929 ) 72 ( 1931 ) 73 ( 1933 ) 74 ( 1935 ) 75 ( 1937 ) 76 ( 1939 ) 77 ( 1941 ) 78 ( 1943 ) 79 ( 1945 ) 80 ( 1947 ) 81 ( 1949 ) 82 ( 1951 ) 83 ( 1953 ) 84 ( 1955 ) 85 ( 1957 ) 86 ( 1959 ) 87 ( 1961 ) 88 ( 1963 ) 89 ( 1965 ) 90 ( 1967 ) 91 ( 1969 ) 92 ( 1971 ) 93 ( 1973 ) 94 ( 1975 ) 95 ( 1977 ) 96 ( 1979 ) 97 ( 1981 ) 98 ( 1983 ) 99 ( 1985 ) 100 ( 1987 ) 101 ( 1989 ) 102 ( 1991 ) 103 ( 1993 ) 104 ( 1995 ) 105 ( 1997 ) 106 ( 1999 ) 107 ( 2001 ) 108 ( 2003 ) 109 ( 2005 ) 110 ( 2007 ) 111 ( 2009 ) 112 ( 2011 ) 113 ( 2013 ) 114 ( 2015 ) 115 ( 2017 ) Current United States Senate elections 1788 / 89 1790 / 91 1792 / 93 1794 / 95 1796 / 97 1798 / 99 1800 / 01 1802 / 03 1804 / 05 1806 / 07 1808 / 09 1810 / 11 1812 / 13 1814 / 15 1816 / 17 1818 / 19 1820 / 21 1822 / 23 1824 / 25 1826 / 27 1828 / 29 1830 / 31 1832 / 33 1834 / 35 1836 / 37 1838 / 39 1840 / 41 1842 / 43 1844 / 45 1846 / 47 1848 / 49 1850 / 51 1852 / 53 1854 / 55 1856 / 57 1858 / 59 1860 / 61 1862 / 63 1864 / 65 1866 / 67 1868 / 69 1870 / 71 1872 / 73 1874 / 75 1876 / 77 1878 / 79 1880 / 81 1882 / 83 1884 / 85 1886 / 87 1888 / 89 1890 / 91 1892 / 93 1894 / 95 1896 / 97 1898 / 99 1900 / 01 1902 / 03 1904 / 05 1906 / 07 1908 / 09 1910 / 11 1912 / 13 1914 / 15 1916 1918 1920 / 21 1922 / 23 1924 / 25 1926 1928 1930 / 31 1932 / 33 1934 1936 / 37 1938 1940 / 41 1942 1944 1946 / 47 1948 / 49 1950 1952 1954 1956 / 57 1958 / 59 1960 / 61 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 / 75 1976 1978 1980 1982 / 83 1984 1986 1990 / 91 1992 / 93 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Special elections Election disputes Results by state List of elections in the United States House elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Longest - serving members ever Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former senators Living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former representatives Living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history , and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness , and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Websites House of Representatives Senate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=802846276 '' Categories : Lists of United States Senators by seniority Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 20 : 54 . 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majority party member with the most seniority is called
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"The president pro tempore of the Senate is traditionally the most senior member of the majority party."
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List of largest power stations
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List of largest Power stations - wikipedia List of largest Power stations Jump to : navigation , search Three Gorges Dam , currently the largest hydroelectric power station , and the largest power producing body ever built , at 22,500 MW This article lists the largest power stations in the world , the ten overall and the five of each type , in terms of current installed electrical capacity . Non-renewable power stations are those that run on coal , fuel oils , nuclear , natural gas , oil shale and peat , while renewable power stations run on fuel sources such as biomass , geothermal heat , hydro , solar energy , solar heat , tides , waves and the wind . Only the most significant fuel source is listed for power stations that run on multiple sources . At present , the largest power generating facility ever built is the Three Gorges Dam in China . The facility generates power by utilizing 32 Francis turbines each having a capacity of 700 MW and two 50 MW turbines , totalling the installed capacity to 22,500 MW , more than twice the installed capacity of the largest nuclear power station , the Kashiwazaki - Kariwa ( Japan ) at 7,965 MW . As of 2017 no power station comparable to Three Gorges is under construction , as the largest under construction power stations are hydroelectric Baihetan Dam ( 16,000 MW ) and Belo Monte Dam ( 11,233 MW ) . Although currently only a proposal , the Grand Inga Dam in the Congo would surpass all existing power stations , including the Three Gorges Dam , if construction commences as planned . The design targets to top 39,000 MW in installed capacity , nearly twice that of the Three Gorges . Another proposal , Penzhin Tidal Power Plant Project , presumes an installed capacity up to 87,100 MW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top 20 largest power producing facilities 2 Timeline of the largest power plants in the world 3 Non-renewable power stations 3.1 Coal 3.2 Fuel oil 3.3 Natural gas 3.4 Nuclear 3.5 Oil shale 3.6 Peat 4 Renewable power stations 4.1 Biomass 4.2 Geothermal 4.3 Hydroelectric 4.3. 1 Conventional 4.3. 2 Pumped - storage 4.3. 3 Run - of - the - river 4.3. 4 Tide 4.4 Solar power 4.4. 1 Flat - panel photovoltaic 4.4. 2 Concentrated photovoltaic ( CPV ) 4.4. 3 Concentrated solar thermal 4.5 Wave 4.6 Wind 4.6. 1 Onshore 4.6. 2 Offshore 5 List of largest power station and unit within each country 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Top 20 largest power producing facilities ( edit ) Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Annual generation ( TWh ) Type Notes and Refs 1 . Three Gorges Dam China 30 ° 49 ′ 15 '' N 111 ° 00 ′ 08 '' E / 30.82083 ° N 111.00222 ° E / 30.82083 ; 111.00222 ( Three Gorges Dam ) 22,500 93.5 ( 2016 ) Hydro 2 . Itaipu Dam Brazil Paraguay 25 ° 24 ′ 31 '' S 54 ° 35 ′ 21 '' W / 25.40861 ° S 54.58917 ° W / - 25.40861 ; - 54.58917 ( Itaipu Dam ) 14,000 103.09 ( 2016 ) Hydro 3 . Xiluodu China 28 ° 15 ′ 52 '' N 103 ° 38 ′ 47 '' E / 28.26444 ° N 103.64639 ° E / 28.26444 ; 103.64639 ( Xiluodu Dam ) 13,860 55.2 ( 2015 ) Hydro 4 . Guri Venezuela 07 ° 45 ′ 59 '' N 62 ° 59 ′ 57 '' W / 7.76639 ° N 62.99917 ° W / 7.76639 ; - 62.99917 ( Guri Dam ) 10,235 47 ( average ) Hydro 5 . Tucuruí Brazil 03 ° 49 ′ 53 '' S 49 ° 38 ′ 36 '' W / 3.83139 ° S 49.64333 ° W / - 3.83139 ; - 49.64333 ( Tucuruí Dam ) 8,370 21.4 ( 1999 ) Hydro 6 . Kashiwazaki - Kariwa Japan 37 ° 25 ′ 45 '' N 138 ° 35 ′ 43 '' E / 37.42917 ° N 138.59528 ° E / 37.42917 ; 138.59528 ( Kashiwazaki - Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant ) 7,965 60.3 ( 1999 ) 0 ( 2012 - 2016 ) Nuclear Suspended in 2011 7 . Grand Coulee United States 47 ° 57 ′ 23 '' N 118 ° 58 ′ 56 '' W / 47.95639 ° N 118.98222 ° W / 47.95639 ; - 118.98222 ( Grand Coulee Dam ) 6,809 20.24 ( average ) Hydro 8 . Xiangjiaba China 28 ° 38 ′ 57 '' N 104 ° 22 ′ 14 '' E / 28.64917 ° N 104.37056 ° E / 28.64917 ; 104.37056 ( Xiangjiaba Dam ) 6,448 30.7 ( 2015 ) Hydro 9 . Longtan China 25 ° 01 ′ 38 '' N 107 ° 02 ′ 51 '' E / 25.02722 ° N 107.04750 ° E / 25.02722 ; 107.04750 ( Longtan Dam ) 6,426 17.3 ( 2015 ) Hydro 10 . Sayano - Shushenskaya Russia 54 ° 49 ′ 33 '' N 91 ° 22 ′ 13 '' E / 54.82583 ° N 91.37028 ° E / 54.82583 ; 91.37028 6,400 26.9 ( 2016 ) Hydro 11 . Bruce Canada 44 ° 19 ′ 31 '' N 81 ° 35 ′ 58 '' W / 44.32528 ° N 81.59944 ° W / 44.32528 ; - 81.59944 ( Bruce Nuclear Generating Station ) 6,384 47.63 ( 2015 ) Nuclear 12 . Kori South Korea 35 ° 19 ′ 40 '' N 129 ° 18 ′ 03 '' E / 35.32778 ° N 129.30083 ° E / 35.32778 ; 129.30083 ( Kori Nuclear Power Plant ) 6,040 39.3 ( 2015 ) Nuclear 13 . Krasnoyarsk Russia 55 ° 56 ′ 05 '' N 92 ° 17 ′ 40 '' E / 55.93472 ° N 92.29444 ° E / 55.93472 ; 92.29444 ( Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Dam ) 6,000 18.4 ( average ) Hydro 14 . Hanul South Korea 37 ° 05 ′ 34 '' N 129 ° 23 ′ 01 '' E / 37.09278 ° N 129.38361 ° E / 37.09278 ; 129.38361 ( Hanul Nuclear Power Plant ) 5,881 48.16 Nuclear 15 . Hanbit South Korea 35 ° 24 ′ 54 '' N 126 ° 25 ′ 26 '' E / 35.41500 ° N 126.42389 ° E / 35.41500 ; 126.42389 ( Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant ) 5,875 47.62 Nuclear 16 . Nuozhadu Dam China 22 ° 33 ′ 51 '' N 100 ° 30 ′ 46 '' E / 22.56417 ° N 100.51278 ° E / 22.56417 ; 100.51278 ( Nuozhadu Dam ) 5,850 23.9 ( estimate ) Hydro 17 . Zaporizhia Ukraine 47 ° 30 ′ 44 '' N 34 ° 35 ′ 09 '' E / 47.51222 ° N 34.58583 ° E / 47.51222 ; 34.58583 ( Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant ) 5,700 48.16 ( average ) Nuclear 18 . Kashima Japan 35 ° 52 ′ 47 '' N 140 ° 41 ′ 22 '' E / 35.87972 ° N 140.68944 ° E / 35.87972 ; 140.68944 ( Kashima Power Station ) 5,660 ? Fuel oil , Natural gas 19 . Robert - Bourassa Canada 53 ° 47 ′ 43 '' N 77 ° 26 ′ 26 '' W / 53.79528 ° N 77.44056 ° W / 53.79528 ; - 77.44056 ( Robert - Bourassa GS ) 5,616 26.5 ( average ) Hydro 20 . Shoaiba Saudi Arabia 20 ° 40 ′ 48 '' N 39 ° 31 ′ 24 '' E / 20.68000 ° N 39.52333 ° E / 20.68000 ; 39.52333 ( Shoaiba power and desalination plant ) 5,600 ? Fuel oil 21 . Surgut - 2 Russia 61 ° 16 ′ 46 '' N 73 ° 30 ′ 45 '' E / 61.27944 ° N 73.51250 ° E / 61.27944 ; 73.51250 ( Surgut - 2 Power Station ) 5,597 37.89 ( 2014 ) Natural gas Jump up ^ Present States of Operation ( All units ) Suspended ( Periodic Inspection ) Nuclear Regulation Authority Timeline of the largest Power Plants in the World ( edit ) At any point in time since the early 20th century , the largest power station in the world has been a hydroelectric power plant . Held record Name of power station Capacity ( MW ) Location Notes From To 1922 1924 Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Generating Stations 450 Niagara Falls , Ontario , Canada 1924 1939 Wilson Dam 663 U.S. 1939 1949 Hoover Dam 705 Clark County , Nevada / Mohave County , Arizona , U.S. 1949 1960 Grand Coulee Dam 2,280 U.S. 1960 1963 Volga Hydroelectric Station 2,300 - 2,563 Volgograd , Russia 1963 1971 Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station 2,750 - 4,515 Bratsk , Russia 1971 Krasnoyarsk Dam 5,000 - 6,000 Krasnoyarsk , Russia 1986 Grand Coulee Dam 6,181 - 6,809 U.S. 1986 1989 Guri Dam 10,235 Necuima Canyon , Venezuela 1989 2007 Itaipu Dam 10,500 - 14,000 Iguazu Falls , Paraná River , Brazil / Paraguay 2007 present Three Gorges Dam 14,100 - 22,500 Three Gorges , Yichang , Hubei province , China Non-renewable power stations ( edit ) Coal ( edit ) See also : Coal and List of coal power stations Taichung , the largest coal - fired power station , at 5,500 MWe Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Taichung Taiwan 24 ° 12 ′ 46 '' N 120 ° 28 ′ 52 '' E / 24.21278 ° N 120.48111 ° E / 24.21278 ; 120.48111 ( Taichung Power Plant ) 5,500 2 . Bełchatów Poland 51 ° 15 ′ 59 '' N 19 ° 19 ′ 50 '' E / 51.26639 ° N 19.33056 ° E / 51.26639 ; 19.33056 ( Bełchatów Power Station ) 5,420 3 . Tuoketuo China 40 ° 11 ′ 49 '' N 111 ° 21 ′ 52 '' E / 40.19694 ° N 111.36444 ° E / 40.19694 ; 111.36444 ( Tuoketuo Power Plant ) 5,400 4 . - 7 . Guodian Beilun China 29 ° 56 ′ 37 '' N 121 ° 48 ′ 57 '' E / 29.94361 ° N 121.81583 ° E / 29.94361 ; 121.81583 ( Guodian Beilun Power Station ) 5,000 4 . - 7 . Waigaoqiao China 31 ° 21 ′ 21 '' N 121 ° 35 ′ 54 '' E / 31.35583 ° N 121.59833 ° E / 31.35583 ; 121.59833 ( Waigaoqiao Power Station ) 5,000 4 . - 7 . Guohoa Taishan China 21 ° 52 ′ 00 '' N 112 ° 55 ′ 22 '' E / 21.86667 ° N 112.92278 ° E / 21.86667 ; 112.92278 ( Guohoa Taishan Power Station ) 5,000 4 . - 7 . Jiaxing China 30 ° 37 ′ 46 '' N 121 ° 8 ′ 49 '' E / 30.62944 ° N 121.14694 ° E / 30.62944 ; 121.14694 ( Jiaxing Power Station ) 5,000 8 . Paiton Indonesia 7 ° 42 ′ 43 '' S 113 ° 34 ′ 48 '' E / 7.71194 ° S 113.58000 ° E / - 7.71194 ; 113.58000 ( Paiton Power Station ) 4,870 9 . Vindhyachal India 24 ° 05 ′ 50 '' N 82 ° 40 ′ 25 '' E / 24.09722 ° N 82.67361 ° E / 24.09722 ; 82.67361 ( Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station ) 4,760 10 . Mundra India 39 ° 21 ′ 51 '' N 112 ° 33 ′ 04 '' E / 39.36417 ° N 112.55111 ° E / 39.36417 ; 112.55111 ( Mundra Thermal Power Station ) 4,620 Fuel oil ( edit ) See also : Fuel oil and List of fuel oil power stations Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Shoaiba Saudi Arabia 20 ° 40 ′ 48 '' N 139 ° 31 ′ 24 '' E / 20.68000 ° N 139.52333 ° E / 20.68000 ; 139.52333 ( Shoaiba power and desalination plant ) 5,600 2 . Kashima Japan 35 ° 52 ′ 47 '' N 140 ° 41 ′ 22 '' E / 35.87972 ° N 140.68944 ° E / 35.87972 ; 140.68944 ( Kashima Power Station ) 4,400 3 . Anegasaki Japan 35 ° 29 ′ 06 '' N 140 ° 01 ′ 00 '' E / 35.48500 ° N 140.01667 ° E / 35.48500 ; 140.01667 ( Anegasaki Power Station ) 3,600 4 . Yokohama Japan 35 ° 28 ′ 36 '' N 139 ° 40 ′ 44 '' E / 35.47667 ° N 139.67889 ° E / 35.47667 ; 139.67889 ( Yokohama Power Station ) 3,379 5 . Hirono Japan 37 ° 14 ′ 18 '' N 141 ° 01 ′ 04 '' E / 37.23833 ° N 141.01778 ° E / 37.23833 ; 141.01778 ( Hirono Power Station ) 3,200 6 . Yokosuka Japan 35 ° 12 ′ 56 '' N 139 ° 42 ′ 59 '' E / 35.21556 ° N 139.71639 ° E / 35.21556 ; 139.71639 ( Yokosuka Thermal Power Station ) 2,276 7 . Kainan Japan 34 ° 09 ′ 07 '' N 135 ° 11 ′ 15 '' E / 34.15194 ° N 135.18750 ° E / 34.15194 ; 135.18750 ( Kainan Thermal Power Station ) 2,100 8 . Higashi - Niigata Japan 37 ° 59 ′ 58 '' N 139 ° 14 ′ 29 '' E / 37.99944 ° N 139.24139 ° E / 37.99944 ; 139.24139 ( Higashi - Niigata Power Station ) 1,900 8 . Atsumi Japan 34 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 136 ° 50 ′ 37 '' E / 34.98667 ° N 136.84361 ° E / 34.98667 ; 136.84361 ( Atsumi Power Station ) 1,900 10 . Gobo Japan 33 ° 51 ′ 36 '' N 135 ° 09 ′ 11 '' E / 33.86000 ° N 135.15306 ° E / 33.86000 ; 135.15306 ( Gobo Power Station ) 1,800 Natural gas ( edit ) See also : Natural gas and List of natural gas power stations Surgut - 2 , the world 's largest natural gas power station Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Surgut - 2 Russia 61 ° 16 ′ 46 '' N 73 ° 30 ′ 45 '' E / 61.27944 ° N 73.51250 ° E / 61.27944 ; 73.51250 ( Surgut - 2 Power Station ) 5,597 2 . Jebel Ali United Arab Emirates 25 ° 03 ′ 35 '' N 55 ° 07 ′ 02 '' E / 25.05972 ° N 55.11722 ° E / 25.05972 ; 55.11722 ( Jebel Ali Power Station ) 5,163 3 . Higashi - Niigata Japan 37 ° 59 ′ 58 '' N 139 ° 14 ′ 29 '' E / 37.99944 ° N 139.24139 ° E / 37.99944 ; 139.24139 ( Higashi - Niigata Power Station ) 5,149 4 . Futtsu Japan 35 ° 20 ′ 35 '' N 139 ° 50 ′ 02 '' E / 35.34306 ° N 139.83389 ° E / 35.34306 ; 139.83389 ( Futtsu Power Station ) 5,040 5 . Kawagoe Japan 35 ° 00 ′ 25 '' N 136 ° 41 ′ 20 '' E / 35.00694 ° N 136.68889 ° E / 35.00694 ; 136.68889 ( Chita Power Station ) 4,802 6 . Tatan Taiwan 25 ° 01 ′ 34 '' N 121 ° 02 ′ 50 '' E / 25.02611 ° N 121.04722 ° E / 25.02611 ; 121.04722 ( Tatan Power Plant ) 4,384 7 . Chiba Japan 35 ° 33 ′ 57 '' N 140 ° 06 ′ 20 '' E / 35.56583 ° N 140.10556 ° E / 35.56583 ; 140.10556 ( Chiba Power Station ) 4,380 8 . Himeji No. 2 Japan 34 ° 46 ′ 24 '' N 134 ° 41 ′ 38 '' E / 34.77333 ° N 134.69389 ° E / 34.77333 ; 134.69389 ( Himeji No. 2 Power Station ) 4,119 9 . Chita Japan 34 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 136 ° 50 ′ 37 '' E / 34.98667 ° N 136.84361 ° E / 34.98667 ; 136.84361 ( Chita Power Station ) 3,966 10 . Anegasaki Japan 35 ° 29 ′ 06 '' N 140 ° 01 ′ 00 '' E / 35.48500 ° N 140.01667 ° E / 35.48500 ; 140.01667 ( Anegasaki Power Station ) 3,600 10 . Sodegaura Japan 35 ° 27 ′ 45 '' N 139 ° 58 ′ 37 '' E / 35.46250 ° N 139.97694 ° E / 35.46250 ; 139.97694 ( Sodegaura Power Station ) 3,600 10 . Kostroma Power Station Russia 57 ° 27 ′ 34 '' N 41 ° 10 ′ 30 '' E / 57.45944 ° N 41.17500 ° E / 57.45944 ; 41.17500 ( Kostroma Power Station ) 3,600 Nuclear ( edit ) See also : Nuclear power and List of nuclear power stations Kashiwazaki - Kariwa , the largest nuclear power station ( suspended since 2011 ) Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Kashiwazaki - Kariwa Japan 37 ° 25 ′ 45 '' N 138 ° 35 ′ 43 '' E / 37.42917 ° N 138.59528 ° E / 37.42917 ; 138.59528 ( Kashiwazaki - Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant ) 7,965 ( out of service since 2011 ) 2 . Bruce Canada 44 ° 19 ′ 31 '' N 81 ° 35 ′ 58 '' W / 44.32528 ° N 81.59944 ° W / 44.32528 ; - 81.59944 ( Bruce Nuclear Generating Station ) 6,384 3 . Kori South Korea 35 ° 19 ′ 40 '' N 129 ° 18 ′ 03 '' E / 35.32778 ° N 129.30083 ° E / 35.32778 ; 129.30083 ( Kori Nuclear Power Plant ) 6,040 4 . Hanul South Korea 37 ° 05 ′ 34 '' N 129 ° 23 ′ 01 '' E / 37.09278 ° N 129.38361 ° E / 37.09278 ; 129.38361 ( Uljin Nuclear Power Plant ) 5,881 5 . Hanbit South Korea 35 ° 24 ′ 54 '' N 126 ° 25 ′ 26 '' E / 35.41500 ° N 126.42389 ° E / 35.41500 ; 126.42389 ( Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant ) 5,875 6 . Zaporizhia Ukraine 47 ° 30 ′ 44 '' N 34 ° 35 ′ 09 '' E / 47.51222 ° N 34.58583 ° E / 47.51222 ; 34.58583 ( Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant ) 5,700 7 . Gravelines France 51 ° 00 ′ 55 '' N 02 ° 08 ′ 10 '' E / 51.01528 ° N 2.13611 ° E / 51.01528 ; 2.13611 ( Gravelines Nuclear Power Station ) 5,460 8 . Paluel France 49 ° 51 ′ 29 '' N 00 ° 38 ′ 08 '' E / 49.85806 ° N 0.63556 ° E / 49.85806 ; 0.63556 ( Paluel Nuclear Power Plant ) 5,320 9 . Cattenom France 49 ° 24 ′ 57 '' N 06 ° 13 ′ 05 '' E / 49.41583 ° N 6.21806 ° E / 49.41583 ; 6.21806 ( Cattenom Nuclear Power Station ) 5,200 10 . Ōi Japan 35 ° 32 ′ 26 '' N 135 ° 39 ′ 07 '' E / 35.54056 ° N 135.65194 ° E / 35.54056 ; 135.65194 ( Ōi Nuclear Power Station ) 4,710 ( out of service since 2013 ) Oil shale ( edit ) See also : Oil shale Eesti Power Station , the world 's largest oil shale - fired power station Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Eesti Estonia 59 ° 16 ′ 10 '' N 27 ° 54 ′ 08 '' E / 59.26944 ° N 27.90222 ° E / 59.26944 ; 27.90222 ( Eesti Power Plant ) 1,615 2 . Balti Estonia 59 ° 21 ′ 12 '' N 28 ° 07 ′ 22 '' E / 59.35333 ° N 28.12278 ° E / 59.35333 ; 28.12278 ( Narva Power Plant ) 765 3 . Auvere Estonia 300 4 . Huadian China 100 5 . Kohtla - Järve Estonia 39 6 . Mishor Rotem Israel 31 ° 03 ′ 19 '' N 35 ° 11 ′ 04 '' E / 31.05528 ° N 35.18444 ° E / 31.05528 ; 35.18444 ( Mishor Rotem Power Station ) 13 7 . Dotternhausen Rohrbach Zement Factory Germany 9.9 Peat ( edit ) See also : Peat Shatura , largest peat - fired power station at 1,500 MW Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Shatura Russia 55 ° 35 ′ 00 '' N 39 ° 33 ′ 40 '' E / 55.58333 ° N 39.56111 ° E / 55.58333 ; 39.56111 ( Shatura Power Station ) 1,500 2 . Kirov Russia 58 ° 37 ′ 16 '' N 49 ° 35 ′ 47 '' E / 58.62111 ° N 49.59639 ° E / 58.62111 ; 49.59639 ( Kirov Power Station ) 300 3 . Keljonlahti Finland 62 ° 11 ′ 33 '' N 25 ° 44 ′ 14 '' E / 62.19250 ° N 25.73722 ° E / 62.19250 ; 25.73722 ( Keljonlahti Power Station ) 209 4 . Toppila Finland 65 ° 02 ′ 15 '' N 25 ° 26 ′ 07 '' E / 65.03750 ° N 25.43528 ° E / 65.03750 ; 25.43528 ( Toppila Power Station ) 190 5 . Haapavesi Finland 64 ° 07 ′ 19 '' N 25 ° 24 ′ 47 '' E / 64.12194 ° N 25.41306 ° E / 64.12194 ; 25.41306 ( Haapavesi Power Station ) 154 6 . West Offaly Ireland 53 ° 16 ′ 22 '' N 08 ° 02 ′ 20 '' W / 53.27278 ° N 8.03889 ° W / 53.27278 ; - 8.03889 ( West Offaly Power Station ) 150 7 . Edenderry Ireland 53 ° 17 ′ 27 '' N 07 ° 05 ′ 13 '' W / 53.29083 ° N 7.08694 ° W / 53.29083 ; - 7.08694 ( Edenderry Power Station ) 120 8 . Lough Ree Ireland 53 ° 40 ′ 28 '' N 07 ° 59 ′ 02 '' E / 53.67444 ° N 7.98389 ° E / 53.67444 ; 7.98389 ( Lough Ree Power Station ) 100 9 . Väo Estonia 59 ° 26 ′ 14 '' N 24 ° 54 ′ 23 '' E / 59.43722 ° N 24.90639 ° E / 59.43722 ; 24.90639 ( Väo Power Plant ) 25 Jump up ^ Natural gas primary fuel ( 78 , 0 % ) , peat secondary ( 11 , 5 % ) Renewable Power stations ( edit ) Biomass ( edit ) Rank Station Country Geographic coordinate system Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Alholmens Kraft Finland 63 ° 42 ′ 07 '' N 22 ° 42 ′ 35 '' E / 63.70194 ° N 22.70972 ° E / 63.70194 ; 22.70972 ( Alholmens Kraft Power Station ) 265 forest residue 2 . Maasvlakte 3 Netherlands 51 ° 54 ′ 45 '' N 4 ° 1 ′ 16 '' E / 51.91250 ° N 4.02111 ° E / 51.91250 ; 4.02111 ( Maasvlakte 3 Power Station ) 220 biomass 3 . Połaniec Poland 50 ° 08 ′ 05 '' N 21 ° 20 ′ 14 '' E / 50.13472 ° N 21.33722 ° E / 50.13472 ; 21.33722 ( Połaniec Power Station ) 205 woodchips 4 . Atikokan Generating Station Canada 48 ° 50 ′ 17 '' N 91 ° 34 ′ 15 '' W / 48.83806 ° N 91.57083 ° W / 48.83806 ; - 91.57083 ( Atikokan Generating Station ) 205 biomass 5 . Rodenhuize Belgium 51 ° 8 ′ 4.88 '' N 3 ° 46 ′ 35.94 '' E / 51.1346889 ° N 3.7766500 ° E / 51.1346889 ; 3.7766500 ( Rodenhuize Power Station ) 180 wood pellet 6 . Ashdown Paper Mill United States 157 black liquor 7 . Wisapower Finland 150 Jump up ^ installed capacity is 1100 MW with cofiring 80 % coal and 20 % biomass Geothermal ( edit ) See also : Geothermal power and List of geothermal power stations Hellisheiði Power Station , the fifth largest geothermal power station at 303 MWe Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . The Geysers United States 38 ° 47 ′ 26 '' N 122 ° 45 ′ 21 '' W / 38.79056 ° N 122.75583 ° W / 38.79056 ; - 122.75583 ( The Geysers ) 1,517 2 . Cerro Prieto Mexico 32 ° 23 ′ 57 '' N 115 ° 14 ′ 19 '' W / 32.39917 ° N 115.23861 ° W / 32.39917 ; - 115.23861 ( Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power Station ) 820 3 . Larderello Italy 769 4 . Olkaria Kenya 569 5 . Hellisheiði Iceland 64 ° 02 ′ 14 '' N 21 ° 24 ′ 03 '' W / 64.03722 ° N 21.40083 ° W / 64.03722 ; - 21.40083 ( Hellisheidi Power Station ) 303 6 . Darajat Indonesia 255 7 . Malitbog Philippines 11 ° 09 ′ 07 '' N 124 ° 38 ′ 58 '' E / 11.15194 ° N 124.64944 ° E / 11.15194 ; 124.64944 ( Wayang Windu Geothermal Power Station ) 233 8 . Wayang Windu Indonesia 07 ° 12 ′ 00 '' S 107 ° 37 ′ 30 '' E / 7.20000 ° S 107.62500 ° E / - 7.20000 ; 107.62500 ( Wayang Windu Geothermal Power Station ) 227 9 . Kamojang Indonesia 203 10 . Navy United States 240 Hydroelectric ( edit ) Conventional ( edit ) See also : List of largest hydroelectric power stations and List of conventional hydroelectric power stations Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Three Gorges China 30 ° 49 ′ 15 '' N 111 ° 00 ′ 08 '' E / 30.82083 ° N 111.00222 ° E / 30.82083 ; 111.00222 ( Three Gorges Dam ) 22,500 2 . Itaipu Brazil Paraguay 25 ° 24 ′ 31 '' S 54 ° 35 ′ 21 '' W / 25.40861 ° S 54.58917 ° W / - 25.40861 ; - 54.58917 ( Itaipu Dam ) 14,000 3 . Xiluodu China 28 ° 15 ′ 52 '' N 103 ° 38 ′ 47 '' E / 28.26444 ° N 103.64639 ° E / 28.26444 ; 103.64639 ( Xiluodu Dam ) 13,860 4 . Guri Venezuela 07 ° 45 ′ 59 '' N 62 ° 59 ′ 57 '' W / 7.76639 ° N 62.99917 ° W / 7.76639 ; - 62.99917 ( Guri Dam ) 10,233 5 . Tucuruí Brazil 03 ° 49 ′ 53 '' S 49 ° 38 ′ 36 '' W / 3.83139 ° S 49.64333 ° W / - 3.83139 ; - 49.64333 ( Tucuruí Dam ) 8,370 6 . Grand Coulee United States 47 ° 57 ′ 23 '' N 118 ° 58 ′ 56 '' W / 47.95639 ° N 118.98222 ° W / 47.95639 ; - 118.98222 ( Grand Coulee Dam ) 6,809 7 . Xiangjiaba China 28 ° 38 ′ 57 '' N 104 ° 22 ′ 14 '' E / 28.64917 ° N 104.37056 ° E / 28.64917 ; 104.37056 ( Xiangjiaba Dam ) 6,448 8 . Longtan China 25 ° 01 ′ 38 '' N 107 ° 02 ′ 51 '' E / 25.02722 ° N 107.04750 ° E / 25.02722 ; 107.04750 ( Longtan Dam ) 6,426 9 . Sayano - Shushenskaya Russia 52 ° 49 ′ 31 '' N 91 ° 22 ′ 15 '' E / 52.82528 ° N 91.37083 ° E / 52.82528 ; 91.37083 ( Sayano -- Shushenskaya Dam ) 6,400 10 . Krasnoyarsk Russia 55 ° 56 ′ 05 '' N 92 ° 17 ′ 40 '' E / 55.93472 ° N 92.29444 ° E / 55.93472 ; 92.29444 ( Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Dam ) 6,000 Pumped - storage ( edit ) See also : Pumped - storage hydroelectricity and List of pumped - storage hydroelectric power stations Upper reservoir of Okutataragi Pumped Storage Power Station at 1,932 MW Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Bath County United States 38 ° 12 ′ 32 '' N 79 ° 48 ′ 00 '' W / 38.20889 ° N 79.80000 ° W / 38.20889 ; - 79.80000 ( Bath County Pumped - storage Station ) 3,003 2 . Huizhou China 23 ° 16 ′ 07 '' N 114 ° 18 ′ 50 '' E / 23.26861 ° N 114.31389 ° E / 23.26861 ; 114.31389 ( Huizhou Pumped Storage Power Station ) 2,448 3 . Guangdong China 23 ° 45 ′ 52 '' N 113 ° 57 ′ 12 '' E / 23.76444 ° N 113.95333 ° E / 23.76444 ; 113.95333 ( Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station ) 2,400 4 . Okutataragi Japan 35 ° 14 ′ 13 '' N 134 ° 49 ′ 55 '' E / 35.23694 ° N 134.83194 ° E / 35.23694 ; 134.83194 ( Okutataragi Hydroelectric Power Station ) 1,932 5 . Ludington United States 43 ° 53 ′ 37 '' N 86 ° 26 ′ 43 '' W / 43.89361 ° N 86.44528 ° W / 43.89361 ; - 86.44528 ( Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant ) 1,872 Run - of - the - river ( edit ) See also : Run - of - the - river hydroelectricity and List of run - of - the - river hydroelectric power stations Chief Joseph , the largest run - of - the - river hydroelectric power station at 2,620 MW Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Chief Joseph United States 47 ° 59 ′ 43 '' N 119 ° 38 ′ 00 '' W / 47.99528 ° N 119.63333 ° W / 47.99528 ; - 119.63333 ( Chief Joseph Dam ) 2,620 2 . John Day United States 45 ° 52 ′ 49 '' N 120 ° 41 ′ 40 '' W / 45.88028 ° N 120.69444 ° W / 45.88028 ; - 120.69444 ( John Day Dam ) 2,160 3 . Beauharnois Canada 45 ° 18 ′ 50 '' N 73 ° 54 ′ 32 '' W / 45.31389 ° N 73.90889 ° W / 45.31389 ; - 73.90889 ( Beauharnois Pumped - storage Station ) 1,903 4 . The Dalles United States 45 ° 36 ′ 44 '' N 121 ° 08 ′ 04 '' W / 45.61222 ° N 121.13444 ° W / 45.61222 ; - 121.13444 ( The Dalles Dam ) 1,779.8 5 . Inga dams DRC 5 ° 31 ′ S 13 ° 37.3 ′ E / 5.517 ° S 13.6217 ° E / - 5.517 ; 13.6217 ( Inga dams ) 1,775 6 . Nathpa Jhakri India 31 ° 33 ′ 50 '' N 77 ° 58 ′ 49 '' E / 31.56389 ° N 77.98028 ° E / 31.56389 ; 77.98028 ( Nathpa Jhakri Dam ) 1,500 Tide ( edit ) See also : Tidal power and List of tidal power stations Rance , second largest tidal power station at 240 MW Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Sihwa Lake South Korea 37 ° 18 ′ 47 '' N 126 ° 36 ′ 46 '' E / 37.31306 ° N 126.61278 ° E / 37.31306 ; 126.61278 ( Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station ) 254 2 . Rance France 48 ° 37 ′ 05 '' N 02 ° 01 ′ 24 '' W / 48.61806 ° N 2.02333 ° W / 48.61806 ; - 2.02333 ( Rance Tidal Power Station ) 240 3 . Annapolis Royal Canada 44 ° 45 ′ 07 '' N 65 ° 30 ′ 40 '' W / 44.75194 ° N 65.51111 ° W / 44.75194 ; - 65.51111 ( Annapolis Royal Generating Station ) 20 4 . Jiangxia China 28 ° 20 ′ 34 '' N 121 ° 14 ′ 25 '' E / 28.34278 ° N 121.24028 ° E / 28.34278 ; 121.24028 ( Jiangxia Tidal Power Station ) 3.9 5 . Kislaya Guba Russia 69 ° 22 ′ 37 '' N 33 ° 04 ′ 34 '' E / 69.37694 ° N 33.07611 ° E / 69.37694 ; 33.07611 ( Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station ) 1.7 Solar Power ( edit ) See also : Solar power and Lists of solar power stations Flat - panel photovoltaic ( edit ) See also : PV system and List of photovoltaic power stations Solar Panels at Topaz Solar Power Plant , one of the largest PV power stations Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park India 15 ° 40 ′ 53.48 '' N 78 ° 17 ′ 1.49 '' E / 15.6815222 ° N 78.2837472 ° E / 15.6815222 ; 78.2837472 ( Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park ) 7002900000000000000 ♠ 900 2 . Longyangxia Dam Solar Park China 36 ° 07 ′ 20 '' N 100 ° 55 ′ 06 '' E / 36.12222 ° N 100.91833 ° E / 36.12222 ; 100.91833 ( Longyangxia Dam Solar Park ) 7002850000000000000 ♠ 850 3 . Kamuthi Solar Power Project India 9 ° 24 ′ 25 '' N 78 ° 21 ′ 32 '' E / 9.40694 ° N 78.35889 ° E / 9.40694 ; 78.35889 ( Kamuthi Solar Power Project ) 7002648000000000000 ♠ 648 4 . Solar Star I and II United States 34 ° 49 ′ N 118 ° 23 ′ W / 34.817 ° N 118.383 ° W / 34.817 ; - 118.383 ( Solar Star ) 7002579000000000000 ♠ 579 5 . Topaz United States 35 ° 23 ′ N 120 ° 4 ′ W / 35.383 ° N 120.067 ° W / 35.383 ; - 120.067 ( Topaz Solar Farm ) 550 6 . Desert Sunlight United States 33 ° 49 ′ 33 '' N 115 ° 24 ′ 08 '' W / 33.82583 ° N 115.40222 ° W / 33.82583 ; - 115.40222 ( Desert Sunlight Solar Farm ) 550 7 . Quaid - e-Azam Solar Park Pakistan 29 ° 32 ′ 38 '' N 71 ° 52 ′ 01 '' W / 29.54389 ° N 71.86694 ° W / 29.54389 ; - 71.86694 ( Quaid - e-Azam Solar Park ) 400 8 . Ferme solaire de Cestas France 300 9 . California Valley Solar Ranch United States 35 ° 20 ′ N 119 ° 55 ′ W / 35.333 ° N 119.917 ° W / 35.333 ; - 119.917 ( California Valley Solar Ranch ) 292 10 . Agua Caliente United States 32 ° 57 ′ 20 '' N 113 ° 29 ′ 40 '' W / 32.95556 ° N 113.49444 ° W / 32.95556 ; - 113.49444 ( Agua Caliente ) 290 Concentrated photovoltaic ( CPV ) ( edit ) See also : Concentrator photovoltaics and List of photovoltaic power stations Sevilla , the ninth largest CPV power station at 1.2 MW Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Golmud 2 China 60 79.83 MWp 2 . Golmud 1 China 50 57.96 MWp 3 . Amareleja Portugal 46 4 . Touwsrivier South Africa 33 ° 24 ′ 51.67 '' S 19 ° 55 ′ 0.86 '' E / 33.4143528 ° S 19.9169056 ° E / - 33.4143528 ; 19.9169056 ( Touwsrivier CPV Solar Project ) 36 5 . Alamosa United States 30 6 . Navarra Spain 7.8 7 . Hatch United States 5 8 . Casaquemada Spain 1.9 9 . Sevilla Spain 37 ° 25 ′ 18 '' N 06 ° 15 ′ 25 '' W / 37.42167 ° N 6.25694 ° W / 37.42167 ; - 6.25694 ( Sevilla Photovoltaic Power Plant ) 1.2 10 . Victor Valley College CPV United States 34 ° 28 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 15 ′ 46 '' W / 34.47528 ° N 117.26278 ° W / 34.47528 ; - 117.26278 ( Victor Valley College CPV Farm ) 10 . Questa United States 36 ° 42 ′ 31 '' N 105 ° 37 ′ 09 '' W / 36.70861 ° N 105.61917 ° W / 36.70861 ; - 105.61917 ( Questa Photovoltaic Power Plant ) Concentrated solar Thermal ( edit ) See also : Concentrated solar power and List of solar thermal power stations The three towers , at Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , one of the largest CSP power stations . Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Ivanpah United States 35 ° 34 ′ N 115 ° 28 ′ W / 35.567 ° N 115.467 ° W / 35.567 ; - 115.467 ( Ivanpah Solar Power Facility ) 377 2 . SEGS United States 35 ° 01 ′ 54 '' N 117 ° 20 ′ 53 '' W / 35.03167 ° N 117.34806 ° W / 35.03167 ; - 117.34806 ( Solar Energy Generating Systems ) 354 3 . Solana United States 32 ° 55 ′ N 112 ° 58 ′ W / 32.917 ° N 112.967 ° W / 32.917 ; - 112.967 ( Solana Generating Station ) 280 4 . Genesis United States 33 ° 38 ′ 38 '' N 114 ° 59 ′ 17 '' W / 33.64389 ° N 114.98806 ° W / 33.64389 ; - 114.98806 ( Genesis Solar ) 250 5 . Solaben Spain 39 ° 13 ′ 29 '' N 5 ° 23 ′ 26 '' W / 39.22472 ° N 5.39056 ° W / 39.22472 ; - 5.39056 ( Solaben Solar Power Station ) 200 6 . Ouarzazate Morocco 30 ° 59 ′ 40 '' N 06 ° 51 ′ 48 '' W / 30.99444 ° N 6.86333 ° W / 30.99444 ; - 6.86333 ( Ouarzazate Solar Power Station ) 160 7 . Solnova Spain 37 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 06 ° 17 ′ 20 '' W / 37.41667 ° N 6.28889 ° W / 37.41667 ; - 6.28889 ( Solnova Solar Power Station ) 150 ( 7 . ) Andasol Spain 37 ° 13 ′ 43 '' N 03 ° 04 ′ 07 '' W / 37.22861 ° N 3.06861 ° W / 37.22861 ; - 3.06861 ( Andasol Solar Power Station ) 150 ( 7 . ) Extresol Spain 38 ° 39 ′ N 6 ° 44 ′ W / 38.650 ° N 6.733 ° W / 38.650 ; - 6.733 ( Extresol Solar Power Station ) 150 10 . Crescent Dunes United States 38 ° 14 ′ N 117 ° 22 ′ W / 38.233 ° N 117.367 ° W / 38.233 ; - 117.367 ( Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project ) 110 Wave ( edit ) See also : Wave power and List of wave power stations Aguçadoura , the largest wave farm at 2.25 MW Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Aguçadoura Portugal 41 ° 25 ′ 57 '' N 08 ° 50 ′ 33 '' W / 41.43250 ° N 8.84250 ° W / 41.43250 ; - 8.84250 ( Aguçadoura Wave Farm ) 2.25 2 . Islay Limpet United Kingdom 55 ° 41 ′ 24 '' N 06 ° 31 ′ 15 '' W / 55.69000 ° N 6.52083 ° W / 55.69000 ; - 6.52083 ( Islay Limpet ) 0.5 3 . Mutriku Breakwater Spain 43 ° 18 ′ 26 '' N 2 ° 23 ′ 6 '' W / 43.30722 ° N 2.38500 ° W / 43.30722 ; - 2.38500 0.3 4 . SDE Sea Israel 32 ° 05 ′ 59 '' N 34 ° 46 ′ 24 '' E / 32.09972 ° N 34.77333 ° E / 32.09972 ; 34.77333 ( SDE Sea Waves Power Plant ) 0.04 5 . Azura wave power device United States 0.02 Wind ( edit ) See also : Wind power Onshore ( edit ) See also : List of onshore wind farms Shepherds Flat Wind Farm , the fifth largest wind farm at 845 MW Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . Gansu China 40 ° 12 ′ 00 '' N 96 ° 54 ′ 00 '' E / 40.20000 ° N 96.90000 ° E / 40.20000 ; 96.90000 ( Gansu Wind Farm ) 5,160 2 . Muppandal India 8 ° 15 ′ 39 '' N 77 ° 32 ′ 19 '' E / 8.260706 ° N 77.538575 ° E / 8.260706 ; 77.538575 1,500 3 . Jaisalmer India 26 ° 55 ′ 12 '' N 70 ° 54 ′ 00 '' E / 26.92000 ° N 70.90000 ° E / 26.92000 ; 70.90000 ( Jaisalmer Wind Park ) 1,064 4 . Alta United States 35 ° 1 ′ 16 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 14 '' W / 35.02111 ° N 118.32056 ° W / 35.02111 ; - 118.32056 ( Alta Wind Energy Center ) 1,020 5 . Shepherds Flat United States 45 ° 42 ′ 00 '' N 120 ° 03 ′ 36 '' W / 45.70000 ° N 120.06000 ° W / 45.70000 ; - 120.06000 ( Shepherds Flat Wind Farm ) 845 6 . Roscoe United States 32 ° 26 ′ 41 '' N 100 ° 34 ′ 23 '' W / 32.44472 ° N 100.57306 ° W / 32.44472 ; - 100.57306 ( Roscoe Wind Farm ) 781.5 7 . Horse Hollow United States 32 ° 19 ′ 00 '' N 99 ° 59 ′ 59 '' W / 32.31667 ° N 99.99972 ° W / 32.31667 ; - 99.99972 ( Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center ) 735.5 8 . Capricorn Ridge United States 31 ° 54 ′ 08 '' N 100 ° 53 ′ 56 '' W / 31.90222 ° N 100.89889 ° W / 31.90222 ; - 100.89889 ( Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm ) 662.5 9 . Fântânele - Cogealac Wind Farm Romania 44 ° 35 ′ 25 '' N 28 ° 33 ′ 55 '' E / 44.59028 ° N 28.56528 ° E / 44.59028 ; 28.56528 ( Fântânele - Cogealac Wind Farm ) 600 10 . Fowler Ridge Wind Farm United States 40 ° 36 ′ 31 '' N 87 ° 19 ′ 15 '' W / 40.60861 ° N 87.32083 ° W / 40.60861 ; - 87.32083 ( Fowler Ridge Wind Farm ) 599.8 Offshore ( edit ) See also : List of offshore wind farms Satellite image of the Thames Estuary with London Array top right , and neighbouring wind farm areas Rank Station Country Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref 1 . London Array United Kingdom 51 ° 38 ′ 38 '' N 1 ° 33 ′ 13 '' E / 51.64389 ° N 1.55361 ° E / 51.64389 ; 1.55361 ( London Array ) 630 2 . Gwynt y Môr United Kingdom 53 ° 27 ′ 00 '' N 03 ° 35 ′ 00 '' W / 53.45000 ° N 3.58333 ° W / 53.45000 ; - 3.58333 ( Gwynt y Môr ) 576 3 . Greater Gabbard United Kingdom 51 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 1 ° 56 ′ 24 '' E / 51.88000 ° N 1.94000 ° E / 51.88000 ; 1.94000 ( Greater Gabbard wind farm ) 504 4 . Anholt Denmark 56 ° 36 ′ 00 '' N 11 ° 12 ′ 36 '' E / 56.60000 ° N 11.21000 ° E / 56.60000 ; 11.21000 ( Anholt Offshore Wind Farm ) 400 5 . BARD Offshore 1 Germany 54 ° 22 ′ N 5 ° 59 ′ E / 54.367 ° N 5.983 ° E / 54.367 ; 5.983 ( BARD Offshore 1 ) 400 6 . West of Duddon Sands United Kingdom 53 ° 59 ′ 02 '' N 3 ° 27 ′ 50 '' W / 53.98389 ° N 3.46389 ° W / 53.98389 ; - 3.46389 ( West of Duddon Sands ) 389 7 . Walney United Kingdom 54 ° 2 ′ 38 '' N 3 ° 31 ′ 19 '' W / 54.04389 ° N 3.52194 ° W / 54.04389 ; - 3.52194 ( Walney Wind Farm ) 367 8 . Thorntonbank Belgium 51 ° 33 ′ 00 '' N 2 ° 56 ′ 00 '' E / 51.55000 ° N 2.93333 ° E / 51.55000 ; 2.93333 ( Thorntonbank phases 1&2&3 ) 325 9 . Sheringham Shoal United Kingdom 53 ° 7 ′ N 1 ° 8 ′ E / 53.117 ° N 1.133 ° E / 53.117 ; 1.133 ( Sheringham Shoal Offshore Wind Farm ) 315 10 . Thanet United Kingdom 51 ° 25 ′ 50 '' N 1 ° 37 ′ 59 '' E / 51.43056 ° N 1.63306 ° E / 51.43056 ; 1.63306 ( Thanet Wind Farm ) 300 List of largest Power Station and unit within each country ( edit ) The following table lists the largest operating power station , and the largest single generating unit within each country . Country Largest facility Capacity ( MW ) Fuel type Location Largest unit ( name of power station ) Unit capacity ( MW ) Fuel type Location Refs Afghanistan Naghlu 100 Hydro 34 ° 38 ′ 28 '' N 69 ° 43 ′ 01 '' E / 34.64111 ° N 69.71694 ° E / 34.64111 ; 69.71694 ( Naghlu Dam ) Algeria Hadjret En - Nouss 1,260 Gas 36 ° 34 ′ 36 '' N 02 ° 04 ′ 47 '' E / 36.57667 ° N 2.07972 ° E / 36.57667 ; 2.07972 ( Hadjret En - Nouss CCGT Power Plant ) Skikda 440 Gas 36 ° 52 ′ 44 '' N 06 ° 56 ′ 12 '' E / 36.87889 ° N 6.93667 ° E / 36.87889 ; 6.93667 ( SKS Skikda CCGT Power Plant ) Argentina Yacyretá 3,100 Hydro 27 ° 28 ′ 58 '' S 56 ° 43 ′ 30 '' W / 27.48278 ° S 56.72500 ° W / - 27.48278 ; - 56.72500 ( Yacyreta Dam ) Atucha II - CNAII 745 / 692 Nuclear 32 ° 13 ′ 54 '' S 64 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W / 32.23167 ° S 64.44389 ° W / - 32.23167 ; - 64.44389 ( Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant ) Armenia Hrazdan 1,590 Gas / Oil 40 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 44 ° 45 ′ 03 '' E / 40.56639 ° N 44.75083 ° E / 40.56639 ; 44.75083 ( Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant ) Australia Eraring 2,880 Coal 33 ° 03 ′ 44 '' S 151 ° 31 ′ 13 '' E / 33.06222 ° S 151.52028 ° E / - 33.06222 ; 151.52028 ( Eraring Power Station ) Kogan Creek 750 Coal 26 ° 54 ′ 59 '' S 150 ° 44 ′ 57 '' E / 26.91639 ° S 150.74917 ° E / - 26.91639 ; 150.74917 ( Kogan Creek Power Station ) Austria Simmering 1,700 Gas 48 ° 10 ′ 52 '' N 16 ° 26 ′ 06 '' E / 48.18111 ° N 16.43500 ° E / 48.18111 ; 16.43500 ( Simmering Power Station ) Dürnrohr 405 Coal 48 ° 19 ′ 32 '' N 15 ° 55 ′ 25 '' E / 48.32556 ° N 15.92361 ° E / 48.32556 ; 15.92361 ( Dürnrohr Creek Power Station ) Azerbaijan Azerbaijan 2,400 Oil 40 ° 46 ′ 49 '' N 46 ° 59 ′ 30 '' E / 40.78028 ° N 46.99167 ° E / 40.78028 ; 46.99167 ( Azerbaijan Thermal Power Plant ) Bangladesh Ghorasal 950 Gas 23 ° 58 ′ 47 '' N 90 ° 38 ′ 13 '' E / 23.97972 ° N 90.63694 ° E / 23.97972 ; 90.63694 ( Ghorasal Gas Power Plant ) Meghnaghat 450 Gas 23 ° 36 ′ 29 '' N 90 ° 36 ′ 4 '' E / 23.60806 ° N 90.60111 ° E / 23.60806 ; 90.60111 ( Ghorasal Gas Power Plant ) Belarus Lukoml 2,890 Gas 54 ° 40 ′ 51 '' N 29 ° 08 ′ 05 '' E / 54.68083 ° N 29.13472 ° E / 54.68083 ; 29.13472 ( Lukoml Power Plant ) Belgium Doel 2,919 Nuclear 51 ° 19 ′ 29 '' N 04 ° 15 ′ 31 '' E / 51.32472 ° N 4.25861 ° E / 51.32472 ; 4.25861 ( Doel Nuclear Power Plant ) Tihange Unit 3 1,065 Nuclear 50 ° 32 ′ 5 '' N 5 ° 16 ′ 21 '' E / 50.53472 ° N 5.27250 ° E / 50.53472 ; 5.27250 ( Tihange Nuclear Power Station ) Brazil Itaipu 14,000 Hydro 25 ° 24 ′ 31 '' S 54 ° 35 ′ 21 '' W / 25.40861 ° S 54.58917 ° W / - 25.40861 ; - 54.58917 ( Itaipu Dam ) Angra II 1,350 Nuclear 23 ° 00 ′ 30 '' S 44 ° 27 ′ 26 '' W / 23.00833 ° S 44.45722 ° W / - 23.00833 ; - 44.45722 ( Angra Nuclear Power Plant ) Bulgaria Kozloduy 2,000 Nuclear 43 ° 44 ′ 46 '' N 23 ° 46 ′ 14 '' E / 43.74611 ° N 23.77056 ° E / 43.74611 ; 23.77056 ( Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant ) Burma Yeywa 790 Hydro 21 ° 41 ′ 20 '' N 96 ° 25 ′ 17 '' E / 21.68889 ° N 96.42139 ° E / 21.68889 ; 96.42139 ( Yeywa Dam ) Yeywa 197 Hydro Canada Bruce 6,300 Nuclear 44 ° 19 ′ 31 '' N 81 ° 35 ′ 58 '' W / 44.32528 ° N 81.59944 ° W / 44.32528 ; - 81.59944 Darlington 881 Nuclear 43 ° 52 ′ 09 '' N 78 ° 43 ′ 27 '' W / 43.86917 ° N 78.72417 ° W / 43.86917 ; - 78.72417 Chile Ventanas 875 Coal 32 ° 45 ′ 04 '' S 71 ° 28 ′ 57 '' W / 32.75111 ° S 71.48250 ° W / - 32.75111 ; - 71.48250 Atacama 370 Gas China Three Gorges 22,500 Hydro 30 ° 49 ′ 15 '' N 111 ° 00 ′ 08 '' E / 30.82083 ° N 111.00222 ° E / 30.82083 ; 111.00222 ( Three Gorges Dam ) Taishan ( under construction ) 1,750 Nuclear 21 ° 55 ′ 04 '' N 112 ° 58 ′ 55 '' E / 21.91778 ° N 112.98194 ° E / 21.91778 ; 112.98194 ( Taishan Nuclear Power Plant ) Colombia San Carlos 1,240 Hydro 6 ° 12 ′ 39 '' N 74 ° 50 ′ 26 '' W / 6.21083 ° N 74.84056 ° W / 6.21083 ; - 74.84056 ( San Carlos Hydroelectric Power Plant ) Costa Rica Limón 306 Hydro 10 ° 3 ′ 56 '' N 84 ° 34 ′ 48 '' W / 10.06556 ° N 84.58000 ° W / 10.06556 ; - 84.58000 ( Reventazón Hydroelectric Power Plant ) Czech Republic Temelín 2,030 Nuclear 49 ° 10 ′ 48 '' N 14 ° 22 ′ 34 '' E / 49.18000 ° N 14.37611 ° E / 49.18000 ; 14.37611 ( Temelín Nuclear Power Station ) Temelín 1,015 Nuclear DR Congo Inga II 1,424 Hydro 5 ° 31 ′ 36 '' S 13 ° 37 ′ 14 '' E / 5.52667 ° S 13.62056 ° E / - 5.52667 ; 13.62056 ( Inga II Power Station ) Denmark Asnæs 1,057 Coal 53 ° 39 ′ 41 '' N 11 ° 04 ′ 44 '' E / 53.66139 ° N 11.07889 ° E / 53.66139 ; 11.07889 Egypt Aswan 2,100 Hydro 23 ° 58 ′ 14 '' N 32 ° 52 ′ 40 '' E / 23.97056 ° N 32.87778 ° E / 23.97056 ; 32.87778 El - Kureimat 650 Gas Ethiopia Gilgel Gibe III 1,870 Hydro 6 ° 50 ′ 50 '' N 37 ° 18 ′ 05 '' E / 6.84722 ° N 37.30139 ° E / 6.84722 ; 37.30139 ( Gilgel Gibe III Dam ) Finland Olkiluoto 1,760 Nuclear 61 ° 14 ′ 13 '' N 21 ° 26 ′ 27 '' E / 61.23694 ° N 21.44083 ° E / 61.23694 ; 21.44083 Olkiluoto ( Unit 3 -- under construction ) 1,600 Nuclear 61 ° 14 ′ 13 '' N 21 ° 26 ′ 27 '' E / 61.23694 ° N 21.44083 ° E / 61.23694 ; 21.44083 France Gravelines 5,460 Nuclear 51 ° 00 ′ 55 '' N 02 ° 08 ′ 10 '' E / 51.01528 ° N 2.13611 ° E / 51.01528 ; 2.13611 Flamanville ( Unit 3 -- under construction ) 1,600 Nuclear 49 ° 32 ′ 11 '' N 01 ° 52 ′ 54 '' W / 49.53639 ° N 1.88167 ° W / 49.53639 ; - 1.88167 Germany Neurath 4,400 Coal 51 ° 02 ′ 15 '' N 06 ° 36 ′ 58 '' W / 51.03750 ° N 6.61611 ° W / 51.03750 ; - 6.61611 Ghana Akosombo 1,020 Hydro 61 ° 17 ′ 59 '' N 00 ° 03 ′ 34 '' E / 61.29972 ° N 0.05944 ° E / 61.29972 ; 0.05944 Hong Kong Castle Peak 4,108 Coal 22 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 113 ° 55 ′ 12 '' E / 22.37556 ° N 113.92000 ° E / 22.37556 ; 113.92000 ( Castle Peak Power Station ) Castle Peak Unit B1 - B4 677.5 Coal 22 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 113 ° 55 ′ 12 '' E / 22.37556 ° N 113.92000 ° E / 22.37556 ; 113.92000 ( Castle Peak Power Station ) Hungary Paks 2,000 Nuclear 46 ° 34 ′ 21 '' N 18 ° 51 ′ 15 '' E / 46.57250 ° N 18.85417 ° E / 46.57250 ; 18.85417 ( Paks Nuclear Power Plant ) Iceland Kárahnjúkavirkjun 690 Hydro 64 ° 56 ′ N 15 ° 48 ′ W / 64.933 ° N 15.800 ° W / 64.933 ; - 15.800 India Vindhyachal 4,760 Coal 24 ° 05 ′ 53 '' N 82 ° 40 ′ 18 '' E / 24.09806 ° N 82.67167 ° E / 24.09806 ; 82.67167 ( Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station ) Kudankulam 1,000 Nuclear 08 ° 10 ′ 03 '' N 77 ° 42 ′ 46 '' E / 8.16750 ° N 77.71278 ° E / 8.16750 ; 77.71278 ( Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant ) Indonesia Suralaya 4,025 Coal 26 ° 46 ′ 52 '' S 151 ° 54 ′ 54 '' E / 26.78111 ° S 151.91500 ° E / - 26.78111 ; 151.91500 ( Suralaya Power Station ) Paiton 850 Coal Iran Damavand 2,868 Gas Iraq Al - Shemal 2,100 Oil Israel Orot Rabin 2,590 Coal 32 ° 28 ′ 12 '' N 34 ° 53 ′ 16 '' E / 32.47000 ° N 34.88778 ° E / 32.47000 ; 34.88778 ( Orot Rabin ) Rutenberg 575 Coal 31 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 34 ° 31 ′ 18 '' E / 31.63000 ° N 34.52167 ° E / 31.63000 ; 34.52167 ( Rutenberg Power Station ) Italy Alessandro Volta 3,600 Gas 42 ° 21 ′ 33 '' N 11 ° 31 ′ 47 '' E / 42.35917 ° N 11.52972 ° E / 42.35917 ; 11.52972 ( Alessandro Volta Power Plant ) Japan Kashiwazaki - Kariwa 8,212 Nuclear 37 ° 25 ′ 45 '' N 138 ° 35 ′ 43 '' E / 37.42917 ° N 138.59528 ° E / 37.42917 ; 138.59528 ( Kashiwazaki - Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant ) Hekinan Power Station 1,000 Coal 34 ° 50 ′ 07 '' N 136 ° 57 ′ 39 '' E / 34.83528 ° N 136.96083 ° E / 34.83528 ; 136.96083 ( Hekinan Power Station ) Kenya Gitaru 225 Hydro 00 ° 47 ′ 48 '' S 37 ° 44 ′ 50 '' E / 0.79667 ° S 37.74722 ° E / - 0.79667 ; 37.74722 ( Gitaru Hydroelectric Power Station ) Latvia Pļaviņas 883.5 Hydro 56 ° 35 ′ 00 '' N 25 ° 14 ′ 30 '' E / 56.58333 ° N 25.24167 ° E / 56.58333 ; 25.24167 ( Pļaviņas Hydroelectric Power Station ) Lebanon Zouk 607 Fuel Oil 33 ° 58 ′ 12 '' N 35 ° 36 ′ 14 '' E / 33.97000 ° N 35.60389 ° E / 33.97000 ; 35.60389 ( Zouk Thermal Power Station ) Zouk 4 172 Fuel Oil 33 ° 58 ′ 12 '' N 35 ° 36 ′ 14 '' E / 33.97000 ° N 35.60389 ° E / 33.97000 ; 35.60389 ( Zouk Thermal Power Station ) Lithuania Elektrėnai 1,800 Gas 54 ° 46 ′ 15 '' N 24 ° 38 ′ 46 '' E / 54.77083 ° N 24.64611 ° E / 54.77083 ; 24.64611 ( Elektrėnai Power Plant ) Macedonia Bitola 675 Coal 41 ° 03 ′ 29 '' N 21 ° 29 ′ 00 '' E / 41.05806 ° N 21.48333 ° E / 41.05806 ; 21.48333 ( REK Bitola ) Malaysia Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz 2,420 Gas 03 ° 07 ′ 01 '' N 101 ° 19 ′ 19 '' E / 3.11694 ° N 101.32194 ° E / 3.11694 ; 101.32194 Tuanku Jaafar 750 Gas 02 ° 31 ′ 59 '' N 101 ° 47 ′ 28 '' E / 2.53306 ° N 101.79111 ° E / 2.53306 ; 101.79111 ( Tuanku Jaafar Power Station ) Mexico Manuel Moreno Torres 2,430 Hydro 16 ° 56 ′ 30 '' N 93 ° 06 ′ 02 '' W / 16.94167 ° N 93.10056 ° W / 16.94167 ; - 93.10056 ( Manuel Moreno Torres ) Laguna Verde 665 Nuclear Morocco Jorf Lasfar 1,356 Coal 33 ° 06 ′ 17 '' N 08 ° 38 ′ 12 '' W / 33.10472 ° N 8.63667 ° W / 33.10472 ; - 8.63667 Mozambique Cahora Bassa 2,075 Hydro 15 ° 35 ′ 09 '' S 32 ° 42 ′ 17 '' E / 15.58583 ° S 32.70472 ° E / - 15.58583 ; 32.70472 ( Cahora Bassa Dam ) Nepal Kali Gandaki 144 Hydro Netherlands Claus 1,900 Gas 51 ° 09 ′ 21 '' N 05 ° 54 ′ 25 '' E / 51.15583 ° N 5.90694 ° E / 51.15583 ; 5.90694 ( Claus Power Station ) New Zealand Huntly 950 Coal / Gas 37 ° 32 ′ 38 '' S 175 ° 9 ′ 10 '' E / 37.54389 ° S 175.15278 ° E / - 37.54389 ; 175.15278 ( Huntly Power Station ) Huntly Unit 5 400 Gas 37 ° 32 ′ 38 '' S 175 ° 9 ′ 10 '' E / 37.54389 ° S 175.15278 ° E / - 37.54389 ; 175.15278 ( Huntly Power Station ) Nigeria Egbin 1,320 Gas 06 ° 33 ′ 48 '' N 03 ° 36 ′ 55 '' E / 6.56333 ° N 3.61528 ° E / 6.56333 ; 3.61528 Norway Kvilldal 1,240 Hydro Pakistan Tarbela 3,478 Hydro 34 ° 05 ′ 23 '' N 72 ° 41 ′ 54 '' E / 34.08972 ° N 72.69833 ° E / 34.08972 ; 72.69833 ( Tarbela Dam ) Paraguay Itaipu 14,000 Hydro 25 ° 24 ′ 31 '' S 54 ° 35 ′ 21 '' W / 25.40861 ° S 54.58917 ° W / - 25.40861 ; - 54.58917 ( Itaipu Dam ) Peru Mantaro - Tablachaca 1,008 Hydro Ventanilla 185 Gas Philippines Santa Rita 1,500 Gas 13 ° 46 ′ 13 '' N 121 ° 02 ′ 06 '' E / 13.77028 ° N 121.03500 ° E / 13.77028 ; 121.03500 ( Santa Rita San Lorenzo CCGT ) Sual 647 Coal 16 ° 07 ′ 27 '' N 120 ° 06 ′ 04 '' E / 16.12417 ° N 120.10111 ° E / 16.12417 ; 120.10111 ( Sual Power Station ) Poland Bełchatów 5,420 Coal 51 ° 15 ′ 59 '' N 19 ° 19 ′ 50 '' E / 51.26639 ° N 19.33056 ° E / 51.26639 ; 19.33056 ( Bełchatów Power Plant ) Bełchatów 858 Coal 51 ° 15 ′ 59 '' N 19 ° 19 ′ 50 '' E / 51.26639 ° N 19.33056 ° E / 51.26639 ; 19.33056 ( Bełchatów Power Plant ) Portugal Pego 1,473 Coal + Natural Gas 39 ° 28 ′ 05 '' N 8 ° 06 ′ 33 '' W Sines 1,180 Coal 37 ° 55 ′ 57 '' N 8 ° 48 ′ 14 '' W Qatar Ras Qartas 2,730 Gas 25 ° 56 ′ 13 '' N 51 ° 31 ′ 20 '' E / 25.93694 ° N 51.52222 ° E / 25.93694 ; 51.52222 ( Ras Qartas Energy Plant ) Romania Turceni 2,640 Coal 44 ° 40 ′ 11 '' N 23 ° 24 ′ 28 '' E / 44.66972 ° N 23.40778 ° E / 44.66972 ; 23.40778 ( Turceni Power Station ) Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant 706 Nuclear Russia Sayano -- Shushenskaya 6,400 Hydro 54 ° 49 ′ 33 '' N 91 ° 22 ′ 13 '' E / 54.82583 ° N 91.37028 ° E / 54.82583 ; 91.37028 Kostroma Power Station 1,200 Gas 57 ° 27 ′ 22 '' N 41 ° 10 ′ 20 '' E / 57.45611 ° N 41.17222 ° E / 57.45611 ; 41.17222 Rwanda Nyabarongo 28 Hydro 2 ° 15 ′ 36 '' S 29 ° 36 ′ 00 '' E / 2.26000 ° S 29.60000 ° E / - 2.26000 ; 29.60000 Saudi Arabia Shoaiba 5,600 Fuel Oil 20 ° 40 ′ 48 '' N 139 ° 31 ′ 24 '' E / 20.68000 ° N 139.52333 ° E / 20.68000 ; 139.52333 ( Shoaiba power and desalination plant ) 730 Singapore Tuas 1,470 Gas 01 ° 17 ′ 20 '' N 103 ° 38 ′ 29 '' E / 1.28889 ° N 103.64139 ° E / 1.28889 ; 103.64139 ( Tuas Power Station ) Tuas 600 Oil 01 ° 17 ′ 20 '' N 103 ° 38 ′ 29 '' E / 1.28889 ° N 103.64139 ° E / 1.28889 ; 103.64139 ( Tuas Power Station ) Serbia TPP Nikola Tesla 3,286 Coal TENT - A : 44 ° 40 ′ 11.5 '' N 20 ° 09 ′ 35.5 '' E / 44.669861 ° N 20.159861 ° E / 44.669861 ; 20.159861 ( TPP Nikola Tesla A ) TENT B1 / B2 620 Coal 44 ° 39 ′ 14.4 '' N 20 ° 00 ′ 20.8 '' E / 44.654000 ° N 20.005778 ° E / 44.654000 ; 20.005778 ( TPP Nikola Tesla B) South Africa Kendal 4,116 Coal 26 ° 05 ′ 24 '' S 28 ° 58 ′ 17 '' E / 26.09000 ° S 28.97139 ° E / - 26.09000 ; 28.97139 ( Kendal Power Station ) Koeberg 930 Nuclear South Korea Hanul 5,906 Nuclear 37 ° 05 ′ 34 '' N 129 ° 23 ′ 01 '' E / 37.09278 ° N 129.38361 ° E / 37.09278 ; 129.38361 ( Ulchin Nuclear Power Plant ) Spain Almaraz 2,017 Nuclear 39 ° 48 ′ 29 '' N 05 ° 41 ′ 49 '' W / 39.80806 ° N 5.69694 ° W / 39.80806 ; - 5.69694 ( Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant ) Almaraz 1,011 Nuclear 39 ° 48 ′ 29 '' N 05 ° 41 ′ 49 '' W / 39.80806 ° N 5.69694 ° W / 39.80806 ; - 5.69694 ( Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant ) Sri Lanka Lakvijaya 900 Coal 08 ° 01 ′ 06 '' N 79 ° 43 ′ 22 '' E / 8.01833 ° N 79.72278 ° E / 8.01833 ; 79.72278 ( Lakvijaya Power Station ) Lakvijaya 300 Coal 08 ° 01 ′ 06 '' N 79 ° 43 ′ 22 '' E / 8.01833 ° N 79.72278 ° E / 8.01833 ; 79.72278 ( Lakvijaya Power Station ) Sudan Roseires 1,800 Hydro 11 ° 47 ′ 56 '' N 34 ° 23 ′ 17 '' E / 11.79889 ° N 34.38806 ° E / 11.79889 ; 34.38806 ( Roseires Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant ) Suriname Afobaka 180 Hydro 4 ° 58 ′ 56 '' N 54 ° 59 ′ 32 '' W / 4.98222 ° N 54.99222 ° W / 4.98222 ; - 54.99222 ( Afobaka Dam ) Sweden Ringhals 3,698 Nuclear 57 ° 15 ′ 35 '' N 12 ° 06 ′ 39 '' E / 57.25972 ° N 12.11083 ° E / 57.25972 ; 12.11083 Switzerland Bieudron 1,269 Hydro 46 ° 11 ′ 07 '' N 07 ° 14 ′ 58 '' E / 46.18528 ° N 7.24944 ° E / 46.18528 ; 7.24944 ( Bieudron Hydroelectric Power Station ) Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant 1,220 Nuclear 47 ° 36 ′ 11 '' N 08 ° 11 ′ 05 '' E / 47.60306 ° N 8.18472 ° E / 47.60306 ; 8.18472 ( Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant ) Taiwan Taichung 5,832 Coal 24 ° 12 ′ 46 '' N 120 ° 28 ′ 52 '' E / 24.21278 ° N 120.48111 ° E / 24.21278 ; 120.48111 ( Taichung Power Plant ) Kuosheng 985 Nuclear 25 ° 12 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 39 ′ 45 '' E / 25.20278 ° N 121.66250 ° E / 25.20278 ; 121.66250 ( Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant ) Tanzania Kidatu 204 Hydro 07 ° 38 ′ 24 '' S 36 ° 52 ′ 59 '' E / 7.64000 ° S 36.88306 ° E / - 7.64000 ; 36.88306 ( Kidatu Dam ) Thailand Mae Moh 2,180 Coal 18 ° 17 ′ 45 '' N 99 ° 45 ′ 07 '' E / 18.29583 ° N 99.75194 ° E / 18.29583 ; 99.75194 Turkey Atatürk 2,400 Hydro 37 ° 28 ′ 58 '' N 38 ° 19 ′ 14 '' E / 37.48278 ° N 38.32056 ° E / 37.48278 ; 38.32056 Ukraine Zaporizhia 5,700 Nuclear 47 ° 30 ′ 44 '' N 35 ° 35 ′ 09 '' E / 47.51222 ° N 35.58583 ° E / 47.51222 ; 35.58583 United Kingdom Drax 3,960 Coal 53 ° 44 ′ 09 '' N 00 ° 59 ′ 47 '' W / 53.73583 ° N 0.99639 ° W / 53.73583 ; - 0.99639 United States Grand Coulee 6,809 Hydro 47 ° 57 ′ 23 '' N 118 ° 58 ′ 56 '' W / 47.95639 ° N 118.98222 ° W / 47.95639 ; - 118.98222 ( Grand Coulee Dam ) Zimmer 1,460 Coal 38 ° 51 ′ 59 '' N 84 ° 13 ′ 41 '' W / 38.86639 ° N 84.22806 ° W / 38.86639 ; - 84.22806 ( Zimmer Power Plant ) Uruguay Salto Grande 1,890 Hydro 31 ° 16 ′ 31 '' S 57 ° 56 ′ 18 '' W / 31.27528 ° S 57.93833 ° W / - 31.27528 ; - 57.93833 ( Salto Grande Dam ) Venezuela Guri 10,233 Hydro 07 ° 45 ′ 59 '' N 62 ° 59 ′ 57 '' W / 7.76639 ° N 62.99917 ° W / 7.76639 ; - 62.99917 ( Guri Dam ) Vietnam Sơn La 2,400 Hydro 21 ° 29 ′ 47 '' N 103 ° 59 ′ 42 '' E / 21.49639 ° N 103.99500 ° E / 21.49639 ; 103.99500 ( Sơn La Dam ) Nhon Trach - 2 760 Gas Zambia Kariba 960 Hydro 15 ° 48 ′ 30 '' S 28 ° 25 ′ 15 '' E / 15.80833 ° S 28.42083 ° E / - 15.80833 ; 28.42083 Zimbabwe Hwange 920 Coal 18 ° 23 ′ 0 '' S 26 ° 28 ′ 12 '' E / 18.38333 ° S 26.47000 ° E / - 18.38333 ; 26.47000 See also ( edit ) Energy portal ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Power station List of power stations List of largest power stations in the United States List of the largest nuclear power stations in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Three Gorges Dam '' . 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External links ( edit ) World 's 39 largest electric power plants The Top 100 : The World 's Largest Power Plants The world 's 25 biggest power plants ( hide ) Lists of power stations By region Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cabo Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo - Brazzaville Congo - Kinshasa Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia - Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela By type Non-renewable Coal Fuel oil Natural gas Nuclear Oil shale Renewable Biomass Geothermal Hydroelectric ( conventional ) Hydroelectric ( pumped - storage ) Hydroelectric ( run - of - the - river ) Hydroelectric ( tide ) Solar ( photovoltaic ) Solar ( thermal ) Wave Wind ( onshore ) Wind ( offshore ) Largest power stations Largest hydroelectric stations Least carbon - efficient stations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_power_stations&oldid=798795628 '' Categories : Lists of power stations Lists of superlatives Lists of environmental topics Lists of largest buildings and structures Lists related to renewable energy Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with Spanish - language external links Interlanguage link template existing link Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Use dmy dates from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 21 : 26 . 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the biggest nuclear power plant in the world
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"At present, the largest power generating facility ever built is the Three Gorges Dam in China. The facility generates power by utilizing 32 Francis turbines each having a capacity of 700 MW and two 50 MW turbines,[1] totalling the installed capacity to 22,500 MW, more than twice the installed capacity of the largest nuclear power station, the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (Japan) at 7,965 MW. As of 2017 no power station comparable to Three Gorges is under construction, as the largest under construction power stations are hydroelectric Baihetan Dam (16,000 MW)[2] and Belo Monte Dam (11,233 MW).[3]"
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"Kashiwazaki-Kariwa"
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Rio Grande
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Rio Grande - wikipedia Rio Grande Jump to : navigation , search `` Río Bravo '' redirects here . For other uses , see Río Bravo ( disambiguation ) and Rio Grande ( disambiguation ) . `` Rio Grande del Norte '' redirects here . For the Brazilian states , see Rio Grande do Norte and Rio Grande do Sul . Rio Grande Río Bravo del Norte , Tooh Baʼáadii ( in Navajo ) , Kótsoi ( in Jicarilla Apache ) The Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park , on the Mexico -- U.S. border Countries United States , Mexico States Colorado , New Mexico , Texas , Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , Tamaulipas Tributaries - left Red River , Rio Hondo , Rio Pueblo de Taos , Embudo River , Santa Fe River , Galisteo Creek , Alamito Creek , Terlingua Creek , Pecos River , Devils River - right Conejos River , Rio Chama , Jemez River , Rio Puerco , Rio Conchos , Rio Salado , Rio Alamo , San Juan River Source Canby Mountain , Continental Divide - location San Juan Mountains , Rio Grande National Forest , Colorado , United States - elevation 12,000 ft ( 3,658 m ) - coordinates 37 ° 47 ′ 52 '' N 107 ° 32 ′ 18 '' W / 37.79778 ° N 107.53833 ° W / 37.79778 ; - 107.53833 Mouth Gulf of Mexico - location Cameron County , Texas ; Matamoros , Tamaulipas - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 25 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 97 ° 8 ′ 43 '' W / 25.95611 ° N 97.14528 ° W / 25.95611 ; - 97.14528 Coordinates : 25 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 97 ° 8 ′ 43 '' W / 25.95611 ° N 97.14528 ° W / 25.95611 ; - 97.14528 Length 1,896 mi ( 3,051 km ) Depth 18 m ( 59 ft ) Basin 182,200 sq mi ( 471,900 km ) Discharge for Eagle Pass , Texas / Piedras Negras , Coahuila - average 2,403 cu ft / s ( 68 m / s ) - max 964,000 cu ft / s ( 27,297 m / s ) - min 24 cu ft / s ( 1 m / s ) Map of the Rio Grande drainage basin The Rio Grande ( / ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd / or / ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ / ; Spanish : Río Bravo del Norte , pronounced ( ˈri. o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte ) or simply Río Bravo ) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico ( the other being the Colorado River ) . The Rio Grande begins in south - central Colorado in the United States and flows to the Gulf of Mexico . Along the way , it forms part of the Mexico -- United States border . According to the International Boundary and Water Commission , its total length was 1,896 miles ( 3,051 km ) in the late 1980s , though course shifts occasionally result in length changes . Depending on how it is measured , the Rio Grande is either the fourth - or fifth - longest river system in North America . The river serves as part of the natural border between the U.S. state of Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas . A very short stretch of the river serves as part of the boundary between the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico . Since the mid -- 20th century , heavy water consumption of farms and cities along with many large diversion dams on the river has left only 20 % of its natural discharge to flow to the Gulf . Near the river 's mouth , the heavily irrigated lower Rio Grande Valley is an important agricultural region . The Rio Grande 's watershed covers 182,200 square miles ( 472,000 km ) . Many endorheic basins are situated within , or adjacent to , the Rio Grande 's basin , and these are sometimes included in the river basin 's total area , increasing its size to about 336,000 square miles ( 870,000 km ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Navigation 3 History 4 River modifications 5 Crossings 6 Names and pronunciation 7 Tributaries 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links Geography ( edit ) Island within the Rio Grande from the North Valley in Albuquerque , New Mexico The Rio Grande rises in the western part of the Rio Grande National Forest in the U.S. state of Colorado . The river is formed by the joining of several streams at the base of Canby Mountain in the San Juan Mountains , just east of the Continental Divide . From there , it flows through the San Luis Valley , then south into the Middle Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico , passing through the Rio Grande Gorge near Taos , then toward Española , and picking up additional water from the San Juan - Chama Diversion Project from the Rio Chama . It then continues on a southerly route through the desert cities of Albuquerque , and Las Cruces to El Paso , Texas and Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua . In the Albuquerque area , the river flows past a number of historic Pueblo villages , including Sandia Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo . Below El Paso , it serves as part of the border between the United States and Mexico . The official river border measurement ranges from 889 miles ( 1,431 km ) to 1,248 miles ( 2,008 km ) , depending on how the river is measured . A major tributary , the Rio Conchos , enters at Ojinaga , Chihuahua , below El Paso , and supplies most of the water in the border segment . Other tributaries include the Pecos and the smaller Devils , which join the Rio Grande on the site of Amistad Dam . Despite its name and length , the Rio Grande is not navigable by ocean - going ships , nor do smaller passenger boats or cargo barges use it as a route . It is barely navigable at all , except by small boats in a few places ; at its deepest point , the river 's depth is 60 feet ( 18 m ) . The Rio Grande rises in high mountains and flows for much of its length at high elevation ; Albuquerque is 5,312 feet ( 1,619 m ) , and El Paso 3,762 feet ( 1,147 m ) above sea level . In New Mexico , the river flows through the Rio Grande rift from one sediment - filled basin to another , cutting canyons between the basins and supporting a fragile bosque ecosystem on its flood plain . From El Paso eastward , the river flows through desert . Although irrigated agriculture exists throughout most of its stretch , it is particularly extensive in the subtropical Lower Rio Grande Valley . The river ends in a small , sandy delta at the Gulf of Mexico . During portions of 2001 and 2002 , the mouth of the Rio Grande was blocked by a sandbar . In the fall of 2003 , the sandbar was cleared by high river flows around 7,063 cubic feet per second ( 200 m / s ) . Navigation ( edit ) Navigation was active during much of the 19th century , with over 200 different steamboats operating between the river 's mouth close to Brownsville , and Rio Grande City , Texas . Many steamboats from the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers were requisitioned by the U.S. government and moved to the Rio Grande during the Mexican War in 1846 . They provided transport for the U.S. Army , under General Zachary Taylor , to invade Monterrey , Mexico , via Camargo Municipality , Tamaulipas . Army engineers recommended that with small improvements , the river could easily be made navigable as far north as El Paso . Those recommendations were never acted upon . The Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge , a large swing bridge , dates back to 1910 and is still in use today by automobiles connecting Brownsville with Matamoros , Tamaulipas . It has not been opened since the early 1900s , though , when the last of the big steamboats disappeared . At one point , the bridge also had rail traffic . Railroad trains no longer use this bridge . A new rail bridge ( West Rail International Crossing ) connecting the U.S. and Mexico was built about 15 miles west of the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge . It was inaugurated in August 2015 . It moved all rail operations out of downtown Brownsville and Matamoros . The West Rail International Crossing is the first new international rail crossing between the U.S. and Mexico in 105 years . The Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge is now operated by the Brownsville and Matamoros Bridge Company , a joint venture between the Mexican government and the Union Pacific Railroad . At the mouth of the Rio Grande , on the Mexican side , was the large commercial port of Bagdad . During the American Civil War , this was the only legitimate port of the Confederacy . European warships anchored offshore to maintain the port 's neutrality , and managed to do so successfully throughout that conflict , despite occasional stare - downs with blockading ships from the US Navy . It was a shallow - draft river port , with several smaller vessels that hauled cargo to and from the deeper - draft cargo ships anchored off shore . These deeper - draft ships could not cross the shallow sandbar at the mouth of the river . The port 's commerce was European military supplies , in exchange for bales of cotton . History ( edit ) The Upper Rio Grande near Creede , Colorado Railway Bridges and the Great Customs Smelter ( postcard , circa 1916 ) During the late - 1830s and early - 1840s , the river marked the disputed border between Mexico and the nascent Republic of Texas ; Mexico marked the border at the Nueces River . The disagreement provided part of the rationale for the US invasion of Mexico in 1846 , after Texas had been admitted as a new state . Since 1848 , the Rio Grande has marked the boundary between Mexico and the United States from the twin cities of El Paso , Texas , and Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua , to the Gulf of Mexico . As such , crossing the river was the escape route used by some Texan slaves to seek freedom . Mexico had liberal colonization policies and had abolished slavery in 1828 . In 1899 , after a gradual change to the river position , a channel was dug for flood control which moved the river , creating what was called Cordova Island , which became the center of the Chamizal dispute . Resolving the dispute took many years and almost resulted in the assassination of the American and Mexican presidents . In 1944 , the US and Mexico signed a treaty regarding the river , and in 1997 , the US designated the Rio Grande as one of the American Heritage Rivers . Two portions of the Rio Grande are designated National Wild and Scenic Rivers System , one in northern New Mexico and the other in Texas , at Big Bend National Park . In the summer of 2001 , a 328 - foot ( 100 m ) - wide sandbar formed at the mouth of the river , marking the first time in recorded history that the Rio Grande failed to empty into the Gulf of Mexico . The sandbar was subsequently dredged , but it reformed almost immediately . Spring rains the following year flushed the reformed sandbar out to sea , but it returned in the summer of 2002 . As of the fall of 2003 , the river once again reaches the Gulf . River modifications ( edit ) View of the Rio Grande from Overlook Park , White Rock , New Mexico Further information : Rio Grande Project The United States and Mexico share the water of the river under a series of agreements administered by the International Boundary and Water Commission ( IBWC ) , US - Mexico . The most notable of these treaties were signed in 1906 and 1944 . The IBWC traces its institutional roots to 1889 , when the International Boundary Committee was established to maintain the border . The IBWC today also allocates river waters between the two nations , and provides for flood control and water sanitation . Use of that water belonging to the United States is regulated by the Rio Grande Compact , an interstate pact between Colorado , New Mexico , and Texas . The water of the Rio Grande is over-appropriated : that is , more users for the water exist than water in the river . Because of both drought and overuse , the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged `` The Forgotten River '' by those wishing to bring attention to the river 's deteriorated condition . Rio Grande in west El Paso near the New Mexico state line A number of dams are on the Rio Grande , including Rio Grande Dam , Cochiti Dam , Elephant Butte Dam , Caballo Dam , Amistad Dam , Falcon Dam , Anzalduas Dam , and Retamal Dam . In southern New Mexico and the upper portion of the Texas border segment , the river 's discharge dwindles . Diversions , mainly for agricultural irrigation , have increased the natural decrease in flow such that by the time the river reaches Presidio , little or no water is left . Below Presidio , the Rio Conchos restores the flow of water . Near Presidio , the river 's discharge is frequently zero . Its average discharge is 178 cubic feet per second ( 5 m / s ) , down from 945 cubic feet per second ( 27 m / s ) at Elephant Butte Dam . Supplemented by other tributaries , the Rio Grande 's discharge increases to its maximum annual average of 3,504 cubic feet per second ( 99 m / s ) near Rio Grande City . Large diversions for irrigation below Rio Grande City reduce the river 's average flow to 889 cubic feet per second ( 25 m / s ) at Brownsville and Matamoros . Crossings ( edit ) Main article : List of crossings of the Rio Grande The major international border crossings along the river are at Ciudad Juárez and El Paso ; Presidio , and Ojinaga ; Laredo , and Nuevo Laredo ; McAllen and Reynosa ; and Brownsville and Matamoros . Other notable border towns are the Texas / Coahuila pairings of Del Rio -- Ciudad Acuña and Eagle Pass -- Piedras Negras . Names and pronunciation ( edit ) The Rio Grande ( Rio del Norte ) as mapped in 1718 by Guillaume de L'Isle Río Grande is Spanish for `` Big River '' and Río Grande del Norte means `` Great River of the North '' . In English , Rio Grande is pronounced either / ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd / or / ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ / . Because río means `` river '' in Spanish , the phrase Rio Grande River is redundant . In Mexico , it is known as Río Bravo or Río Bravo del Norte , bravo meaning ( among other things ) `` furious '' or `` agitated '' . Historically , the Pueblo and Navajo peoples also had names for the Rio Grande / Rio Bravo : mets'ichi chena , Keresan , `` Big River '' posoge , Tewa , `` Big River '' paslápaane , Tiwa , `` Big River '' hañapakwa , Towa , `` Great Waters '' The four Pueblo names likely antedated the Spanish entrada by several centuries . Tó Baʼáadi , Navajo , `` Female River '' ( the direction south is female in Navajo cosmology ) Rio del Norte was most commonly used for the upper Rio Grande ( roughly , within the present - day borders of New Mexico ) from Spanish colonial times to the end of the Mexican period in the mid-19th century . This use was first documented by the Spanish in 1582 . Early American settlers in South Texas began to use the modern ' English ' name Rio Grande . By the late 19th century , in the United States , the name Rio Grande had become standard in being applied to the entire river , from Colorado to the sea . By 1602 , Río Bravo had become the standard Spanish name for the lower river , below its confluence with the Rio Conchos . Tributaries ( edit ) Main article : List of tributaries of the Rio Grande The largest tributary of the Rio Grande by discharge is the Rio Conchos , which contributes almost twice as much water as any other . In terms of drainage basin size , the Pecos River is the largest . ( hide ) Tributary Average discharge Drainage basin cu ft / s m / s sq mi km San Juan River 368 10 12,950 33,500 Rio Alamo 130 3.68 1,675 4,340 Rio Salado 354 10.0 23,323 60,400 Rio San Rodrigo 130 3.68 1,050 2,720 Devils River 362 10.3 137 355 Pecos River 265 7.50 44,402 115,000 Rio Conchos 848 24.0 26,400 68,400 Rio Puerco 39.5 7,350 19,000 Jemez River 59.5 1.68 1,038 2,688 Santa Fe River 10.9 0.31 231 598.3 Rio Chama 571 16.2 3,144 8,143 Conejos River 176 4.98 887 2,297 See also ( edit ) Colorado portal New Mexico portal Texas portal Mexico portal Chihuahuan Desert List of international border rivers List of longest rivers of Mexico List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) List of rivers of Colorado List of rivers of New Mexico List of rivers of Texas Rio Bravo , Texas Rio Grande border disputes Rio Grande dams and diversions Rio Grande Gorge Rio Grande Trail Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River Trans - Pecos West Texas Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Metz , Leon C. `` Rio Grande '' . The Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Rio Grande ^ Jump up to : `` Rio Grande NASQAN Program '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water Bulletin Number 75 : Flow of the Rio Grande and Related Data ; From Elephant Butte Dam , New Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico '' . International Boundary and Water Commission . 2005 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Oxford Pronunciation June 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Santa Fe June 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Washington State University June 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Mighty Rio Grande Now a Trickle Under Siege April 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ Benke , Arthur C. ; Colbert E. Cushing ( 2005 ) . Rivers of North America . Academic Press . pp. 186 -- 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088253 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . In some places the depth of the river has varied from nearly 60 feet ( 18 metres ) to a bare trickle or nothing . Jump up ^ Tom Lea ( 1957 ) The King Ranch writes that Richard King made his fortune as a riverman on the Rio Grande before he proposed marriage to Henrietta and started his cattle ranch . Jump up ^ https://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/iro/international-bridges.pdf page 7 Jump up ^ http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/local/article_08233c84-4b9b-11e5-b445-bfe2de4ccd95.html Jump up ^ `` The UGRR on the Rio Grande '' Jump up ^ `` Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law : Rio Grande '' . Peace Palace Library . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ IBWC : Treaties Between the U.S. and Mexico Archived 2015 - 06 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Thompson , Olivia N. , `` Binational Water Management : Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S. - Mexico Border Region '' ( 2009 ) . Applied Research Projects . Texas State University . Paper 313 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Sucked Dry for Irrigation , Industry '' , CNN Saturday Morning News , ( Aired June 9 , 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : Source for historical names : Carroll L. Riley , 1995 , Rio del Norte , University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 496 - 5 Jump up ^ For the spelling of Navajo terms : Young , Robert W & William Morgan , Sr . The Navajo Language . A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary . University of New Mexico Press . Albuquerque , NM : 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Devils River Protection Campaign , Devils River Conservation Easements '' . The Nature Conservancy . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Largest Rivers of the United States , USGS Jump up ^ `` The Rio Conchos : An Essential Ribbon of Life '' . Environmental Defense Fund . Archived from the original on 24 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water resources data for the United States , Water Year 2009 ; gage 08353000 Rio Puerco near Barnardo , NM '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water resources data for the United States , Water Year 2009 ; gage 08329000 , Jemez River below Jemez Canyon Dam , NM '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water resources data for the United States , Water Year 2009 ; gage 08317200 Santa Fe River above Cochiti Lake , NM '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water resources data for the United States , Water Year 2009 ; gage 08290000 , Rio Chama near Chamita , NM '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water resources data for the United States , Water Year 2009 ; gage 08249000 , Conejos River near Lasauses , CO '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) D ¡ az , George T. Border Contraband : A History of Smuggling across the Rio Grande ( University of Texas Press , 2015 ) xiv , 241 pp . Horgan , Paul ( 1991 ) . Great River : The Rio Grande in North American History ( 4th ed . ) . Hanover , NH : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6251 - 3 . ; Pulitzer Prize Kearney , Milo ; Anthony K. Knopp ( 1995 ) . Boom and Bust : The Historical Cycles of Matamoros and Brownsville . Austin , Tex : Eakin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89015 - 815 - 9 . Kelley , Pat ( 1986 ) . River of Lost Dreams : Navigation on the Rio Grande . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2712 - 5 . Lea , Tom ( 1957 ) . The King Ranch . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 51745 - 4 . Primary sources ( edit ) Coker , Caleb ( 1992 ) . The News from Brownsville : Helen Chapman 's Letters from the Texas Military Frontier , 1848 - 1852 . Austin , Tex : Texas State Historical Association . ISBN 0 - 87611 - 115 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rio Grande ( river ) . Border Stories : the only hand pulled ferry on the Rio Grande ( video ) 1854 map of Rio Grande entrance ( hosted by the Portal to Texas History ) . Rio Grande Cam -- in Mission Texas . Mexico is on the left and the US is on the right . American Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket Connecticut Cuyahoga Detroit Hanalei Hudson Lower Mississippi Potomac New Rio Grande St. Johns Upper Mississippi Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna Willamette GND : 4117032 - 5 NARA : 10046877 VIAF : 245026554 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_Grande&oldid=841327164 '' Categories : Rio Grande International rivers of North America Rivers of the United States Rivers of Colorado Rivers of New Mexico Rivers of Texas American Heritage Rivers Border rivers Drainage basins of the Gulf of Mexico Rivers of Chihuahua ( state ) Rivers of Coahuila Rivers of Tamaulipas Geography of Laredo , Texas Mexican Plateau Mexico -- United States border Borders of New Mexico Borders of Texas Southwestern United States Rivers of Mexico Rivers of Bernalillo County , New Mexico Rivers of Conejos County , Colorado Rivers of Doña Ana County , New Mexico Bodies of water of El Paso County , Texas Bodies of water of Hidalgo County , Texas Bodies of water of Presidio County , Texas Bodies of water of Hudspeth County , Texas Bodies of water of Jeff Davis County , Texas Bodies of water of Brewster County , Texas Bodies of water of Terrell County , Texas Rivers of Val Verde County , Texas Rivers of Kinney County , Texas Bodies of water of Maverick County , Texas Bodies of water of Webb County , Texas Bodies of water of Zapata County , Texas Bodies of water of Starr County , Texas Bodies of water of Cameron County , Texas Rivers of Rio Arriba County , New Mexico Rivers of Sandoval County , New Mexico Rivers of Santa Fe County , New Mexico Rivers of Sierra County , New Mexico Rivers of Socorro County , New Mexico Rivers of Valencia County , New Mexico Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing more detailed references Articles containing Navajo - language text Articles with Navajo - language external links Articles with Jicarilla Apache - language external links Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles containing Tewa ( USA ) - language text Articles containing Jemez - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 04 : 49 . 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what states does the rio grande river run through
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"\n\nRio Grande\n\n\nRío Bravo del Norte, Tooh Baʼáadii (in Navajo), Kótsoi (in Jicarilla Apache)\n\n\n\n\nThe Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park, on the Mexico–U.S. border\n\n\n\nCountries\nUnited States, Mexico\n\n\nStates\nColorado, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nRed River, Rio Hondo, Rio Pueblo de Taos, Embudo River, Santa Fe River, Galisteo Creek, Alamito Creek, Terlingua Creek, Pecos River, Devils River\n\n\n - right\nConejos River, Rio Chama, Jemez River, Rio Puerco, Rio Conchos, Rio Salado, Rio Alamo, San Juan River\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nCanby Mountain, Continental Divide\n\n\n - location\nSan Juan Mountains, Rio Grande National Forest[1], Colorado, United States\n\n\n - elevation\n12,000 ft (3,658 m) [1]\n\n\n - coordinates\n37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W / 37.79778°N 107.53833°W / 37.79778; -107.53833 [2]\n\n\nMouth\nGulf of Mexico\n\n\n - location\nCameron County, Texas; Matamoros, Tamaulipas\n\n\n - elevation\n0 ft (0 m)\n\n\n - coordinates\n25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528Coordinates: 25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528 [2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n1,896 mi (3,051 km) [1]\n\n\nDepth\n18 m (59 ft)\n\n\nBasin\n182,200 sq mi (471,900 km2) [3]\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Eagle Pass, Texas/Piedras Negras, Coahuila\n\n\n - average\n2,403 cu ft/s (68 m3/s) [4]\n\n\n - max\n964,000 cu ft/s (27,297 m3/s)\n\n\n - min\n24 cu ft/s (1 m3/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMap of the Rio Grande drainage basin\n\n\n",
"\n\nRio Grande\n\n\nRío Bravo del Norte, Tooh Baʼáadii (in Navajo), Kótsoi (in Jicarilla Apache)\n\n\n\n\nThe Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park, on the Mexico–U.S. border\n\n\n\nCountries\nUnited States, Mexico\n\n\nStates\nColorado, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nRed River, Rio Hondo, Rio Pueblo de Taos, Embudo River, Santa Fe River, Galisteo Creek, Alamito Creek, Terlingua Creek, Pecos River, Devils River\n\n\n - right\nConejos River, Rio Chama, Jemez River, Rio Puerco, Rio Conchos, Rio Salado, Rio Alamo, San Juan River\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nCanby Mountain, Continental Divide\n\n\n - location\nSan Juan Mountains, Rio Grande National Forest[1], Colorado, United States\n\n\n - elevation\n12,000 ft (3,658 m) [1]\n\n\n - coordinates\n37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W / 37.79778°N 107.53833°W / 37.79778; -107.53833 [2]\n\n\nMouth\nGulf of Mexico\n\n\n - location\nCameron County, Texas; Matamoros, Tamaulipas\n\n\n - elevation\n0 ft (0 m)\n\n\n - coordinates\n25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528Coordinates: 25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528 [2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n1,896 mi (3,051 km) [1]\n\n\nDepth\n18 m (59 ft)\n\n\nBasin\n182,200 sq mi (471,900 km2) [3]\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Eagle Pass, Texas/Piedras Negras, Coahuila\n\n\n - average\n2,403 cu ft/s (68 m3/s) [4]\n\n\n - max\n964,000 cu ft/s (27,297 m3/s)\n\n\n - min\n24 cu ft/s (1 m3/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMap of the Rio Grande drainage basin\n\n\n",
"\n\nRio Grande\n\n\nRío Bravo del Norte, Tooh Baʼáadii (in Navajo), Kótsoi (in Jicarilla Apache)\n\n\n\n\nThe Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park, on the Mexico–U.S. border\n\n\n\nCountries\nUnited States, Mexico\n\n\nStates\nColorado, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nRed River, Rio Hondo, Rio Pueblo de Taos, Embudo River, Santa Fe River, Galisteo Creek, Alamito Creek, Terlingua Creek, Pecos River, Devils River\n\n\n - right\nConejos River, Rio Chama, Jemez River, Rio Puerco, Rio Conchos, Rio Salado, Rio Alamo, San Juan River\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nCanby Mountain, Continental Divide\n\n\n - location\nSan Juan Mountains, Rio Grande National Forest[1], Colorado, United States\n\n\n - elevation\n12,000 ft (3,658 m) [1]\n\n\n - coordinates\n37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W / 37.79778°N 107.53833°W / 37.79778; -107.53833 [2]\n\n\nMouth\nGulf of Mexico\n\n\n - location\nCameron County, Texas; Matamoros, Tamaulipas\n\n\n - elevation\n0 ft (0 m)\n\n\n - coordinates\n25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528Coordinates: 25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528 [2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n1,896 mi (3,051 km) [1]\n\n\nDepth\n18 m (59 ft)\n\n\nBasin\n182,200 sq mi (471,900 km2) [3]\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Eagle Pass, Texas/Piedras Negras, Coahuila\n\n\n - average\n2,403 cu ft/s (68 m3/s) [4]\n\n\n - max\n964,000 cu ft/s (27,297 m3/s)\n\n\n - min\n24 cu ft/s (1 m3/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMap of the Rio Grande drainage basin\n\n\n",
"\n\nRio Grande\n\n\nRío Bravo del Norte, Tooh Baʼáadii (in Navajo), Kótsoi (in Jicarilla Apache)\n\n\n\n\nThe Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park, on the Mexico–U.S. border\n\n\n\nCountries\nUnited States, Mexico\n\n\nStates\nColorado, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nRed River, Rio Hondo, Rio Pueblo de Taos, Embudo River, Santa Fe River, Galisteo Creek, Alamito Creek, Terlingua Creek, Pecos River, Devils River\n\n\n - right\nConejos River, Rio Chama, Jemez River, Rio Puerco, Rio Conchos, Rio Salado, Rio Alamo, San Juan River\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nCanby Mountain, Continental Divide\n\n\n - location\nSan Juan Mountains, Rio Grande National Forest[1], Colorado, United States\n\n\n - elevation\n12,000 ft (3,658 m) [1]\n\n\n - coordinates\n37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W / 37.79778°N 107.53833°W / 37.79778; -107.53833 [2]\n\n\nMouth\nGulf of Mexico\n\n\n - location\nCameron County, Texas; Matamoros, Tamaulipas\n\n\n - elevation\n0 ft (0 m)\n\n\n - coordinates\n25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528Coordinates: 25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528 [2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n1,896 mi (3,051 km) [1]\n\n\nDepth\n18 m (59 ft)\n\n\nBasin\n182,200 sq mi (471,900 km2) [3]\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Eagle Pass, Texas/Piedras Negras, Coahuila\n\n\n - average\n2,403 cu ft/s (68 m3/s) [4]\n\n\n - max\n964,000 cu ft/s (27,297 m3/s)\n\n\n - min\n24 cu ft/s (1 m3/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMap of the Rio Grande drainage basin\n\n\n",
"\n\nRio Grande\n\n\nRío Bravo del Norte, Tooh Baʼáadii (in Navajo), Kótsoi (in Jicarilla Apache)\n\n\n\n\nThe Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park, on the Mexico–U.S. border\n\n\n\nCountries\nUnited States, Mexico\n\n\nStates\nColorado, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nRed River, Rio Hondo, Rio Pueblo de Taos, Embudo River, Santa Fe River, Galisteo Creek, Alamito Creek, Terlingua Creek, Pecos River, Devils River\n\n\n - right\nConejos River, Rio Chama, Jemez River, Rio Puerco, Rio Conchos, Rio Salado, Rio Alamo, San Juan River\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nCanby Mountain, Continental Divide\n\n\n - location\nSan Juan Mountains, Rio Grande National Forest[1], Colorado, United States\n\n\n - elevation\n12,000 ft (3,658 m) [1]\n\n\n - coordinates\n37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W / 37.79778°N 107.53833°W / 37.79778; -107.53833 [2]\n\n\nMouth\nGulf of Mexico\n\n\n - location\nCameron County, Texas; Matamoros, Tamaulipas\n\n\n - elevation\n0 ft (0 m)\n\n\n - coordinates\n25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528Coordinates: 25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528 [2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n1,896 mi (3,051 km) [1]\n\n\nDepth\n18 m (59 ft)\n\n\nBasin\n182,200 sq mi (471,900 km2) [3]\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Eagle Pass, Texas/Piedras Negras, Coahuila\n\n\n - average\n2,403 cu ft/s (68 m3/s) [4]\n\n\n - max\n964,000 cu ft/s (27,297 m3/s)\n\n\n - min\n24 cu ft/s (1 m3/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMap of the Rio Grande drainage basin\n\n\n",
"\n\nRio Grande\n\n\nRío Bravo del Norte, Tooh Baʼáadii (in Navajo), Kótsoi (in Jicarilla Apache)\n\n\n\n\nThe Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park, on the Mexico–U.S. border\n\n\n\nCountries\nUnited States, Mexico\n\n\nStates\nColorado, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nRed River, Rio Hondo, Rio Pueblo de Taos, Embudo River, Santa Fe River, Galisteo Creek, Alamito Creek, Terlingua Creek, Pecos River, Devils River\n\n\n - right\nConejos River, Rio Chama, Jemez River, Rio Puerco, Rio Conchos, Rio Salado, Rio Alamo, San Juan River\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nCanby Mountain, Continental Divide\n\n\n - location\nSan Juan Mountains, Rio Grande National Forest[1], Colorado, United States\n\n\n - elevation\n12,000 ft (3,658 m) [1]\n\n\n - coordinates\n37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W / 37.79778°N 107.53833°W / 37.79778; -107.53833 [2]\n\n\nMouth\nGulf of Mexico\n\n\n - location\nCameron County, Texas; Matamoros, Tamaulipas\n\n\n - elevation\n0 ft (0 m)\n\n\n - coordinates\n25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528Coordinates: 25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528 [2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n1,896 mi (3,051 km) [1]\n\n\nDepth\n18 m (59 ft)\n\n\nBasin\n182,200 sq mi (471,900 km2) [3]\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Eagle Pass, Texas/Piedras Negras, Coahuila\n\n\n - average\n2,403 cu ft/s (68 m3/s) [4]\n\n\n - max\n964,000 cu ft/s (27,297 m3/s)\n\n\n - min\n24 cu ft/s (1 m3/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMap of the Rio Grande drainage basin\n\n\n",
"\n\nRio Grande\n\n\nRío Bravo del Norte, Tooh Baʼáadii (in Navajo), Kótsoi (in Jicarilla Apache)\n\n\n\n\nThe Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park, on the Mexico–U.S. border\n\n\n\nCountries\nUnited States, Mexico\n\n\nStates\nColorado, New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nRed River, Rio Hondo, Rio Pueblo de Taos, Embudo River, Santa Fe River, Galisteo Creek, Alamito Creek, Terlingua Creek, Pecos River, Devils River\n\n\n - right\nConejos River, Rio Chama, Jemez River, Rio Puerco, Rio Conchos, Rio Salado, Rio Alamo, San Juan River\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nCanby Mountain, Continental Divide\n\n\n - location\nSan Juan Mountains, Rio Grande National Forest[1], Colorado, United States\n\n\n - elevation\n12,000 ft (3,658 m) [1]\n\n\n - coordinates\n37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W / 37.79778°N 107.53833°W / 37.79778; -107.53833 [2]\n\n\nMouth\nGulf of Mexico\n\n\n - location\nCameron County, Texas; Matamoros, Tamaulipas\n\n\n - elevation\n0 ft (0 m)\n\n\n - coordinates\n25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528Coordinates: 25°57′22″N 97°8′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528 [2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n1,896 mi (3,051 km) [1]\n\n\nDepth\n18 m (59 ft)\n\n\nBasin\n182,200 sq mi (471,900 km2) [3]\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Eagle Pass, Texas/Piedras Negras, Coahuila\n\n\n - average\n2,403 cu ft/s (68 m3/s) [4]\n\n\n - max\n964,000 cu ft/s (27,297 m3/s)\n\n\n - min\n24 cu ft/s (1 m3/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMap of the Rio Grande drainage basin\n\n\n"
] |
[
"Colorado",
"New Mexico",
"Texas",
"Chihuahua",
"Coahuila",
"Nuevo León",
"Tamaulipas"
] |
8368787794696995111
|
Pilot (Lost)
|
Pilot ( Lost ) - wikipedia Pilot ( Lost ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Pilot '' Lost episode Some of Oceanic Flight 815 's wreckage Episode no . Season 1 Episode 1 & 2 Directed by J.J. Abrams Story by Jeffrey Lieber J.J. Abrams Damon Lindelof Teleplay by J.J. Abrams Damon Lindelof Production code 100 Original air date September 22 , 2004 ( Part 1 ) September 29 , 2004 ( Part 2 ) Running time 83 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Fredric Lehne as Marshal Mars Kimberley Joseph as Cindy Chandler Greg Grunberg as Seth Norris Episode chronology ← Previous -- Next → `` Tabula Rasa '' Lost ( season 1 ) List of Lost episodes `` Pilot '' is the two - part television pilot of the ABC television series Lost , with part 1 premiering on September 22 , 2004 , and part 2 one week later on September 29 . Both parts were directed by J.J. Abrams , who co-wrote the script with Damon Lindelof . Jeffrey Lieber , who had been commissioned by ABC to write the first version of the script , earned a story credit . Filmed in Oahu , Hawaii , it was the most expensive pilot episode up to that time , costing between $10 and $14 million , largely due to the expense of purchasing , shipping , and dressing a decommissioned Lockheed 1011 to represent Flight 815 's wreckage . Many changes were made during the casting process , including the selected actors , the characters ' behaviors and fates . The pilot introduces the survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 , who experience a plane crash and end up on a mysterious island . Three of the characters , Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) , Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) and Charlie Pace ( Dominic Monaghan ) , are featured before the crash in flashbacks of their experiences on the plane as it breaks apart in mid-air ; this narrative technique would be reused in almost every subsequent episode of the series . The Lost pilot is one of the most critically acclaimed television pilots of all time . Both parts earned high ratings , with Part 1 breaking the record for a pilot episode with 18.6 million viewers , and the episode would later win many awards and accolades . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Part 1 1.1. 1 Flashbacks 1.2 Part 2 1.2. 1 Flashbacks 2 Production 2.1 Conception and writing 2.2 Casting 2.3 Filming 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 ( edit ) On September 22 , 2004 , Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) awakens disoriented in the jungle and notices a yellow Labrador retriever ( Madison ) darting through the bamboo forest . Following the path it came from , Jack runs haphazardly through the jungle to a beach , where he is confronted by the carnage of the airplane crash of Oceanic Flight 815 . Jack , a surgeon , administers medical aid to the survivors , assisting the pregnant Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) , enlisting Hurley ( Jorge Garcia ) to watch her , and administering CPR to Rose Henderson ( L. Scott Caldwell ) , saving her life . After the initial shock passes , Jack retreats to a quiet area beyond the beach to tend to his own injuries , when he notices Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) passing through the jungle . He asks her for assistance , which she gives by helping suture a wound on his back . Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) organizes a clean - up crew , while Hurley salvages meals from the plane 's galley and distributes them to the survivors . Shannon Rutherford ( Maggie Grace ) refuses chocolate offered by her brother Boone Carlyle ( Ian Somerhalder ) , believing that rescue is imminent . A Korean man , Jin - Soo Kwon ( Daniel Dae Kim ) , tells his wife , Sun - Hwa Kwon ( Yunjin Kim ) , in Korean that she should remain close to him at all times . That night , as Jack and Kate decide to search for the plane cockpit as its transceiver would allow the survivors to send a distress signal , loud roaring noises and crashing trees are heard in the nearby jungle . The following morning , the two are accompanied by Charlie Pace ( Dominic Monaghan ) on their way into the jungle . The cockpit is found leaning against a tree , forcing the trio to climb it to reach the cabin . Charlie disappears into the bathroom while Jack and Kate awaken the concussed pilot ( Greg Grunberg ) in the cabin . The pilot tells them that the plane had lost radio contact six hours after take off , where it turned back for Fiji and hit wake turbulence . After estimating that the flight was 1,000 miles off course before it crashed , the pilot tries using the transceiver , but can not get a signal . Suddenly the strange roaring noises heard on the beach the previous night return , and when the pilot investigates , he is seized by something outside and blood splatters on the window , prompting the trio to grab the transceiver and flee . During the escape , Charlie falls and Jack returns to help him , while a terrified Kate runs on . After the monster disappears , Kate , Charlie and Jack reunite and find the pilot 's bloodied corpse suspended in a treetop . Flashbacks ( edit ) On the airplane , Jack jokingly tells a flight attendant named Cindy ( Kimberley Joseph ) that his alcoholic drink is not strong , and she gives him a stronger one . Charlie runs by while being called after by flight attendants before turbulence shakes the plane , scaring Rose , who is sitting across from Jack . The two talk , and Rose mentions that her husband is in the bathroom . The plane gets exceptionally shaky , causing a man to hit the plane 's ceiling and oxygen masks to fall . Part 2 ( edit ) Jack , Kate , and Charlie head back to the beach , where ten - year - old Walt Lloyd ( Malcolm David Kelley ) discovers a pair of handcuffs , which he shows to his father , Michael Dawson ( Harold Perrineau ) . Afterwards , James `` Sawyer '' Ford ( Josh Holloway ) attacks Sayid , claiming he is a terrorist who blew up the plane , but they are soon stopped by Jack and Michael . Sayid repairs the transceiver , but it has little battery life and does not have a signal . He explains to Kate that by heading up the mountains to higher ground , they might be able to acquire a signal . They decide to go inland , and Charlie , Sawyer , Shannon and Boone soon follow them . Along the way , they are attacked by a charging polar bear , which Sawyer shoots and kills . When asked about where he found the gun , Sawyer says he took it from a dead U.S. Marshal . Sayid accuses Sawyer of being the marshal 's prisoner . Kate takes the gun from Sawyer and Sayid instructs her on how to dismantle it . Back at the beach , the marshal ( Fredric Lane ) wakes up as Jack is suturing him , and asks Jack , `` Where is she ? '' Inland , Sayid turns on the transceiver and it has a signal . However , it is being blocked by a looping transmission in French , which Shannon translates as `` I 'm alone now , on the island alone . Please someone come . The others ... they 're dead . It killed them . It killed them all . '' Sayid calculates that it has been repeating for over sixteen years before Charlie says , `` Guys , where are we ? '' Flashbacks ( edit ) An anxious Charlie runs to the bathroom , where he locks himself to snort heroin . After the plane becomes shaky , Charlie is slammed against the bathroom ceiling , and decides to leave . After being nearly hit by a refreshment cart , Charlie rushes to a seat several rows back and straps himself in as the plane shakes . Kate is revealed to be the marshal 's prisoner , wearing the handcuffs that Walt found in the jungle . As the turbulence hits , the marshal is knocked unconscious by a falling suitcase . Kate struggles to put on her oxygen mask due to the handcuffs , so she uncuffs herself using the marshal 's keys and puts the marshal 's oxygen mask on him before attaching her own , at which point the tail end of the plane suddenly breaks off and flies away . Production ( edit ) Conception and writing ( edit ) J.J. Abrams directed the episode . The series began development in the summer of 2003 , when ABC senior vice president Thom Sherman decided to order from Spelling Television a script based on an idea of network president Lloyd Braun , who envisioned a series that was a cross between the novel Lord of the Flies , the movie Cast Away , the television series Gilligan 's Island , and the popular reality show Survivor . Braun had titled his concept Lost after a failed reality show that had broadcast in 2001 . Writer Jeffrey Lieber was contacted by Spelling 's vice president of series development Ted Gold , and in September 2003 pitched to ABC the concepts for what he called Nowhere . Sherman approved the idea and hired Lieber to write a script , but Braun wound up rejecting Lieber 's draft and subsequent rewrites . In January 2004 Braun contacted J.J. Abrams , who developed the TV series Alias for ABC , to write a new pilot script , which would retain the title Lost . Although initially hesitant , Abrams warmed up to the idea on the condition that the series would have a supernatural angle to it and he was assigned a writing partner . ABC executive Heather Kadin sent him Damon Lindelof , who had long intended to meet Abrams as he wished to write for Alias . Together , Abrams and Lindelof developed the characters and plot of Lost , along with creating a series `` bible '' which would store the major mythological ideas and plot points for an ideal five to six season run for the show . Lindelof and Abrams worked between January 13 and 16 , when Lindelof sent a 21 -- page outline to ABC 's executives . A complete first draft of the pilot script was delivered on February 24 , and the teleplay kept on being revised , with the final script arriving on April 19 . The development of the show was constrained by tight deadlines , as it had been commissioned late in the 2004 season 's development cycle and Braun estimated that the whole process from writing to post-production took 6 to 8 weeks . Despite the short schedule , the creative team remained flexible enough to modify or create characters to fit actors they wished to cast . Though Abrams and Lindelof did not use Lieber 's work as inspiration for their own , Lieber 's request for arbitration at the Writer 's Guild of America pointing out the similarities in both scripts earned him a story credit . Lieber would later say the series would drift much from his concepts in Nowhere , declaring Lost was `` more like Lord of the Rings than Lord of the Flies '' . Writer - producer Anthony Spinner later sued ABC on the accounts that he submitted a script titled `` L.O.S.T. '' to the network in 1977 , but the case was dismissed on the accounts that none of the people involved with Lost had read Spinner 's work . Casting ( edit ) Matthew Fox portrayed Jack Shephard , a doctor who is the main protagonist of the series . In the initial plans for the series , Jack was going to die midway through the first episode . The role of Jack was originally offered to Michael Keaton , but when the producers quickly changed their minds about Jack 's death , making him the leader , Keaton gave up the job . After Matthew Fox 's casting as Jack , the character was established as a leader , and the airplane pilot was introduced to take Jack 's place as The Monster 's first victim . The pilot wound up being played by Greg Grunberg , a childhood friend of Abrams who the producer brings into most of his projects . Around seventy - five women of different shapes , sizes , ethnicities and ages auditioned to be Kate . In the initial plans , Kate would emerge as the leader after Jack died . She was not going to be a fugitive , instead her husband was going to go to the bathroom shortly before the plane split in mid air , and she would remain adamant on the Island that he was alive . This ended up being used for Rose 's ( L. Scott Caldwell ) character instead . The producers were impressed with Canadian Evangeline Lilly 's audition for Kate , as she displayed the confidence with vulnerability that they were looking for . As this was Lilly 's first role , she had difficulty obtaining a visa to work in America . She was supposed to start on the first day of filming , but the schedule was rearranged to give her more time , and in the meantime , the producers began auditioning again in case the visa did not come through . However , during one of the auditions , they got an email confirming that she had obtained her visa and could start work on the show . Matthew Fox , Dominic Monaghan and Jorge Garcia originally auditioned for the role of Sawyer , who at the time was supposed to be a suit - wearing city con man , but the role was given to Josh Holloway . Garcia was the first actor the producers knew they were going to cast . While the producers thought Garcia was spectacular , they did not think he fit in the role of Sawyer , so they created the Hurley character for him instead . When Holloway auditioned for Sawyer , the producers liked his southern accent and the edge he brought to the character ( Holloway reportedly forgot his lines and kicked a chair in frustration ) . The producers knew he did not suit the role , but thought he was very watchable , so they rewrote the role to suit him , making him more feral , Southern , but kept the same intelligence he originally had . After appearing in The Lord of the Rings , Dominic Monaghan was offered many fantasy - based roles , like elves and pixies . He was keen to portray a different role , so he wanted a contemporary part that had layers and an edge . Originally Charlie was an older rocker that has been a big hit in the 1980s but now had a heroin addiction . After the producers enjoyed Monaghan 's audition of Sawyer , they decided to cast him as Charlie and rewrote the script to make Charlie a young has - been instead . Harold Perrineau plays Michael Dawson , a father . When the producers were auditioning actors for roles in Lost , Harold Perrineau was in the area . The producers called it a `` natural move '' to have him audition . Although initially skeptical about the show , he took the role when Lost creator J.J. Abrams explained more about it . A lot of children were seen for the role of Walt . They were narrowed down to the top three , with Malcolm David Kelley winning it , after the producers were impressed with his role in Antwone Fisher . Abrams had worked with Terry O'Quinn previously on Alias , and was keen to work with him again . He explained to O'Quinn that although the role in the first episodes would be fairly small , the character will develop afterwards . O'Quinn took the role as he trusted Abrams . He was also the only character who did not have to officially audition for a part of a main character . The producers were looking for someone who had a `` Paris Hilton quality '' to play Shannon , but she could not just be shallow , as the storyline would require more than that . A lot of women were auditioned before the producers finally settled on Maggie Grace . She was written to be an antipathetic character in the first season as the producers needed a character they could use to create opposition and conflict . Unlike many other characters of the first season , who were rewritten based on their actors , Boone was largely the same through production . He was originally going to be named Boone Anthony Markham V , going by the nickname , `` Five '' . Ian Somerhalder was cast in the role , but he did not want to shoot a pilot ; however , he jumped at the opportunity once he found out he would be working with Abrams . Lost was planned to be a multi-cultural show with an international cast . The producers thought it was essential that an Australian was cast for the part of Claire , and the Oceanic 815 was leaving from Sydney . Emilie de Ravin was working in Edmonton , so was unable to go to the auditions , which were being held in Los Angeles . From a video she sent to the producers , they were able to tell that de Ravin had the youth and sweetness required for the role , but also looked as though she had some life experience . Sayid was not in the original draft of the pilot episode , but executive consultant Jeff Pinkner had worked with Naveen Andrews on a short - lived ABC series called The Beast , and was keen to have him on Lost . The producers were surprised that Andrews was interested in the role . When they cast him , all Andrews was told was that Sayid was from Iraq and had been in the army . Yunjin Kim originally auditioned for Kate . At her audition she told the producers that she spoke fluent Korean , having been raised in South Korea , where she had starred in several films . The producers were impressed with Kim 's performance and wrote her the character of Sun , who was planned to be someone who could not speak English , but after examining her relationship with her husband , the audience would learn that she does in fact speak it . Daniel Dae Kim was cast in the role of Jin , Sun 's husband . Dae Kim described his audition as a `` really interesting experience '' . He found it especially hard as it was his first time acting in Korean , and he had not spoken in it regularly since being in high school , when he would talk to his parents . Filming ( edit ) Filming began on March 11 , 2004 , with soundstage shooting in Los Angeles for the scenes set inside the flight . The primary location was the Hawaiian island of Oahu . The wreckage of Flight 815 was made with a Lockheed L - 1011 built in 1972 and previously used by Delta Air Lines until 1998 , that after being purchased by ABC was broken up and sent to Hawaii by ship . The purchasing , shipping , and dressing of the aircraft body accounted for most of the pilot 's budget , which at an estimated $10 to $14 million was the most expensive pilot episode up to that time . Greenlighting such an expensive and risky project amidst ABC 's low ratings eventually led Braun to be fired by The Walt Disney Company , ABC 's parent company . J.J. Abrams decided not to do aerial shots to avoid revealing too much of the island , and also because he felt that the different point of view could confuse audiences . Filming wrapped on April 24 , Lindelof 's birthday . Extensive usage of visual effects , particularly bluescreen , was used in the pilot . One effect in particular was re-shot just before part 2 was broadcast . The scene involving a stuffed polar bear was used for a pre-broadcast commercial and was freeze framed and mocked on the internet , prompting ABC to replace it with a CGI bear . Reception ( edit ) The pilot episode 's world premiere was on July 24 , 2004 at Comic - Con International in San Diego . Part 1 had its first ABC broadcast on September 22 , 2004 , reaching a ratings record for a pilot episode , with 18.6 million viewers , and on the following week , part 2 scored 10.5 / 17 on the Nielsen ratings , watched by 17 million viewers . Both parts aired on the same night for its first UK broadcast on Channel 4 , August 10 , 2005 , and it became an instant hit . It was the second most watched programme for Channel 4 for that week , with ratings of 6.75 million , second only to Big Brother . Reviews were favorable upon release . IGN gave it a 10 / 10 score declaring that Lost `` delivers on every promise it makes to its audience . '' In IGN 's 2008 series of `` Flashback Reviews '' , IGN 's Chris Carabott changed the scores ; he gave part 1 a 9.5 / 10 , saying that the show 's mysteries `` would keep many of us captivated for the next four years '' ; he gave part 2 a 9 / 10 , saying that `` It really is a roller coaster of emotion and that sense of dread that sets in here is brilliantly portrayed . '' Entertainment Weekly gave an ' A ' , stating that even non-science fiction and fantasy fans can like it , and USA Today gave it 4 stars praising the cast . The Futon Critic later chose the pilot as the fifth best TV episode of 2004 . TV Guide ranked the episode fifth on a list of the top 100 television episodes of all time . For its 65th anniversary , TV Guide picked it as the second best episode of the 21st century . At the 2005 Emmy Awards , Lost won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series . J.J. Abrams won an Emmy for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the pilot , with Mary Jo Markey winning Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series and Michael Giacchino winning Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Dramatic Underscore ) . The show in general won Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series and Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series , while receiving additional nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Writing for Drama Series . Casting director April Webster won an Artios Award for her work in the pilot . The first part of the pilot also won two Golden Reel Awards for Best Sound Editing in Television Short Form : Sound Effects & Foley and Dialogue & ADR , and a VES Award for visual effects . The episode was nominated for a Hugo Award and awards from the American Society of Cinematographers , Art Directors Guild and Directors Guild of America . `` Pilot '' , along with `` House of the Rising Sun '' and `` The Moth '' , won a Prism Award for Charlie 's drug storyline . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Lost '' Pilot : Part 1 `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Lost '' Pilot : Part 2 `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lost - Netflix '' . Netflix . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Dotinga , William ( 8 April 2013 ) . `` ' Lost ' Royalties Demand Had Smoke but no Fire '' . Courthouse News Service . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPINNER v. AMERICAN BROADCASTING COMPANIES INC Court of Appeal , Second District , Division 8 , California . Anthony SPINNER , Plaintiff and Appellant , v. AMERICAN BROADCASTING COMPANIES , INC. , Defendant and Respondent '' . California Court of Appeal. 2013 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , David ( August 2007 ) . `` Cast Away '' . Chicago magazine . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( 2013 ) . `` 6 : Do You Want to Know a Secret ? ... The Perfect Storm of Lost '' . The Revolution Was Televised : The Cops , Crooks , Slingers , and Slayers Who Changed TV Drama Forever . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 1476739684 . ^ Jump up to : Craig , Olga ( August 14 , 2005 ) . `` The man who discovered Lost -- and found himself out of a job '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Cagle , Jess , ed . ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Lost : How It Began '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1102 ) . ISSN 1049 - 0434 . OCLC 137343926 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Damon Lindelof 's History of ' Lost ' ( A Show He Longed to Quit ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( November 24 , 2006 ) . `` When Stephen King met the Lost boys ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Burk , Bryan , Lost Season 1 DVD ( extras ) , Buena Vista Home Entertainment , September 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Abrams , J. J and Lloyd Braun , Lost Season 1 DVD ( extras ) , Buena Vista Home Entertainment , September 6 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Before They Were Lost ( Documentary ) . Lost : The Complete First Season , Disk 7 : Buena Vista Home Entertainment . 2005 . Jump up ^ Abrams , J.J. , Lindelof , Damon and Burk , Bryan . Audio commentary for Pilot , Parts 1 and 2 . Lost : The Complete First Season DVD : Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Lindelof , Damon & Cuse , Carlton , ( November 14 , 2005 ) `` Official Lost Audio Podcast November 14 , 2005 , '' ABC . ^ Jump up to : Welcome to Oahu ( Documentary ) . Lost , the Complete First Season : Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Designing a Disaster ( Documentary ) . Lost , the Complete First Season : Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Ryan , Tim ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` New series gives Hawaii 3 TV shows in production '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( March 27 , 2007 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Lost ' -- Jack Bender '' . Wizard . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Tim ( 18 March 2003 ) . `` New TV show ' Lost ' is found filming on Oahu '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lost : On Location -- Exodus , Part 1 ( Documentary ) . Lost , the Complete First Season : Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Lindelof , Damon ( April 24 , 2010 ) . `` We wrapped the Pilot on my birthday . Bender called at 6 AM to say the finale is completed exactly six years later . The circle closes '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con 2004 : Saturday 's Programming '' . Comic - Con . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2007 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( September 25 , 2004 ) . `` ABC , Eye have quite some night '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Struggling ABC May Have Found a Hit in ' Lost ' '' . Reuters . Lostmedia.com . October 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Programmes '' . BARB . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IGN : Pilot , Part 1 Review '' . IGN . September 22 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Carabott , Chris ( June 13 , 2008 ) . `` Lost Flashback : `` Pilot ( Part 1 ) '' Review `` . IGN.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carabott , Chris ( June 20 , 2008 ) . `` Lost Flashback : `` Pilot ( Part 2 ) '' Review `` . IGN.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lost - Do Not Use ( 2004 review ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 24 , 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( September 21 , 2004 ) . `` ' Lost ' finds fresh adventure in familiar story '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford . `` The 50 Best Episodes of 2004 : # 10 -- 1 '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Top 100 Episodes of All Time '' TV Guide ; June 15 , 2009 ; Pages 34 -- 49 Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( April 2 -- 15 , 2018 ) . `` 65 Best Episodes of the 21st Century '' . TV Guide . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2005 emmy award nominations for drama series '' . Emmy Awards . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2006 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 57th Primetime Emmy Awards and Creative Arts Emmys Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Covel , Bonnie . `` ' Lost 's Emmy History '' . About.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artios Award Winners '' . Casting Society of America . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Lost 's Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society Awards . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Hugo Awards '' . Hugo Awards . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography -- Complete Listing of Nominees and Winners from Past Awards ( 2004 ) '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Annual Excellence in Production Design Awards '' . Art Directors Guild . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 57th Annual DGA Awards '' . Directors Guild of America . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hombach , Jean - Pierre ( 2010 ) . Ian Somerhalder . Lulu.com . p. 64 . ISBN 9781471606892 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pilot ( Part 1 ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pilot ( Part 2 ) `` Pilot ( Part 1 ) '' at ABC `` Pilot ( Part 1 ) '' on IMDb `` Pilot ( Part 1 ) '' at TV.com `` Pilot ( Part 2 ) '' at ABC `` Pilot ( Part 2 ) '' on IMDb `` Pilot ( Part 2 ) '' at TV.com Lost episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Tabula Rasa '' `` Walkabout '' `` White Rabbit '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` The Moth '' `` Confidence Man '' `` Solitary '' `` Raised by Another '' `` All the Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues '' `` Whatever the Case May Be '' `` Hearts and Minds '' `` Special '' `` Homecoming '' `` Outlaws '' `` ... In Translation '' `` Numbers '' `` Deus Ex Machina '' `` Do No Harm '' `` Lost : The Journey '' ( clip show ) `` The Greater Good '' `` Born to Run '' `` Exodus '' Season 2 `` Man of Science , Man of Faith '' `` Adrift '' `` Orientation '' `` Everybody Hates Hugo '' `` ... And Found '' `` Abandoned '' `` The Other 48 Days '' `` Collision '' `` What Kate Did '' `` The 23rd Psalm '' `` The Hunting Party '' `` Fire + Water '' `` The Long Con '' `` One of Them '' `` Maternity Leave '' `` The Whole Truth '' `` Lockdown '' `` Dave '' `` S.O.S. '' `` Two for the Road '' `` ? '' `` Three Minutes '' `` Live Together , Die Alone '' Season 3 `` A Tale of Two Cities '' `` The Glass Ballerina '' `` Further Instructions '' `` Every Man for Himself '' `` The Cost of Living '' `` I Do '' `` Not in Portland '' `` Flashes Before Your Eyes '' `` Stranger in a Strange Land '' `` Tricia Tanaka Is Dead '' `` Enter 77 '' `` Par Avion '' `` The Man from Tallahassee '' `` Exposé '' `` Left Behind '' `` One of Us '' `` Catch - 22 '' `` D.O.C. '' `` The Brig '' `` The Man Behind the Curtain '' `` Greatest Hits '' `` Through the Looking Glass '' Webisodes Lost : Missing Pieces Season 4 `` The Beginning of the End '' `` Confirmed Dead '' `` The Economist '' `` Eggtown '' `` The Constant '' `` The Other Woman '' `` Ji Yeon '' `` Meet Kevin Johnson '' `` The Shape of Things to Come '' `` Something Nice Back Home '' `` Cabin Fever '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 5 `` Because You Left '' `` The Lie '' `` Jughead '' `` The Little Prince '' `` This Place Is Death '' `` 316 '' `` The Life and Death of Jeremy Bentham '' `` LaFleur '' `` Namaste '' `` He 's Our You '' `` Whatever Happened , Happened '' `` Dead Is Dead '' `` Some Like It Hoth '' `` The Variable '' `` Follow the Leader '' `` The Incident '' Season 6 `` LA X '' `` What Kate Does '' `` The Substitute '' `` Lighthouse '' `` Sundown '' `` Dr. Linus '' `` Recon '' `` Ab Aeterno '' `` The Package '' `` Happily Ever After '' `` Everybody Loves Hugo '' `` The Last Recruit '' `` The Candidate '' `` Across the Sea '' `` What They Died For '' `` The End '' Epilogue `` The New Man in Charge '' Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Jack Smight for `` Eddie '' ( 1959 ) Robert Mulligan for The Moon and Sixpence ( 1960 ) George Schaefer for Macbeth ( 1961 ) Franklin J. Schaffner ( 1962 ) Stuart Rosenberg for `` The Madman '' ( 1963 ) Tom Gries for `` Who Do You Kill ? '' ( 1964 ) Paul Bogart for `` The 700 Year Old Gang '' ( 1965 ) Sydney Pollack for `` The Game '' ( 1966 ) Alex Segal for Death of a Salesman ( 1967 ) Lee H. Katzin ( 1968 ) David Greene for `` The People Next Door '' ( 1969 ) Paul Bogart for `` Shadow Game '' ( 1970 ) Daryl Duke for `` The Day the Lion Died '' / Fielder Cook for `` The Price '' ( 1971 ) Alexander Singer for `` The Invasion of Kevin Ireland '' ( 1972 ) Jerry Thorpe for `` An Eye for an Eye '' / Joseph Sargent for `` The Marcus - Nelson Murders '' ( 1973 ) John Korty for The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman / Robert Butler for `` Part III '' ( 1974 ) Bill Bain for `` A Sudden Storm '' ( 1975 ) David Greene for Episode 8 ( Rich Man , Poor Man ) ( 1976 ) David Greene for Roots ( `` Part 1 '' ) ( 1977 ) Marvin J. Chomsky for Holocaust ( 1978 ) Jackie Cooper for `` Pilot '' ( The White Shadow ) ( 1979 ) Roger Young for `` Cop '' ( 1980 ) Robert Butler for `` Hill Street Station '' ( 1981 ) Harry Harris for `` To Soar and Never Falter '' ( 1982 ) Jeff Bleckner for `` Life in the Minors '' ( 1983 ) Corey Allen for `` Goodbye , Mr. Scripps '' ( 1984 ) Karen Arthur for `` Heat '' ( 1985 ) Georg Stanford Brown for `` Parting Shots '' ( 1986 ) Gregory Hoblit for `` Pilot '' ( L.A. Law ) ( 1987 ) Mark Tinker for `` Weigh In , Way Out '' ( 1988 ) Robert Altman for `` The Boiler Room '' ( 1989 ) Thomas Carter for `` Promises to Keep '' / Scott Winant for `` The Go - Between '' ( 1990 ) Thomas Carter for `` In Confidence '' ( 1991 ) Eric Laneuville for `` All God 's Children '' ( 1992 ) Barry Levinson for `` Gone for Goode '' ( 1993 ) Daniel Sackheim for `` Tempest in a C - Cup '' ( 1994 ) Mimi Leder for `` Love 's Labor Lost '' ( 1995 ) Jeremy Kagan for `` Leave of Absence '' ( 1996 ) Mark Tinker for `` Where 's ' Swaldo ? '' ( 1997 ) Mark Tinker for `` Pilot '' ( Brooklyn South ) / Paris Barclay for `` Brain Salad Surgery '' ( 1998 ) Paris Barclay for `` Hearts and Souls '' ( 1999 ) Thomas Schlamme for `` Pilot '' ( The West Wing ) ( 2000 ) Thomas Schlamme for `` In the Shadow of Two Gunmen : Part I '' & `` Part II '' ( 2001 ) Alan Ball for `` Pilot '' ( Six Feet Under ) ( 2002 ) Christopher Misiano for `` Twenty Five '' ( 2003 ) Walter Hill for `` Deadwood '' ( 2004 ) J.J. Abrams for `` Pilot '' ( Lost ) ( 2005 ) Jon Cassar for `` Day 5 : 7 : 00 a.m. -- 8 : 00 a.m. '' ( 2006 ) Alan Taylor for `` Kennedy and Heidi '' ( 2007 ) Greg Yaitanes for `` House 's Head '' ( 2008 ) Rod Holcomb for `` And in the End ... '' ( 2009 ) Steve Shill for `` The Getaway '' ( 2010 ) Martin Scorsese for `` Boardwalk Empire '' ( 2011 ) Tim Van Patten for `` To the Lost '' ( 2012 ) David Fincher for `` Chapter 1 '' ( 2013 ) Cary Joji Fukunaga for `` Who Goes There '' ( 2014 ) David Nutter for `` Mother 's Mercy '' ( 2015 ) Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' ( 2016 ) Reed Morano for `` Offred '' ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilot_(Lost)&oldid=833759806 '' Categories : Lost ( TV series ) ( season 1 ) episodes American television pilots 2004 American television episodes American television episodes in multiple parts Television episodes written by J.J. Abrams Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Date format Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Good articles Use mdy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 08 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the pilot in lost episode 1
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"That night, as Jack and Kate decide to search for the plane cockpit as its transceiver would allow the survivors to send a distress signal, loud roaring noises and crashing trees are heard in the nearby jungle. The following morning, the two are accompanied by Charlie Pace (Dominic Monaghan) on their way into the jungle. The cockpit is found leaning against a tree, forcing the trio to climb it to reach the cabin. Charlie disappears into the bathroom while Jack and Kate awaken the concussed pilot (Greg Grunberg) in the cabin. The pilot tells them that the plane had lost radio contact six hours after take off, where it turned back for Fiji and hit wake turbulence. After estimating that the flight was 1,000 miles off course before it crashed, the pilot tries using the transceiver, but cannot get a signal. Suddenly the strange roaring noises heard on the beach the previous night return, and when the pilot investigates, he is seized by something outside and blood splatters on the window, prompting the trio to grab the transceiver and flee. During the escape, Charlie falls and Jack returns to help him, while a terrified Kate runs on. After the monster disappears, Kate, Charlie and Jack reunite and find the pilot's bloodied corpse suspended in a treetop."
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"Greg Grunberg"
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Arsenal F.C.
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Arsenal F.C. - Wikipedia Arsenal F.C. Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's football club from London , England . For for the women 's team , see Arsenal Women F.C. For other football teams called Arsenal , see Arsenal ( disambiguation ) § Football . Arsenal Full name Arsenal Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Gunners Founded 1886 ; 131 years ago ( 1886 ) as Dial Square Ground Emirates Stadium Ground Capacity 60,432 Owner Arsenal Holdings plc Chairman Sir Chips Keswick Manager Arsène Wenger League Premier League 2016 -- 17 Premier League , 5th of 20 Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Highbury , London , England , that plays in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club has won 13 League titles , a record 13 FA Cups , two League Cups , the League Centenary Trophy , 15 FA Community Shields , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . It has won more top flight matches than any English club except Liverpool , and has completed the only 38 match season unbeaten . Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League , in 1893 , and they reached the First Division in 1904 . Relegated only once , in 1913 , they continue the longest streak in the top division . In the 1930s , Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups , and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war . In 1970 -- 71 , they won their first League and FA Cup Double . Between 1989 and 2005 , they won five League titles and five FA Cups , including two more Doubles . They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position . Herbert Chapman won Arsenal 's first national trophies , but died prematurely . He helped introduce the WM formation , floodlights , and shirt numbers , and added the white sleeves and brighter red to Arsenal 's kit . Arsène Wenger has been the longest - serving manager and has won the most trophies . He has won a record 7 FA Cups , and his teams set English records for the longest win streak and longest unbeaten run . In 1886 , Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square . In 1913 , the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury . They became Tottenham Hotspur 's nearest club , commencing the North London derby . In 2006 , they moved down the road to the Emirates Stadium . Arsenal earned € 435.5 m in 2014 -- 15 , with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football . Based on social media activity from 2014 -- 15 , Arsenal 's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world . In 2016 , Forbes estimated the club was the second most valuable in England , worth $2.0 billion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1886 -- 1919 : Changing names 1.2 1919 -- 1953 : The Bank of England Club 1.3 1953 -- 1986 : The long sleep , Mee and Neill 1.4 1986 -- present : Graham to Wenger 2 Crest 3 Colours 3.1 Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors 4 Stadiums 5 Supporters 6 Ownership and finances 7 In popular culture 8 In the community 9 Statistics and records 10 Players 10.1 First - team squad 10.1. 1 Out on loan 10.2 Under 23s and Under 18s 10.3 Former players 11 Current technical staff 12 Managers 13 Honours 13.1 EFL and Premier League 13.2 The FA 13.3 UEFA 13.4 County FAs 13.5 Other 14 Arsenal Women 15 Footnotes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links 18.1 Official websites 18.2 News sites 18.3 Other History For more details on this topic , see History of Arsenal F.C. ( 1886 -- 1966 ) and History of Arsenal F.C. ( 1966 -- present ) . 1886 -- 1919 : changing names Dial Square : the workplace of Arsenal 's founding fathers , and the club 's original eponym Royal Arsenal squad in 1888 . Original captain , David Danskin , sits on the right of the bench . On 1 December 1886 , munitions workers in Woolwich , now South East London , formed Arsenal as Dial Square , with David Danskin as their first captain . Named after the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex , they took the name of the whole complex a month later . Royal Arsenal F.C. 's first home was Plumstead Common , though they spent most of their time in South East London playing on the other side of Plumstead , at the Manor Ground . Royal Arsenal won Arsenal 's first trophies in 1890 and 1891 , and these were the only football association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London . Royal Arsenal renamed themselves for a second time upon becoming a limited liability company in 1893 . They registered their new name , Woolwich Arsenal , with The Football League when the club ascended later that year . Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League , starting out in the Second Division and winning promotion to the First Division in 1904 . Falling attendances , due to financial difficulties among the munitions workers and the arrival of more accessible football clubs elsewhere in the city , led the club close to bankruptcy by 1910 . Businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall took the club over , and sought to move them elsewhere . In 1913 , soon after relegation back to the Second Division , Woolwich Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury , North London . This saw their third change of name : the following year , they reduced Woolwich Arsenal to simply The Arsenal . In 1919 , The Football League voted to promote The Arsenal , instead of relegated local rivals Tottenham Hotspur , into the newly enlarged First Division , despite only listing the club sixth in the Second Division 's last pre-war season of 1914 -- 15 . Some books have speculated that the club won this election to division one by dubious means . Later that year , The Arsenal started dropping `` The '' in official documents , gradually shifting its name for the final time towards Arsenal , as it is generally known today . 1919 -- 1953 : the Bank of England club A bronze bust of Herbert Chapman stands inside Emirates Stadium as a tribute to his achievements at the club . With a new home and First Division football , attendances were more than double those at the Manor Ground , and Arsenal 's budget grew rapidly . Their location and record - breaking salary offer lured star Huddersfield Town manager Herbert Chapman in 1925 . Over the next five years , Chapman built a new Arsenal . He appointed enduring new trainer Tom Whittaker , implemented Charlie Buchan 's new twist on the nascent WM formation , captured young players like Cliff Bastin and Eddie Hapgood , and lavished Highbury 's income on stars like David Jack and Alex James . With record - breaking spending and gate receipts , Arsenal quickly became known as the Bank of England club . Highbury 's Art Deco east facade Transformed , Chapman 's Arsenal claimed their first national trophy , the FA Cup , in 1930 . Two League Championships followed , in 1930 -- 31 and 1932 -- 33 . Chapman also presided over multiple off the pitch changes : white sleeves and shirt numbers were added to the kit ; a Tube station was named after the club ; and the first of two opulent , Art Deco stands was completed , with some of the first floodlights in English football . Suddenly , in the middle of the 1933 -- 34 season , Chapman died of pneumonia . His work was left to Joe Shaw and George Allison , who saw out a hat - trick with the 1933 -- 34 and 1934 -- 35 titles , and then won the 1936 FA Cup and 1937 -- 38 title . World War II meant The Football League was suspended for seven years , but Arsenal returned to win it in the second post-war season , 1947 -- 48 . This was Tom Whittaker 's first season as manager , after his promotion to succeed Allison , and the club had equalled the champions of England record . They won a third FA Cup in 1950 , and then won a record - breaking seventh championship in 1952 -- 53 . However , the war had taken its toll on Arsenal . The club had had more players killed than any top flight club , and debt from reconstructing the North Bank Stand bled Arsenal 's resources . 1953 -- 1986 : the long Sleep , Mee and Neill Arsenal were not to win the League or the FA Cup for another 18 years . The ' 53 Champions squad was old , and the club failed to attract strong enough replacements . Although Arsenal were competitive during these years , their fortunes had waned ; the club spent most of the 1950s and 1960s in midleague mediocrity . Even former England captain Billy Wright could not bring the club any success as manager , in a stint between 1962 and 1966 . Bertie Mee in 1972 Arsenal tentatively appointed club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as acting manager in 1966 . With new assistant Don Howe and new players such as Bob McNab and George Graham , Mee led Arsenal to their first League Cup finals , in 1967 -- 68 and 1968 -- 69 . Next season saw a breakthrough : Arsenal 's first competitive European trophy , the 1969 -- 70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . And the season after , an even greater triumph : Arsenal 's first League and FA Cup double , and a new champions of England record . This marked a premature high point of the decade ; the Double - winning side was soon broken up and the rest of the decade was characterised by a series of near misses , starting with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972 , and First Division runners - up in 1972 -- 73 . Former player Terry Neill succeeded Mee in 1976 . At the age of 34 , he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date . With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings , and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton , the club reached a trio of FA Cup finals ( 1978 , 1979 and 1980 ) , and lost the 1980 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final on penalties . The club 's only trophy during this time was a last - minute 3 -- 2 victory over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final , widely regarded as a classic . 1986 -- present : Graham to Wenger Tony Adams statue and the Emirates Stadium One of Bertie Mee 's double winners , George Graham , returned as manager in 1986 . Arsenal won their first League Cup in 1987 , Graham 's first season in charge . By 1988 , new signings Nigel Winterburn , Lee Dixon and Steve Bould had joined the club to complete the `` famous Back Four '' led by existing player Tony Adams . They immediately won the 1988 Football League Centenary Trophy , and followed it with the 1988 -- 89 Football League title , snatched with a last - minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool . Graham 's Arsenal won another title in 1990 -- 91 , losing only one match , won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993 , and the European Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1994 . Graham 's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players , and he was dismissed in 1995 . His permanent replacement , Bruce Rioch , lasted for only one season , leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors . After Arsenal completed the only 38 - match season unbeaten , the Premier League commissioned a unique gold trophy to commemorate the achievement . The club metamorphosed during the long tenure of manager Arsène Wenger , appointed in 1996 . New , attacking football , an overhaul of dietary and fitness practices , and efficiency with money have defined his reign . Accumulating key players from Wenger 's homeland , such as Patrick Vieira and Thierry Henry , Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997 -- 98 and a third in 2001 -- 02 . In addition , the club reached the final of the 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup , were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups , and won the Premier League in 2003 -- 04 without losing a single match , an achievement which earned the side the nickname `` The Invincibles '' . This latter feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004 , a national record . Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger 's first nine seasons at the club , although on no occasion were they able to retain the title . The club had never progressed beyond the quarter - finals of the Champions League until 2005 -- 06 ; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition 's fifty - year history to reach the final , in which they were beaten 2 -- 1 by Barcelona . In July 2006 , they moved into the Emirates Stadium , after 93 years at Highbury . Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups , losing 2 -- 1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively . The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014 , when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final , coming back from a 2 -- 0 deficit to win the match 3 -- 2 . A year later , Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second time in a row , defeating Aston Villa 4 -- 0 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament 's history with 12 titles , a record which Manchester United would tie the following season . Arsenal later won the FA Cup for a record 13th time , defeating Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the 2017 final and once more becoming the outright leader in terms of FA Cups won . The victory also saw Wenger become the first manager in English football history to win seven FA Cups . However , in that same season , Arsenal finished in the fifth position in the league , the first time they had finished outside the top four since before Wenger arrived in 1996 . Crest Arsenal 's first crest from 1888 Unveiled in 1888 , Royal Arsenal 's first crest featured three cannon s viewed from above , pointing northwards , similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich ( nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich ) . These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys , but the presence of a carved lion 's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannons . This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913 , only to be reinstated in 1922 , when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon , pointing eastwards , with the club 's nickname , The Gunners , inscribed alongside it ; this crest only lasted until 1925 , when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down . In 1949 , the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club 's name , set in blackletter , and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club 's newly adopted Latin motto , Victoria Concordia Crescit - `` victory comes from harmony '' -- coined by the club 's programme editor Harry Homer . For the first time , the crest was rendered in colour , which varied slightly over the crest 's lifespan , finally becoming red , gold and green . Because of the numerous revisions of the crest , Arsenal were unable to copyright it . Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark , and had fought ( and eventually won ) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold `` unofficial '' Arsenal merchandise , Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection . Therefore , in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style , which was copyrightable . The cannon once again faces east and the club 's name is written in a sans - serif typeface above the cannon . Green was replaced by dark blue . The new crest was criticised by some supporters ; the Arsenal Independent Supporters ' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal 's history and tradition with such a radical modern design , and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue . Arsenal 's crest used until 2002 Until the 1960s , a badge was worn on the playing shirt only for high - profile matches such as FA Cup finals , usually in the form of a monogram of the club 's initials in red on a white background . The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco - style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F , the whole set within a hexagonal border . This early example of a corporate logo , introduced as part of Herbert Chapman 's rebranding of the club in the 1930s , was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium , including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors . From 1967 , a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts , until replaced by the club crest , sometimes with the addition of the nickname `` The Gunners '' , in the 1990s . In the 2011 -- 12 season , Arsenal celebrated their 125th year anniversary . The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season . The crest was all white , surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left . The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub . The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club . The laurel leaves also represent strength . To complete the crest , 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto `` Forward '' at the bottom of the crest . Colours Arsenal 's original home colours . The team wore a similar kit ( but with redcurrant socks ) during the 2005 -- 06 season . For much of Arsenal 's history , their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts , though this has not always been the case . The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest , soon after Arsenal 's foundation in 1886 . Two of Dial Square 's founding members , Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates , were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work . As they put together the first team in the area , no kit could be found , so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball . The shirt was redcurrant , a dark shade of red , and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops . In 1933 , Herbert Chapman , wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed , updated the kit , adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red . Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves . One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt ; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster , with whom Chapman played golf . Regardless of which story is true , the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since , aside from two seasons . The first was 1966 -- 67 , when Arsenal wore all - red shirts ; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season . The second was 2005 -- 06 , the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury , when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913 , their first season in the stadium ; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season . In the 2008 -- 09 season , Arsenal replaced the traditional all - white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe . Arsenal 's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs . In 1909 , Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time ; in 1938 , Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip . In 1920 , Sporting Clube de Braga 's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team 's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal 's red with white sleeves and shorts , giving rise to the team 's nickname of Os Arsenalistas . These teams still wear those designs to this day . For many years Arsenal 's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts . In the 1969 -- 70 season , Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts . This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history . Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United . Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their `` lucky '' yellow and blue strip , which remained the club 's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982 -- 83 . The following season , Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme , albeit with a darker shade of blue than before . When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal 's kit provider in 1994 , Arsenal 's away colours were again changed to two - tone blue shirts and shorts . Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market , the away kits have been changed regularly , with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits . During this period the designs have been either all blue designs , or variations on the traditional yellow and blue , such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001 -- 02 season , the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007 , and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013 . Until 2014 , the away kit was changed every season , and the outgoing away kit became the third - choice kit if a new home kit was being introduced in the same year . Since Puma began manufacturing Arsenal 's kits in 2014 , new home , away and third kits are released every single season . Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors Arsenal 's shirts have been made by manufacturers including Bukta ( from the 1930s until the early 1970s ) , Umbro ( from the 1970s until 1986 ) , Adidas ( 1986 -- 1994 ) , Nike ( 1994 -- 2014 ) , and Puma ( from 2014 ) . Like those of most other major football clubs , Arsenal 's shirts have featured sponsors ' logos since the 1980s ; sponsors include JVC ( 1982 -- 1999 ) , Sega ( 1999 -- 2002 ) , O2 ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , and Emirates ( from 2006 ) . Stadiums Manor Ground , Woolwich Arsenal vs. Everton F.C. Before joining the Football League , Arsenal played briefly on Plumstead Common , then at the Manor Ground in Plumstead , then spent three years between 1890 and 1893 at the nearby Invicta Ground . Upon joining the Football League in 1893 , the club returned to the Manor Ground and installed stands and terracing , upgrading it from just a field . Arsenal continued to play their home games there for the next twenty years ( with two exceptions in the 1894 -- 95 season ) , until the move to north London in 1913 . Widely referred to as Highbury , Arsenal Stadium was the club 's home from September 1913 until May 2006 . The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch , and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time , with a single covered stand and three open - air banks of terracing . The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s : new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed , opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively , and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace , which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954 . Highbury could hold more than 60,000 spectators at its peak , and had a capacity of 57,000 until the early 1990s . The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all - seater stadium in time for the 1993 -- 94 season , thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators . This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards , so much so that for two seasons , from 1998 to 2000 , Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley , which could house more than 70,000 spectators . The North Bank Stand , Arsenal Stadium , Highbury Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties . These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century , putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time . After considering various options , in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361 - capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove , since named the Emirates Stadium , about 500 metres south - west of Highbury . The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs , and construction was completed in July 2006 , in time for the start of the 2006 -- 07 season . The stadium was named after its sponsors , the airline company Emirates , with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history , worth around £ 100 million . Some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove , or the Grove , as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names . The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028 , and the airline will be the club 's shirt sponsor until the end of the 2018 -- 19 season . From the start of the 2010 -- 11 season on , the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank , East Stand , West Stand and Clock end . Arsenal 's players train at the Shenley Training Centre in Hertfordshire , a purpose - built facility which opened in 1999 . Before that the club used facilities on a nearby site owned by the University College of London Students ' Union . Until 1961 they had trained at Highbury . Arsenal 's Academy under - 18 teams play their home matches at Shenley , while the reserves play their games at Meadow Park , which is also the home of Boreham Wood F.C. . A panorama of the Emirates Stadium Supporters For more details on this topic , see Arsenal F.C. supporters . Arsenal against rivals Tottenham , known as the North London derby , in November 2010 . Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as `` Gooners '' , the name derived from the team 's nickname , `` The Gunners '' . The fanbase is large and generally loyal , and virtually all home matches sell out ; in 2007 -- 08 Arsenal had the second - highest average League attendance for an English club ( 60,070 , which was 99.5 % of available capacity ) , and , as of 2015 , the third - highest all - time average attendance . Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund , FC Barcelona , Manchester United , Real Madrid , Bayern Munich , and Schalke . The club 's location , adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury , mixed areas such as Islington , Holloway , Highbury , and the adjacent London Borough of Camden , and largely working - class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington , has meant that Arsenal 's supporters have come from a variety of social classes . Much of the Afro - Caribbean support comes from the neighbouring London Borough of Hackney and a large portion of the South Asian Arsenal supporters commute to the stadium from Wembley Park , North West of the capital . Arsenal supporters Like all major English football clubs , Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters ' clubs , including the Arsenal Football Supporters ' Club , which works closely with the club , and the Arsenal Independent Supporters ' Association , which maintains a more independent line . The Arsenal Supporters ' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans . The club 's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner , Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse ! . In addition to the usual English football chants , supporters sing `` One - Nil to the Arsenal '' ( to the tune of `` Go West '' ) . There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London , and since the advent of satellite television , a supporter 's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography . Consequently , Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world ; in 2007 , 24 UK , 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club . A 2011 report by SPORT + MARKT estimated Arsenal 's global fanbase at 113 million . The club 's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014 -- 15 season . Arsenal 's longest - running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbours , Tottenham Hotspur ; matches between the two are referred to as North London derbies . Other rivalries within London include those with Chelsea , Fulham and West Ham United . In addition , Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on - pitch rivalry in the late 1980s , which intensified in recent years when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title -- so much so that a 2003 online poll by the Football Fans Census listed Manchester United as Arsenal 's biggest rivals , followed by Tottenham and Chelsea . A 2008 poll listed the Tottenham rivalry as more important . Ownership and finances For more details on this topic , see Ownership of Arsenal F.C. . The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke . Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007 , and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities , which acquired its first shares off David Dein in August 2007 . Red & White Securities was co-owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London - based financier Farhad Moshiri , though Usmanov bought Moshiri 's stake in 2016 . Kroenke came close to the 30 % takeover threshold in November 2009 , when he increased his holding to 18,594 shares ( 29.9 % ) . In April 2011 , Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell - Smith and Danny Fiszman , taking his shareholding to 62.89 % . As of May 2017 , Kroenke owns 41,721 shares ( 67.05 % ) and Red & White Securities own 18,695 shares ( 30.04 % ) . Ivan Gazidis has been the club 's Chief Executive since 2009 . Arsenal 's parent company , Arsenal Holdings plc , operates as a non-quoted public limited company , whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs . Only 62,219 shares in Arsenal have been issued , and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM ; instead , they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange , a specialist market . On 29 May 2017 , a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of £ 18,000 , which sets the club 's market capitalisation value at approximately £ 1,119.9 m . Most football clubs are n't listed on an exchange , which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult . Consultants Brand Finance valued the club 's brand and intangible assets at $703 m in 2015 , and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand . Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $2.0 billion ( £ 1.4 billion ) in 2016 , ranked second in English football . Research by the Henley Business School also ranked Arsenal second in English football , modelling the club 's value at £ 1.118 billion in 2015 . Arsenal 's financial results for the 2014 -- 15 season show group revenue of £ 344.5 m , with a profit before tax of £ 24.7 m . The footballing core of the business showed a revenue of £ 329.3 m . The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenizes and compares clubs ' annual revenue . They put Arsenal 's footballing revenue at £ 331.3 m ( € 435.5 m ) , ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs . Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as £ 100.4 m , more than any other football stadium in the world . In popular culture Arsenal have appeared in a number of media `` firsts '' . On 22 January 1927 , their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio . A decade later , on 16 September 1937 , an exhibition match between Arsenal 's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live . Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC 's Match of the Day , which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964 . BSkyB 's coverage of Arsenal 's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television . As one of the most successful teams in the country , Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain . They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football - related novels , The Arsenal Stadium Mystery ( 1939 ) , which was made into a film in the same year . The story centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side , one of whose players is poisoned while playing . Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves in the film and manager George Allison was given a speaking part . More recently , the book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby 's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular . Published in 1992 , it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s . The book was twice adapted for the cinema -- the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal 's 1988 -- 89 title win , and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball 's Boston Red Sox . Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and `` boring '' side , especially during the 1970s and 1980s ; many comedians , such as Eric Morecambe , made jokes about this at the team 's expense . The theme was repeated in the 1997 film The Full Monty , in a scene where the lead actors move in a line and raise their hands , deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence 's offside trap , in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine . Another film reference to the club 's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane , in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal 's long - serving full backs -- the right - sided Lee Dixon and the left - sided Nigel Winterburn . In the Community In 1985 , Arsenal founded a community scheme , `` Arsenal in the Community '' , which offered sporting , social inclusion , educational and charitable projects . The club support a number of charitable causes directly and in 1992 established The Arsenal Charitable Trust , which by 2006 had raised more than £ 2 million for local causes . An ex-professional and celebrity football team associated with the club also raised money by playing charity matches . In the 2009 -- 10 season Arsenal announced that they had raised a record breaking £ 818,897 for the Great Ormond Street Hospital Children 's Charity . The original target was £ 500,000 . Save the Children has been Arsenal global charity partner since 2011 and have worked together in numerous projects to improve safety and well - being for vulnerable children in London and abroad . On 3 September 2016 The Arsenal Foundation has donated £ 1m to build football pitches for children in London , Iraq , Jordan and Somalia thanks to The Arsenal Foundation Legends Match against Milan Glorie at the Emirates Stadium . Statistics and Records For more details on this topic , see List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics . Thierry Henry is Arsenal 's record goalscorer , with 228 goals in all competitions . Arsenal 's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football , after Manchester United ( 20 ) and Liverpool ( 18 ) , and they were the first club to reach a seventh and an eighth League Championship . As of May 2016 , they are one of only six teams , the others being Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Manchester City and Leicester City , to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992 . They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies , with 13 . The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession , in 2002 and 2003 , and 2014 and 2015 . Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup `` Doubles '' ( in 1971 , 1998 and 2002 ) , a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United ( in 1994 , 1996 and 1999 ) . They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double , in 1993 . Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League , in 2006 , losing the final 2 -- 1 to Barcelona . Arsenal have one of the best top - flight records in history , having finished below fourteenth only seven times . They have won the second most top flight league matches in English football , and have also accumulated the second most points , whether calculated by two points per win or by the contemporary points value . They have been in the top flight for the most consecutive seasons ( 92 as of 2017 -- 18 ) . Arsenal also have the highest average league finishing position for the 20th century , with an average league placement of 8.5 . Arsenal hold the record for the longest run of unbeaten League matches ( 49 between May 2003 and October 2004 ) . This included all 38 matches of their title - winning 2003 -- 04 season , when Arsenal became only the second club to finish a top - flight campaign unbeaten , after Preston North End ( who played only 22 matches ) in 1888 -- 89 . They also hold the record for the longest top flight win streak . Arsenal set a Champions League record during the 2005 -- 06 season by going ten matches without conceding a goal , beating the previous best of seven set by A.C. Milan . They went a record total stretch of 995 minutes without letting an opponent score ; the streak ended in the final , when Samuel Eto'o scored a 76th - minute equaliser for Barcelona . David O'Leary holds the record for Arsenal appearances , having played 722 first - team matches between 1975 and 1993 . Fellow centre half and former captain Tony Adams comes second , having played 669 times . The record for a goalkeeper is held by David Seaman , with 564 appearances . Thierry Henry is the club 's top goalscorer with 228 goals in all competitions between 1999 and 2012 , having surpassed Ian Wright 's total of 185 in October 2005 . Wright 's record had stood since September 1997 , when he overtook the longstanding total of 178 goals set by winger Cliff Bastin in 1939 . Henry also holds the club record for goals scored in the League , with 175 , a record that had been held by Bastin until February 2006 . Arsenal 's record home attendance is 73,707 , for a UEFA Champions League match against RC Lens on 25 November 1998 at Wembley Stadium , where the club formerly played home European matches because of the limits on Highbury 's capacity . The record attendance for an Arsenal match at Highbury is 73,295 , for a 0 -- 0 draw against Sunderland on 9 March 1935 , while that at Emirates Stadium is 60,161 , for a 2 -- 2 draw with Manchester United on 3 November 2007 . Chart showing Arsenal 's league positions since admission to The Football League in 1893 Players First - team squad As of 31 August 2017 For recent transfers , see 2017 -- 18 Arsenal F.C. season § Transfers . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player DF Mathieu Debuchy DF Per Mertesacker ( captain ) 6 DF Laurent Koscielny ( vice-captain ) 7 FW Alexis Sánchez 8 MF Aaron Ramsey 9 FW Alexandre Lacazette 10 MF Jack Wilshere 11 MF Mesut Özil 12 FW Olivier Giroud 13 GK David Ospina 14 FW Theo Walcott 16 DF Rob Holding 17 FW Alex Iwobi 18 DF Nacho Monreal No . Position Player 19 MF Santi Cazorla 20 DF Shkodran Mustafi 21 DF Calum Chambers 22 MF Jeff Reine - Adélaïde 23 FW Danny Welbeck 24 DF Héctor Bellerín 29 MF Granit Xhaka 30 MF Ainsley Maitland - Niles 31 DF Sead Kolašinac 32 FW Chuba Akpom 33 GK Petr Čech 34 MF Francis Coquelin 35 MF Mohamed Elneny 50 GK Dejan Iliev Out on loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 25 DF Carl Jenkinson ( on loan at Birmingham until the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) 26 GK Emiliano Martínez ( on loan at Getafe until the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) 27 FW Joel Campbell ( on loan at Real Betis until the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) No . Position Player 28 FW Lucas Pérez ( on loan at Deportivo until the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) -- FW Takuma Asano ( on loan at Stuttgart until the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) Under 23s and Under 18s See also : Arsenal F.C. Reserves and Arsenal F.C. Academy Former players For a list of every Arsenal player with 100 or more appearances , see List of Arsenal F.C. players . For record appearance and goalscorer statistics , see Arsenal F.C. records § Player records . Current technical Staff Arsène Wenger , who has been managing Arsenal since 1996 . As of 18 July 2017 . Position Name Manager Arsène Wenger Assistant manager Steve Bould First - team coach Boro Primorac First - team coach Neil Banfield First - team coach Jens Lehmann Goalkeeping coach Gerry Peyton Head of performance Shad Forsythe Fitness coach Berick Kolisić Head of medical services Colin Lewin Club doctor Gary O'Driscoll First - team physiotherapist Ben Ashworth First - team physiotherapist Andrew Rolls First - team physiotherapist James Haycock First team strength and conditioning coach Barry Solan Assistant fitness coach Craig Gant Masseur Darren Page Masseur Chris Harvey Masseur Chris Senior Soft tissue therapist Takahiro Yamamoto Kit manager Vic Akers Assistant kit manager Paul Akers Equipment manager Paul Johnson Performance nutritionist James Collins Senior Football Analyst Ben Knapper First Team Analyst Mark Curtis Football Analyst Assistant Sam Hayball Wenger glares at José Mourinho during one of their many spats , in October 2014 . Managers Main article : List of Arsenal F.C. managers There have been eighteen permanent and five caretaker managers of Arsenal since the appointment of the club 's first professional manager , Thomas Mitchell in 1897 . The club 's longest - serving manager , in terms of both length of tenure and number of games overseen , is Arsène Wenger , who was appointed in 1996 . Wenger is also Arsenal 's only manager from outside the United Kingdom . Two Arsenal managers have died in the job -- Herbert Chapman and Tom Whittaker . Honours Main article : List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics § Honours and achievements See also : Arsenal F.C. seasons , Arsenal F.C. Reserves § Honours , and Arsenal F.C. Academy § Honours English Champions and FA Cups Timeline view discuss edit 1880 -- -- 1890 -- -- 1900 -- -- 1910 -- -- 1920 -- -- 1930 -- -- 1940 -- -- 1950 -- -- 1960 -- -- 1970 -- -- 1980 -- -- 1990 -- -- 2000 -- -- 2010 -- -- Outside FL Second tier WWI WWII 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🏆 English League Champions 🥇 FA Cup Winners As of 28 May 2017 . Seasons in bold are seasons when the club won a Double of the league and FA Cup , or of the FA Cup and League Cup . The 2003 -- 04 season was the only 38 - match league season unbeaten in English football history . A special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season . EFL and Premier League First Division ( until 1992 ) and Premier League Winners ( 13 ) : 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1937 -- 38 , 1947 -- 48 , 1952 -- 53 , 1970 -- 71 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 League Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1986 -- 87 , 1992 -- 93 League Centenary Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1988 ( record ) The FA FA Cup Winners ( 13 ) : 1929 -- 30 , 1935 -- 36 , 1949 -- 50 , 1970 -- 71 , 1978 -- 79 , 1992 -- 93 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ( record ) FA Community Shield ( FA Charity Shield before 2002 ) Winners ( 15 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1933 , 1934 , 1938 , 1948 , 1953 , 1991 ( shared ) , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 UEFA Main article : Arsenal F.C. in European football UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( European Cup Winners ' Cup before 1994 ) Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 -- 94 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1969 -- 70 County fas Main article : List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics § County FAs When the FA Cup was the only national football association competition available to Arsenal , the other football association competitions were County Cups , and they made up many of the competitive matches the club played during a season . Arsenal 's first first - team trophy was a County Cup , the inaugural Kent Senior Cup . After Arsenal joined the Football League in 1893 , the county fixtures declined in importance . Due to the club 's original location within the borders of both the London and Kent Football Associations , Arsenal competed in and won trophies organized by each . Other Main article : List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics § Other Arsenal Women For more details on this topic , see Arsenal Women F.C. . Arsenal Women are the women 's football club affiliated to Arsenal . Founded as Arsenal Ladies F.C. in 1987 by Vic Akers , they turned semi-professional in 2002 and are currently managed by Clair Wheatley . Akers currently holds the role of Honorary President of Arsenal Women . As part of the festivities surrounding their 30th anniversary in 2017 , the club announced that they were changing their formal name to Arsenal Women F.C. , and would use `` Arsenal '' in all references except rare cases where there might be confusion with the men 's side . Arsenal Women are the most successful team in English women 's football . In the 2008 -- 09 season , they won all three major English trophies -- the FA Women 's Premier League , FA Women 's Cup and FA Women 's Premier League Cup , and , as of 2017 , were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women 's Cup or UEFA Women 's Champions League , having won the Cup in the 2006 -- 07 season as part of a unique quadruple . The men 's and women 's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties ; Arsenal Women are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium , though they usually play their home matches at Boreham Wood . At present the women have won 46 trophies in their 30 - year history . Footnotes Jump up ^ Woolwich and Plumstead were officially part of Kent until the creation of the County of London in 1889 . The Arsenal History provides primary sources on the name , first meeting , and first match . Bernard Joy says Danskin was captain at founding . Danskin was made official captain the next month . Jump up ^ It has been alleged that Arsenal 's promotion , on historical grounds rather than merit , was thanks to underhand actions by Norris , who was chairman of the club at the time ; see History of Arsenal F.C. ( 1886 -- 1966 ) for more details . This speculation ranges from political machinations to outright bribery ; no evidence of any wrongdoing has ever been found . A brief account is given in Soar & Tyler . A more detailed account can be found in Spurling . Various primary sources are provided by Andy Kelly . Jump up ^ The new shirts are exhibited in The Arsenal Shirt . Newspaper accounts of the addition of white sleeves are provided by Mark Andrews . The contemporary discussion around the first use of shirt numbers , and its initial trial by Chelsea F.C. , is provided by Neil Glackin . Jump up ^ Graham was banned for a year by the Football Association for his involvement in the scandal after he admitted he had received an `` unsolicited gift '' from Hauge . Jump up ^ These changes have received contemporary attention , and later praise and skepticism . For context of the broader use of science in English football , see Soccer Science . Jump up ^ Several analyses indicate strong league performance across the Wenger period , given Arsenal 's footballing outlays , including a regression analysis on wage bills , regression on transfer spending , regression on both , and a bootstrapping approach for the period 2004 -- 09 . Jump up ^ For a record of all matches participated in by Arsenal , see the AISA Arsenal History Society 's line - ups database . For corroboration , multiple other sources exist . Jump up ^ Although not organised by UEFA , UEFA took over the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1971 and reformed it into the UEFA Cup ( now UEFA Europa League ) . As the official precursor to the UEFA Europa League , it is included here under UEFA . References Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( 21 April 2013 ) . `` Arsenal 's First Game -- The Facts Finally Revealed `` The History of Arsenal '' . www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk . AISA Arsenal History Society . Archived from the original on 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The real capacity of Emirates Stadium '' . www.arsenal.com . The Arsenal Football Club plc . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pietarinen , Heikki ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` England - First Level All - Time Tables '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 . 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Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Joy 2009 , p. 2 . Forward , Arsenal ! Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ; Andrews , Mark ( 13 January 2014 ) . `` How Arsenal 's Name Changed -- Royal Arsenal '' . The Arsenal History . Archived from the original on 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Masters , Roy ( 1995 ) . The Royal Arsenal , Woolwich . Britain in Old Photographs . Strood : Sutton Publishing . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 0894 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Andy ; Andrews , Mark ( 13 January 2014 ) . `` How Arsenal 's Name Changed -- Royal Arsenal '' . The Arsenal History . Archived from the original on 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` 122 years ago today -- Arsenal 's first Silverware `` The History of Arsenal '' . www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` 121 Years ago today -- Royal Arsenal 's last trophy `` The History of Arsenal '' . www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk . Archived from the original on 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ; Andrews , Mark ( 20 January 2014 ) . `` How Arsenal 's Name Changed -- Woolwich Arsenal '' . The Arsenal History . Archived from the original on 5 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Attwood , Kelly & Andrews 2012 , pp. 5 -- 21 . Woolwich Arsenal FC : 1893 -- 1915 The club that changed football Jump up ^ Davis , Sally ( December 2007 ) . `` Woolwich Arsenal 1910 -- the arrival of Hall and Norris '' . www.wrightanddavis.co.uk . Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Attwood , Kelly & Andrews 2012 , p. 112 - 149 . 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Seventy - One Guns : The Year of the First Arsenal Double . Random House . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78057 - 473 - 8 . Jump up ^ Media Group , Arsenal ( 30 June 2008 ) . `` The Managers '' . www.arsenal.com . The Arsenal Football Club plc . Archived from the original on 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( 27 May 2015 ) . `` Arsenal 's Complete FA Cup Final Record '' . The Arsenal History . Archived from the original on 18 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ A 2005 poll of English football fans rated the 1979 FA Cup Final the 15th greatest game of all time . Reference : Winter , Henry ( 19 April 2005 ) . `` Classic final ? More like a classic five minutes '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Martin Keown was the ' fifth ' member of the Back Four , but did n't play for the club between 1986 and 1993 . Smyth , Rob ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Football : Joy of Six : Rob Smyth picks the greatest defences '' . The Guardian . 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The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger hungry for further success '' . BBC Sport. 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Christopher ( 8 December 2008 ) . `` 700 and not out : Arsenal boss Wenger looking to celebrate memorable day at Porto '' . Daily Mail . UK . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Managers '' . Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy . `` Arsenal first team line ups '' . The Arsenal History . Archived from the original on 15 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Honours '' . Arsenal F.C . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ James , Josh . `` Cups of plenty '' . www.arsenal.com . Arsenal . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Complete cup finals '' . Statto Organisation . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal '' . Football Club History Database . Richard Rundle . Archived from the original on 6 November 2009 . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Ross , James M. ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` England -- List of FA Charity / Community Shield Matches '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael J Slade ( 2013 ) . The History of the English Football League : Part One -- 1888 -- 1930 . Strategic Book Publishing . ISBN 1 - 62516 - 183 - 2 . Jump up ^ Joy 2009 . Forward , Arsenal ! Jump up ^ `` AISA Arsenal History Society '' . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special trophy for Gunners '' . BBC Sport. 18 May 2004 . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Arsenal Football Club . `` Arsenal Women '' . Women 's History . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clare Wheatley '' . Arsenal FC . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Arsenal Football Club . `` Important update from our women 's team '' . Arsenal Women . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Ladies Honours '' . Arsenal F.C . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Mawhinney , Stuart ( 7 May 2007 ) . `` Arsenal clinch quadruple '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Boreham Wood '' . Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Arsenal Football Club . `` Arsenal Women '' . Women 's History . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Further reading Attwood , Tony ; Kelly , Andy ; Andrews , Mark ( 1 August 2012 ) . Woolwich Arsenal FC : 1893 -- 1915 The club that changed football ( First ed . ) . First and Best in Education . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86083 - 787 - 6 . Callow , Nick ( 11 April 2013 ) . The Official Little Book of Arsenal . Carlton Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84732 - 680 - 5 . Castle , Ian ( 30 August 2012 ) . Arsenal . FeedaRead.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78176 - 752 - 8 . Cross , John ( 17 September 2015 ) . Arsene Wenger : The Inside Story of Arsenal Under Wenger . Simon & Schuster UK . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4711 - 3793 - 8 . Elkin , James ; Shakeshaft , Simon ( 1 November 2014 ) . The Arsenal Shirt : Iconic Match Worn Shirts from the History of the Gunners . Vision Sports Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909534 - 26 - 1 . Fynn , Alex ; Whitcher , Kevin ( 18 August 2011 ) . Arsènal : The Making of a Modern Superclub ( 3rd ed . ) . Vision Sports Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907637 - 31 - 5 . Glanville , Brian ( 2011 ) . Arsenal Football Club : From Woolwich to Whittaker . GCR Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9559211 - 7 - 9 . Hayes , Dean ( 2007 ) . Arsenal : The Football Facts . John Blake . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84454 - 433 - 2 . Hornby , Nick ( 1992 ) . Fever Pitch . Indigo . ISBN 978 - 0 - 575 - 40015 - 3 . Joy , Bernard ( 2009 ) ( First Published 1952 ) . Forward , Arsenal ! ( Republished ed . ) . GCR Books Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9559211 - 1 - 7 . Lane , David ( 28 August 2014 ) . Arsenal ' Til I Die : The Voices of Arsenal FC Supporters . Meyer & Meyer Sport . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78255 - 038 - 9 . Maidment , Jem ( 2008 ) . The Official Arsenal Encyclopedia : A Comprehensive A-Z of London 's Most Successful Club ( revised ed . ) . Hamlyn . ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 61888 - 1 . Mangan , Andrew ; Lawrence , Amy ; Auclair , Philippe ; Allen , Andrew ( 7 December 2011 ) . So Paddy Got Up : An Arsenal anthology . Portnoy Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9569813 - 7 - 0 . Roper , Alan ( 1 November 2003 ) . Real Arsenal Story : In the Days of Gog . Wherry Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9546259 - 0 - 0 . Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 3 October 2011 ) . Arsenal 125 Years in the Making : The Official Illustrated History 1886 -- 2011 . Hamlyn . ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 62353 - 3 . Sowman , John ; Wilson , Bob ( 18 January 2016 ) . Arsenal : The Long Sleep 1953 -- 1970 : A view from the terrace . Hamilton House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86083 - 837 - 8 . Spragg , Iain ; Clarke , Adrian ( 8 October 2015 ) . The Official Arsenal FC Book of Records ( 2 ed . ) . Carlton Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78097 - 668 - 6 . Spurling , Jon ( 2 November 2012 ) . Rebels for the Cause : The Alternative History of Arsenal Football Club ( New ed . ) . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78057 - 486 - 8 . Spurling , Jon ( 21 August 2014 ) . Highbury : The Story of Arsenal In N. 5 . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4091 - 5306 - 1 . Stammers , Steve ( 7 November 2008 ) . Arsenal : The Official Biography : The Compelling Story of an Amazing Club ( First ed . ) . Hamlyn . ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 61892 - 8 . Wall , Bob ( 1969 ) . Arsenal from the Heart . Souvenir Press Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 285 - 50261 - 1 . Watt , Tom ( 13 October 1995 ) . The End : 80 Years of Life on the Terraces . Mainstream Publishing Company , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85158 - 793 - 3 . Whittaker , Tom ; Peskett , Roy ( 1957 ) . Tom Whittaker 's Arsenal Story ( First ed . ) . Sporting Handbooks . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Arsenal F.C. '' dated 2007 - 04 - 15 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arsenal F.C. . Wikinews has news related to : Arsenal F.C. Official websites Official website Arsenal at the Premier League official website Arsenal at the UEFA official website News sites Arsenal on BBC Sport : Club news -- Recent results -- Upcoming fixtures Arsenal news from Sky Sports Other Arsenal F.C. companies grouped at OpenCorporates Arsenal Football Club Players Managers Seasons Records & statistics Supporters Ownership Current season History 1886 to 1966 1966 to present Europe Home stadium Manor Ground ( 1888 -- 1890 & 1893 -- 1913 ) Invicta Ground ( 1890 -- 93 ) Highbury ( 1913 -- 2006 ) Emirates Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Training ground UCL Ground London Colney Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Other teams Reserves Arsenal Academy Arsenal Women Rivalries League record by opponent North London derby Chelsea rivalry Manchester United rivalry Media Arsenal TV The Arsenal Stadium Mystery The Gooner Fever Pitch Related articles Arsenal Supporters ' Trust The Invincibles Tuesday Club Affiliated academies Barnet F.C. Colorado Rapids Hoang Anh Gia Lai Richmond Strikers Wadi Degla Sporting Club Book : Arsenal F.C. Category : Arsenal F.C. Portal : Association football Arsenal task force Commons : Arsenal F.C. Links to related articles Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Former members of the G - 14 ( 2000 -- 2008 ) 2000 -- 2008 Ajax Barcelona Bayern Munich Borussia Dortmund Internazionale Juventus Liverpool Manchester United Marseille Milan Paris Saint - Germain Porto PSV Eindhoven Real Madrid 2002 -- 2008 Arsenal Bayer Leverkusen Lyon Valencia UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup winners Winners 1960 -- 61 : Fiorentina 1961 -- 62 : Atlético Madrid 1962 -- 63 : Tottenham Hotspur 1963 -- 64 : Sporting CP 1964 -- 65 : West Ham United 1965 -- 66 : Borussia Dortmund 1966 -- 67 : Bayern Munich 1967 -- 68 : Milan 1968 -- 69 : Slovan Bratislava 1969 -- 70 : Manchester City 1970 -- 71 : Chelsea 1971 -- 72 : Rangers 1972 -- 73 : Milan 1973 -- 74 : Magdeburg 1974 -- 75 : Dynamo Kyiv 1975 -- 76 : Anderlecht 1976 -- 77 : Hamburg 1977 -- 78 : Anderlecht 1978 -- 79 : Barcelona 1979 -- 80 : Valencia 1980 -- 81 : Dinamo Tbilisi 1981 -- 82 : Barcelona 1982 -- 83 : Aberdeen 1983 -- 84 : Juventus 1984 -- 85 : Everton 1985 -- 86 : Dynamo Kyiv 1986 -- 87 : Ajax 1987 -- 88 : Mechelen 1988 -- 89 : Barcelona 1989 -- 90 : Sampdoria 1990 -- 91 : Manchester United 1991 -- 92 : Werder Bremen 1992 -- 93 : Parma 1993 -- 94 : Arsenal 1994 -- 95 : Real Zaragoza 1995 -- 96 : Paris Saint - Germain 1996 -- 97 : Barcelona 1997 -- 98 : Chelsea 1998 -- 99 : Lazio Inter-Cities Fairs Cup winners Winners 1955 -- 58 : Barcelona 1958 -- 60 : Barcelona 1960 -- 61 : Roma 1961 -- 62 : Valencia 1962 -- 63 : Valencia 1963 -- 64 : Real Zaragoza 1964 -- 65 : Ferencváros 1965 -- 66 : Barcelona 1966 -- 67 : Dinamo Zagreb 1967 -- 68 : Leeds United 1968 -- 69 : Newcastle United 1969 -- 70 : Arsenal 1970 -- 71 : Leeds United Football in London League teams ( tiers 1 -- 4 ) Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Brentford Fulham Millwall Queens Park Rangers AFC Wimbledon Charlton Athletic Barnet Non-League teams ( tiers 5 -- 8 ) 5 Bromley Dagenham & Redbridge Leyton Orient Sutton United 6 Hampton & Richmond Borough Wealdstone Welling United 7 Dulwich Hamlet Enfield Town Harrow Borough Hendon Tooting & Mitcham United Wingate & Finchley 8 A.F.C. Hornchurch Barking Carshalton Athletic Corinthian - Casuals Cray Wanderers Greenwich Borough Hanwell Town Haringey Borough Hayes & Yeading United Northwood Phoenix Sports Uxbridge VCD Athletic Rivalries London derbies Arsenal -- Chelsea Millwall -- West Ham North South East West Cup competitions London Senior Cup London Intermediate Cup London Junior Cup London Charity Cup ( defunct ) London Challenge Cup ( defunct ) See also The Football Combination London Football Association London XI London League ( defunct ) West London League ( defunct ) Association football portal English football portal London portal VIAF : 168061423 LCCN : n50002800 GND : 10114841 - 0 SUDOC : 167236431 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenal_F.C.&oldid=801457268 '' Categories : Arsenal F.C. Association football clubs established in 1886 Companies formerly listed on the Alternative Investment Market FA Cup winners Football clubs in England Football clubs in London Former Football League clubs EFL Cup winners G - 14 clubs Premier League clubs 1886 establishments in England Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2017 Use British English from May 2013 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats OpenCorporates groupings Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 19 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many premier league titles has arsenal won
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"Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Highbury, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles, a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, the League Centenary Trophy, 15 FA Community Shields, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It has won more top flight matches than any English club except Liverpool,[3] and has completed the only 38 match season unbeaten."
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List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo
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List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo - wikipedia List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo Jump to : navigation , search Ronaldo playing for Portugal in 2016 This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Buildings Airport renamed after Ronaldo Museu CR7 Cristiano Ronaldo is the all - time top goalscorer for the Portugal national football team and has the most goals among currently active players . As of 3 September 2017 , he has scored 78 goals in 145 appearances since his debut on 20 August 2003 . On 5 March 2014 , he netted twice in Portugal 's 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon to take his tally to 49 goals , thus becoming his country 's all - time leading goalscorer , surpassing the 47 set by Pauleta . On 14 November 2014 , he scored the only goal in a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Armenia , his 23rd in European Championship matches . This surpassed the record previously held by Turkey 's Hakan Şükür and Denmark 's Jon Dahl Tomasson . He has scored five international hat - tricks and one double brace . Ronaldo has participated in eight major tournaments : four UEFA European Championships in 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 , three FIFA World Cups in 2006 , 2010 and 2014 , and one FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017 , becoming the only player to score in all eight events participated in . Following Portugal 's win at UEFA Euro 2016 , Ronaldo lifted the trophy as his team 's captain , and was also awarded the Silver Boot as one of the second - highest goalscorers of the tournament , with three goals and three assists ; he was also named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career . With this victory , Portugal won their first major tournament , while Ronaldo won his first trophy with his national team . He has a total of 9 goals at European Championships , 3 at the World Cup and 2 at the Confederations Cup . Ronaldo has scored 29 goals in World Cup qualifiers , and 20 in European qualifiers . His other 15 goals have come in friendly matches . The opponents against whom he has scored most often are Armenia , Latvia and Sweden with 5 goals . He has scored 9 international goals at Lisbon 's Estádio da Luz , his most at a single ground . Contents ( hide ) 1 Goals 2 Statistics 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Goals ( edit ) As of 31 August 2017 Scores and results list Portugal 's goal tally first . Goal Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 12 June 2004 Estádio do Dragão , Porto , Portugal Greece 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 UEFA Euro 2004 30 June 2004 Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon , Portugal Netherlands 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2004 4 September 2004 Skonto Stadium , Riga , Latvia Latvia 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 8 September 2004 Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa , Leiria , Portugal Estonia 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 5 13 October 2004 Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon , Portugal Russia 2 -- 0 7 -- 1 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 6 4 -- 0 7 17 November 2004 Stade Josy Barthel , Luxembourg , Luxembourg Luxembourg 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 8 4 June 2005 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon , Portugal Slovakia 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 9 8 June 2005 A. Le Coq Arena , Tallinn , Estonia Estonia 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 10 1 March 2006 LTU Arena , Düsseldorf , Germany Saudi Arabia 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 Friendly 11 3 -- 0 12 17 June 2006 Waldstadion , Frankfurt , Germany Iran 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2006 FIFA World Cup 13 7 October 2006 Estádio do Bessa , Porto , Portugal Azerbaijan 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualification 14 3 -- 0 15 15 November 2006 Estádio Cidade de Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal Kazakhstan 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualification 16 24 March 2007 Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon , Portugal Belgium 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualification 17 4 -- 0 18 22 August 2007 Hanrapetakan Stadium , Yerevan , Armenia Armenia 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2008 qualification 19 8 September 2007 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon , Portugal Poland 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 UEFA Euro 2008 qualification 20 17 October 2007 Almaty Central Stadium , Almaty , Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2008 qualification 21 11 June 2008 Stade de Genève , Geneva , Switzerland Czech Republic 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2008 22 11 February 2009 Estádio Algarve , Faro , Portugal Finland 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Friendly 23 21 June 2010 Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town , South Africa North Korea 6 -- 0 7 -- 0 2010 FIFA World Cup 24 8 October 2010 Estádio do Dragão , Porto , Portugal Denmark 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2012 qualification 25 12 October 2010 Laugardalsvöllur , Reykjavík , Iceland Iceland 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2012 qualification 26 9 February 2011 Stade de Genève , Geneva , Switzerland Argentina 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 Friendly 27 10 August 2011 Estádio Algarve , Faro , Portugal Luxembourg 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 Friendly 28 2 September 2011 GSP Stadium , Nicosia , Cyprus Cyprus 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualification 29 2 -- 0 30 11 October 2011 Parken Stadium , Copenhagen , Denmark Denmark 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 UEFA Euro 2012 qualification 31 15 November 2011 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon , Portugal Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 -- 0 6 -- 2 UEFA Euro 2012 qualification 32 3 -- 1 33 17 June 2012 Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv , Ukraine Netherlands 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2012 34 2 -- 1 35 21 June 2012 National Stadium , Warsaw , Poland Czech Republic 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2012 36 15 August 2012 Estádio Algarve , Faro , Portugal Panama 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 37 7 September 2012 Stade Josy Barthel , Luxembourg , Luxembourg Luxembourg 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 38 6 February 2013 Estádio D. Afonso Henriques , Guimarães , Portugal Ecuador 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 Friendly 39 10 June 2013 Stade de Genève , Geneva , Switzerland Croatia 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Friendly 40 14 August 2013 Estádio Algarve , Faro , Portugal Netherlands 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 Friendly 41 6 September 2013 Windsor Park , Belfast , Northern Ireland Northern Ireland 2 -- 2 4 -- 2 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 42 3 -- 2 43 4 -- 2 44 15 November 2013 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon , Portugal Sweden 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 45 19 November 2013 Friends Arena , Solna , Sweden Sweden 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 46 2 -- 2 47 3 -- 2 48 5 March 2014 Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa , Leiria , Portugal Cameroon 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 Friendly 49 5 -- 1 50 26 June 2014 Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha , Brasília , Brazil Ghana 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2014 FIFA World Cup 51 14 October 2014 Parken Stadium , Copenhagen , Denmark Denmark 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualification 52 14 November 2014 Estádio Algarve , Faro , Portugal Armenia 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualification 53 13 June 2015 Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium , Yerevan , Armenia Armenia 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 UEFA Euro 2016 qualification 54 2 -- 1 55 3 -- 1 56 29 March 2016 Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa , Leiria , Portugal Belgium 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 Friendly 57 8 June 2016 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon , Portugal Estonia 1 -- 0 7 -- 0 Friendly 58 3 -- 0 59 22 June 2016 Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Lyon , France Hungary 2 -- 2 3 -- 3 UEFA Euro 2016 60 3 -- 3 61 6 July 2016 Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Lyon , France Wales 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 62 7 October 2016 Estádio Municipal de Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal Andorra 1 -- 0 6 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 63 2 -- 0 64 4 -- 0 65 5 -- 0 66 10 October 2016 Tórsvøllur , Tórshavn , Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 4 -- 0 6 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 67 13 November 2016 Estádio Algarve , Faro , Portugal Latvia 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 68 3 -- 1 69 25 March 2017 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon , Portugal Hungary 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 70 3 -- 0 71 28 March 2017 Estádio do Marítimo , Funchal , Portugal Sweden 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 Friendly 72 9 June 2017 Skonto Stadium , Riga , Latvia Latvia 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 73 2 -- 0 74 21 June 2017 Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow , Russia Russia 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 75 24 June 2017 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg , Russia New Zealand 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 76 31 August 2017 Estádio do Bessa , Porto , Portugal Faroe Islands 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 77 2 -- 0 78 4 -- 1 Statistics ( edit ) Updated to game played 3 September 2017 . Goals by year Year Caps Goals 2003 0 16 7 2005 11 2006 14 6 2007 10 5 2008 8 2009 7 11 2011 8 7 2012 13 5 2013 9 10 2014 9 5 2015 2016 13 13 2017 9 10 Total 145 78 Caps and goals by competition Competition Caps Goals Friendlies 44 15 UEFA Euro qualifying 27 20 UEFA Euro Finals 21 9 FIFA World Cup qualification 36 29 FIFA World Cup Finals 13 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals Total 145 78 Goals by opposition Opposition Goals Armenia 5 Sweden 5 Latvia 5 Netherlands Estonia Andorra Hungary Faroe Islands Luxembourg Northern Ireland Denmark Belgium Russia Saudi Arabia Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Cyprus Bosnia and Herzegovina Czech Republic Cameroon Greece Slovakia Iran Poland Finland North Korea Iceland Argentina Panama Ecuador Croatia Ghana Wales New Zealand Total 78 See also ( edit ) List of men 's association football players with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Records come naturally to me , says Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` European Championship 's all - time top scorers '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.pt . Portuguese Football Federation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Association football portal Portugal portal Official website Cristiano Ronaldo -- FPF competition record List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo -- UEFA competition record List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo -- FIFA competition record List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo at National-Football-Teams.com List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_international_goals_scored_by_Cristiano_Ronaldo&oldid=798788747 '' Categories : History of the Portugal national football team Career achievements of association football players Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata UEFA player ID not in Wikidata FIFA player ID not in Wikidata NFT template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 20 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many goals does ronaldo have in portugal
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-848806275380792256
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Chief Justice of India
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Chief Justice of India - wikipedia Chief Justice of India Chief Justice of India Emblem of the Supreme Court of India Incumbent Justice Dipak Misra since 28 August 2017 Supreme Court Abbreviation CJI Seat New Delhi Nominator Collegium of the Supreme Court Appointer President of India Term length till the age of 65 yrs Constituting instrument Constitution of India ( under Article 124 ) Formation 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 ) First holder Justice H.J. Kania ( 26 January 1950 -- 6 November 1951 ) Salary ₹ 280,000 ( US $4,200 ) ( per month ) Website Supreme Court of India This article is part of a series on Judiciary of India Law of India Administration ( show ) Ministry of Law and Justice Department of Legal Affairs Legislative Department Department of Justice Law Commission of India Civil courts ( show ) Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India Judges of the supreme court High courts in India Chief justices of high courts in India Judges of high courts District courts / additional district judge 's courts Civil judge ( sr . division ) 's courts Civil judge ( jr . division ) 's courts Criminal courts ( show ) Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India Judges of the supreme court High courts in India Chief justices of high courts in India Judges of high courts Session courts / courts of additional sessions judge Courts of assistant sessions judges Chief judicial magistrates Additional chief judicial magistrates Chief metropolitan magistrates Judicial magistrate of first classs / metropolitan magistrates Special judicial magistrates Judicial magistrate of second classs Courts of executive magistrates ( show ) Divisional commissioners District magistrates Additional district magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Special executive magistrates Legal profession ( show ) Bar Council Attorney General of India Solicitor General of India Additional solicitors general Advocates in India All India Bar Examination Legal education ( show ) Legal education in India Autonomous law schools in India List of law schools in India The Chief Justice of India ( CJI ) is the head of the judiciary of India and the Supreme Court of India . The CJI also heads their administrative functions . As head of the supreme court , the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law . In accordance with Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme Court Rules of Procedure of 1966 , the Chief Justice allocates all work to the other judges who are bound to refer the matter back to him or her ( for re-allocation ) in any case where they require it to be looked into by a larger bench of more judges . On the administrative side , the Chief Justice carries out the following functions : maintenance of the roster ; appointment of court officials and general and miscellaneous matters relating to the supervision and functioning of the Supreme Court . It has been an unbroken convention for decades now , to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI . The present CJI is Justice Dipak Misra and is the 45th CJI since January 1950 , the year the Constitution came into effect and the supreme court came into being . He succeeded Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar on 28 August 2017 and will remain in office till 2 October 2018 , the day he retires on turning 65 years in age . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appointment 2 Removal 3 Acting President 4 List of Chief Justices of India 5 Remuneration 6 References 7 External links Appointment ( edit ) Article 124 of the Constitution of India provides for the manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court . Though no specific provision exists in the Constitution for appointing the Chief Justice , who , as a result , is appointed like the other judges conventionally , the outgoing CJI recommends the name of the senior-most judge ( i.e. by date of appointment to the Supreme Court ) for appointment by the President of India , as his successor . Removal ( edit ) Article 124 ( 4 ) of Constitution of India lays down the procedure for removal of a Judge of Supreme Court which is applicable to Chief Justice as well . Once appointed , the Chief Justice remains in the office until the age of 65 years . He can be removed only through a process of impeachment by Parliament as follows : A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members of that House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity . -- Article 124 ( 4 ) , Constitution of India , Acting President ( edit ) The President ( Discharge of Functions ) Act , 1969 of India provides that the Chief Justice of India ( CJI ) shall act as the President of India in the event of the offices of both the President and the Vice President being vacant . When President Zakir Hussain died in office , the Vice President V.V. Giri , acted as the President . Later , Mr. Giri resigned as the Vice President . The CJI , Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah then became the acting President of India . The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court became the acting CJI . When the newly elected President took office a month later , Justice Hidayatullah reverted as the Chief Justice of India List of Chief Justices of India ( edit ) Main article : List of Chief Justices of India Remuneration ( edit ) The Constitution of India gives the power of deciding remuneration as well as other conditions of service of the Chief Justice to the Parliament of India . Accordingly , such provisions have been laid down in The Supreme Court Judges ( Salaries and Conditions of Service ) Act , 1958 . This remuneration was revised in 2006 - 2008 , after the sixth central pay commission 's recommendation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of India - CJI & Sitting Judges '' . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of India Retired Hon'ble the Chief Justices ' of India '' . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court , High Court judges get nearly 200 % salary hike '' . The Hindustan Times . 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Narasimham , RL , Justice ( CJ , Orissa H.C. ) . `` Chief Justice Sinha - A Review of Some of His Decisions ( page 5 of 8 ) '' ( PDF ) . Indian Law Institute . Jump up ^ Saxena , Namit ( 23 December 2016 ) . `` New Captain Of The Ship , Change In Sailing Rules Soon ? '' . Live Law . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Alok ( 26 November 2010 ) . `` How India missed getting its first woman Chief Justice India '' . Critical Twenties . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article 124 , Constitution of India '' . Vakilno1.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Venkatesan , J. ( 4 November 2015 ) . `` TS Thakur to succeed HL Dattu as new Chief Justice of India '' . Asian Age . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seniority as the Norm to Appoint India 's Chief Justice is a Dubious Convention '' . The WIre . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 '' ( PDF ) . PRS India . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Judges ( Salaries and Conditions of Service ) Act 1958 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/vikas_doc/docs/1241592662~~1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf External links ( edit ) Official website of Supreme Court of India Photo Gallery of Former Chief Justices of India hide Judiciary of India Supreme Court Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India List of Chief Justices of India List of sitting judges High Courts High Courts of India Chief Justices of High Courts of India District Courts District Courts of India List of district courts of India Judicial Magistrate of First Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class Gram Nyayalayas Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Constitution Constitution of India Law of India Indian Penal Code Appointment of Judges National Judicial Appointments Commission Collegium System Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_India&oldid=847885046 '' Categories : Lists of judges Supreme Court of India Indian judges Chief Justices of India Lists of Indian people Law lists by country Judiciary of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् Simple English தமிழ் తెలుగు 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 13 : 02 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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impeachment of chief justice of india under which article
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"Article 124(4) of Constitution of India lays down the procedure for removal of a Judge of Supreme Court which is applicable to Chief Justice as well. Once appointed, the Chief Justice remains in the office until the age of 65 years. He can be removed only through a process of impeachment by Parliament as follows:\n"
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"Article 124(4)"
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Jane Darwell
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Jane Darwell - wikipedia Jane Darwell Jump to : navigation , search Jane Darwell In The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) Patti Woodard ( 1879 - 10 - 15 ) October 15 , 1879 Palmyra , Marion County Missouri , U.S. August 13 , 1967 ( 1967 - 08 - 13 ) ( aged 87 ) Woodland Hills , California , U.S. Cause of death Myocardial infarction Resting place Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale , California Occupation Actress Years active 1913 -- 1964 Jane Darwell ( born Patti Woodard , October 15 , 1879 -- August 13 , 1967 ) was an American actress of stage , film , and television . With appearances in more than one hundred major motion pictures spanning half a century , Darwell is perhaps best - remembered for her portrayal of the matriarch and leader of the Joad family in the film adaptation of John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath , for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , and her role as the Bird Woman in Disney 's musical family film , Mary Poppins . Darwell has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 `` Woodard '' or `` Woodward '' ? 2 Career 3 Death 4 Partial filmography 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Born to William Robert Woodard , president of the Louisville Southern Railroad , and Ellen Booth in Palmyra in Marion County in northeastern Missouri , she originally intended to become a circus rider , then later an opera singer . Her father objected , however , and she compromised by becoming an actress but changed her name to Darwell to avoid sullying the family name . The Jane Darwell Birthplace was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 . `` Woodard '' or `` Woodward '' ? ( edit ) Some sources give Darwell 's birth name as Patti Woodward . They include Women in World History : A Biographical Encyclopedia , Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors : From the silent era to 1965 , Missouri Biographical Dictionary , Screen World 1968 , The New Biographical Dictionary of Film , and Dictionary of Missouri Biography . Career ( edit ) Darwell in the play A Doll 's House , 1945 . She took up voice culture and the piano followed by a course in dramatics . At one point , she decided to enter a convent but instead changed her mind and became an actress . Darwell began acting in theater productions in Chicago and made her first film appearance in 1913 . She appeared in almost twenty films over the next two years before returning to the stage . After a 15 - year absence from films , she resumed her film career in 1930 with a role in Tom Sawyer , and her career as a Hollywood character actress began . Short , stout , and plain , she was quickly cast in a succession of films usually as the mother of one of the major characters . She also appeared in five Shirley Temple films , usually as the housekeeper or grandmother . She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress as `` Ma Joad '' in The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) , a role she was given at the insistence of the film 's star , Henry Fonda . A contract player with 20th Century Fox , Darwell was memorably cast in The Ox - Bow Incident , and occasionally starred in `` B '' movies and played featured parts in scores of major films . Darwell had noted appearances on the stage as well ; in 1944 , she was popular in the stage comedy Suds in Your Eye , in which she played an Irishwoman who had inherited a junkyard . By the end of her career she had appeared in more than 170 films , including Huckleberry Finn ( 1931 ) , Jesse James ( 1939 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) , The Ox - Bow Incident ( 1943 ) , and My Darling Clementine ( 1946 ) . Darwell was among the guest stars on an episode of Faye Emerson 's Wonderful Town , a variety television series which aired on CBS from 1951 to 1952 in which hostess Faye Emerson visits a different city each week to accent the local music . In 1954 , Darwell appeared with Andy Clyde in the episode `` Santa 's Old Suit '' of the series , The Pepsi - Cola Playhouse . This same episode was re-run the following Christmas 1955 on Studio 57 . In 1959 , she appeared with child actor Roger Mobley in the episode `` Mr. Rush 's Secretary '' on the NBC western series , Buckskin , starring Tom Nolan and Sally Brophy . She guest starred on John Bromfield 's crime drama in a modern western setting , Sheriff of Cochise . On July 27 , 1961 , Darwell appeared as `` Grandmother McCoy '' in an episode of the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys . In the story line , the series characters played by Walter Brennan , Richard Crenna , and Kathleen Nolan return to fictitious Smokey Corners , West Virginia for Grandmother McCoy 's 100th birthday gathering . Darwell was fifteen years older than `` son '' , Walter Brennan . Pat Buttram and Henry Jones appeared in this episode as Cousin Carl and Jed McCoy , respectively . Darwell 's final role as the old woman feeding the birds in Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) was personally assigned to her by Walt Disney . On February 8 , 1960 , Darwell received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the motion - picture industry ; it is located at 6735 Hollywood Boulevard . Death ( edit ) In her last years , Darwell 's health was poor . It took personal persuasion from Walt Disney for her to appear in Disney 's Mary Poppins as she was , by then , tired , frail and in her middle eighties . Darwell died August 13 , 1967 , at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills , from a myocardial infarction at the age of 87 . She is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . Partial filmography ( edit ) Brewster 's Millions ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Dan De Mille The Master Mind ( 1914 ) as Milwaukee Sadie The Only Son ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Brainerd The Man on the Box ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Chadwick Ready Money ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Tyler Rose of the Rancho ( 1914 ) as Senora Castro Kenton / Juanita 's Mother The Goose Girl ( 1915 ) After Five ( 1915 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1930 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1931 ) Back Street ( 1932 ) Hot Saturday ( 1932 ) Women Wo n't Tell ( 1932 ) Child of Manhattan ( 1933 ) Air Hostess ( 1933 ) Design for Living ( 1933 ) as Curtis ' Housekeeper Bondage ( 1933 ) Heat Lightning ( 1934 ) Once to Every Woman ( 1934 ) Let 's Talk It Over ( 1934 ) Change of Heart ( 1934 ) The White Parade ( 1934 ) Bright Eyes ( 1934 ) Tomorrow 's Youth ( 1935 ) One More Spring ( 1935 ) Life Begins at 40 ( 1935 ) Curly Top ( 1935 ) Navy Wife ( 1935 ) Captain January ( 1936 ) The Poor Little Rich Girl ( 1936 ) Craig 's Wife ( 1936 ) Ramona ( 1936 ) Private Number ( 1936 ) Slave Ship ( 1937 ) Nancy Steele Is Missing ! ( 1937 ) The Great Hospital Mystery ( 1937 ) The Singing Marine ( 1937 ) Wife , Doctor and Nurse ( 1937 ) The Jury 's Secret ( 1938 ) Three Blind Mice ( 1938 ) Little Miss Broadway ( 1938 ) Up the River ( 1938 ) The Zero Hour ( 1939 ) The Rains Came ( 1939 ) Jesse James ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Merriwether The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) as Ma Joad Youth Will Be Served ( 1940 ) as Supervisor Stormer Untamed ( 1940 ) Private Nurse ( 1941 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) Thieves Fall Out ( 1941 ) as Grandma Allen All Through the Night ( 1942 ) as Mrs. ' Ma ' Donahue The Great Gildersleeve ( 1942 ) Highways by Night ( 1942 ) as Grandma Fogarty The Ox - Bow Incident ( 1943 ) Tender Comrade ( 1943 ) as Mrs. Henderson Reckless Age ( 1944 ) as Mrs. Connors The Impatient Years ( 1944 ) as Minister 's Wife Music in Manhattan ( 1944 ) as Mrs. Pearson She 's a Sweetheart ( 1944 ) as Mom Sunday Dinner for a Soldier ( 1944 ) as Mrs. Helen Dobson I Live in Grosvenor Square ( 1945 ) as Mrs. Patterson Captain Tugboat Annie ( 1945 ) as Tugboat Annie The Dark Horse ( 1946 ) as Aunt Hattie Three Wise Fools ( 1946 ) as Sister Mary Brigid My Darling Clementine ( 1946 ) as Kate Nelson Keeper of the Bees ( 1947 ) as Mrs. Ferris The Red Stallion ( 1947 ) as Mrs. Aggie Curtis Train to Alcatraz ( 1948 ) as Aunt Ella 3 Godfathers ( 1948 ) as Miss Florie Red Canyon ( 1949 ) as Aunt Jane The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Murphy Wagon Master ( 1950 ) as Sister Ledyard Caged ( 1950 ) as Isolation Matron Surrender ( 1950 ) as Molly Hale Redwood Forest Trail ( 1950 ) as Hattie Hickory Three Husbands ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Wurdeman The Second Face ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Lockridge Father 's Wild Game ( 1950 ) as Minverva Bobbin The Lemon Drop Kid ( 1951 ) as Nellie Thursday Excuse My Dust ( 1951 ) as Mrs. Belden Journey Into Light ( 1951 ) as Mack We 're Not Married ! ( 1952 ) as Mrs. Bush The Sun Shines Bright ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Aurora Ratchitt It Happens Every Thursday ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Eva Spatch Affair With a Stranger ( 1953 ) as Ma Stanton The Bigamist ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Connelley Hit the Deck ( 1955 ) as Jenny There 's Always Tomorrow ( 1955 ) as Mrs. Rogers A Life at Stake ( 1955 ) as Landlady Girls in Prison ( 1956 ) as Matron Jamieson The Last Hurrah ( 1958 ) as Delia Boylan Hound - Dog Man ( 1959 ) as Granndma Wilson Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) as The Bird Woman See also ( edit ) List of actors with Academy Award nominations Biography portal Missouri portal California portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Obituary Variety , August 16 , 1967 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( 1967 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Jane Darwell , 87 , Actress , Is Dead '' ( PDF , fee required ) . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Morgan , Barbara . `` Darwell , Jane ( 1879 -- 1967 ) '' . Encyclopedia.com . Gale Research , Inc . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Monush , Barry ( 2003 ) . Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors : From the silent era to 1965 . Hal Leonard Corporation . pp. 174 -- 175 . ISBN 9781557835512 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Onofrio , Jan ( 2001 ) . Missouri Biographical Dictionary . Somerset Publishers , Inc. p. 197 . ISBN 9780403095988 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Willis , John ( 1968 ) . Screen World 1968 . Biblo & Tannen Publishers . p. 230 . ISBN 9780819603098 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 2014 ) . The New Biographical Dictionary of Film . ALFRED A KNOPF . p. 251 . ISBN 9780375711848 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Lawrence O. ; Foley , William E. ; Kremer , Gary ( 1999 ) . Dictionary of Missouri Biography . University of Missouri Press . p. 230 . ISBN 9780826260161 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MovieActors.com '' . Jump up ^ `` '' Back to West Virginny `` , The Real McCoys , July 27 , 1961 '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Darwell Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . www.walkoffame.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Darwell '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Darwell ( 1879 - 1967 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jane Darwell . Jane Darwell on IMDb Jane Darwell at the Internet Broadway Database Jane Darwell at Find a Grave ( hide ) Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 1936 -- 1950 Gale Sondergaard ( 1936 ) Alice Brady ( 1937 ) Fay Bainter ( 1938 ) Hattie McDaniel ( 1939 ) Jane Darwell ( 1940 ) Mary Astor ( 1941 ) Teresa Wright ( 1942 ) Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Ethel Barrymore ( 1944 ) Anne Revere ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Claire Trevor ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Gloria Grahame ( 1952 ) Donna Reed ( 1953 ) Eva Marie Saint ( 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( 1955 ) Dorothy Malone ( 1956 ) Miyoshi Umeki ( 1957 ) Wendy Hiller ( 1958 ) Shelley Winters ( 1959 ) Shirley Jones ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Patty Duke ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Lila Kedrova ( 1964 ) Shelley Winters ( 1965 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1966 ) Estelle Parsons ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Helen Hayes ( 1970 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1971 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1972 ) Tatum O'Neal ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Lee Grant ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Beatrice Straight ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Geena Davis ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Marisa Tomei ( 1992 ) Anna Paquin ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) VIAF : 5635149919442606650003 LCCN : n85378408 ISNI : 0000 0000 5886 3555 GND : 137810768 SUDOC : 090300696 BNF : cb13940366q ( data ) IATH : w69b17h2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Darwell&oldid=805883866 '' Categories : 1879 births 1967 deaths Actresses from Missouri American film actresses American stage actresses Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners People from Marion County , Missouri Actresses from Los Angeles Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Glendale ) 20th - century American actresses 20th Century Fox contract players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 07 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played the bird lady in mary poppins
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"Jane Darwell (born Patti Woodard, October 15, 1879 – August 13, 1967) was an American actress of stage, film, and television.[1] With appearances in more than one hundred major motion pictures spanning half a century, Darwell is perhaps best-remembered for her portrayal of the matriarch and leader of the Joad family in the film adaptation of John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and her role as the Bird Woman in Disney's musical family film, Mary Poppins. Darwell has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame."
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"Jane Darwell"
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The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
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The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life - wikipedia The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Author Erving Goffman Country United States Subject Social Anthropology , Sociology , social psychology Publisher Anchor Books Publication date 1959 Media type Print Pages 251 Awards American Sociological Association 's MacIver award ( 1961 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013571 - 8 OCLC 59624504 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life is a 1956 sociology book by Erving Goffman , in which Goffman uses the imagery of the theatre in order to portray the importance of human social interaction . Originally published in Scotland in 1956 and in the United States in 1959 , it is Goffman 's first and most famous book , for which he received the American Sociological Association 's MacIver award in 1961 . In 1998 , the International Sociological Association listed this work as the tenth most important sociological book of the twentieth century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and summary 2 Reception 3 Self - presentation theory 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background and summary ( edit ) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life was the first book to treat face - to - face interaction as a subject of sociological study . Goffman treated it as a kind of report in which he frames out the theatrical performance that applies to face - to - face interactions . He believed that when an individual comes in contact with other people , that individual will attempt to control or guide the impression that others might make of him by changing or fixing his or her setting , appearance and manner . At the same time , the person the individual is interacting with is trying to form and obtain information about the individual . Goffman also believed that all participants in social interactions are engaged in practices to avoid being embarrassed or embarrassing others . This led to Goffman 's dramaturgical analysis . Goffman saw a connection between the kinds of acts that people put on in their daily life and theatrical performances . In social interaction , as in theatrical performance , there is a front region where the performers ( individuals ) are on stage in front of the audiences . This is where the positive aspect of the idea of self and desired impressions are highlighted . There is also a back region , where individuals can prepare for or set aside their role . The `` front '' or performance that an actor plays out includes `` manner , '' or how the role is carried out , and `` appearance '' including the dress and look of the performer . Often , performers work together in `` teams '' and form bonds of collegiality based on their common commitment to the performance they are mutually engaged in . The core of Goffman 's analysis lies in this relationship between performance and life . Unlike other writers who have used this metaphor , Goffman seems to take all elements of acting into consideration : an actor performs on a setting which is constructed of a stage and a backstage ; the props in both settings direct his action ; he is being watched by an audience , but at the same time he may be an audience for his viewers ' play . According to Goffman , the social actor in many areas of life will take on an already established role , with pre-existing front and props as well as the costume he would wear in front of a specific audience . The actor 's main goal is to keep coherent and adjust to the different settings offered him . This is done mainly through interaction with other actors . To a certain extent this imagery bridges structure and agency enabling each while saying that structure and agency can limit each other . A major theme that Goffman treats throughout the work is the fundamental importance of having an agreed upon definition of the situation in a given interaction , which serves to give the interaction coherency . In interactions or performances the involved parties may be audience members and performers simultaneously ; the actors usually foster impressions that reflect well upon themselves and encourage the others , by various means , to accept their preferred definition . Goffman acknowledges that when the accepted definition of the situation has been discredited some or all of the actors may pretend that nothing has changed , provided that they find this strategy profitable to themselves or wish to keep the peace . For example , when a person attending a formal dinner -- and who is certainly striving to present himself or herself positively -- trips , nearby party - goers may pretend not to have seen the fumble ; they assist the person in maintaining face . Goffman avers that this type of artificial , willed , credulity happens on every level of social organization , from top to bottom . Since the metaphor of a theatre is the leading theme of the book , the German and consequently also the Czech translation used a fitting summary as the name of the book - We All Play - Act ( German : Wir Alle Spielen Theater , Czech : Všichni hrajeme divadlo ) , apart from the names in other languages that usually translate the title literally . Another translation , which also builds on the leading theatrical theme , rather than the original title , is the Swedish title of the book Jaget och Maskerna which literally translates The self and the masks - A study of everyday - life drama . Reception ( edit ) Philosopher Helmut R. Wagner called The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life `` by far '' Goffman 's best book and `` a still unsurpassed study of the management of impressions in face - to - face encounters , a form of not uncommon manipulation . '' In 1998 , the International Sociological Association listed The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life as the tenth most important sociological book of the twentieth century , behind Talcott Parsons ' The Structure of Social Action ( 1937 ) . Self - Presentation theory ( edit ) Erving Goffman 's book proposed a theory of self which has become known as self - presentation theory and is still used by researchers in social media today , from Kaplan and Haenlein 's Users of the World Unite ( 2010 ) to Belk 's Extended Self in a Digital World ( 2013 ) . The theory suggests people have the desire to control the impressions that other people form about them . See also ( edit ) Impression management References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macionis , John J. & Gerber , Linda M. Sociology 7th Canadian ed . ( Pearson Canada Inc. , 2010 ) pg. 11 Jump up ^ Trevi - O , A. Javier ( 2003 ) . Goffman 's Legacy . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780742519787 . ^ Jump up to : `` ISA - International Sociological Association : Books of the Century '' . International Sociological Association . 1998 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Smith , Greg ( 2006 ) . Erving Goffman ( ( Online - Ausg . ) ed . ) . Hoboken : Routledge . pp. 33 , 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 00234 - 6 . Jump up ^ Trevino , James . Goffman 's Legacy ( Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , 2003 ) pg. 35 Jump up ^ Ritzer , George . Sociological Theory ( McGraw - Hill Higher Education , 2008 ) pg. 372 Jump up ^ cs : Všichni hrajeme divadlo Jump up ^ Wagner , Helmut R. ( 1983 ) . Phenomenology of Consciousness and Sociology of the Life - world : An Introductory Study . Edmonton : The University of Alberta Press . p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 88864 - 032 - 3 . External links ( edit ) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life on Open Library at the Internet Archive Works by Erving Goffman at Open Library Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Presentation_of_Self_in_Everyday_Life&oldid=808160413 '' Categories : 1956 books 1959 books Sociology books Books by Erving Goffman Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Open Library ID different from Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Open Library ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 06 : 58 . About Wikipedia
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when did erving goffman write the presentation of self in everyday life
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"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life is a 1956 sociology book by Erving Goffman, in which Goffman uses the imagery of the theatre in order to portray the importance of human social interaction. Originally published in Scotland in 1956 and in the United States in 1959,[1] it is Goffman’s first and most famous book, for which he received the American Sociological Association’s MacIver award in 1961[2]."
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Bathurst 1000
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Bathurst 1000 - Wikipedia Bathurst 1000 Jump to : navigation , search Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Race Information Venue Mount Panorama Circuit Number of times held 60 First held 1960 Race Format Race 1 Laps 161 Distance 1,000 km Last Event ( 2017 ) Overall Winner David Reynolds Luke Youlden Erebus Motorsport Race Winners David Reynolds Luke Youlden Erebus Motorsport The Bathurst 1000 ( currently branded as the Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 for sponsorship reasons ) is a 1,000 - kilometre ( 620 mi ) touring car race held annually on the Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst , New South Wales , Australia . It is currently run as a championship event for Supercars . Widely regarded as the pinnacle of motorsport in Australia , the Bathurst 1000 is colloquially known as The Great Race among motorsport fans and media . The race concept originated with the 1960 Armstrong 500 at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit , before being relocated to Bathurst in 1963 and continuing there in every year since . The race was traditionally run on the Labour Day long weekend in New South Wales , in early October . Since 2001 , the race is run on the weekend after the long weekend , normally the second weekend in October . Race winners are presented with the Peter Brock Trophy . This trophy was introduced at the 2006 race to commemorate the death of Peter Brock . Brock is the most successful driver in the history of the race , winning the event nine times , and was also known as one of the most popular and fan - friendly drivers during his long career . He was given the moniker `` King of the Mountain '' for these reasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mount Panorama 2 Categories and marques 3 Race history 3.1 Phillip Island 3.2 Early years in Bathurst 3.3 Group C era 3.4 Group A era 3.5 Group 3A and Super Touring 3.6 A race divided 3.7 V8 Supercars era 3.8 Supercars Championship era 4 Famous winners 5 List of winners 6 Records and statistics 6.1 Winners 6.1. 1 By driver 6.1. 2 By entrant 6.1. 3 By manufacturer 6.2 Most poles 6.2. 1 By driver 6.2. 2 By manufacturer 6.3 Most starts 6.4 Most podiums 6.5 Race records 6.6 Driver records 7 Deaths 8 Peter Brock Trophy 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Mount Panorama ( edit ) Main article : Mount Panorama Circuit The first corner at Mount Panorama , known as Hell Corner . The Mount Panorama Circuit was opened in 1938 , and first used for the 1938 Australian Grand Prix . The track follows public roads and is known for its 174 - metre difference between its highest and lowest points . The first turn , Hell Corner , is a ninety - degree left - hander . Mountain Straight , a gentle climb where the cars reach speeds of 255 km / h ( 158 mph ) , leads into Griffin 's Bend , an off - camber right - hander which then leads into The Cutting , a sharp left - hander with a steep incline . Reid Park follows , a complex corner where a number of drivers have spun after not short shifting at the apex . The course continues down to Sulman Park and McPhillamy Park . Drivers are unable to see the descending road and enter Skyline and the first of The Esses at 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) before The Dipper , one of the most famous corners in Australian motorsport . Cars then negotiate Forrest 's Elbow before powering down Conrod Straight , the fastest section of the track where cars can reach 300 km / h ( 190 mph ) . The Chase is a long sweeping chicane where cars are on the rev limiter turning at 300 km / h before a large braking zone to exit at 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) . Murray 's is the 23rd and final turn , and also the slowest part of the circuit , before cars return to the start - finish straight . The start - finish straight features an offset start , with the finish line towards the back of the starting grid closer to Murray 's Corner . Spectator areas have spread along the track over the decades but there are a number of private properties bordering the track so spectators are unable to access all trackside vantage points . Spectator vantage points have also become less intimate to the track over recent years , with increased run - off size and debris fencing being installed around the track due to increasing Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile standards . Categories and marques ( edit ) During its history , the race has been conducted for production saloon cars , Group E Series Production Touring Cars , Group C Touring Cars , Group A Touring Cars , Group 3A Touring Cars , Super Touring and currently Supercars . Until 1996 , more than one class competed in each event . In its early years , the Bathurst 500 / 1000 was generally a stand - alone event , occasionally becoming a round of a national series such as the Australian Manufacturers ' Championship , but never part of the most significant touring car series in Australia , the Australian Touring Car Championship . Since 1999 , the race has been run exclusively for the Supercars category , and is run for championship points . In 1999 and 2000 , it was the final round of the championship and decided the championship winner on each occasion . Many marques , including Morris , Jaguar , Nissan , BMW and Volvo , have competed in and won the event in Bathurst . However , the race is best known for the presence of the traditional rivals of Australian motorsport , Ford and Holden , who have won all but six of the races at Bathurst . Due to the size of the Ford and Holden rivalry , for 1995 to 1996 , for the 1997 and 1998 Australia 1000 races and from 1999 to 2012 , Group 3A and later V8 Supercars rules mandated that only Fords and Holdens were allowed to compete in the race , using their Falcon and Commodore models respectively . In 2013 , V8 Supercars ' rules changed and other marques began to enter the race , including the return of past winners Nissan . Holden has the most overall victories with 30 , with Ford next best on 20 and Nissan the only other multiple winner with two . Race history ( edit ) Phillip Island ( edit ) The Austin Lancer of Brian Foley and Alan Edney during the 1960 race . The race was originally known as the Armstrong 500 . It was first held on 20 November 1960 on the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit in Phillip Island , Victoria , over a 500 - mile ( 800 km ) distance . The race was claimed by the organisers , the Light Car Club of Australia , to be ' the world 's premier production saloon car race ' . The intention was to determine which cars had the best combination of performance and reliability in five classes based on engine capacity . It was also a showcase for the Armstrong company to promote its shock absorbers and related products . Entry was limited to standard , unmodified production saloons built or assembled in Australia . All cars had to complete the first 100 miles without stopping for fuel , oil or a driver change . Any mechanical problems in that time had to be attended to by the driver with no assistance , using only the tools that came with the car . There was no official outright winner , only class winners . Frank Coad and John Roxburgh in a Vauxhall Cresta , were the first to complete the 500 mile race distance . It was the only Vauxhall in a field of 45 cars that included N.S.U.s , Simcas , Peugeots , Morris , Austins , Fords and Standard Vanguards . The race was held twice more at Phillip Island . In 1961 Bob Jane and Harry Firth , sharing an Australian assembled Mercedes - Benz 220 SE , were the first drivers to complete the 167 laps . They were over a lap clear of the Studebaker Lark driven by David McKay and Brian Foley , which in turn was a lap in front of the Vauxhall Velox of Frank Coad and John Roxburgh . Class wins were achieved by Studebaker , Mercedes - Benz , Peugeot and Renault . In 1962 the class structure changed to one based on price . Jane and Firth switched to a Falcon and once again completed the 500 miles first . Class honours went to Studebaker , Ford , Renault and Volkswagen . In those days the Phillip Island track was surfaced with a `` cold mix '' bitumen which could not stand up to the pounding of dozens of race cars going flat out for 500 miles . The track surface broke up and became unsafe during races . Early years in Bathurst ( edit ) The Ford Cortina GT in which Bob Jane and Harry Firth won the 1963 race . In 1963 the Armstrong 500 moved to the 6.2 - kilometre ( 3.9 mi ) Mount Panorama Circuit at Bathurst in New South Wales . The Bathurst 500 was organised and promoted by a consortium of the Seven Network , the Australian Racing Drivers Club ( ARDC ) and Bathurst Regional Council , an arrangement which would continue until 1998 . Its popularity grew rapidly , chiefly because it became a means for car manufacturers to showcase their products as the race cars had to be identical to those available on the showroom floor . The first years on the Mount Panorama circuit were dominated by swift and agile small cars , such as the Ford Cortina and Mini Cooper . The class structure was retained so that there were many `` races within the race '' but the emphasis on achieving first outright increased . In 1963 , Bob Jane and Harry Firth again triumphed , this time in a Cortina GT . In 1964 the pair drove competing Cortina GTs ; Jane won with George Reynolds as co-driver . Barry ' Bo ' Seton was second with Herb Taylor . Harry Firth was third with John Reaburn . The Confederation of Australian Motor Sport introduced new Group E Series Production Touring Car regulations in 1965 but the Armstrong 500 continued with its own regulations . 1965 brought victory for the first overt `` Bathurst Special '' , the Cortina GT 500 . Bo Seton and Midge Bosworth completed the 130 laps first . Bruce McPhee and Barry Mulholland were second in an identical car . Third outright and first in Class C were Brian Foley and Peter Manton in a Morris Cooper S . The Geoghegan brothers , Ian and Leo , famously drove the race wearing business suits supplied by McDowells . In 1966 and 1967 an Irish tobacco company sponsored the race , which became known as the `` Gallaher 500 '' . 1966 was the last four cylinder victory for more than two decades . Rauno Aaltonen and Bob Holden drove their Mini Cooper S to a hard fought win against stiff competition which mainly consisted of other Coopers . Mini Coopers filled the first nine places in Class C and outright . Class D was won by a Chrysler VC Valiant V8 that completed 124 laps . Class A was won by the Nissan Factory backed Datsun 1300 of Moto Kitamo and Kunimitsu Takahashi . Class B was taken out by an 1100cc version of the Mini Cooper . 1967 rule changes mandated a minimum number of pit - stops to negate the advantage economical smaller cars had of requiring fewer stops . This change favoured the larger , thirstier Fords and Holdens . The Minis handled the corners well and could , theoretically , run the entire race on a single tank of petrol , but the larger - engined cars were faster in a straight line . Ford 's development of the 289 cubic inch V8 Ford Falcon GT signalled the end of small cars as outright contenders. 1967 was also the first year that starting grid positions were allocated according to practice lap times rather than by class groupings . This was also the first year that an official trophy was awarded to the first team to cover the 500 miles . The 1967 victory of the XR Falcon GT over the smaller Alfa Romeo 1600 GTVs and Mini Coopers surprised many pundits as the Falcon GT was unproven . The highly regarded , and more expensive , Alfa GTV had been seen as the emerging force in touring cars . However , the Falcon GT 's V8 power was well suited to the Mount Panorama circuit , particularly on the long straights . Thus was forged the adage that `` there is no substitute for cubic inches '' , which became synonymous with racing at Bathurst . Initially the Geoghegan brothers ' Falcon was awarded victory but some hours later Harry Firth and Fred Gibson were declared winners . During the race the Geoghegan car had entered the pit area through the rear access lane off Mountain Straight and erroneously accumulated an extra lap on the ARDC timing board . Third place in Class D fell to the venerable Studebaker Lark of Warren Weldon and John Hall . Class E was won by Doug Chivas and Max Stewart in an Alfa GTV . Classes B and C were won by variants of the Mini and Class A was won by a Datsun 1000 piloted by John Roxburgh and Doug Whiteford . The popularity of the race grew rapidly during the 1960s . Most Australian manufacturers and assemblers became heavily involved . A good result in the long and tough race added credibility to the car and its brand , especially in terms of performance , durability and reliability . An outright or class victory was a significant opportunity to increase sales and market share . It was during this period that the famous Holden - Ford - Chrysler rivalry originated . The production car battle between the `` Big Three '' was fought at Bathurst . This rivalry spawned Australia 's most famous muscle cars , reverentially known as `` Bathurst Specials '' . Ford 's Falcon GT and later GT - HO , Holden 's Monaro and Torana , and Chrysler 's Pacer and Charger models were the result of constant development of race - worthy cars that the general public could buy . The Ford XT Falcon GT of Barry Seton and Fred Gibson overtakes the Datsun 1000 of Bill Evans and John Colwell during the 1968 race . In 1968 , sponsorship changed again and the race became known as the Hardie - Ferodo 500 . It was also the year that advertising was first allowed to be displayed on the cars . In response to Ford 's 1967 Bathurst victory , Holden entered the Monaro GTS 327 . This was a coupe based on the HK model four - door Kingswood family sedan . Engineered as an affordable personal luxury car with the ability to win Bathurst it had a 327 cubic inch Chevrolet V8 ( as the `` GTS 327 '' name implies ) . This engine enabled the Monaro GTS 327 to outperform the updated , yet smaller - engined , 302 cubic inch Falcon GTs and win in 1968 . This was Holden 's first Bathurst 500 win . The 1969 Hardie - Ferodo 500 saw the first of the Ford Falcon GT - HOs . This Phase One GT - HO Bathurst special Falcon was powered by a 351 cubic inch V8 sourced from Ford America . It 's ' HO ' specification included upgraded suspension components such as front and rear stabiliser bars . At Bathurst it was fitted with race tyres . Holden upgraded the GTS 327 Monaro to the GTS 350 , which included better race - style handling and a more powerful Chevrolet V8 engine of 350 cubic inches . The new GTS 350 Monaro , in the hands of Colin Bond and Tony Roberts , was able to hold out Ford to claim the second victory for Holden . In 1969 there was a multi-car accident on lap one . After the first 10 cars passed through The Esses , contact between two Falcons caused one to roll over . Several cars coming around the blind corner crashed into the stationary car . The track was almost blocked with wreckage but expert flag marshalling enabled the cars to pass through in single file until the debris was cleared . The race was a disaster for Ford as many Falcon tyres failed due to the speed and weight of the Falcons . Ford even a ran a post race advertising campaign using the slogan `` we were a little deflated '' . The 1969 race also saw the début of Peter Brock . Brock and Bond were drivers for the semi-official Holden Dealer Team ( HDT ) , which had been formed earlier in the year to counter the official Ford Special Vehicles division that was churning out ever evolving GT - HO Falcons . The `` Old Fox '' , Harry Firth , who had been in charge of the Ford racing effort until he was abruptly replaced by an American , Al Turner , took charge of the HDT . 1970 saw a change of strategy as Holden chose to race the smaller Torana GTR XU - 1 rather than the Monaro . The XU - 1 was a special `` Bathurst '' version of the six - cylinder LC Torana . As the embryonic HQ Holden required too much development to be competitive Holden created an alternative to the V8 muscle car . The XU - 1 was more agile , cheaper and more economical . Triple carburettors on the `` Red '' motor provided an excellent power - to - weight ratio . The XU - 1 was easier on brakes and tyres , thereby minimizing the number of required pit stops . However , Ford refined the GT - HO to Phase Two specification with an even more powerful and better breathing 351 V8 . With tyres that were able to endure the power and torque , the GT - HO reinforced the adage that `` there is no substitute for cubic inches '' . Allan Moffat 's GTHO received the chequered flag followed by Bruce McPhee 's identical car . The Torana could not compensate for the power advantage that the Falcons had on the Bathurst straights . Rule changes for 1970 enabled a single driver to complete the entire race distance . To reduce the chances of another first lap calamity the starting grid was changed from 2 - 3 - 2 to a staggered 2 - 2 - 2 formation . This meant that the back markers had to start the race from around the corner on Conrod Straight . The race continued to be run to unique regulations which were more restrictive than those which were applied to Series Production racing . 1971 was another Ford victory with Moffat at the wheel . It was won by the ultimate GT - HO , the XY - model Falcon GT - HO Phase Three . This featured upgrades to engine power and aerodynamics , which made it one of the world 's fastest four - door mass - produced production cars . Chrysler replaced its Pacers with its new two - door , the Charger . This was powered by a 265 cu in ( 4.34 l ) in - line HEMI six - cylinder engine with triple Weber carburettors . However , by noon on race day , Moffat was far enough in front to pit without losing the lead . Moffat completed the 500 miles first followed by other GTHOs in second and third place and filling six of the top seven places . Class wins were achieved by Mazda 1300 , Datsun 1600 , Mazda RX - 2 , Torana XU1 and Falcon GTHO . 1972 saw controversy , following a media - driven `` Supercar Scare '' , which had accumulated enough political momentum to force Holden to postpone introduction of a V8 Torana for two years . Ford abandoned the XA model based Phase Four GT - HO Falcon . Chrysler also followed by not going ahead with a competition version of its V8 - powered Charger . Adding to that , the 1972 Hardie - Ferodo 500 was the first Great Race to be run in wet weather . Allan Moffat was unable to withstand the immense pressure placed on him by Brock in his XU - 1 . The Torana proved more than a match in the atrocious conditions . After being challenged by Brock 's furiously driven XU - 1 , Moffat was unable to exploit the V8 's power advantage and spun early in the race . He also incurred two one - minute penalties for starting the engine while refuelling . Brock , meanwhile , was able to hold off the Phase Three GT - HO of John French and the E49 Charger of Doug Chivas to win the 1972 race , thus temporarily refuting the `` no substitute for cubic inches '' adage . Brock had pushed the car to its limits in a spectacular display of car control . It was a significant victory for a number of reasons : The first of Brock 's nine Bathurst wins which later led to him being nicknamed the `` King of the Mountain '' and `` Peter Perfect '' . Brock 's win also signalled the first Bathurst victory for a six - cylinder engined car , an achievement that would not be repeated until 1991 when the Nissan Skyline GT - R `` Godzilla '' took the chequered flag . It was also the birth of the Torana legend as this uniquely Australian performance car went on to become one of Australia 's most successful touring cars , due in part to numerical supremacy on the track and the withdrawal of Ford and Chrysler from motor racing later in the seventies . 1972 was also the last year that drivers were permitted to drive without co-drivers . The 1972 race was a round of the 1972 Australian Manufacturers ' Championship , which was open to Group E Series Production Touring Cars . Group C era ( edit ) The race was extended from 500 miles to 1000 kilometres in 1973 . The increased pace of the cars had resulted in the 500 mile race distance being achieved earlier each year , and since Australia had converted to the metric system the increased distance was considered more appropriate than 800 km for an endurance race . To reduce the threat to public safety , homologation rules were relaxed to permit certain modifications to the race cars . Ostensibly this removed the need to build batches of high speed road cars and improved the durability of the actual race cars . The Group E Series Production Touring Car regulations , which had applied to the 1972 race , were replaced by the new Group C Touring Car regulations for 1973 . Upgrades were allowed to seats , lubrication systems , camshafts , carburettors , suspensions , brakes and wheel rim sizes . These changes advantaged the better resourced teams as a great deal of testing was now needed to optimize the performance of the race cars . Factory teams had the best access to improved components that were often not readily available to private competitors . In 1973 Holden campaigned upgraded XU - 1s . Privateers entered improved Chargers . Ford unleashed its new XA model `` hard top '' coupe Ford Falcon GT which had been pioneered by John Goss . While not designated as a GT - HO , race prepared Hardtop GTs incorporated most of the still born Phase Four 's componentry including the four - bolt 351 V8 engine . The 1973 Hardie - Ferodo 1000 started at 9 : 30 am . When the flag dropped the `` no substitute for cubic inches '' ethic prevailed as the Goss Falcon hardtop powered away from pole position . At the end of lap one Fords held the first four places with Toranas fifth , six and seventh . The highest placed Charger was in eighth position . Brock inherited the lead when the Fords started pitting for fuel . Brock and co-driver Chivas had contrived a good lead when a miscalculation caused the Torana to run out of fuel at the top of the Mountain . Intending to perform one less pit stop than the Ford teams , HDT team manager Harry Firth had instructed Chivas to `` Get Max Laps '' via a hand held sign . The XU - 1 coasted down Conrod Straight and came to a halt just before the entrance to the Pits . Chivas pushed the XU - 1 up hill along pit lane . His pit crew could not lend assistance as this would have resulted in disqualification . By the time the XU - 1 was refueled , Moffat was well in front . Brock set off in heroic pursuit of Moffat 's Falcon GT but the XU - 1 suffered a deflating tyre . Moffat claimed another Falcon victory , his third in only four years . Co-driven by Ian ( Pete ) Geoghegan the winning Ford was the only Falcon classified as a finisher. 1973 was the last competitive appearance for Chrysler , with the marque disappearing from the Group C category almost entirely . Class wins were achieved by a Datsun 1200 , an Alfa GTV , a Mazda RX2 and , of course , the Falcon GT . At the end of the year Ford Australia gave the Falcon GT race cars to their drivers and withdrew from racing . During the 1974 Australian Touring Car Championship the Torana GTR XU - 1 was gradually superseded by the wider bodied SL / R 5000 . The Holden Bathurst contingent for this year included 13 SL / R 5000s , 7 XU - 1s and one HQ Monaro GTS . Ford was represented in the outright category by three Falcon Hardtop headed by Moffat 's Brut 33 XB Falcon Hardtop GT . He was supported by John Goss and Kevin Bartlett in an XA Hardtop and Murray Carter in another XB Falcon Hardtop . The V8 Toranas ran away at the start of the 1974 race and Holden victory seemed assured . By lap 11 Brock had already lapped 7 of the outright Class D cars . On lap 12 Moffat pitted and lost several laps as a new coil was fitted . By lap 20 the HDT Toranas of Brock and Bond were over a minute in front of Goss in the only competitive Falcon . By lap 85 the two HDT Toranas were four laps clear of the field . Around the 90 lap mark rain started to fall at the top of the mountain. he HDT Toranas soon pitted for wet weather tyres after which the Bond Torana started smoking from an oil leak . The car was eventually black flagged . While the mechanics were trying to fix the problem Brock pitted with a broken piston caused by a failed oil pump . Bond returned to the track but lost more time with a spin . Despite determined driving from Jim Richards and Wayne Negus , The Goss / Bartlett car was able to gain a slight lead as the Torana challenge faded amidst oil smoke and torrential rain . Bartlett completed the 163 laps in first place . The only other car on the same lap was the Forbes / Negus SL / R 5000 . The smaller classes were won by a Morris Cooper S , an Alfa GTV and a Mazda RX3 . Car number 34 , a lone Morris Marina finished 6th in Class C having completed 125 laps . The Holden LH Torana SL / R 5000 L34 in which Bob Morris and John Fitzpatrick won the 1976 race . Holden 's 308 cubic inch V8 - powered Toranas scored Bathurst victories in 1975 , 1976 , 1978 and 1979 in L34 and A9X configuration . Ford 's 351 XC Falcon famously finished first and second in 1977 . On the final lap , the two Moffat Ford Dealers entries of Allan Moffat and Colin Bond ran in formation down Conrod Straight , with the helicopter footage of the formation becoming one of the most famous images in Bathurst 1000 history . This was Moffat 's last Bathurst 1000 victory . Group C carried over into the 1980s . Holden and Ford were the only manufacturers to win under these regulations , despite facing increased imported competition , notably from the Mazda RX - 7 that was campaigned effectively by Moffat and Kevin Bartlett 's 350 V8 powered Chevrolet Camaro . The turbo powered Nissan Bluebird piloted by George Fury also threatened the V8 ' Big Bangers ' and signalled a sign of things to come during the Group A era . Peter Brock cemented his reputation as the driver to beat during this period , including achieving two Bathurst hat - tricks with the Marlboro - sponsored HDT . In 1978 and 1979 he and Jim Richards drove an A9X Torana to victory , while in 1980 the pair won in a VC Commodore . His second hat trick consisted of victories in 1982 , 1983 and 1984 , this time partnering with Larry Perkins in a VH Commodore for the first two years and in a VK Commodore in the third . In 1983 , John Harvey also shared the win with Brock and Perkins . Dick Johnson was the only winner for Ford during the 1980s under Group C , with a victory in 1981 whilst at the wheel of the XD Falcon . It was a famous win , coming twelve months after writing his car off in an incident with a rock in 1980 . It also followed a large public fundraising campaign to provide him with the finances to build a new car , which eventually raised AU $ 144,000 , half of which came from Ford Australia itself . Group C was replaced by the International Group A Touring car rules in 1985 , with selected cars preparing for this change and competing in a separate `` Group A '' class in 1984 . Group a era ( edit ) From 1985 to 1992 , the Great Race was run to international Group A regulations . Imported turbocharged cars , initially Ford Sierra RS Cosworths and then Nissan Skyline GT - Rs , achieved dominance during this period while Holden Commodores managed to claim three hard fought wins . The JPS Team BMW run 635 CSis and M3s were also highly competitive during this era . Group A enabled Australian teams to develop cars that could be raced overseas . Locally built cars were driven in Europe by Allan Grice , Peter Brock , John Harvey , Allan Moffat , Dick Johnson and John Bowe . Tom Walkinshaw also briefly campaigned VL Commodores in Europe . Holden based race teams continued development of the 304 cubic inch V8 powered Commodore . The HDT and later the Holden Racing Team ( HRT ) were at the forefront of Commodore development . With almost no support from Ford Australia , Group A Ford Falcons never eventuated . Dick Johnson Racing switched to a 1983 Zakspeed developed Ford Mustang GT formerly raced in Europe by German ace Klaus Ludwig . Johnson and co-driver Larry Perkins were very competitive in the agile Mustang but it lacked top end power . Ford teams went on to adopt the more powerful , though less reliable , Ford Sierra Turbo Cosworth . These were available race ready from Europe and were campaigned by many teams including Allan Moffat Racing , Dick Johnson Racing and eventually a team run by Holden stalwart Peter Brock . A replica of the Jaguar XJ - S in which John Goss and Armin Hahne won the 1985 race . 1985 was the first year that the Bathurst 1000 was run under Group A rules . The race was dominated by Tom Walkinshaw Racing 's three car Jaguar XJ - S team , the big V12 powered Jaguars having a clear power and speed advantage over the still developing Australian Group A teams and cars . 1974 winner John Goss , and West German driver Armin Hahne claimed Jaguar 's only Bathurst 1000 win . The following year , 1986 , the Holden VK Commodore SS Group A of privateer racer Allan Grice and Graeme Bailey took the honours . Grice had honed his skills in Europe , competing alongside compatriot Commodore drivers Peter Brock and his newly recruited HDT teammate , Allan Moffat . 1986 saw the race 's first fatality . Sydney driver Mike Burgmann died when his VK Commodore hit the concrete base of the bridge over Conrod Straight at 260 km / h ( 160 mph ) . Consequent to Burgmann 's death the circuit was altered prior to the 1987 race by the incorporation of `` The Chase '' two thirds of the way down Conrod Straight . This complex added 41 metres to the length of the track and was designed to reduce the approach speed to Murray 's Corner by approximately 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) . As a result of `` The Chase '' , lap times around the circuit increased by approximately 4 -- 5 seconds ( based on times in comparable cars from the 1986 and 1987 races ) . In 1987 , the Great Race became a round of the short lived 1987 World Touring Car Championship , resulting in European teams racing against local Australian teams in the 1000 . The resulting culture clash caused considerable angst between officials and team management . Since the start of Group A in Australia , CAMS local scrutineers diligently applied the Group A regulations as written . The global organising body FISA , a subsidiary of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) , allowed more liberal , negotiated interpretations `` back home '' . Some European teams , most prominently the Ford Europe backed Eggenberger Motorsport , ran questionable vehicles . With the race complete , it was still unclear as to who was the legitimate winner . Eggenberger 's cars finished first and second on the road but were disqualified months later due to bodywork irregularities . The race win was therefore awarded to third placed Peter Brock , who drove two of his Holden VL Commodore SS Group A cars during the race . Brock broke his ' 05 ' HDT Commodore early in the event so he and co-driver David Parsons took over the team 's second car , the # 10 Commodore of Peter McLeod , to cross the line third behind the two Sierras . It was to be Brock 's ninth and final Bathurst 1000 win . Local Sierra teams dominated and won the next two Bathurst 1000s. 1988 saw Tony Longhurst and Tomas Mezera win in their Frank Gardner - prepared , RS500 . In the 1989 race Peter Brock claimed pole in his record 6th pole at Bathurst and his first for Ford or anything but a Holden . Dick Johnson and John Bowe won a hard fought race ahead of Allan Moffat 's all - German combination of Klaus Niedzwiedz and Frank Biela . In 1990 the Sierras again proved strong , but the HRT Commodore of Allan Grice and Win Percy prevailed . Their Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV was able to set a fast pace early in the race which the Sierras could match but not sustain due to reliability issues , mostly with tyre wear . The HRT claimed a popular Bathurst victory for Holden after three seasons of Sierra domination . The Nissan Skyline GT - R in which Jim Richards and Mark Skaife won the 1991 race . A fierce new opponent was waiting in the wings . Nissan and team manager Fred Gibson , had campaigned Skylines in Australian competition for a few years . For the 1990 race , they debuted the R32 four - wheel drive , four wheel steer , twin turbo Nissan Skyline GT - R. It initially suffered from the related problems of complexity and reliability but the GT - R went on to dominate Group A racing worldwide . Gibson 's lead drivers , Jim Richards and Mark Skaife , easily won the 1991 Bathurst 1000 with Skaife setting the sensational time of 2 : 12.63 in the Top 10 Runoff for pole which was actually 2 / 10th faster than George Fury 's Group C pole time of 1984 set on the pre-Chase circuit . The pair repeated the win in controversial circumstances in 1992 . The car gained the nickname ' Godzilla ' . With four - wheel drive , four - wheel steer , and a powerful turbo 2.6 - litre six - cylinder engine producing around 640 bhp ( 477 kW ; 649 PS ) , the RWD Sierras and Commodores simply could not equal or compensate for the Skyline 's superior handling and power output . In an attempt to achieve parity between the makes weight penalties ( 140 kg ) and turbo restricting pop - off valves were applied to the Nissan . With the pop - off valves in place , the Nissan 's were reported to now be only producing around 450 bhp ( 336 kW ; 456 PS ) , though team boss Fred Gibson would ( in later years ) confess that the Winfield sponsored cars were actually producing around 600 bhp ( 447 kW ; 608 PS ) after his team had managed to fool CAMS officials during the year . The Skyline 's 1992 victory was particularly controversial . The parochial Bathurst crowd , and touring car fans in general , had been conditioned to view the Great Race as a perpetual struggle between Holden and Ford . Although the Group A racing Commodores and Sierras were far removed from road going examples , the Nissans were seen as being unfairly advantaged and received considerable negative comment in the build - up to the race . Late in the 1992 race , severe rainstorms swept the track , causing several accidents as dry weather tyres caused extreme aquaplaning . During the ensuing mayhem the leading Skyline of Jim Richards and Mark Skaife slid into two wrecked cars . Simultaneously officials red flagged the race due the perilous condition of the wet track . The surviving cars were marshalled in single file on Pit Straight . Regulation decreed that , as the leaders had completed more than 75 % of race distance , the race was not to be restarted . Under these regulations red flag race results were based on positions held at the end of the last completed lap as there were no official record of the lap not completed . As Richards had been leading the race on that lap his team was declared the winner . This was an unpopular decision with some race fans , many of whom could not understand how a wrecked Nissan could beat a perfectly healthy Sierra that had passed it on the track . As the rain clouds dissipated many unhappy campers loudly voiced their opinions . Race winners Mark Skaife and Jim Richards were challenged by a rowdy , confused and alcohol - fuelled crowd . On the winners ' podium the normally affable Richards responded to the boos of the crowd with , `` this is bloody disgraceful '' and `` you 're a pack of arseholes '' during the nationally televised trophy presentation . Group 3A and Super Touring ( edit ) Group A as an international formula faded away in the late 1980s . The Confederation of Australian Motor Sport ( CAMS ) had planned to replace Group A at the end of 1991 . This was postponed to the end of 1992 due to the inability of FISA to specify a new International formula . As any new regulations were unlikely to suit large engined cars CAMS created a uniquely Australian Touring Car formula for 1993 , Group 3A . This iteration evolved into the current Supercars category . Entry became limited to V8 powered Ford Falcons and Holden Commodores ( with , in 1993 only , the exception of weight limited normally aspirated Group A cars like the M3s of Logamo Racing ) . The new regulations created a separate class for 2 - litre cars , based on the British Touring Car Championship 's ( BTCC ) regulations of the time . This class excluded turbochargers and four wheel drive , effectively ending the Nissan 's GT - R 's eligibility . In response Nissan withdrew from Australian motorsport . The two classes of touring cars competed in the same races for two championships in 1993 . The 1993 Tooheys 1000 was won by Larry Perkins and Gregg Hansford after a race long duel with the Mark Skaife / Jim Richards Commodore VP . The winner of the 2 Litre Class was the John Cotter / Peter Doulman BMW M3 which had reverted to 2 litres capacity . In the 1994 season , the 2 - litre Super Touring championship was run separately to the ATCC , though both categories ran as two classes at Bathurst . The 1994 Tooheys 1000 was won by the EB Falcon of Dick Johnson and John Bowe . The top placed 2 - litre car was the works BMW of Paul Morris and Altfrid Heger which finished 10th outright , albeit six laps behind Johnson and Bowe . In 1995 , due to fears about the growing speed difference between the V8s and the 2 - litre cars , the Bathurst 1000 became a one - class race for the first time . Just 32 Ford and Holden V8s faced the starter in what was , at the time , the smallest grid in the history of the race . The 1995 champions were Larry Perkins and Russell Ingall in a Holden VR Commodore , followed by Alan Jones and Allan Grice in an EF Falcon . 1996 saw Craig Lowndes and Greg Murphy , in a VR Commodore , cross the finish line ahead the EF Falcon of Dick Johnson and John Bowe . Tony Longhurst and Steven Ellery were third in another EF Falcon . A race divided ( edit ) In 1996 , the Touring Car Entrants Group of Australia ( TEGA ) ( who had held the rights to market the ATCC since 1994 ) signed a deal with US sports agent Mark McCormack 's International Management Group ( IMG ) to market the ATCC , which they renamed to V8 Supercars . The new joint venture company ( AVESCO ) signed a TV deal for 1997 with Network Ten , which included expanded coverage of the championship . This was not an issue for the ATCC races , but for the Bathurst 1000 , which was organized and promoted by a consortium that included Channel 7 , it was a major issue . Channel 7 had televised the race since 1963 and had a contract that was binding into the 21st century . Seven was not prepared to drop the race , while AVESCO required a Bathurst race for Ten to broadcast . A similar dispute affected the V8 Supercars Challenge support races at the Australian Grand Prix , in which at various times different networks have held the broadcast rights to both V8 Supercars and Formula One . There was no resolution to the dispute , and AVESCO announced that V8 Supercars would not compete in the traditional Bathurst 1000 held on the October long weekend in 1997 . TOCA Australia was invited to fill the void with a 2 - litre Super Touring field , featuring a number of British Touring Car Championship drivers and teams , including Alain Menu , John Cleland and Rickard Rydell , joining Australian Super Touring Championship regulars . This 1997 race was won by Paul Morris and Craig Baird in a BMW 320i , however they were later disqualified as Baird had exceeded the mandated time limit for a continuous solo driving period . The race was awarded to their BMW Motorsport Australia teammates David and Geoff Brabham . This event format continued for 1998 with the addition of a field of cars from the New Zealand Touring Car Championship , which ran to Schedule S regulations with a 2.5 - litre engine limit , as well as Group E production cars . Alongside Rickard Rydell , Jim Richards won his sixth Bathurst 1000 in a Volvo S40 run by Tom Walkinshaw Racing , with his son Steven second in a Nissan Primera run by British team Team Dynamics . As well as these races for two - litre cars , separate five - litre ( V8 Supercars ) races was held in 1997 and 1998 , known as the `` Australian 1000 Classic '' . Having received backlash after announcing they would not race at Bathurst , AVESCO hastily made a deal with the Bathurst Regional Council for the use of the circuit . The 1997 Primus 1000 Classic , as it was known , was held two weeks after the traditional race , while the 1998 FAI 1000 was held in mid-November . The 1997 race saw Larry Perkins and Russell Ingall repeat their 1995 triumph , ahead of the father and son combination of Jim and Steven Richards . In 1998 , Steven Richards did one better , winning the race with Jason Bright for Stone Brothers Racing . Their Ford EL Falcon was badly damaged in a practice crash and required lengthy repairs before the race . Both the Super Touring and V8 Supercar races claimed to be the legitimate Bathurst 1000 . The V8 Supercars ' case was that they were the truly Australian class of racing and , through contractual binding , had the `` star '' Australian drivers . The Super Touring claim to legitimacy was based on it being held on the traditional date by the ARDC who had run the event every year since 1963 . Each of the four races in 1997 and 1998 are considered as legitimate Bathurst 1000s in the record books . V8 Supercars era ( edit ) For 1999 , the Super Touring event devolved into a 300 - kilometre race for mixed V8s , which was won by Peter Brock 's step - son James Brock , and a 500 - kilometre race for Super Touring won by Paul Morris . This would be the last major Super Touring race at Bathurst , the last organised by the ARDC and the last held on the traditional Labour Day holiday weekend . The demise of Super Touring and the ARDC event allowed V8 Supercars and IMG to take over the promotion and organisation of the Bathurst 1000 brand from that year onwards . From 1999 onwards , the race also counted for championship points for the first time , taking a position as the final round on the calendar . Despite there no longer being an October Bathurst race in 2000 , the race remained in November due to the Sydney Olympics blocking out sport in October . In 2001 when the long weekend became available again , the National Rugby League shifted their Grand Final to that Sunday , denying the Bathurst 1000 a return to its traditional weekend . The race instead moved to the weekend after the long weekend from 2001 onwards , and to an earlier spot in the championship calendar . The start of this new era was dominated by Holden , who won every Bathurst 1000 from 1999 to 2005 . In 1999 , Steven Richards repeated his 1998 triumph , winning with Greg Murphy in their Gibson Motorsport Holden VT Commodore . Richards became the first driver to win in both a Ford and a Holden in consecutive years . It was also the first win for Gibson Motorsport since their wins with Nissan in 1991 and 1992 . Garth Tander and Jason Bargwanna became Bathurst champions in 2000 with Garry Rogers Motorsport . In 2001 , Mark Skaife , driving for the Holden Racing Team , teamed with 1988 winner Tony Longhurst to win the Bathurst 1000 in a Holden VX Commodore . Despite having cooling problems in the closing laps of the 2002 Great Race , due to plastic bags in the air intake , Skaife and HRT won the Bathurst 1000 again , this time teamed with Jim Richards , ten years after they were both heckled off the podium after winning in 1992 . This time , Richards jokingly said that the crowd was `` a lovely bunch of people '' , in contrast to his comments made on the podium ten years earlier . Greg Murphy was given the biggest time penalty ( five minutes ) in Bathurst history because of a pitlane infringement by his team . His car was released early , rupturing a refuelling hose and spilling fuel in the pit box . In the Top 10 Shootout in 2003 , Greg Murphy set what was then the fastest lap ever on the Mount Panorama Circuit with a time of 2 : 06.8594 , a lap which became known as the `` Lap of the Gods '' . Murphy went on to win the Bathurst 1000 with Rick Kelly in 2003 and 2004 for K - Mart Racing . Rick Kelly became the race 's youngest ever winner , winning in 2003 at the age of 20 . Todd Kelly , brother to Rick , won the 2005 race on his birthday , winning with Mark Skaife for HRT . The Ford BA Falcon of Marcos Ambrose and Warren Luff leads a train of cars during the 2005 race . In 2006 , Craig Lowndes and Jamie Whincup won the first race for Ford in eight years , driving for Triple Eight Race Engineering . They were also the first winners of the Peter Brock Trophy ( so named following the passing of Peter Brock only the month before ) . Lowndes and Whincup then won the next two races to achieve the first three - peat since Brock and Larry Perkins won the Bathurst 1000 from 1982 to 1984 ( the 1983 win was also shared with John Harvey ) . Holden then started a run of four straight wins from 2009 to 2012 . The 2009 race was won by the HRT 's Garth Tander and Will Davison. 2010 saw another win for Lowndes and Triple Eight , this time with Mark Skaife , their fifth and sixth wins respectively . In 2011 , Nick Percat became the first rookie to win the Bathurst 1000 since Jacky Ickx in 1977 , alongside Garth Tander . The last winners of this era were Jamie Whincup and Paul Dumbrell in 2012 , in the hitherto second closest non-formation finish in Bathurst 1000 history , with David Reynolds and Dean Canto finishing 0.31 seconds behind the Triple Eight Holden VE Commodore . The closest non-form finish came just the year before , when Tander and Percat lifted the trophy 0.29 secs ahead of Lowndes and Skaife . The 2013 season saw manufacturers other than Ford and Holden enter The Great Race for the first time since 1998 , under the New Generation V8 Supercar ( originally known as Car of the Future ) regulations that were introduced that year . Nissan returned with four Nissan Altimas run by Kelly Racing . Mercedes - Benz returned through Australian GT Championship team Erebus Motorsport with its three Mercedes - Benz E63 AMGs . From 2013 , the event became part of the newly formed Pirtek Enduro Cup within the Supercars season , along with the series ' other two - driver races , the Sandown 500 and Gold Coast 600 . The 2013 race itself was a close finish between Ford 's factory team drivers from Ford Performance Racing , Mark Winterbottom and Steven Richards , and Triple Eight Race Engineering 's Jamie Whincup and Paul Dumbrell . In 2013 the 1000 km was completed in the record time of six hours , eleven minutes and twenty - seven seconds . This was Ford 's first victory since 2008 . It was also the first time since 1977 that an overtly Ford factory backed car triumphed . The Ford FG Falcon in which Chaz Mostert and Paul Morris won the 2014 race . The 2014 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 saw Volvo return for the first time since 1998 , with Garry Rogers Motorsport entering two Volvo S60s . Between the 2013 and 2014 races , the track was resurfaced . This new track surface resulted in a marked reduction of lap times , and during free practice many of the drivers recorded times that were under the existing practice lap record . As with the early Phillip Island races , some of this new surface started to break up early in the race , particularly at Griffin 's Bend . Many drivers were caught off guard and ran into the tyre wall due to the debris on the track . With 100 laps remaining , the officials suspended the race with a red flag , only the third red flag at the race after 1981 and 1992 . The cars were then lined up on pit straight , and controversy ensued as teams exploited the regulations and performed repairs on the cars . Once the track repairs were finished the race resumed in single file under the safety car . Racing recommenced shortly after but competition was further interrupted by a number of safety car periods . The race was run to its full distance and finished in the early evening , with Ford Performance Racing drivers Chaz Mostert and Paul Morris taking victory on the final lap , after the lead car of Jamie Whincup and Paul Dumbrell ran low on fuel . Morris and Mostert had started the race from last position after being excluded from qualifying . In 2015 , Chaz Mostert experienced a major reversal of fortunes , with a heavy qualifying crash leaving him with a fractured femur and wrist , and ruling his car out for the weekend . The incident also injured several marshals . On Sunday , after a mid-race rain shower , Craig Lowndes and Steven Richards eventually prevailed for their sixth and fourth wins of the Bathurst 1000 respectively . It was Lowndes ' thirteenth podium at the event , which is an all - time record . Supercars Championship era ( edit ) The 2016 race , the first under the renamed Supercars Championship banner , featured 91 green laps to start the race , followed by a dramatic and safety car - filled conclusion to proceedings . Most notably , there was a late - race incident between Garth Tander and Scott McLaughlin , retiring both cars , which occurred as Triple Eight 's Jamie Whincup attempted to redress a clash between him and McLaughlin at the Chase . Whincup received a fifteen - second time penalty , which meant that despite taking the chequered flag first , he was only classified 11th . This allowed the Tekno Autosports entry of Will Davison and Jonathon Webb to take victory , only just over one tenth of a second ahead of the sister Triple Eight entry of Shane van Gisbergen and Alexandre Prémat . Following the finish , Triple Eight announced they were appealing the penalty , regarding the appropriateness of a time penalty for such an offence . The appeal , held by the Supercars National Court of Appeal in the County Court of Victoria , was dismissed in a hearing nine days after the race . The 2017 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 saw another victory for an independent team with Erebus Motorsport prevailing in mostly wet conditions with David Reynolds and Luke Youlden behind the wheel . Erebus also joined Tekno as the only teams to win both the Bathurst 12 Hour and the Bathurst 1000 . Famous winners ( edit ) The most successful driver at Bathurst is Peter Brock , whose nine victories ( 1972 , 1975 , 1978 -- 80 , 1982 -- 84 and 1987 ) earned him the nickname King of the Mountain . Bob Jane won the race four times in succession from 1961 to 1964 . Jane 's racing exploits assisted in the creation of his automotive businesses , originally with automotive vehicle dealerships , then later more prominently with a national chain of tyre retailers , Bob Jane T - Marts . The company became a title sponsor of the race between 2002 and 2004 . Three of Jane 's wins were with Harry Firth , who went on to win a fourth race in 1967 and also was a team manager for the 1969 and 1972 Holden Dealer Team victories . New Zealand 's Jim Richards won the race seven times ( 1978 -- 80 , 1991 -- 92 , 1998 and 2002 ) and also holds the record for the most starts ( 35 ) at this event . Richards ' son Steven is also a four - time winner ( 1998 , 1999 , 2013 and 2015 ) . The only other multiple winner from New Zealand is Greg Murphy , who has won the race four times ( 1996 , 1999 , 2003 and 2004 ) . Larry Perkins is the third most successful driver at Bathurst , with six victories ( 1982 -- 84 , 1993 , 1995 and 1997 ) . Like Jim Richards , Perkins achieved three of his victories as co-drivers with Brock in the Holden Dealer Team era . Mark Skaife has won six times , his first was in 1991 , with a Nissan Skyline GT - R. He also won in 1992 in the same car , and in 2001 , 2002 , 2005 and 2010 in a Holden Commodore . Craig Lowndes , who was a protégé of Brock , and has followed his path in terms of success and popularity , has won the race six times . He has won three Bathurst races in a Falcon and three in a Commodore , and also holds the record for most Bathurst podiums , with thirteen . Jamie Whincup , the driver with the most championship titles in ATCC / Supercars history , is a four - time winner of the race . His first three wins were with Craig Lowndes , with his fourth coming in 2012 . Canadian - born Allan Moffat is Ford 's most successful Bathurst driver , winning the race four times ( 1970 , 1971 , 1973 and 1977 ) . The 1977 race saw Moffat and teammate Colin Bond cross the finish line side by side after opening up an indomitable lead in the early laps . Dick Johnson first rose to fame during the 1980 race when his privately entered Ford Falcon hit a rock that had fallen ( or been pushed ; the subject is still debated to this day ) onto the track . Thanks to public donations of over A $ 70,000 -- and a matching donation from Ford Motor Company -- Johnson was able to rebuild his car and win the Bathurst race the following year . He went on to win twice more , in 1989 and 1994 . List of winners ( edit ) Year Event Name Driver ( s ) Car Laps Elapsed time Race average speed Phillip Island ( 500 Miles ) 1960 Armstrong 500 John Roxburgh Frank Coad Vauxhall Cresta 167 laps 8h 19m 59.1 s 96.56 km / h 60.00 mph 1961 Armstrong 500 Bob Jane Harry Firth Mercedes - Benz 220SE 167 laps 8h 18m 0.0 s 96.95 km / h 60.24 mph 1962 Armstrong 500 Harry Firth Bob Jane Ford XL Falcon 167 laps 8h 15m 16.0 s 97.48 km / h 60.57 mph Mount Panorama ( 500 Miles ) 1963 Armstrong 500 Harry Firth Bob Jane Ford Cortina Mk. I GT 130 laps 7h 46m 59.1 s 103.39 km / h 64.24 mph 1964 Armstrong 500 Bob Jane George Reynolds Ford Cortina Mk. I GT 130 laps N / A 1965 Armstrong 500 Barry Seton Midge Bosworth Ford Cortina Mk. I GT500 130 laps 7h 16m 45.1 s 110.54 km / h 68.69 mph 1966 Gallaher 500 Rauno Aaltonen Bob Holden Morris Cooper S 130 laps 7h 11m 29.1 s 111.89 km / h 69.53 mph 1967 Gallaher 500 Harry Firth Fred Gibson Ford XR Falcon GT 130 laps 6h 54m 59.1 s 116.34 km / h 72.29 mph 1968 Hardie - Ferodo 500 Bruce McPhee Barry Mulholland Holden HK Monaro GTS327 130 laps 6h 44m 7.9 s 119.51 km / h 74.26 mph 1969 Hardie - Ferodo 500 Colin Bond Tony Roberts Holden HT Monaro GTS350 130 laps 6h 32m 25s 123.16 km / h 76.53 mph 1970 Hardie - Ferodo 500 Allan Moffat Ford XW Falcon GTHO Phase II 130 laps 6h 34m 26s 122.85 km / h 76.34 mph 1971 Hardie - Ferodo 500 Allan Moffat Ford XY Falcon GTHO Phase III 130 laps 6h 9m 49.5 s 130.55 km / h 81.12 mph 1972 Hardie - Ferodo 500 Peter Brock Holden LJ Torana GTR XU - 1 130 laps 6h 0m 59.1 s 133.74 km / h 83.10 mph Mount Panorama ( 1,000 Kilometres ) 1973 Hardie - Ferodo 1000 Allan Moffat Ian Geoghegan Ford XA Falcon GT Hardtop 163 laps 7h 20m 6.8 s 136.33 km / h 84.71 mph Hardie - Ferodo 1000 John Goss Kevin Bartlett Ford XA Falcon GT Hardtop 163 laps 7h 50m 59.1 s 127.39 km / h 79.16 mph Hardie - Ferodo 1000 Peter Brock Brian Sampson Holden LH Torana SL / R 5000 L34 163 laps 7h 19m 11.3 s 136.62 km / h 84.89 mph 1976 Hardie - Ferodo 1000 Bob Morris John Fitzpatrick Holden LH Torana SL / R 5000 L34 163 laps 7h 7m 12.0 s 140.45 km / h 87.27 mph 1977 Hardie - Ferodo 1000 Allan Moffat Jacky Ickx Ford XC Falcon GS500 Hardtop 163 laps 6h 59m 7.8 s 143.15 km / h 88.95 mph 1978 Hardie - Ferodo 1000 Peter Brock Jim Richards Holden LX Torana A9X SS Hatchback 163 laps 6h 45m 53.9 s 147.82 km / h 91.85 mph 1979 Hardie - Ferodo 1000 Peter Brock Jim Richards Holden LX Torana A9X SS Hatchback 163 laps 6h 38m 15.8 s 150.65 km / h 93.61 mph 1980 Hardie - Ferodo 1000 Peter Brock Jim Richards Holden VC Commodore 163 laps 6h 47m 52.7 s 147.10 km / h 91.41 mph 1981 James Hardie 1000 Dick Johnson John French Ford XD Falcon 120 laps 4h 53m 52.7 s 150.31 km / h 93.40 mph 1982 James Hardie 1000 Peter Brock Larry Perkins Holden VH Commodore SS 163 laps 6h 32m 3.2 s 153.04 km / h 95.09 mph James Hardie 1000 John Harvey Peter Brock Larry Perkins Holden VH Commodore SS 163 laps 6h 28m 31.6 s 154.43 km / h 95.96 mph 1984 James Hardie 1000 Peter Brock Larry Perkins Holden VK Commodore 163 laps 6h 23m 13.6 s 156.57 km / h 97.29 mph 1985 James Hardie 1000 John Goss Armin Hahne Jaguar XJ - S 163 laps 6h 41m 30.19 s 149.44 km / h 92.86 mph 1986 James Hardie 1000 Allan Grice Graeme Bailey Holden VK Commodore SS Group A 163 laps 6h 30m 35.68 s 153.61 km / h 95.45 mph James Hardie 1000 Peter McLeod Peter Brock David Parsons Holden VL Commodore SS Group A 158 laps 7h 1m 8.4 s 139.82 km / h 86.88 mph 1988 Tooheys 1000 Tony Longhurst Tomas Mezera Ford Sierra RS500 161 laps 7h 2m 10.28 s 142.12 km / h 88.31 mph 1989 Tooheys 1000 Dick Johnson John Bowe Ford Sierra RS500 161 laps 6h 30m 53.44 s 153.50 km / h 95.38 mph 1990 Tooheys 1000 Win Percy Allan Grice Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV 161 laps 6h 40m 52.64 s 149.67 km / h 93.00 mph 1991 Tooheys 1000 Jim Richards Mark Skaife Nissan Skyline BNR32 GT - R 161 laps 6h 19m 14.80 s 158.21 km / h 98.31 mph 1992 Tooheys 1000 Mark Skaife Jim Richards Nissan Skyline BNR32 GT - R 143 laps 6h 27m 16.22 s 137.61 km / h 85.51 mph 1993 Tooheys 1000 Larry Perkins Gregg Hansford Holden VP Commodore 161 laps 6h 29m 6.69 s 154.19 km / h 95.81 mph 1994 Tooheys 1000 Dick Johnson John Bowe Ford EB Falcon 161 laps 7h 3m 45.8425 s 141.5882 km / h 87.9788 mph 1995 Tooheys 1000 Larry Perkins Russell Ingall Holden VR Commodore 161 laps 6h 20m 32.4766 s 157.6701 km / h 97.9717 mph AMP Bathurst 1000 Craig Lowndes Greg Murphy Holden VR Commodore 161 laps 7h 9m 28.3584 s 139.7062 km / h 86.8094 mph 1997 AMP Bathurst 1000 Geoff Brabham David Brabham BMW 320i 161 laps 6h 41m 25.4072 s 149.4681 km / h 92.8752 mph 1997 Primus 1000 Classic Larry Perkins Russell Ingall Holden VS Commodore 161 laps 6h 21m 55.5483 s 157.0986 km / h 97.6165 mph 1998 AMP Bathurst 1000 Rickard Rydell Jim Richards Volvo S40 161 laps 6h 54m 23.4756 s 144.7907 km / h 89.9688 mph 1998 FAI 1000 Jason Bright Steven Richards Ford EL Falcon 161 laps 6h 42m 23.9039 s 149.1060 km / h 92.6501 mph 1999 FAI 1000 Steven Richards Greg Murphy Holden VT Commodore 161 laps 6h 51m 48.8354 s 145.6969 km / h 90.5318 mph 2000 FAI 1000 Garth Tander Jason Bargwanna Holden VT Commodore 161 laps 7h 23m 30.2348 s 135.3259 km / h 84.0876 mph 2001 V8 Supercar 1000 Mark Skaife Tony Longhurst Holden VX Commodore 161 laps 6h 50m 33.1789 s 146.1872 km / h 90.8365 mph 2002 Bob Jane T - Marts 1000 Mark Skaife Jim Richards Holden VX Commodore 161 laps 6h 58m 41.0260 s 143.3482 km / h 89.0724 mph 2003 Bob Jane T - Marts 1000 Greg Murphy Rick Kelly Holden VY Commodore 161 laps 6h 32m 55.4044 s 152.7463 km / h 94.9121 mph Bob Jane T - Marts 1000 Greg Murphy Rick Kelly Holden VY Commodore 161 laps 6h 29m 36.2055 s 154.0479 km / h 95.7209 mph 2005 Supercheap Auto 1000 Mark Skaife Todd Kelly Holden VZ Commodore 161 laps 6h 37m 17.0012 s 151.0700 km / h 93.8705 mph 2006 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Craig Lowndes Jamie Whincup Ford BA Falcon 161 laps 6h 59m 53.5852 s 142.9354 km / h 88.8159 mph 2007 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Craig Lowndes Jamie Whincup Ford BF Falcon 161 laps 6h 29m 10.1985 s 154.2195 km / h 95.8275 mph 2008 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Craig Lowndes Jamie Whincup Ford BF Falcon 161 laps 6h 26m 00.4291 s 155.4831 km / h 96.6127 mph 2009 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Will Davison Garth Tander Holden VE Commodore 161 laps 6h 40m 02.4884 s 150.0284 km / h 93.2233 mph Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Craig Lowndes Mark Skaife Holden VE Commodore 161 laps 6h 12m 51.4153 s 160.9668 km / h 100.0201 mph 2011 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Garth Tander Nick Percat Holden VE Commodore 161 laps 6h 26m 52.2691 s 155.0904 km / h 96.3294 mph 2012 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Jamie Whincup Paul Dumbrell Holden VE Commodore 161 laps 6h 16m 01.3304 s 159.6118 km / h 99.1782 mph 2013 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Mark Winterbottom Steven Richards Ford FG Falcon 161 laps 6h 11m 27.9315 s 161.5697 km / h 100.3948 mph 2014 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Chaz Mostert Paul Morris Ford FG Falcon 161 laps 7h 58m 53.2052 s 125.3273 km / h 77.8914 mph 2015 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Craig Lowndes Steven Richards Holden VF Commodore 161 laps 6h 16m 07.7064 s 159.5667 km / h 99.1714 mph 2016 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Will Davison Jonathon Webb Holden VF Commodore 161 laps 6h 19m 25.3237 s 158.1816 km / h 98.3105 mph 2017 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 David Reynolds Luke Youlden Holden VF Commodore 161 laps 7h 11m 45.5456 s 139.0071 km / h 86.3844 mph Notes : ^ 1 -- Outright race winner was not officially recognised until 1965 . Prior to that official results reflected four or five class races occurring simultaneously rather than a single race . The first car across the finish line has been retrospectively referred to as outright race winner since then . ^ 2 -- Race was stopped before full race distance . ^ 3 -- The first and second position finishers were disqualified post race . ^ 4 -- The first position finisher was disqualified post race . ^ 5 -- Denotes Australia 1000 races for V8 Supercars category . ^ 6 -- Race was stopped for over an hour due to the track surface breaking up and requiring repair . Stoppage time is included in final race time . ^ 7 - The first position finisher was assessed a post-race time penalty for violating driving standards . Records and statistics ( edit ) Winners ( edit ) By driver ( edit ) Wins Driver Years 9 Peter Brock 1972 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 7 Jim Richards 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1991 , 1992 , 1998 , 2002 6 Larry Perkins 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 Mark Skaife 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2010 Craig Lowndes 1996 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2015 Bob Jane 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 Harry Firth 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1967 Allan Moffat 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1977 Greg Murphy 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 Jamie Whincup 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2012 Steven Richards 1998 , 1999 , 2013 , 2015 Dick Johnson 1981 , 1989 , 1994 Garth Tander 2000 , 2009 , 2011 John Goss 1974 , 1985 Allan Grice 1986 , 1990 John Bowe 1989 , 1994 Russell Ingall 1995 , 1997 Tony Longhurst 1988 , 2001 Rick Kelly 2003 , 2004 Will Davison 2009 , 2016 By entrant ( edit ) Wins Entrant 9 Holden Dealer Team 7 Ford Works Team Holden Racing Team 6 Triple Eight Race Engineering Dick Johnson Racing Perkins Engineering Gibson Motorsport K - Mart Racing Team Ford Performance Racing By manufacturer ( edit ) Wins Manufacturer 32 Holden 20 Ford Nissan Jaguar Most poles ( edit ) By driver ( edit ) Rank Driver Poles Years Peter Brock 6 1974 -- 1989 Mark Skaife 5 1991 -- 2006 Allan Moffat 1970 -- 1976 By manufacturer ( edit ) Rank Manufacturer Poles Years Ford 23 1967 -- 2017 Holden 22 1968 -- 2016 Nissan 1984 -- 1991 Most starts ( edit ) Rank Driver Starts Years Jim Richards 35 1974 -- 2006 Peter Brock 32 1969 -- 2004 Bob Holden 31 1960 -- 1998 Most podiums ( edit ) Rank Driver Podiums Years Craig Lowndes 13 1994 -- 2015 Peter Brock 12 1969 -- 1987 Larry Perkins 1977 -- 1999 Jim Richards 1974 -- 2002 Race records ( edit ) Description Record Driver / s Car Year Race record 6 : 11 : 27.9315 s ( 161 laps ) Mark Winterbottom Steven Richards Ford FG Falcon 2013 Lap record 2 : 06.2769 s David Reynolds Holden VF Commodore 2016 Largest winning margin 6 laps Peter Brock Jim Richards Holden LX Torana SS A9X Hatchback 1979 Smallest winning margin 0 : 00.1434 s Will Davison Jonathon Webb Holden VF Commodore 2016 Driver records ( edit ) Description Record Driver Car Year Youngest race winner 20y 268d Rick Kelly Holden VY Commodore 2003 Oldest race winner 55y 41d Jim Richards Holden VX Commodore 2002 Deaths ( edit ) In the more than fifty - year history of the event , three drivers have died whilst competing in the Bathurst 1000 . In 1986 , Sydney accountant and privateer entrant Mike Burgmann became the first fatality in the race 's history when his car , a Holden VK Commodore SS Group A , travelling at 260 km / h ( 160 mph ) , struck the tyre barrier at the base of the Armor All Bridge ( then sponsored by John Player Special ) on the high - speed straight known as Conrod Straight . `` The Chase '' , a large three - corner chicane added in 1987 to the straight , was dedicated to Burgmann with a plaque embedded in the concrete barriers . In 1992 , 1967 Formula One World Champion Denny Hulme , after complaining of blurred vision , suffered a heart attack at the wheel of his BMW M3 Evolution whilst travelling along Conrod Straight . After veering into the wall on the left side of the track , his car came to a relatively controlled stop on the opposite side of the course . When marshals reached the scene , Hulme was unconscious and he was pronounced dead at Bathurst Hospital after suffering a second heart attack . In 1994 , Melbourne privateer entrant Don Watson died during practice . His car , a Holden VP Commodore , had a mechanical failure and went straight ahead at the entry to The Chase , hitting a barrier at almost 250 km / h ( 160 mph ) . Additionally , the 2006 event was marred by the death of New Zealand driver Mark Porter in a Development V8 Supercar Series support race on the Friday of the meeting . Porter had been scheduled to compete in the 1000 as a driver for the Brad Jones Racing team . Peter Brock trophy ( edit ) Peter Brock died weeks before the 2006 race in an accident during the Targa West rally in Western Australia . Following this , Supercars announced that from 2006 onwards , the drivers in the Bathurst 1000 would be racing to win the Peter Brock Trophy . The 2006 event also honoured Brock with special tributes ; including the front row of the starting grid being left vacant , all cars bearing an ' 05 ' number sticker made famous by Brock , and a champions ' lap of honour featuring Brock 's past co-drivers parading in cars that Brock won Bathurst with . The trophy , manufactured by Hardy Brothers , is inscribed with the words `` King of the Mountain '' , a long - time nickname of Brock 's . It weighs 2.5 kg ( 6 lb ) and stands 50 centimetres ( 20 in ) tall . Craig Lowndes , a long time mentee of Brock , has won the trophy a record five times since its inception . See also ( edit ) Motorsport portal List of Bathurst 1000 vehicles National Motor Racing Museum -- a museum located adjacent to the racing circuit at Murray 's Corner , exhibiting racing memorabilia and cars . Bathurst 12 Hour Bathurst 24 Hour Bathurst Motor Festival List of Australian Touring Car Championship races References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fogarty , Mark ( 10 September 2006 ) . `` Brock at ease with public role '' . The Age . Jump up ^ Wood , Brian ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` More debris fencing on the way for our Mount '' . Western Advocate . ^ Jump up to : Official Programme , The 1960 Armstrong 500 , Phillip Island , Sunday , 20 November , Page 1 ^ Jump up to : The Australian Manufacturers ' Championship . CAMS Manual of Motor Sport. 1972 . p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Greenhalgh , David ; Tuckey , Bill ( 2013 ) . The official history of The Great Race Bathurst : 50 years . St Leonards , New South Wales : Chevron Publishing Group . ISBN 9780980591231 . Jump up ^ Classifying Vehicles for Road and Track . Australian Motor Manual . May 1965 . pp. 31 , 34 . Jump up ^ The background magicians - Official Programme . Hardie - Ferodo 500 . 4 October 1970 . p. 34 . Mount Panorama Jump up ^ The Australian Manufacturers ' Championship , 1973 CAMS Manual of Motor Sport , page 95 Jump up ^ West , Luke ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Bathurst 1977 : 1 - 2 thank - you ! '' . Australian Muscle Car . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars Announces Prestigious Endurance Cup '' . 20 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mostert / Morris win eight - hour Bathurst thriller '' . Speedcafe. 12 October 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mostert , marshals injured in Bathurst qualifying crash '' . Speedcafe. 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bartholomaeus , Stefan ( 11 October 2015 ) . `` Lowndes scores sixth Bathurst 1000 victory '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bartholomaeus , Stefan ( 9 October 2016 ) . `` Davison / Webb win controversial Bathurst 1000 '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Supercars ( 9 October 2016 ) . `` Triple Eight lodge protest '' . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Howard , Tom ( 9 October 2016 ) . `` Red Bull Bathurst 1000 appeal explained '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supercars National Court of Appeal has dismissed the Appeal submitted by Triple Eight Race Engineering '' . Confederation of Australian Motor Sport. 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reynolds / Youlden claim dramatic Bathurst victory '' . Speedcafe. 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Craill , Richard ( 8 October 2017 ) . `` Erebus Motorsport wins Bathurst 1000 '' . Bathurst 12 Hour . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Official 2006 Race Program , Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 , 5 -- 8 October 2006 , front cover Jump up ^ http://racing.natsoft.com.au/640599963/object_112793.85R/Result?41 Jump up ^ `` Memorial trophy and champions lap to honour Peter Brock '' . V8 Supercars Australia . 12 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bathurst trophy to honour Brock. 12 / 09 / 2006 . ABC News Online '' . www.abc.net.au. 12 September 2006 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Brock Trophy to last a lifetime '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 6 October 2006 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) The official website for the Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 Chequered Flag Motorsport 's Virtual Lap of Bathurst Automobile endurance races 24 hours 24 Hours of Le Mans Spa 24 Hours 24 Hours Nürburgring Dubai 24 Hour 24 Hours of Daytona Longest Day of Nelson 24 Hours of Zolder 24H Silverstone -- European Touring Car Edition Willhire 24 Hour Bathurst 24 Hour 2CV 24 Hour Race Tokachi 24 Hours Barcelona 24 Hour Fermín Vélez Trophy KL 24 Hour GT City Cup 12 hours 12 Hours of Sebring Bathurst 12 Hour Sepang 12 Hours 12 Hours at the Point 12 Hours of Reims Rothmans 12 hours 12 Hours of Brno 10 hours Petit Le Mans 6 hours LA Times GP 6 Hour Le Mans 6 Hours of Atlanta 6 Hours of Bahrain Bathurst 6 Hour 6 Hours of Castellet 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas 6 Hours of Donington 6 Hours of Estoril 6 Hours of Fuji 6 Hours of Imola 6 Hours of Mexico Mid-Ohio 6 Hours Monterey 6 Hours Mosport 6 Hours 6 Hours of Nürburgring 6 Hours of São Paulo 6 Hours of Shanghai 6 Hours of Silverstone 6 Hours of Spa - Francorchamps 6 Hours of Vallelunga 6 Hours of Watkins Glen 6 Hours of Zhuhai 1000 miles Mille Miglia Mil Milhas Brasil 1000 km 1000 km Algarve Bathurst 1000 Baja 1000 1000 km Brands Hatch 1000 km Buenos Aires 1000 km Catalunya Fuji 1000 km 1000 km Jarama 1000 km Le Mans 1000 km Monza 1000 km Mosport 1000 km Okayama Sepang 1000 km 1000 km Suzuka 1000 km Zeltweg Race of a Thousand Years Other Carrera Panamericana Kyalami 9 Hours Targa Florio 25 Hours of Spa Charge of the Headlight Brigade Defunct races are indicated in italics Bathurst 500 / 1000 Phillip Island 500 1960 1961 1962 Bathurst 500 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 Bathurst 1000 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 Bathurst 1000 ( Supercars ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Teams , drivers and events of the 2017 Supercars Championship ( hide ) Scheduled events Adelaide 500 Tasmania SuperSprint Phillip Island 500 Perth SuperSprint Winton SuperSprint Darwin Triple Crown Townsville 400 Ipswich SuperSprint Sydney SuperSprint Sandown 500 Bathurst 1000 Gold Coast 600 Auckland SuperSprint Newcastle 500 Events in italics are part of the Enduro Cup ( hide ) Teams and drivers contesting the championship Walkinshaw Racing Lucas Dumbrell Motorsport Prodrive Racing Australia Nissan Motorsport Brad Jones Racing 2 . Scott Pye 22 . James Courtney 3 . Aaren Russell 62 . Alex Rullo 5 . Mark Winterbottom 6 . Cameron Waters 7 . Todd Kelly 15 . Rick Kelly 23 . Michael Caruso 78 . Simona de Silvestro 8 . Nick Percat 14 . Tim Slade Erebus Motorsport DJR Team Penske Charlie Schwerkolt Racing Tekno Autosports Tim Blanchard Racing Satellite team of Brad Jones Racing 9 . David Reynolds 99 . Dale Wood 12 . Fabian Coulthard 17 . Scott McLaughlin 18 . Lee Holdsworth 19 . Will Davison 21 . Tim Blanchard Garry Rogers Motorsport Rod Nash Racing Satellite team of Prodrive Racing Australia Britek Motorsport Satellite team of Prodrive Racing Australia Triple Eight Race Engineering 33 . Garth Tander 34 . James Moffat 55 . Chaz Mostert 56 . Jason Bright 88 . Jamie Whincup 97 . Shane van Gisbergen 888 . Craig Lowndes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_1000&oldid=806683407 '' Categories : Motorsport in Bathurst , New South Wales Touring car races Supercars Championship races Auto races in Australia Recurring sporting events established in 1960 Recurring sporting events established in 1963 Annual sporting events in Australia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2011 Use Australian English from October 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands Polski Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 14 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who has won bathurst more ford or holden
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"Many marques, including Morris, Jaguar, Nissan, BMW and Volvo, have competed in and won the event in Bathurst. However, the race is best known for the presence of the traditional rivals of Australian motorsport, Ford and Holden, who have won all but six of the races at Bathurst. Due to the size of the Ford and Holden rivalry, for 1995 to 1996, for the 1997 and 1998 Australia 1000 races and from 1999 to 2012, Group 3A and later V8 Supercars rules mandated that only Fords and Holdens were allowed to compete in the race, using their Falcon and Commodore models respectively. In 2013, V8 Supercars' rules changed and other marques began to enter the race, including the return of past winners Nissan. Holden has the most overall victories with 30, with Ford next best on 20 and Nissan the only other multiple winner with two."
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Sandstone
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Sandstone - wikipedia Sandstone Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the geological rock type . For other uses , see Sandstone ( disambiguation ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sandstone Sedimentary rock Cut slab of sandstone showing Liesegang banding Composition Typically quartz and feldspar ; lithic fragments are also common . Other minerals may be found in particularly mature sandstone . Devonian Sandstone at Suur Taevaskoda , Põlva County , Estonia Alcove in the Navajo Sandstone Kokh - type tombs cut into the multicoloured sandstone of Petra , Jordan Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand - sized ( 0.0625 to 2 mm ) mineral particles or rock fragments . Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth 's surface , as seen in Bowen 's reaction series . Like uncemented sand , sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals , but the most common colors are tan , brown , yellow , red , grey , pink , white , and black . Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features , certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions . Rock formations that are primarily composed of sandstone usually allow the percolation of water and other fluids and are porous enough to store large quantities , making them valuable aquifers and petroleum reservoirs . Fine - grained aquifers , such as sandstones , are better able to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices , such as limestone or other rocks fractured by seismic activity . Quartz - bearing sandstone can be converted into quartzite through metamorphism , usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Components 2.1 Framework grains 2.2 Matrix 2.3 Cement 2.4 Pore space 3 Types of sandstone 3.1 Dott 's classification scheme 4 Uses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading Origins ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sand from Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park , Utah . These are grains of quartz with a hematite coating providing the orange colour . Scale bar is 1.0 mm . Sandstones are clastic in origin ( as opposed to either organic , like chalk and coal , or chemical , like gypsum and jasper ) . They are formed from cemented grains that may either be fragments of a pre-existing rock or be mono - minerallic crystals . The cements binding these grains together are typically calcite , clays , and silica . Grain sizes in sands are defined ( in geology ) within the range of 0.0625 mm to 2 mm ( 0.002 -- 0.079 inches ) . Clays and sediments with smaller grain sizes not visible with the naked eye , including siltstones and shales , are typically called argillaceous sediments ; rocks with larger grain sizes , including breccias and conglomerates , are termed rudaceous sediments . Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon , Arizona , worn smooth by erosion from flash flooding over thousands of years . The formation of sandstone involves two principal stages . First , a layer or layers of sand accumulates as the result of sedimentation , either from water ( as in a stream , lake , or sea ) or from air ( as in a desert ) . Typically , sedimentation occurs by the sand settling out from suspension ; i.e. , ceasing to be rolled or bounced along the bottom of a body of water or ground surface ( e.g. , in a desert or erg ) . Finally , once it has accumulated , the sand becomes sandstone when it is compacted by the pressure of overlying deposits and cemented by the precipitation of minerals within the pore spaces between sand grains . The most common cementing materials are silica and calcium carbonate , which are often derived either from dissolution or from alteration of the sand after it was buried . Colours will usually be tan or yellow ( from a blend of the clear quartz with the dark amber feldspar content of the sand ) . A predominant additional colourant in the southwestern United States is iron oxide , which imparts reddish tints ranging from pink to dark red ( terracotta ) , with additional manganese imparting a purplish hue . Red sandstones are also seen in the Southwest and West of Britain , as well as central Europe and Mongolia . The regularity of the latter favours use as a source for masonry , either as a primary building material or as a facing stone , over other construction . The environment where it is deposited is crucial in determining the characteristics of the resulting sandstone , which , in finer detail , include its grain size , sorting , and composition and , in more general detail , include the rock geometry and sedimentary structures . Principal environments of deposition may be split between terrestrial and marine , as illustrated by the following broad groupings : Terrestrial environments Rivers ( levees , point bars , channel sands ) Alluvial fans Glacial outwash Lakes Deserts ( sand dunes and ergs ) Marine environments Deltas Beach and shoreface sands Tidal flats Offshore bars and sand waves Storm deposits ( tempestites ) Turbidites ( submarine channels and fans ) Components ( edit ) Framework grains ( edit ) Paradise Quarry , Sydney , Australia Grus sand and granitoid that it 's derived from Framework grains are sand - sized ( 0.0625 - to - 2 - millimetre ( 0.00246 to 0.07874 in ) diameter ) detrital fragments that make up the bulk of a sandstone . These grains can be classified into several different categories based on their mineral composition : Quartz framework grains are the dominant minerals in most clastic sedimentary rocks ; this is because they have exceptional physical properties , such as hardness and chemical stability . These physical properties allow the quartz grains to survive multiple recycling events , while also allowing the grains to display some degree of rounding . Quartz grains evolve from plutonic rock , which are felsic in origin and also from older sandstones that have been recycled . Feldspathic framework grains are commonly the second most abundant mineral in sandstones . Feldspar can be divided into two smaller subdivisions : alkali feldspars and plagioclase feldspars . The different types of feldspar can be distinguished under a petrographic microscope . Below is a description of the different types of feldspar . Alkali feldspar is a group of minerals in which the chemical composition of the mineral can range from KAlSi O to NaAlSi O , this represents a complete solid solution . Plagioclase feldspar is a complex group of solid solution minerals that range in composition from NaAlSi O to CaAl Si O . Photomicrograph of a volcanic sand grain ; upper picture is plane - polarised light , bottom picture is cross-polarised light , scale box at left - centre is 0.25 millimetre . This type of grain would be a main component of a lithic sandstone . Lithic framework grains are pieces of ancient source rock that have yet to weather away to individual mineral grains , called lithic fragments or clasts . Lithic fragments can be any fine - grained or coarse - grained igneous , metamorphic , or sedimentary rock , although the most common lithic fragments found in sedimentary rocks are clasts of volcanic rocks . Accessory minerals are all other mineral grains in a sandstone ; commonly these minerals make up just a small percentage of the grains in a sandstone . Common accessory minerals include micas ( muscovite and biotite ) , olivine , pyroxene , and corundum . Many of these accessory grains are more dense than the silicates that make up the bulk of the rock . These heavy minerals are commonly resistant to weathering and can be used as an indicator of sandstone maturity through the ZTR index . Common heavy minerals include zircon , tourmaline , rutile ( hence ZTR ) , garnet , magnetite , or other dense , resistant minerals derived from the source rock . Matrix ( edit ) Matrix is very fine material , which is present within interstitial pore space between the framework grains . The interstitial pore space can be classified into two varieties . One is to call the sandstone an arenite , and the other is to call it a wacke . Below is a definition of the differences between the two matrices : Arenites are texturally clean sandstones that are free of or have very little matrix . Wackes are texturally dirty sandstones that have a significant amount of matrix . Cement ( edit ) Cement is what binds the siliciclastic framework grains together . Cement is a secondary mineral that forms after deposition and during burial of the sandstone . These cementing materials may be either silicate minerals or non-silicate minerals , such as calcite . Silica cement can consist of either quartz or opal minerals . Quartz is the most common silicate mineral that acts as cement . In sandstone where there is silica cement present , the quartz grains are attached to cement , which creates a rim around the quartz grain called overgrowth . The overgrowth retains the same crystallographic continuity of quartz framework grain that is being cemented . Opal cement is found in sandstones that are rich in volcanogenic materials , and very rarely is in other sandstones . Calcite cement is the most common carbonate cement . Calcite cement is an assortment of smaller calcite crystals . The cement adheres itself to the framework grains , this adhesion is what causes the framework grains to be adhered together . Other minerals that act as cements include : hematite , limonite , feldspars , anhydrite , gypsum , barite , clay minerals , and zeolite minerals . Pore space ( edit ) Pore space includes the open spaces within a rock or a soil . The pore space in a rock has a direct relationship to the porosity and permeability of the rock . The porosity and permeability are directly influenced by the way the sand grains are packed together . Porosity is the percentage of bulk volume that is inhabited by interstices within a given rock . Porosity is directly influenced by the packing of even - sized spherical grains , rearranged from loosely packed to tightest packed in sandstones . Permeability is the rate in which water or other fluids flow through the rock . For groundwater , work permeability may be measured in gallons per day through a one square foot cross section under a unit hydraulic gradient . Types of sandstone ( edit ) Schematic QFL diagram showing tectonic provinces Cross-bedding and scour in sandstone of the Logan Formation ( Lower Carboniferous ) of Jackson County , Ohio All sandstones are composed of the same general minerals . These minerals make up the framework components of the sandstones . Such components are quartz , feldspars , and lithic fragments . Matrix may also be present in the interstitial spaces between the framework grains . Below is a list of several major groups of sandstones . These groups are divided based on mineralogy and texture . Even though sandstones have very simple compositions which are based on framework grains , geologists have not been able to agree on a specific , right way , to classify sandstones . Sandstone classifications are typically done by point - counting a thin section using a method like the Gazzi - Dickinson Method . The composition of a sandstone can have important information regarding the genesis of the sediment when used with a triangular Quartz , Feldspar , Lithic fragment ( QFL diagrams ) . Many geologists , however , do not agree on how to separate the triangle parts into the single components so that the framework grains can be plotted . Therefore , there have been many published ways to classify sandstones , all of which are similar in their general format . Visual aids are diagrams that allow geologists to interpret different characteristics about a sandstone . The following QFL chart and the sandstone provenance model correspond with each other therefore , when the QFL chart is plotted those points can then be plotted on the sandstone provenance model . The stage of textural maturity chart illustrates the different stages that a sandstone goes through . A QFL chart is a representation of the framework grains and matrix that is present in a sandstone . This chart is similar to those used in igneous petrology . When plotted correctly , this model of analysis creates for a meaningful quantitative classification of sandstones . A sandstone provenance chart allows geologists to visually interpret the different types of places from which sandstones can originate . A stage of textural maturity is a chart that shows the different stages of sandstones . This chart shows the difference between immature , submature , mature , and supermature sandstones . As the sandstone becomes more mature , grains become more rounded , and there is less clay in the matrix of the rock . Dott 's classification scheme ( edit ) Dott 's ( 1964 ) sandstone classification scheme is one of many such schemes used by geologists for classifying sandstones . Dott 's scheme is a modification of Gilbert 's classification of silicate sandstones , and it incorporates R.L. Folk 's dual textural and compositional maturity concepts into one classification system . The philosophy behind combining Gilbert 's and R.L. Folk 's schemes is that it is better able to `` portray the continuous nature of textural variation from mudstone to arenite and from stable to unstable grain composition '' . Dott 's classification scheme is based on the mineralogy of framework grains , and on the type of matrix present in between the framework grains . In this specific classification scheme , Dott has set the boundary between arenite and wackes at 15 % matrix . In addition , Dott also breaks up the different types of framework grains that can be present in a sandstone into three major categories : quartz , feldspar , and lithic grains . Arenites are types of sandstone that have less than 15 % clay matrix in between the framework grains . Quartz arenites are sandstones that contain more than 90 % of siliceous grains . Grains can include quartz or chert rock fragments . Quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature sandstones . These pure quartz sands result from extensive weathering that occurred before and during transport . This weathering removed everything but quartz grains , the most stable mineral . They are commonly affiliated with rocks that are deposited in a stable cratonic environment , such as aeolian beaches or shelf environments . Quartz arenites emanate from multiple recycling of quarts grains , generally as sedimentary source rocks and less regularly as first - cycle deposits derived from primary igneous or metamorphic rocks . Feldspathic arenites are sandstones that contain less than 90 % quartz , and more feldspar than unstable lithic fragments , and minor accessory minerals . Feldspathic sandstones are commonly immature or sub-mature . These sandstones occur in association with cratonic or stable shelf settings . Feldspathic sandstones are derived from granitic - type , primary crystalline , rocks . If the sandstone is dominantly plagioclase , then it is igneous in origin . Lithic arenites are characterised by generally high content of unstable lithic fragments . Examples include volcanic and metamorphic clasts , though stable clasts such as chert are common in lithic arenites . This type of rock contains less than 90 % quartz grains and more unstable rock fragments than feldspars . They are commonly immature to submature texturally . They are associated with fluvial conglomerates and other fluvial deposits , or in deeper water marine conglomerates . They are formed under conditions that produce large volumes of unstable material , derived from fine - grained rocks , mostly shales , volcanic rocks , and metamorphic rock . Wackes are sandstones that contain more than 15 % clay matrix between framework grains . Quartz wackes are uncommon because quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature . Felspathic wackes are feldspathic sandstone that contain a matrix that is greater than 15 % . Lithic wacke is a sandstone in which the matrix greater than 15 % . Arkose sandstones are more than 25 percent feldspar . The grains tend to be poorly rounded and less well sorted than those of pure quartz sandstones . These feldspar - rich sandstones come from rapidly eroding granitic and metamorphic terrains where chemical weathering is subordinate to physical weathering . Greywacke sandstones are a heterogeneous mixture of lithic fragments and angular grains of quartz and feldspar or grains surrounded by a fine - grained clay matrix . Much of this matrix is formed by relatively soft fragments , such as shale and some volcanic rocks , that are chemically altered and physically compacted after deep burial of the sandstone formation . Uses ( edit ) The Main Quadrangle of the University of Sydney , a so - called sandstone university 17,000 yr old sandstone oil lamp discovered at the caves of Lascaux , France Sandstone statue Maria Immaculata by Fidelis Sporer , around 1770 , in Freiburg , Germany Sandstone is highly absorbent . These are sandstone beverage coasters . Sandstone has been used for domestic construction and housewares since prehistoric times , and continues to be used . Sandstone was a popular building material from ancient times . It is relatively soft , making it easy to carve . It has been widely used around the world in constructing temples , homes , and other buildings . It has also been used for artistic purposes to create ornamental fountains and statues . Some sandstones are resistant to weathering , yet are easy to work . This makes sandstone a common building and paving material including in asphalt concrete . However , some that have been used in the past , such as the Collyhurst sandstone used in North West England , have been found less resistant , necessitating repair and replacement in older buildings . Because of the hardness of individual grains , uniformity of grain size and friability of their structure , some types of sandstone are excellent materials from which to make grindstones , for sharpening blades and other implements . Non-friable sandstone can be used to make grindstones for grinding grain , e.g. , gritstone . A type of pure quartz sandstone , the orthoquartzite , with more of 90 -- 95 percent of quartz , has been proposed for nomination to the Global Heritage Stone Resource . In some regions of Argentina , the orthoquartzite - stoned facade is one of the main features of the Mar del Plata style bungalows . See also ( edit ) Geology portal Dimension stone List of sandstones Kurkar Sedimentary basins Sydney sandstone Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Basic Sedimentary Rock Classification '' , L.S. Fichter , Department of Geology / Environmental Science , James Madison University ( JMU ) , Harrisonburg , Virginia , October 2000 , JMU - sed - classif ( accessed : March 2009 ) : separates clastic , chemical & biochemical ( organic ) . Jump up ^ Dorrik A.V. Stow ( 2005 ) . Sedimentary Rocks in the Field : A Colour Guide . Manson Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874545 - 69 - 9 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Francis John Pettijohn ; Paul Edwin Potter ; Raymond Siever ( 1987 ) . Sand and Sandstone . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 96350 - 1 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Boggs , J.R. , 2000 , Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy , 3rd ed . Toronto : Merril Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 13 - 099696 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Prothero , D. ( 2004 ) . Sedimentary Geology . New York , NN : W.H. Freeman and Company Jump up ^ Prothero , D.R. and Schwab , F. , 1996 , Sedimentary Geology , p. 460 , ISBN 0 - 7167 - 2726 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Jackson , J. ( 1997 ) . Glossary of Geology . Alexandria , VA : American Geological Institute ISBN 3 - 540 - 27951 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Sandstone : Sedimentary Rock - Pictures , Definition & More '' . geology.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Carozzi , A. ( 1993 ) . Sedimentary petrography . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall ISBN 0 - 13 - 799438 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Robert H. Dott ( 1964 ) . `` Wacke , greywacke and matrix ; what approach to immature sandstone classification ? '' . SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research . 34 ( 3 ) : 625 -- 32 . doi : 10.1306 / 74D71109 - 2B21 - 11D7 - 8648000102C1865D . Jump up ^ `` Sandstone : Characteristics , Uses And Problems '' . www.gsa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Edensor , T. & Drew , I. Building stone in the City of Manchester : St Ann 's Church . Sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of orthoquartzite -- mindat.org glossary '' . www.mindat.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Cravero , Fernanda et alia ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` ' Piedra Mar del Plata ' : An Argentine orthoquartzite worthy of being considered as a ' Global Heritage Stone Resource ' '' ( PDF ) . Geological Society , London . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Folk , R.L. , 1965 , Petrology of sedimentary rocks PDF version . Austin : Hemphill 's Bookstore . 2nd ed. 1981 , ISBN 0 - 914696 - 14 - 9 . Pettijohn F.J. , P.E. Potter and R. Siever , 1987 , Sand and sandstone , 2nd ed . Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 96350 - 2 . Scholle , P.A. , 1978 , A Color illustrated guide to constituents , textures , cements , and porosities of sandstones and associated rocks , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no . 28 . ISBN 0 - 89181 - 304 - 7 . Scholle , P.A. , and D. Spearing , 1982 , Sandstone depositional environments : clastic terrigenous sediments , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no . 31 . ISBN 0 - 89181 - 307 - 1 . USGS Minerals Yearbook : Stone , Dimension , Thomas P. Dolley , U.S. Dept. of the Interior , 2005 ( format : PDF ) . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sandstone . Webb , Jonathan . Sandstone shapes ' forged by gravity ' ( July 2014 ) , BBC ( hide ) Stonemasonry Types Ashlar Rustication Carving Dry stone Letter cutting Masonry Monumental Rubble Sculpture Slipform Materials List of stone Artificial stone Brick Cast stone Decorative stones Dimension stone Fieldstone Flagstone Gabion Granite Marble Mortar Sandstone Slate Tools Angle grinder Bush hammer Ceramic tile cutter Chisel Diamond blade Lewis ( lifting appliance ) Non-explosive demolition agents Plug and feather Stonemason 's hammer Straightedge Techniques Brickwork Flaming Flushwork Knapping Polygonal masonry Repointing Scabbling Tuckpointing Products Hardstone carving Headstone ( Footstone ) Mosaic Sculpture Stone wall Organizations International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland Mason Contractors Association of America Operative Plasterers ' and Cement Masons ' International Association Worshipful Company of Masons GND : 4127360 - 6 NDL : 00569937 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&oldid=833938018 '' Categories : Sedimentary rocks Stone Building stone Sandstone Industrial minerals Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what does sandstone turn into under heat and pressure
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"Quartz-bearing sandstone can be converted into quartzite through metamorphism, usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts."
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"quartzite"
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2765276586198540784
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The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)
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The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Phantom of the Opera ( musical ) '' redirects here . For other musicals based on the Gaston Leroux novel , see The Phantom of the Opera ( disambiguation ) . The Phantom of the Opera Poster Music Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe ( additional ) Book Andrew Lloyd Webber Richard Stilgoe Basis Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux Premiere 9 October 1986 : Her Majesty 's Theatre , London Productions See list ( show ) 1986 West End 1988 Broadway 1988 Vienna 1988 Tokyo 1989 Toronto 1989 Stockholm 1989 Los Angeles 1990 Hamburg 1990 Melbourne 1991 First US Tour 1992 Second US Tour 1993 San Francisco 1993 Scheveningen 1996 Basel 1997 Auckland 1999 Mexico City 2000 Copenhagen 2001 South Korea 2002 Madrid 2003 Budapest 2004 Film adaptation 2005 São Paulo 2006 Las Vegas Spectacular 2007 Melbourne 2008 Third US Tour 2008 Warsaw 2009 Buenos Aires 2009 South Korea 2011 25th Anniversary 2012 UK Tour 2013 North American Tour 2013 Hamburg 2014 Moscow 2014 Tartu 2014 Prague 2015 Helsinki 2015 New Zealand Tour 2015 Puerto Rico 2016 Stockholm 2017 Belgrade Various international and amateur productions Awards Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical Tony Award for Best Musical The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe . Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the musical 's book together . Based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux , its central plot revolves around a beautiful soprano , Christine Daaé , who becomes the obsession of a mysterious , disfigured musical genius living in the subterranean labyrinth beneath the Opera Populaire . The musical opened in London 's West End in 1986 , and on Broadway in 1988 . It won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical , and Michael Crawford ( in the title role ) won the Olivier and Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical . It is the longest running show in Broadway history by a wide margin , and celebrated its 10,000 th Broadway performance on 11 February 2012 , the first production ever to do so . It is the second longest - running West End musical , after Les Misérables , and the third longest - running West End show overall , after The Mousetrap . With total estimated worldwide gross receipts of over $ 5.6 billion and total Broadway gross of $845 million , Phantom was the most financially successful entertainment event until The Lion King passed it in 2014 . By 2011 , it had been seen by over 130 million people in 145 cities across 27 countries , and continues to play in London and New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Idea 1.2 Lyricists 1.3 Score 1.4 Design , direction , and choreography 1.5 First preview at Sydmonton 1.6 West End 1.7 Broadway 1.8 Amateur productions 2 Synopsis 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Act I 2.3 Act II 3 Casting 3.1 Original casts 3.2 Notable West End Replacements 3.3 Notable Broadway Replacements 4 Musical numbers 5 Orchestra 6 Recordings 6.1 Sales and certifications 6.1. 1 Original 1986 London production 6.1. 2 Local productions 6.1. 3 Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera 7 Allegations of plagiarism 8 Other productions 8.1 Film version 8.2 Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular 9 Copyright release 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Original London production 10.2 Original Broadway production 11 Sequel 12 See also 13 Notes 14 External links Development ( edit ) Idea ( edit ) In 1984 , Lloyd Webber contacted Cameron Mackintosh , the co-producer of Cats and Song and Dance , to propose a new musical . He was aiming for a romantic piece , and suggested Gaston Leroux 's book The Phantom of the Opera as a basis . They screened both the 1925 Lon Chaney and the 1943 Claude Rains motion picture versions , but neither saw an effective way to make the leap from film to stage . Later , in New York , Lloyd Webber found a second - hand copy of the original , long - out - of - print Leroux novel , which supplied the necessary inspiration to develop a musical : `` I was actually writing something else at the time , and I realised that the reason I was hung up was because I was trying to write a major romantic story , and I had been trying to do that ever since I started my career . Then with the Phantom , it was there ! '' Lyricists ( edit ) Lloyd Webber first approached Jim Steinman to write the lyrics because of his `` dark obsessive side '' , but he declined in order to fulfill his commitments on a Bonnie Tyler album . Alan Jay Lerner was then recruited , but he became seriously ill after joining the project and was forced to withdraw ; none of his contributions ( mostly involving the song `` Masquerade '' ) are credited in the show . Richard Stilgoe , the lyricist for Starlight Express , wrote most of the original lyrics for the production . Charles Hart , a young and then - relatively unknown lyricist , later rewrote many of the lyrics , along with original lyrics for `` Think of Me '' . Some of Stilgoe 's original contributions are still present in the final version , however . Score ( edit ) Inspired in part by an earlier musical version of the same story by Ken Hill , Lloyd Webber 's score is sometimes operatic in style but maintains the form and structure of a musical throughout . The full - fledged operatic passages are reserved principally for subsidiary characters such as Andre and Firmin , Carlotta , and Piangi . They are also used to provide the content of the fictional `` operas '' that are taking place within the show itself , viz. , Hannibal , Il Muto , and the Phantom 's masterwork , Don Juan Triumphant . `` Here , Lloyd Webber pastiched various styles from the grand operas of Meyerbeer through to Mozart and even Gilbert and Sullivan . '' These pieces are often presented as musical fragments , interrupted by dialogue or action sequences in order to clearly define the musical 's `` show within a show '' format . The musical extracts from the Phantom 's opera , `` Don Juan Triumphant '' , during the latter stages of the show , are dissonant and modern -- `` suggesting , perhaps , that the Phantom is ahead of his time artistically '' . Design , direction , and choreography ( edit ) Maria Björnson designed the sets and over 200 costumes , including the elaborate gowns in the `` Masquerade '' sequence . Her set designs , including the chandelier , subterranean gondola , and sweeping staircase , earned her multiple awards . Hal Prince , director of Cabaret , Candide , Follies , and Lloyd Webber 's Evita , directed the production , while Gillian Lynne , associate director and choreographer of Cats , provided the integral musical staging and choreography . First preview at Sydmonton ( edit ) A preview of the first act was staged at Sydmonton ( Lloyd Webber 's home ) in 1985 , starring Colm Wilkinson ( later the star of the Toronto production ) as the Phantom , Sarah Brightman as Kristin ( later Christine ) , and Clive Carter ( later a member of the London cast ) as Raoul . This very preliminary production used Richard Stilgoe 's original unaltered lyrics , and many songs sported names that were later changed , such as `` What Has Time Done to Me '' ( `` Think of Me '' ) , and `` Papers '' ( `` Notes '' ) . The Phantom 's original mask covered the entire face and remained in place throughout the performance , obscuring the actor 's vision and muffling his voice . Björnson designed the now - iconic half - mask to replace it , and the unmasking sequence was added . Clips of this preview performance were included on the DVD of the 2004 film production . West End ( edit ) Phantom began previews at Her Majesty 's Theatre in London 's West End on 27 September 1986 under the direction of Hal Prince , then opened on 9 October . It was choreographed by Gillian Lynne and the sets were designed by Maria Björnson , with lighting by Andrew Bridge . Michael Crawford starred in the title role with Sarah Brightman as Christine and Steve Barton as Raoul . The production , still playing at Her Majesty 's , celebrated its 10,000 th performance on 23 October 2010 , with Lloyd Webber and the original Phantom , Michael Crawford , in attendance . It is the second longest - running musical in West End ( and world ) history behind Les Misérables , and third overall behind The Mousetrap . A 25th - anniversary stage performance was held in London on 1 and 2 October 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall and was screened live in cinemas worldwide . The production was produced by Cameron Mackintosh , directed by Laurence Connor , musical staging & choreography by Gillian Lynne , set design by Matt Kinley , costume design by Maria Björnson , lighting design by Patrick Woodroffe , and sound design by Mick Potter . The cast included Ramin Karimloo as the Phantom , Sierra Boggess as Christine , Hadley Fraser as Raoul , Wynne Evans as Piangi , Wendy Ferguson as Carlotta , Barry James as Monsieur Firmin , Gareth Snook as Monsieur Andre , Liz Robertson as Madame Giry , and Daisy Maywood as Meg Giry . Lloyd Webber and several original cast members , including Crawford and Brightman , were in attendance . A DVD and Blu - ray of the performance was released in February 2012 , and it began airing in March 2012 on PBS 's `` Great Performances '' television series . In March 2012 , a new production directed by Laurence Connor began a UK and Ireland tour to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the show , beginning at the Theatre Royal Plymouth and travelled to Manchester , Bristol , Dublin , Leeds , Edinburgh , Milton Keynes , Cardiff , and Southampton . John Owen - Jones and Earl Carpenter alternated as the Phantom with Katie Hall and Olivia Brereton as Christine and Simon Bailey as Raoul . Broadway ( edit ) Phantom began Broadway previews at the Majestic Theatre on 9 January 1988 and opened on 26 January . Crawford , Brightman , and Barton reprised their respective roles from the West End . The production continues to play at the Majestic , where it became the first Broadway musical in history to surpass 10,000 performances on 11 February 2012 . On 26 January 2013 , the production celebrated its 25th anniversary with its 10,400 th performance . It is , by over 3,500 performances , the longest - running show in Broadway history . By November 2016 , Phantom had been staged over 12,000 times over 28 years . Amateur productions ( edit ) In 2013 , the rights to perform `` Phantom '' were released to non-professional groups . CLOC musical theatre staged the world amateur premiere in May 2013 at the National Theatre in Melbourne , Australia . In June 2013 , Windmill Theatre Company staged the production at the Drum Theatre in Dandenong . Also in June 2013 , Wellington Musical Theatre debuted the New Zealand premiere starring Chris Crowe and Barbara Graham . Synopsis ( edit ) Prologue ( edit ) In 1905 Paris , an auction of old theatrical props is taking place at the derelict Opéra Populaire . Among the attendees is the elderly Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny , who purchases a papier - mâché music box featuring a monkey figurine playing a set of cymbals . It seems to hold some meaning for him and he eyes it sadly , saying it appears `` exactly as she said . '' The auctioneer describes `` a chandelier in pieces '' as the next item up for bid , alluding to a connection with a mysterious figure known as `` the Phantom of the Opera '' . When the drop cloth is pulled from the chandelier , the fixture flickers eerily to life and ascends to the ceiling as the auditorium 's former grandeur is restored ( `` Overture '' ) . Act I ( edit ) It is now 1881 and the cast of a new production , Hannibal , are rehearsing onstage when they learn that new owners , Firmin and André , are taking over the Opéra Populaire . Carlotta , the Opéra 's resident soprano prima donna , begins to perform an aria for the new managers when a backdrop inexplicably falls from the flies , barely missing her and prompting anxious chorus girls to whisper , `` He 's here ! The Phantom of the Opera ! '' . The managers try to downplay the incident , but Carlotta angrily insists that such things happen all the time and she storms out . Madame Giry , the Opéra 's ballet mistress , informs Firmin and André that Christine Daaé , a chorus girl and orphaned daughter of a prominent violinist , has been `` well taught '' and can sing Carlotta 's role . With cancellation of the sold out show being their only other alternative , the managers reluctantly audition Christine and are surprised to discover that she is indeed up to the challenge . As Christine sings the aria during the evening performance , the Opéra 's new patron , Raoul , the Vicomte de Chagny , recognizes her as his childhood friend and playmate ( `` Think of Me '' ) . Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman performing the title song Backstage after her triumphant début , Christine confesses to her best friend Meg ( Madame Giry 's daughter ) that she knows her mysterious teacher only as an invisible `` Angel of Music '' ( `` Angel of Music '' ) . Raoul pays a visit to Christine 's dressing room . The two reminisce about the `` Angel of Music '' stories that her late father used to tell them and Christine confides that the Angel has visited her and taught her to sing ( `` Little Lotte '' ) . Raoul indulges what he assumes are fantasies and insists on taking Christine to dinner . When Raoul leaves to fetch his hat , Christine hears the jealous Phantom 's voice and she entreats him to reveal himself . The Phantom obliges by appearing as a ghostly , partially masked face in her mirror ( `` The Mirror / Angel of Music ( Reprise ) '' ) . Believing him to be the Angel of Music sent by her deceased father , Christine is irresistibly drawn through the mirror to the Phantom , who leads her down into the cellars of the Opéra house . The two then board a small boat and cross a subterranean lake to his secret lair ( `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ) . The Phantom explains that he has chosen Christine to sing his music and serenades her . When he reveals a mirror that reflects an image of her in a wedding dress , the figure in the mirror gestures to Christine and she faints . The Phantom then covers her tenderly with his cloak ( `` The Music of the Night '' ) . As the Phantom is composing music at his organ , Christine awakens to the sound of the monkey music box ( `` I Remember '' ) . Overcome with curiosity , she slips behind the Phantom , lifts his mask , and beholds his grotesquely disfigured face . The Phantom rails at her prying gesture , as Christine hides in fear . He then ruefully expresses his longing to look normal , and to be loved by her ( `` Stranger Than You Dreamt It '' ) . Moved by pity , Christine returns the Phantom 's mask to him and the Phantom shepherds her back above ground . Meanwhile , Joseph Buquet , the Opéra 's chief stagehand , regales the chorus girls with tales of the `` Opéra Ghost '' and his terrible Punjab lasso ( `` Magical Lasso '' ) . Madame Giry arrives and warns Buquet to exercise restraint or face the Phantom 's wrath . In the managers ' office , André and Firman read notes from the Phantom aloud and are interrupted by Raoul , who accuses them of sending him a note saying that he should make no attempt to see Christine again . Carlotta and Piangi then burst into the office , demanding to know who sent Carlotta a note saying that her days at the Opera Populaire are numbered . As André and Firmin try to calm the distressed Carlotta , Madame Giry delivers another note from the Phantom : he demands that Christine replace Carlotta in the new opera , Il Muto , lest they face a `` disaster beyond imagination '' ( `` Notes ... '' ) . Firmin and André dismiss the threat and assure an enraged Carlotta that she will remain their star ( `` Prima Donna '' ) . The première of Il Muto initially goes well , until the voice of the Phantom suddenly cuts through the performance , enraged that Box 5 was not kept empty for him . As Christine whispers that she knows the Phantom is near , Carlotta reminds her that her role is silent , calling her a `` little toad '' . The Phantom states that it is Carlotta who is the toad and reduces Carlotta 's voice to a frog - like croak . Firmin quickly tries to calm the situation by telling the audience that Christine will take over the starring role , moving forward the ballet to keep the audience entertained . Suddenly , the corpse of Joseph Buquet drops from the rafters , hanging from the Punjab lasso . Firmin and André plead for calm as mayhem erupts and the Phantom 's diabolical laughter is heard throughout the auditorium ( `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' ) . In the ensuing chaos , Christine escapes with Raoul to the roof and tells him about her subterranean encounter with the Phantom ( `` Why Have You Brought Me Here ? / Raoul , I 've Been There '' ) . Raoul is skeptical but promises to love and protect her , and Christine reciprocates his vow ( `` All I Ask of You '' ) . The heartbroken Phantom , having overheard their entire conversation , angrily vows revenge before returning to the auditorium and sending the chandelier crashing to the stage during the curtain call ( `` All I Ask of You ( Reprise ) '' ) . Act II ( edit ) Steve Barton and Sarah Brightman in the final scene Six months later , in the midst of a masquerade ball , the Phantom makes his first appearance since the chandelier disaster , in costume as the Red Death . He announces that he has written an opera entitled Don Juan Triumphant and demands that it be produced immediately , with Christine ( who is now secretly engaged to Raoul ) in the lead role , and he warns of dire consequences if his demands are not met ( `` Masquerade / Why So Silent ? '' ) . Noticing an engagement ring on a chain around Christine 's neck , the Phantom angrily pulls it from her and vanishes in a blinding flash of light . As the masquerade attendees scatter in fear , Raoul accosts Madame Giry and demands that she reveal what she knows about the Phantom . Giry reluctantly explains that the Phantom is actually a brilliant scholar , magician , architect , inventor , and composer who was born with a terrifyingly deformed face . Feared and reviled by society , he was cruelly exhibited in a cage as part of a travelling fair until he eventually escaped and disappeared . He has since taken refuge beneath the opera house , which has now become his home . During rehearsals , Raoul - tired of the tyranny with which the Phantom rules the Opera - thinks to use the première of Don Juan Triumphant as a trap to capture the Phantom and put an end to his reign of terror once and for all . Carlotta falsely accuses Christine of being the mastermind and that it is her plan so she can be the star . Christine angrily defends herself , saying she is not the Phantom 's accomplice , but his victim . Raoul , knowing of the Phantom 's obsession with his fiancée , asserts that the Phantom will be sure to attend the opera 's première , and begs Christine to help him lure the Phantom into the trap ( `` Notes / Twisted Every Way '' ) . Torn between her love for Raoul and her fear of the Phantom , Christine visits her father 's grave , longing for his guidance but understanding that she must move on ( `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' ) . The Phantom appears atop the mausoleum , again under the guise of the Angel of Music ( `` Wandering Child '' ) , and sings to Christine . Christine , tired and heartbroken , once again accepts her `` Angel '' as a friend , nearly succumbing to the Phantom 's influence , but Raoul arrives to both rescue her and confront The Phantom . The Phantom taunts Raoul , hurling fire balls at him until Christine begs Raoul to leave with her ( `` Bravo Monsieur '' ) . Furious , the Phantom declares war upon them both and causes flames to spring up around the mausoleum . With armed policemen having secured the auditorium and watching for the Phantom , Don Juan Triumphant premieres with Christine and Piangi singing the lead roles . During Don Juan 's and Aminta 's duet , Christine comes to the sudden realization that she is singing not with Piangi , but with the Phantom himself ( `` The Point of No Return '' ) . Mimicking Raoul 's vow of devotion on the rooftop , the Phantom once again expresses love for Christine and forces his ring onto her finger ; Christine rips off his mask , exposing his horrifically deformed face to the shocked audience . The opera house is plunged into chaos . Piangi 's garroted body is revealed backstage , the cast and audience fly into a state of panic , and the Phantom seizes Christine and flees the theatre . An angry mob , vowing vengeance for the murders of Buquet and Piangi , searches the theatre for the Phantom , while Madame Giry tells Raoul how to find the Phantom 's subterranean lair , and warns him to beware his magical lasso. ( `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' ) . In the lair , Christine is forced to don a wedding dress . Raoul finds the lair and attempts to persuade the Phantom to spare Christine , begging him to show compassion . The Phantom refuses , and captures Raoul with the Punjab lasso . The Phantom tells Christine that he will free Raoul if she agrees to stay with him forever , but if she refuses , Raoul will die . Christine , heartbroken , tells the Phantom that it is his soul that is deformed , not his face . As the Phantom and Raoul both plead to her , Christine mournfully wonders what kind of life the Phantom has known . She tells the Phantom that he is not alone and kisses him , showing him compassion for the first time in his life . The Phantom , having experienced kindness at last , understands that he can not compel Christine to love him , and sets them both free . Raoul hurries Christine out of the lair , but she returns alone to give the Phantom back his ring . The Phantom tells Christine he loves her , before she tearfully exits with Raoul . The weeping Phantom huddles on his throne and covers himself with his cloak . The mob , led by Meg , enters the lair . Meg pulls the Phantom 's cloak from the throne , finding only his mask on the seat . She lifts the mask up into the light and gazes at in wonder as the curtain falls . Casting ( edit ) Original casts ( edit ) The original casts of the major productions of The Phantom of the Opera : Character Original West End Cast Original Broadway Cast Original Las Vegas Cast Royal Albert Hall 25th Anniversary Cast The Phantom of the Opera Michael Crawford Brent Barrett Anthony Crivello ‡ Ramin Karimloo Christine Daaé Sarah Brightman Claire Moore † Sarah Brightman Patti Cohenour † Sierra Boggess Elizabeth Loyacano ‡ Sierra Boggess Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny Steve Barton Tim Martin Gleason Hadley Fraser Carlotta Giudicelli Rosemary Ashe Judy Kaye Elena Jeanne Batman Geena Jeffries Mattox ‡ Wendy Ferguson Madame Giry Mary Millar Leila Martin Rebecca Spencer Liz Robertson Meg Giry Janet Devenish Elisa Heinsohn Brianne Kelly Morgan Daisy Maywood Monsieur Richard Firmin John Savident Nick Wyman Lawson Skala Barry James Monsieur Gilles André David Firth Cris Groenendaal John Leslie Wolfe Gareth Snook Ubaldo Piangi John Aron David Romano Larry Wayne Morbitt Wynne Evans † The role of Christine Daaé is double - cast in most professional productions . The secondary actress performs the role twice a week ( on Broadway , Thursday evening and Saturday matinée ) . ‡ Three roles ( The Phantom , Christine , and Carlotta ) were double - cast in the original Las Vegas production , with the two actors in each pair singing alternate performances . Later , Las Vegas casting became identical to that in the Broadway production , with single casting for all characters except Christine . Notable West End Replacements ( edit ) The Phantom : Peter Karrie , Dave Willetts , John Owen - Jones , Ramin Karimloo , Peter Jöback , Simon Bowman , Earl Carpenter , Marcus Lovett , Peter Polycarpou , Ben Forster , Ben Lewis Christine Daaé : Maria Kesselman , Claire Moore , Rebecca Caine , Myrra Malmberg , Gina Beck , Rachel Barrell , Sofia Escobar , Leila Benn Harris , Robyn North , Anna O'Byrne , Meredith Braun , Celinde Schoenmaker , Kelly Mathieson Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny : Michael Ball , John Barrowman , Simon Bowman , Simon Burke , Clive Carter , Killian Donnelly , Ramin Karimloo , Robert Meadmore , Oliver Thornton , Sean Palmer , Nadim Naaman , Jeremy Taylor , Gardar Thor Cortes Carlotta Giuducelli : Morag McLaren , Julia Goss , Margaret Preece , Shan Cothi Monsieur Richard Firmin : Andy Hockley Monsieur Gilles Andre : Martin Ball Notable Broadway Replacements ( edit ) The Phantom : Timothy Nolen , Steve Barton , Mark Jacoby , Davis Gaines , Thomas James O'Leary , Marcus Lovett , Hugh Panaro , Howard McGillin , Gary Mauer , Brad Little , John Cudia , Peter Jöback , Norm Lewis , James Barbour , Amick Byram Christine Daaé : Lisa Vroman , Patti Cohenour , Rebecca Luker , Sandra Joseph , Rebecca Pitcher , Jennifer Hope Wills , Sierra Boggess , Mary Michael Patterson , Samantha Hill , Julia Udine , Ali Ewoldt , Kaley Ann Voorhees Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny : Gary Mauer , Hugh Panaro , Brad Little , John Cudia , Tim Martin Gleason , Rodney Ingram Monsieur Gilles Andre : George Lee Andrews , Laird Mackintosh Musical numbers ( edit ) Prologue Prologue : The stage of the Paris Opéra House , 1911 -- Old Raoul Overture -- Orchestra Act I The dress rehearsal of `` Hannibal '' `` Think of Me '' -- Carlotta , Christine , Raoul After the Gala `` Angel of Music '' -- Christine and Meg Christine 's dressing room `` Little Lotte / The Mirror ( Angel of Music ) '' -- Raoul , Christine , Phantom The labyrinth underground `` The Phantom of the Opera '' -- Phantom and Christine Beyond the lake `` The Music of the Night '' -- Phantom Beyond the lake , the next morning `` I Remember / Stranger Than You Dreamt It -- Christine and Phantom Backstage `` Magical Lasso '' -- Buquet , Meg , Madame Giry and Ballet Girls The managers ' office `` Notes / Prima Donna '' -- Firmin , André , Raoul , Carlotta , Giry , Meg , Piangi and Phantom A performance of `` Ill Muto '' `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' -- Carlotta and Company The roof of the Opera House `` Why Have You Brought Me Here / Raoul , I 've Been There '' -- Raoul and Christine `` All I Ask of You '' -- Raoul and Christine `` All I Ask of You '' ( Reprise ) -- Phantom Act II Entr'acte -- Orchestra The staircase of the Opéra House , New Year 's Eve `` Masquerade / Why So Silent ? '' -- Full Company Backstage The managers ' office `` Notes / Twisted Every Way '' -- André , Firmin , Carlotta , Piangi , Raoul , Christine , Giry , and Phantom A rehearsal for `` Don Juan Triumphant '' A graveyard in Peros `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' -- Christine `` Wandering Child / Bravo , Bravo '' -- Phantom , Christine and Raoul The Opéra House stage before the Premiere `` Don Juan Triumphant '' `` The Point of No Return '' -- Phantom and Christine The labyrinth underground `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' -- Full Company Beyond the lake Orchestra ( edit ) There are several orchestrations : 29 piece orchestra ( original score , used in London ) , 27 piece orchestra ( current Broadway score ) 13 piece orchestra ( Reduced score for tour ) , 45 piece orchestra ( 25th Anniversary score ) . The current Broadway orchestration is what is licensed by R&H Theatricals for amateur and professional productions . The only difference between the 29 - and 27 - piece orchestras is the lack of Violins VII & VIII in the 27 - piece orchestra . The Broadway production originally used a 29 - piece pit orchestra : Reed I : Flute / Piccolo Reed II : Flute / Clarinet Reed III : Oboe / English Horn Reed IV : B - flat Clarinet / Bass Clarinet / E-flat Clarinet Reed V : Bassoon French Horns I -- III Trumpets I -- II Trombone Percussion I - II ( see below ) Keyboards I -- II : Piano , Synthesizer Violins I - VIII ( currently only six violins ) Violas I -- II Cellos I -- II String Bass Harp Percussion is split between two books - regular percussion and mallets 2 Timpani , Suspended cymbals , Crash Cymbals , Snare drum , Triangle , Tambourine , Bass Drum Glockenspiel , Xylophone , Vibes , Marimba , Tubular Bells , Bell Tree , Woodblock , Gong , Guiro , Finger Cymbals Recordings ( edit ) Cast recordings have been made of the London , Austrian , Dutch , German , Japanese , Swedish , Korean , Hungarian , Mexican , Polish , Russian and Canadian productions . The recording of the 1986 original London cast , released by Polydor Records in 1987 , was released in both a single CD Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera and a two CD Phantom of the Opera , both of which have been certified 4 × Platinum in the US and sold 4.97 million copies as of January 2017 . `` The Complete Recordings '' edition has sold 507,000 copies since 1991 . Phantom was also certified 3 × Platinum in the UK . The Canadian cast recording went 2 × Platinum in Canada . In Switzerland , Phantom was certified 3 × Platinum and Highlights was certified 2 × Platinum . Recordings of the Vienna cast and the Hamburg cast produced by Jimmy Bowien were certified Gold and triple Platinum , respectively , in Germany . The original album recording has sold an alleged 24 million copies worldwide . A live recording of The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall was released in the UK on 15 November 2011 and subsequently in the US and Canada on 7 February 2012 , along with Blu - ray and DVD videos , and a collectors ' box set of the Royal Albert concert , the original cast recording , and the sequel , Love Never Dies . Sales and certifications ( edit ) Original 1986 London production ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 12 × Platinum 180,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 50,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 900,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Local productions ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 800,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 1,500,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 800,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Allegations of plagiarism ( edit ) In 1987 the heirs of Giacomo Puccini charged in a lawsuit that the climactic phrase in `` Music of the Night '' closely resembled a similar phrase in the sequence `` Quello che tacete '' from Puccini 's opera Girl of the Golden West . The litigation was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount . In 1990 a Baltimore songwriter named Ray Repp filed a lawsuit alleging that the title song from Phantom was based on a song that he wrote in 1978 called `` Till You '' . After eight years of litigation -- including an unsuccessful countersuit by Lloyd Webber claiming that `` Till You '' was itself a plagiarism of `` Close Every Door '' from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat -- the jury found in Lloyd Webber 's favour . Roger Waters has repeatedly claimed in interviews that the signature descending / ascending half - tone chord progression from Phantom 's title song was plagiarised from the bass line of a track on the 1971 Pink Floyd album Meddle called `` Echoes '' . He has never taken any legal action . `` Life 's too long to bother with suing Andrew fucking Lloyd Webber , '' he said . `` I think that might make me really gloomy . '' Other productions ( edit ) Phantom has been translated into several languages and produced in over 28 countries on 6 continents . With only the exception of Czech Republic , Estonia , Finland , Hungary , New Zealand , Panama , Poland , Romania , and the 25th Anniversary UK and US Tours , these productions have all been `` clones '' , using the original staging , direction , sets , and costume concepts . Notable international productions include the following : Australia : 1990 -- 1998 : Melbourne , Sydney , Brisbane , Adelaide , and Perth ; 2007 -- 2009 : Melbourne , Brisbane , Sydney , Auckland , Perth and Adelaide , both starring Anthony Warlow . Marina Prior starred as Christine in the original production . In the original Australian production , Rob Guest later took over the title role . The final leg of the recent tour was staged in Adelaide in an arena format featuring giant screens on either side of the stage that presented footage shot simultaneously with the performance . 2013 : Canberra starring Michael Cormick as The Phantom and with Julie Lea Goodwin starring as Christine from 9 to 23 August 2013 . Goodwin had previously played the role , as the `` Alternate Christine '' , in the 2007 to 2009 national tour . Austria : The German language production premiered at the Theater an der Wien in December 1988 . Canada : The Canadian production of Phantom ran from 20 September 1989 to 31 October 1999 in Toronto at the Pantages Theatre , with Colm Wilkinson originating the role of Phantom . The Canadian International Touring Company toured the musical in Canada , Hawaii , Alaska , Hong Kong , and Singapore from 11 March 1991 to October 1995 . The Music Box Tour ( Third US National Tour ) played dates across Canada in 2006 -- 2007 including Calgary , Vancouver , Edmonton , Winnipeg , Toronto , Saskatoon and Ottawa . China : The Shanghai production played 97 performances at the Shanghai Grand Theatre . The World Tour had their sixth season at the Culture Plaza Theatre at Shanghai Culture Square from 3 December 2013 to 26 January 2014 . The World Tour returned to China at the Guangzhou Opera House in Guangzhou from 26 September to 10 October 2015 and performed its final season at the Tianqiao Performing Arts Center in Beijing from 17 November 2015 to 10 January 2016 . Estonia : Production in Estonian language ( but with English and Finnish subtitles ) featuring original sets , costumes , and direction premiered on 4 October 2014 at Theatre Vanemuine in Tartu . In first season 2014 / 2015 there were 24 performances in total , eight of which took place in capital Tallinn at Nordea Concert Hall ( premiered there on 30 October 2014 ) . In spring 2017 there will be further 12 performances ( two of which in Tallinn ) . Finland : A Finnish production premiered in Helsinki in 2015 at the Finnish National Opera in English . Germany : `` Das Phantom der Oper '' opened at the Stage Neue Flora Theatre , Hamburg from 1990 to 2001 , the Palladium Theatre in Stuttgart from 2002 to 2004 , and at the Colosseum Theatre in Essen from 2005 to 2007 . A second Hamburg production ran from December 2013 until September 2015 at the Stage Theatre Neue Flora . A production in Oberhausen is currently running at the Metronom Theater from 17 November 2015 . Hungary : Madách Theatre , Budapest . This production , which began in 2003 , was the first to modify the original staging with new sets , costumes and direction . The five hundredth performance on 20 September 2007 featured four successive sets of casts . New Zealand : Opened at the Aotea Centre in Auckland in 1997 and at The Civic , The Edge - Auckland in 2008 . A local production ( with new designs ) opened on 13 June at the St. James Theatre in Wellington and closed on 16 July 2013 . Panama : For the first time in Central America , `` El Fantasma de la Opera '' played in Spanish at the Teatro Anayansi of the Atlapa Convention Center from 23 to 25 September 2016 , directed by Aaron Zebede . Randy Dominguez starred in the role of The Phantom , with Maria Fernanda Achurra as Christine and Leo Almengor as Raoul . Romania : The Romanian premiere was in January 2015 produced by the Romanian National Opereta . This new non-replica production was performed in Romanian with a local cast led by a British creative team . Russia : Moscow production cooproduced by Stage Entertainment and Really Useful Group premiered on 4 October 2014 in the MDM - theatre starring Ivan Ozhogin and Dmitri Ermak as The Phantom . The stalls and the stage were modernised specially for the production . The premiere was attended by Richard Stilgoe and Charles Hart . Serbia : The Serbian premiere was in October 2017 produced by Belgrade based Terazije Theatre. Production is performed in Serbian with a local cast . Singapore : First tour at the Kallang Theatre from 26 February 1995 to 20 May 1995 , second tour at the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay from 23 March 2007 to 20 May 2007 . Turkey : The World Tour played in Istanbul at the Zorlu Center PSM from 7 April to 17 May 2015 . United States : Los Angeles ( 1989 -- 1993 ) , San Francisco ( 1993 -- 1999 ) . A US National tour commenced in 1991 in Los Angeles , and closed on 31 October 2010 at the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , after nearly two decades . The closing night performance was attended by many former cast and crew members , including Andrew Lloyd Webber and Sarah Brightman . Film version ( edit ) A film version , directed by Joel Schumacher and starring Gerard Butler as the Phantom , Emmy Rossum as Christine , Patrick Wilson as Raoul , Minnie Driver as Carlotta , and Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry , opened on 22 December 2004 in the US . Phantom : the Las Vegas Spectacular ( edit ) An edited production renamed Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular opened 24 June 2006 at The Venetian in Las Vegas , Nevada , in a theatre built specifically for the show to resemble the Opéra Garnier in Paris . The production ran 95 minutes with no intermission , and was directed and choreographed by Harold Prince and Gillian Lynne , with scenic designs by David Rockwell . The show featured updated technology and effects , including a re-engineered chandelier capable of reassembling in midair during the overture while the entire interior of the venue ( not merely the stage ) returned to its 1880s halcyon days . Almost 45 minutes ' worth of material was eliminated , such as the Don Juan Triumphant rehearsal . `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh '' and `` The Point of No Return '' were significantly shortened . Other changes resembled those in the 2004 film , such as staging the chandelier crash at the plot 's climax ( during performance of `` The Point of No Return '' ) rather than mid-story . The Las Vegas production closed on 2 September 2012 . Copyright release ( edit ) In 2011 The Really Useful Group ( copyright owners of Phantom ) released certain rights to the play in celebration of its 25th anniversary . In March 2011 Reed - Custer High School in Braidwood , Illinois , became the first school to perform Phantom under the new rights . Later in 2011 , Stanwell School in Penarth became the first school in the UK to perform the show . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1986 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won Best Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Designer of the Year Maria Björnson Nominated 2002 Most Popular Show Won Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1988 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Outstanding Actress in a Musical Sarah Brightman Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Harold Prince Won Outstanding Music Andrew Lloyd Webber Won Outstanding Orchestrations David Cullen and Andrew Lloyd Webber Won Outstanding Set Design Maria Björnson Won Outstanding Costume Design Won Outstanding Lighting Design Andrew Bridge Won Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Michael Crawford Won Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Judy Kaye Won Best Direction of a Musical Harold Prince Won Best Book of a Musical Richard Stilgoe and Andrew Lloyd Webber Nominated Best Original Score Andrew Lloyd Webber , Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe Nominated Best Scenic Design Maria Björnson Won Best Costume Design Won Best Lighting Design Andrew Bridge Won Best Choreography Gillian Lynne Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Love Never Dies ( musical ) The sequel to Phantom , written by Lloyd Webber , Ben Elton , Frederick Forsyth and Glenn Slater , is called Love Never Dies . It was loosely adapted from the 1999 novel The Phantom of Manhattan , by Forsyth . Set in 1907 ( a decade after the conclusion of Phantom according to the production 's announcement , but actually 26 years later , as the original show was set in 1881 ) , Christine is invited to perform at Phantasma , a new attraction at Coney Island , by an anonymous impresario . With her husband , Raoul , and son , Gustave , in tow she journeys to Brooklyn , unaware that it is the Phantom who has arranged her appearance at the popular beach resort . The original production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell with set and costume designs by Bob Crowley , and opened at the Adelphi Theatre in the West End on 9 March 2010 . Though it ran for over 17 months and closed on 27 August 2011 , the production received mixed reviews . A scheduled Broadway opening in November 2010 was postponed until Spring 2011 and later cancelled . A revamped Australian production , starring Ben Lewis and Anna O'Byrne , opened 21 May 2011 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne to more favourable notices . After the Melbourne run ended on 12 December 2011 the production moved to the Capitol Theatre in Sydney where it played from January to April 2012 . See also ( edit ) Phantom List of best - selling albums in New Zealand List of best - selling albums Love Never Dies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera : The most commercially successful stage musical ever '' . Really Useful Licensing . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( January 27 , 1988 ) . `` Stage : ' Phantom of the Opera ' '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- The Show -- Awards '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerald Martin Bordman ( 2004 ) . The Oxford companion to American theatre p. 496 . Oxford University Press . `` A British musical based on Leroux 's famous novel '' . Jump up ^ Top 10 Longest - Running London Theatre Shows Londonist.com . Retrieved 11 February 2012 Jump up ^ The A to Z of the Broadway Musical p. 266 . Scarecrow Press , 2009 Jump up ^ Smith , Tim ( 11 April 2010 ) ' Phantom of the Opera ' at the Hippodrome The Baltimore Sun Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 10 April 2012 ) . `` Lion King rules Broadway as highest grossing show of all time '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom of the Opera Screening Earns Over £ 500,000 in the UK '' , BroadwayWorld.com , 5 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 25 January 2006 ) . `` Phantom turns 18 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` The Lion King Is Now Top - Earner in Box - Office History '' , Playbill , September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Lloyd Webber , Martin Knowlden The Phantom of the Opera Companion Pavilion , 2007 Jump up ^ Bright , Spencer ( 8 December 1996 ) . `` Jim 'll Fix It '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Citron , Stephen . Sondheim and Lloyd - Webber ( 2001 ) , Oxford University Press US , ISBN 0 - 19 - 509601 - 0 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Behr , Edward . The Complete Book of Les Misérables ( 1993 ) , Arcade Publishing , ISBN 1 - 55970 - 156 - 0 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Behind the Mask documentary , on the 2004 film DVD Jump up ^ Evans , Everett ( 2 December 1990 ) . `` You need program to keep ` Phantom ' productions straight '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Coveney , M. Cats on a Chandelier : The Andrew Lloyd Webber Story . New York , Hutchinson ( 1999 ) . pp. 200 -- 206 . ISBN 978 - 0091801700 Jump up ^ Snelson , J. Andrew Lloyd Webber ( Yale Broadway Masters Series ) . New Haven , Yale University Press ( 2009 ) , p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0300151138 Jump up ^ Maria Bjornson Dies ; Theatre Production Designer was 53 ( 16 December 2002 ) . LiveDesign archive Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Maria Bjornson obituary . London times archive Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Phantom of the Opera DVD ( 2004 film ) . Amazon.com Retrieved 3 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Propst , Andy . Broadway 's Phantom of the Opera to Reach Historic 9,000 th Performance on 17 September TheaterMania.com. 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera : Show awards '' . Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Really Useful Group . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Glendinning , Lee ( 3 May 2008 ) . `` Musical to return louder than ever '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom live in cinemas for 25th anniversary '' . The Phantom of the Opera . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall : Ramin Karimloo , Sierra Boggess , Hadley Fraser , Wendy Ferguson , Barry James , Gareth Snook , Liz Robertson , Wynne Evans , Sergei Polunin , Andrew Lloyd Webber : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thephantomoftheoperatour.com Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber had hoped to open in Toronto prior to Broadway but political pressure forced the change. Phantom of the Opera , at the Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 31 January 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth `` Broadway 's Phantom Hits 10,000 th Performance on Feb. 11 ; Milestone Benefits The Actors Fund '' Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , 11 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` '' Phantom '' Celebrates Its Silver Anniversary On Broadway `` . NY1 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera hits a majestic new milestone '' playbill.com , 28 November 2016 Jump up ^ `` Theatre : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Newcastle Herald . Retrieved 20 February 2014 Jump up ^ BWW New Desk ( 5 September 2011 ) . `` Details Revealed for THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA 25th Anniversary Box Set '' . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Track Listing , Disc 1 ... Original London Cast -- Prologue ( The Stage of Paris Opera House , 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom of the Opera '' . DiscOgs. 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Tracklist ... Prologue : The Stage of the Paris Opéra , 1905 ^ Jump up to : Phantom Las Vegas : Musical Numbers Jump up ^ Perry , George . `` The Complete Phantom of the Opera '' . Owl Books , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 1722 - 4 . Jump up ^ POTO Onstage Archived 8 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , phantom-media.info -- accessed 10 May 2009 Jump up ^ Phantom of the Opera Toronto Cast Jump up ^ Royal Albert Hall performance IMDb page Jump up ^ The Phantom of the Opera : opening night production credits . IBDB.com . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Westley , Christine : `` Phantom -- The Las Vegas Spectacular . TheatreMania.com . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Casting : PhantomLasVegas.com Retrieved 8 September 2011 Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` The Phantom Of The Opera '' Original London Cast Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` Das Phantom Der Oper '' Jump up ^ Discogs.com entry `` The Phantom Of The Opera '' Original Canadian Cast Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield. `` Hamilton passes 1 million sales plus chart highlights from James Arthur , Maren Morris and Taylor Swift '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Phantom of the Opera '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Phantom of the Opera in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Canadian certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' Phantom of the Opera ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Phantom of the Opera Soundtrack List '' . Sony Classical Records . About.com . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom live in cinemas for 25th anniversary '' . The Phantom of the Opera . 7 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Details Revealed for THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA 25th Anniversary Box Set '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts : 1966 -- 2006 . Wellington : Dean Scapolo and Maurienne House . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Stage Cast Recordings -- Phantom of the Opera '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Enter Phantom of the Opera in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Phantom of the Opera '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Diverse -- Phantom der Oper '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Enter Diverse in the field Interpret . Enter Phantom der Oper in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- The Phantom of the Opera '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Musical Hamburg ; ' Musical Hamburg -- Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Musical ; ' Musical Wien -- Das Phantom der Oper ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Musical ; ' Phantom of the Opera ( Andrew Lloyd Webber ) ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- The Phantom of the Opera ( Highlights ) '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Musical ; ' Phantom of the Opera ( Highlights ) ( Andrew Lloyd Webber ) ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Highlights from Phantom of the Opera _Loncon Cast_ '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Hear the Opera Andrew Lloyd Webber Allegedly Plagiarized . SFist . Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Who 's Listening to Lloyd Webber ? Theatre Communications Group archive Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 7 November 2011 Jump up ^ HOW THE WEST WON THE MET ( 13 June 2010 ) . San Jose Mercury News ( CA ) . Article ID : 1408078 Jump up ^ LET 'S HEAR ' GIRL OF THE GOLDEN WEST ' SING ( 12 June 2010 ) San Jose Mercury News ( CA ) . Article ID : 1408152 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andrew Lloyd Webber Loses Round in Battle Over Allegedly Stolen Song ( 5 December 1996 ) . Seattle Post-Intelligencer Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber Wins Phantom Battle . BBC News Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who the hell does Roger Waters think he is ? '' . Q magazine . November 1992 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website of the Hungarian production '' . Theater Madách . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official homepage of the Theatre Vanemuine '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Broadcasting Corporation The world Today '' . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- Canberra Theatre Centre '' . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of the German production '' . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Toronto Phantom Disappears Oct. 31 After 10 Years & 4,226 Perfs ; Auction Follows . Playbill ( 29 October 1999 ) , retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 上海 文化 广场 演出 信息 演出 详细 '' . Shculturesquare.com. 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guangzhou Premiere of The Phantom of the Opera Electrifies Opera House Stage_Life of Guangzhou '' . www.lifeofguangzhou.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Phantom of the Opera ' to Hold 64 Shows in Beijing '' . english.cri.cn . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official press release for production in Finland '' . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DAS PHANTOM DER OPER Musical in Oberhausen Metronom Theater Tickets , Karten und Gutscheine '' . www.stage-entertainment.de . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Positively Wellington Venues : Single show '' . Pwv.co.nz . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom Of The Opera live in Wellington Scoop News '' . Scoop.co.nz. 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El sombrío ángel de la música '' . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantoma de la Operă -- Opereta '' . www.opereta.ro . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom of the Opera premieres in Moscow '' . Stage-entertainment.com. 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` п ° я ▌ п ╥ п ╦ п ╨ п ╩ б ╚ п ÷ я ─ п ╦ п ╥ я ─ п ╟ п ╨ п п © п ╣ я ─ я ▀ б ╩ . п я └ п ╦ я ├ п ╦ п ╟ п ╩ я ▄ п ╫ я ▀ п ╧ я │ п ╟ п ╧ я ┌ п2п ╬ п ╡ п ╬ я │ я ┌ п ╦ '' . Phantom-musical.ru . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- Terazije Theatre '' . www.pozoristeterazije.com . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Yong , Yvonne ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Phantom of the Opera set to return to Singapore '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera -- ZORLU CENTER PSM '' . www.zorlucenterpsm.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom '' To Close at Pantages . neontommy.com Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) on IMDb . Retrieved 31 January 2008 Jump up ^ `` Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular official site '' . Really Useful Group / Mackintosh Ltd . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Kristine ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular show review -- Beloved show lives up to new name '' . LasVegas.com . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Jessica Boyd ( 20 March 2011 ) . `` RCHS Spring Musical '' . braidwoodparkdistrict.com . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Penarth school first to stage Lloyd Webber smash hit '' . Penarth Times . 2011 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` OLIVIER AWARDS 1986 '' . westendtheatre.com . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Laurence Olivier Awards : full list of winners 1976 -- 2008 '' ( PDF ) . officiallondontheatre.co.uk . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera Tony Award Info '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Never Dies : The Show -- The Creative Team '' . LoveNeverDies.com Official Site . Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom Sequel , Love Never Dies , Now Due in London and on Broadway in March 2010 '' . Playbill. 18 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies : The Show -- Background '' . Love Never Dies ( official site ) . Archived from the original on 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz . Ramin Karimloo originated the Phantom , and Sierra Boggess played Christine . Joseph Millson , Summer Strallen , and Charlie Manton were all in the original cast of Love Never Dies as well. Watch out for ... Daily Mail . 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies sees mixed reviews '' . CBC News . 10 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway debut of Love Never Dies is postponed '' . BBC News . 7 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Broadway Opening for ' Love Never Dies ' Is Delayed Until 2011 '' . NY Times . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Love Never Dies Postpones Broadway Opening to Spring 2011 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love Never Dies Scraps Plans for Spring Broadway Run '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedford , Angie . `` Love Never Dies Review '' . The Theatre Channel at Webwombat . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Les ( 30 May 2011 ) : `` Australia 's Creative Pride . '' AussieTheatre.com Retrieved 22 August 2001 Jump up ^ Herbert , Kate ( 30 May 2011 ) : `` Australia Never Dies '' review . Melbourne Herald Sun archive Retrieved 22 August 2011 Jump up ^ Boyd , Chris ( 30 May 2011 ) : Phantom sequel spectacularly unmasked . The Australian archive Retrieved 22 August 2011 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` LOVE NEVER DIES Arrives at Sydney 's Capitol Theatre '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Love Never Dies Ends Australian Run April 1 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Phantom of the Opera Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Phantom of the Opera ( Webber musical ) . Official website The Phantom of the Opera at Playbill Vault The Phantom of the Opera at the Internet Broadway Database The Phantom of the Opera ( The Guide to Musical Theatre ) An interview with the makeup designer on the American Theatre Wing 's `` Working in the Theatre '' series . Preceded by Cats Longest - running Broadway show 2006 -- present Succeeded by -- Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) Evita ( 1978 ) Songbook ( 1979 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1980 ) Cats ( 1981 ) Poppy ( 1982 ) Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) 42nd Street ( 1984 ) Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Follies ( 1987 ) Candide ( 1988 ) Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) Crazy for You ( 1993 ) City of Angels ( 1994 ) Once on This Island ( 1995 ) Jolson ( 1996 ) Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) Honk ! ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1949 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier Laurence Olivier Audience Award for Most Popular Show The Phantom of the Opera ( 2002 ) Wicked ( 2010 ) We Will Rock You ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2013 ) Les Misérables ( 2014 ) Wicked ( 2015 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2016 ) VIAF : 177290176 LCCN : no2008177093 GND : 300095643 BNF : cb13939772q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)&oldid=809330538 '' Categories : 1986 musicals 1986 operas The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) Broadway musicals Compositions by Andrew Lloyd Webber Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Musicals based on novels Plays set in the 19th century West End musicals Tony Award for Best Musical British musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) EngvarB from November 2016 Use dmy dates from November 2016 Pages with timeline metadata Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 13 : 25 . 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who was the original christine in phantom of the opera
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"A preview of the first act was staged at Sydmonton (Lloyd Webber's home) in 1985, starring Colm Wilkinson (later the star of the Toronto production) as the Phantom, Sarah Brightman as Kristin (later Christine), and Clive Carter (later a member of the London cast) as Raoul. This very preliminary production used Richard Stilgoe's original unaltered lyrics, and many songs sported names that were later changed, such as \"What Has Time Done to Me\" (\"Think of Me\"), and \"Papers\" (\"Notes\"). The Phantom's original mask covered the entire face and remained in place throughout the performance, obscuring the actor's vision and muffling his voice. Björnson designed the now-iconic half-mask to replace it, and the unmasking sequence was added.[16] Clips of this preview performance were included on the DVD of the 2004 film production.[22]"
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"Sarah Brightman"
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Ford Mustang
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Ford Mustang - wikipedia Ford Mustang Jump to : navigation , search Ford Mustang 2015 Ford Mustang Overview Manufacturer Ford Production March 1964 -- present Model years 1965 -- present Designer John Najjar Philip T. Clark Joe Oros Body and chassis Class Pony car Muscle car Body style 2 - door 2 + 2 seat coupé 2 - door hatchback 2 - door fastback 2 - door convertible Layout FR layout The Ford Mustang is an American car manufactured by Ford . It was originally based on the platform of the second generation North American Ford Falcon , a compact car . The original 1962 Ford Mustang I two - seater concept car had evolved into the 1963 Mustang II four - seater concept car which Ford used to pretest how the public would take interest in the first production Mustang . The 1963 Mustang II concept car was designed with a variation of the production model 's front and rear ends with a roof that was 2.7 inches shorter . Introduced early on April 17 , 1964 ( 16 days after the Plymouth Barracuda ) , and thus dubbed as a `` 19641⁄2 '' by Mustang fans , the 1965 Mustang was the automaker 's most successful launch since the Model A . The Mustang has undergone several transformations to its current sixth generation . The Mustang created the `` pony car '' class of American muscle cars , affordable sporty coupes with long hoods and short rear decks , and gave rise to competitors such as the Chevrolet Camaro , Pontiac Firebird , AMC Javelin , Chrysler 's revamped Plymouth Barracuda , and the second generation Dodge Challenger . The Mustang is also credited for inspiring the designs of coupés such as the Toyota Celica and Ford Capri , which were imported to the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 First generation ( 1965 -- 1973 ) 2.1 Price and sales 2.2 Upgrades 2.3 Models 2.4 Downfall 3 Second generation ( 1974 -- 1978 ) 4 Third generation ( 1979 -- 1993 ) 5 Fourth generation ( 1994 -- 2004 ) 6 Fifth generation ( 2005 -- 2014 ) 7 Sixth generation ( 2015 -- present ) 8 Racing 8.1 Drag racing 8.2 Sports car racing 8.3 Stock car racing 8.4 Drifting 8.5 Europe 9 Awards 10 Sales 11 National Mustang Museum 12 In popular culture 12.1 Films 13 See also 14 References 15 Cited sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Background ( edit ) The Ford Mustang was brought out five months before the normal start of the 1965 production year . The early production versions are often referred to as `` 19641⁄2 models '' but all Mustangs were advertised , VIN coded and titled by Ford as 1965 models , though minor design updates for fall 1965 contribute to tracking 19641⁄2 production data separately from 1965 data ( see data below ) . with production beginning in Dearborn , Michigan on March 9 , 1964 ; the new car was introduced to the public on April 17 , 1964 at the New York World 's Fair . Executive stylist John Najjar , who was a fan of the World War II P - 51 Mustang fighter plane , is credited by Ford to have suggested the name . Najjar co-designed the first prototype of the Ford Mustang known as Ford Mustang I in 1961 , working jointly with fellow Ford stylist Philip T. Clark . The Mustang I made its formal debut at the United States Grand Prix in Watkins Glen , New York on October 7 , 1962 , where test driver and contemporary Formula One race driver Dan Gurney lapped the track in a demonstration using the second `` race '' prototype . His lap times were only slightly off the pace of the F1 race cars . An alternative view was that Robert J. Eggert , Ford Division market research manager , first suggested the Mustang name . Eggert , a breeder of quarterhorses , received a birthday present from his wife of the book , The Mustangs by J. Frank Dobie in 1960 . Later , the book 's title gave him the idea of adding the `` Mustang '' name for Ford 's new concept car . The designer preferred Cougar ( early styling bucks can be seen wearing a Cougar grille emblem ) or Torino ( an advertising campaign using the Torino name was actually prepared ) , while Henry Ford II wanted T - bird II . As the person responsible for Ford 's research on potential names , Eggert added `` Mustang '' to the list to be tested by focus groups ; `` Mustang , '' by a wide margin , came out on top under the heading : `` Suitability as Name for the Special Car . '' The name could not be used in Germany , however , because it was owned by Krupp , which had manufactured trucks between 1951 and 1964 with the name Mustang . Ford refused to buy the name for about US $ 10,000 from Krupp at the time . Kreidler , a manufacturer of mopeds , also used the name , so Mustang was sold in Germany as the `` T - 5 '' until December 1978 . Mustangs grew larger and heavier with each model year until , in response to the 1971 -- 1973 models , Ford returned the car to its original size and concept for 1974 . It has since seen several platform generations and designs . Although some other pony cars have seen a revival , the Mustang is the only original model to remain in uninterrupted production over five decades of development and revision . First generation ( 1965 -- 1973 ) ( edit ) `` 19641⁄2 '' Mustang convertible Serial # 1 , sold to Stanley Tucker who was given the one millionth Mustang in exchange for his historic car Main article : Ford Mustang ( first generation ) Lee Iacocca 's assistant general manager and chief engineer , Donald N. Frey was the head engineer for the T - 5 project -- supervising the overall development of the car in a record 18 months -- while Iacocca himself championed the project as Ford Division general manager . The T - 5 prototype was a two - seat , mid-mounted engine roadster . This vehicle employed the German Ford Taunus V4 engine . It was claimed that the decision to abandon the two - seat design was in part due to the increase in sales the Thunderbird had seen when enlarged from a two - seater to a 2 + 2 in 1958 . Thus , a four - seat car with full space for the front bucket seats , as originally planned , and a rear bench seat with significantly less space than was common at the time , were standard . A `` Fastback 2 + 2 '' , first manufactured on August 17 , 1964 , enclosed the trunk space under a sweeping exterior line similar to the second series Corvette Sting Ray and European sports cars such as the Jaguar E-Type coupe . 1965 `` fastback '' , introduced in September 1964 for the 1965 model year Favorable publicity articles appeared in 2,600 newspapers the next morning , the day the car was `` officially '' revealed . A Mustang convertible also appeared in the James Bond film Goldfinger in September 1964 . 1967 hardtop Price and sales ( edit ) To achieve an advertised list price of US $ 2,368 , the Mustang was based heavily on familiar yet simple components , many of which were already in production for other Ford models . Many ( if not most ) of the interior , chassis , suspension , and drivetrain components were derived from those used on Ford 's Falcon and Fairlane . This use of common components also shortened the learning curve for assembly and repair workers , while at the same time allowing dealers to pick up the Mustang without also having to invest in additional spare parts inventory to support the new car line . Original sales forecasts projected less than 100,000 units for the first year . This mark was surpassed in three months from rollout . Another 318,000 would be sold during the model year ( a record ) , and in its first eighteen months , more than one million Mustangs were built . Upgrades ( edit ) Several changes were made at the traditional opening of the new model year ( beginning August 1964 ) , including the addition of back - up lights on some models , the introduction of alternators to replace generators , an upgrade of the six - cylinder engine from 170 to 200 cu in ( 2.8 to 3.3 l ) with an increase from 101 to 120 hp ( 75 to 89 kW ) , and an upgrade of the V8 engine from 260 to 289 cu in ( 4.3 to 4.7 l ) with an increase from 164 to 210 hp ( 122 to 157 kW ) . The rush into production included some unusual quirks , such as the horn ring bearing the ' Ford Falcon ' logo covered by a trim ring with a ' Ford Mustang ' logo . These characteristics made enough difference to warrant designation of the 121,538 early versions as `` 19641⁄2 '' Mustangs , a distinction that has endured with purists . A 1969 SportsRoof Ford 's designers began drawing up larger versions even as the original was achieving sales success , and while `` Iacocca later complained about the Mustang 's growth , he did oversee the 1967 redesign . '' From 1967 until 1973 , the Mustang got bigger but not necessarily more powerful . The Mustang was facelifted , giving the Mustang a more massive look overall and allowing a big block engine to be offered for the first time . Front and rear end styling was more pronounced , and the `` twin cove '' instrument panel offered a thicker crash pad , and larger gauges . Hardtop , fastback and convertible body styles continued as before . Around this time , the Mustang was paired with a Mercury variant , called the Cougar , which used its own styling cues , such as a `` cougar 's head '' logo and hidden quad headlamps . New safety regulations by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) for 1967 included an energy - absorbing steering column and wheel , 4 - way emergency flashers , a dual - circuit hydraulic braking system , and softer interior knobs . The 1968 models received revised side scoops , steering wheel , and gasoline caps . Side marker lights were also added that year , and cars built after January 1 , 1968 included shoulder belts for both front seats on coupes . The 1968 models also introduced a new 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) V8 engine , designed with Federal emissions regulations in mind . The 1969 restyle `` added more heft to the body as width and length again increased . Weight went up markedly too . '' Due to the larger body and revised front end styling , the 1969 models ( but less so in 1970 ) had a notable aggressive stance . The 1969 models featured `` quad headlamps '' which disappeared to make way for a wider grille and a return to standard headlamps in the 1970 models . This switch back to standard headlamps was an attempt to tame the aggressive styling of the 1969 model , which some felt was too extreme and hurt sales , but 1969 production exceeded the 1970 total . Models ( edit ) Starting in 1969 , to aid sales and continue the winning formula of the Mustang , a variety of new performance and decorative options became available , including functional ( and non-functional ) air scoops , cable and pin hood tie downs , and both wing and chin spoilers . Additionally , a variety of performance packages were introduced that included the Mach 1 , the Boss 302 , and Boss 429 . The two Boss models were to homologate the engines for racing . The 1969 Mustang was the last year for the GT option ( although it did return on the 3rd Generation Mustang for the 1982 Model Year ) . A fourth model available only as a hardtop , the Grande , saw success starting in 1969 with its soft ride , `` luxurious '' trim , 55 pounds ( 24.9 kg ) of extra sound deadening , and simulated wood trim . A 1973 Sportsroof Downfall ( edit ) Developed under the watch of Semon `` Bunkie '' Knudsen , the Mustang evolved `` from speed and power '' to the growing consumer demand for bigger and heavier `` luxury '' type designs . `` The result were the styling misadventures of 1971 -- 73 ... The Mustang grew fat and lazy , '' `` Ford was out of the go - fast business almost entirely by 1971 . '' `` This was the last major restyling of the first - generation Mustang . '' `` The cars grew in every dimension except height , and they gained about 800 pounds ( 363 kg ) . '' `` The restyling also sought to create the illusion that the cars were even larger . '' The 1971 Mustang was nearly 3 inches ( 76 mm ) wider than the 1970 , its front and rear track was also widened by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) , and its size was most evident in the SportsRoof models with its nearly flat rear roofline and cramped interior with poor visibility for the driver . Performance decreased with sales continuing to decrease as consumers switched to the smaller Pintos and Mavericks . A displeased Iacocca summed up later : `` The Mustang market never left us , we left it . '' Second generation ( 1974 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford Mustang ( second generation ) 1974 -- 1978 Mustang II Lee Iacocca , who had been one of the forces behind the original Mustang , became President of Ford Motor Company in 1970 and ordered a smaller , more fuel - efficient Mustang for 1974 . Initially it was to be based on the Ford Maverick , but ultimately was based on the Ford Pinto subcompact . The new model , called the `` Mustang II '' , was introduced two months before the first 1973 oil crisis , and its reduced size allowed it to compete against imported sports coupés such as the Japanese Toyota Celica and the European Ford Capri ( then Ford - built in Germany and Britain , sold in U.S. by Mercury as a captive import car ) . First - year sales were 385,993 cars , compared with the original Mustang 's twelve - month sales record of 418,812 . Ultimately , the Mustang II would be an early example of downsizing that would take place among Detroit 's Big Three later in the decade . Iacocca wanted the new car , which returned the Mustang to its 1964 predecessor in size , shape , and overall styling , to be finished to a high standard , saying it should be `` a little jewel . '' Not only was it smaller than the original car , but it was also heavier , owing to the addition of equipment needed to meet new U.S. emission and safety regulations . Performance was reduced , and despite the car 's new handling and engineering features the galloping mustang emblem `` became a less muscular steed that seemed to be cantering . Engines for the 1974 models included the venerable 2.3 L I - 4 from the Pinto and the 2.8 L Cologne V6 from the Mercury Capri . The 1975 model year reintroduced 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 that was only available with the C - 4 automatic transmission , power brakes , and power steering . This continued through production end in 1978 . Other transmissions were the RAD 4 - speed with unique gearing for all three engines , and the C - 3 automatic behind the 2.3 L and 2.8 L. The 5.0 L designation was not applied until the 1978 King Cobra model . All 302 equipped Mustang II 's , except the King Cobra received an updated version of the classic Ford `` V8 '' emblem on each front fender . The car was available in coupé and hatchback versions , including a `` luxury '' Ghia model designed by Ford 's recently acquired Ghia of Italy . The coupe was marketed as the `` Hardtop '' but in fact had a thin `` B '' pillar and rear quarter windows that did not roll down . All Mustangs in this generation did feature frameless door glass , however . The `` Ghia '' featured a thickly padded vinyl roof and smaller rear quarter windows , giving a more formal look . 1974 models were : Hardtop , Hatchback , Mach 1 and Ghia . Changes introduced for 1975 included availability of an `` MPG '' model which had a different rear axle ratio for better fuel economy . 1976 added the `` Stallion '' trim package . The Mach 1 remained through the life cycle 1974 - 1978 . Other changes in appearance and performance came with a `` Cobra II '' version in 1976 -- 1978 and a `` King Cobra '' in 1978 of which 4,972 ( approx ) were built . 1977 - 1978 hatchback models , in all trim levels was also now available with the very popular T - top roof option , which included a leatherette storage bag that clipped to the top of the spare tire hump . Third generation ( 1979 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford Mustang ( third generation ) 1985 -- 1986 GT 1987 - 1993 convertible The 1979 Mustang was based on the longer Fox platform ( initially developed for the 1978 Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr ) . The interior was engineered to accommodate four people in comfort despite a smaller rear seat . The larger body meant the interior offered more space for four passengers , especially in the back seat , as well as a larger capacity trunk and a bigger engine bay . Two trim levels were available and included the base model and the more luxurious Ghia model . Body styles included a coupé ( or notchback ) , hatchback , and convertible . Available trim levels included L , GL , GLX , LX , GT ( 1982 - 1993 ) , GTS , Turbo GT ( 1983 -- 84 ) , GT - 350 ( 1984 ) , SVO ( 1984 -- 86 ) , Cobra ( 1979 -- 81 , 1993 ) , Cobra R ( 1993 ) , and Ghia ( 1979 -- 81 ) . From 1979 to 1986 , the Mustang 's Mercury counterpart was called the Capri , again using its own styling cues . Handling was upgraded with a new rack - and - pinion steering system . The third generation Mustang had two different front end styles . From 1979 to 1986 the car had an angled back front clip and four headlights , known by enthusiasts as `` Four Eyes , '' the same front end styling that was also used on the Chevrolet Camaro from 1982 until 1992 . Then in the 1987 to 1993 model years , the front clip had a rounded - off shape known as the `` aero '' style with flush composite headlamps . Also in 1986 , engines featured EFI ( electronic fuel injection ) instead of carburetors . Other changes for the 1986 models included an upgraded 8.8 - inch ( 224 mm ) rear - end with four shock absorbers . In addition to the base & Ghia trim levels , a Cobra appearance package also made its debut and would continue through both the 1980 & 1981 model years . The all - new 1979 Cobra ( 17,579 produced ) featured black trim and grille area , chrome door handles , stainless steel lock sets & antenna , aluminum roof drip rail , body colored sail panels , black lower body - side paint , colored coordinated dual pinstripes in the wraparound body - side moldings and bumper grooves , an optional snake decal for the hood and Cobra lettering on the doors . There was no rear spoiler on the 1979 models ( except on the mid year introduction of the Indianapolis Pace Cars ) . The 1980 Cobra ( 5,550 produced ) and the 1981 Cobras ( 1,821 produced ) had a makeover in the appearance department as a new front bumper and air dam ( complete with fog lights ) , full length cowl type hood scoop , and rear spoiler were added ( all carried over from the 1979 Indy Pace Car ) . Also included in the ' 80 / ' 81 Cobra package were colorful body length decals , COBRA hood decal , COBRA side window decals , and a COBRA decal on the rear spoiler . All trim was now `` Blacked out '' , including the door handles , keylocks , antenna , and sail panels . On May 27 , 1979 , the all - new Mustang was chosen as the Official Pace Car of the Indianapolis 500 . Ford commemorated this event with a mid-year addition `` Indy 500 '' Pace Car model ( 10,478 produced ) . The two - tone Pewter and Black colors were complimented with Orange and Red graphics . The front end featured a unique front air dam with fog lights , and a full length cowl type hood scoop , while the rear end got the new for ' 79 rear spoiler ( all of these additions carried over to both the ' 80 & ' 81 Cobra ) . The black interior featured Recaro seats with patterned Black and White inserts . Available were the 2.3 L Turbo with mandatory four - speed manual transmission or the 5.0 L V8 with either an overdrive 4 - speed manual or three - speed automatic transmission . The production cars included a sunroof . However , the three actual pace cars were fitted with a T - roof by Cars & Concepts of Brighton , MI . The T - roof option would not become an available option until the 1981 model year . In 1982 , the Cobra model was dropped in favor of the Mustang GT , which returned after 13 years . The new GT featured a re-engineered 157 hp ( 117 kW ; 159 PS ) 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) `` 5.0 L '' engine with new valves , a more aggressive cam ( from a 1973 351W Torino application ) , a larger twin - barrel carburetor , and a revised firing order , as well as a better breathing intake and exhaust system . The GT included the front air dam with fog lamps and the rear spoiler from the ' 79 Pace Car and the 1980 & 1981 Cobras . However , the full length hood scoop from those models did not carry over and the smaller 1979 Cobra hood scoop made its return on the GT . Only four colors were offered on the GT model and they consisted of Dark Red , Bright Red , Silver , and Black . As in many previous years , the 5.0 engine was not tied only to the performance flagship GT . It was available on lower trims , and also formed the basis for the `` SSP '' ( Special Service Package ) cars that were used by government and police law enforcement , and were almost exclusively ordered in the 2 - door sedan bodystyle . The 4.2 Liter V8 was available for the last time on all Mustang models and only with an automatic transmission . Trim levels were also revised to now include the L ( base ) , GL , and GLX under the GT model . Engines for the 1979 - 1982 models included the 88 hp ( 66 kW ) 2.3 L Pinto inline - four , 109 hp ( 81 kW ) 2.8 L Cologne V6 ( made by Ford of Germany ) , and the 140 hp ( 104 kW ) 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 ; which was marketed as a 5.0 L engine and front fenders badged as such . All were carried over from the Mustang II line . Shortly after the model year started a 85 hp ( 63 kW ) 3.3 L straight - six engine was available . Supplies of the 2.8 L V6 proved inadequate leading to it being discontinued in late 1979 . A new 132 hp ( 98 kW ) 2.3 L turbo four - cylinder , debuted that offered similar horsepower to the V8 . The automaker had plans this engine would usher in a new era in performance . The 2.3 and 2.3 Turbo , as well as the V8 models could also be optioned with the newly developed TRX handling suspension that included Michelin 390 mm tires and specific metric wheels . Following the second oil crisis in 1979 , the 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) `` 5.0 L '' engine was dropped in favor of a new 255 cu in ( 4.2 L ) V8 due to its better fuel economy . It was the only V8 offered in 1980 and 1981 . Basically a sleeved down 302 , the 4.2 L V8 had restrictive heads and produced 120 hp ( 89 kW ) , the lowest power ever for a Mustang V8 . The 4.2 L was mated only with the three - speed automatic transmission . This meant the 2.3 L Turbo 4 was the sole `` performance '' engine . The Turbo 4 was plagued with reliability issues from its release . Inadequate lubrication led to premature turbo failure and some engines caught fire . It was listed as an option through 1981 , but dropped for 1982 , although it was still available in Canada . This engine would return in the new - for - 1983 Turbo GT . The `` Traction - Lok '' limited slip differential was available for the first time in 1981 , with all engine combinations . A five - speed manual option arrived late during the 1980 model year , originally only in the 2.3 - liter four - cylinder engines . New for 1981 was an optional Traction - Lok rear axle ( all engines ) , and a T - bar roof . In response to poor sales and escalating fuel prices during the early 1980s , a new Mustang was in development . It was to be a variant of the Mazda MX - 6 assembled at AutoAlliance International in Flat Rock , Michigan . Enthusiasts wrote to Ford objecting to the proposed change to a front - wheel drive , Japanese - designed Mustang without a V8 option . The result was a major facelift of the existing Mustang in 1987 , while the MX - 6 variant had a last minute name change from Mustang to Probe and released as a 1989 model . Fourth generation ( 1994 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford Mustang ( fourth generation ) 1994 - 98 coupe 1999 GT In November 1993 , the Mustang debuted its first major redesign in fifteen years . Code - named `` SN - 95 '' by the automaker for 1994 -- 1998 , it was based on an updated version of the rear - wheel drive Fox platform called `` Fox - 4 . '' The new styling by Patrick Schiavone incorporated several styling cues from earlier Mustangs . For the first time since 1974 , a notchback coupe model was unavailable . The base model came with a 3.8 OHV V6 ( 232 cid ) engine rated at 145 bhp ( 108 kW ) in 1994 and 1995 , or 150 bhp ( 110 kW ) ( 1996 -- 1998 ) , and was mated to a standard 5 - speed manual transmission or optional 4 - speed automatic . Though initially used in the 1994 and 1995 Mustang GTS , GT and Cobra , Ford retired the 302 cid pushrod small - block V8 after nearly 30 years of use , replacing it with the newer Modular 4.6 L ( 281 cid ) SOHC V8 in the 1996 Mustang GT . The 4.6 L V8 was initially rated at 215 bhp ( 160 kW ) , 1996 -- 1997 , but was later increased to 225 bhp ( 168 kW ) in 1998 . For 1999 , the Mustang was reskinned with Ford 's New Edge styling theme with sharper contours , larger wheel arches , and creases in its bodywork , but its basic proportions , interior design , and chassis remained the same as the previous model . The Mustang 's powertrains were carried over for 1999 , but benefited from new improvements . The standard 3.8 L V6 had a new split - port induction system , and was rated at 190 bhp ( 140 kW ) 1999 -- 2000 , while the Mustang GT 's 4.6 L V8 saw an increase in output to 260 bhp ( 190 kW ) ( 1999 -- 2004 ) , due to a new head design and other enhancements . In 2001 , the 3.8 L was increased to 193 bhp . In 2004 , a 3.9 L variant of the Essex engine replaced the standard 3.8 L mid year with an increase of 3 ft lb ( 4 N m ) of torque as well as NVH improvements . There were also three alternate models offered in this generation : the 2001 Bullitt , the 2003 and 2004 Mach 1 , as well as the 320 bhp ( 240 kW ) 1999 and 2001 , and 390 bhp ( 290 kW ) 2003 and 2004 Cobra . Ford Australia This generation was sold in Australia between 2001 and 2002 , to compete against the Holden Monaro ( which eventually became the basis for the reborn Pontiac GTO ) . Due to the fact that the Mustang was never designed for right - hand - drive , Ford Australia contracted Tickford Vehicle Engineering to convert 250 Mustangs and modify them to meet Australian Design Rules , at a cost of A $ 4,000,000 . Sales did not meet expectations , including due to a very high selling price . In total , just 377 Mustangs were sold in Australia between 2001 - 2003 . For promotional purposes , Ford Racing Australia also built a Mustang V10 convertible , which was powered by a Ford Modular 6.8 - Litre V10 engine from the American F truck series but fitted with an Australian - made Sprintex supercharger . Fifth generation ( 2005 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford Mustang ( fifth generation ) 2005 GT Premium Convertible 2007 -- 2009 GT / CS convertible 2010 GT 2014 convertible Ford introduced a redesigned 2005 model year Mustang at the 2004 North American International Auto Show , codenamed `` S - 197 , '' that was based on the new D2C platform . Developed under the direction of Chief Engineer Hau Thai - Tang , a veteran engineer for Ford 's IndyCar program under Mario Andretti , and exterior styling designer Sid Ramnarace , the fifth - generation Mustang 's styling echoes the fastback Mustang models of the late - 1960s . Ford 's senior vice president of design , J Mays , called it `` retro - futurism . '' The fifth - generation Mustang was manufactured at the Flat Rock Assembly Plant in Flat Rock , Michigan . For the 2005 to 2010 production years , the base model was powered by a 210 hp ( 157 kW ; 213 PS ) cast - iron block 4.0 L SOHC V6 , while the GT used an aluminum block 4.6 L SOHC 3 - valve Modular V8 with variable camshaft timing ( VCT ) that produced 300 hp ( 224 kW ; 304 PS ) . Base models had a Tremec T5 5 - speed manual transmission with Ford 's 5R55S 5 - speed automatic being optional . Automatic GTs also featured this , but manual GTs had the Tremec TR - 3650 5 - speed . The 2010 model year Mustang was released in the spring of 2009 with a redesigned exterior -- which included sequential LED taillights -- and a reduced drag coefficient of 4 % on base models and 7 % on GT models . The engine for base Mustangs remained unchanged , while GTs 4.6 L V8 was revised resulting in 315 hp ( 235 kW ; 319 PS ) at 6000 rpm and 325 lb ft ( 441 N m ) of torque at 4255 rpm . Other mechanical features included new spring rates and dampers , traction and stability control system standard on all models , and new wheel sizes . Engines were revised for 2011 , and transmission options included the Getrag - Ford MT82 6 - speed manual or the 6R80 6 - speed automatic based on the ZF 6HP26 transmission licensed for production by Ford . Electric power steering replaced the conventional hydraulic version . A new 3.72 L ( 227 cu. in . ) aluminum block V6 engine weighed 40 lb ( 18 kg ) less than the previous version . With 24 valves and Twin Independent Variable Cam Timing ( TiVCT ) , it produced 305 hp ( 227 kW ; 309 PS ) and 280 lb ft ( 380 N m ) of torque . The 3.7 L engine came with a new dual exhaust ; gasoline mileage increased to 19 city / 31 highway mpg. ( 2 ) . GT models included a 32 - valve 5.0 L engine ( 4951cc or 302.13 cu. in . ) ( also referred to as the `` Coyote '' . ) producing 412 hp and 390 ft - lbs of torque . Brembo brakes are optional along with 19 - inch wheels and performance tires . The Shelby GT500 's 5.4 L supercharged V8 block was made of aluminum making it 102 lb ( 46 kg ) lighter than the iron units in previous years . It was rated at 550 hp ( 410 kW ; 558 PS ) and 510 lb ft ( 690 N m ) of torque . For 2012 , a new Mustang Boss 302 version was introduced . The engine had 444 hp ( 331 kW ; 450 PS ) and 380 lb ft ( 520 N m ) of torque . A `` Laguna Seca '' edition was also available , which offered additional body bracing , the replacement of the rear seat with a steel ' X-brace ' for stiffening , and other powertrain and handling enhancements . In the second quarter of 2012 , Ford launched an update to the Mustang line as an early 2013 model . The Shelby GT500 has a new 5.8 L supercharged V8 producing 662 hp ( 494 kW ; 671 PS ) . Shelby and Boss engines came with a six - speed manual transmission . The GT and V6 models revised styling incorporated the grille and air intakes from the 2010 -- 2012 GT500 . The decklid received a black cosmetic panel on all trim levels . The GT 's 5.0 liter V8 gained eight horsepower from 412 hp ( 307 kW ; 418 PS ) to 420 hp ( 313 kW ; 426 PS ) . Sixth generation ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford Mustang ( sixth generation ) Fastback The sixth generation Mustang was unveiled on December 5 , 2013 , in Dearborn , Michigan ; New York , New York ; Los Angeles , California ; Barcelona , Spain ; Shanghai , China ; and Sydney , Australia . The internal project codename is S - 550 . Changes include widened body by 1.5 inches , 1.4 inches lower body , trapezoidal grille , and a 2.75 - inch lower decklid , as well as new colors . The passenger volume is increased to 84.5 cubic feet , and three engine options are available : a newly developed 2.3 L EcoBoost 310 hp four - cylinder introduced to reach high tariff global markets like China , 3.7 L 300 hp V6 , or 5.0 L Coyote 435 hp V8 , with either a Getrag six - speed manual or six - speed automatic transmission with paddle shifters . A new independent rear suspension ( IRS ) system was developed specifically for the new model . It also became the first version factory designed as a right hand drive export model to be sold overseas through Ford new car dealerships in right hand drive markets . During this model year , left hand drive versions were expanded to new export markets . Export - spec MY2016 RHD Mustang EcoBoost 's interior Export - spec MY2016 RHD Mustang rear In February 2015 , the Mustang earned a 5 - star rating from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) for front , side , and rollover crash protection . In May 2015 , Ford issued a recall involving 19,486 of the 2015 Ford Mustang with the 2.3 L EcoBoost turbocharged four - cylinder engine with a production date between February 14 , 2014 , and February 10 , 2015 that were built at the Flat Rock Assembly Plant . As of June 2015 , 1 million Mustangs ( between 2005 - 2011 ) and GTs ( between 2005 - 2006 ) were affected by a recall of airbags made by Takata Corporation . This was after Takata announced that it was recalling 33.8 million vehicles in the U.S. for airbags that could explode and send metal pieces flying at drivers and passengers . Euro NCAP Crash - tested the LHD ( Left Hand Drive ) European version of the 2017 Mustang recently , the car got two stars only due to the lack of auto safety features such as lane assist and auto braking . Otherwise the Mustang did average to good in the other areas of the test `` . 2018 Facelift The 2018 model year Mustang is set to be released in the third quarter of 2017 in North America and by 2018 globally . It will have a minor redesign to the exterior . Racing ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Mustang made its first public appearance on a racetrack as pace car for the 1964 Indianapolis 500 . The same year , Mustangs won first and second in class at the Tour de France international rally . In 1969 , modified versions of the 428 Mach 1 , Boss 429 and Boss 302 took 295 United States Auto Club - certified records at Bonneville Salt Flats . The outing included a 24 - hour run on a 10 - mile ( 16 km ) course at an average speed of 157 mph ( 253 km / h ) . Drivers were Mickey Thompson , Danny Ongais , Ray Brock , and Bob Ottum . Drag racing ( edit ) The car 's American competition debut , also in 1964 , was in drag racing , where private individuals and dealer - sponsored teams campaigned Mustangs powered by 427 cu in ( 7.0 L ) V8s . In late 1964 , Ford contracted Holman & Moody to prepare ten 427 - powered Mustangs to contest the National Hot Rod Association 's ( NHRA ) A / Factory Experimental class in the 1965 drag racing season . Five of these special Mustangs made their competition debut at the 1965 NHRA Winternationals , where they qualified in the Factory Stock Eliminator class . The car driven by Bill Lawton won the class . A decade later Bob Glidden won the Mustang 's first NHRA Pro Stock title . Rickie Smith 's Motorcraft Mustang won the International Hot Rod Association Pro Stock world championship . In 2002 John Force broke his own NHRA drag racing record by winning his 12th national championship in his Ford Mustang Funny Car , Force beat that record again in 2006 , becoming the first - ever 14 - time champion , driving a Mustang . Sports car racing ( edit ) Early Mustangs also proved successful in road racing . The GT 350 R , the race version of the Shelby GT 350 , won five of the Sports Car Club of America 's ( SCCA ) six divisions in 1965 . Drivers were Jerry Titus , Bob Johnson and Mark Donohue , and Titus won the ( SCCA ) B - Production national championship . GT 350s won the B - Production title again in 1966 and 1967 . They also won the 1966 manufacturers ' championship in the inaugural SCCA Trans - Am series , and repeated the win the following year . In 1970 , Mustang won the SCCA series manufacturers ' championship again , with Parnelli Jones and George Follmer driving for car owner / builder Bud Moore and crew chief Lanky Foushee . Jones won the `` unofficial '' drivers ' title . In 1975 Ron Smaldone 's Mustang became the first - ever American car to win the Showroom Stock national championship in SCCA road racing . Mustangs competed in the IMSA GTO class , with wins in 1984 and 1985 . In 1985 John Jones won the 1985 GTO drivers ' championship ; Wally Dallenbach Jr. , John Jones and Doc Bundy won the GTO class at the Daytona 24 Hours ; and Ford won its first manufacturers ' championship in road racing since 1970 . Three class wins went to Lynn St. James , the first woman to win in the series . 1986 brought eight more GTO wins and another manufacturers ' title . Scott Pruett won the drivers ' championship . The GT Endurance Championship also went to Ford . In 1987 Saleen Autosport Mustangs driven by Steve Saleen and Rick Titus won the SCCA Escort Endurance SSGT championship , and in International Motor Sports Association ( IMSA ) racing a Mustang again won the GTO class in the Daytona 24 Hours . In 1989 , the Mustang won Ford its first Trans - Am manufacturers ' title since 1970 , with Dorsey Schroeder winning the drivers ' championship . In 1997 , Tommy Kendall 's Roush - prepared Mustang won a record 11 consecutive races in Trans - Am to secure his third straight driver 's championship . Mustangs compete in the SCCA World Challenge , with Brandon Davis won the 2009 GT driver 's championship . Mustangs competed in the now - defunct Grand - Am Road Racing Ford Racing Mustang Challenge for the Miller Cup series . Ford won championships in the Grand - Am Road Racing Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge for the 2005 , 2008 , and 2009 seasons with the Mustang FR500C and GT models . In 2004 , Ford Racing retained Multimatic Motorsports to design , engineer , build and race the Mustang FR500C turn - key race car . In 2005 , Scott Maxwell and David Empringham took the driver 's title . In 2010 , the next generation Mustang race car was known as the Boss 302R . It took its maiden victory at Barber Motorsports Park in early 2011 , with drivers Scott Maxwell and Joe Foster . In 2016 , Multimatic Motorsports won the IMSA CTSCC drivers ' and manufacturers ' titles with the S550 - based Shelby GT350R - C , driven by Scott Maxwell and Billy Johnson . In 2012 , Jack Roush won the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge race at the Daytona International Speedway opening race of the 50th Anniversary Rolex 24 At Daytona weekend in a Mustang Boss 302R . Stock car racing ( edit ) Dick Trickle won 67 short - track oval feature races in 1972 , a national record for wins in a single season . In 2010 the Ford Mustang became Ford 's Car of Tomorrow for the NASCAR Nationwide Series with full - time racing of the Mustang beginning in 2011 . This opened a new chapter in both the Mustang 's history and Ford 's history . NASCAR insiders expect to see Mustang racing in NASCAR Sprint Cup by 2014 ( the model 's 50th anniversary ) . The NASCAR vehicles are not based on production models , but are a silhouette racing car with decals that give them a superficial resemblance to road cars . Carl Edwards won the first - ever race with a NASCAR - prepped Mustang on April 8 , 2011 at the Texas Motor Speedway . Ford Mustangs also race in the NASCAR Xfinity Series since 2010 . Drifting ( edit ) Mustangs have competed at the Formula Drift and D1 Grand Prix series , most notably by American driver Vaughn Gittin Jr . Europe ( edit ) Ford Mustangs compete in the FIA GT3 European Championship , and compete in the GT4 European Cup and other sports car races such as the 24 Hours of Spa . The Marc VDS Racing Team was developing the GT3 spec Mustang since 2010 . Awards ( edit ) 2005 Canadian Car of the Year The 1965 Mustang won the Tiffany Gold Medal for excellence in American design , the first automobile ever to do so . The Mustang was on the Car and Driver Ten Best list in 1983 , 1987 , 1988 , 2005 , 2006 , 2011 , and 2016 . It won the Motor Trend Car of the Year award in 1974 and 1994 . Sales ( edit ) Model Year US sales 19641⁄2 121,538 1965 559,451 1966 607,568 1967 472,121 1968 317,404 1969 299,824 Model Year US sales 1970 191,239 1971 151,484 1972 125,813 1973 134,817 385,993 188,575 1976 187,567 1977 153,173 1978 192,410 1979 369,936 Model Year US sales 1980 271,322 1981 182,552 1982 130,418 120,873 1984 141,480 1985 156,514 1986 224,410 169,772 1988 211,225 209,769 Model Year US sales 128,189 1991 98,737 79,280 114,335 123,198 1995 136,962 122,674 116,610 1998 144,732 1999 166,915 Model Year US sales 2000 202,990 169,198 2002 138,356 2003 140,350 129,858 2005 160,975 2006 166,530 2007 134,626 2008 91,251 2009 66,623 Model Year US sales 73,716 2011 70,438 2012 82,995 2013 77,186 2014 82,635 2015 122,349 2016 105,932 National Mustang Museum ( edit ) In May 2016 , the National Mustang Museum was announced , with an expected opening in Concord , North Carolina in summer 2017 . The decision to locate somewhere in Concord was a result of the success of the 2014 Mustang 50th anniversary celebration at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord , with over 4,000 Mustangs registered and an estimated economic impact of US $ 8,300,000 . In popular Culture ( edit ) The song Mustang Sally , recorded by Wilson Pickett in 1966 , is about a man who buys a Mustang for his ungrateful girlfriend . It has been described by one cultural historian as `` Free advertising for the Ford Motor Company . '' Films ( edit ) The mustang has featured in numerous films , including notably : Steve McQueen drove a Highland Green 1968 Mustang GT 390 fastback in a famous chase scene with a ' 68 black Dodge Charger in the 1968 film Bullitt . As a result of that and other Hollywood movies the car `` enjoyed celebrity status in the 1960s . '' A 1971 Mustang Mach 1 was featured in the James Bond film , Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) . The original ( 1974 ) Gone in 60 Seconds prominently featured a 1971 ( fitted to resemble a 1973 ) Mustang fastback . A Ford Mustang Mach 1 ( 1969 model ) was used as the hero stolen car in the neo-noir action thriller feature film series John Wick . A 2014 Mustang GT was prominently used as the hero car in the 2014 action film Need for Speed . The David Gelb directed documentary A Faster Horse covers the vehicle 's history creation of the 2015 Mustang . See also ( edit ) Ford Mustang variants California Special Mustang Ford Mustang SSP References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Iacocca , Lee ( 1969 ) . `` VI '' . Iacocca : An Autobiography . Bantam . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 25147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Mike ( 2010 ) . Mustang , the Complete Book of Every Model since 19641⁄2 . Motorbooks / MBI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3830 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Flory , J. Kelly ( 2004 ) . American Cars , 1960 -- 1972 : Every Model , Year by Year . McFarland . pp. 367 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1273 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , Jim ; Robinson , Jon G. ( 2005 ) . The Big Book of Car Culture . Motorbooks / MBI . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1965 - 9 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Mike ( 1997 ) . Ford Mustang . MotorBooks / MBI . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87938 - 990 - 1 . Jump up ^ Young , Anthony ( 2004 ) . Camaro . MotorBooks / MBI . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1932 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Teague '' . Automobile Quarterly . 30 ( 2 ) : 15 . 1992 . Jump up ^ Zazarine , Paul ( 2002 ) . Barracuda and Challenger . MotorBooks / MBI . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87938 - 538 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Peter C. ( 2002 ) . Mustang : 19641⁄2 -- 2003 . MBI Publishing . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1373 - 2 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Tom ( 1994 ) . Mustang 19641⁄2 -- 1968 . MBI Publishing . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87938 - 630 - 6 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jay ; Pintel , Gerald ( 1991 ) . Principles of marketing . Prentice Hall . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 714668 - 0 . Jump up ^ Patton , Phil ( October 2006 ) . `` The Car of the Year ( And a Half ) '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mustang Racing History '' ( Press release ) . Ford Corporate Media . December 2013 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lamas , Jonathan . `` Was the Ford Mustang named after a horse ? '' . About . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bakken , Douglas A. ; Crippen , David R. ( 1984 ) . `` Automotive Design Oral History Project : Remembering John Najjar '' . University of Michigan . p. 3 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Witzenburg , Gary ( April 1984 ) . `` The Name Game '' . Motor Trend : 86 . Jump up ^ Eggert , James ; Hanh , Thich Nhat ; McKibben , Bill ( 2009 ) . Meadowlark Economics : Collected Essays on Ecology , Community , and Spirituality . North Atlantic Books . pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55643 - 767 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Kate ( May 26 , 1994 ) `` Name That Car , '' Automotive , page C . Jump up ^ `` Mustang Ready For the Pony Car War '' ( Press release ) . Media.ford.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Mustang is the only one of the original pony cars from the 1960s to live on into the 21st century with no interruption in production Jump up ^ Mueller , Mike ( 2015 ) . The Complete Book of Ford Mustang : Every Model Since 19641⁄2 . Motorbooks . ISBN 9780760346624 . Jump up ^ `` The Thinker ( Detroit Style ) '' . Time . April 21 , 1967 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( February 4 , 2007 ) . `` 1965 1966 Ford Mustang '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Innovative Marketing and PR Helped Build the Mustang Legend '' ( Press release ) . Ford Motor Company Media . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Did You Know ? '' . imdb.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mattar , George ( February 2005 ) . `` 1964 1 / 2 - 1966 Mustang '' . Hemmings Motor News . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , p. 30 Jump up ^ `` The Great Mustang Debate : 1964 or 1965 '' . Theautochannel.com. April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , p. 59 Jump up ^ Portman , Michael ( 2011 ) . Mustangs . Gareth Stevens . p. 16 . ISBN 9781433947544 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fast Wheels Net Magazine . `` Mustang -- Production Numbers '' . Fast_wheels.tripod.com . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Don ; Wilson , Tom ( 1987 ) . Mustang Restoration Handbook . Penguin Group . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89586 - 402 - 4 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mueller , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Peter C. ; Sessler , Nilda ( 2006 ) . Ford Mustang Buyer 's and Restoration Guide . Sams Technical Publishing . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7906 - 1326 - 0 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mueller , p. 62 Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( February 11 , 2007 ) . `` Criticism of the 1971 Ford Mustang '' . howstuffworks.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( February 11 , 2007 ) . `` The 1972 Ford Mustang '' . howstuffworks.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( February 11 , 2007 ) . `` The 1973 Ford Mustang '' . howstuffworks.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 Ford Mustang Overview '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Witzenburg , Gary L. ( 1999 ) . Mustang ! : The Complete History of America 's Pioneer Ponycar . Automobile Quarterly Publications . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 915038 - 25 - 1 . Jump up ^ Auto editors of Consumer Guide ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` The 1974 Ford Mustang : The Winning Design '' . auto.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Auto editors of Consumer Guide ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` 1974 Ford Mustang Engines and Options '' . auto.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Automobile Club of Italy ( 1982 ) . World Cars 1982 . Herald Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 910714 - 14 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Tony ( ed . ) . `` 1981 Buyer 's Guide '' . Road & Track 's Road Test Annual & Buyer 's Guide 1981 ( January -- February 1981 ) : 97 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( February 23 , 2007 ) . `` 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Ford Mustang Overview '' . auto.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Auto editors of Consumer Guide ( February 23 , 2007 ) . `` The 1996 Ford Mustang '' . auto.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Auto editors of Consumer Guide ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` The 1999 Ford Mustang Chassis and Engines '' . auto.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Drive : 2001 Ford SVT Mustang Cobra '' . Insideline.com . February 20 , 2001 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Mustang Cobra '' . Mustangevolution.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra -- First Drive & Road Test Review '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What it took for Ford to Australian - ise the Mustang 24 / 10 / 00 '' . Fastlane.com.au . October 24 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What it took for Ford to Australian - ise the Mustang 24 / 10 / 00 '' . Fastlane.com.au . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Mustang FTE Mustang Cobra 2001 - 2003 '' . Goauto.com.au . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pettendy , Marton ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Mustang in Australia '' . Motoring . Australia . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knowling , Michael ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` Smokin ' Horse ! '' . AutoSpeed . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neil , Dan ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` 2010 Ford Mustang GT : Embracing the spirit of change '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford Motor Company . 2005 Mustang . Ford Media . 2005 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Mustang Steering and Suspension '' . Ford Media . 2008 . Jump up ^ Ford Motor Company. `` 2010 Mustang Technical Specifications '' . Ford Media . 2008 . Jump up ^ James ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` JET Auto Source '' . Jautosource.blogspot.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Auto Fans. `` 2011 Ford Shelby GT500 '' . Jump up ^ Miersma , Seyth ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` 2015 Ford Mustang to make world debut on Dec. 5 '' . autoblog.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Mustang in China Has Smaller Engine , Bigger Price '' . The New York Times . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Migliore , Greg ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` 2015 Ford Mustang specs revealed , GT to pack 435 HP '' . Auto blog . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vettraino , J.P. ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` The World 's ' Stang '' . Autoweek : 24 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Turkus , Brandon ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` 2015 Ford Mustang GT '' . autoblog.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Ford Mustang USA Specifications '' ( PDF ) . media. ford ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Mustang remains All - American '' . GoAuto . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Ford Mustang 2 DR RWD '' . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford includes 1 million Mustangs and GTs in Takata airbag recall Jump up ^ Petrány , Máté ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Ford Mustang Is n't Safe Enough For Euro NCAP '' . Road and Track . US . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brodie , James ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Ford Mustang only gets two stars in Euro NCAP crash safety tests '' . Auto Express . UK . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Charlie ( 2009 ) . `` Ford 's 1965 Factory Experimental Mustangs '' . Car Tech . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mustang 5.0 and 4.6 , 1979 -- 1998 By Matthew L. Stone Jump up ^ `` Ford Shelby GT350R - C , Ford Earn Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge Championships '' . performance.ford.com ( Press release ) . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Am won by Mustang '' . themustangnews . January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 560hp Ford Mustang '' . YouTube . April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Mustang History -- Ford Mustang Timeline '' . Themustangsource.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Mustang History -- Ford Mustang Timeline '' . Themustangsource.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : 1967 Mustang '' . The Mustang Source . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : 1968 Mustang '' . The Mustang Source . 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TheMustangSource '' . Jump up ^ `` Ford Revitalization Plan for its operation in North America with the annual income goal of USD 7 bil '' . Marklines.com . January 11 , 2002 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Company 's December U.S. Sales Climb 8.2 Percent '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Ford Media Information Center . January 3 , 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's F - Series Truck Caps 22nd Year in a Row as America 's Best - Selling Vehicle With a December Sales Record '' . Theautochannel.com . November 17 , 2004 . Retrieved April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Achieves First Car Sales Increase Since 1999 '' . Theautochannel.com . November 17 , 2004 . Retrieved April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Company 2007 sales '' . January 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` F - Series drives ford to higher market share for third consecutive month '' ( PDF ) . Ford Motor Company . January 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford Motor Company Newsroom ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Ford caps 2009 with 33 percent sales increase , first full - year market share gain since 1995 '' . Media.ford.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford Motor Company Newsroom ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Ford 's 2010 sales '' ( PDF ) . Media.ford.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2011 Ford Brand Sales up 17 Percent for the Year in U.S. ; Fuel - Efficient Cars , Utilities , Trucks Drive Sales Gains ( December 2011 Sales ) . Ford.com Jump up ^ Timmins , Ben ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Ford Motor Company Posts 2,250,165 Sales in 2012 ; Focus , F - Series Post Big Gains '' . Wot.motortrend.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Company Delivers Best Sales Year Since 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Media.ford.com . January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Posts Best U.S. December Sales Results since 2005 ; Ford Once Again Best - Selling Brand and Best - Selling Vehicle '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . media.ford.com . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Knox , Michael ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` National Mustang Museum to call Concord home '' . Independent Tribune . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ v.d. Luft , Eric ( 2009 ) . Die at the Right Time ! A Subjective Cultural History of the American Sixties . North Syracuse : Gegensatz Press . p. 190 . ISBN 1933237392 . Jump up ^ Mansour , David ( 2005 ) . From Abba to Zoom : A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . Kansas City : Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 328 . ISBN 0740793071 . Jump up ^ VN , Sreeja ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Ford Launches New Mustang Worldwide With Global Design '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alameda , Mike ; Kohrn , Wolfgang . `` The Bond Mustang Mach 1 '' . ponysite.de . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IMCDb.org `` Eleanor '' `` . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Faster Horse '' goes behind the scenes of the making of the 2015 Ford Mustang `` . Fox News . April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Cited sources ( edit ) Mueller , Mike ( 2000 ) . Mustang 19641⁄2 -- 1973 . MotorBooks / MBI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0734 - 2 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Chilton Automotive Books ( August 1 , 1997 ) . Ford Mustang / Mercury Cougar , 1964 -- 73 Repair Manual ( First ed . ) . Thomson Delmar Learning . ISBN 0 - 8019 - 9060 - 2 . Leffingwell , Randy ( 2003 ) . Mustang Forty Years . MBI Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1597 - 2 . `` The Reminiscences of L. David Ash '' . Automobile in American Life and Society . University of Michigan - Dearborn and The Henry Ford . Retrieved January 30 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Mustang . Official site Ford Mustang at DMOZ ( hide ) Ford Mustang production models and variants Ford Mustang generations 1964 -- 1973 1974 -- 1978 1979 -- 1993 1994 -- 2004 2005 -- 2014 2015 -- present Ford in - house variants SVO SVT Cobra Special Service Package California Special Mach 1 Boss 429 Boss 302 Boss 351 Bullitt FR500C GT500 / KR Mustang I Giugiaro McLaren M81 3rd - party models Shelby Mustang Roush Mustang Steeda Mustang Saleen Mustang `` previous -- Ford car timeline , North American market , 1946 -- 1979 -- next '' Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Subcompact Fiesta Festiva Compact Ford Escort Ford Falcon ( Americas ) Ford Falcon ( Americas ) Ford Escort Fairmont Piver Mid-size Falcon 701⁄2 Fairlane Fairlane Fairlane Piver Torino Crown Victoria LTD LTD II Full - size 1941 Ford 1949 Ford Townie Townie Ford Mainline Ford Custom Super Deluxe / Townie Chy Custom Chy Customline Custom Chy Solara Custom 300 Farland Solara 300 Ford Custom Classical Mury Piver Custom Chy Crestline Fairlane Fairlane Chy Fairlane Chy Galaxie Ford Custom Ford Custom Fullyrod Galaxie Galaxie Galaxie Dhung Mondeo Mondeo Galaxie Chy XL Chy XL Galaxie LTD LTD LTD LTD Station wagon Country Wagon Del Ray Sedan Del Ray Rancher Del Ray Rancher Rancher Ranch Wagon Ranch Wagon Ranch Wagon Country Sedan Country Sedan Country Sedan Country Sedan Country Squire Country Squire ( Model ACBBB ) Country Squire Country Squire Country Squire ( 1956 - 1964 ) Country Squire ( 1964 - 1970 ) Country Squire ( 1970s - 1991 ) Personal luxury Elite Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Sports Thunderbird RRRR Elite RRRR Mustang Mustang Ford vehicles Ford Motor Company Current production models Cars B - Max C - Max / Grand C - Max Fiesta Figo Fusion / Mondeo Focus Ka Mustang Taurus SHO Police Interceptor Sedan Ford Taurus VII Pickup Trucks F - Series Ranger Super Duty Transit SUVs / Crossovers EcoSport Edge Escape / Kuga Expedition / Expedition EL / Max Explorer / Police Interceptor Utility Everest / Endeavour Flex Vans E-Series Econovan Galaxy S - Max Tourneo / Transit Courier Connect Custom Commercial Trucks Cargo Super Duty F - 350 / F - 450 / F - 550 F - 650 / F - 750 Former production models ( by date of introduction ) 1900s Model A / AC Model B Model C Model F Model K Model N Model R Model S Model T 1910s -- 1920s Model TT Model A Model AA 1930s -- 1940s Model B Model BB Model 18 Model 40 Model Y Köln Rheinland Model 48 Model C Ten Eifel Model CX 1937 Ford Model 7W Model 7Y E83W Prefect Anglia 1941 Ford Vedette Pilot Pygmy Soybean Car 1949 Ford Custom Transit Bus 1950s 1952 Ford 1955 Ford 1957 Ford C - Series Trucks Consul Country Sedan Country Squire Courier Crestline Del Rio Edsel ( Brand ) Fairlane FK Galaxie Mainline Parklane Popular Ranchero Squire Taunus Thunderbird Versailles Zephyr 1960s 1960 Ford Bronco Capri Corcel Corsair Cortina Escort ( Europe ) Executive Fairlane Thunderbolt Falcon ( Americas ) Falcon ( Australia ) GT40 H - Series Trucks LTD N - Series Trucks Torino W - Series Trucks XL 1970s Elite Fairmont Granada ( Europe ) Granada ( North America ) L - Series Trucks Landau ( Australia ) Maverick ( North America ) P100 Pinto 1980s Aerostar Bantam Bronco II Del Rey Durango Escort ( North America ) EXP Festiva Laser / Lynx / Tierra / Meteor LTD Crown Victoria Orion Probe Pronto Ford Ranger ( North America ) RS200 Scorpio Sierra Telstar Tempo Verona 1990s Aspire Contour Cougar Crown Victoria and Police Interceptor Maverick Puma Windstar ZX2 2000s Activa Courier Excursion Explorer Sport Trac Fairlane ( Australia ) Five Hundred Freestar Fusion ( Europe ) Freestyle / Taurus X GT Ikon i - Max ( Taiwan ) Maverick ( Europe ) Sportka / Streetka Territory 2010s SVT Raptor Ford Falcon Ute ( Australia ) Ford Falcon ( Australia ) Ford Territory ( Australia ) Other Concept vehicles List of Mercury vehicles List of Lincoln vehicles Tractors Trucks Commons BNF : cb12565424v ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Mustang&oldid=801753896 '' Categories : Ford Mustang 1960s automobiles 1970s automobiles 1980s automobiles 1990s automobiles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 1964 Coupés Convertibles Hatchbacks Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use mdy dates from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 16 : 53 . 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what was the first year ford made mustangs
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"The Ford Mustang is an American car manufactured by Ford. It was originally based on the platform of the second generation North American Ford Falcon, a compact car.[1] The original 1962 Ford Mustang I two-seater concept car had evolved into the 1963 Mustang II four-seater concept car which Ford used to pretest how the public would take interest in the first production Mustang. The 1963 Mustang II concept car was designed with a variation of the production model's front and rear ends with a roof that was 2.7 inches shorter.[2] Introduced early on April 17, 1964[3] (16 days after the Plymouth Barracuda), and thus dubbed as a \"1964½\" by Mustang fans, the 1965 Mustang was the automaker's most successful launch since the Model A.[4] The Mustang has undergone several transformations to its current sixth generation."
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"1962"
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The War of the Worlds (radio drama)
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The War of the Worlds ( radio drama ) - wikipedia The War of the Worlds ( radio drama ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 1968 remake , see The War of the Worlds ( radio 1968 ) . The War of the Worlds Orson Welles tells reporters that no one connected with the broadcast had any idea it would cause panic ( Sunday , October 30 , 1938 ) Genre Radio drama , science fiction Running time 60 minutes Home station CBS Radio Hosted by The Mercury Theatre on the Air Starring Orson Welles Frank Readick Kenny Delmar Ray Collins Announcer Dan Seymour Written by H.G. Wells ( novel ) Howard E. Koch ( adaptation ) Directed by Orson Welles Paul Stewart ( rehearsal director ) Produced by John Houseman Orson Welles Paul Stewart ( associate producer ) Executive producer ( s ) Davidson Taylor ( for CBS ) Narrated by Orson Welles Recording studio Columbia Broadcasting Building , 485 Madison Avenue , New York Original release October 30 , 1938 ( 1938 - 10 - 30 ) -- present Opening theme Piano Concerto No. 1 , by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky The War of the Worlds The complete radio play Problems playing this file ? See media help . The War of the Worlds is an episode of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air . It was performed as a Halloween episode of the series on Sunday , October 30 , 1938 , and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network . Directed and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles , the episode was an adaptation of H.G. Wells ' novel The War of the Worlds ( 1898 ) . It became famous for allegedly causing mass panic , although the scale of the panic is disputed as the program had relatively few listeners . The first two - thirds of the one - hour broadcast was presented as a series of simulated news bulletins . The first news update interrupted a program of dance music to report that a series of odd explosions had been spotted on Mars , which was followed soon thereafter by a seemingly unrelated report of an unusual object falling on a farm in Grover 's Mill , New Jersey . Martians emerged from the object and attacked using a heat ray during the next interruption , which was followed by a rapid series of news reports describing a devastating alien invasion taking place across the United States and the world . The illusion of realism was furthered because the Mercury Theatre on the Air was a sustaining show without commercial interruptions , and the first break in the program came almost 30 minutes into the broadcast . Popular legend holds that some of the radio audience may have been listening to Edgar Bergen and tuned in to `` The War of the Worlds '' during a musical interlude , thereby missing the clear introduction that the show was a drama , but recent research suggests this only happened in rare instances . In the days following the adaptation , widespread outrage was expressed in the media . The program 's news - bulletin format was described as deceptive by some newspapers and public figures , leading to an outcry against the perpetrators of the broadcast and calls for regulation by the Federal Communications Commission . The episode secured Welles ' fame as a dramatist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Cast 2 Broadcast 2.1 Plot summary 2.2 Announcements 3 Public reaction 3.1 Causes 3.2 Extent 3.3 Newspaper coverage and response 3.4 Research 3.5 Meeting of Welles and Wells 4 Authorship 5 Legacy 5.1 Awards 5.2 Notable re-airings and adaptations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Production ( edit ) H.G. Wells 's original novel tells the story of a Martian invasion of Earth . The novel was adapted by Howard E. Koch for the 17th episode of the CBS Radio series The Mercury Theatre on the Air , broadcast at 8 pm ET on Sunday , October 30 , 1938 . The program 's format was a simulated live newscast of developing events . The setting was switched from 19th - century England to contemporary Grover 's Mill , an unincorporated village in West Windsor Township , New Jersey , in the United States . The first two - thirds of the hour - long play is a contemporary retelling of events of the novel , presented as news bulletins interrupting another program . `` I had conceived the idea of doing a radio broadcast in such a manner that a crisis would actually seem to be happening , '' Welles later said , `` and would be broadcast in such a dramatized form as to appear to be a real event taking place at that time , rather than a mere radio play . This approach was similar to Ronald Knox 's radio hoax Broadcasting the Barricades , about a riot overtaking London , that was broadcast by the BBC in 1926 , which Welles later said gave him the idea for `` The War of the Worlds '' . A 1927 drama aired by Adelaide station 5CL depicted an invasion of Australia via the same techniques and inspired reactions similar to those of the Welles broadcast . He was also influenced by the Columbia Workshop presentations `` The Fall of the City '' , a 1937 radio play in which Welles played the role of an omniscient announcer , and `` Air Raid '' , a vibrant as - it - happens drama starring Ray Collins that aired October 27 , 1938 . Welles had previously used a newscast format for `` Julius Caesar '' ( September 11 , 1938 ) , with H.V. Kaltenborn providing historical commentary throughout the story . `` The War of the Worlds '' broadcast used techniques similar to those of The March of Time , the CBS news documentary and dramatization radio series . Welles was a member of the program 's regular cast , having first performed on The March of Time in March 1935 . The Mercury Theatre on the Air and The March of Time shared many cast members , as well as sound effects chief Ora D. Nichols . Welles discussed his fake newscast idea with producer John Houseman and assistant director Paul Stewart ; together , they decided to adapt a work of science fiction . They considered adapting M.P. Shiel 's The Purple Cloud and Arthur Conan Doyle 's The Lost World before purchasing the radio rights to The War of the Worlds . Houseman later wrote that he suspected Welles had never read it . Howard Koch had written the first drafts for the Mercury Theatre broadcasts `` Hell on Ice '' ( October 9 ) , `` Seventeen '' ( October 16 ) , and `` Around the World in 80 Days '' ( October 23 ) . Monday , October 24 , he was assigned to rescript `` The War of the Worlds '' for broadcast the following Sunday night . Tuesday night , 36 hours before rehearsals were to begin , Koch telephoned Houseman in what the producer characterized as `` deep distress '' . Koch said he could not make The War of the Worlds interesting or credible as a radio play , a conviction echoed by his secretary Anne Froelick , a typist and aspiring writer whom Houseman had hired to assist him . With only his own abandoned script for Lorna Doone to fall back on , Houseman told Koch to continue adapting the Wells fantasy . He joined Koch and Froelick and they worked on the script throughout the night . On Wednesday night , the first draft was finished on schedule . On Thursday , associate producer Paul Stewart held a cast reading of the script , with Koch and Houseman making necessary changes . That afternoon , Stewart made an acetate recording , with no music or sound effects . Welles , immersed in rehearsing the Mercury stage production of Danton 's Death scheduled to open the following week , played the record at an editorial meeting that night in his suite at the St. Regis Hotel . After hearing `` Air Raid '' on the Columbia Workshop earlier that same evening , Welles viewed the script as dull . He stressed the importance of inserting news flashes and eyewitness accounts into the script to create a sense of urgency and excitement . Houseman , Koch , and Stewart reworked the script that night , increasing the number of news bulletins and using the names of real places and people whenever possible . Friday afternoon , the script was sent to Davidson Taylor , executive producer for CBS , and the network legal department . Their response was that the script was ' too ' credible and its realism had to be toned down . As using the names of actual institutions could be actionable , CBS insisted upon some 28 changes in phrasing . `` Under protest and with a deep sense of grievance we changed the Hotel Biltmore to a nonexistent Park Plaza , Trans - America to Inter-Continent , the Columbia Broadcasting Building to Broadcasting Building , '' Houseman wrote . `` The United States Weather Bureau in Washington , D.C. '' was changed to `` The Government Weather Bureau '' , `` Princeton University Observatory '' to `` Princeton Observatory '' , `` McGill University '' in Montreal to `` Macmillan University '' in Toronto , `` New Jersey National Guard '' to `` State Militia '' , `` United States Signal Corps '' to `` Signal Corps '' , `` Langley Field '' to `` Langham Field '' , and `` St. Patrick 's Cathedral '' to `` the cathedral '' . On Saturday , Stewart rehearsed the show with the sound effects team , giving special attention to crowd scenes , the echo of cannon fire , and the sound of the boat horns in New York Harbor . Early Sunday afternoon , Bernard Herrmann and his orchestra arrived in the studio , where Welles had taken over production of that evening 's program . To create the role of reporter Carl Phillips , actor Frank Readick went to the record library and played the recording of Herbert Morrison 's radio report of the Hindenburg disaster over and over . Working with Bernard Herrmann and the orchestra that had to sound like a dance band fell to Paul Stewart , the person Welles would later credit as being largely responsible for the quality of `` The War of the Worlds '' broadcast . Welles wanted the music to play for unbearably long stretches of time . The studio 's emergency fill - in , a solo piano playing Debussy and Chopin , was heard several times . `` As it played on and on , '' Houseman wrote , `` its effect became increasingly sinister -- a thin band of suspense stretched almost beyond endurance . That piano was the neatest trick of the show . '' Dress rehearsal was scheduled for 6 pm . `` Our actual broadcasting time , from the first mention of the meteorites to the fall of New York City , was less than forty minutes , '' wrote Houseman . `` During that time , men travelled long distances , large bodies of troops were mobilized , cabinet meetings were held , savage battles fought on land and in the air . And millions of people accepted it -- emotionally if not logically . Cast ( edit ) The cast of characters of `` The War of the Worlds '' appears in order as first heard in the broadcast . Announcer ... Dan Seymour Narrator ... Orson Welles First studio announcer ... Paul Stewart Meridian Room announcer ... William Alland Reporter Carl Phillips ... Frank Readick Professor Richard Pierson ... Orson Welles Second studio announcer ... Carl Frank Mr. Wilmuth ... Ray Collins Policeman at Wilmuth farm ... Kenny Delmar Brigadier General Montgomery Smith ... Richard Wilson Mr. Harry McDonald , vice president in charge of radio operations ... Ray Collins Captain Lansing of the Signal Corps ... Kenny Delmar Third studio announcer ... Paul Stewart Secretary of the Interior ... Kenny Delmar 22nd Field Artillery Officer ... Richard Wilson Field artillery gunner ... William Alland Field artillery observer ... Stefan Schnabel Lieutenant Voght , bombing commander ... Howard Smith Bayonne radio operator ... Kenny Delmar Langham Field radio operator ... Richard Wilson Newark radio operator ... William Herz 2X2L radio operator ... Frank Readick 8X3R radio operator ... William Herz Fourth studio announcer , from roof of Broadcasting Building ... Ray Collins Fascist stranger ... Carl Frank Himself ... Orson Welles Broadcast ( edit ) Plot summary ( edit ) `` The War of the Worlds '' begins with a paraphrase of the beginning of the novel , updated to contemporary times . The announcer introduces Orson Welles : We know now that in the early years of the 20th century , this world was being watched closely by intelligences greater than man 's and yet as mortal as his own . We know now that as human beings busied themselves about their various concerns , they were scrutinized and studied , perhaps almost as narrowly as a man with a microscope might scrutinize the transient creatures that swarm and multiply in a drop of water . With infinite complacence , people went to and fro over the earth about their little affairs , serene in the assurance of their dominion over this small spinning fragment of solar driftwood which by chance or design man has inherited out of the dark mystery of Time and Space . Yet across an immense ethereal gulf , minds that are to our minds as ours are to the beasts in the jungle , intellects vast , cool and unsympathetic , regarded this earth with envious eyes and slowly and surely drew their plans against us . In the 39th year of the 20th century came the great disillusionment . It was near the end of October . Business was better . The war scare was over . More men were back at work . Sales were picking up . On this particular evening , October 30th , the Crossley service estimated that 32 million people were listening in on radios ... The program continues with a weather report and an ordinary dance band remote featuring `` Ramon Raquello and His Orchestra '' , interrupted by news flashes about strange explosions on Mars . An interview is arranged with reporter Carl Phillips and Princeton - based Professor of Astronomy Richard Pierson , who dismisses speculation about life on Mars . The news grows more frequent and increasingly ominous as a cylindrical meteorite lands in Grover 's Mill , New Jersey . A crowd gathers at the site , where Phillips and Pierson relate the events . The cylinder unscrews , and onlookers catch a glimpse of a tentacled , pulsating , barely mobile Martian inside before it incinerates the crowd with heat - rays . Phillips 's shouts about incoming flames are cut off mid-sentence . Regular programming breaks down as the studio struggles with casualty and fire - fighting updates . A shaken Pierson speculates about Martian technology . The New Jersey state militia declares martial law and attacks the cylinder ; a captain from their field headquarters lectures about the overwhelming force of properly equipped infantry and the helplessness of the Martians , until a tripod rises from the pit . The tripod obliterates the militia , and the studio returns , now describing the Martians as an invading army . Emergency response bulletins give way to damage and evacuation reports as thousands of refugees clog the roads . Three Martian tripods from the cylinder destroy power stations and uproot bridges and railroads , reinforced by three others from a second cylinder that landed in the Great Swamp near Morristown , as gas explosions continue . The Secretary of the Interior addresses the nation . A live connection is established to a field artillery battery in the Watchung Mountains . Its gun crew damages a machine , resulting in a release of black smoke , before fading into the sound of coughing . The lead plane of a wing of bombers from Langham Field broadcasts its approach and remains on the air as their engines are burned by the heat - ray and the plane dives on the invaders . Radio operators go active and fall silent -- although the bombers destroyed one machine , the remaining five are spreading black smoke across the Jersey Marshes into Newark . Eventually , a news reporter , broadcasting from atop the Broadcasting Building , describes the Martian invasion of New York City -- `` five great machines '' wading the Hudson `` like ( men ) wading through a brook '' , black smoke drifting over the city , people diving into the East River `` like rats '' , others in Times Square `` falling like flies '' . He reads a final bulletin stating that Martian cylinders have fallen all over the country , and is eventually killed by the smoke . Finally , a ham radio operator is heard calling , `` 2X2L calling CQ , New York . Is n't there anyone on the air ? Is n't there anyone on the air ? Is n't there ... anyone ? '' After a period of silence comes the voice of announcer Dan Seymour : You are listening to a CBS presentation of Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre of the Air , in an original dramatization of The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells . The performance will continue after a brief intermission . The last third of the program is a monologue and dialogue . Professor Pierson , having survived the attack on Grover 's Mill , attempts to make contact with other humans . In Newark , he encounters an opportunistic militiaman who holds fascist ideals in regards to man 's relationship with the Martians , and intends to use Martian weaponry to take control of both species . Declaring that he wants no part of `` his world '' , Pierson leaves the stranger with his delusions . His journey takes him to the ruins of New York , where he discovers that the Martians have died -- as with the novel , they fell victim to earthly pathogenic germs , to which they had no immunity . Life eventually returns to normal , and Pierson finishes writing his recollections of the invasion and its aftermath . After the play , Welles assumes his role as host and tells listeners that the broadcast was a Halloween concoction : the equivalent , he says , `` of dressing up in a sheet , jumping out of a bush and saying , ' Boo ! ' '' Popular mythology holds this disclaimer was hastily added to the broadcast at the insistence of CBS executives as they became aware of panic inspired by the program . In fact , at the station break network executive Davidson Taylor attempted to prevent Welles , who had added the speech at the last minute , from reading it on - air , because it could have opened the network up to legal liability , but Welles delivered it anyway . Announcements ( edit ) Radio programming charts in Sunday newspapers listed the CBS drama , `` The War of the Worlds '' . The New York Times for October 30 , 1938 , also included the show in its `` Leading Events of the Week '' ( `` Tonight -- Play : H.G. Wells 's ' War of the Worlds ' '' ) and published a photograph of Welles with some of the Mercury players , captioned , `` Tonight 's show is H.G. Wells ' ' War of the Worlds ' '' . Announcements that `` The War of the Worlds '' is a dramatization of a work of fiction were made on the full CBS network at four points during the broadcast October 30 , 1938 -- at the beginning , before the middle break , after the middle break , and at the end . The middle break was delayed 10 minutes to accommodate the dramatic content . Another announcement was repeated on the full CBS network that same evening at 10 : 30 pm , 11 : 30 pm and midnight : `` For those listeners who tuned in to Orson Welles 's Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast from 8 to 9 pm Eastern Standard Time tonight and did not realize that the program was merely a modernized adaptation of H.G. Wells 's famous novel War of the Worlds , we are repeating the fact which was made clear four times on the program , that , while the names of some American cities were used , as in all novels and dramatizations , the entire story and all of its incidents were fictitious . '' Public reaction ( edit ) The New York Times headline from October 31 , 1938 Producer John Houseman noticed that at about 8 : 32 pm . ET , CBS supervisor Davidson Taylor received a telephone call in the control room . Creasing his lips , Taylor left the studio and returned four minutes later , `` pale as death '' , as he had been ordered to interrupt `` The War of the Worlds '' broadcast immediately with an announcement of the program 's fictional content . But by the time the order was given , the program was already less than a minute away from its first scheduled break , and the fictional news reporter played by actor Ray Collins was choking on poison gas as the Martians overwhelmed New York . Actor Stefan Schnabel recalled sitting in the anteroom after finishing his on - air performance . `` A few policemen trickled in , then a few more . Soon , the room was full of policemen and a massive struggle was going on between the police , page boys , and CBS executives , who were trying to prevent the cops from busting in and stopping the show . It was a show to witness . '' During the sign - off theme , the phone began ringing . Houseman picked it up and the furious caller announced he was mayor of a Midwestern town where mobs were in the streets . Houseman hung up quickly : `` For we were off the air now and the studio door had burst open . '' The following hours were a nightmare . The building was suddenly full of people and dark - blue uniforms . Hustled out of the studio , we were locked into a small back office on another floor . Here we sat incommunicado while network employees were busily collecting , destroying , or locking up all scripts and records of the broadcast . Finally , the Press was let loose upon us , ravening for horror . How many deaths had we heard of ? ( Implying they knew of thousands . ) What did we know of the fatal stampede in a Jersey hall ? ( Implying it was one of many . ) What traffic deaths ? ( The ditches must be choked with corpses . ) The suicides ? ( Have n't you heard about the one on Riverside Drive ? ) It is all quite vague in my memory and quite terrible . Paul White , head of CBS News , was quickly summoned to the office -- `` and there bedlam reigned '' , he wrote : The telephone switchboard , a vast sea of light , could handle only a fraction of incoming calls . The haggard Welles sat alone and despondent . `` I 'm through , '' he lamented , `` washed up . '' I did n't bother to reply to this highly inaccurate self - appraisal . I was too busy writing explanations to put on the air , reassuring the audience that it was safe . I also answered my share of incessant telephone calls , many of them from as far away as the Pacific Coast . After `` The War of the Worlds '' broadcast , photographers lay in wait for Welles at the all - night rehearsal for Danton 's Death at the Mercury Theatre ( October 31 , 1938 ) Because of the crowd of newspaper reporters , photographers , and police , the cast left the CBS building by the rear entrance . Aware of the sensation the broadcast had made , but not its extent , Welles went to the Mercury Theatre where an all - night rehearsal of Danton 's Death was in progress . Shortly after midnight , one of the cast , a late arrival , told Welles that news about `` The War of the Worlds '' was being flashed in Times Square . They immediately left the theatre , and standing on the corner of Broadway and 42nd Street , they read the lighted bulletin that circled the New York Times building : ORSON WELLES CAUSES PANIC . Some listeners heard only a portion of the broadcast , and in the tension and anxiety prior to World War II , mistook it for a genuine news broadcast . Thousands of those people rushed to share the false reports with others , or called CBS , newspapers , or the police to ask if the broadcast was real . Many newspapers assumed that this large number of phone calls , and scattered reports of listeners rushing about or even fleeing their homes , proved the existence of a mass panic , though such behavior was never widespread . Future Tonight Show host Jack Paar had announcing duties that night for Cleveland CBS affiliate WGAR . As panicked listeners called the studio , Paar attempted to calm them on the phone and on air by saying : `` The world is not coming to an end . Trust me . When have I ever lied to you ? '' When the listeners started charging Paar with `` covering up the truth '' , he called WGAR 's station manager for help . Oblivious to the situation , the manager advised Paar to calm down , saying it was `` all a tempest in a teapot '' . In a 1975 interview with radio historian Chuck Schaden , radio actor Alan Reed recalled being one of several actors recruited to answer phone calls at CBS 's New York headquarters . In Concrete , Washington , phone lines and electricity suffered a short circuit at the Superior Portland Cement Company 's substation . Residents were unable to call neighbors , family , or friends to calm their fears . Reporters who heard of the coincidental blackout sent the story over the news - wire , and soon Concrete was known worldwide . Welles continued with the rehearsal of Danton 's Death ( scheduled to open November 2 ) , leaving shortly after dawn October 31 . He was operating on three hours of sleep when CBS called him to a press conference . He read a statement later printed in newspapers nationwide , and took questions from reporters : Question : Were you aware of the terror such a broadcast would stir up ? Welles : Definitely not . The technique I used was not original with me . It was not even new . I anticipated nothing unusual . Question : Should you have toned down the language of the drama ? Welles : No , you do n't play murder in soft words . Question : Why was the story changed to put in names of American cities and government officers ? Welles : H.G. Wells used real cities in Europe , and to make the play more acceptable to American listeners we used real cities in America . Of course , I 'm terribly sorry now . In its editions of October 31 , 1938 , the Tucson Citizen reported that three Arizona affiliates of CBS -- KOY in Phoenix , KTUC in Tucson and KSUN in Bisbee -- had originally scheduled a delayed broadcast of `` The War of the Worlds '' that night ; CBS had shifted The Mercury Theater on the Air from Monday nights to Sunday nights on September 11 , but the three affiliates preferred to keep the series in its original Monday slot so as not to have it compete with NBC 's top - rated Chase and Sanborn Hour . However , late on that Sunday night , CBS contacted KOY and KTUC owner Burridge Butler and instructed him not to air the program the following night . Within three weeks , newspapers had published at least 12,500 articles about the broadcast and its impact , although the story dropped off the front pages after a few days . Adolf Hitler referenced the broadcast in a speech in Munich on November 8 , 1938 . Welles later remarked that Hitler cited the effect of the broadcast on the American public as evidence of `` the corrupt condition and decadent state of affairs in democracy '' . CAUSES ( edit ) Radio Digest reprinted the script of `` The War of the Worlds '' -- `` as a commentary on the nervous state of our nation after the Pact of Munich '' -- prefaced by an editorial cartoon by Les Callan of The Toronto Star ( February 1939 ) Later studies indicate that many missed the repeated notices about the broadcast being fictional , partly because The Mercury Theatre on the Air , an unsponsored CBS cultural program with a relatively small audience , ran at the same time as the NBC Red Network 's popular Chase and Sanborn Hour featuring ventriloquist Edgar Bergen . At the time , many Americans assumed that a significant number of Chase and Sanborn listeners changed stations when the first comic sketch ended and a musical number by Nelson Eddy began , thereby tuning in `` The War of the Worlds '' after the opening announcements , but historian A. Brad Schwartz , after studying hundreds of letters from people who heard `` The War of the Worlds '' , as well as contemporary audience surveys , concluded that very few people frightened by Welles 's broadcast had tuned out Bergen 's program . `` All the hard evidence suggests that The Chase & Sanborn Hour was only a minor contributing factor to the Martian hysteria , '' he wrote . `` ... in truth , there was no mass exodus from Charlie McCarthy to Orson Welles that night . '' Because the broadcast was unsponsored , Welles and company could schedule breaks at will rather than arranging them around advertisements . As a result , the only notices that the broadcast was fictional came at the start of the broadcast and about 40 and 55 minutes into it . A study by the Radio Project discovered that fewer than one - third of frightened listeners understood the invaders to be aliens ; most thought they were listening to reports of a German invasion or a natural catastrophe . `` People were on edge '' , wrote Welles biographer Frank Brady . `` For the entire month prior to ' The War of the Worlds ' , radio had kept the American public alert to the ominous happenings throughout the world . The Munich crisis was at its height. ... For the first time in history , the public could tune into their radios every night and hear , boot by boot , accusation by accusation , threat by threat , the rumblings that seemed inevitably leading to a world war . '' CBS News chief Paul White wrote that he was convinced that the panic induced by the broadcast was a result of the public suspense generated before the Munich Pact . `` Radio listeners had had their emotions played upon for days ... Thus they believed the Welles production even though it was specifically stated that the whole thing was fiction '' . Extent ( edit ) Historical research suggests the panic was far less widespread than newspapers had indicated at the time . `` ( T ) he panic and mass hysteria so readily associated with ' The War of the Worlds ' did not occur on anything approaching a nationwide dimension , '' American University media historian W. Joseph Campbell wrote in 2003 . He quotes Robert E. Bartholomew , an authority on mass panic outbreaks , as having said that `` there is a growing consensus among sociologists that the extent of the panic ... was greatly exaggerated '' . This position is supported by contemporary accounts . `` In the first place , most people did n't hear ( the show ) , '' said Frank Stanton , later president of CBS . Of the nearly 2,000 letters mailed to Welles and the Federal Communications Commission after `` The War of the Worlds , '' currently held by the University of Michigan and the National Archives and Records Administration , roughly 27 % came from frightened listeners or people who witnessed any panic . After analyzing those letters , A. Brad Schwartz concluded that although the broadcast briefly misled a significant portion of its audience , very few of those listeners fled their homes or otherwise panicked . The total number of protest letters sent to Welles and the FCC is also low in comparison with other controversial radio broadcasts of the period , further suggesting the audience was small and the fright severely limited . Five thousand households were telephoned that night in a survey conducted by the C.E. Hooper company , the main radio ratings service at the time . Only 2 % of the respondents said they were listening to the radio play , and no one stated they were listening to a news broadcast . About 98 % of respondents said they were listening to other radio programming -- The Chase and Sanborn Hour was long the most popular program in that timeslot -- or not listening to the radio at all . Further shrinking the potential audience , some CBS network affiliates , including some in large markets such as Boston 's WEEI , had pre-empted The Mercury Theatre on the Air in favor of local commercial programming . Ben Gross , radio editor for the New York Daily News , wrote in his 1954 memoir that the streets were nearly deserted as he made his way to the studio for the end of the program . Producer John Houseman reported that the Mercury Theatre staff was surprised when they were finally released from the CBS studios to find life going on as usual in the streets of New York . The writer of a letter the Washington Post published later likewise recalled no panicked mobs in the capital 's downtown streets at the time . `` The supposed panic was so tiny as to be practically immeasurable on the night of the broadcast '' , media historians Jefferson Pooley and Michael Socolow wrote in Slate on its 75th anniversary in 2013 ; `` Almost nobody was fooled '' . According to Campbell , the most common response said to indicate a panic was calling the local newspaper or police to confirm the story or seek additional information . This , he writes , is an indicator that people were not generally panicking or hysterical . `` The call volume perhaps is best understood as an altogether rational response ... '' Some New Jersey media and law enforcement agencies received up to 40 % more telephone calls than normal during the broadcast . Newspaper coverage and response ( edit ) What a night . After the broadcast , as I tried to get back to the St. Regis where we were living , I was blocked by an impassioned crowd of news people looking for blood , and the disappointment when they found I was n't hemorrhaging . It was n't long after the initial shock that whatever public panic and outrage there was vanished . But , the newspapers for days continued to feign fury . -- Orson Welles to friend and mentor Roger Hill , February 22 , 1983 As it was late on a Sunday night in the Eastern Time Zone , where the broadcast originated , few reporters and other staff were present in newsrooms . Most newspaper coverage thus took the form of Associated Press stories , which were largely anecdotal aggregates of reporting from its various bureaus , giving the impression that panic had indeed been widespread . Many newspapers led with the AP 's story the next day . The Twin City Sentinel of Winston - Salem , North Carolina pointed out that the situation could have been even worse if most people had not been listening to Edgar Bergen 's show , saying , `` Charlie McCarthy last night saved the United States from a sudden and panicky death by hysteria . '' On November 2 , 1938 , the Australian Age characterized the incident as `` mass hysteria '' and stated that `` never in the history of the United States had such a wave of terror and panic swept the continent '' . Unnamed observers quoted by the Age commented that `` the panic could have only happened in America . '' Editorialists chastised the radio industry for allowing this to happen . This response may have reflected newspaper publishers ' fears that radio , to which they had lost some of the advertising revenue that was scarce enough during the Great Depression , would render them obsolete . In `` The War of the Worlds '' , they saw an opportunity to cast aspersions on the newer medium . `` The nation as a whole continues to face the danger of incomplete , misunderstood news over a medium which has yet to prove that it is competent to perform the news job , '' wrote Editor & Publisher , the newspaper industry 's trade journal . William Randolph Hearst 's papers called on broadcasters to police themselves lest the government step in , as Iowa Senator Clyde L. Herring proposed a bill that would have required all programming to be reviewed by the FCC prior to broadcast ( he never actually introduced it ) . Others blamed the radio audience for its credulity . Noting that any intelligent listener would have realized the broadcast was fictional , the Chicago Tribune opined , `` it would be more tactful to say that some members of the radio audience are a trifle retarded mentally , and that many a program is prepared for their consumption . '' Other newspapers took pains to note that anxious listeners had called their offices to learn whether Martians were really attacking . Few contemporary accounts exist outside newspaper coverage of the mass panic and hysteria supposedly induced by the broadcast . Justin Levine , a producer at KFI - AM in Los Angeles , wrote in a 2000 history of the FCC 's response to hoax broadcasts that `` the anecdotal nature of such reporting makes it difficult to objectively assess the true extent and intensity of the panic . Bartholomew sees this as yet more evidence that the panic was predominantly a creation of the newspaper industry . Research ( edit ) In a study published in book form as The Invasion from Mars ( 1940 ) , Princeton professor Hadley Cantril calculated that some six million people heard `` The War of the Worlds '' broadcast . He estimated that 1.7 million listeners believed the broadcast was an actual news bulletin and , of those , 1.2 million people were frightened or disturbed . Media historians Jefferson Pooley and Michael Socolow have since concluded , however , that Cantril 's study has serious flaws . Its estimate of the program 's audience is more than twice as high as any other at the time . Cantril himself conceded this , but argued that unlike Hooper , his estimate had attempted to capture the significant portion of the audience that did not have home telephones at that time . Since those respondents were contacted only after the media frenzy , Cantril allowed that their recollections could have been influenced by what they read in the newspapers . Claims that Chase and Sanborn listeners who missed the disclaimer at the beginning when they turned to CBS during a commercial break or musical performance on that show and thus mistook `` The War of the Worlds '' for a real broadcast inflated the show 's audience and the ensuing alleged panic are impossible to substantiate . Apart from his admittedly imperfect methods of estimating the audience and assessing the authenticity of their response , Pooley and Socolow found , Cantril made another error in typing audience reaction . Respondents had indicated a variety of reactions to the program , among them `` excited '' , `` disturbed '' , and `` frightened '' . Yet he included all of them with `` panicked '' , failing to account for the possibility that despite their reaction , they were still aware the broadcast was staged . `` ( T ) hose who did hear it , looked at it as a prank and accepted it that way , '' recalled researcher Frank Stanton . Bartholomew grants that hundreds of thousands were frightened , but calls evidence of people taking action based on their fear `` scant '' and `` anecdotal '' . Indeed , contemporary news articles indicate that police were swamped with hundreds of calls in numerous locations , but stories of people doing anything more than calling authorities mostly involve only small groups . Such stories were often reported by people who were panicking themselves . Later investigations found much of the alleged panicked responses to have been exaggerated or mistaken . Cantril 's researchers found that , contrary to what had been claimed , no admissions for shock were made at a Newark hospital during the broadcast ; hospitals in New York City similarly reported no spike in admissions that night . A few suicide attempts seem to have been prevented when friends or family intervened , but no record of a successful one exists . A Washington Post claim that a man died of a heart attack brought on by listening to the program could not be verified . One woman filed a lawsuit against CBS , but it was soon dismissed . The FCC also received letters from the public that advised against taking reprisals . Singer Eddie Cantor urged the commission not to overreact , as `` censorship would retard radio immeasurably . '' The FCC not only chose not to punish Welles or CBS , it also barred complaints about `` The War of the Worlds '' from being brought up during license renewals . `` Janet Jackson 's 2004 ' wardrobe malfunction ' remains far more significant in the history of broadcast regulation than Orson Welles ' trickery , '' wrote media historians Jefferson Pooley and Michael Socolow . Meeting of Welles and Wells ( edit ) H.G. Wells and Orson Welles met for the first and only time in late October 1940 , shortly before the second anniversary of the Mercury Theatre broadcast , when they both happened to be lecturing in San Antonio , Texas . On October 28 , 1940 , the two men visited the studios of KTSA radio for an interview by Charles C. Shaw , who introduced them by characterizing the panic generated by `` The War of the Worlds '' : `` The country at large was frightened almost out of its wits '' . Wells expressed good - natured skepticism about the actual extent of the panic caused by `` this sensational Halloween spree . Are you sure there was such a panic in America or was n't it your Halloween fun ? '' Welles appreciated the comment : `` I think that 's the nicest thing that a man from England could say about the men from Mars . Mr. Hitler made a good deal of sport of it , you know ... It 's supposed to show the corrupt condition and decadent state of affairs in democracy , that ' The War of the Worlds ' went over as well as it did . I think it 's very nice of Mr. Wells to say that not only I did n't mean it , but the American people did n't mean it . '' When Shaw interjected that there was `` some excitement '' that he did not wish to belittle , Welles asked him , `` What kind of excitement ? Mr. H.G. Wells wants to know if the excitement was n't the same kind of excitement that we extract from a practical joke in which somebody puts a sheet over his head and says ' Boo ! ' I do n't think anybody believes that that individual is a ghost , but we do scream and yell and rush down the hall . And that 's just about what happened . '' `` That 's a very excellent description , '' Shaw said . `` You are n't quite serious in America , yet , '' said Wells . `` You have n't got the war right under your chins . And the consequence is you can still play with ideas of terror and conflict. ... It 's a natural thing to do until you 're right up against it . '' `` Until it ceases to be a game , '' Welles said -- a phrase Wells repeated . Britain and France had then been at war with Nazi Germany for more than a year . Authorship ( edit ) As the Mercury 's second theatre season began in 1938 , Orson Welles and John Houseman were unable to write the Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcasts on their own . They hired Howard E. Koch , whose experience in having a play performed by the Federal Theatre Project in Chicago led him to leave his law practice and move to New York to become a writer . Koch was put to work at $50 a week , raised to $60 after he proved himself . The Mercury Theatre on the Air was a sustaining show , so in lieu of a more substantial salary , Houseman gave Koch the rights to any script he worked on . A condensed version of the script for `` The War of the Worlds '' appeared in the debut issue of Radio Digest magazine ( February 1939 ) , in an article on the broadcast that credited `` Orson Welles and his Mercury Theatre players '' . The complete script appeared in The Invasion from Mars : A Study in the Psychology of Panic ( 1940 ) , the book publication of a Princeton University study directed by psychologist Hadley Cantril . Welles strongly protested Koch being listed as sole author since many others contributed to the script , but by the time the book was published , he had decided to end the dispute . Welles did seek legal redress after the CBS TV series Studio One presented its top - rated broadcast , `` The Night America Trembled '' , on September 9 , 1957 . Hosted by Edward R. Murrow , the live presentation of Nelson S. Bond 's documentary play recreated the 1938 performance of `` The War of the Worlds '' in the CBS studio , using the script as a framework for a series of factual narratives about a cross-section of radio listeners . No member of the Mercury Theatre is named . The courts ruled against Welles , who was found to have abandoned any rights to the script after it was published in Cantril 's book . Koch had granted CBS the right to use the script in its program . `` As it developed over the years , Koch took some cash and some credit , '' wrote biographer Frank Brady . `` He wrote the story of how he created the adaptation , with a copy of his script being made into a paperback book enjoying large printings and an album of the broadcast selling over 500,000 copies , part of the income also going to him as copyright owner . '' The book , The Panic Broadcast , was first published in 1970 . The best - selling album was a sound recording of the broadcast titled Orson Welles ' War of the Worlds , `` released by arrangement with Manheim Fox Enterprises , Inc . '' The source discs for the recording are unknown . Welles told Peter Bogdanovich that it was a poor - quality recording taken off the air at the time of broadcast -- `` a pirated record which people have made fortunes of money and have no right to play . '' Welles received no compensation . Legacy ( edit ) Plaque commemorating the radio broadcast in Township of West Windsor Play media Welles often invokes `` The War of the Worlds '' as host of Who 's Out There ? ( 1973 ) , an award - winning NASA documentary short film by Robert Drew about the likelihood of life on other planets Initially apologetic about the supposed panic his broadcast had caused ( and privately fuming that newspaper reports of lawsuits were either greatly exaggerated or totally fabricated ) , Welles later embraced the story as part of his personal myth . `` Houses were emptying , churches were filling up ; from Nashville to Minneapolis there was wailing in the streets and the rending of garments , '' he told Peter Bogdanovich years later . CBS , too , found reports ultimately useful in promoting the strength of its influence . It presented a fictionalized account of the panic in a 1957 episode of the television series Studio One , and included it prominently in its 2003 celebrations of CBS 's 75th anniversary as a television broadcaster . `` The legend of the panic , '' according to Jefferson and Socolow , `` grew exponentially over the following years ... ( It ) persists because it so perfectly captures our unease with the media 's power over our lives . '' The New Jersey Township of West Windsor , where Grover 's Mill is located , commemorated the 50th anniversary of the broadcast in 1988 with four days of festivities including art and planetarium shows , a panel discussion , a parade , burial of a time capsule , a dinner dance , film festivals devoted to H.G. Wells and Orson Welles , and the dedication of a bronze monument to the fictional Martian landings . Howard Koch , an author of the original radio script , attended the 49th anniversary celebration as an honored guest . The 75th anniversary of `` The War of the Worlds '' was marked by an international rebroadcast with an introduction by George Takei , and an episode of the PBS documentary series American Experience . Awards ( edit ) On January 27 , 2003 , the Mercury Theatre broadcast of `` The War of the Worlds '' was one of the first 50 recordings made part of the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress . Notable re-airings and adaptations ( edit ) See also : List of works based on The War of the Worlds Since the original Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast of `` The War of the Worlds '' , many re-airings , remakes , re-enactments , parodies , and new dramatizations have occurred . Many American radio stations , particularly those that regularly air old - time radio programs , re-air the original program as a Halloween tradition . Some notable examples include : A Spanish - language version produced in February 1949 by Leonardo Paez and Eduardo Alcaraz for Radio Quito in Quito , Ecuador , reportedly set off panic in the city . Police and fire brigades rushed out of town to engage the supposed alien invasion force . After it was revealed that the broadcast was fiction , the panic transformed into a riot . Hundreds attacked Radio Quito and El Comercio , a local newspaper that had participated in the hoax by publishing false reports of unidentified objects in the skies above Ecuador in the days preceding the broadcast . The riot resulted in at least seven deaths , including those of Paez 's girlfriend and nephew . Paez moved to Venezuela after the incident . An updated version of the radio drama aired several times between 1968 and 1975 on WKBW radio in Buffalo , New York . On the 50th anniversary of the radio play in 1988 , National Public Radio aired a remake directed by David Ossman ( who updated Howard W. Koch 's original script with Koch 's approval ) and starring Jason Robards , Steve Allen , Hector Elizondo , Rene Auberjonois , Philip Proctor , Douglas Edwards , Scott Simon , and Terry Gross . It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word or Nonmusical Recording . In 1994 , L.A. Theatre Works and Santa Monica , California public radio station KCRW broadcast the original play before a live audience . Most of the cast for this production had appeared in one of more incarnation of Star Trek , including Leonard Nimoy , John de Lancie , Dwight Schultz , Wil Wheaton , Gates McFadden , Brent Spiner , Armin Shimerman , Jerry Hardin , and Tom Virtue . De Lancie directed . It was accompanied by an original sequel called `` When Welles Collide '' co-written by de Lancie and Nat Segaloff featuring the same cast as themselves . In 2002 , XM Satellite Radio collaborated with conservative talk - show host Glenn Beck for a live recreation of the broadcast , using Koch 's original script and airing on October 30 ( 64 years after the Welles broadcast ) . The remake aired on the Buzz XM channel , as well as on Beck 's AM / FM affiliates . See also ( edit ) Jafr alien invasion Jovian -- Plutonian gravitational effect Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Biographer Frank Brady claims that Welles had read the story in 1936 in The Witch 's Tales , a pulp magazine of `` weird - dramatic and supernatural stories '' that reprinted it from Pearson 's Magazine . However , there is no evidence that The Witch 's Tales , which only ran for two issues , or its accompanying radio series ever featured The War of the Worlds . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Welles , Orson , and Peter Bogdanovich , edited by Jonathan Rosenbaum , This is Orson Welles . New York : HarperCollins Publishers 1992 ISBN 0 - 06 - 016616 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Houseman , John , Run Through : A Memoir . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1972 , ISBN 0 - 671 - 21034 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Pooley , Jefferson ; Socolow , Michael ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Myth of the War of the Worlds Panic '' . Slate . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , A. Brad ( 2015 ) . Broadcast Hysteria : Orson Welles 's War of the Worlds and the Art of Fake News ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 3161 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , A. Brad ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` The Infamous ' War of the Worlds ' Radio Broadcast Was a Magnificent Fluke '' . Smithsonian.com . Smithsonian . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Museum of Hoaxes : The BBC Radio Panic , 1926 Jump up ^ `` ' Bolsheviks are attacking the Palace and Big Ben has been destroyed ' : The fake BBC radio bulletin that terrified listeners in 1926 '' . Wilkes , David , The Daily Mail , October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Welles , Orson , and Peter Bogdanovich , This is Orson Welles . HarperAudio , September 30 , 1992 . ISBN 1 - 55994 - 680 - 6 Audiotape 4A 6 : 25 -- 6 : 42 . Welles said , `` I got the idea from a BBC show that had gone on the year before ( sic ) when a Catholic priest told how some Communists had seized London and a lot of people in London believed it . And I thought that 'd be fun to do on a big scale , let 's have it from outer space -- that 's how I got the idea . '' Jump up ^ Invasion Panic This Week ; Martians Coming Next , Radio Recall , April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Frank , Citizen Welles : A Biography of Orson Welles . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1989 ISBN 0 - 385 - 26759 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Wood , Bret , Orson Welles : A Bio-Bibliography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1990 ISBN 0 - 313 - 26538 - 0 Jump up ^ Fielding , Raymond , The March of Time , 1935 -- 1951 . New York : Oxford University Press 1978 hardcover ISBN 0 - 19 - 502212 - 2 page 13 Jump up ^ Ashley , Mike ; Parnell , Frank H. ( 1985 ) . `` The Witch 's Tales '' . In Tymn , Marshall B. ; Ashley , Mike . Science fiction , fantasy , and weird fiction magazines . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . pp. 742 -- 743 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 21221 - X . Jump up ^ Ashley , Mike ( 2000 ) . The time machines : the story of the science - fiction pulp magazines from the beginning to 1950 : the history of the science - fiction magazine . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 855 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gosling , John ( 2009 ) . Waging The war of the worlds : a history of the 1938 radio broadcast and resulting panic , including the original script . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 4105 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` For the Heart at Fire 's Center -- Paul Stewart '' . The Bernard Herrmann Society . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph , What Ever Happened to Orson Welles ? A Portrait of an Independent Career . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2410 - 7 Jump up ^ Leaming , Barbara , Orson Welles , A Biography . New York : Viking , 1985 ISBN 0 - 670 - 52895 - 1 Jump up ^ `` The Mercury Theatre '' . RadioGOLDINdex . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of Orson Welles 's panic radio broadcast The War of the Worlds '' . Wellesnet , October 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Koch , Howard ( 1970 ) . The Panic Broadcast : Portrait of an Event . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 50060 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Cantril , Hadley , Hazel Gaudet , and Herta Herzog , The Invasion from Mars : A Study in the Psychology of Panic : with the Complete Script of the Famous Orson Welles Broadcast . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1940 . Jump up ^ Vallance , Tom ( March 25 , 1999 ) . `` Obituary : Stefan Schnabel '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : White , Paul W. , News on the Air . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company , 1947 Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 23 -- The Great Depression '' . The Unfinished Nation . p. 615 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338552 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , A. Brad ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Orson Welles and History 's First Viral - Media Event '' . VanityFair.com . Conde Nast . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Listeners in Panic , Taking War Drama as Fact '' ( reprint ) . New York Times . October 31 , 1938 . In Newark , in a single block at Heddon Terrace and Hawthorne Avenue , more than 20 families rushed from their houses with wet handkerchiefs and towels over their faces to flee what they believed a gas raid . Some began moving household furniture . Throughout New York , families left their homes , some to near - by parks . Thousands of persons called the police , newspapers , and radio stations here and in other cities of the United States and Canada , seeking advice on protective measures against the raids . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , W. Joseph . ( 2010 ) . Getting it wrong : ten of the greatest misreported stories in American Journalism . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 26 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26209 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Gary ( 2004 ) . Duty , Honor , Applause : America 's Entertainers in World War II , Part 810 . Globe Pequot . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59228 - 550 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Yabba Dabba Doo ! '' by Alan Reed and Ben Ohmart , page 58 ; BearManor Media , 2009 Jump up ^ KIRO listeners responsible for most famous War of the Worlds panic MyNorthwest.com . Accessed 10 - 31 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` George Orson Welles apologizes for the The War of the Worlds broadcast ( October 31 , 1938 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Tucson Citizen , edition of October 31 , 1938 , accessed on microfilm at the Tucson Public Library . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds Gallery '' ( PDF ) . The Mercury Theatre Radio Programs , Digital Deli . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Representative news headlines from October 31 , 1938 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orson Welles and H.G. Wells '' . YouTube . October 28 , 1940 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` When Orson Welles Met HG Wells '' . Transcript . Ross Lawhead ( blog ) , September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Robert E. ( November -- December 1998 ) . `` The Martian Panic Sixty Years Later : What Have We Learned ? '' . Skeptical Inquirer . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tarbox , Todd ( 2013 ) . Orson Welles and Roger Hill : A Friendship in Three Acts . Albany , Georgia : BearManor Media . p. 53 . ISBN 1 - 59393 - 260 - X . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Tim ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Winston - Salem citizens among those fooled by radio broadcast '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Hysteria in U.S.A. Radio Broadcast Panic '' . The Age ( Melbourne : 1854 -- ) . Vic. : Fairfax . November 2 , 1938 . p. 8 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mass Communication Theory : Foundations , Ferment , and Future , by Stanley J. Baran , Dennis K. Davis ^ Jump up to : Levine , Justin ; `` A History and Analysis of the Federal Communication Commission 's Response to Radio Broadcast Hoaxes '' ; 52 Fed Comm LJ 2 , 273 -- 320 , 278n28 ; March 1 , 2000 ; retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Robert ; Radford , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Martians Have Landed ! : A History of Media - driven Panics and Hoaxes . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 21 . ISBN 9780786464982 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bartholomew , Robert E. ( 2001 ) . Little Green Men , Meowing Nuns and Head - Hunting Panics : A Study of Mass Psychogenic Illness and Social Delusion . Jefferson , North Carolina : Macfarland & Company . pp. 217ff . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0997 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` I did not hear the Martians rapping on my chamber door '' . Letters of Note , September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Potter , Lee Ann ( Fall 2003 ) . `` '' Jitterbugs '' and `` Crack - pots '' : Letters to the FCC about the `` War of the Worlds '' Broadcast `` . Prologue. 35 ( 3 ) . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ France , Richard , The Theatre of Orson Welles . Lewisburg , Pennsylvania : Bucknell University Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 8387 - 1972 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Help -- Men From Mars '' . Radio Digest . February 1939 , pp. 113 -- 127 . Jump up ^ `` Sentence of death , The night America trembled ( DVD , 2002 ) '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Night America Trembled '' . Studio One , September 8 , 1957 , at YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Orson Welles , Appellant , v. Columbia Broadcasting System , Inc. , et al. , Appellees , No. 17518 '' ( PDF ) . United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , October 3 , 1962 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Koch , Howard , The Panic Broadcast : Portrait of an Event . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1970 . The radio play `` Invasion from Mars '' was now copyrighted in Koch 's name ( Catalog of Copyright Entries : Third Series ; Books and Pamphlets , Title Index , January -- June 1971 , page 1866 ) . Hadley Cantril 's The Invasion from Mars , including the radio play ( titled `` The Broadcast '' ) , was copyrighted in 1940 by Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Orson Welles -- War of the Worlds '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . The jacket front of the 1968 Longines Symphonette Society LP reads , `` The Actual Broadcast by The Mercury Theatre on the Air as heard over the Columbia Broadcasting System , Oct. 30 , 1938 . The most thrilling drama ever broadcast from the famed HOWARD KOCH script ! An authentic first edition ... never before released ! Complete , not a dramatic word cut ! Script by Howard Koch from the famous H.G. Wells novel ... featuring the most famous performance from The Mercury Theatre on the Air ! '' Jump up ^ `` Radio 's War of the Worlds Broadcast ( 1938 ) '' . Miller , Jeff , History of American Broadcasting . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Welles , Orson , and Peter Bogdanovich , This is Orson Welles . HarperAudio , September 30 , 1992 . ISBN 1559946806 Audiotape 4A 7 : 08 -- 7 : 42 . Jump up ^ Drew , Robert ( 1973 ) . `` Who 's Out There ? '' . Drew Associates . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Out There -- Orson Welles narrates a NASA show on intelligent life in the Universe '' . Wellesnet . February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ War of the Worlds -- News Stories , Township of West Windsor , Mercer County , New Jersey ; Delany , Don , `` West Windsor Celebrates ' The War of the Worlds ' '' ( PDF ) , Mercer Business , October 1988 , pp. 14 -- 17 Jump up ^ `` ' The War of the Worlds ' at 75 : Listen to it again on KPCC along with George Takei '' . Off - Ramp . KPCC . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` PBS fall season offers an array of new series , specials and returning favorites '' . PBS press release , May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . American Experience , WGBH PBS . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ The National Recording Registry 2002 , National Recording Preservation Board ( Library of Congress ) ; retrieved June 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . Radio Lab . Season 4 . Episode 3 . March 7 , 2008 . In 1949 , when Radio Quito decided to translate the Orson Welles stunt for an Ecuadorian audience , no one knew that the result would be a riot that would burn down the radio station and kill at least 7 people . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds radio broadcast , Quito ( 1949 ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The War of the Worlds panic was a myth '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koshinski , Bob . `` WKBW 's 1968 ' War of the Worlds ' '' . Buffalo Broadcasters Association . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Lawrence M. ( October 29 , 1988 ) . `` Orson Welles 's ' 38 Shocker Remade '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards and Nominations for 1989 '' . Tribune Company . 1989 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds & The Lost World '' . L.A. Theatre Works . 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` XM to Host Live `` War of the Worlds '' Re-enactment with Glenn Beck on Oct. 30 `` . siriusxm.com . October 28 , 2002 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Bulgatz , Joseph ( 1992 ) . Ponzi Schemes , Invaders from Mars & More : Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 58830 - 7 . Estrin , Mark W. ; Welles , Orson ( 2002 ) . Orson Welles Interviews . Jackson ( Miss . ) : University of Mississippi . Gosling , John ( 2009 ) . Waging The War of the Worlds : A History of the 1938 Radio Broadcast and Resulting Panic . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 4105 - 4 . Holmsten , Brian ; Lubertozzi , Alex , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Complete War of the Worlds : Mars ' Invasion of Earth from H.G. Wells to Orson Welles . Naperville , IL : Sourcebooks MediaFusion . ISBN 1 - 570 - 71714 - 1 . Schwartz , A. Brad ( 2015 ) . Broadcast Hysteria : Orson Welles 's War of the Worlds and the Art of Fake News . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 3161 - 2 . The Martian Panic Sixty Years Later : What Have We Learned ? from CSICOP The Martian Invasion at the Wayback Machine ( archived July 21 , 2011 ) describes instances of panic , outcry over the panic and the responses by the FCC and CBS BBC report on the 1926 Knox riot hoax External links ( edit ) Media related to The War of the Worlds ( radio drama ) at Wikimedia Commons The Mercury Theatre Online With downloadable MP3 of the 1938 broadcast . Mp3 download from the Internet Archive War of the Worlds Invasion : The Complete War of the Worlds Website ( John Gosling ) mp3 of King Daevid MacKenzie 's Echoes of a Century 2005 program which contains sections of the Chase & Sanborn and Mercury Theatre broadcasts of October 30 , 1938 , edited together in a manner approximating the sequence believed to have generated the reported panic Who 's Out There ? NASA film with commentary on the 1938 broadcast and extraterrestrial life ( 1975 ) Orson Welles Filmography Radio credits Theatre credits Discography Bibliography Awards and nominations Feature films Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) The Stranger ( 1946 ) The Lady from Shanghai ( 1947 ) Macbeth ( 1948 ) Othello ( 1951 ) Mr. Arkadin ( 1955 ) Touch of Evil ( 1958 ) The Trial ( 1962 ) Chimes at Midnight ( 1965 ) The Immortal Story ( 1968 ) F for Fake ( 1974 ) Filming Othello ( 1979 ) Shorts Twelfth Night ( 1933 ) The Hearts of Age ( 1934 ) The Green Goddess ( lost film ) ( 1939 ) Citizen Kane trailer ( 1940 ) Around the World ( lost film ) ( 1946 ) The Miracle of St. Anne ( lost film ) ( 1950 ) Magic Trick ( 1953 ) The Dominici Affair ( 1955 ) Portrait of Gina ( 1958 ) An Evening with Orson Welles ( 1970 ) Orson 's Bag ( 1968 -- 69 ) incorporating Vienna ( 1968 ) The Merchant of Venice ( 1969 ) One Man Band , aka London ( 1968 -- 71 ) Moby Dick ( 1971 ) Orson Welles ' Magic Show ( 1976 -- 85 ) The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh ( 1984 ) Unfinished films Too Much Johnson ( 1938 ) It 's All True ( 1942 ) Don Quixote ( 1957 -- 69 ) The Heroine ( lost film ) ( 1967 ) The Deep ( 1967 -- 70 ) The Other Side of the Wind ( 1970 -- 76 ) Filming ' The Trial ' ( 1981 ) The Dreamers ( 1980 -- 82 ) Television Orson Welles ' Sketch Book ( 1955 ) Around the World with Orson Welles ( 1955 ) Orson Welles and People ( lost ) ( 1956 ) The Fountain of Youth ( 1958 ) In the Land of Don Quixote ( 1964 ) The Orson Welles Show ( 1979 ) Theatre Marching Song ( 1932 ) Bright Lucifer Voodoo Macbeth ( 1936 ) Horse Eats Hat ( 1936 ) Caesar ( 1937 -- 38 ) Too Much Johnson ( 1938 ) Native Son ( 1941 ) The Mercury Wonder Show ( 1943 ) Around the World ( musical ) ( 1946 ) Othello ( 1951 ) The Lady in the Ice ( ballet ) ( 1953 ) Moby Dick -- Rehearsed ( 1955 ) Rhinoceros ( 1960 ) Radio Les Misérables ( 1937 ) The Shadow ( 1937 -- 38 ) The Mercury Theatre on the Air ( including `` The War of the Worlds '' ) ( 1938 ) The Campbell Playhouse ( 1938 -- 40 ) Orson Welles Show ( 1941 -- 42 ) Ceiling Unlimited ( 1942 -- 43 ) Hello Americans ( 1942 -- 43 ) The Orson Welles Almanac ( 1944 ) This Is My Best ( 1945 ) Orson Welles Commentaries ( 1945 -- 46 ) The Mercury Summer Theatre on the Air ( 1946 ) The Adventures of Harry Lime ( 1951 -- 52 ) The Black Museum ( 1951 -- 52 ) Spoken - word recordings The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) The Airborne Symphony ( 1966 ) The Begatting of the President ( 1970 ) Books This is Orson Welles ( co-written with Peter Bogdanovich ; 1992 , rev. 1998 ) Les Bravades ( 1996 ) Related Mercury Theatre Frozen Peas Orson Welles Paul Masson adverts It 's All True : Based on an Unfinished Film by Orson Welles ( 1993 documentary ) Orson Welles ( crater ) Magician : The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles ( 2014 documentary ) H.G. Wells 's The War of the Worlds ( 1897 ) Related texts : `` The Crystal Egg '' Star Begotten Concepts Black smoke Embankment machine Fighting machine Flying machine Handling machine HMS Thunder Child Heat - Ray Red weed Characters Doctor Clayton Forrester Martians Derivative works Novels Fighters from Mars Edison 's Conquest of Mars Sherlock Holmes 's War of the Worlds The Space Machine War of the Worlds : New Millennium The Martian War The Massacre of Mankind Radio The War of the Worlds ( 1938 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1968 ) Films The War of the Worlds ( 1953 ) The Night That Panicked America The War of the Worlds : Next Century H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) H.G. Wells ' War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds 2 : The Next Wave War of the Worlds : Goliath Comics Killraven Superman : War of the Worlds The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume II Scarlet Traces H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds Music Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds `` Forever Autumn '' Highlights from Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds -- The New Generation Television `` The Night America Trembled '' The Great Martian War 1913 -- 1917 War of the Worlds episodes Mor - Tax Mor - Taxans Video games War of the Worlds ( 1982 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1984 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1998 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1999 ) Short fiction War of the Worlds : Global Dispatches `` Mars : The Home Front '' `` To Mars and Providence '' Rainbow Mars Halloween Main topics History Allhallowtide Samhain Symbols Activities Trick - or - treating Geography Christian observances Traditions Abstinence from meat Apple bobbing Costumes Food Ghost tours Jack - o ' - lantern Lighting candles on graves Prayer for the dead Soul cake Events Bonfire Great Pumpkin Haunted attraction Pumpkin queen Media Television Films Books Music Albums Songs Related events Festival of the Dead Bon Festival Chuseok Día de Muertos Gai Jatra Pitri Paksha Qingming Festival Totensonntag Zhōng yuán jié Veneration of the dead Death anniversary Death customs Other events Allantide Beggars Night Devil 's Night Eid il - Burbara Hop - tu - Naa Korochun Krampus Mischief Night Namahage Old Halloween Saci day Superstition Walpurgis Night Witching hour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_War_of_the_Worlds_(radio_drama)&oldid=797020496 '' Categories : Orson Welles Mass hysteria in the United States Scares American radio dramas CBS Radio programs 1930s American radio programs 1938 radio dramas Science fiction radio programs Works based on The War of the Worlds 1938 in the United States United States National Recording Registry recordings Halloween fiction Radio programmes based on novels West Windsor Township , New Jersey October 1938 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Pages using infobox radio show with unknown parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Webarchive template wayback links Articles prone to spam from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 13 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who narrated the original war of the worlds
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"\nThe War of the Worlds\n\n\nOrson Welles tells reporters that no one connected with the broadcast had any idea it would cause panic (Sunday, October 30, 1938)\n\n\n\nGenre\nRadio drama, science fiction\n\n\nRunning time\n60 minutes\n\n\nHome station\nCBS Radio\n\n\nHosted by\nThe Mercury Theatre on the Air\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nOrson Welles\nFrank Readick\nKenny Delmar\nRay Collins\n\n\n\n\n\nAnnouncer\nDan Seymour\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nH.G. Wells (novel)\nHoward E. Koch (adaptation)\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nOrson Welles\nPaul Stewart (rehearsal director)[1]:343\n\n\n\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nJohn Houseman\nOrson Welles\nPaul Stewart (associate producer)[2]:390\n\n\n\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nDavidson Taylor (for CBS)\n\n\nNarrated by\nOrson Welles\n\n\nRecording studio\nColumbia Broadcasting Building, 485 Madison Avenue, New York\n\n\nOriginal release\nOctober 30, 1938 (1938-10-30) – present\n\n\nOpening theme\nPiano Concerto No. 1, by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky\n\n"
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"Orson Welles"
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Wild Wild West
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Wild Wild West - wikipedia Wild Wild West Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1999 film . For other uses , see Wild Wild West ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wild Wild West Theatrical release poster Directed by Barry Sonnenfeld Produced by Jon Peters Barry Sonnenfeld Screenplay by S.S. Wilson Brent Maddock Jeffrey Price Peter S. Seaman Story by Jim Thomas John Thomas Based on The Wild Wild West by Michael Garrison Starring Will Smith Kevin Kline Kenneth Branagh Salma Hayek Ted Levine M. Emmet Walsh Music by Elmer Bernstein Cinematography Michael Ballhaus Edited by Jim Miller Production companies Peters Entertainment Sonnenfeld Josephson Worldwide Entertainment Overbrook Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 30 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 million Box office $222.1 million Wild Wild West is a 1999 American steampunk western action comedy film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld . It was written by S.S. Wilson and Brent Maddock ( whose previous collaborations include the Short Circuit and Tremors franchises ) , along with Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman . A big - screen adaptation of the 1960s TV series The Wild Wild West , it stars Will Smith , Kevin Kline ( who appears in dual roles as one of the two protagonists Artemus Gordon and as President Ulysses S. Grant ) , Kenneth Branagh and Salma Hayek . Similar to the series , the film features a large amount of gadgetry . It serves as a parody ; however , as the gadgetry is more highly advanced , implausible steampunk technology and bizarre mechanical inventions , including innumerable inventions of the mechanological geniuses Artemus Gordon and Dr. Loveless , such as nitroglycerine - powered penny - farthing bicycles , spring - loaded notebooks , bulletproof chain mail , flying machines , steam tanks , and Loveless 's giant mechanical spider . Wild Wild West was a commercial disappointment , earning only $222.1 million worldwide against a $170 million budget , and received predominantly negative reviews . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Changes from the television series 3.3 Principal photography 3.4 Post-production 3.5 Historical inaccuracy 4 Controversy 5 Reception 5.1 Razzie Awards 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Score 6.2 Songs 7 Tie - in media 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1869 , 4 years after the end of the Civil war , U.S. Army Captain James West ( Will Smith ) and U.S. Marshal Artemus Gordon ( Kevin Kline ) hunt for Confederate General `` Bloodbath '' McGrath ( Ted Levine ) , who is wanted for mass murder , throughout the Southern United States . This is due to McGrath ordering a massacre in a settlement called New Liberty , where many of the freed slaves were murdered , including West 's biological parents . The search leads to a brothel where the two try ( unsuccessfully ) to arrest him . It leads to a huge brawl and a cart of nitroglycerin crashing into the building , starting a fire . Both West and Gordon -- Gordon dressed as a woman -- escape . Later , in Washington , D.C. , West and Gordon meet at the White House with President Ulysses S. Grant ( Kevin Kline ) , who tells them about the disappearance of America 's key scientists and a treasonous plot by General `` Bloodbath '' McGrath . Grant charges the two with finding the scientists before he inaugurates the first transcontinental railroad at Promontory , Utah . On board their train , Gordon examines the head of a murdered scientist , using a projection device to reveal the last thing the scientist saw . Finding McGrath and a clue in the image , they head to New Orleans , pursuing a lead about Dr. Arliss Loveless ( Kenneth Branagh ) , an ex-Confederate scientist in a steam - powered wheelchair , who is hosting a party for the elite of Southern society . West mistakes a female guest for a disguised Gordon and makes an error that results in the guests wanting to lynch West . Meanwhile , Gordon roams the mansion and comes across a caged Rita Escobar ( Salma Hayek ) , rescuing her . Gordon frees West from the lynching with an elastic rope , and the three escape to their train The Wanderer . On board , Rita asks for their help in rescuing her father , one of the kidnapped scientists , Professor Escobar . Later , Loveless hosts a reception to demonstrate his newest weapon : a steam - powered tank . The tank uses General McGrath 's soldiers as target practice , which angers McGrath . When McGrath demands an explanation , Loveless accuses him of `` betrayal '' for surrendering at Appomattox , then shoots McGrath and leaves him for dead . As Loveless and his troops head over to Utah , Gordon , West and Rita find the dying McGrath , who reveals that he was framed by Loveless for the massacre of New Liberty , explaining that Loveless used the tank to kill the people there . The three then pursue Loveless on The Wanderer , but having expected their arrival and using steam - powered hydraulics , Loveless maneuvers his train behind The Wanderer . West manages to disable Loveless 's train , but not before Loveless uses a cannon - launched grappling hook to stop The Wanderer . Rita , afraid of being recaptured by Loveless , grabs one of Gordon 's explosive rigged pool balls and accidentally releases sleeping gas that knocks out West , Gordon , and herself . West and Gordon wake up as Loveless and his posse pull away in The Wanderer taking Rita hostage , announcing that he intends to capture President Grant at the `` golden spike '' ceremony and also that West and Gordon will be killed should they step outside of the trap they are in . Escaping the trap , the two stumble across Loveless 's private rail line , which leads them to his industrial complex , hidden in Spider Canyon . Here , they witness Loveless 's ultimate weapon : a gigantic mechanical spider armed with two nitroglycerin cannons . Loveless uses the spider to capture President Grant and Gordon at the ceremony at Promontory Point , while West is seemingly shot by one of Loveless 's bodyguards . At his industrial complex , Loveless reveals his plan : to destroy the United States with his mechanized forces unless President Grant agrees to divide the states among Great Britain , France , Spain , Mexico , the Native American people , and himself . When Grant refuses to surrender , Loveless orders Gordon to be shot . However , West , who had survived thanks to a chain mail vest Gordon gave him , disguises himself and manages to distract Loveless , allowing Gordon to free the captives . Unfortunately , Loveless escapes on his spider in the ensuing battle , taking the President with him . To save the President , Gordon and West build a flying machine to overtake the spider as Loveless attacks a small town in an attempt to force Grant to sign the surrender . Gordon and West crash onto the spider , but manage to grab on the beam before they can fall and Munitia , one of Loveless 's henchwomen , falls to her death after the collision . After West defeats the henchmen below , throwing one off the spider after tying him to a chain , a fight ensues between him and Loveless , now on mechanical legs . Gordon shoots a hole in Loveless 's hydraulic line , allowing West to gain the upper hand . This allows Gordon and Grant to defeat Loveless 's guards , and pleading for his life , Loveless drags himself back to his wheelchair as the spider approaches a cliff . Loveless attempts to shoot West with a concealed gun , but hits the spider 's steam pipes , stopping it just before it plunges into the canyon . The abrupt stop leaves West and Loveless hanging precariously from the spider . Loveless tries to decide whether he should pull the chair 's lever that will release them or not , knowing it will send both him and West to their deaths if he does so . Loveless taunts West so much that West pulls the lever himself and survives by grabbing the ankles of the henchman he threw out earlier , while Loveless falls to his death . Grant promotes Gordon and West as Agent # 1 and Agent # 2 of his new U.S. Secret Service . Gordon asks which of them is 1 and 2 , but the President brushes off the question as unimportant and tells them they will have plenty of time to talk about on the way back , as he takes `` The Wanderer '' . Gordon and West meet Rita again , both planning to court her , but she crushes their hopes , announcing that Professor Escobar is actually her husband . Gordon and West ride through the desert together . Gordon asks West `` Mind if I ask you a question ? '' West replies `` Actually , I do , Artie . '' The camera pans out to show they are actually riding the mechanical spider . Cast ( edit ) Will Smith as Captain James T. West Kevin Kline as U.S. Marshal Artemus Gordon / President Ulysses S. Grant Kenneth Branagh as Dr. Arliss Loveless Salma Hayek as Rita Escobar M. Emmet Walsh as Coleman Bai Ling as Miss East Ted Levine as General `` Bloodbath '' McGrath Frederique van der Wal as Amazonia Musetta Vander as Munitia Sofia Eng as Miss Lippenrieder Garcelle Beauvais - Nilon as Belle Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 1992 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. was planning a theatrical version of The Wild Wild West directed by Richard Donner , written by Shane Black , and starring Mel Gibson as James West ( Donner directed three episodes of the original series ) . Donner and Gibson instead made a theatrical version of TV 's Maverick in 1994 . The Wild Wild West motion picture continued in the development stage , with Tom Cruise rumored for the lead in 1995 . Cruise instead revived Mission : Impossible the following year . Discussions with Will Smith and director Barry Sonnenfeld began in February 1997 . Warner Bros. pursued George Clooney to co-star as Artemus Gordon , with Kevin Kline , Matthew McConaughey and Johnny Depp also in contention for the role while Steve Wilson and Brent Maddock were rewriting the script between April and May 1997 . Clooney signed on the following August , dropping out of Jack Frost , and writers Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were brought aboard for a rewrite . Filming was expected to begin in January 1998 , but was pushed to April 22 , 1998 . Clooney dropped out , citing an agreement with Sonnenfeld : `` Ultimately , we all decided that rather than damage this project trying to retrofit the role for me , it was better to step aside and let them get someone else . '' Changes from the television series ( edit ) Significant changes were made to Dr. Loveless as portrayed by Kenneth Branagh in the film . He went from a dwarf to a man without legs ; his first name was also changed from Miguelito to Arliss and he was given the motive of a Southerner who sought the defeat of the North after the Civil War . Kevin Kline plays Gordon , whose character was similar to the version played by Ross Martin except that he was much more competitive with James West , besides being much more egotistical . The film script had Kline 's Gordon invent more ridiculous , humor - related , and implausible contraptions than those created by Martin 's Gordon in the television series . The film also depicted West and Gordon as aggressive rivals , whereas in the television series , West and Gordon had a very close friendship and trusted each other with their lives . Also , while Gordon did indeed impersonate Grant in the series ( `` The Night of the Steel Assassin '' , `` The Night of the Colonel 's Ghost '' and `` The Night of the Big Blackmail '' ) they were not played by the same actor . Additionally , on the TV show , West was portrayed by Robert Conrad , a Caucasian , rather than an African American -- which serves a critical plot point , as West 's parents were among the victims of Loveless ' massacre at New Liberty ) . Jon Peters served as producer along with director Sonnenfeld . In a 2002 Q&A event that appears in An Evening with Kevin Smith , writer - director Kevin Smith talked about working with Peters on a fifth potential Superman film in 1997 , revealing that Peters had three demands for the script . The first demand was that Superman not wear the suit , the second was that Superman not fly , and the third was to have Superman fight a giant spider in the third act . After Tim Burton came on board , Smith 's script was tossed away and the film was never produced due to further complications . A year later , he noted that Wild Wild West , with Peters on board as producer , was released with the inclusion of a giant mechanical spider in the final act . Neil Gaiman has also said that Jon Peters also insisted a giant mechanical spider be included in a film adaptation of The Sandman . Principal photography ( edit ) Principal photography began in 1998 . The sequences on both Artemus Gordon 's and Dr. Loveless 's trains interiors were shot on sets at Warner Bros . The train exteriors were shot in Idaho on the Camas Prairie Railroad . The Wanderer is portrayed by the Baltimore & Ohio 4 - 4 - 0 No. 25 , one of the oldest operating steam locomotives in the U.S. Built in 1856 at the Mason Machine Works in Taunton , Massachusetts , it was later renamed The `` William Mason '' in honor of its manufacturer . During pre-production the engine was sent to the steam shops at the Strasburg Railroad for restoration and repainting . The locomotive is brought out for the B&O Train Museum in Baltimore 's `` Steam Days '' . The `` William Mason '' and the `` Inyo '' , which was the locomotive used in the original television series , both appeared in the Disney film The Great Locomotive Chase ( 1956 ) . Much of the ' Wild West ' footage was shot around Santa Fe , New Mexico , particularly at the western town set at the Cook Movie Ranch . During the shooting of a sequence involving stunts and pyrotechnics , a planned building fire grew out of control and quickly overwhelmed the local fire crews that were standing by . Much of the town was destroyed before the fire was contained . Post-production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The theatrical film was released for summer 1999 . Directed by Barry Sonnenfeld , the film ( without the definite article used in the series title ) made substantial changes to the characters of the series , re-imagining James West as an African - American ( played by Will Smith ) , which included , to a small degree , some of the racial issues that certainly would have made it difficult for a black man to be a United States Secret Service agent in the late 19th century . ( However , at the end of `` The Night of the Returning Dead '' , West and Gordon did invite an African - American character played by guest star Sammy Davis , Jr. to join the department . ) The film bears significant resemblance to the Batman : The Animated Series 1995 episode `` Showdown '' featuring Jonah Hex . Historical inaccuracy ( edit ) In the scene where Jim West appears as a dancing girl , he surreptitiously whispers to Artemius Gordon that `` this brassiere is killing me '' . However , the modern brassiere was not patented until 1899 ; thirty years after the events purported in the film . Controversy ( edit ) In 1997 , writer Gilbert Ralston sued Warner Bros. over the upcoming motion picture based on the series . Ralston helped create the original The Wild Wild West television series , and scripted the pilot episode , `` The Night of the Inferno '' . In a deposition , Ralston explained that in 1964 he was approached by producer Michael Garrison who ' `` said he had an idea for a series , good commercial idea , and wanted to know if I could glue the idea of a western hero and a James Bond type together in the same show . '' Ralston said he then created the Civil War characters , the format , the story outline and nine drafts of the script that was the basis for the television series . It was his idea , for example , to have a secret agent named Jim West who would perform secret missions for a bumbling Ulysses S. Grant . Ralston 's experience brought to light a common Hollywood practice of the 1950s and 1960s when television writers who helped create popular series allowed producers or studios to take credit for a show , thus cheating the writers out of millions of dollars in royalties . Ralston died in 1999 , before his suit was settled . Warner Bros. ended up paying his family between $600,000 and $1.5 million . Reception ( edit ) Wild Wild West received generally negative reviews from film critics , with a 17 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 130 reviews . The consensus states : `` Bombastic , manic , and largely laugh - free , Wild Wild West is a bizarre misfire in which greater care was lavished upon the special effects than on the script . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 38 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` C + '' on an A+ to F scale . On a $170 million budget , the film grossed $111.8 million domestically and $108.3 million overseas for a worldwide total of $222.1 million . In its opening weekend the film grossed $27.7 million , finishing first at the box office . Razzie Awards ( edit ) Each award was `` accepted '' in person by Robert Conrad , who had portrayed Jim West in the original series and subsequent TV films . He accepted the awards to show his objections to the movie . Award Subject Result Golden Raspberry Award Worst Actor Kevin Kline Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Kenneth Branagh Nominated Worst Supporting Actress Salma Hayek Nominated Kevin Kline ( as a prostitute ) Nominated Worst Screen Couple Will Smith and Kevin Kline Won Worst Original Song ( `` Wild Wild West '' ) Will Smith Won Worst Screenplay S.S. Wilson Won Brent Maddock Won Jeffrey Price Peter S. Seaman Won Worst Director Barry Sonnenfeld Won Worst Picture Won Jon Peters Won Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Wild Wild West ( soundtrack ) A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on June 15 , 1999 , by Interscope Records . It peaked at # 4 on the Billboard 200 and # 4 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . Score ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film 's orchestral score including its main theme was composed and conducted by Elmer Bernstein , a veteran of many straight western movie scores , such as The Magnificent Seven . The score mainly follows the western genre 's symphonic tradition , while at times also acknowledging the film 's anachronistic playfulness by employing a more contemporary music style with notable rock percussion and electronic organ . The score also briefly incorporates Richard Markowitz 's theme from the television series in one cue , uncredited in the film ( and not included on the album ) -- ironically , this was one of the few elements to be faithful to the original series , which also did n't credit Markowitz for the theme . Additional parts of the score were composed by Elmer Bernstein 's son , Peter , and daughter , Emilie , served as one of the orchestrators and producers . Thirty minutes of the film 's orchestral music were released on CD from Varèse Sarabande in 1999 . Elmer Bernstein won an ASCAP Award in the category Top Box Office Films . `` Main Title '' -- 3 : 00 `` West Fights '' -- 1 : 14 `` Dismissal '' -- 2 : 13 `` East Meets West '' -- 1 : 15 `` Of Rita , Rescue and Revenge '' -- 5 : 43 `` Trains , Tanks and Frayed Ropes '' ( Composed by Peter Bernstein ) -- 4 : 03 `` The Cornfield '' -- 1 : 09 `` Loveless ' Plan '' -- 4 : 45 `` Goodbye Loveless '' ( Composed by Peter Bernstein ) -- 4 : 33 `` Ride the Spider '' -- 2 : 14 Songs ( edit ) Like most of Smith 's films during this period , a hip hop single by the rapper / actor , called `` Wild Wild West '' , served as the promotional theme song for the film . Wild Wild West was a # 1 hit on the U.S. pop charts , but also won a Razzie Award . It was produced by Rob Fusari , who lifted a sample from Stevie Wonder 's 1976 hit `` I Wish '' . The song features guest vocals from R&B group Dru Hill , and was a star - making vehicle for Dru Hill lead singer Sisqó. Old school rapper Kool Moe Dee had recorded a Wild Wild West single of his own in 1987 , and re-performs the chorus from his old Wild Wild West as the chorus of this new Wild Wild West . ( A performance of the song by Smith , Dee , Dru Hill and Sisqo at the 1999 MTV Movie Awards included Wonder performing a reprise of the chorus on piano . ) The song `` Bailamos '' , sung by Enrique Iglesias , is also heard during the film 's end titles . The music videos for both end title songs are featured on the DVD . Several songs not heard in the film itself are featured on the promotional CD album Wild Wild West : Music Inspired By The Motion Picture ( released by Interscope Records on June 15 , 1999 ) . This includes the song `` Bad Guys Always Die '' , recorded by Dr. Dre & Eminem . ( `` Wild Wild West '' and `` Bailamos '' are the only songs on the album to be heard in the film ) . Tie - in media ( edit ) A video game was published in 1999 to tie in with the film 's release , Wild Wild West : The Steel Assassin . See also ( edit ) 1990s portal List of American films of 1999 Weird West Wild West List of most expensive films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wild Wild West ( 12 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1999 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` What The Film ? ! -- Wild Wild West - Under the Gun Review '' . Underthegunreview.net . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( February 12 , 1997 ) . `` Fox hopes to create pix Magic '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( April 10 , 1997 ) . `` Gooding ready for Redding '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anita M. Busch ( August 5 , 1997 ) . `` Clooney ices ' Frosty , ' but goes ' West ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Hindes ; Dan Cox ( April 9 , 1998 ) . `` Hayek tames ' Wild West ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( December 8 , 1997 ) . `` DeVito checks into ' Room ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( 2009 ) . Was Superman a Spy ? : And Other Comic Book Legends Revealed . Penguin Group . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 29532 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Smith talks about Superman '' . YouTube . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The `` MirrorMask '' Interviews : Neil Gaiman & Dave McKean `` . Comicbookresources.com. 15 September 2005 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fire in the Wild , Wild West '' . Dallasnews.com. 2000 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Middle - eastern dancing scene shown in the film Jump up ^ The New York Times , 8 July 1999 Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal , July 15 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Wild Wild West '' . Rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 RAZZIE ® Nominees and `` Winners '' `` . RAZZIE Awards . The Golden Raspberry Award Foundation and John Wilson . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Performance of WILD WILD WEST on 1999 MTV MOVIE AWARDS on YouTube External links ( edit ) Wild Wild West on IMDb Wild Wild West at Box Office Mojo Wild Wild West at Rotten Tomatoes Wild Wild West at Metacritic Budgets ( Record - setting ) - The Numbers.com Adudathuda DVD podBLAST alternative DVD commentary for Wild Wild West Films directed by Barry Sonnenfeld The Addams Family ( 1991 ) For Love or Money ( 1993 ) Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) Get Shorty ( 1995 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Big Trouble ( 2002 ) Men in Black II ( 2002 ) RV ( 2006 ) Men in Black 3 ( 2012 ) Nine Lives ( 2016 ) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest ( 1981 ) Inchon ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady ( 1983 ) Bolero ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck / Under the Cherry Moon ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 ( 1987 ) Cocktail ( 1988 ) Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane / Ghosts Ca n't Do It ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk ( 1991 ) Shining Through ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) Color of Night ( 1994 ) Showgirls ( 1995 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Catwoman ( 2004 ) Dirty Love ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) The Love Guru ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four / Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) Book Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato , Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_Wild_West&oldid=804852656 '' Categories : 1999 films English - language films 1990s action films 1990s adventure films 1990s comedy films 1990s science fiction films 1990s Western ( genre ) films American alternate history films American action comedy films American adventure comedy films American comedy science fiction films American films American Western ( genre ) films Film scores by Elmer Bernstein Films based on television series Films directed by Barry Sonnenfeld Films set in the 1860s Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Idaho Films shot in New Mexico Films shot in Utah Rail transport films Science fantasy films Science fiction Westerns Steampunk films Weird West Western ( genre ) comedy films Films set in the White House Cross-dressing in American films Cultural depictions of Ulysses S. Grant Overbrook Entertainment films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 14 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who plays the bad guy in wild wild west
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"In 1869, 4 years after the end of the Civil war, U.S. Army Captain James West (Will Smith) and U.S. Marshal Artemus Gordon (Kevin Kline) hunt for Confederate General \"Bloodbath\" McGrath (Ted Levine), who is wanted for mass murder, throughout the Southern United States. This is due to McGrath ordering a massacre in a settlement called New Liberty, where many of the freed slaves were murdered, including West's biological parents. The search leads to a brothel where the two try (unsuccessfully) to arrest him. It leads to a huge brawl and a cart of nitroglycerin crashing into the building, starting a fire. Both West and Gordon—Gordon dressed as a woman—escape. Later, in Washington, D.C., West and Gordon meet at the White House with President Ulysses S. Grant (Kevin Kline), who tells them about the disappearance of America's key scientists and a treasonous plot by General \"Bloodbath\" McGrath. Grant charges the two with finding the scientists before he inaugurates the first transcontinental railroad at Promontory, Utah."
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"Confederate General \"Bloodbath\" McGrath"
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FHA insured loan
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FHA insured loan - Wikipedia FHA insured loan Jump to : navigation , search This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2010 ) World War II poster An FHA insured loan is a US Federal Housing Administration mortgage insurance backed mortgage loan which is provided by an FHA - approved lender . FHA insured loans are a type of federal assistance and have historically allowed lower income Americans to borrow money for the purchase of a home that they would not otherwise be able to afford . To obtain mortgage insurance from the Federal Housing Administration , an upfront mortgage insurance premium ( UFMIP ) equal to 1.75 percent of the base loan amount at closing is required , and is normally financed into the total loan amount by the lender and paid to FHA on the borrower 's behalf . There is also a monthly mortgage insurance premium ( MIP ) which varies based on the amortization term and loan - to - value ratio . The program originated during the Great Depression of the 1930s , when the rates of foreclosures and defaults rose sharply , and the program was intended to provide lenders with sufficient insurance . Some FHA programs were subsidized by the government , but the goal was to make it self - supporting , based on insurance premiums paid by borrowers . Over time , private mortgage insurance ( PMI ) companies came into play , and now FHA primarily serves people who can not afford a conventional down payment or otherwise do not qualify for PMI . The program has since this time been modified to accommodate the heightened recession . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 FHA loan process 3 The Hybrid adjustable rate 4 Down payment grants 5 Mortgage insurance 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The National Housing Act of 1934 created the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) , which was established primarily to increase home construction , reduce unemployment , and operate various loan insurance programs . The FHA makes no loans , nor does it plan or build houses . As in the Veterans Administration 's VA loan program , the applicant for the loan must make arrangements with a lending institution . This financial organization then may ask if the borrower wants FHA insurance on the loan or may insist that the borrower apply for it . The federal government , through the Federal Housing Administration , investigates the applicant and , having decided that the risk is favorable , insures the lending institution against loss of principal in case the borrower fails to meet the terms and conditions of the mortgage . The borrower , who pays an insurance premium of one half of 1 percent on declining balances for the lender 's protection , receives two benefits : a careful appraisal by an FHA inspector and a lower interest rate on the mortgage than the lender might have offered without the protection . These loans almost entirely excluded blacks and other minorities from access and helped to build the white middle - class family . Until the latter half of the 1960s , the Federal Housing Administration served mainly as an insuring agency for loans made by private lenders . However , in recent years this role has been expanded as the agency became the administrator of interest rate subsidy and rent supplement programs . Important subsidy programs such as the Civil Rights Act of 1968 were established by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development . In 1974 the Housing and Community Development Act was passed . Its provisions significantly altered federal involvement in a wide range of housing and community development activities . The new law made a variety of changes in FHA activities , although it did not involve ( as had been proposed ) a complete rewriting and consolidation of the National Housing Act . It did , however , include provisions relating to the lending and investment powers of federal savings and loan associations , the real estate lending authority of national banks , and the lending and depositary authority of federal credit unions . Further changes occurred in the 1977 Housing and Community Development Act , which raised ceilings on single - family loan amounts for savings and loan association lending , federal agency purchases , FHA insurance , and security for Federal Home Loan Bank advances . In 1980 the Housing and Community Development Act was passed ; it permitted negotiated interest rates on certain FHA loans and created a new FHA rental subsidy program for middle - income families . On August 31 , 2007 , the FHA added a new refinancing program called FHA - Secure to help borrowers hurt by the 2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis . On March 6 , 2008 , the `` FHA Forward '' program was initiated . This is the part of the stimulus package that President George W. Bush had in place to raise the loan limits for FHA . On April 1 , 2012 , the FHA enacted a new rule that requires their customers to settle with medical creditors in order to get a mortgage loan . This controversial change was rescinded and postponed until July 2012 , but was later cancelled altogether pending clarification and additional guidance . By November 2012 , the FHA was essentially bankrupt . FHA loan process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The FHA does not make loans . Rather , it insures loans made by private lenders . The first step in obtaining an FHA loan is to contact several lenders and / or mortgage brokers and ask them if they are FHA - Approved by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to originate FHA loans . As each lender sets its own rates and terms , comparison shopping is important in this market . Second , the potential lender assesses the prospective home buyer for risk . The analysis of one 's debt - to - income ratio enables the buyer to know what type of home can be afforded based on monthly income and expenses and is one risk metric considered by the lender . Other factors , e.g. payment history on other debts , are considered and used to make decisions regarding eligibility and terms for a loan . FHA loans for buyers who do n't meet a minimum 640 FICO score may be subject to higher mortgage rates . The FHA makes provisions for home buyers who have recovered from `` economic events '' . Via the Back To Work - Extenuating Circumstances program , the FHA reduces its standard , mandatory three - year application waiting period for buyers with a history of foreclosure , short sale or deed - in - lieu ; and two - year application waiting period after a Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy . For buyers who can show that the economic event was preceded by at least a twenty percent household income reduction which lasted for six months or more ; and who can show a satisfactory credit history for the most recent 12 months , the FHA will allow an application , and will agree to insure the home loan . The Back To Work program lasts through September 30 , 2016 . Section 251 insures home purchase or refinancing loans with interest rates that may increase or decrease over time , which enables consumers to purchase or refinance their home at a lower initial interest rate . FHA 's mortgage insurance programs help low - and moderate - income families become homeowners by lowering some of the costs of their mortgage loans . FHA mortgage insurance also encourages lenders to make loans to otherwise credit - worthy borrowers and projects that might not be able to meet conventional underwriting requirements , protecting the lender against loan default on mortgages for properties that meet certain minimum requirements , including manufactured homes , single and multifamily properties , and some health - related facilities . The basic FHA mortgage insurance program is Mortgage Insurance for One - to - Four - Family Homes ( Section 203 ( b ) ) . FHA allows first time homebuyers to put down as little as 3.5 % and receive up to 6 % towards closing costs . However , few lenders will allow a seller to contribute more than 3 % toward allowable closing costs . If little or no credit exists for the applicants , the FHA will allow a qualified non-occupant co-borrower to co-sign for the loan without requiring that person to reside in the home with the first time homebuyer . The co-signer does not have to be a blood relative . This is called a Non-Occupying Co-Borrower . The Hybrid adjustable rate ( edit ) FHA administers a number of programs , based on Section 203 ( b ) , that have special features . One of these programs , Section 251 , insures adjustable rate mortgages ( ARMs ) which , particularly during periods when interest rates are low , enable borrowers to obtain mortgage financing that is more affordable by virtue of its lower initial interest rate . This interest rate is adjusted annually , based on market indices approved by FHA , and thus may increase or decrease over the term of the loan . In 2006 FHA received approval to allow hybrid ARMs , in which the interest is fixed for the first 3 or 5 years , and is then adjusted annually according to market conditions and indices . The FHA Hybrid provides for an initial fixed interest rate for a period of three or five years , and then adjusts annually after the initial fixed period . The 3 / 1 and 5 / 1 FHA Hybrid products allow up to a 1 % annual interest rate adjustment after the initial fixed interest rate period , and a 5 % interest rate cap over the life of the loan . The new payment after an adjustment will be calculated on the current principal balance at the time of the adjustment . This insures that the payment adjustment will be minimal even on a worst case rate change . Down payment grants ( edit ) Down payment assistance and community redevelopment programs offer affordable housing opportunities to first - time homebuyers , low - and moderate - income individuals , and families who wish to achieve homeownership . Grant types include seller funded programs , the ( 1 ) Grant America Program and others , as well as programs that are funded by the federal government , such as the American Dream Down Payment Initiative , or local governments , often using mortgage revenue bond funds . On May 27 , 2006 , the Internal Revenue Service issued Revenue Ruling 2006 - 27 , in which it ruled that certain non-profit seller - funded down payment assistance programs ( DPA programs ) were not operating as `` charitable organizations '' . The ruling was based largely on the circular nature of the cash flows , in which the seller paid the charity a `` fee '' after closing . Many believe that the `` grant '' is really being rolled into the price of the home . According to the Government Accountability Office , there are higher default and foreclosure rates for these mortgages . On October 31 , 2007 , the Department of Housing and Urban Development adopted new regulations to ban so - called `` seller - funded '' down payment programs . The new regulations state that all organizations providing down payment assistance reimbursed by the property seller `` before , during , or after '' that sale must cease providing grants on FHA loans by October 30 , 2007 , with the exception of the Nehemiah Corporation . Nehemiah is the beneficiary of a lawsuit settlement with Department of Housing and Urban Development in April 1998 . The terms of that settlement will allow Nehemiah to operate until April 1 , 2008 . Ameridream was granted an extension to the new regulations until February 29 , 2008 . Several similarly operated government grant programs were introduced in response to the IRS Revenue Ruling in May 2006 . Their governmental status made them exempt from the IRS Ruling , but they are still affected by the HUD Rule Change . One such organization was The Grant America Program , which was conducted by the Penobscot Indian Nation and had been available to all homebuyers in all fifty states . Mortgage insurance ( edit ) Main article : Mortgage insurance The FHA employs a two - tiered mortgage insurance premium ( MIP ) schedule . New FHA mortgages and refinances of an existing FHA mortgage which was endorsed by the FHA on , or after , June 1 , 2009 are subject to an upfront mortgage insurance premium ( UFMIP ) of 1.75 % and an annual mortgage insurance premium ( MIP ) of up to 1.05 % . Upfront and annual mortgage insurance premiums for FHA loans which replace existing FHA which were endorsed by the FHA prior to June 1 , 2009 via the FHA 's streamline refinance program pay 0.01 % and 0.55 % , respectively . The FHA MIP schedule was most recently updated January 2015 . The current schedule is shown below : 15 - year loan term , LTV ( Loan To Value ) up to 90 percent : 0.45 % annually 15 - year loan term , LTV greater than 90 percent : 0.70 % annually 30 - year loan term , LTV less than , or equal to , 95 percent : 0.80 % annually 30 - year loan term , LTV greater than 95 percent : 0.85 % annually . Loans which exceed $625,500 are subject to an MIP surcharge . Loan terms of 15 years or fewer are typically assessed an extra 0.25 percentage points of annual MIP . Loan terms of more than 15 years , including the 30 - year fixed rate mortgage , are subject to a 0.20 percentage point surcharge . FHA MIP will self - cancel for some FHA - insured homeowners , and not others . FHA mortgage insurance premiums will not cancel for loans with a starting LTV exceeding 90 % FHA mortgage insurance premiums must be paid for a minimum of 11 years for loans with a starting LTV of 90 % or less References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mishler , Lon ; Cole , Robert E. ( 1995 ) . Consumer and business credit management . Homewood , Illinois : Irwin . pp. 118 -- 121 . ISBN 0 - 256 - 13948 - 2 . Jump up ^ HUD News Release 07 - 123 Jump up ^ HUD News Release 08 - 030 Jump up ^ `` FHA delays controversial collections rule for mortgage coverage eligibility '' . HousingWire . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mortgagee Letter 2012 - 10 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` F.H.A. Hopes to Avoid a Bailout by Treasury '' . New York Times . Nov 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` F.H.A. Audit Said to Show Low Reserves '' . New York Times . Nov 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/housing/fhahistory Jump up ^ `` Back to Work - Extenuating Circumstances '' ( PDF ) . Portal.HUD.gov . U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ GAO - 06 - 24 Mortgage Financing : Additional Action Needed to Manage Risks of FHA - Insured Loans with Down Payment Assistance Jump up ^ AmeriDream Granted Extension Jump up ^ `` Single Family Mortgage Insurance : Annual and Up - Front Mortgage Insurance Premium -- Changes '' ( PDF ) . PDF . U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reduction of FHA annual MIP rates and Temporary Case Cancellation Authority - ML 2015 - 01 '' ( PDF ) . PDF . U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) FHA loans ( Department of Housing and Urban Development ) FHA Loan Limit Calculator ( City / state / zip loan - limit calculator ) FHA Approved Condo Lookup ( hide ) Contemporary social welfare programs in the United States Transfer payments Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Social security Supplemental Security Income Social Security Disability Insurance Unemployment insurance Public housing Section 8 ( housing ) Office of Public and Indian Housing Food Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program WIC Child and Adult Care Food Program Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico School meal programs in the United States School Breakfast Program Farmers ' Market Nutrition Program Summer Food Service Program Special Milk Program Nutrition Assistance Grants Reduced - price meal Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations Education Head Start Program Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant Grants & subsidies Community Development Block Grant Child care and development block grant HOME Investment Partnerships Program Housing trust fund Mutual self - help housing NeighborWorks America Urban Partnership Bank HOPE VI Government National Mortgage Association FHA insured loan HUD Neighborhood Networks Renewal community Empowerment zone Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Lifeline State & territory California New York Puerto Rico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FHA_insured_loan&oldid=772868955 '' Categories : Federal assistance in the United States Insurance in the United States Loans Mortgage industry of the United States Retail financial services United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Hidden categories : Articles with obsolete information from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 March 2017 , at 20 : 40 . About Wikipedia
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funds for federal housing administration (fha) loans are usually provided by
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[
"An FHA insured loan is a US Federal Housing Administration mortgage insurance backed mortgage loan which is provided by an FHA-approved lender. FHA insured loans are a type of federal assistance and have historically allowed lower income Americans to borrow money for the purchase of a home that they would not otherwise be able to afford. To obtain mortgage insurance from the Federal Housing Administration, an upfront mortgage insurance premium (UFMIP) equal to 1.75 percent of the base loan amount at closing is required, and is normally financed into the total loan amount by the lender and paid to FHA on the borrower's behalf. There is also a monthly mortgage insurance premium (MIP) which varies based on the amortization term and loan-to-value ratio."
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"FHA-approved lender"
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Martin Freeman
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Martin Freeman - wikipedia Martin Freeman For other people named Martin Freeman , see Martin Freeman ( disambiguation ) . Martin Freeman Freeman in 2018 Martin John Christopher Freeman ( 1971 - 09 - 08 ) 8 September 1971 ( age 46 ) Aldershot , Hampshire , England Residence Belsize Park , London , England Occupation Actor Years active 1997 -- present Partner ( s ) Amanda Abbington ( 2000 -- 2016 ) Children Martin John Christopher Freeman ( born 8 September 1971 ) is an English actor , who became known for portraying Tim Canterbury in the original UK version of sitcom mockumentary The Office , Dr. John Watson in the British crime drama Sherlock , Bilbo Baggins in Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit film trilogy , and Lester Nygaard in the dark comedy - crime drama TV series Fargo . His other notable film roles include the romantic comedy Love Actually ( 2003 ) , the comic science fiction film The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) , the semi-improvised comedy Nativity ! ( 2009 ) , the comedic Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy , most prominently in the sci - fi comedy The World 's End ( 2013 ) , and his portrayal of Everett K. Ross in the Marvel films Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) and Black Panther ( 2018 ) . Among other accolades , he has won an Emmy Award , BAFTA Award and an Empire Award , with nominations including two other Emmy Awards , two other BAFTA Awards , a Saturn Award , and a Golden Globe Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life Freeman was born in Aldershot , Hampshire , the youngest of five children . His parents , Philomena ( née Norris ) and Geoffrey Freeman , a naval officer , separated when Freeman was a child . When Freeman was 10 years old , his father died of a heart attack . Freeman attended the Salesian School , Chertsey before attending Brooklands College for media studies . His older brother Tim became a musician with the group Frazier Chorus . Career Freeman attended the Central School of Speech and Drama and has appeared in at least 18 TV shows , 14 theatre productions , and several radio productions . He is notable for his role as Tim Canterbury in The Office , a role which , he said in 2004 , `` cast a very long shadow '' for him as an actor . He appeared in the sitcom Hardware . He also appeared in several films , including Ali G Indahouse ( 2002 ) and Love Actually ( 2003 ) . He began to move into more serious dramatic roles on television with his appearance as Lord Shaftesbury in the 2003 BBC historical drama Charles II : The Power and The Passion . He can also be seen making a brief appearance in the first episode of the second series of This Life . Freeman also starred in the BBC television series The Robinsons and had a cameo in episode 1 of Black Books . In 2007 , he appeared in The All Together written and directed by Gavin Claxton , as well as the Bill Kenwright theatre production of The Last Laugh . He is featured in the video for Faith No More 's cover of `` I Started a Joke '' . In May 2009 , he starred in Boy Meets Girl , a four - part drama that charts the progress of characters Veronica and Danny after an accident which causes them to swap bodies . He currently plays Dr. John Watson in Sherlock , the BBC contemporary adaptation of the Sherlock Holmes detective stories . The first episode of Sherlock , `` A Study in Pink '' , was broadcast on 25 July 2010 to critical acclaim . For his performance in the role he won the BAFTA award for Best Supporting Actor , 2011 and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie . He played Bilbo Baggins , the main character , in the three - part Peter Jackson film series The Hobbit . Accolades that his performance in the first part , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , garnered him include Best Hero at the 2013 MTV Movie Awards and Best Actor at the 18th Empire Awards . Freeman appeared in all three of Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright 's comedic Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy , commencing with a brief non-speaking role in Shaun of the Dead as Yvonne 's boyfriend , Declan , followed by a brief cameo in Hot Fuzz as a police officer . He was a main cast member in the 2013 finale to the trilogy , The World 's End . On 5 October 2013 , he was presented with a fellowship bearing his name by the members of University College Dublin 's Literary & Historical Society . In April 2014 , Freeman began playing insurance salesman Lester Nygaard in the dark comedy - crime drama series Fargo . For his performance in this series , he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Critics ' Choice Television Award . He opened in the title role in Shakespeare 's play Richard III in July 2014 at Trafalgar Studios . In 2015 , Freeman starred as producer Milton Fruchtman in the television film The Eichmann Show , based on the filming , by blacklisted TV director Leo Hurwitz , of the 1961 trial of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann . The film intercut dramatic scenes with historical footage from the trial . The Daily Telegraph described the film as `` absolutely enthralling '' . He also played Everett Ross in Captain America : Civil War , which released in May 2016 . In 2017 , Freeman starred in Cargo , which premiered at the Adelaide Film Festival on 6 August 2017 . The film is a feature length remake of a 2013 short film of the same name . Later in the year he appeared opposite Tamsin Greig in Labour of Love , a political comedy by James Graham , at the Noel Coward Theatre . Labour of Love charts both the evolution of the UK Labour Party in recent decades , and its presence in a tight - knit Nottinghamshire community . Freeman portrays fictional Labour MP David Lyons , whose modernising ideas pit him against the traditional left - wing constituency agent Jean Whittaker ( Greig ) . Personal Life Freeman at the 2016 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards Freeman lived in Potters Bar in Hertfordshire with his partner , actress Amanda Abbington . The couple have two children together . They have appeared in other productions together , including Sherlock , Swinging with the Finkels , The Debt , The Robinsons , and The All Together . On 22 December 2016 , Freeman announced in an article in the Financial Times that he and Abbington had separated . Freeman is a close friend of actor Simon Pegg , who is godfather to his son , Joe . In an edition of Who Do You Think You Are ? aired on 19 August 2009 , Freeman discovered that his grandfather , Leonard Freeman , was a medic who was killed a couple of days before the Dunkirk evacuation at the beginning of World War II . Leonard 's father , Richard , was born blind and had been a piano tuner and organist at St Andrew 's Church , West Tarring and later a music teacher in Kingston upon Hull . Freeman is a pescetarian . He has said his Catholic faith remains intact . In 2011 , Freeman umpired a charity cricket match to raise money for victims of the Christchurch earthquake . Freeman 's personal style follows that of British mod subculture and he cites Paul Weller as one of his heroes and influences on his style . Freeman is a big fan of soul , motown and jazz music , presenting an episode of BBC Two 's `` The Culture Show '' in 2009 entitled `` Martin Freeman Goes To Motown '' . He has also selected music in the past for a motown compilation entitled `` Made To Measure '' and has recently worked on a jazz compilation with friend Eddie Piller entitled `` Jazz On The Corner '' , which was released on Acid Jazz Records on 23 March 2018 , featuring tracks by musicians such as Kamasi Washington and The Brand New Heavies . The pair presented Craig Charles ' Funk and Soul Show on 31 March . Freeman has been an outspoken supporter of the Labour Party . As a teenager , he supported Britain 's now - defunct Militant political group and volunteered with the Labour Party Young Socialists . In 2015 , Freeman appeared in a party election broadcast to endorse the Labour party ahead of the 2015 UK general election . In August 2015 , he endorsed Jeremy Corbyn 's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election . In a session at the Edinburgh International Television Festival he said : `` I happen to think that he is the most impressive one of the four . I do . '' He added that Corbyn was the `` most impressive one as an individual '' . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1998 I Just Want to Kiss You Frank Short film 2000 The Low Down Solomon 2001 Round About Five The Man Short film 2001 Fancy Dress Pirate 2002 Ali G Indahouse Richard Cunningham 2003 Love Actually Blake 's Junction 7 Vila Short film Call Register Kevin Shaun of the Dead Declan Cameo 2005 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Arthur Dent 2006 Confetti Matt Norris 2006 Breaking and Entering Sandy Hoffmann 2007 Dedication Jeremy 2007 The Good Night Gary Shaller 2007 Hot Fuzz Met . Sergeant 2007 Lonely Hearts The Pig Short film 2007 The All Together Chris Ashworth 2007 Rubbish Kevin Short film 2007 Nightwatching Rembrandt van Rijn 2008 Rembrandt 's J'Accuse Rembrandt van Rijn Documentary 2009 Nativity ! Paul Maddens 2009 Swinging with the Finkels Alvin Finkel Wild Target Hector Dixon The Girl is Mime Clive Buckle Short film 2011 What 's Your Number ? Simon 2012 The Pirates ! Band of Misfits The Pirate with a Scarf Voice 2012 Animals Albert 2012 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey Bilbo Baggins 2013 The World 's End Oliver Chamberlain 2013 Svengali Don 2013 Saving Santa Bernard D. Elf Voice 2013 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Bilbo Baggins 2013 The Voorman Problem Dr. Williams Short film 2014 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Bilbo Baggins 2015 Midnight of My Life Steve Marriott Short film 2015 Tubby Hayes : A Man in a Hurry Narrator Documentary 2016 Whiskey Tango Foxtrot Iain MacKelpie 2016 Captain America : Civil War Everett K. Ross 2017 Ghost Stories Mike 2017 Cargo Andy Rose 2018 Black Panther Everett K. Ross Television Year Title Role Notes 1997 The Bill Craig Parnell Episode : `` Mantrap '' 1997 This Life Stuart Episode : `` Last Tango in Southwark '' 1998 Casualty Ricky Beck Episode : `` She Loved the Rain '' 1998 Picking up the Pieces Brendan Episode : `` 1.7 '' 1999 Exhaust The Car Owner 2000 Bruiser Various Characters 6 episodes 2000 Lock , Stock ... Jaap 2 episodes 2000 Black Books Doctor Episode : `` Cooking the Books '' 2001 World of Pub Various Characters 5 episodes 2001 Men Only Jamie Television film 2001 -- 03 The Office Tim Canterbury 14 episodes 2002 Helen West DC Stone 3 episodes 2002 Linda Green Matt Episode : `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' 2003 Charles II : The Power and The Passion Lord Shaftesbury Miniseries 2003 The Debt Terry Ross Television film 2003 Margery and Gladys D.S. Stringer Television film 2003 -- 04 Hardware Mike 12 episodes Pride Fleck Television film 2005 The Robinsons Ed Robinson 6 episodes 2007 Comedy Showcase Greg Wilson Episode : `` Other People '' 2007 The Old Curiosity Shop Mr. Codlin Television film 2008 When Were We Funniest ? Himself 4 episodes 2009 Boy Meets Girl Danny Reed Miniseries 2009 Micro Men Chris Curry Television film 2010 -- present Sherlock Dr. John Watson 14 episodes 2014 Fargo Lester Nygaard Season 1 ; 10 episodes 2014 The Life of Rock with Brian Pern Young Brian Pern Episode : `` Jukebox Musical '' 2014 Saturday Night Live Host Episode : `` Martin Freeman / Charli XCX '' 2015 The Eichmann Show Milton Fruchtman Television film 2015 Robot Chicken Reverend Parris ( voice ) Season 8 ; Episode : `` Zero Vegetables '' 2015 Fargo The Narrator ( voice ) Season 2 ; Episode : `` The Castle '' 2015 Toast of London Himself Episode : `` Global Warming '' 2015 Stick Man Stick Man ( voice ) TV adaptation of story by Julia Donaldson , originally illustrated by Axel Scheffler 2016 -- present StartUp Phil Rask 20 episodes 2017 Carnage : Swallowing the Past Jeff Television film Awards and nominations Year Work Award Result 2002 The Office British Comedy Awards Best Comedy Actor Nominated The Office ( for `` The Office Christmas Specials '' ) BAFTAs Best Comedy Performance Nominated British Comedy Awards Best TV Comedy Actor Nominated Love Actually Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Cast Nominated Love Actually Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Award Best Ensemble Cast Won Love Actually Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Acting Ensemble Nominated Hardware Rose d'Or Best Male Comedy Performance Won 2011 Sherlock BAFTAs Best Supporting Actor Won 2012 Nominated Sherlock ( for `` A Scandal in Belgravia '' ) Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards TV Movie / Miniseries Supporting Actor Won Sherlock Crime Thriller Awards Best Supporting Actor Won Online Film Critics ' Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated PAAFTJ Awards Best Cast in a Miniseries or TV Movie Won PAAFTJ Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie Nominated Tumblr TV Awards Hottest Male Character in a TV Show Nominated Tumblr TV Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Won Tumblr TV Awards Best Male Character in a TV Series Nominated Tumblr TV Awards Best Cast in a TV Show Won The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey Total Film Hotlist Awards Hottest Actor Nominated 2013 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey Empire Awards Best Actor Won Saturn Award Best Actor Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Scared - as - S * * t Performance Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Won SFX Awards Best Actor Nominated Shorts Awards Visionary Actor Won New Zealand Movie Awards Hero of the Year Nominated Constellation Awards Best Male Performance In A 2012 Science Fiction Film , TV Movie , Or Mini-Series Nominated Tumblr Movie Awards Best Leading Actor Nominated Tumblr Movie Awards Best Ship Nominated Online Film Critics ' Awards Most Cinematic Moment Nominated Stella Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Won The World 's End Alternative End of Year Film Awards Best Ensemble Cast Won 2014 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Empire Awards Best Actor Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Nominated Constellation Awards Best Male Performance In A 2013 Science Fiction Film , TV Movie , Or Mini-Series 2nd Place YouReviewers Awards Best Hero Nominated Stella Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Won Online Film Critics ' Awards Most Cinematic Moment Nominated CinEuphoria Awards Best Ensemble Nominated Fargo Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Movie or Mini-Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Nominated Online Film Critics ' Awards Best Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Online Film Critics ' Awards Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Golden Globe Award Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Crime Thriller Awards Best Actor Nominated Sherlock Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Movie or Mini-Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Won Online Film Critics ' Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Online Film Critics ' Awards Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated 2015 The Hobbit : The Battle of Five Armies MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Nominated Favorite British Artists of the Year Favourite Actor in a Motion Picture Nominated Fargo Favorite British Artists of the Year Favourite Actor in a Television Series Nominated Richard III The Mousetrap Awards Best Male Performancer Won 2016 Stick Man British Animation Awards Best Voice Performance Won 2018 Labour of Love WhatsOnStage Awards Best Actor in a Play Nominated References ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Freeman on Sherlock , politics and why he 's not on Twitter '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Freeman ( April 2012 ) '' . Slow Boat Records . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Larman , Alexander . `` Freeman , Martin ( b . 1971 ) '' . BFI Screenonline . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Braun , J.W. ( 2010 ) . The Lord of the Films . ECW Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Freeman '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Martin Freeman , Actor '' . The Scotsman. 27 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Freeman : No ordinary Bilbo Baggins '' . The Independent . 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Meritt , Stephanie ( 22 February 2004 ) . `` Tim for a change '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Faith No More -- I Started A Joke ( Official Music Video ) , youtube.com ( 21 Feb 2014 ) ; retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Boy Meets Girl Interview : Martin Freeman profile Archived 2 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Tv.sky.com ( 30 April 2009 ) ; retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Freeman to play Bilbo Baggins in The Hobbit '' . BBC News . 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 22 October 2010 ) . `` Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins , a match made in Hobbit heaven '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calautti , Katie ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Bilbo Baggins Beats Snow White For Best Hero At MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV Movie Awards . ^ Jump up to : Szalai , Georg ( 25 March 2013 ) . Sam Mendes Win Empire Awards in U.K. for ' Skyfall ' , The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Martin Freeman interview : ' I had no interest in Fargo just being a TV version of the film ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` 2014 Emmy Awards : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fargo ' Lead Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 11 January 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes 2015 : Gina Rodriguez , Transparent , The Affair Win Big '' . TVLine . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( 20 June 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Breaking Bad , ' ' OITNB , ' ' Fargo , ' ' Normal Heart ' Among Top Winners '' . Variety . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard III '' . Jump up ^ Gerard O'Donovan ( 20 January 2015 ) . `` The Eichmann Show , review : ' absolutely enthralling ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Freeman interview : The actor on hobbits , Cumbermania and his Nazi - hounding role in The Eichmann Show '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ De Semlyen , Phil ( 22 February 2016 ) . `` Martin Freeman 's Captain America : Civil War character revealed '' . Empire . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cargo ' set for world premiere at Adelaide Film Festival '' . 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Giroux , Jack ( 24 September 2016 ) . `` ' Cargo ' First Look : Martin Freeman Stars in the Zombie - Infested Drama '' . / Film . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Freeman and Sarah Lancashire star in James Graham 's Labour of Love at the Noel Coward Theatre '' . londontheatre.co.uk. 19 May 2017 . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Craig ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` Amanda Abbington : Sherlock 's Martin and Benedict have a fantastic chemistry '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Q&A '' . blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Martin Freeman 's back in snow business with another Yuletide flick '' . 15 Nov 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . I am pescetarian really because I eat fish but not meat . Jump up ^ `` Martin Freeman : No ordinary Bilbo Baggins '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ NZPA and Greer McDonald ( April 2011 ) . `` Charity Match Benefits Christchurch Effort '' . The Rugby Corner . Archived from the original on 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Franklin - Wallis , Oliver . `` GQ&A : Martin Freeman on the Hobbit , Sherlock erotica and why he hates stylists '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Freeman Always Looks Sharp '' . Esquire. 2012 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Freeman Goes to Motown , 2008 / 2009 , The Culture Show Uncut - BBC Two '' . BBC . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Martin Freeman Presents ... Made To Measure , Commercial Marketing , 2006 - 02 - 02 , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 Jump up ^ `` Acid Jazz Records Martin Freeman and Eddie Piller present Jazz On The Corner '' . www.acidjazz.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Freeman and Eddie Piller sit in , The Craig Charles Funk and Soul Show - BBC Radio 6 Music '' . BBC . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` Hobbit star Martin Freeman appears in Labour election broadcast '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Wylie , Catherine ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` Sherlock star Martin Freeman backs Jeremy Corbyn as ' most impressive ' '' . Belfast : Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 48 Hour Film Project : Behind the Scenes '' . Pixiq . February 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2011 . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Actor -- Martin Freeman '' . Empire . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Scared - As - S * * t Performance '' . MTV Movie Awards . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Actor Dagger 2014 '' . Specsavers Crime Thriller Awards . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martin Freeman . Martin Freeman on IMDb Martin Freeman discography at Discogs Awards for Martin Freeman BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actor Matthew Macfadyen ( 2010 ) Martin Freeman ( 2011 ) Andrew Scott ( 2012 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2013 ) David Bradley ( 2014 ) Stephen Rea ( 2015 ) Tom Courtenay ( 2016 ) Tom Hollander ( 2017 ) Brían F. O'Byrne ( 2018 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Anthony Quayle ( 1975 ) Ed Flanders ( 1976 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1977 ) Howard Da Silva ( 1978 ) Marlon Brando ( 1979 ) George Grizzard ( 1980 ) David Warner ( 1981 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1982 ) Richard Kiley ( 1983 ) Art Carney ( 1984 ) Karl Malden ( 1985 ) John Malkovich ( 1986 ) Dabney Coleman ( 1987 ) John Shea ( 1988 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1989 ) Vincent Gardenia ( 1990 ) James Earl Jones ( 1991 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1992 ) Beau Bridges ( 1993 ) Michael A. Goorjian ( 1994 ) Donald Sutherland ( 1995 ) Tom Hulce ( 1996 ) Beau Bridges ( 1997 ) George C. Scott ( 1998 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1999 ) Hank Azaria ( 2000 ) Brian Cox ( 2001 ) Michael Moriarty ( 2002 ) Ben Gazzara ( 2003 ) Jeffrey Wright ( 2004 ) Paul Newman ( 2005 ) Jeremy Irons ( 2006 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2007 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2008 ) Ken Howard ( 2009 ) David Strathairn ( 2010 ) Guy Pearce ( 2011 ) Tom Berenger ( 2012 ) James Cromwell ( 2013 ) Martin Freeman ( 2014 ) Bill Murray ( 2015 ) Sterling K. Brown ( 2016 ) Alexander Skarsgård ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Actor Nigel Hawthorne ( 1996 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1997 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1998 ) Tom Hanks ( 1999 ) Pierce Brosnan ( 2000 ) Russell Crowe ( 2001 ) Elijah Wood ( 2002 ) Tom Cruise ( 2003 ) Johnny Depp ( 2004 ) Matt Damon ( 2005 ) Johnny Depp ( 2006 ) Daniel Craig ( 2007 ) James McAvoy ( 2008 ) Christian Bale ( 2009 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2010 ) Colin Firth ( 2011 ) Gary Oldman ( 2012 ) Martin Freeman ( 2013 ) James McAvoy ( 2014 ) Andy Serkis ( 2015 ) Matt Damon ( 2016 ) Eddie Redmayne ( 2017 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2018 ) BNF : cb146403054 ( data ) GND : 141494557 ISNI : 0000 0001 1477 1568 LCCN : no2004038611 MusicBrainz : 41b28dcd - ea25 - 4efa - 9dcf - 7a3c71e75c31 NDL : 001145934 SUDOC : 132761971 VIAF : 88580583 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Freeman&oldid=845426622 '' Categories : 1971 births 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama Best Actor Empire Award winners Best Supporting Actor BAFTA Award winners English male film actors English male television actors English male voice actors English Roman Catholics English socialists Living people Male actors from Hampshire People from Aldershot British male comedy actors Labour Party ( UK ) people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from February 2012 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 18 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played bilbo baggins in the hobbit 2012
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"Martin John Christopher Freeman[2] (born 8 September 1971)[3] is an English actor, who became known for portraying Tim Canterbury in the original UK version of sitcom mockumentary The Office, Dr. John Watson in the British crime drama Sherlock, Bilbo Baggins in Peter Jackson's The Hobbit film trilogy, and Lester Nygaard in the dark comedy-crime drama TV series Fargo."
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"Martin John Christopher Freeman"
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List of The Apprentice (U.S.) candidates
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List of the Apprentice ( U.S. ) Candidates - wikipedia List of the Apprentice ( U.S. ) Candidates Jump to : navigation , search The Apprentice , later called The Celebrity Apprentice , is an American reality television show created by Mark Burnett in which candidates compete to become Donald Trump 's apprentice , as determined by Trump and his boardroom associates . The series first broadcast in 2004 , and twelve complete seasons have aired on NBC as of May 2012 . Each season , competitors are progressively eliminated based on their performance during an assigned task . After each task , the winning team receives a reward , while the losing team faces a boardroom showdown in order to determine which team member should be fired , and therefore eliminated from the show . Trump hires one of the finalists to be his apprentice . Starting with season 7 , celebrities participated as a way to revitalize the series , with the winners donating their proceeds to charity . Trump departed the series after the fourteenth season to focus on his 2016 presidential campaign , in which actor and politician Arnold Schwarzenegger would now serve as host of the series . The fifteenth season , featuring Schwarzenegger was branded as The New Celebrity Apprentice . As of season 14 , 229 candidates have competed , one of whom has competed three times -- Omarosa Manigault - Stallworth competed in both season 1 , season 7 , and season 13 . The youngest competitors include Jessie Connors and Chris Shelton , who appeared on the show at age 21 . At age 75 , Joan Rivers of season 8 was the oldest candidate to both appear on the show and win the competition . There have been six instances in which a candidate left The Apprentice for reasons other than being eliminated by Trump . Overcome by stress , Verna Felton of season 3 `` just packed up and walked out '' . Michelle Sorro of season 6 quit after determining that the competition was `` too much '' and `` not worth it '' . Actor Vincent Pastore of season 7 resigned due to a conflict with Piers Morgan . Olympic sprinter Michael Johnson of season 9 quit due to a personal family situation . During season 11 , baseball player Jose Canseco quit due to his father 's illness and NeNe Leakes left due to a conflict with Star Jones . The fifteen winners of the show , in chronological order , are Bill Rancic , Kelly Perdew , Kendra Todd , Randal Pinkett , Sean Yazbeck , Stefanie Schaeffer , Piers Morgan , Joan Rivers , Bret Michaels , Brandy Kuentzel , John Rich , Arsenio Hall , Trace Adkins ( the first All - Star Celebrity Apprentice ) , Leeza Gibbons , and Matt Iseman . Candidates ( edit ) Bill Rancic , winner of season 1 Kendra Todd , winner of season 3 Gene Simmons of season 7 Vincent Pastore of season 7 Stephen Baldwin of season 7 Trace Adkins , runner - up of season 7 Khloé Kardashian of season 8 Clint Black of season 8 Annie Duke , runner - up of season 8 Joan Rivers , winner of season 8 Holly Robinson Peete , runner - up of season 9 Bret Michaels , winner of season 9 John Rich , winner of season 11 Omarosa has competed on all three different versions of the show . Contestant participated for a second time . Contestant participated for a third time . Season Name Team Age Hometown Finish Gould , David David Gould Versacorp 31 New York City , New York 16 ! 16th Curis , Jason Jason Curis Versacorp 23 Detroit , Michigan 15 ! 15th Solovey , Sam Sam Solovey Versacorp 27 Chevy Chase , Maryland 14 ! 14th Hogg , Bowie Bowie Hogg Versacorp 25 Dallas , Texas 13 ! 13th Frank , Kristi Kristi Frank Protégé 30 Santa Monica , California 12 ! 12th Connors , Jessie Jessie Connors Protégé 21 New Richmond , Wisconsin 11 ! 11th Lee , Tammy Tammy Lee Protégé 36 Seattle , Washington 10 ! 10th Vetrini , Ereka Ereka Vetrini Protégé 27 New York City , New York 09 ! 9th Manigault - Stallworth , Omarosa Omarosa Manigault - Stallworth Protégé 29 Washington , D.C. 08 ! 8th Bressler , Heidi Heidi Bressler Protégé 30 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 07 ! 7th Campins , Katrina Katrina Campins Protégé 24 Coral Gables , Florida 06 ! 6th McClain , Troy Troy McClain Versacorp 32 Boise , Idaho 05 ! 5th Warnock , Nick Nick Warnock Versacorp 27 Los Angeles , California 04 ! 4th Henry , Amelia `` Amy '' Amelia `` Amy '' Henry Protégé 30 Austin , Texas 03 ! 3rd Jackson , Kwame Kwame Jackson Versacorp 29 New York City , New York 02 ! 2nd Rancic , Bill Bill Rancic Versacorp 32 Chicago , Illinois 01 ! 1st Flanagan , Rob Rob Flanagan Mosaic 32 Frisco , Texas 18 ! 18th Cohen , Bradford Bradford Cohen Apex 33 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 17 ! 17th Jones Upchurch , Stacie Stacie Jones Upchurch Apex 35 New York City , New York 16 ! 16th Crisafulli , Jennifer Jennifer Crisafulli Apex 31 New York City , New York 15 ! 15th Day , Pamela Pamela Day Mosaic 32 San Francisco , California 14 ! 14th Willenborg , John John Willenborg Mosaic 24 San Francisco , California 13 ! 13th Rotner , Stacy Stacy Rotner Apex 26 New York City , New York 12 ! 12th Jarosz , Elizabeth Elizabeth Jarosz Apex 31 Marina del Ray , California 11 ! 11th Bhakta , Raj Raj Bhakta Mosaic 28 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 10 ! 10th Russo , Chris Chris Russo Mosaic 30 Long Island , New York 09 ! 9th Boren , Maria Maria Boren Apex 31 Virginia Beach , Virginia 08 ! 8th Moss , Wes Wes Moss Mosaic 28 Atlanta , Georgia 07 ! 7th Litinsky , Andy Andy Litinsky Mosaic 23 Boca Raton , Florida 06 ! 6th Ma , Ivana Ivana Ma Apex 28 Boston , Massachusetts 05 ! 5th Allen , Kevin Kevin Allen Mosaic 29 Chicago , Illinois 04 ! 4th Ferreira , Sandy Sandy Ferreira Apex 28 Rockville , Maryland 03 ! 3rd Massey , Jennifer Jennifer Massey Apex 30 San Francisco , California 02 ! 2nd Perdew , Kelly Kelly Perdew Mosaic 37 Carlsbad , California 01 ! 1st Everett , Todd Todd Everett Magna 34 Carlsbad , California 18 ! 18th McDowell , Brian Brian McDowell Net Worth 29 Wildwood , New Jersey 17 ! 17th Felton , Verna Verna Felton Magna 31 Seattle , Washington 16 ! 16th Kastner , Danny Danny Kastner Magna 39 Boston , Massachusetts 15 ! 15th Kirchner , Kristen Kristen Kirchner Net Worth 31 Los Angeles , California 14 ! 14th Tarshi , Michael Michael Tarshi Magna 25 Andover , Massachusetts 13 ! 13th Dowdell , Tara Tara Dowdell Net Worth 28 New York City , New York 12 ! 12th Evans , Audrey Audrey Evans Net Worth 22 Salt Lake City , Utah 11 ! 11th Gafford , John John Gafford Net Worth 32 Tampa , Florida 10 ! 10th Elmore , Erin Erin Elmore Magna 26 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 09 ! 9th Myers , Stephanie Stephanie Myers Magna 29 San Diego , California 08 ! 8th McKnight , Angie Angie McKnight Net Worth 41 Lake Balboa , California 07 ! 7th Shelton , Chris Chris Shelton Net Worth 21 Las Vegas , Nevada 06 ! 6th Olswanger , Bren Bren Olswanger Magna 32 Memphis , Tennessee 05 ! 5th Thomason , Alex Alex Thomason Magna 29 Seattle , Washington 04 ! 4th Williams , Craig Craig Williams Net Worth 37 Conley , Georgia 03 ! 3rd Goertz , Tana Tana Goertz Net Worth 37 West Des Moines , Iowa 02 ! 2nd Todd , Kendra Kendra Todd Magna 26 Boynton Beach , Florida 01 ! 1st Holovach , Melissa Melissa Holovach Capital Edge 30 Tampa , Florida 18 ! 18th Valletta , Chris Chris Valletta Excel 27 Dallas , Texas 17 ! 17th Wallen , Jennifer Jennifer Wallen Capital Edge 31 Anthem , Arizona 16 ! 16th Mehta , Toral Toral Mehta Capital Edge 29 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 15 ! 15th Caudell , Kristi Kristi Caudell Capital Edge 24 Gainesville , Georgia 14 ! 14th Dillon , James James Dillon Excel 27 Alexandria , Virginia 13 ! 13th Lamkin , Mark Mark Lamkin Excel 35 Louisville , Kentucky 13 ! 13th Murphy , Jennifer Jennifer Murphy Capital Edge 26 Los Angeles , California 13 ! 13th Shaw , Josh Josh Shaw Excel 30 New York City , New York 13 ! 13th Garrison , Markus Markus Garrison Excel 41 Satasota , Florida 09 ! 9th Mandelbaum , Brian Brian Mandelbaum Excel 23 New York City , New York 08 ! 8th Evans , Marshawn Marshawn Evans Capital Edge 26 Atlanta , Georgia 07 ! 7th Lee , Clay Clay Lee Excel 28 College Station , Texas 06 ! 6th Israelov , Adam Adam Israelov Excel 22 Atlanta , Georgia 05 ! 5th Mason , Felisha Felisha Mason Capital Edge 29 Kansas City , Missouri 04 ! 4th Wartenberg , Alla Alla Wartenberg Capital Edge 31 Las Vegas , Nevada 03 ! 3rd Jarvis , Rebecca Rebecca Jarvis Capital Edge 23 Chicago , Illinois 02 ! 2nd Pinkett , Randal Randal Pinkett Excel 34 Somerset , New Jersey 01 ! 1st 5 Zervos , Summer Summer Zervos Gold Rush 30 Huntington Beach , California 18 ! 18th 5 Schneider , Stacy Stacy Schneider Synergy 38 New York City , New York 17 ! 17th 5 Diaz , Jose `` Pepi '' Jose `` Pepi '' Diaz Synergy 25 Miami , Florida 16 ! 16th 5 Boutross , Theresa Theresa Boutross Gold Rush 36 Barrington , Illinois 15 ! 15th 5 Buckman , Brent Brent Buckman Synergy 30 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 14 ! 14th 5 Brody , Dan Dan Brody Gold Rush 31 New Milford , New Jersey 13 ! 13th 5 Gahagan , Bryce Bryce Gahagan Gold Rush 28 Kansas City , Missouri 12 ! 12th 5 Veltman , Lenny Lenny Veltman Gold Rush 37 East Brunswick , New Jersey 11 ! 11th 5 Bourgeois , Leslie Leslie Bourgeois Gold Rush 28 Houma , Louisiana 10 ! 10th 5 Lake , Andrea Andrea Lake Synergy 31 San Diego , California 09 ! 9th 5 Hunt , Charmaine Charmaine Hunt Gold Rush 27 Nashville , Tennessee 08 ! 8th 5 Saab , Tarek Tarek Saab Gold Rush 27 New Bedford , Massachusetts 07 ! 7th 5 Laungani , Michael Michael Laungani Synergy 29 Chicago , Illinois 06 ! 6th 5 Trenta , Tammy Tammy Trenta Synergy 33 Edison , New Jersey 05 ! 5th 5 Wilson , Roxanne Roxanne Wilson Synergy 26 Austin , Texas 04 ! 4th 5 Jablon , Allie Allie Jablon Synergy 30 Columbia , South Carolina 04 ! 4th 5 Bienstock , Lee Lee Bienstock Gold Rush 22 Brooklyn , New York 02 ! 2nd 5 Yazbeck , Sean Sean Yazbeck Synergy 33 Miami , Florida 01 ! 1st 6 Clarke , Martin Martin Clarke Arrow 37 Atlanta , Georgia 18 ! 18th 6 Sherrell , Carey Carey Sherrell Arrow 25 Atlanta , Georgia 17 ! 17th 6 Sorro , Michelle Michelle Sorro Arrow 34 Los Angeles , California 16 ! 16th 6 DeMato , Marisa Marisa DeMato Kinetic 28 Wellington , Florida 15 ! 15th 6 Altscher , Aaron Aaron Altscher Arrow 25 Fredericksburg , Virginia 14 ! 14th 6 Trottier , Aimee Aimee Trottier Kinetic 32 Chicago , Illinois 13 ! 13th 6 Arteta , Derek Derek Arteta Kinetic 34 Los Angeles , California 12 ! 12th 6 Hoffman , Jenn Jenn Hoffman Kinetic 26 Phoenix , Arizona 11 ! 11th 6 Yalamanchili , Surya Surya Yalamanchili Kinetic 24 Cincinnati , Ohio 10 ! 10th 6 Heaven , Muna Muna Heaven Kinetic 28 Matawan , New Jersey 09 ! 9th 6 Ruggiero , Angela Angela Ruggiero Kinetic 26 Panorama City , California 08 ! 8th 6 Urban , Tim Tim Urban Arrow 25 Boston , Massachusetts 07 ! 7th 6 Androl , Heidi Heidi Androl Kinetic 26 Santa Monica , California 06 ! 6th 6 Lefebvre , Kristine Kristine Lefebvre Kinetic 37 Studio City , California 05 ! 5th 6 Lombardi , Frank Frank Lombardi Arrow 27 The Bronx , New York 04 ! 4th 6 D'Ambrosio , Nicole Nicole D'Ambrosio Arrow 25 Chicago , Illinois 03 ! 3rd 6 Sun , James James Sun Arrow 29 Seattle , Washington 02 ! 2nd 6 Schaeffer , Stefanie Stefanie Schaeffer Arrow 32 Los Angeles , California 01 ! 1st 7 Fallon , Tiffany Tiffany Fallon Empresario 33 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 14 ! 14th 7 Comăneci , Nadia Nadia Comăneci Empresario 46 Oneşti , Romania 13 ! 13th 7 Simmons , Gene Gene Simmons Hydra 58 New York City , New York 12 ! 12th 7 Finch , Jennie Jennie Finch Empresario 27 La Mirada , California 11 ! 11th 7 Pastore , Vincent Vincent Pastore Hydra 61 The Bronx , New York 10 ! 10th 7 Galán , Nely Nely Galán Empresario 44 Santa Clara , Cuba 09 ! 9th 7 Henner , Marilu Marilu Henner Empresario 55 Chicago , Illinois 08 ! 8th 7 Ortiz , Tito Tito Ortiz Hydra 32 Huntington Beach , California 07 ! 7th 7 Manigault - Stallworth , Omarosa Omarosa Manigault - Stallworth Empresario 33 Washington , D.C. 06 ! 6th 7 Baldwin , Stephen Stephen Baldwin Hydra 41 Massapequa , New York 05 ! 5th 7 Lewis , Lennox Lennox Lewis Hydra 42 London , England 04 ! 4th 7 Alt , Carol Carol Alt Empresario 47 East Williston , New York 03 ! 3rd 7 Adkins , Trace Trace Adkins Hydra 45 Sarepta , Louisiana 02 ! 2nd 7 Morgan , Piers Piers Morgan Hydra 42 Newick , England 01 ! 1st 8 Clay , Andrew `` Dice '' Andrew `` Dice '' Clay KOTU 51 Brooklyn , New York 16 ! 16th 8 Hamilton , Scott Scott Hamilton KOTU 50 Nashville , Tennessee 15 ! 15th 8 Green , Tom Tom Green KOTU 37 Pembroke , Ontario 14 ! 14th 8 Jordan , Claudia Claudia Jordan Athena 35 Providence , Rhode Island 13 ! 13th 8 Rodman , Dennis Dennis Rodman KOTU 48 Trenton , New Jersey 12 ! 12th 8 Watkins , Tionne Tionne Watkins Athena 38 Atlanta , Georgia 11 ! 11th 8 Kardashian , Khloé Khloé Kardashian Athena 24 Los Angeles , California 10 ! 10th 8 McKnight , Brian Brian McKnight KOTU 39 Buffalo , New York 09 ! 9th 8 Gulbis , Natalie Natalie Gulbis Athena 26 Sacramento , California 08 ! 8th 8 Walker , Herschel Herschel Walker KOTU 47 Wrightsville , Georgia 07 ! 7th 8 Rivers , Melissa Melissa Rivers Athena 41 Brooklyn , New York 06 ! 6th 8 Black , Clint Clint Black KOTU 47 Long Branch , New Jersey 05 ! 5th 8 Roderick , Brande Brande Roderick Athena 34 Novato , California 04 ! 4th 8 James , Jesse Jesse James KOTU 39 Lynwood , California 03 ! 3rd 8 Duke , Annie Annie Duke Athena 43 Los Angeles , California 02 ! 2nd 8 Rivers , Joan Joan Rivers Athena 75 Brooklyn , New York 01 ! 1st 9 Leifer , Carol Carol Leifer Tenacity 53 Long Island , New York 14 ! 14th 9 Sinbad Rocksolid 53 Benton Harbor , Michigan 13 ! 13th 9 Strawberry , Darryl Darryl Strawberry Rocksolid 47 Los Angeles , California 12 ! 12th 9 Blagojevich , Rod Rod Blagojevich Rocksolid 53 Chicago , Illinois 11 ! 11th 9 Johnson , Michael Michael Johnson Rocksolid 42 Dallas , Texas 10 ! 10th 9 Ebanks , Selita Selita Ebanks Tenacity 26 George Town , Cayman Islands 09 ! 9th 9 Goldberg , Bill Bill Goldberg Rocksolid 42 Bonsall , California 08 ! 8th 9 Sanders , Summer Summer Sanders Tenacity 37 Roseville , California 07 ! 7th 9 Lauper , Cyndi Cyndi Lauper Tenacity 56 Queens , New York 06 ! 6th 9 Kanellis , Maria Maria Kanellis Tenacity 27 Chicago , Illinois 05 ! 5th 9 Stone , Curtis Curtis Stone Rocksolid 37 Melbourne , Australia 04 ! 4th 9 Osbourne , Sharon Sharon Osbourne Tenacity 57 London , England 03 ! 3rd 9 Peete , Holly Robinson Holly Robinson Peete Tenacity 45 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 02 ! 2nd 9 Michaels , Bret Bret Michaels Rocksolid 47 Butler , Pennsylvania 01 ! 1st 10 Chiu , Nicole Nicole Chiu Fortitude 27 Palos Verdes , California 16 ! 16th 10 Delgado , Alex Alex Delgado Octane 43 Santa Ynez , California 15 ! 15th 10 Weir , James James Weir Octane 31 New York City , New York 14 ! 14th 10 Alvarado , Tyana Tyana Alvarado Fortitude 41 Miami , Florida 13 ! 13th 10 Folkes , Gene Gene Folkes Octane 46 Wylie , Texas 12 ! 12th 10 Hanson , Wade Wade Hanson Octane 33 Woodbury , Minnesota 11 ! 11th 10 Smith Beaty , Kelly Kelly Smith Beaty Fortitude 30 Fayetteville , Georgia 10 ! 10th 10 Saeidi - Azcuy , Mahsa Mahsa Saeidi - Azcuy Fortitude 29 Brooklyn , New York 09 ! 9th 10 Johnson , David David Johnson Octane 34 Portage , Michigan 08 ! 8th 10 Vasudev , Anand Anand Vasudev Octane 31 Tampa , Florida 07 ! 7th 10 Carlig , Poppy Poppy Carlig Fortitude 24 Richmond , California 06 ! 6th 10 Castagnier , Stephanie Stephanie Castagnier Fortitude 34 Chicago , Illinois 05 ! 5th 10 Martens , Steuart Steuart Martens Octane 27 Washington , D.C. 04 ! 4th 10 Mucheru - Wisner , Liza Liza Mucheru - Wisner Fortitude 30 Corpus Christi , Texas 03 ! 3rd 10 Robertson , Clint Clint Robertson Octane 40 Fort Worth , Texas 02 ! 2nd 10 Kuentzel , Brandy Brandy Kuentzel Fortitude 30 San Francisco , California 01 ! 1st 11 Cassidy , David David Cassidy Backbone 60 New York , New York 16 ! 16th 11 Rinna , Lisa Lisa Rinna A.S.A.P. 47 Medford , Oregon 15 ! 15th 11 Taylor , Niki Niki Taylor A.S.A.P. 36 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 14 ! 14th 11 Warwick , Dionne Dionne Warwick A.S.A.P. 70 East Orange , New Jersey 13 ! 13th 11 Canseco , Jose Jose Canseco Backbone 46 Havana , Cuba 12 ! 12th 11 Hatch , Richard Richard Hatch Backbone 49 Newport , Rhode Island 11 ! 11th 11 McGrath , Mark Mark McGrath Backbone 42 Hartford , Connecticut 10 ! 10th 11 Busey , Gary Gary Busey Backbone 66 Goose Creek , Texas 09 ! 9th 11 Dworaczyk , Hope Hope Dworaczyk A.S.A.P. 26 Port Lavaca , Texas 08 ! 8th 11 Leakes , NeNe NeNe Leakes A.S.A.P. 43 Athens , Georgia 07 ! 7th 11 Jackson , La Toya La Toya Jackson A.S.A.P. 54 Gary , Indiana 06 ! 6th 11 Jones , Star Star Jones A.S.A.P. 48 Badin , North Carolina 05 ! 5th 11 Lil Jon Backbone 40 Atlanta , Georgia 04 ! 4th 11 Meat Loaf Backbone 63 Dallas , Texas 03 ! 3rd 11 Matlin , Marlee Marlee Matlin A.S.A.P. 45 Morton Grove , Illinois 02 ! 2nd 11 Rich , John John Rich Backbone 37 Amarillo , Texas 01 ! 1st 12 Tiegs , Cheryl Cheryl Tiegs Forte 64 Breckenridge , Minnesota 18 ! 18th 12 Gotti , Victoria Victoria Gotti Forte 48 Brooklyn , New York 17 ! 17th 12 Takei , George George Takei Unanimous 74 Los Angeles , California 16 ! 16th 12 Carolla , Adam Adam Carolla Unanimous 47 Los Angeles , California 15 ! 15th 12 Andretti , Michael Michael Andretti Unanimous 49 Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 14 ! 14th 12 Carrere , Tia Tia Carrere Forte 44 Honolulu , Hawaii 13 ! 13th 12 Velásquez , Patricia Patricia Velásquez Forte 40 Zulia , Venezuela 12 ! 12th 12 Gibson , Debbie Debbie Gibson Forte 41 Brooklyn , New York 11 ! 11th 12 Snider , Dee Dee Snider Unanimous 56 Astoria , New York 10 ! 10th 12 Ferrigno , Lou Lou Ferrigno Unanimous 59 Brooklyn , New York 09 ! 9th 12 Teutul , Sr. , Paul Paul Teutul , Sr . Unanimous 62 Yonkers , New York 08 ! 8th 12 Jillette , Penn Penn Jillette Unanimous 56 Las Vegas , Nevada 07 ! 7th 12 Mendoza , Dayana Dayana Mendoza Forte 25 Caracas , Venezuela 06 ! 6th 12 Giudice , Teresa Teresa Giudice Forte 39 Paterson , New Jersey 05 ! 5th 12 Lampanelli , Lisa Lisa Lampanelli Forte 50 Trumbull , Connecticut 04 ! 4th 12 O'Day , Aubrey Aubrey O'Day Forte 27 San Francisco , California 03 ! 3rd 12 Aiken , Clay Clay Aiken Unanimous 32 Raleigh , North Carolina 02 ! 2nd 12 Hall , Arsenio Arsenio Hall Unanimous 55 Cleveland , Ohio 01 ! 1st 13 Michaels , Bret Bret Michaels Power 49 Butler , Pennsylvania 14 ! 14th 13 Snider , Dee Dee Snider Plan B 57 Astoria , New York 13 ! 13th 13 Jackson , La Toya La Toya Jackson Power 56 Gary , Indiana 12 ! 12th 13 Jordan , Claudia Claudia Jordan Power 39 Providence , Rhode Island 11 ! 11th 13 Manigault - Stallworth , Omarosa Omarosa Manigault - Stallworth Power 39 Youngstown , Ohio 10 ! 10th 13 Rodman , Dennis Dennis Rodman Power 51 Trenton , New Jersey 09 ! 9th 13 Baldwin , Stephen Stephen Baldwin Plan B 46 Massapequa , New York 08 ! 8th 13 Roderick , Brande Brande Roderick Power 38 Novato , California 07 ! 7th 13 Busey , Gary Gary Busey Plan B 68 Goose Creek , Texas 06 ! 6th 13 Henner , Marilu Marilu Henner Plan B 60 Chicago , Illinois 05 ! 5th 13 Rinna , Lisa Lisa Rinna Plan B 49 Medford , Oregon 04 ! 4th 13 Jon , Lil Lil Jon Power 42 Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! 3rd 13 Jillette , Penn Penn Jillette Plan B 58 Greenfield , Massachusetts 02 ! 2nd 13 Adkins , Trace Trace Adkins Plan B 52 Sarepta , Louisiana 01 ! 1st 14 Pulliam , Keshia Knight Keshia Knight Pulliam Infinity 35 Newark , New Jersey 16 ! 16th 14 Jonas , Kevin Kevin Jonas Vortex 27 Wyckoff , New Jersey 15 ! 15th 14 Gottfried , Gilbert Gilbert Gottfried Vortex 59 Brooklyn , New York 14 ! 14th 14 Anderson , Jamie Jamie Anderson Infinity 24 South Lake Tahoe , California 13 ! 13th 14 Owens , Terrell Terrell Owens Vortex 41 Alexander City , Alabama 12 ! 12th 14 Johnson , Shawn Shawn Johnson Infinity 23 West Des Moines , Iowa 11 ! 11th 14 Lamas , Lorenzo Lorenzo Lamas Vortex 56 Santa Monica , California 10 ! 10th 14 Hansen , Sig Sig Hansen Vortex 56 Seattle , Washington 09 ! 9th 14 Gosselin , Kate Kate Gosselin Infinity 39 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 08 ! 8th 14 Moore , Kenya Kenya Moore Infinity 43 Detroit , Michigan 07 ! 7th 14 Ziering , Ian Ian Ziering Vortex 50 Newark , New Jersey 06 ! 6th 14 Damon , Johnny Johnny Damon Vortex 41 Fort Riley , Kansas 05 ! 5th 14 Glanville , Brandi Brandi Glanville Infinity 41 Salinas , California 04 ! 4th 14 Fox , Vivica A. Vivica A. Fox Infinity 50 South Bend , Indiana 03 ! 3rd 14 Rivera , Geraldo Geraldo Rivera Vortex 71 Brooklyn , New York 02 ! 2nd 14 Gibbons , Leeza Leeza Gibbons Infinity 57 Hartsville , South Carolina 01 ! 1st 15 Keagan , Carrie Carrie Keagan Prima 36 Amherst , New York 16 ! 16th 15 Wilson , Carnie Carnie Wilson Prima 48 Bel Air , California 15 ! 15th 15 Ali , Laila Laila Ali Prima 38 Miami Beach , Florida 04 ! 4th 15 Burke - Charvet , Brooke Brooke Burke - Charvet Prima 45 London , England 03 ! 3rd 15 Dickerson , Eric Eric Dickerson Arete 56 Hartford , Connecticut 14 ! 14th 15 George , Boy Boy George Arete 55 London , England 02 ! 2nd 15 Iseman , Matt Matt Iseman Arete 45 Denver , Colorado 01 ! 1st 15 Kressley , Carson Carson Kressley Arete 46 Orefield , Pennsylvania 05 ! 5th 15 Leslie , Lisa Lisa Leslie Prima 44 Glendora , California 06 ! 6th 15 Lovitz , Jon Jon Lovitz Arete 59 Tarzana , California 11 ! 11th 15 Neil , Vince Vince Neil Arete 55 Hollywood , California 10 ! 10th 15 Polizzi , Nicole `` Snooki '' Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi Prima 28 Jersey City , New Jersey 13 ! 13th 15 Richards , Kyle Kyle Richards Prima 47 Beverly Hills , California 12 ! 12th 15 Sonnen , Chael Chael Sonnen Arete 39 West Linn , Oregon 09 ! 9th 15 Williams , Porsha Porsha Williams Prima 35 Decatur , Georgia 08 ! 8th 15 Williams , Ricky Ricky Williams Arete 39 San Diego , California 07 ! 7th Candidate 's team at the start of the season Candidate 's age at the start of the season Four Season 4 candidates were fired simultaneously and therefore display the same result . Two Season 5 candidates were fired simultaneously and therefore display the same result . References ( edit ) General `` Meet the Billionaire '' . The Apprentice . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 2004 - 01 - 08 . NBC . access - date = requires url = ( help ) `` The Apprentice 2 > Candidates '' . NBC . Archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . `` The Apprentice 3 > Candidates '' . NBC . Archived from the original on 2004 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . `` The Apprentice 4 '' . NBC . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Note : User should click on the `` Candidates '' link for details . `` The Apprentice 5 '' . NBC . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Note : User should click on the `` Candidates '' link for details . `` To Have and Have Not '' . The Apprentice . Season 6 . Episode 1 . 2007 - 01 - 07 . NBC . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Moore , Frazier ( 2007 - 11 - 20 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' Stars Announced '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Pastorek , Whitney ( 2009 - 01 - 08 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice 2 ' : Who will be fired ... and why ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . Starr , Michael ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice 3 ' cast revealed '' . New York Post . News Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 28 . `` 16 candidates to compete on new edition of ' The Apprentice ' '' . NBC . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . `` The Apprentice Candidates : David Cassidy '' . NBC . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . Note : User should click on the `` Candidates '' link for details . `` Ivanka Trump ensures daddy Donald looks dapper '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers. 2011 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ Weiss , Joanna ( 2008 - 01 - 05 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' is an act of charity '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth . `` Warren Buffett , Tyra Banks , Jessica Alba Join Arnold Schwarzenegger for ' Celebrity Apprentice ' Season 8 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Cast Gallery For The New Celebrity Apprentice ; Snooki , Chael Sonnen , More Featured '' . Headline Planet . 2016 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Derrik ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Omarosa : Wendy Williams is ' a fake and a phony ' '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Jay ( 2005 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Magna Gets Caught in a Nescafe Nightmare '' . The New York Sun . Ronald Weintraub . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 2007 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Quitters Never Win ? Not So , Says The Apprentice 's Michelle '' . TV Guide . OpenGate Capital . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Ron ( 2008 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Lennox Lewis still fighting his corner as he lays into heavyweight issues '' . The Times . News Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Soraya ( 2010 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Michael Johnson quits NBC 's ' Celebrity Apprentice ' over family matter involving son '' . NY Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Apprentice 4 -- Episode Recaps -- Week 6 '' . NBC . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Apprentice 5 -- Episode Recaps -- Week 13 '' . NBC . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Television in the United States portal NBC.com : The Apprentice The Apprentice ( U.S. ) List of candidates Seasons Regular 5 6 10 Celebrity 7 8 9 11 12 13 ( all - stars ) 14 15 Winners Regular Bill Rancic Kelly Perdew Kendra Todd Randal Pinkett Sean Yazbeck Stefanie Schaeffer Brandy Kuentzel Celebrity Piers Morgan Joan Rivers Bret Michaels John Rich Arsenio Hall Trace Adkins Leeza Gibbons Matt Iseman Related programs The Celebrity Apprentice The Apprentice : Martha Stewart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Apprentice_(U.S.)_candidates&oldid=824618787 '' Categories : Lists of 21st - century people Lists of reality show participants The Apprentice ( TV series ) contestants The Apprentice ( U.S. TV series ) Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Featured lists Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 13 : 28 . About Wikipedia
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who won the last series of the apprentice
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"As of season 14, 229 candidates have competed, one of whom has competed three times—Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth competed in both season 1, season 7, and season 13.[4] The youngest competitors include Jessie Connors and Chris Shelton, who appeared on the show at age 21. At age 75, Joan Rivers of season 8 was the oldest candidate to both appear on the show and win the competition. There have been six instances in which a candidate left The Apprentice for reasons other than being eliminated by Trump. Overcome by stress, Verna Felton of season 3 \"just packed up and walked out\".[5] Michelle Sorro of season 6 quit after determining that the competition was \"too much\" and \"not worth it\".[6] Actor Vincent Pastore of season 7 resigned due to a conflict with Piers Morgan.[7] Olympic sprinter Michael Johnson of season 9 quit due to a personal family situation.[8] During season 11, baseball player Jose Canseco quit due to his father's illness and NeNe Leakes left due to a conflict with Star Jones. The fifteen winners of the show, in chronological order, are Bill Rancic, Kelly Perdew, Kendra Todd, Randal Pinkett, Sean Yazbeck, Stefanie Schaeffer, Piers Morgan, Joan Rivers, Bret Michaels, Brandy Kuentzel, John Rich, Arsenio Hall, Trace Adkins (the first All-Star Celebrity Apprentice), Leeza Gibbons, and Matt Iseman."
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"Matt Iseman"
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